id int64 0 190k | prompt stringlengths 21 13.4M | docstring stringlengths 1 12k ⌀ |
|---|---|---|
173,921 | from __future__ import division
import os
import sys
import warnings
from .table_wide import WIDE_EASTASIAN
from .table_zero import ZERO_WIDTH
from .unicode_versions import list_versions
def wcwidth(wc, unicode_version='auto'):
r"""
Given one Unicode character, return its printable length on a terminal.
:param str wc: A single Unicode character.
:param str unicode_version: A Unicode version number, such as
``'6.0.0'``, the list of available version levels may be
listed by pairing function :func:`list_versions`.
Any version string may be specified without error -- the nearest
matching version is selected. When ``latest`` (default), the
highest Unicode version level is used.
:return: The width, in cells, necessary to display the character of
Unicode string character, ``wc``. Returns 0 if the ``wc`` argument has
no printable effect on a terminal (such as NUL '\0'), -1 if ``wc`` is
not printable, or has an indeterminate effect on the terminal, such as
a control character. Otherwise, the number of column positions the
character occupies on a graphic terminal (1 or 2) is returned.
:rtype: int
The following have a column width of -1:
- C0 control characters (U+001 through U+01F).
- C1 control characters and DEL (U+07F through U+0A0).
The following have a column width of 0:
- Non-spacing and enclosing combining characters (general
category code Mn or Me in the Unicode database).
- NULL (``U+0000``).
- COMBINING GRAPHEME JOINER (``U+034F``).
- ZERO WIDTH SPACE (``U+200B``) *through*
RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK (``U+200F``).
- LINE SEPARATOR (``U+2028``) *and*
PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR (``U+2029``).
- LEFT-TO-RIGHT EMBEDDING (``U+202A``) *through*
RIGHT-TO-LEFT OVERRIDE (``U+202E``).
- WORD JOINER (``U+2060``) *through*
INVISIBLE SEPARATOR (``U+2063``).
The following have a column width of 1:
- SOFT HYPHEN (``U+00AD``).
- All remaining characters, including all printable ISO 8859-1
and WGL4 characters, Unicode control characters, etc.
The following have a column width of 2:
- Spacing characters in the East Asian Wide (W) or East Asian
Full-width (F) category as defined in Unicode Technical
Report #11 have a column width of 2.
- Some kinds of Emoji or symbols.
"""
# NOTE: created by hand, there isn't anything identifiable other than
# general Cf category code to identify these, and some characters in Cf
# category code are of non-zero width.
ucs = ord(wc)
if ucs in ZERO_WIDTH_CF:
return 0
# C0/C1 control characters
if ucs < 32 or 0x07F <= ucs < 0x0A0:
return -1
_unicode_version = _wcmatch_version(unicode_version)
# combining characters with zero width
if _bisearch(ucs, ZERO_WIDTH[_unicode_version]):
return 0
# "Wide AastAsian" (and emojis)
return 1 + _bisearch(ucs, WIDE_EASTASIAN[_unicode_version])
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `wcswidth` function. Write a Python function `def wcswidth(pwcs, n=None, unicode_version='auto')` to solve the following problem:
Given a unicode string, return its printable length on a terminal. :param str pwcs: Measure width of given unicode string. :param int n: When ``n`` is None (default), return the length of the entire string, otherwise width the first ``n`` characters specified. :param str unicode_version: An explicit definition of the unicode version level to use for determination, may be ``auto`` (default), which uses the Environment Variable, ``UNICODE_VERSION`` if defined, or the latest available unicode version, otherwise. :rtype: int :returns: The width, in cells, necessary to display the first ``n`` characters of the unicode string ``pwcs``. Returns ``-1`` if a non-printable character is encountered.
Here is the function:
def wcswidth(pwcs, n=None, unicode_version='auto'):
"""
Given a unicode string, return its printable length on a terminal.
:param str pwcs: Measure width of given unicode string.
:param int n: When ``n`` is None (default), return the length of the
entire string, otherwise width the first ``n`` characters specified.
:param str unicode_version: An explicit definition of the unicode version
level to use for determination, may be ``auto`` (default), which uses
the Environment Variable, ``UNICODE_VERSION`` if defined, or the latest
available unicode version, otherwise.
:rtype: int
:returns: The width, in cells, necessary to display the first ``n``
characters of the unicode string ``pwcs``. Returns ``-1`` if
a non-printable character is encountered.
"""
# pylint: disable=C0103
# Invalid argument name "n"
end = len(pwcs) if n is None else n
idx = slice(0, end)
width = 0
for char in pwcs[idx]:
wcw = wcwidth(char, unicode_version)
if wcw < 0:
return -1
width += wcw
return width | Given a unicode string, return its printable length on a terminal. :param str pwcs: Measure width of given unicode string. :param int n: When ``n`` is None (default), return the length of the entire string, otherwise width the first ``n`` characters specified. :param str unicode_version: An explicit definition of the unicode version level to use for determination, may be ``auto`` (default), which uses the Environment Variable, ``UNICODE_VERSION`` if defined, or the latest available unicode version, otherwise. :rtype: int :returns: The width, in cells, necessary to display the first ``n`` characters of the unicode string ``pwcs``. Returns ``-1`` if a non-printable character is encountered. |
173,922 | from traitlets.config.configurable import SingletonConfigurable
from traitlets import (
Dict, Instance, Set, Bool, TraitError, Unicode
)
class Image:
"""
This class represents an image object. To create
:py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` objects, use the appropriate factory
functions. There's hardly ever any reason to call the Image constructor
directly.
