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 sciscinet/combined_pair_sampled/medicine_train_pairs.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
 sciscinet/combined_pair_sampled/cscombined_train_pairs.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
 sciscinet/patents_pair_sampled/medicine_train_pairs.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+sciscinet/patents_pair/medicine_test_pairs.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+sciscinet/patents_pair/medicine_val_pairs.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+sciscinet/patents_pair/materialsscience_train_pairs.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text

sciscinet/patents_pair/art_test_pairs.json

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sciscinet/patents_pair/art_val_pairs.json

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sciscinet/patents_pair/environmentalscience_val_pairs.json

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+[
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2026202753",
+    "paper_b_id": "2140870920",
+    "paper_a_count": 20,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "2005-03",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "application of organic chemicals to a newly irrigated sugarcane saccharum officinarum l area located in the semiarid western part of reunion island has prompted local regulatory agencies to determine their potential to contaminate ground water resources for that purpose simple indices known as the ground water ubiquity score gustafson index gus the retardation factor rf the attenuation factor af and the log transformed attenuation factor aft were employed to assess the potential leaching of five herbicides in two soil types the herbicides were alachlor 2 chloro 2 6 diethyl n methoxy methy acetanilide atrazine 2 chloro 4 ethylamino 6 isopropylamino 1 3 5 triazine diuron 3 3 4 dichlorophenyl 1 1 dimethylurea 2 4 d 2 4 dichlorophenoxy acetic acid and triclopyr 3 5 6 trichloro 2 pyridyl oxy acetic acid the soil types were vertic bv and andepts ba inceptisols which are present throughout the saint gilles study area on reunion island to calculate the indices herbicide sorption k oc and dissipation half life dt50 properties were determined from controlled batch experiments water fluxes below the root zone were estimated by a capacity based model driven by a rainfall frequency analysis performed on a 13 yr data series the results show a lower risk of herbicide leaching than in temperate regions due to the tropical conditions of the study area higher temperatures and the presence of highly adsorbent soils may explain smaller dt50 and higher k oc values than those reported in literature concerning temperate environments based on the rf values only 2 4 d and triclopyr appear mobile in the bv soil with all the other herbicides being classified from moderately to very immobile in both soils the aft values indicate that the potential leaching of the five herbicides can be considered as unlikely except during the cyclonic period about 40 d yr when there is a 2 5 probability of recharge rates equal to or higher than 50 mm d in that case atrazine in both soils 2 4 d and triclopyr in the bv soil and diuron and alachlor in the ba soil present a high risk of potential contamination of ground water resources",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "species of salix characterized by particular physiological adaptations and ecological resilience are predisposed to use in conservation and environmental projects in many climatic zones and adverse microsite conditions the economic importance of salix is currently increasing and emerging in a wide array of practical applications to restore damaged ecosystems here we describe the ecology physiological characteristics and agricultural requirements of salix and present an integrated picture based on literature review of current uses for willows well beyond wetland and riparian situations these uses include ecosystem restoration phytoremediation phytoextraction phytodegradation rhizofiltration and phytostabilization bioengineering water and wind erosion and protective structures and biomass production for both fuel and fiber",
+    "paper_a_title": "assessment of herbicide leaching risk in two tropical soils of reunion island france",
+    "paper_b_title": "willows beyond wetlands uses of salix l species for environmental projects"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2152092413",
+    "paper_b_id": "1983690897",
+    "paper_a_count": 30,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "2009-10",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "plastic solid waste psw presents challenges and opportunities to societies regardless of their sustainability awareness and technological advances in this paper recent progress in the recycling and recovery of psw is reviewed a special emphasis is paid on waste generated from polyolefinic sources which makes up a great percentage of our daily single life cycle plastic products the four routes of psw treatment are detailed and discussed covering primary re extrusion secondary mechanical tertiary chemical and quaternary energy recovery schemes and technologies primary recycling which involves the re introduction of clean scrap of single polymer to the extrusion cycle in order to produce products of the similar material is commonly applied in the processing line itself but rarely applied among recyclers as recycling materials rarely possess the required quality the various waste products consisting of either end of life or production scrap waste are the feedstock of secondary techniques thereby generally reduced in size to a more desirable shape and form such as pellets flakes or powders depending on the source shape and usability tertiary treatment schemes have contributed greatly to the recycling status of psw in recent years advanced thermo chemical treatment methods cover a wide range of technologies and produce either fuels or petrochemical feedstock nowadays non catalytic thermal cracking thermolysis is receiving renewed attention due to the fact of added value on a crude oil barrel and its very valuable yielded products but a fact remains that advanced thermo chemical recycling of psw namely polyolefins still lacks the proper design and kinetic background to target certain desired products and or chemicals energy recovery was found to be an attainable solution to psw in general and municipal solid waste msw in particular the amount of energy produced in kilns and reactors applied in this route is sufficiently investigated up to the point of operation but not in terms of integration with either petrochemical or converting plants although primary and secondary recycling schemes are well established and widely applied it is concluded that many of the psw tertiary and quaternary treatment schemes appear to be robust and worthy of additional investigation",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "production of grass biomethane is an integrated process which involves numerous stages with numerous permutations the grass grown can be of numerous species and it can involve numerous cuts the lignocellulosic content of grass increases with maturity of grass the first cut offers more methane potential than the later cuts water soluble carbohydrates wsc are higher and as such methane potential is higher for grass cut in the afternoon as opposed to that cut in the morning the method of ensiling has a significant effect on the dry solids content of the grass silage pit or clamp silage in southern germany and austria has a solids content of about 40 warm dry summers allow wilting of the grass before ensiling in temperate oceanic climates like ireland pit silage has a solids content of about 21 while bale silage has a solids content of 32 biogas production is related to mass of volatile solids rather than mass of silage typically one ton of volatile solid produces 300 m3 of methane the dry",
+    "paper_a_title": "recycling and recovery routes of plastic solid waste psw a review",
+    "paper_b_title": "review of the integrated process for the production of grass biomethane"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2329869543",
+    "paper_b_id": "2144026378",
+    "paper_a_count": 98,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "1998-01",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "capture and disposal of co 2 are being pursued as a way to cut releases of greenhouse gases this article reports on projects under way to pump co 2 into deep aquifers and research into the feasibility of ocean storage",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "aboveground biomass was estimated on the shortgrass steppe of eastern colorado using landsat tm tasseled cap green vegetation index gvi brightness index bi and wetness index wi the normalized difference vegetation index ndvi and the red waveband red for two grazing treatments moderately grazed or ungrazed field measurements of standing crop were obtained on six sites per grazing treatment ordinary least squares regression models of biomass as a function of one or more indices were tested for grazed ungrazed and combined grazed and ungrazed data biomass from grazed sites was linearly related to gvi ndvi wi and red indices r2 0 62 0 67 ungrazed sites produced no significant relations with combined ungrazed and grazed data biomass was not significantly related to gvi ndvi wi or bi and was poorly related to the red index r2 0 35 when grazing treatments were treated as dummy variables for the combined data the red index was moderately related to biomass r2 0 70 these res",
+    "paper_a_title": "the pros and cons of carbon dioxide dumping",
+    "paper_b_title": "biomass estimation on grazed and ungrazed rangelands using spectral indices"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2282385445",
+    "paper_b_id": "2020783385",
+    "paper_a_count": 19,
+    "paper_b_count": 9,
+    "time_period": "2003",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "the input of seven heavy metals cd cr cu hg ni pb and zn into the large river basins of germany via various point and diffuse pathways were estimated for the period of 1985 through 2000 to quantify the emissions via point sources a nationwide survey on heavy metal data of municipal wastewater treatment plants and industrial direct discharges was carried out the input via diffuse pathways was calculated using an adapted version of the model moneris this model accounts for the significant transport processes and it includes a geographical information system gis that provides digital maps as well as extensive statistical information for a comparison of the calculated heavy metal emission with the measured heavy metal load at monitoring stations the losses of heavy metals due to retention processes within the river systems have to be considered therefore heavy metal retention was calculated according to the retention functions given by vink and behrendt for the large river basins a good correspondence could be found between estimated and measured heavy metal loads in rivers the total emission into the north sea decreased for each metal during the period of 1985 to 2000 the reduction varies between 87 for hg and 41 for ni mainly caused by the decline via point sources today s emissions of heavy metals into river basins of germany are dominated by the input via diffuse pathways the most important diffuse emission pathways are paved urban areas and erosion",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "excess sludge treatment and disposal currently represents a rising challenge for wastewater treatment plants wwtps due to economic environmental and regulation factors there is therefore considerable impetus to explore and develop strategies and technologies for reducing excess sludge production in biological wastewater treatment processes this paper reviews current strategies for reducing sludge production based on these mechanisms lysis cryptic growth uncoupling metabolism maintenance metabolism and predation on bacteria the strategies for sludge reduction should be evaluated and chosen for practical application using costs analysis and assessment of environmental impact high costs still limit technologies of sludge ozonation cryptic growth and membrane bioreactor from spreading application in full scale wwtps bioacclimation and harmful to environment are major bottlenecks for chemical uncoupler in practical application sludge reduction induced by oligochaetes may present a cost effective way for wwtps if unstable worm growth is solved employing any strategy for reducing sludge production may have an impact on microbial community in biological wastewater treatment processes this impact may influence the sludge characteristics and the quality of effluent",
+    "paper_a_title": "emissions of heavy metals into river basins of germany",
+    "paper_b_title": "minimization of excess sludge production for biological wastewater treatment"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2282385445",
+    "paper_b_id": "2053477819",
+    "paper_a_count": 19,
+    "paper_b_count": 8,
+    "time_period": "2003",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "the input of seven heavy metals cd cr cu hg ni pb and zn into the large river basins of germany via various point and diffuse pathways were estimated for the period of 1985 through 2000 to quantify the emissions via point sources a nationwide survey on heavy metal data of municipal wastewater treatment plants and industrial direct discharges was carried out the input via diffuse pathways was calculated using an adapted version of the model moneris this model accounts for the significant transport processes and it includes a geographical information system gis that provides digital maps as well as extensive statistical information for a comparison of the calculated heavy metal emission with the measured heavy metal load at monitoring stations the losses of heavy metals due to retention processes within the river systems have to be considered therefore heavy metal retention was calculated according to the retention functions given by vink and behrendt for the large river basins a good correspondence could be found between estimated and measured heavy metal loads in rivers the total emission into the north sea decreased for each metal during the period of 1985 to 2000 the reduction varies between 87 for hg and 41 for ni mainly caused by the decline via point sources today s emissions of heavy metals into river basins of germany are dominated by the input via diffuse pathways the most important diffuse emission pathways are paved urban areas and erosion",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "as a result of the wide application and utilization of the waste activated sludge process excess sludge presents a serious disposal problem many efforts have been devoted to reduce the excess sludge by treatments such as digestion and dewatering it has been known for many years that a thermal pre treatment gives an improvement in the dewaterability of sludges this paper provides a literature review concerning the optimum treatment conditions to obtain enhanced dewaterability and digestibility of sludge the main commercial hydrolysis processes cambi porteous and zimpro are discussed the literature findings concerning the optimum treatment conditions of thermal or thermochemical pre treatments are reviewed the second part of this paper deals with the fundamentals of improving sludge dewatering the influence of extracellular polymer ecp on settling and dewatering characteristics is discussed together with the importance of cations and ecp hydrophobicity in the flocculation and dewatering process finally the effect on exocellular polymer dewaterability settleability and colloidal stability of activated sludge by treatment with sulfuric acid was studied",
+    "paper_a_title": "emissions of heavy metals into river basins of germany",
+    "paper_b_title": "a review of thermal sludge pre treatment processes to improve dewaterability"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2282385445",
+    "paper_b_id": "2067091405",
+    "paper_a_count": 19,
+    "paper_b_count": 7,
+    "time_period": "2003",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "the input of seven heavy metals cd cr cu hg ni pb and zn into the large river basins of germany via various point and diffuse pathways were estimated for the period of 1985 through 2000 to quantify the emissions via point sources a nationwide survey on heavy metal data of municipal wastewater treatment plants and industrial direct discharges was carried out the input via diffuse pathways was calculated using an adapted version of the model moneris this model accounts for the significant transport processes and it includes a geographical information system gis that provides digital maps as well as extensive statistical information for a comparison of the calculated heavy metal emission with the measured heavy metal load at monitoring stations the losses of heavy metals due to retention processes within the river systems have to be considered therefore heavy metal retention was calculated according to the retention functions given by vink and behrendt for the large river basins a good correspondence could be found between estimated and measured heavy metal loads in rivers the total emission into the north sea decreased for each metal during the period of 1985 to 2000 the reduction varies between 87 for hg and 41 for ni mainly caused by the decline via point sources today s emissions of heavy metals into river basins of germany are dominated by the input via diffuse pathways the most important diffuse emission pathways are paved urban areas and erosion",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "poultry litter provides a rich source of nutrients for perennial forages but the usual practice of surface applying litter to pastures can degrade water quality by allowing nutrients to be transported from fields in surface runoff while much of the nh 4 n volatilizes incorporating litter into the soil can minimize such problems in tilled systems but has not been used for perennial forage systems in this study we minimized disturbance of the crop thatch and soil structure by using a knifing technique to move litter into the root zone our objective was to determine effects of poultry litter incorporation on quantity and quality of runoff water field plots were constructed on a silt loam soil with well established bermudagrass cynodon dactylon l pers and mixed grass forage each plot had 8 to 10 slopes borders to isolate runoff and a downslope trough with sampling pit poultry litter was applied 5 6 mg ha 1 by one of three methods surface applied incorporated or surface applied on soil aeration cuts there were six treatment replications and three controls no litter nutrient concentrations and mass losses in runoff from incorporated litter were significantly lower generally 80 95 less than in runoff from surface applied litter by the second year of treatment litter incorporated soils had greater rain infiltration rates water holding capacities and sediment retention than soils receiving surface applied litter litter incorporation also showed a strong tendency to increase forage yield",
+    "paper_a_title": "emissions of heavy metals into river basins of germany",
+    "paper_b_title": "water quality effects of incorporating poultry litter into perennial grassland soils"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2282385445",
+    "paper_b_id": "2073697610",
+    "paper_a_count": 19,
+    "paper_b_count": 7,
+    "time_period": "2003",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "the input of seven heavy metals cd cr cu hg ni pb and zn into the large river basins of germany via various point and diffuse pathways were estimated for the period of 1985 through 2000 to quantify the emissions via point sources a nationwide survey on heavy metal data of municipal wastewater treatment plants and industrial direct discharges was carried out the input via diffuse pathways was calculated using an adapted version of the model moneris this model accounts for the significant transport processes and it includes a geographical information system gis that provides digital maps as well as extensive statistical information for a comparison of the calculated heavy metal emission with the measured heavy metal load at monitoring stations the losses of heavy metals due to retention processes within the river systems have to be considered therefore heavy metal retention was calculated according to the retention functions given by vink and behrendt for the large river basins a good correspondence could be found between estimated and measured heavy metal loads in rivers the total emission into the north sea decreased for each metal during the period of 1985 to 2000 the reduction varies between 87 for hg and 41 for ni mainly caused by the decline via point sources today s emissions of heavy metals into river basins of germany are dominated by the input via diffuse pathways the most important diffuse emission pathways are paved urban areas and erosion",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "brominated flame retardants bfrs have routinely been added to consumer products for several decades in a successful effort to reduce fire related injury and property damage recently concern for this emerging class of chemicals has risen because of the occurrence of several classes of bfrs in the environment and in human biota the widespread production and use of bfrs strong evidence of increasing contamination of the environment wildlife and people and limited knowledge of potential effects heighten the importance of identifying emerging issues associated with the use of bfrs in this article we briefly review scientific issues associated with the use of tetrabromobisphenol a hexabromocyclododecane and three commercial mixtures of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and discuss data gaps overall the toxicology database is very limited the current literature is incomplete and often conflicting available data however raise concern over the use of certain classes of brominated flame retardants",
+    "paper_a_title": "emissions of heavy metals into river basins of germany",
+    "paper_b_title": "brominated flame retardants cause for concern"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2282385445",
+    "paper_b_id": "1964858109",
+    "paper_a_count": 19,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "2003",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "the input of seven heavy metals cd cr cu hg ni pb and zn into the large river basins of germany via various point and diffuse pathways were estimated for the period of 1985 through 2000 to quantify the emissions via point sources a nationwide survey on heavy metal data of municipal wastewater treatment plants and industrial direct discharges was carried out the input via diffuse pathways was calculated using an adapted version of the model moneris this model accounts for the significant transport processes and it includes a geographical information system gis that provides digital maps as well as extensive statistical information for a comparison of the calculated heavy metal emission with the measured heavy metal load at monitoring stations the losses of heavy metals due to retention processes within the river systems have to be considered therefore heavy metal retention was calculated according to the retention functions given by vink and behrendt for the large river basins a good correspondence could be found between estimated and measured heavy metal loads in rivers the total emission into the north sea decreased for each metal during the period of 1985 to 2000 the reduction varies between 87 for hg and 41 for ni mainly caused by the decline via point sources today s emissions of heavy metals into river basins of germany are dominated by the input via diffuse pathways the most important diffuse emission pathways are paved urban areas and erosion",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "the microgravity pocket mgp was designed for continuous production of root crops in microgravity within a controlled environment the mgp is intended to provide nasa with a salad machine to grow carrot and radish for consumption by astronauts attributes of the pocket system include light weight ease of planting monitoring and harvesting no free water and low energy requirements the mgp system uses porous sheets of plastic to wick water to the plant roots which are enclosed within a watertight pouch an experiment was conducted growing carrot and radish root crops in a horizontal orientation adjacent to a water cooled high pressure sodium lamp the hydrophilic property of the porous sheet provided nutrient solution to the root zone of the plants but the small size of the pores prevented root growth into the sheet the mgp was successful in growing both carrot and radish to harvestable size",
+    "paper_a_title": "emissions of heavy metals into river basins of germany",
+    "paper_b_title": "development of the microgravity plant growth pocket"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "207436975",
+    "paper_b_id": "2067091405",
+    "paper_a_count": 14,
+    "paper_b_count": 7,
+    "time_period": "2003",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "thirty years of mining and milling activities of the priargunsky mining chemical production company south eastern siberia russia have resulted in an enrichment of uranium in adjacent steppe soils by a factor of up to 600 a number of attendant pollutants thorium arsenic and heavy metals also have high concentrations in the soil to estimate the effects of this pollution on soil living macroinvertebrates pitfall trapping and core sampling were applied the element composition of four beetle species was analysed soil macroinvertebrates had 3 37 times lower abundance and biodiversity at the contaminated sites compared with the control ground beetle communities at the contaminated sites were reduced compared to the control site the concentrations of uranium and arsenic in beetles collected at the contaminated sites were 2 41 and 2 26 times higher respectively than at the control site there is strong evidence that the contamination caused by uranium production has severe negative biological effects on important groups of the soil food web",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "poultry litter provides a rich source of nutrients for perennial forages but the usual practice of surface applying litter to pastures can degrade water quality by allowing nutrients to be transported from fields in surface runoff while much of the nh 4 n volatilizes incorporating litter into the soil can minimize such problems in tilled systems but has not been used for perennial forage systems in this study we minimized disturbance of the crop thatch and soil structure by using a knifing technique to move litter into the root zone our objective was to determine effects of poultry litter incorporation on quantity and quality of runoff water field plots were constructed on a silt loam soil with well established bermudagrass cynodon dactylon l pers and mixed grass forage each plot had 8 to 10 slopes borders to isolate runoff and a downslope trough with sampling pit poultry litter was applied 5 6 mg ha 1 by one of three methods surface applied incorporated or surface applied on soil aeration cuts there were six treatment replications and three controls no litter nutrient concentrations and mass losses in runoff from incorporated litter were significantly lower generally 80 95 less than in runoff from surface applied litter by the second year of treatment litter incorporated soils had greater rain infiltration rates water holding capacities and sediment retention than soils receiving surface applied litter litter incorporation also showed a strong tendency to increase forage yield",
+    "paper_a_title": "impact of pollution caused by uranium production on soil macrofauna",
+    "paper_b_title": "water quality effects of incorporating poultry litter into perennial grassland soils"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "207436975",
+    "paper_b_id": "2073697610",
+    "paper_a_count": 14,
+    "paper_b_count": 7,
+    "time_period": "2003",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "thirty years of mining and milling activities of the priargunsky mining chemical production company south eastern siberia russia have resulted in an enrichment of uranium in adjacent steppe soils by a factor of up to 600 a number of attendant pollutants thorium arsenic and heavy metals also have high concentrations in the soil to estimate the effects of this pollution on soil living macroinvertebrates pitfall trapping and core sampling were applied the element composition of four beetle species was analysed soil macroinvertebrates had 3 37 times lower abundance and biodiversity at the contaminated sites compared with the control ground beetle communities at the contaminated sites were reduced compared to the control site the concentrations of uranium and arsenic in beetles collected at the contaminated sites were 2 41 and 2 26 times higher respectively than at the control site there is strong evidence that the contamination caused by uranium production has severe negative biological effects on important groups of the soil food web",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "brominated flame retardants bfrs have routinely been added to consumer products for several decades in a successful effort to reduce fire related injury and property damage recently concern for this emerging class of chemicals has risen because of the occurrence of several classes of bfrs in the environment and in human biota the widespread production and use of bfrs strong evidence of increasing contamination of the environment wildlife and people and limited knowledge of potential effects heighten the importance of identifying emerging issues associated with the use of bfrs in this article we briefly review scientific issues associated with the use of tetrabromobisphenol a hexabromocyclododecane and three commercial mixtures of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and discuss data gaps overall the toxicology database is very limited the current literature is incomplete and often conflicting available data however raise concern over the use of certain classes of brominated flame retardants",
+    "paper_a_title": "impact of pollution caused by uranium production on soil macrofauna",
+    "paper_b_title": "brominated flame retardants cause for concern"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "207436975",
+    "paper_b_id": "1964858109",
+    "paper_a_count": 14,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "2003",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "thirty years of mining and milling activities of the priargunsky mining chemical production company south eastern siberia russia have resulted in an enrichment of uranium in adjacent steppe soils by a factor of up to 600 a number of attendant pollutants thorium arsenic and heavy metals also have high concentrations in the soil to estimate the effects of this pollution on soil living macroinvertebrates pitfall trapping and core sampling were applied the element composition of four beetle species was analysed soil macroinvertebrates had 3 37 times lower abundance and biodiversity at the contaminated sites compared with the control ground beetle communities at the contaminated sites were reduced compared to the control site the concentrations of uranium and arsenic in beetles collected at the contaminated sites were 2 41 and 2 26 times higher respectively than at the control site there is strong evidence that the contamination caused by uranium production has severe negative biological effects on important groups of the soil food web",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "the microgravity pocket mgp was designed for continuous production of root crops in microgravity within a controlled environment the mgp is intended to provide nasa with a salad machine to grow carrot and radish for consumption by astronauts attributes of the pocket system include light weight ease of planting monitoring and harvesting no free water and low energy requirements the mgp system uses porous sheets of plastic to wick water to the plant roots which are enclosed within a watertight pouch an experiment was conducted growing carrot and radish root crops in a horizontal orientation adjacent to a water cooled high pressure sodium lamp the hydrophilic property of the porous sheet provided nutrient solution to the root zone of the plants but the small size of the pores prevented root growth into the sheet the mgp was successful in growing both carrot and radish to harvestable size",
+    "paper_a_title": "impact of pollution caused by uranium production on soil macrofauna",
+    "paper_b_title": "development of the microgravity plant growth pocket"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "1972792902",
+    "paper_b_id": "2130365445",
+    "paper_a_count": 10,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "2008",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "in the letter soil erosion a carbon sink or source r lal and d pimentel 22 february p 1040 1 and in its response k van oost et al 22 february p 1042 the authors note that soil erosion is a serious threat to land health nevertheless evidence points toward a carbon c",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "increasing energy use climate change and carbon dioxide co2 emissions from fossil fuels make switching to lowcarbon fuels a high priority biofuels are a potential lowcarbon energy source but whether biofuels offer carbon savings depends on how they are produced converting rainforests peatlands savannas or grasslands to produce food based biofuels in brazil southeast asia and the united states creates a biofuel carbon debt by releasing 17 to 420 times more co2 than the annual greenhouse gas ghg reductions these biofuels provide by displacing fossil fuels in contrast biofuels made from waste biomass or from biomass grown on abandoned agricultural lands planted with perennials incur little or no carbon debt and offer immediate and sustained ghg advantages demand for alternatives to petroleum is increasing the production of biofuels from food crops such as corn sugarcane soybeans and palms as a result land in",