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.open`
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.new`
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes`
"""
format = None
format_description = None
_close_exclusive_fp_after_loading = True
def __init__(self):
# FIXME: take "new" parameters / other image?
# FIXME: turn mode and size into delegating properties?
self.im = None
self.mode = ""
self._size = (0, 0)
self.palette = None
self.info = {}
self._category = 0
self.readonly = 0
self.pyaccess = None
self._exif = None
def __getattr__(self, name):
if name == "category":
deprecate("Image categories", 10, "is_animated", plural=True)
return self._category
raise AttributeError(name)
def width(self):
return self.size[0]
def height(self):
return self.size[1]
def size(self):
return self._size
def _new(self, im):
new = Image()
new.im = im
new.mode = im.mode
new._size = im.size
if im.mode in ("P", "PA"):
if self.palette:
new.palette = self.palette.copy()
else:
from . import ImagePalette
new.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette()
new.info = self.info.copy()
return new
# Context manager support
def __enter__(self):
return self
def __exit__(self, *args):
if hasattr(self, "fp") and getattr(self, "_exclusive_fp", False):
if getattr(self, "_fp", False):
if self._fp != self.fp:
self._fp.close()
self._fp = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
if self.fp:
self.fp.close()
self.fp = None
def close(self):
"""
Closes the file pointer, if possible.
This operation will destroy the image core and release its memory.
The image data will be unusable afterward.
This function is required to close images that have multiple frames or
have not had their file read and closed by the
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.load` method. See :ref:`file-handling` for
more information.
"""
try:
if getattr(self, "_fp", False):
if self._fp != self.fp:
self._fp.close()
self._fp = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
if self.fp:
self.fp.close()
self.fp = None
except Exception as msg:
logger.debug("Error closing: %s", msg)
if getattr(self, "map", None):
self.map = None
# Instead of simply setting to None, we're setting up a
# deferred error that will better explain that the core image
# object is gone.
self.im = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
def _copy(self):
self.load()
self.im = self.im.copy()
self.pyaccess = None
self.readonly = 0
def _ensure_mutable(self):
if self.readonly:
self._copy()
else:
self.load()
def _dump(self, file=None, format=None, **options):
suffix = ""
if format:
suffix = "." + format
if not file:
f, filename = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix)
os.close(f)
else:
filename = file
if not filename.endswith(suffix):
filename = filename + suffix
self.load()
if not format or format == "PPM":
self.im.save_ppm(filename)
else:
self.save(filename, format, **options)
return filename
def __eq__(self, other):
return (
self.__class__ is other.__class__
and self.mode == other.mode
and self.size == other.size
and self.info == other.info
and self._category == other._category
and self.getpalette() == other.getpalette()
and self.tobytes() == other.tobytes()
)
def __repr__(self):
return "<%s.%s image mode=%s size=%dx%d at 0x%X>" % (
self.__class__.__module__,
self.__class__.__name__,
self.mode,
self.size[0],
self.size[1],
id(self),
)
def _repr_pretty_(self, p, cycle):
"""IPython plain text display support"""
# Same as __repr__ but without unpredictable id(self),
# to keep Jupyter notebook `text/plain` output stable.
p.text(
"<%s.%s image mode=%s size=%dx%d>"
% (
self.__class__.__module__,
self.__class__.__name__,
self.mode,
self.size[0],
self.size[1],
)
)
def _repr_png_(self):
"""iPython display hook support
:returns: png version of the image as bytes
"""
b = io.BytesIO()
try:
self.save(b, "PNG")
except Exception as e:
msg = "Could not save to PNG for display"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
return b.getvalue()
def __array_interface__(self):
# numpy array interface support
new = {"version": 3}
try:
if self.mode == "1":
# Binary images need to be extended from bits to bytes
# See: https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/350
new["data"] = self.tobytes("raw", "L")
else:
new["data"] = self.tobytes()
except Exception as e:
if not isinstance(e, (MemoryError, RecursionError)):
try:
import numpy
from packaging.version import parse as parse_version
except ImportError:
pass
else:
if parse_version(numpy.__version__) < parse_version("1.23"):
warnings.warn(e)
raise
new["shape"], new["typestr"] = _conv_type_shape(self)
return new
def __getstate__(self):
return [self.info, self.mode, self.size, self.getpalette(), self.tobytes()]
def __setstate__(self, state):
Image.__init__(self)
info, mode, size, palette, data = state
self.info = info
self.mode = mode
self._size = size
self.im = core.new(mode, size)
if mode in ("L", "LA", "P", "PA") and palette:
self.putpalette(palette)
self.frombytes(data)
def tobytes(self, encoder_name="raw", *args):
"""
Return image as a bytes object.
.. warning::
This method returns the raw image data from the internal
storage. For compressed image data (e.g. PNG, JPEG) use
:meth:`~.save`, with a BytesIO parameter for in-memory
data.
:param encoder_name: What encoder to use. The default is to
use the standard "raw" encoder.
A list of C encoders can be seen under
codecs section of the function array in
:file:`_imaging.c`. Python encoders are
registered within the relevant plugins.
:param args: Extra arguments to the encoder.
:returns: A :py:class:`bytes` object.