+    "paper_a_title": "soil erosion data say c sink",
+    "paper_b_title": "land clearing and the biofuel carbon debt"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "1972792902",
+    "paper_b_id": "2083577986",
+    "paper_a_count": 10,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "2008",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "in the letter soil erosion a carbon sink or source r lal and d pimentel 22 february p 1040 1 and in its response k van oost et al 22 february p 1042 the authors note that soil erosion is a serious threat to land health nevertheless evidence points toward a carbon c",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "sharp peaks in nitrous oxide n2o fluxes under no tillage in wet conditions appear to be related to near surface soil and crop cover conditions here we explored some of the factors influencing tillage effects on short term variations in gas flux so that we could learn about the mechanisms involved field investigations revealed that a cumulative emission of 13 kg n2o n ha 1 over a 12 week period was possible under no tillage for spring barley we investigated how reducing crop cover and changing the structural arrangement of the water filled pore space wfps by short term laboratory compaction influenced n2o and carbon dioxide co2 fluxes in upward and downward directions in core samples from tilled and untilled soil increasing the downward flux of n2o within a soil profile by changing soil or moisture conditions may increase the likelihood of its further reduction to n2 or dissolution we took undisturbed cores from 3 to 8 cm depth equilibrated them to 1 or 6 kpa matric potential incubated them and measured n2o and co2 fluxes from the upper and lower surfaces in a purpose designed apparatus before and after compaction in an uniaxial tester we also measured wfps air permeability bulk density and air filled porosity before and after compaction spring barley was tested in 1999 and winter barley in 2000 fluxes of n2o were from 1 5 to 35 times higher from no tilled than ploughed even where the soil was of similar bulk density reduction of the crop cover increased co2 flux and could reduce n2o flux the effects of structural changes induced by laboratory compaction on the fluxes of n2o and co2 were not influenced greatly by the tillage and crop cover treatments fluxes from the upper surfaces of cores corresponding to 3 cm soil depth upwards direction could be up to 100 times greater n2o or 8 times co2 than from the lower surfaces 8 cm depth downwards direction these differences between surfaces were greatest when n2o fluxes were very high in no tilled soil 4 2 mg n2o n m 2 h 1 as occurred when wfps exceeded 80 or became blocked with water an effect that was increased by our compaction treatment in general n2o fluxes increased with wfps the production and emission of n2o were strongly influenced by the soil physical environment the magnitude of the water filled pore space and continuity of the air filled pore space in particular produced in no till versus plough cultivation",
+    "paper_a_title": "soil erosion data say c sink",
+    "paper_b_title": "dynamics of upward and downward n2o and co2 fluxes in ploughed or no tilled soils in relation to water filled pore space compaction and crop presence"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2026202753",
+    "paper_b_id": "2091824808",
+    "paper_a_count": 20,
+    "paper_b_count": 7,
+    "time_period": "2005",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "application of organic chemicals to a newly irrigated sugarcane saccharum officinarum l area located in the semiarid western part of reunion island has prompted local regulatory agencies to determine their potential to contaminate ground water resources for that purpose simple indices known as the ground water ubiquity score gustafson index gus the retardation factor rf the attenuation factor af and the log transformed attenuation factor aft were employed to assess the potential leaching of five herbicides in two soil types the herbicides were alachlor 2 chloro 2 6 diethyl n methoxy methy acetanilide atrazine 2 chloro 4 ethylamino 6 isopropylamino 1 3 5 triazine diuron 3 3 4 dichlorophenyl 1 1 dimethylurea 2 4 d 2 4 dichlorophenoxy acetic acid and triclopyr 3 5 6 trichloro 2 pyridyl oxy acetic acid the soil types were vertic bv and andepts ba inceptisols which are present throughout the saint gilles study area on reunion island to calculate the indices herbicide sorption k oc and dissipation half life dt50 properties were determined from controlled batch experiments water fluxes below the root zone were estimated by a capacity based model driven by a rainfall frequency analysis performed on a 13 yr data series the results show a lower risk of herbicide leaching than in temperate regions due to the tropical conditions of the study area higher temperatures and the presence of highly adsorbent soils may explain smaller dt50 and higher k oc values than those reported in literature concerning temperate environments based on the rf values only 2 4 d and triclopyr appear mobile in the bv soil with all the other herbicides being classified from moderately to very immobile in both soils the aft values indicate that the potential leaching of the five herbicides can be considered as unlikely except during the cyclonic period about 40 d yr when there is a 2 5 probability of recharge rates equal to or higher than 50 mm d in that case atrazine in both soils 2 4 d and triclopyr in the bv soil and diuron and alachlor in the ba soil present a high risk of potential contamination of ground water resources",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "abstract carbon budgets are developed to understand ecosystem dynamics and are increasingly being used to develop global change policy traditionally forest carbon budgets have focused on the biological carbon cycle however it is important to include the industrial forest carbon cycle as well the overall objective of this study was to quantify the major carbon fluxes associated with the production of wisconsin s industrial roundwood by using life cycle inventory lci methodology to produce an industrial forest carbon budget to achieve this objective we 1 developed carbon lcis for the harvest process for three major forest ownerships state national and private non industrial 2 developed carbon lcis for a dimensional lumber and two oriented strand board osb mills and 3 completed a scaled version of 1 and 2 to include more wisconsin forestlands and to incorporate the other major processes within the industrial forest carbon cycle e g primary mill secondary mill product use and product disposal processes of the industrial forest carbon cycle the carbon budgets for the harvesting process of the chequamegon nicolet national forest cnnf the northern highland american legion state forest nhal and the non industrial private forests that participated in the managed forest laws of wisconsin mfl nipf were 0 10 0 18 and 0 11 tonnes c ha 1 year 1 respectively the dimensional lumber and osb products were both net carbon sources and released 0 05 0 09 tonnes c tonnes c processed more carbon is sequestered than released within the industrial forest carbon cycle of wisconsin s national 6 g c m 2 year 1 state 12 g c m 2 year 1 and non industrial private forests 7 g c m 2 year 1 using published net ecosystem production data we estimate that the net forest carbon cycle budget sum of the biological and industrial c cycle gower s t 2003 patterns and mechanisms of the forest carbon cycle ann rev environ resour 28 169 204 for the cnnf ranges between 897 and 348 g c m 2 year 1 life cycle inventories of wood and paper products should be clear and explicitly state what processes are included so that results can be used by policy makers and future researchers",
+    "paper_a_title": "assessment of herbicide leaching risk in two tropical soils of reunion island france",
+    "paper_b_title": "life cycle inventories of roundwood production in northern wisconsin inputs into an industrial forest carbon budget"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2026202753",
+    "paper_b_id": "2018621062",
+    "paper_a_count": 20,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "2005",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "application of organic chemicals to a newly irrigated sugarcane saccharum officinarum l area located in the semiarid western part of reunion island has prompted local regulatory agencies to determine their potential to contaminate ground water resources for that purpose simple indices known as the ground water ubiquity score gustafson index gus the retardation factor rf the attenuation factor af and the log transformed attenuation factor aft were employed to assess the potential leaching of five herbicides in two soil types the herbicides were alachlor 2 chloro 2 6 diethyl n methoxy methy acetanilide atrazine 2 chloro 4 ethylamino 6 isopropylamino 1 3 5 triazine diuron 3 3 4 dichlorophenyl 1 1 dimethylurea 2 4 d 2 4 dichlorophenoxy acetic acid and triclopyr 3 5 6 trichloro 2 pyridyl oxy acetic acid the soil types were vertic bv and andepts ba inceptisols which are present throughout the saint gilles study area on reunion island to calculate the indices herbicide sorption k oc and dissipation half life dt50 properties were determined from controlled batch experiments water fluxes below the root zone were estimated by a capacity based model driven by a rainfall frequency analysis performed on a 13 yr data series the results show a lower risk of herbicide leaching than in temperate regions due to the tropical conditions of the study area higher temperatures and the presence of highly adsorbent soils may explain smaller dt50 and higher k oc values than those reported in literature concerning temperate environments based on the rf values only 2 4 d and triclopyr appear mobile in the bv soil with all the other herbicides being classified from moderately to very immobile in both soils the aft values indicate that the potential leaching of the five herbicides can be considered as unlikely except during the cyclonic period about 40 d yr when there is a 2 5 probability of recharge rates equal to or higher than 50 mm d in that case atrazine in both soils 2 4 d and triclopyr in the bv soil and diuron and alachlor in the ba soil present a high risk of potential contamination of ground water resources",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "capture and subsequent injection of carbon dioxide into deep geological formations is being considered as a means to reduce anthropogenic emissions of co2 to the atmosphere if such a strategy is to be successful the injected co2 must remain within the injection formation for long periods of time at least several hundred years because mature continental sedimentary basins have a century long history of oil and gas exploration and production they are characterized by large numbers of existing oil and gas wells for example more than 1 million such wells have been drilled in the state of texas in the united states these existing wells represent potential leakage pathways for injected co2 to analyze leakage potential modeling tools are needed that predict leakage rates and patterns in systems with injection and potentially leaky wells a new semianalytical solution framework allows simple and efficient prediction of leakage rates for the case of injection of supercritical co2 into a brine saturated d",
+    "paper_a_title": "assessment of herbicide leaching risk in two tropical soils of reunion island france",
+    "paper_b_title": "semianalytical solution for co2 leakage through an abandoned well"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2152092413",
+    "paper_b_id": "1974268125",
+    "paper_a_count": 30,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "2009",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "plastic solid waste psw presents challenges and opportunities to societies regardless of their sustainability awareness and technological advances in this paper recent progress in the recycling and recovery of psw is reviewed a special emphasis is paid on waste generated from polyolefinic sources which makes up a great percentage of our daily single life cycle plastic products the four routes of psw treatment are detailed and discussed covering primary re extrusion secondary mechanical tertiary chemical and quaternary energy recovery schemes and technologies primary recycling which involves the re introduction of clean scrap of single polymer to the extrusion cycle in order to produce products of the similar material is commonly applied in the processing line itself but rarely applied among recyclers as recycling materials rarely possess the required quality the various waste products consisting of either end of life or production scrap waste are the feedstock of secondary techniques thereby generally reduced in size to a more desirable shape and form such as pellets flakes or powders depending on the source shape and usability tertiary treatment schemes have contributed greatly to the recycling status of psw in recent years advanced thermo chemical treatment methods cover a wide range of technologies and produce either fuels or petrochemical feedstock nowadays non catalytic thermal cracking thermolysis is receiving renewed attention due to the fact of added value on a crude oil barrel and its very valuable yielded products but a fact remains that advanced thermo chemical recycling of psw namely polyolefins still lacks the proper design and kinetic background to target certain desired products and or chemicals energy recovery was found to be an attainable solution to psw in general and municipal solid waste msw in particular the amount of energy produced in kilns and reactors applied in this route is sufficiently investigated up to the point of operation but not in terms of integration with either petrochemical or converting plants although primary and secondary recycling schemes are well established and widely applied it is concluded that many of the psw tertiary and quaternary treatment schemes appear to be robust and worthy of additional investigation",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "phosphorus is an essential yet limited resource which cannot be replaced by any other element this is why there are increasing efforts to recycle phosphorus contained in wastewater it involves the recovery of phosphorus and normally the separation of phosphates from harmful substances phosphorus can be recovered from wastewater sewage sludge as well as from the ash of incinerated sewage sludge and can be combined with phosphorus removal in most cases the phosphorus recovery rate from the liquid phase can reach 40 to 50 at the most while recovery rates from sewage sludge and sewage sludge ash can reach up to 90 there are various methods which can be applied for phosphorus recovery up to now there is limited experience in industrial scale implementation the costs for recovered phosphate exceed the costs for phosphate from rock phosphate by several times for german conditions the specific additional costs of wastewater treatment by integrating phosphorus recovery can be estimated at 2 6 per capita and year",
+    "paper_a_title": "recycling and recovery routes of plastic solid waste psw a review",
+    "paper_b_title": "phosphorus recovery from wastewater needs technologies and costs"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2152092413",
+    "paper_b_id": "2170567186",