"""
# may pass tuple instead of argument list
if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
args = args[0]
if encoder_name == "raw" and args == ():
args = self.mode
self.load()
if self.width == 0 or self.height == 0:
return b""
# unpack data
e = _getencoder(self.mode, encoder_name, args)
e.setimage(self.im)
bufsize = max(65536, self.size[0] * 4) # see RawEncode.c
output = []
while True:
bytes_consumed, errcode, data = e.encode(bufsize)
output.append(data)
if errcode:
break
if errcode < 0:
msg = f"encoder error {errcode} in tobytes"
raise RuntimeError(msg)
return b"".join(output)
def tobitmap(self, name="image"):
"""
Returns the image converted to an X11 bitmap.
.. note:: This method only works for mode "1" images.
:param name: The name prefix to use for the bitmap variables.
:returns: A string containing an X11 bitmap.
:raises ValueError: If the mode is not "1"
"""
self.load()
if self.mode != "1":
msg = "not a bitmap"
raise ValueError(msg)
data = self.tobytes("xbm")
return b"".join(
[
f"#define {name}_width {self.size[0]}\n".encode("ascii"),
f"#define {name}_height {self.size[1]}\n".encode("ascii"),
f"static char {name}_bits[] = {{\n".encode("ascii"),
data,
b"};",
]
)
def frombytes(self, data, decoder_name="raw", *args):
"""
Loads this image with pixel data from a bytes object.
This method is similar to the :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes` function,
but loads data into this image instead of creating a new image object.
"""
# may pass tuple instead of argument list
if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
args = args[0]
# default format
if decoder_name == "raw" and args == ():
args = self.mode
# unpack data
d = _getdecoder(self.mode, decoder_name, args)
d.setimage(self.im)
s = d.decode(data)
if s[0] >= 0:
msg = "not enough image data"
raise ValueError(msg)
if s[1] != 0:
msg = "cannot decode image data"
raise ValueError(msg)
def load(self):
"""
Allocates storage for the image and loads the pixel data. In
normal cases, you don't need to call this method, since the
Image class automatically loads an opened image when it is
accessed for the first time.
If the file associated with the image was opened by Pillow, then this
method will close it. The exception to this is if the image has
multiple frames, in which case the file will be left open for seek
operations. See :ref:`file-handling` for more information.
:returns: An image access object.
:rtype: :ref:`PixelAccess` or :py:class:`PIL.PyAccess`
"""
if self.im is not None and self.palette and self.palette.dirty:
# realize palette
mode, arr = self.palette.getdata()
self.im.putpalette(mode, arr)
self.palette.dirty = 0
self.palette.rawmode = None
if "transparency" in self.info and mode in ("LA", "PA"):
if isinstance(self.info["transparency"], int):
self.im.putpalettealpha(self.info["transparency"], 0)
else:
self.im.putpalettealphas(self.info["transparency"])
self.palette.mode = "RGBA"
else:
palette_mode = "RGBA" if mode.startswith("RGBA") else "RGB"
self.palette.mode = palette_mode
self.palette.palette = self.im.getpalette(palette_mode, palette_mode)
if self.im is not None:
if cffi and USE_CFFI_ACCESS:
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess
from . import PyAccess
self.pyaccess = PyAccess.new(self, self.readonly)
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess
return self.im.pixel_access(self.readonly)
def verify(self):
"""
Verifies the contents of a file. For data read from a file, this
method attempts to determine if the file is broken, without
actually decoding the image data. If this method finds any
problems, it raises suitable exceptions. If you need to load
the image after using this method, you must reopen the image
file.
"""
pass
def convert(
self, mode=None, matrix=None, dither=None, palette=Palette.WEB, colors=256
):
"""
Returns a converted copy of this image. For the "P" mode, this
method translates pixels through the palette. If mode is
omitted, a mode is chosen so that all information in the image
and the palette can be represented without a palette.
The current version supports all possible conversions between
"L", "RGB" and "CMYK". The ``matrix`` argument only supports "L"
and "RGB".
When translating a color image to greyscale (mode "L"),
the library uses the ITU-R 601-2 luma transform::
L = R * 299/1000 + G * 587/1000 + B * 114/1000
The default method of converting a greyscale ("L") or "RGB"
image into a bilevel (mode "1") image uses Floyd-Steinberg
dither to approximate the original image luminosity levels. If
dither is ``None``, all values larger than 127 are set to 255 (white),
all other values to 0 (black). To use other thresholds, use the
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.point` method.
When converting from "RGBA" to "P" without a ``matrix`` argument,
this passes the operation to :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.quantize`,
and ``dither`` and ``palette`` are ignored.
When converting from "PA", if an "RGBA" palette is present, the alpha
channel from the image will be used instead of the values from the palette.
:param mode: The requested mode. See: :ref:`concept-modes`.
:param matrix: An optional conversion matrix. If given, this
should be 4- or 12-tuple containing floating point values.
:param dither: Dithering method, used when converting from
mode "RGB" to "P" or from "RGB" or "L" to "1".
Available methods are :data:`Dither.NONE` or :data:`Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG`
(default). Note that this is not used when ``matrix`` is supplied.
:param palette: Palette to use when converting from mode "RGB"
to "P". Available palettes are :data:`Palette.WEB` or
:data:`Palette.ADAPTIVE`.
:param colors: Number of colors to use for the :data:`Palette.ADAPTIVE`
palette. Defaults to 256.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
has_transparency = self.info.get("transparency") is not None
if not mode and self.mode == "P":
# determine default mode
if self.palette:
mode = self.palette.mode
else:
mode = "RGB"
if mode == "RGB" and has_transparency:
mode = "RGBA"
if not mode or (mode == self.mode and not matrix):
return self.copy()
if matrix:
# matrix conversion
if mode not in ("L", "RGB"):
msg = "illegal conversion"
raise ValueError(msg)
im = self.im.convert_matrix(mode, matrix)
new = self._new(im)
if has_transparency and self.im.bands == 3:
transparency = new.info["transparency"]
def convert_transparency(m, v):
v = m[0] * v[0] + m[1] * v[1] + m[2] * v[2] + m[3] * 0.5
return max(0, min(255, int(v)))
if mode == "L":
transparency = convert_transparency(matrix, transparency)
elif len(mode) == 3:
transparency = tuple(
convert_transparency(matrix[i * 4 : i * 4 + 4], transparency)
for i in range(0, len(transparency))
)
new.info["transparency"] = transparency
return new
if mode == "P" and self.mode == "RGBA":
return self.quantize(colors)
trns = None
delete_trns = False
# transparency handling
if has_transparency:
if (self.mode in ("1", "L", "I") and mode in ("LA", "RGBA")) or (
self.mode == "RGB" and mode == "RGBA"
):
# Use transparent conversion to promote from transparent
# color to an alpha channel.
new_im = self._new(
self.im.convert_transparent(mode, self.info["transparency"])
)
del new_im.info["transparency"]
return new_im
elif self.mode in ("L", "RGB", "P") and mode in ("L", "RGB", "P"):
t = self.info["transparency"]
if isinstance(t, bytes):
# Dragons. This can't be represented by a single color
warnings.warn(
"Palette images with Transparency expressed in bytes should be "
"converted to RGBA images"
)
delete_trns = True
else:
# get the new transparency color.
# use existing conversions
trns_im = Image()._new(core.new(self.mode, (1, 1)))
if self.mode == "P":
trns_im.putpalette(self.palette)
if isinstance(t, tuple):
err = "Couldn't allocate a palette color for transparency"
try:
t = trns_im.palette.getcolor(t, self)
except ValueError as e:
if str(e) == "cannot allocate more than 256 colors":
# If all 256 colors are in use,
# then there is no need for transparency
t = None
else:
raise ValueError(err) from e
if t is None:
trns = None
else:
trns_im.putpixel((0, 0), t)
if mode in ("L", "RGB"):
trns_im = trns_im.convert(mode)
else:
# can't just retrieve the palette number, got to do it
# after quantization.
trns_im = trns_im.convert("RGB")
trns = trns_im.getpixel((0, 0))
elif self.mode == "P" and mode in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
t = self.info["transparency"]
delete_trns = True
if isinstance(t, bytes):
self.im.putpalettealphas(t)
elif isinstance(t, int):
self.im.putpalettealpha(t, 0)
else:
msg = "Transparency for P mode should be bytes or int"
raise ValueError(msg)
if mode == "P" and palette == Palette.ADAPTIVE:
im = self.im.quantize(colors)
new = self._new(im)
from . import ImagePalette
new.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGB", new.im.getpalette("RGB"))
if delete_trns:
# This could possibly happen if we requantize to fewer colors.
# The transparency would be totally off in that case.
del new.info["transparency"]
if trns is not None:
try:
new.info["transparency"] = new.palette.getcolor(trns, new)
except Exception:
# if we can't make a transparent color, don't leave the old
# transparency hanging around to mess us up.
del new.info["transparency"]
warnings.warn("Couldn't allocate palette entry for transparency")
return new
if "LAB" in (self.mode, mode):
other_mode = mode if self.mode == "LAB" else self.mode
if other_mode in ("RGB", "RGBA", "RGBX"):
from . import ImageCms
srgb = ImageCms.createProfile("sRGB")
lab = ImageCms.createProfile("LAB")
profiles = [lab, srgb] if self.mode == "LAB" else [srgb, lab]
transform = ImageCms.buildTransform(
profiles[0], profiles[1], self.mode, mode
)
return transform.apply(self)
# colorspace conversion
if dither is None:
dither = Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG
try:
im = self.im.convert(mode, dither)
except ValueError:
try:
# normalize source image and try again
modebase = getmodebase(self.mode)
if modebase == self.mode:
raise
im = self.im.convert(modebase)
im = im.convert(mode, dither)
except KeyError as e:
msg = "illegal conversion"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
new_im = self._new(im)
if mode == "P" and palette != Palette.ADAPTIVE:
from . import ImagePalette
new_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGB", list(range(256)) * 3)
if delete_trns:
# crash fail if we leave a bytes transparency in an rgb/l mode.
del new_im.info["transparency"]
if trns is not None:
if new_im.mode == "P":
try:
new_im.info["transparency"] = new_im.palette.getcolor(trns, new_im)
except ValueError as e:
del new_im.info["transparency"]
if str(e) != "cannot allocate more than 256 colors":
# If all 256 colors are in use,
# then there is no need for transparency
warnings.warn(
"Couldn't allocate palette entry for transparency"
)
else:
new_im.info["transparency"] = trns
return new_im
def quantize(
self,
colors=256,
method=None,
kmeans=0,
palette=None,
dither=Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG,
):
"""
Convert the image to 'P' mode with the specified number
of colors.
:param colors: The desired number of colors, <= 256
:param method: :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT` (median cut),
:data:`Quantize.MAXCOVERAGE` (maximum coverage),
:data:`Quantize.FASTOCTREE` (fast octree),
:data:`Quantize.LIBIMAGEQUANT` (libimagequant; check support
using :py:func:`PIL.features.check_feature` with
``feature="libimagequant"``).
By default, :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT` will be used.
The exception to this is RGBA images. :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT`
and :data:`Quantize.MAXCOVERAGE` do not support RGBA images, so
:data:`Quantize.FASTOCTREE` is used by default instead.