+    "paper_a_count": 30,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "2009",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "plastic solid waste psw presents challenges and opportunities to societies regardless of their sustainability awareness and technological advances in this paper recent progress in the recycling and recovery of psw is reviewed a special emphasis is paid on waste generated from polyolefinic sources which makes up a great percentage of our daily single life cycle plastic products the four routes of psw treatment are detailed and discussed covering primary re extrusion secondary mechanical tertiary chemical and quaternary energy recovery schemes and technologies primary recycling which involves the re introduction of clean scrap of single polymer to the extrusion cycle in order to produce products of the similar material is commonly applied in the processing line itself but rarely applied among recyclers as recycling materials rarely possess the required quality the various waste products consisting of either end of life or production scrap waste are the feedstock of secondary techniques thereby generally reduced in size to a more desirable shape and form such as pellets flakes or powders depending on the source shape and usability tertiary treatment schemes have contributed greatly to the recycling status of psw in recent years advanced thermo chemical treatment methods cover a wide range of technologies and produce either fuels or petrochemical feedstock nowadays non catalytic thermal cracking thermolysis is receiving renewed attention due to the fact of added value on a crude oil barrel and its very valuable yielded products but a fact remains that advanced thermo chemical recycling of psw namely polyolefins still lacks the proper design and kinetic background to target certain desired products and or chemicals energy recovery was found to be an attainable solution to psw in general and municipal solid waste msw in particular the amount of energy produced in kilns and reactors applied in this route is sufficiently investigated up to the point of operation but not in terms of integration with either petrochemical or converting plants although primary and secondary recycling schemes are well established and widely applied it is concluded that many of the psw tertiary and quaternary treatment schemes appear to be robust and worthy of additional investigation",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "grain storage managers could improve the quality of stored grain if they could directly monitor stored grain moisture content which is a key indicator of stored grain quality and an early indicator of deterioration however shortcomings of currently available sensors have prevented them from achieving widespread acceptance in the industry a new fringing field capacitive ffc sensor was tested to determine its suitability and accuracy for moisture content measurements in grain sensors were calibrated at temperature from 10 c to 30 c using six samples of hard red winter hrw wheat from three locations and two crop years the polynomial calibration models had standard error of prediction sep values that averaged 0 68 wet basis w b moisture content for data not corrected for bulk density the average sep improved to 0 50 w b when the readings were corrected based on sample bulk density yielding a 95 confidence interval of 1 0 w b for these data the measured sensor accuracy close to that of laboratory instruments is appropriate for an in situ instrument for monitoring stored grain and for rapid determination of grain moisture content in bulk containers",
+    "paper_a_title": "recycling and recovery routes of plastic solid waste psw a review",
+    "paper_b_title": "wheat moisture measurement with a fringing field capacitive sensor"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2152092413",
+    "paper_b_id": "2004270510",
+    "paper_a_count": 30,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "2009",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "plastic solid waste psw presents challenges and opportunities to societies regardless of their sustainability awareness and technological advances in this paper recent progress in the recycling and recovery of psw is reviewed a special emphasis is paid on waste generated from polyolefinic sources which makes up a great percentage of our daily single life cycle plastic products the four routes of psw treatment are detailed and discussed covering primary re extrusion secondary mechanical tertiary chemical and quaternary energy recovery schemes and technologies primary recycling which involves the re introduction of clean scrap of single polymer to the extrusion cycle in order to produce products of the similar material is commonly applied in the processing line itself but rarely applied among recyclers as recycling materials rarely possess the required quality the various waste products consisting of either end of life or production scrap waste are the feedstock of secondary techniques thereby generally reduced in size to a more desirable shape and form such as pellets flakes or powders depending on the source shape and usability tertiary treatment schemes have contributed greatly to the recycling status of psw in recent years advanced thermo chemical treatment methods cover a wide range of technologies and produce either fuels or petrochemical feedstock nowadays non catalytic thermal cracking thermolysis is receiving renewed attention due to the fact of added value on a crude oil barrel and its very valuable yielded products but a fact remains that advanced thermo chemical recycling of psw namely polyolefins still lacks the proper design and kinetic background to target certain desired products and or chemicals energy recovery was found to be an attainable solution to psw in general and municipal solid waste msw in particular the amount of energy produced in kilns and reactors applied in this route is sufficiently investigated up to the point of operation but not in terms of integration with either petrochemical or converting plants although primary and secondary recycling schemes are well established and widely applied it is concluded that many of the psw tertiary and quaternary treatment schemes appear to be robust and worthy of additional investigation",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "habitat preserve systems have been established adjacent to the densely populated regions of southern california to support indigenous plant and animal species that are listed as rare threatened or endangered monitoring the condition of habitat across these broad preserves is necessary to ensure their long term viability and may be effectively accomplished using remote sensing techniques with high spatial resolution visible and near infrared vnir multispectral imagery the utility of 1 m spatial resolution vnir imagery for detailed change detection and monitoring of mediterranean type ecosystems is assessed here image acquisition and preprocessing procedures were conducted to ensure that image detected changes represented real changes and not artifacts change classification products with six spectral based transition classes were generated using multiband image differencing mid for three change periods 1998 1999 1998 2001 and 1998 2005 land cover changes relevant to habitat quality monitoring such as human induced disturbance fire vegetation growth recovery and drought related vegetation stress were readily detected using the multitemporal vnir imagery suggestions for operational habitat monitoring using image products and mobile geographic information system technologies are provided",
+    "paper_a_title": "recycling and recovery routes of plastic solid waste psw a review",
+    "paper_b_title": "monitoring habitat preserves in southern california using high spatial resolution multispectral imagery"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2265831130",
+    "paper_b_id": "2089131105",
+    "paper_a_count": 11,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "2000",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "the first full scale plant for sludge disintegration through cambi thermal hydrolysis was started up in hamar norway at the end of 1995 it is the first plant with a new design where sludge is directly heated by live steam during the last three years the plant worked with an availability of over 99 prior to hydrolysis the sludge is dewatered and the digester is fed with 10 12 ds saving more than 50 of digester volume compared with a conventional process the degree of stabilization is around 60 measured as rate cod conversion into biogas the stabilised sludge which is guaranteed free of pathogens is an attractive product to agriculture and has a high fertilizing effect",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "abstract jatropha curcas is a multipurpose plant with many attributes and considerable potential it is a tropical plant that can be grown in low to high rainfall areas and can be used to reclaim land as a hedge and or as a commercial crop thus growing it could provide employment improve the environment and enhance the quality of rural life the establishment management and productivity of jatropha under various climatic conditions are not fully documented this is discussed and the gaps in the knowledge elucidated especially its fertilizer requirements the plant produces many useful products especially the seed from which oil can be extracted this oil has similar properties to palm oil the costs and returns of growing the plant and producing the plant oil are discussed and tabulated because it can be used in place of kerosene and diesel and as a substitute for fuelwood it has been promoted to make rural areas self sufficient in fuels for cooking lighting and motive power this strategy is examined and found not viable oil for soap making is the most profitable use it is concluded that all markets for jatropha products should be investigated if the full potential of the plant is to be realized much more research is required into the growing and management of jatropha curcas and more information is needed on the actual and potential markets for all its products",
+    "paper_a_title": "enhanced stabilisation of sewage sludge through thermal hydrolysis three years of experience with full scale plant",
+    "paper_b_title": "a review of jatropha curcas an oil plant of unfulfilled promise"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2083130445",
+    "paper_b_id": "1992426355",
+    "paper_a_count": 21,
+    "paper_b_count": 7,
+    "time_period": "1996",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "in the northern us corn belt plant residue retained on the soil surface increases risk of poor stand establishment and growth of corn zea mays l this limits adoption of no tillage and other conservation tillage systems which are effective in reducing soil erosion field and laboratory research has shown that surface residue reduces soil heat unit accumulation by reducing soil heat flux and conserves soil water by reducing evaporation rate surface residue also hinders planter operation and uniformity of seed placement removing excessive or non uniform plant residue from the seed row increases germination and emergence rate by improving seed depth uniformity and by increasing soil heat unit accumulation appropriate use of planter attachments to manage surface plant residue has been shown to improve conditions in the seed zone for reliable corn establishment in the northern us corn belt",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "in this study an adaptive carbon flow rate controller is applied to a pre denitrifying pilot scale plant the goal of the control strategy is to maintain a low nitrate concentration in the anoxic zone by controlling the external flow rate of the carbon source results from practical experiments show that the control strategy works well and the nitrate concentration could be kept close to a desired set point reference value the used nitrate sensor needed however frequent maintenance during the experiment the carbon flow rate was automatically varied to keep the nitrate concentration at a constant low level we conclude that a low effluent nitrate concentration without an excessive carbon flow rate is hard to achieve without an automatic control strategy",
+    "paper_a_title": "seed row residue management for corn establishment in the northern us corn belt",
+    "paper_b_title": "adaptive control of external carbon flow rate in an activated sludge process"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2083130445",
+    "paper_b_id": "2078142892",
+    "paper_a_count": 21,
+    "paper_b_count": 7,
+    "time_period": "1996",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "in the northern us corn belt plant residue retained on the soil surface increases risk of poor stand establishment and growth of corn zea mays l this limits adoption of no tillage and other conservation tillage systems which are effective in reducing soil erosion field and laboratory research has shown that surface residue reduces soil heat unit accumulation by reducing soil heat flux and conserves soil water by reducing evaporation rate surface residue also hinders planter operation and uniformity of seed placement removing excessive or non uniform plant residue from the seed row increases germination and emergence rate by improving seed depth uniformity and by increasing soil heat unit accumulation appropriate use of planter attachments to manage surface plant residue has been shown to improve conditions in the seed zone for reliable corn establishment in the northern us corn belt",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "aquaculture is a rapidly expanding industry in australia and around the world the majority of aquaculture operations employ flow through systems whereby residual feed and metabolic products are discharged to a nearby water body in many countries the discharge of nutrients rich aquaculture waters has contributed to the degradation of water quality in receiving water bodies aquaculture s dependency on water resources ultimately makes water recycling an attractive waste management option submerged flow biofilters utilising a filter media with specific surface area of approximately 141m2 m3 were used to remove nitrogen and phosphorus from a synthetic fish farm water three biofilter systems were tested for nitrification nitrification followed by denitrification and combined nutrients removal successful carbon removal and nitrification were achieved in the nitrification system the nitrification denitrification biofilters achieved complete denitrification and nitrogen removal the cyclic aerated unaerated combined nutrients removal system achieved approximately 40 percent phosphorus removal complete nitrification and 40 percent denitrification the study demonstrated the viability of using biofilters for nutrients removal from fish farm waters biofilters are readily designed and constructed in modular form which makes such systems particularly useful for water quality management in aquaculture",
+    "paper_a_title": "seed row residue management for corn establishment in the northern us corn belt",
+    "paper_b_title": "biofilters for water reuse in aquaculture"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2083130445",
+    "paper_b_id": "2074753456",
+    "paper_a_count": 21,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "1996",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "in the northern us corn belt plant residue retained on the soil surface increases risk of poor stand establishment and growth of corn zea mays l this limits adoption of no tillage and other conservation tillage systems which are effective in reducing soil erosion field and laboratory research has shown that surface residue reduces soil heat unit accumulation by reducing soil heat flux and conserves soil water by reducing evaporation rate surface residue also hinders planter operation and uniformity of seed placement removing excessive or non uniform plant residue from the seed row increases germination and emergence rate by improving seed depth uniformity and by increasing soil heat unit accumulation appropriate use of planter attachments to manage surface plant residue has been shown to improve conditions in the seed zone for reliable corn establishment in the northern us corn belt",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "abstract the transport of anthropogenic constituents by runoff from urban roadways can adversely impact the quality of adjacent receiving waters and soils metal elements are the most persistent constituents found in pavement runoff a section of urban highway pavement in cincinnati ohio usa with an average daily traffic count of 150 000 vehicles was instrumented to sample lateral sheet flow from the pavement field samples from two diverse rainfall runoff events were analyzed to determine metal element partitioning between dissolved and particulate bound fractions results indicate that dissolved metal element washoff response is a function of the degree to which a metal element is in dissolved form irrespective of the degree to which a metal element is dissolved the particulate bound metal element washoff response is mainly a function of rainfall intensity results indicate that for both events cu cd zn and ni are mainly in dissolved form while al and fe are mainly in particulate bound form cr and pb partitioning is intermediate to these two cases these findings can assist in the development of effective control strategies to immobilize dissolved and particulate bound metal elements in pavement runoff",
+    "paper_a_title": "seed row residue management for corn establishment in the northern us corn belt",
+    "paper_b_title": "fractionation of heavy metals in pavement runoff"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2525634569",
+    "paper_b_id": "2804741549",
+    "paper_a_count": 41,
+    "paper_b_count": 11,
+    "time_period": "1989",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "novel products based on peracetic acid paa have recently been developed for the disinfection of sewage and sewage effluents the efficacy of such products has been assessed under both laboratory and operational conditions comparative laboratory studies of the effects of peracetic acid chlorine dioxide and chlorine on indicator bacteria in secondary sewage effluent have shown peracetic acid to be a viable alternative to these halogen biocides in a trial carried out at two small rural works paa was dosed into secondary effluent from either an activated sludge plant or a percolating filter bed prior to tertiary lagoon treatment low levels of paa greatly enhanced the natural decline in coliform levels across the lagoon enabling much lower concentrations of bacteria to be discharged into the receiving streams in another trial secondary effluent from an activated sludge plant was treated before discharge into a stream leading to the sea coliform concentrations were greatly reduced along the watercourse downstream from the plant",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "there is a measurable risk of acute gastroenteritis associated with swimming in marine waters contaminated with human fecal wastes to levels that would be aesthetically acceptable the enterococcus level in the bathing water is the best single measure of its quality relative to the risk of swimming associated pollution related infectious disease three mathematically expressable indicator illness relationships criteria are available from which recreational water quality guidelines can be extrapolated from the criteria once a decision has been made as to the acceptable risk of illness the recently revised usepa recreational water quality criteria and guidelines reflect this regulatory approach a model is presented for the regulation of water quality which defines decision making and actions by federal and local agencies as well as resource users this model requires the ability to predict illness rates from monitoring data three equations each corresponding to one of the criteria are available for doing so concept and supporting epidemiological data indicate that the criteria do not apply to situations in which the sources of contamination are the fecal wastes from small numbers of individuals e g boat wastes the bathers themselves or from lower animals e g stormwater run off differential die off of viral pathogens and the bacterial indicator during wastewater chlorination and protracted residence in marine waters may also confound the use of the criteria in specific situations",
+    "paper_a_title": "disinfection of sewage effluent with peracetic acid",
+    "paper_b_title": "swimming associated illness and recreational water quality criteria"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2053803948",
+    "paper_b_id": "2094674447",
+    "paper_a_count": 13,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "2002",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "abstract two pilot scale biofiltration systems were constructed and installed at the university college dublin research farm lyons estate experimental units consisting of two pens in a 12 pen pig house were sealed off from other pens air from each pen was extracted and treated separately in two biofiltration systems wood chips larger than 20 mm were selected as the medium for biofiltration system 1 whereas chips of between 10 and 16 mm were used in biofiltration system 2 the moisture content of the media was maintained at 69 4 w w b using a load cell method the volumetric loading rates ranged from 769 to 1847 m 3 gas m 3 medium h 1 over a 63 day experimental period both biofilters reduced odour between 88 and 95 ammonia removal efficiencies ranged from 64 to 92 and 69 to 93 for biofiltration systems 1 and 2 respectively sulphur containing compounds were reduced between 9 66 and 147 51 across biofiltration systems 1 and 2 the ph of the biofilters leachate remained between 6 and 8 pressure drop for biofilter 2 was 16 pa greater than that of biofilter 1 at the maximum volumetric loading rate of 1847 m 3 gas m 3 medium h 1 it is recommended that a wood chip media particle size greater than 20 mm be used for large scale operation of a biofiltration system on intensive pig production facilities to reduce the development of anaerobic zones and to minimize pressure drop on the system fans",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "the u s geological survey reports some of the first monitoring data on pharmaceuticals and other emerging organic wastewater contaminants in u s streams",
+    "paper_a_title": "assessment of the influence of media particle size on the biofiltration of odorous exhaust ventilation air from a piggery facility",
+    "paper_b_title": "analyzing the ignored environmental contaminants"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2329869543",
+    "paper_b_id": "1971248715",
+    "paper_a_count": 98,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "1998",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "capture and disposal of co 2 are being pursued as a way to cut releases of greenhouse gases this article reports on projects under way to pump co 2 into deep aquifers and research into the feasibility of ocean storage",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "nitrogen fertilization of row crops in humid regions can result in leaching of no 3 which represents an inefficient use of resources and may result in environmental degradation a localized compaction and doming lcd fertilizer injector was developed to alter the physical properties of soil surrounding knife injected n injection by lcd includes smearing macropores below the injection slot formation of a localized compacted soil layer over the injected n and formation of a surface dome to cover the compacted soil layer and the fertilizer band the lcd injector was tested along with a conventional knife injector without a covering disk to evaluate its effect on leaching by determining no 3 and br tracer redistribution after no 3 fertilizer injection chemical distributions were determined by intensive soil sampling to 0 8 m below the soil surface in a second experiment corn zea mays l yield response to both n injectors was evaluated four fertilization rates 67 112 157 and 202 kg n ha 1 of uan urea ammonium nitrate were used to define yield response during seasons when rainfall was below average neither no 3 redistribution nor crop yield showed a response to fertilizer injection technique during a growing season with above average rainfall 26 kg ha 1 more no 3 and 25 kg ha 1 more br remained in the top 0 8 m of soil when lcd injected lcd injection increased crop yield approximately 0 48 mg ha 1 over injection by the conventional knife method during an above average rainfall season indicating that one fifth of the conventional knife applied n was lost prior to crop uptake during the wet year these findings suggest that the lcd injector may be effective at reducing leaching losses during growing seasons when rainfall is abundant",
+    "paper_a_title": "the pros and cons of carbon dioxide dumping",
+    "paper_b_title": "localized soil management in fertilizer injection zone to reduce nitrate leaching"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2061212275",
+    "paper_b_id": "2122278489",
+    "paper_a_count": 18,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "2011",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "rangelands are globally extensive provide fundamental ecosystem services and are tightly coupled human ecological systems rangeland sustainability depends largely on the implementation and utilization of various grazing and burning practices optimized to protect against soil erosion and transport in many cases however land management practices lead to increased soil erosion and sediment fluxes for reasons that are poorly understood because few studies have directly measured both wind and water erosion and transport an assessment of how they may differentially respond to grazing and burning practices is lacking here we report simultaneous co located estimates of wind and water driven sediment transport in a semiarid grassland in arizona usa over three years for four land management treatments control grazed burned and burned grazed for all treatments and most years annual rates of wind driven sediment transport exceeded that of water due to a combination of ongoing small but nontrivia",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "a b s t r a c t the yield of rainfed crops is commonly limited by the availability of soil water during the summer growing season channels produced by cover crop roots in fall winter when soils are relatively moist may facilitate the penetration of compacted soils by subsequent crop roots in summer when soils are relatively dry and hard our objective was to determine the effects of fall cover crops on maize zea mays growth and soil water status under three levels high medium and no of imposed traffic compaction the study was conducted on coastal plain soils fine loamy typic aquic hapludults and siliceous psammentic hapludults in the mid atlantic region of the united states from 2006 to 2008 cover crop treatments were fr forage radish raphanus sativus var longipinnatus cv daikon rapeseed brassica napus cv essex rye cereal rye secale cereale l cv wheeler and ncc no cover crop maize under high compaction achieved more deep roots following fr and rapeseed than following rye or ncc however maize had greater yield following all cover crops than ncc control regardless of compaction levels and soil texture compaction reduced maize yield only under the high compaction in the lightly textured soils during 24 june 24 july 2008 soils at 15 and 50 cm depths were drier under no compaction than high compaction and drier following fr than other cover crop treatments our results suggest that fr benefited maize root penetration in compacted soils while rye provided the best availability of surface soil water rapeseed tended to provide both benefits however as rapeseed is relatively difficult to kill in spring a mixture of fr and rye cover crops might be most practical and beneficial for rainfed summer crops under no till systems in regions with cool to temperate humid climates",
+    "paper_a_title": "interactive effects of grazing and burning on wind and water driven sediment fluxes rangeland management implications",
+    "paper_b_title": "root growth and yield of maize as affected by soil compaction and cover crops"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2139010298",
+    "paper_b_id": "2122278489",
+    "paper_a_count": 11,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "2011",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "we evaluate the greenhouse gas footprint of natural gas obtained by high volume hydraulic fracturing from shale formations focusing on methane emissions natural gas is composed largely of methane and 3 6 to 7 9 of the methane from shale gas production escapes to the atmosphere in venting and leaks over the life time of a well these methane emissions are at least 30 more than and perhaps more than twice as great as those from conventional gas the higher emissions from shale gas occur at the time wells are hydraulically fractured as methane escapes from flow back return fluids and during drill out following the fracturing methane is a powerful greenhouse gas with a global warming potential that is far greater than that of carbon dioxide particularly over the time horizon of the first few decades following emission methane contributes substantially to the greenhouse gas footprint of shale gas on shorter time scales dominating it on a 20 year time horizon the footprint for shale gas is greater than that for conventional gas or oil when viewed on any time horizon but particularly so over 20 years compared to coal the footprint of shale gas is at least 20 greater and perhaps more than twice as great on the 20 year horizon and is comparable when compared over 100 years",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "a b s t r a c t the yield of rainfed crops is commonly limited by the availability of soil water during the summer growing season channels produced by cover crop roots in fall winter when soils are relatively moist may facilitate the penetration of compacted soils by subsequent crop roots in summer when soils are relatively dry and hard our objective was to determine the effects of fall cover crops on maize zea mays growth and soil water status under three levels high medium and no of imposed traffic compaction the study was conducted on coastal plain soils fine loamy typic aquic hapludults and siliceous psammentic hapludults in the mid atlantic region of the united states from 2006 to 2008 cover crop treatments were fr forage radish raphanus sativus var longipinnatus cv daikon rapeseed brassica napus cv essex rye cereal rye secale cereale l cv wheeler and ncc no cover crop maize under high compaction achieved more deep roots following fr and rapeseed than following rye or ncc however maize had greater yield following all cover crops than ncc control regardless of compaction levels and soil texture compaction reduced maize yield only under the high compaction in the lightly textured soils during 24 june 24 july 2008 soils at 15 and 50 cm depths were drier under no compaction than high compaction and drier following fr than other cover crop treatments our results suggest that fr benefited maize root penetration in compacted soils while rye provided the best availability of surface soil water rapeseed tended to provide both benefits however as rapeseed is relatively difficult to kill in spring a mixture of fr and rye cover crops might be most practical and beneficial for rainfed summer crops under no till systems in regions with cool to temperate humid climates",
+    "paper_a_title": "methane and the greenhouse gas footprint of natural gas from shale formations",
+    "paper_b_title": "root growth and yield of maize as affected by soil compaction and cover crops"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2085868403",
+    "paper_b_id": "2086810019",
+    "paper_a_count": 10,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "2014",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "urban heat island effects are already known for decades to result in increased urban outdoor temperatures as compared to the surrounding countryside at the same time recent years have witnessed growing concern about climate change s impact upon office buildings performance in regard to indoor thermal comfort and the energy consumption needed to safeguard this comfort thus it has to be expected that buildings in urban areas are especially effected by increased outdoor temperatures and the effects these may cause for indoor thermal comfort a vicious circle of raising outdoor temperatures and consequently increasing co2 emissions associated with raising energy demands for cooling during summer heat waves is anticipated in this respect this paper builds upon regionally downscaled weather data from future climate scenarios and applies these to dynamic thermal simulation of four sample office buildings in vienna austria at urban locations ranging from central business district to green outskirts of the city values of both heating and cooling demands under current and future conditions are calculated while heating demands slightly diminish cooling requirements generally rise significantly distinct differences in energy performance of buildings from different periods of construction can be observed the impact of location within the city is considerable",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "this study aims to i determine the effects of incorporating 47 mg ha 1 acacia green waste biochar on soil physical properties and water relations and ii to explore the different mechanisms by which biochar influences soil porosity the pore size distribution of the biochar was determined by scanning electron microscope and mercury porosimetry soil physical properties and water relations were determined by in situ tension infiltrometers desorption and evaporative flux on intact cores pressure chamber analysis at 1 500 kpa and wet aggregate sieving thirty months after incorporation biochar application had no significant effect on soil moisture content drainable porosity between 1 0 and 10 kpa field capacity plant available water capacity the van genuchten soil water retention parameters aggregate stability nor the permanent wilting point however the biochar amended soil had significantly higher near saturated hydraulic conductivity soil water content at 0 1 kpa and significantly lower bulk density than the unamended control differences were attributed to the formation of large macropores 1 200 m resulting from greater earthworm burrowing in the biochar amended soil we found no evidence to suggest application of biochar influenced soil porosity by either direct pore contribution creation of accommodation pores or improved aggregate stability",
+    "paper_a_title": "impacts of urban location and climate change upon energy demand of office buildings in vienna austria",
+    "paper_b_title": "does biochar influence soil physical properties and soil water availability"
+  }
+]