:param kmeans: Integer
:param palette: Quantize to the palette of given
:py:class:`PIL.Image.Image`.
:param dither: Dithering method, used when converting from
mode "RGB" to "P" or from "RGB" or "L" to "1".
Available methods are :data:`Dither.NONE` or :data:`Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG`
(default).
:returns: A new image
"""
self.load()
if method is None:
# defaults:
method = Quantize.MEDIANCUT
if self.mode == "RGBA":
method = Quantize.FASTOCTREE
if self.mode == "RGBA" and method not in (
Quantize.FASTOCTREE,
Quantize.LIBIMAGEQUANT,
):
# Caller specified an invalid mode.
msg = (
"Fast Octree (method == 2) and libimagequant (method == 3) "
"are the only valid methods for quantizing RGBA images"
)
raise ValueError(msg)
if palette:
# use palette from reference image
palette.load()
if palette.mode != "P":
msg = "bad mode for palette image"
raise ValueError(msg)
if self.mode != "RGB" and self.mode != "L":
msg = "only RGB or L mode images can be quantized to a palette"
raise ValueError(msg)
im = self.im.convert("P", dither, palette.im)
new_im = self._new(im)
new_im.palette = palette.palette.copy()
return new_im
im = self._new(self.im.quantize(colors, method, kmeans))
from . import ImagePalette
mode = im.im.getpalettemode()
palette = im.im.getpalette(mode, mode)[: colors * len(mode)]
im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(mode, palette)
return im
def copy(self):
"""
Copies this image. Use this method if you wish to paste things
into an image, but still retain the original.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.copy())
__copy__ = copy
def crop(self, box=None):
"""
Returns a rectangular region from this image. The box is a
4-tuple defining the left, upper, right, and lower pixel
coordinate. See :ref:`coordinate-system`.
Note: Prior to Pillow 3.4.0, this was a lazy operation.
:param box: The crop rectangle, as a (left, upper, right, lower)-tuple.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if box is None:
return self.copy()
if box[2] < box[0]:
msg = "Coordinate 'right' is less than 'left'"
raise ValueError(msg)
elif box[3] < box[1]:
msg = "Coordinate 'lower' is less than 'upper'"
raise ValueError(msg)
self.load()
return self._new(self._crop(self.im, box))
def _crop(self, im, box):
"""
Returns a rectangular region from the core image object im.
This is equivalent to calling im.crop((x0, y0, x1, y1)), but
includes additional sanity checks.
:param im: a core image object
:param box: The crop rectangle, as a (left, upper, right, lower)-tuple.
:returns: A core image object.
"""
x0, y0, x1, y1 = map(int, map(round, box))
absolute_values = (abs(x1 - x0), abs(y1 - y0))
_decompression_bomb_check(absolute_values)
return im.crop((x0, y0, x1, y1))
def draft(self, mode, size):
"""
Configures the image file loader so it returns a version of the
image that as closely as possible matches the given mode and
size. For example, you can use this method to convert a color
JPEG to greyscale while loading it.
If any changes are made, returns a tuple with the chosen ``mode`` and
``box`` with coordinates of the original image within the altered one.
Note that this method modifies the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object
in place. If the image has already been loaded, this method has no
effect.
Note: This method is not implemented for most images. It is
currently implemented only for JPEG and MPO images.
:param mode: The requested mode.
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
"""
pass
def _expand(self, xmargin, ymargin=None):
if ymargin is None:
ymargin = xmargin
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.expand(xmargin, ymargin, 0))
def filter(self, filter):
"""
Filters this image using the given filter. For a list of
available filters, see the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageFilter` module.
:param filter: Filter kernel.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object."""
from . import ImageFilter
self.load()
if isinstance(filter, Callable):
filter = filter()
if not hasattr(filter, "filter"):
msg = "filter argument should be ImageFilter.Filter instance or class"
raise TypeError(msg)
multiband = isinstance(filter, ImageFilter.MultibandFilter)
if self.im.bands == 1 or multiband:
return self._new(filter.filter(self.im))
ims = []
for c in range(self.im.bands):
ims.append(self._new(filter.filter(self.im.getband(c))))
return merge(self.mode, ims)
def getbands(self):
"""
Returns a tuple containing the name of each band in this image.
For example, ``getbands`` on an RGB image returns ("R", "G", "B").
:returns: A tuple containing band names.
:rtype: tuple
"""
return ImageMode.getmode(self.mode).bands
def getbbox(self):
"""
Calculates the bounding box of the non-zero regions in the
image.
:returns: The bounding box is returned as a 4-tuple defining the
left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate. See
:ref:`coordinate-system`. If the image is completely empty, this
method returns None.
"""
self.load()
return self.im.getbbox()
def getcolors(self, maxcolors=256):
"""
Returns a list of colors used in this image.
The colors will be in the image's mode. For example, an RGB image will
return a tuple of (red, green, blue) color values, and a P image will
return the index of the color in the palette.
:param maxcolors: Maximum number of colors. If this number is
exceeded, this method returns None. The default limit is
256 colors.
:returns: An unsorted list of (count, pixel) values.
"""
self.load()
if self.mode in ("1", "L", "P"):
h = self.im.histogram()
out = []
for i in range(256):
if h[i]:
out.append((h[i], i))
if len(out) > maxcolors:
return None
return out
return self.im.getcolors(maxcolors)
def getdata(self, band=None):
"""
Returns the contents of this image as a sequence object
containing pixel values. The sequence object is flattened, so
that values for line one follow directly after the values of
line zero, and so on.
Note that the sequence object returned by this method is an
internal PIL data type, which only supports certain sequence
operations. To convert it to an ordinary sequence (e.g. for
printing), use ``list(im.getdata())``.
:param band: What band to return. The default is to return
all bands. To return a single band, pass in the index
value (e.g. 0 to get the "R" band from an "RGB" image).
:returns: A sequence-like object.
"""
self.load()
if band is not None:
return self.im.getband(band)
return self.im # could be abused
def getextrema(self):
"""
Gets the minimum and maximum pixel values for each band in
the image.
:returns: For a single-band image, a 2-tuple containing the
minimum and maximum pixel value. For a multi-band image,
a tuple containing one 2-tuple for each band.
"""
self.load()
if self.im.bands > 1:
extrema = []
for i in range(self.im.bands):
extrema.append(self.im.getband(i).getextrema())
return tuple(extrema)
return self.im.getextrema()
def _getxmp(self, xmp_tags):
def get_name(tag):
return tag.split("}")[1]
def get_value(element):
value = {get_name(k): v for k, v in element.attrib.items()}
children = list(element)
if children:
for child in children:
name = get_name(child.tag)
child_value = get_value(child)
if name in value:
if not isinstance(value[name], list):
value[name] = [value[name]]
value[name].append(child_value)
else:
value[name] = child_value
elif value:
if element.text:
value["text"] = element.text
else:
return element.text
return value
if ElementTree is None:
warnings.warn("XMP data cannot be read without defusedxml dependency")
return {}
else:
root = ElementTree.fromstring(xmp_tags)
return {get_name(root.tag): get_value(root)}
def getexif(self):
"""
Gets EXIF data from the image.
:returns: an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Exif` object.
"""
if self._exif is None:
self._exif = Exif()
self._exif._loaded = False
elif self._exif._loaded:
return self._exif
self._exif._loaded = True
exif_info = self.info.get("exif")
if exif_info is None:
if "Raw profile type exif" in self.info:
exif_info = bytes.fromhex(
"".join(self.info["Raw profile type exif"].split("\n")[3:])
)
elif hasattr(self, "tag_v2"):
self._exif.bigtiff = self.tag_v2._bigtiff
self._exif.endian = self.tag_v2._endian
self._exif.load_from_fp(self.fp, self.tag_v2._offset)
if exif_info is not None:
self._exif.load(exif_info)
# XMP tags
if 0x0112 not in self._exif:
xmp_tags = self.info.get("XML:com.adobe.xmp")
if xmp_tags:
match = re.search(r'tiff:Orientation(="|>)([0-9])', xmp_tags)
if match:
self._exif[0x0112] = int(match[2])
return self._exif
def _reload_exif(self):
if self._exif is None or not self._exif._loaded:
return
self._exif._loaded = False
self.getexif()
def get_child_images(self):
child_images = []
exif = self.getexif()
ifds = []
if ExifTags.Base.SubIFDs in exif:
subifd_offsets = exif[ExifTags.Base.SubIFDs]
if subifd_offsets:
if not isinstance(subifd_offsets, tuple):
subifd_offsets = (subifd_offsets,)
for subifd_offset in subifd_offsets:
ifds.append((exif._get_ifd_dict(subifd_offset), subifd_offset))
ifd1 = exif.get_ifd(ExifTags.IFD.IFD1)
if ifd1 and ifd1.get(513):
ifds.append((ifd1, exif._info.next))
offset = None
for ifd, ifd_offset in ifds:
current_offset = self.fp.tell()
if offset is None:
offset = current_offset
fp = self.fp
thumbnail_offset = ifd.get(513)
if thumbnail_offset is not None:
try:
thumbnail_offset += self._exif_offset
except AttributeError:
pass
self.fp.seek(thumbnail_offset)
data = self.fp.read(ifd.get(514))
fp = io.BytesIO(data)
with open(fp) as im:
if thumbnail_offset is None:
im._frame_pos = [ifd_offset]
im._seek(0)
im.load()
child_images.append(im)
if offset is not None:
self.fp.seek(offset)
return child_images
def getim(self):
"""
Returns a capsule that points to the internal image memory.
:returns: A capsule object.
"""
self.load()
return self.im.ptr
def getpalette(self, rawmode="RGB"):
"""
Returns the image palette as a list.
:param rawmode: The mode in which to return the palette. ``None`` will
return the palette in its current mode.
.. versionadded:: 9.1.0
:returns: A list of color values [r, g, b, ...], or None if the
image has no palette.
"""
self.load()
try:
mode = self.im.getpalettemode()
except ValueError:
return None # no palette
if rawmode is None:
rawmode = mode
return list(self.im.getpalette(mode, rawmode))
def apply_transparency(self):
"""
If a P mode image has a "transparency" key in the info dictionary,
remove the key and instead apply the transparency to the palette.
Otherwise, the image is unchanged.
"""
if self.mode != "P" or "transparency" not in self.info:
return
from . import ImagePalette
palette = self.getpalette("RGBA")
transparency = self.info["transparency"]
if isinstance(transparency, bytes):
for i, alpha in enumerate(transparency):
palette[i * 4 + 3] = alpha
else:
palette[transparency * 4 + 3] = 0
self.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGBA", bytes(palette))
self.palette.dirty = 1
del self.info["transparency"]
def getpixel(self, xy):
"""
Returns the pixel value at a given position.
:param xy: The coordinate, given as (x, y). See
:ref:`coordinate-system`.