sciscinet/patents_pair/geography_test_pairs.json

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+[
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2159394413",
+    "paper_b_id": "2055697761",
+    "paper_a_count": 44,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "2011-01",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "the persian gulf is a semi enclosed marine system surrounded by eight countries many of which are experiencing substantial development it is also a major center for the oil industry the increasing array of anthropogenic disturbances may have substantial negative impacts on marine ecosystems but this has received little attention until recently we review the available literature on the gulf s marine environment and detail our recent experience in the united arab emirates u a e to evaluate the role of anthropogenic disturbance in this marine ecosystem extensive coastal development may now be the single most important anthropogenic stressor we offer suggestions for how to build awareness of environmental risks of current practices enhance regional capacity for coastal management and build cooperative management of this important shared marine system an excellent opportunity exists for one or more of the bordering countries to initiate a bold and effective long term international collaboration in environmental management for the gulf",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "contemporary genetic variation among latin americans human groups reflects population migrations shaped by complex historical social and economic factors consequently admixture patterns may vary by geographic regions ranging from countries to neighborhoods we examined the geographic variation of admixture across the island of puerto rico and the degree to which it could be explained by historic and social events we analyzed a census based sample of 642 puerto rican individuals that were genotyped for 93 ancestry informative markers aims to estimate african european and native american ancestry socioeconomic status ses data and geographic location were obtained for each individual there was significant geographic variation of ancestry across the island in particular african ancestry demonstrated a decreasing east to west gradient that was partially explained by historical factors linked to the colonial sugar plantation system ses also demonstrated a parallel decreasing cline from east to west however at a local level ses and african ancestry were negatively correlated european ancestry was strongly negatively correlated with african ancestry and therefore showed patterns complementary to african ancestry by contrast native american ancestry showed little variation across the island and across individuals and appears to have played little social role historically the observed geographic distributions of ses and genetic variation relate to historical social events and mating patterns and have substantial implications for the design of studies in the recently admixed puerto rican population more generally our results demonstrate the importance of incorporating social and geographic data with genetics when studying contemporary admixed populations",
+    "paper_a_title": "the growing need for sustainable ecological management of marine communities of the persian gulf",
+    "paper_b_title": "history shaped the geographic distribution of genomic admixture on the island of puerto rico"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2009678335",
+    "paper_b_id": "2130243567",
+    "paper_a_count": 13,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "2001",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "the foot and mouth disease fmd epidemic in british livestock remains an ongoing cause for concern with new cases still arising in previously unaffected areas epidemiological analyses1 2 3 have been vital in delivering scientific advice to government on effective control measures using disease culling and census data on all livestock farms in great britain we analysed the risk factors determining the spatiotemporal evolution of the epidemic and of the impact of control policies on fmd incidence here we show that the species mix animal numbers and the number of distinct land parcels in a farm are central to explaining regional variation in transmission intensity we use the parameter estimates thus obtained in a dynamical model of disease spread to show that extended culling programmes were essential for controlling the epidemic to the extent achieved but demonstrate that the epidemic could have been substantially reduced in scale had the most efficient control measures been rigorously applied earlier",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "in mountainous environments with high relief topographymay cause cast shadows due to the blocking of direct solar mdiation optical injinred remote sensing images of these landscapes display reduced values of reflectance for shadowed areas compared to non shadowed areas with similar surjace cover characteristics different approaches to dealing with cast shadows are possible although a common step in various active approaches is first to delineate the shadows using an automated algorithm and a digital elevation model this article demonstmtes a common confusion caused by cast shadows and describes a quantitative spatial evaluation of a cast shadow delineation algorithm in comparison to human interpretation of a landsat tm image it is shown that 86 percent of cast shadow pixels were correctly marked by the algorithm the causes of differences between the algorithm and human interpretation are discussed and alternatives are considered for dealing with cast shadows in classification studies using optical infrared images of mountainous terrain",
+    "paper_a_title": "transmission intensity and impact of control policies on the foot and mouth epidemic in great britain",
+    "paper_b_title": "remote sensing and cast shadows in mountainous terrain"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2100982172",
+    "paper_b_id": "2125270033",
+    "paper_a_count": 67,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "2005",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "we used merged data from the latino national political survey the panel study of income dynamics and the u s census to examine patterns and determinants of interneighborhood residential mobility between 1990 and 1995 for 2 074 u s residents of mexican puerto rican and cuban ethnicity in several respects our findings confirm the central tenets of spatial assimilation theory latino residential mobility into neighborhoods that are inhabited by greater percentages of non hispanic whites i e anglos increases with human and financial capital and english language use however these results also point to variations in the residential mobility process among latinos that are broadly consistent with the segmented assimilation perspective on ethnic and immigrant incorporation net of controls puerto ricans are less likely than mexicans to move to neighborhoods with relatively large anglo populations and the generational and socioeconomic differences that are anticipated by the classical assimilation model emerge more strongly for mexicans than for puerto ricans or cubans among puerto ricans and cubans darker skin color inhibits mobility into anglo neighborhoods",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "high resolution satellite imagery hrsi offers great possibilities for urban mapping unfortunately shadows cast by buildings in high density urban environments obscure much of the information in the image leading to potentially corrupted classification results or blunders in interpretation although significant research has been carried out on the subject of shadowing in remote sensing very few studies have focused on the particular problems associated with high resolution satellite imaging of urban areas this paper reviews past and current research and proposes a solution to the problem of automatic detection and removal of shadow features tests show that although detection and removal of shadow features can lead to improved image quality results can be image dependent",
+    "paper_a_title": "migration and spatial assimilation among u s latinos classical versus segmented trajectories",
+    "paper_b_title": "shadow analysis in high resolution satellite imagery of urban areas"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2159394413",
+    "paper_b_id": "2321449996",
+    "paper_a_count": 44,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "2011",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "the persian gulf is a semi enclosed marine system surrounded by eight countries many of which are experiencing substantial development it is also a major center for the oil industry the increasing array of anthropogenic disturbances may have substantial negative impacts on marine ecosystems but this has received little attention until recently we review the available literature on the gulf s marine environment and detail our recent experience in the united arab emirates u a e to evaluate the role of anthropogenic disturbance in this marine ecosystem extensive coastal development may now be the single most important anthropogenic stressor we offer suggestions for how to build awareness of environmental risks of current practices enhance regional capacity for coastal management and build cooperative management of this important shared marine system an excellent opportunity exists for one or more of the bordering countries to initiate a bold and effective long term international collaboration in environmental management for the gulf",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "close range photogrammetry is a widely used technique to acquire dimensional data of buildings the indirect measurement of buildings under construction from images avoids the use of tedious and risky direct procedures in this paper we present the extension of a 2d low cost measurement system previously developed to a 3d measurement of buildings under construction this system consists of a digital off the shelf camera and a laser distance meter which is mounted on an in house support that permits independent orientation of the distance meter combining the image the distance and the support orientation from different points of view we can obtain a scaled 3d model that permits us to make an inventory of a building under construction with a relative error below 0 7 percent",
+    "paper_a_title": "the growing need for sustainable ecological management of marine communities of the persian gulf",
+    "paper_b_title": "non contact 3d measurement of buildings through close range photogrammetry and a laser distance meter"
+  }
+]

sciscinet/patents_pair/materialsscience_train_pairs.json

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sciscinet/patents_pair/medicine_test_pairs.json

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sciscinet/patents_pair/philosophy_train_pairs.json