:returns: The pixel value. If the image is a multi-layer image,
this method returns a tuple.
"""
self.load()
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess.getpixel(xy)
return self.im.getpixel(xy)
def getprojection(self):
"""
Get projection to x and y axes
:returns: Two sequences, indicating where there are non-zero
pixels along the X-axis and the Y-axis, respectively.
"""
self.load()
x, y = self.im.getprojection()
return list(x), list(y)
def histogram(self, mask=None, extrema=None):
"""
Returns a histogram for the image. The histogram is returned as a
list of pixel counts, one for each pixel value in the source
image. Counts are grouped into 256 bins for each band, even if
the image has more than 8 bits per band. If the image has more
than one band, the histograms for all bands are concatenated (for
example, the histogram for an "RGB" image contains 768 values).
A bilevel image (mode "1") is treated as a greyscale ("L") image
by this method.
If a mask is provided, the method returns a histogram for those
parts of the image where the mask image is non-zero. The mask
image must have the same size as the image, and be either a
bi-level image (mode "1") or a greyscale image ("L").
:param mask: An optional mask.
:param extrema: An optional tuple of manually-specified extrema.
:returns: A list containing pixel counts.
"""
self.load()
if mask:
mask.load()
return self.im.histogram((0, 0), mask.im)
if self.mode in ("I", "F"):
if extrema is None:
extrema = self.getextrema()
return self.im.histogram(extrema)
return self.im.histogram()
def entropy(self, mask=None, extrema=None):
"""
Calculates and returns the entropy for the image.
A bilevel image (mode "1") is treated as a greyscale ("L")
image by this method.
If a mask is provided, the method employs the histogram for
those parts of the image where the mask image is non-zero.
The mask image must have the same size as the image, and be
either a bi-level image (mode "1") or a greyscale image ("L").
:param mask: An optional mask.
:param extrema: An optional tuple of manually-specified extrema.
:returns: A float value representing the image entropy
"""
self.load()
if mask:
mask.load()
return self.im.entropy((0, 0), mask.im)
if self.mode in ("I", "F"):
if extrema is None:
extrema = self.getextrema()
return self.im.entropy(extrema)
return self.im.entropy()
def paste(self, im, box=None, mask=None):
"""
Pastes another image into this image. The box argument is either
a 2-tuple giving the upper left corner, a 4-tuple defining the
left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate, or None (same as
(0, 0)). See :ref:`coordinate-system`. If a 4-tuple is given, the size
of the pasted image must match the size of the region.
If the modes don't match, the pasted image is converted to the mode of
this image (see the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.convert` method for
details).
Instead of an image, the source can be a integer or tuple
containing pixel values. The method then fills the region
with the given color. When creating RGB images, you can
also use color strings as supported by the ImageColor module.
If a mask is given, this method updates only the regions
indicated by the mask. You can use either "1", "L", "LA", "RGBA"
or "RGBa" images (if present, the alpha band is used as mask).
Where the mask is 255, the given image is copied as is. Where
the mask is 0, the current value is preserved. Intermediate
values will mix the two images together, including their alpha
channels if they have them.
See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.alpha_composite` if you want to
combine images with respect to their alpha channels.
:param im: Source image or pixel value (integer or tuple).
:param box: An optional 4-tuple giving the region to paste into.
If a 2-tuple is used instead, it's treated as the upper left
corner. If omitted or None, the source is pasted into the
upper left corner.
If an image is given as the second argument and there is no
third, the box defaults to (0, 0), and the second argument
is interpreted as a mask image.
:param mask: An optional mask image.
"""
if isImageType(box) and mask is None:
# abbreviated paste(im, mask) syntax
mask = box
box = None
if box is None:
box = (0, 0)
if len(box) == 2:
# upper left corner given; get size from image or mask
if isImageType(im):
size = im.size
elif isImageType(mask):
size = mask.size
else:
# FIXME: use self.size here?
msg = "cannot determine region size; use 4-item box"
raise ValueError(msg)
box += (box[0] + size[0], box[1] + size[1])
if isinstance(im, str):
from . import ImageColor
im = ImageColor.getcolor(im, self.mode)
elif isImageType(im):
im.load()
if self.mode != im.mode:
if self.mode != "RGB" or im.mode not in ("LA", "RGBA", "RGBa"):
# should use an adapter for this!
im = im.convert(self.mode)
im = im.im
self._ensure_mutable()
if mask:
mask.load()
self.im.paste(im, box, mask.im)
else:
self.im.paste(im, box)
def alpha_composite(self, im, dest=(0, 0), source=(0, 0)):
"""'In-place' analog of Image.alpha_composite. Composites an image
onto this image.
:param im: image to composite over this one
:param dest: Optional 2 tuple (left, top) specifying the upper
left corner in this (destination) image.
:param source: Optional 2 (left, top) tuple for the upper left
corner in the overlay source image, or 4 tuple (left, top, right,
bottom) for the bounds of the source rectangle
Performance Note: Not currently implemented in-place in the core layer.
"""
if not isinstance(source, (list, tuple)):
msg = "Source must be a tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if not isinstance(dest, (list, tuple)):
msg = "Destination must be a tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if not len(source) in (2, 4):
msg = "Source must be a 2 or 4-tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if not len(dest) == 2:
msg = "Destination must be a 2-tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if min(source) < 0:
msg = "Source must be non-negative"
raise ValueError(msg)
if len(source) == 2:
source = source + im.size
# over image, crop if it's not the whole thing.
if source == (0, 0) + im.size:
overlay = im
else:
overlay = im.crop(source)
# target for the paste
box = dest + (dest[0] + overlay.width, dest[1] + overlay.height)
# destination image. don't copy if we're using the whole image.
if box == (0, 0) + self.size:
background = self
else:
background = self.crop(box)
result = alpha_composite(background, overlay)
self.paste(result, box)
def point(self, lut, mode=None):
"""
Maps this image through a lookup table or function.