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+[]

sciscinet/patents_pair/politicalscience_test_pairs.json

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+[
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2023897270",
+    "paper_b_id": "2116945649",
+    "paper_a_count": 10,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "2003",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "no rational person can deny the destructive potential of a nuclear bomb as a weapon of mass destruction wmd the perception of anthrax as a wmd however is yet unformed in our society and its institutions opinions on anthrax wmd have ranged from dire to dismissive 1 2 but a scientifically rigorous analysis of their destructive potential has been lacking in a recent issue of pnas wein craft and kaplan 3 filled this critical gap by providing quantitative assessment of the deaths resultant to a civilian population from an airborne attack of weaponized anthrax on a large city the analysis in ref 3 is a mathematical model and as such is founded on scientific assumptions and framed in mathematical language it is not a typical model of a scientific phenomenon because of the irreducible uncertainty of its formulation and parameters its predictive power is thus subject to scientific debate nonetheless this comprehensive model is the best information available to organize our understanding of anthrax as a wmd",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "combating bioterrorism is a challenge to all of us to be proactive the u s government has formalized the discipline of microbial forensics to deter and attribute perpetrators of such acts this policy forum describes the foundations of the microbial forensics program the creation of a national bioforensics laboratory a partnership laboratory network and a peer consensus scientific working group and the promulgation of quality assurance guidelines",
+    "paper_a_title": "a silent bomb the risk of anthrax as a weapon of mass destruction",
+    "paper_b_title": "building microbial forensics as a response to bioterrorism"
+  }
+]

sciscinet/patents_pair_sampled/history_test_pairs.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+[]

sciscinet/patents_pair_sampled/politicalscience_val_pairs.json

@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+[
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "1593741949",
+    "paper_b_id": "1486645363",
+    "paper_a_count": 27,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "1998-09",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "biomedical policya group of scientists and funders last week gave an initial thumbs up to a new strategy for bankrolling what could amount to a 30 million a year program to develop drugs against malaria one of the world s biggest scourges although details are still being worked out drug company representatives and potential donors who gathered at a closed door meeting on 17 september at the rockefeller foundation in new york city believe they have overcome key hurdles that undermined a similar effort last november",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "kenya9s conservation leader david western is once again out of office this time permanently just 4 months after losing and then regaining his post as head of the kenya wildlife service kws which manages some of the world9s best known natural areas western was abruptly sacked again last week by kenyan president daniel arap moi the unexpected ouster prompted dismay among observers in kenya and international conservation circles",
+    "paper_a_title": "raising the stakes in the race for new malaria drugs",
+    "paper_b_title": "kenya parks chief ousted again"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2027071954",
+    "paper_b_id": "1994154243",
+    "paper_a_count": 28,
+    "paper_b_count": 7,
+    "time_period": "2011-10",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "figure 1 credit linda a cicero stanford news figure 1 credit hfspo this year marks the 25th anniversary of the national natural science foundation of china nsfc the largest funding agency for basic research in the country on this occasion the leadership of the nsfc and the chinese ministry of finance arranged for the nsfc to be reviewed by an international evaluation committee iec which sets a new precedent for china part of the motivation for this review was a desire on the part of the chinese government to determine how well their extensive efforts to boost the support of scientific research measure up to international standards apart from logistical arrangements the iec was completely independent in its operations an evidence based review that is an overview with extensive data was carefully prepared by china s national center for science and technology evaluation we were also given access to anyone with whom we wanted to speak including those critical of the present chinese research culture both the evidence based review and the full report with our comments and recommendations are accessible online www nsfc gov cn english 13rp index html 2 the process and results of this report should be useful not only for china but also for many other nations striving to produce a merit based culture for science we believe that a periodic external review of a nation s research funding mechanisms is of immense benefit not only to the country concerned but also to all those who interact with its scientists there are many different ways in which problems can arise to reduce the effectiveness with which valuable national resources are distributed to support scientific research often management has already identified potential directions for improvement as in the case of the nsfc nevertheless when an international group of respected experts confirms these desired directions for change this can produce outcomes that management alone cannot achieve figure 1 credit michael reynolds epa newscom almost everyone we talked to researchers inside and outside china university administrators applicants whose proposals were accepted or rejected and representatives of various chinese ministries was of the opinion that the research funding mechanisms of the nsfc are the best in china the nsfc processes its applications by means of peer review the form of review that we consider to be the best practice internationally this is a significant achievement given that the chinese research system had to start nearly from scratch a quarter of a century ago and underwent extremely rapid growth so that the number of potential applicants is now huge we advised the nsfc to focus its attention on several areas where improvements could further increase its effectiveness compared to similar institutions elsewhere it is clear that the number of nsfc staff needs to be substantially increased to handle the ever increasing number of research applications in addition we recommend that drastic steps be taken to reduce the number of proposals submitted there is also a need to promote early career researchers as well as to provide considerably more flexibility in the way that researchers can use their resources after a grant is awarded the nsfc also needs to improve its assessment of interdisciplinary proposals enhanced attention should be given to conflict of interest issues for example in response to complaints from active researchers we advised the nsfc to restrict the tenure of panel members and to broaden the composition of grant evaluation panels to include early career scientists female researchers and international members increasing internationality remains a key challenge for china although the nsfc has already made commendable efforts in this respect the innovations that the chinese economy would like to stimulate will require breakthroughs in basic research which in turn must have sustainable funding there is no doubt that the nsfc deserves strong increases in its budget we also hope that the model of the nsfc might be transferable to other granting agencies in china thereby improving the entire chinese research culture 1 pending yes 2 http www nsfc gov cn english 13rp index html",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "in her news focus story climate change sparks battles in classroom 5 august p 688 1 s reardon writes that my organization the heartland institute has received significant funding from exxon mobil the story did not clarify that the amount of support we received never exceeded 5 of our budget nor did the story make clear that we haven t received exxon mobil funding since 2006 3 years before we began mailing research material to school board presidents 1 lookup doi 10 1126 science 333 6043 688",
+    "paper_a_title": "china s science funding",
+    "paper_b_title": "exxon mobil funding overstated"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "1989787051",
+    "paper_b_id": "2166722256",
+    "paper_a_count": 14,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "2000-02",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "t he pursuit and production of knowledge through scientific research offer enormous intellectual rewards while also performing an important social function human stem cell research holds great promise of falling into this category as reflected in the papers appearing in this special issue but as several authors point out certain types of stem cell research engender controversy it seems sensible therefore to consider how best to balance the promise of such research with the genuine concerns about proceeding with it that are held by some sectors of society during the past year policy proposals have been issued by three bodies in the united states the national bioethics advisory commission bioethics gov stemcell pdf 1 the national institutes of health www nih gov news stemcell draftguidelines htm 2 and the american association for the advancement of science aaas www aaas org spp dspp sfrl projects stem report pdf 3 these constitute a basis for informed and broad based public discourse and policy deliberations at the national level outside the united states many countries are revisiting their policies on embryo research in light of the recent advances related to primordial human stem cells see the viewpoint by lenoir p 1425 4 we must accept the fact that public policy in a pluralistic society cannot resolve all differences that arise regarding sensitive social issues tension is inevitable between what we can do and what we should do nevertheless to forego efforts to construct policy where important social values are at stake would be to abdicate a critical public responsibility what criteria then should be used for assessing these various policy proposals regarding stem cells surely we want a policy that promises to advance knowledge that contributes to improved patient welfare to achieve this will undoubtedly require a large and sustained infusion of public funds justifying such a public investment however calls for a policy that embodies broad social values such as assurances that people in need will have access to the benefits derived from the research and that personal autonomy will be respected public policy should provide a basis for developing uniform ethical guidelines a task as critically important as it is inevitably difficult but one that can draw on the reservoir of values deeply rooted in religious and secular traditions it should balance the promotion of scientific inquiry with public accountability providing scientists with clear expectations and requirements for conducting stem cell research while also establishing the transparency of the research for public review and oversight such oversight should be in proportion to the seriousness of the concerns raised and not create unwarranted barriers to realizing potential benefits public policy should also recognize an appropriate role for public private partnerships thereby acknowledging the crucial role that industry has and can continue to play in supporting stem cell research finally but by no means least policy should be informed by and continue to support civic discourse so that the values of all stakeholders can be carefully considered and weighed as part of that national conversation scientists should be prepared to communicate the results of their research in ways that are understandable to a diverse audience and to temper their enthusiasm about the promises of stem cell research with realistic appraisals of the hard work that remains to be done in our search for common ground on a subject that so stirs emotions all parties must tone down the rhetoric if we are to craft a workable and acceptable policy for human stem cell research we must not let this policy moment pass without action neither scientific inquiry nor all those challenged daily by serious diseases who might benefit from medical applications derived from stem cell research whatever the source of the stem cells should have to endure an extended period of uncertainty about what is permitted and what is not 1 http bioethics gov stemcell pdf 2 http www nih gov news stemcell draftguidelines htm 3 http www aaas org spp dspp sfrl projects stem report pdf 4 lookup doi 10 1126 science 287 5457 1425",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "this study applies the theory of conditional party government to the interaction between the republican party and the appropriations committee in the 104th house seen in the context of developments since the 96th congress as expected by the theory we find that the relatively homogenous preferences of the republican contingent in the house led them to adopt new institutional arrangements to enhance the powers of their leaders which in turn were used to advance the party s policy goals given that the leadership decided to use appropriations as one of the vehicles of major policy change they and the conference sought to monitor the committee s actions and to influence it to behave as they wanted the leaders used their enhanced powers over incentives and with regard to the agenda to advance the party cause both leaders and the conference sought to block policy shifts away from what they wanted but facilitated changes in the desired direction finally we expected to see evidence of the increasing",
+    "paper_a_title": "in search of stem cell policy",
+    "paper_b_title": "the republican revolution and the house appropriations committee"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "1481555413",
+    "paper_b_id": "1486645363",
+    "paper_a_count": 21,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "1998",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "chen lu tsou was director of the national laboratory for biomacromolecules in beijing from 1988 to 1993 he is president of the chinese biochemical society and director of the department of life sciences chinese academy of sciences and has twice been awarded the china national natural science",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "kenya9s conservation leader david western is once again out of office this time permanently just 4 months after losing and then regaining his post as head of the kenya wildlife service kws which manages some of the world9s best known natural areas western was abruptly sacked again last week by kenyan president daniel arap moi the unexpected ouster prompted dismay among observers in kenya and international conservation circles",
+    "paper_a_title": "science and scientists in china",
+    "paper_b_title": "kenya parks chief ousted again"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "1659029522",
+    "paper_b_id": "1630396375",
+    "paper_a_count": 37,
+    "paper_b_count": 17,
+    "time_period": "1999",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "peer reviewunder pressure from advocacy groups to open up the grant review process the national institutes of health nih is adding lay members to some peer review study sections particularly those dealing with potential therapies some scientists worry that nih is diluting expert advice but others who have served on study sections with laypeople say that the lay members serve as a reality check raising issues that scientists wouldn t have thought about and that by serving on study sections they can become allies of scientists rather than critics",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "washingtonthe national institutes of health has moved one step closer to funding stem cell research after a working group met to refine a draft set of ethical guidelines that scientists would have to obey in order to proceed",
+    "paper_a_title": "nih invites activists into the inner sanctum",
+    "paper_b_title": "nih stem cell guidelines face stormy ride"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "1647726267",
+    "paper_b_id": "2053242646",
+    "paper_a_count": 14,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "1996",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "when scientists from yale university and corvas international inc joined forces in 1993 it seemed like a perfect marriage bound by a strong common interest the yale group wanted to develop a vaccine to protect people infected by a bloodsucking parasite the hookworm and the company was hoping to isolate a hookworm protein that could compete in the lucrative anticoagulant drug market the birth announcement this month a journal report of the amino acid sequences of hookworm anticoagulant proteins should have been a joyous occasion it was not the partners have separated and the rights to one molecule may become the object of a nasty custody battle these wrangles seem to be happening more often as academic scientists increasingly work with for profit corporations and one observer calls them special commercialization projects from hell",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "despite the allegations being made in the cistron vs immunex case e marshall news comment 30 aug p 1162 1 and despite the obvious irregularities of peer review and research reporting that permeate the whole matter there remains an undeniable fact rank and file scientists at immunex",
+    "paper_a_title": "new anticoagulant prompts bad blood between partners",
+    "paper_b_title": "interleukin 1 research"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "1634753842",
+    "paper_b_id": "2111331278",
+    "paper_a_count": 49,
+    "paper_b_count": 22,
+    "time_period": "2000",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "the recent revelations of problems in gene therapy trials have clearly indicated that the current federal mechanisms for review regulation and oversight of human gene transfer studies require modification this policy forum discusses the basic principles that form the foundation of clinical research with the most important being patient protection and makes recommendations for changes in oversight that will ensure that the highest standards are met",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "this study argues that the eighteenth century political philosophy of federalism found its roots in the covenant theology of early reformed protestantism in zurich it contends that there was a progression in covenant orfederal thought from the first published articulation of the theological covenant by heinrich bullinger in 1534 through the use of the covenant notion in defense of tyrannicide by philippe duplessismornay to johannes althusius s political philosophy of federalism as well as the political theories of thomas hobbes andjohn locke to the declaration of independence and the constitution of the united states these different faces or variations offederalism shared several common elements over the 250year span",
+    "paper_a_title": "principles for human gene therapy studies",
+    "paper_b_title": "faces of federalism from bullinger to jefferson"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "1634753842",
+    "paper_b_id": "1989787051",
+    "paper_a_count": 49,
+    "paper_b_count": 14,
+    "time_period": "2000",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "the recent revelations of problems in gene therapy trials have clearly indicated that the current federal mechanisms for review regulation and oversight of human gene transfer studies require modification this policy forum discusses the basic principles that form the foundation of clinical research with the most important being patient protection and makes recommendations for changes in oversight that will ensure that the highest standards are met",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "t he pursuit and production of knowledge through scientific research offer enormous intellectual rewards while also performing an important social function human stem cell research holds great promise of falling into this category as reflected in the papers appearing in this special issue but as several authors point out certain types of stem cell research engender controversy it seems sensible therefore to consider how best to balance the promise of such research with the genuine concerns about proceeding with it that are held by some sectors of society during the past year policy proposals have been issued by three bodies in the united states the national bioethics advisory commission bioethics gov stemcell pdf 1 the national institutes of health www nih gov news stemcell draftguidelines htm 2 and the american association for the advancement of science aaas www aaas org spp dspp sfrl projects stem report pdf 3 these constitute a basis for informed and broad based public discourse and policy deliberations at the national level outside the united states many countries are revisiting their policies on embryo research in light of the recent advances related to primordial human stem cells see the viewpoint by lenoir p 1425 4 we must accept the fact that public policy in a pluralistic society cannot resolve all differences that arise regarding sensitive social issues tension is inevitable between what we can do and what we should do nevertheless to forego efforts to construct policy where important social values are at stake would be to abdicate a critical public responsibility what criteria then should be used for assessing these various policy proposals regarding stem cells surely we want a policy that promises to advance knowledge that contributes to improved patient welfare to achieve this will undoubtedly require a large and sustained infusion of public funds justifying such a public investment however calls for a policy that embodies broad social values such as assurances that people in need will have access to the benefits derived from the research and that personal autonomy will be respected public policy should provide a basis for developing uniform ethical guidelines a task as critically important as it is inevitably difficult but one that can draw on the reservoir of values deeply rooted in religious and secular traditions it should balance the promotion of scientific inquiry with public accountability providing scientists with clear expectations and requirements for conducting stem cell research while also establishing the transparency of the research for public review and oversight such oversight should be in proportion to the seriousness of the concerns raised and not create unwarranted barriers to realizing potential benefits public policy should also recognize an appropriate role for public private partnerships thereby acknowledging the crucial role that industry has and can continue to play in supporting stem cell research finally but by no means least policy should be informed by and continue to support civic discourse so that the values of all stakeholders can be carefully considered and weighed as part of that national conversation scientists should be prepared to communicate the results of their research in ways that are understandable to a diverse audience and to temper their enthusiasm about the promises of stem cell research with realistic appraisals of the hard work that remains to be done in our search for common ground on a subject that so stirs emotions all parties must tone down the rhetoric if we are to craft a workable and acceptable policy for human stem cell research we must not let this policy moment pass without action neither scientific inquiry nor all those challenged daily by serious diseases who might benefit from medical applications derived from stem cell research whatever the source of the stem cells should have to endure an extended period of uncertainty about what is permitted and what is not 1 http bioethics gov stemcell pdf 2 http www nih gov news stemcell draftguidelines htm 3 http www aaas org spp dspp sfrl projects stem report pdf 4 lookup doi 10 1126 science 287 5457 1425",
+    "paper_a_title": "principles for human gene therapy studies",
+    "paper_b_title": "in search of stem cell policy"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "1634753842",
+    "paper_b_id": "2166722256",
+    "paper_a_count": 49,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "2000",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "the recent revelations of problems in gene therapy trials have clearly indicated that the current federal mechanisms for review regulation and oversight of human gene transfer studies require modification this policy forum discusses the basic principles that form the foundation of clinical research with the most important being patient protection and makes recommendations for changes in oversight that will ensure that the highest standards are met",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "this study applies the theory of conditional party government to the interaction between the republican party and the appropriations committee in the 104th house seen in the context of developments since the 96th congress as expected by the theory we find that the relatively homogenous preferences of the republican contingent in the house led them to adopt new institutional arrangements to enhance the powers of their leaders which in turn were used to advance the party s policy goals given that the leadership decided to use appropriations as one of the vehicles of major policy change they and the conference sought to monitor the committee s actions and to influence it to behave as they wanted the leaders used their enhanced powers over incentives and with regard to the agenda to advance the party cause both leaders and the conference sought to block policy shifts away from what they wanted but facilitated changes in the desired direction finally we expected to see evidence of the increasing",
+    "paper_a_title": "principles for human gene therapy studies",
+    "paper_b_title": "the republican revolution and the house appropriations committee"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "1634753842",
+    "paper_b_id": "2115470711",
+    "paper_a_count": 49,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "2000",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "the recent revelations of problems in gene therapy trials have clearly indicated that the current federal mechanisms for review regulation and oversight of human gene transfer studies require modification this policy forum discusses the basic principles that form the foundation of clinical research with the most important being patient protection and makes recommendations for changes in oversight that will ensure that the highest standards are met",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "2000 the austrian election of october 1999 a shift to the right west european politics vol 23 no 3 pp 191 200",
+    "paper_a_title": "principles for human gene therapy studies",
+    "paper_b_title": "the austrian election of october 1999 a shift to the right"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2111331278",
+    "paper_b_id": "2166722256",
+    "paper_a_count": 22,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "2000",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "this study argues that the eighteenth century political philosophy of federalism found its roots in the covenant theology of early reformed protestantism in zurich it contends that there was a progression in covenant orfederal thought from the first published articulation of the theological covenant by heinrich bullinger in 1534 through the use of the covenant notion in defense of tyrannicide by philippe duplessismornay to johannes althusius s political philosophy of federalism as well as the political theories of thomas hobbes andjohn locke to the declaration of independence and the constitution of the united states these different faces or variations offederalism shared several common elements over the 250year span",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "this study applies the theory of conditional party government to the interaction between the republican party and the appropriations committee in the 104th house seen in the context of developments since the 96th congress as expected by the theory we find that the relatively homogenous preferences of the republican contingent in the house led them to adopt new institutional arrangements to enhance the powers of their leaders which in turn were used to advance the party s policy goals given that the leadership decided to use appropriations as one of the vehicles of major policy change they and the conference sought to monitor the committee s actions and to influence it to behave as they wanted the leaders used their enhanced powers over incentives and with regard to the agenda to advance the party cause both leaders and the conference sought to block policy shifts away from what they wanted but facilitated changes in the desired direction finally we expected to see evidence of the increasing",
+    "paper_a_title": "faces of federalism from bullinger to jefferson",
+    "paper_b_title": "the republican revolution and the house appropriations committee"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2111331278",
+    "paper_b_id": "2115470711",
+    "paper_a_count": 22,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "2000",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "this study argues that the eighteenth century political philosophy of federalism found its roots in the covenant theology of early reformed protestantism in zurich it contends that there was a progression in covenant orfederal thought from the first published articulation of the theological covenant by heinrich bullinger in 1534 through the use of the covenant notion in defense of tyrannicide by philippe duplessismornay to johannes althusius s political philosophy of federalism as well as the political theories of thomas hobbes andjohn locke to the declaration of independence and the constitution of the united states these different faces or variations offederalism shared several common elements over the 250year span",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "2000 the austrian election of october 1999 a shift to the right west european politics vol 23 no 3 pp 191 200",
+    "paper_a_title": "faces of federalism from bullinger to jefferson",
+    "paper_b_title": "the austrian election of october 1999 a shift to the right"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "1989787051",
+    "paper_b_id": "2115470711",
+    "paper_a_count": 14,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "2000",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "t he pursuit and production of knowledge through scientific research offer enormous intellectual rewards while also performing an important social function human stem cell research holds great promise of falling into this category as reflected in the papers appearing in this special issue but as several authors point out certain types of stem cell research engender controversy it seems sensible therefore to consider how best to balance the promise of such research with the genuine concerns about proceeding with it that are held by some sectors of society during the past year policy proposals have been issued by three bodies in the united states the national bioethics advisory commission bioethics gov stemcell pdf 1 the national institutes of health www nih gov news stemcell draftguidelines htm 2 and the american association for the advancement of science aaas www aaas org spp dspp sfrl projects stem report pdf 3 these constitute a basis for informed and broad based public discourse and policy deliberations at the national level outside the united states many countries are revisiting their policies on embryo research in light of the recent advances related to primordial human stem cells see the viewpoint by lenoir p 1425 4 we must accept the fact that public policy in a pluralistic society cannot resolve all differences that arise regarding sensitive social issues tension is inevitable between what we can do and what we should do nevertheless to forego efforts to construct policy where important social values are at stake would be to abdicate a critical public responsibility what criteria then should be used for assessing these various policy proposals regarding stem cells surely we want a policy that promises to advance knowledge that contributes to improved patient welfare to achieve this will undoubtedly require a large and sustained infusion of public funds justifying such a public investment however calls for a policy that embodies broad social values such as assurances that people in need will have access to the benefits derived from the research and that personal autonomy will be respected public policy should provide a basis for developing uniform ethical guidelines a task as critically important as it is inevitably difficult but one that can draw on the reservoir of values deeply rooted in religious and secular traditions it should balance the promotion of scientific inquiry with public accountability providing scientists with clear expectations and requirements for conducting stem cell research while also establishing the transparency of the research for public review and oversight such oversight should be in proportion to the seriousness of the concerns raised and not create unwarranted barriers to realizing potential benefits public policy should also recognize an appropriate role for public private partnerships thereby acknowledging the crucial role that industry has and can continue to play in supporting stem cell research finally but by no means least policy should be informed by and continue to support civic discourse so that the values of all stakeholders can be carefully considered and weighed as part of that national conversation scientists should be prepared to communicate the results of their research in ways that are understandable to a diverse audience and to temper their enthusiasm about the promises of stem cell research with realistic appraisals of the hard work that remains to be done in our search for common ground on a subject that so stirs emotions all parties must tone down the rhetoric if we are to craft a workable and acceptable policy for human stem cell research we must not let this policy moment pass without action neither scientific inquiry nor all those challenged daily by serious diseases who might benefit from medical applications derived from stem cell research whatever the source of the stem cells should have to endure an extended period of uncertainty about what is permitted and what is not 1 http bioethics gov stemcell pdf 2 http www nih gov news stemcell draftguidelines htm 3 http www aaas org spp dspp sfrl projects stem report pdf 4 lookup doi 10 1126 science 287 5457 1425",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "2000 the austrian election of october 1999 a shift to the right west european politics vol 23 no 3 pp 191 200",
+    "paper_a_title": "in search of stem cell policy",
+    "paper_b_title": "the austrian election of october 1999 a shift to the right"
+  }
+]