:param lut: A lookup table, containing 256 (or 65536 if
self.mode=="I" and mode == "L") values per band in the
image. A function can be used instead, it should take a
single argument. The function is called once for each
possible pixel value, and the resulting table is applied to
all bands of the image.
It may also be an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImagePointHandler`
object::
class Example(Image.ImagePointHandler):
def point(self, data):
# Return result
:param mode: Output mode (default is same as input). In the
current version, this can only be used if the source image
has mode "L" or "P", and the output has mode "1" or the
source image mode is "I" and the output mode is "L".
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
if isinstance(lut, ImagePointHandler):
return lut.point(self)
if callable(lut):
# if it isn't a list, it should be a function
if self.mode in ("I", "I;16", "F"):
# check if the function can be used with point_transform
# UNDONE wiredfool -- I think this prevents us from ever doing
# a gamma function point transform on > 8bit images.
scale, offset = _getscaleoffset(lut)
return self._new(self.im.point_transform(scale, offset))
# for other modes, convert the function to a table
lut = [lut(i) for i in range(256)] * self.im.bands
if self.mode == "F":
# FIXME: _imaging returns a confusing error message for this case
msg = "point operation not supported for this mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
if mode != "F":
lut = [round(i) for i in lut]
return self._new(self.im.point(lut, mode))
def putalpha(self, alpha):
"""
Adds or replaces the alpha layer in this image. If the image
does not have an alpha layer, it's converted to "LA" or "RGBA".
The new layer must be either "L" or "1".
:param alpha: The new alpha layer. This can either be an "L" or "1"
image having the same size as this image, or an integer or
other color value.
"""
self._ensure_mutable()
if self.mode not in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
# attempt to promote self to a matching alpha mode
try:
mode = getmodebase(self.mode) + "A"
try:
self.im.setmode(mode)
except (AttributeError, ValueError) as e:
# do things the hard way
im = self.im.convert(mode)
if im.mode not in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
raise ValueError from e # sanity check
self.im = im
self.pyaccess = None
self.mode = self.im.mode
except KeyError as e:
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
if self.mode in ("LA", "PA"):
band = 1
else:
band = 3
if isImageType(alpha):
# alpha layer
if alpha.mode not in ("1", "L"):
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
alpha.load()
if alpha.mode == "1":
alpha = alpha.convert("L")
else:
# constant alpha
try:
self.im.fillband(band, alpha)
except (AttributeError, ValueError):
# do things the hard way
alpha = new("L", self.size, alpha)
else:
return
self.im.putband(alpha.im, band)
def putdata(self, data, scale=1.0, offset=0.0):
"""
Copies pixel data from a flattened sequence object into the image. The
values should start at the upper left corner (0, 0), continue to the
end of the line, followed directly by the first value of the second
line, and so on. Data will be read until either the image or the
sequence ends. The scale and offset values are used to adjust the
sequence values: **pixel = value*scale + offset**.
:param data: A flattened sequence object.
:param scale: An optional scale value. The default is 1.0.
:param offset: An optional offset value. The default is 0.0.
"""
self._ensure_mutable()
self.im.putdata(data, scale, offset)
def putpalette(self, data, rawmode="RGB"):
"""
Attaches a palette to this image. The image must be a "P", "PA", "L"
or "LA" image.
The palette sequence must contain at most 256 colors, made up of one
integer value for each channel in the raw mode.
For example, if the raw mode is "RGB", then it can contain at most 768
values, made up of red, green and blue values for the corresponding pixel
index in the 256 colors.
If the raw mode is "RGBA", then it can contain at most 1024 values,
containing red, green, blue and alpha values.
Alternatively, an 8-bit string may be used instead of an integer sequence.
:param data: A palette sequence (either a list or a string).
:param rawmode: The raw mode of the palette. Either "RGB", "RGBA", or a mode
that can be transformed to "RGB" or "RGBA" (e.g. "R", "BGR;15", "RGBA;L").
"""
from . import ImagePalette
if self.mode not in ("L", "LA", "P", "PA"):
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
if isinstance(data, ImagePalette.ImagePalette):
palette = ImagePalette.raw(data.rawmode, data.palette)
else:
if not isinstance(data, bytes):
data = bytes(data)
palette = ImagePalette.raw(rawmode, data)
self.mode = "PA" if "A" in self.mode else "P"
self.palette = palette
self.palette.mode = "RGB"
self.load() # install new palette
def putpixel(self, xy, value):
"""
Modifies the pixel at the given position. The color is given as
a single numerical value for single-band images, and a tuple for
multi-band images. In addition to this, RGB and RGBA tuples are
accepted for P and PA images.
Note that this method is relatively slow. For more extensive changes,
use :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste` or the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
module instead.
See:
* :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste`
* :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.putdata`
* :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
:param xy: The pixel coordinate, given as (x, y). See
:ref:`coordinate-system`.
:param value: The pixel value.
"""
if self.readonly:
self._copy()
self.load()
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess.putpixel(xy, value)
if (
self.mode in ("P", "PA")
and isinstance(value, (list, tuple))
and len(value) in [3, 4]
):
# RGB or RGBA value for a P or PA image
if self.mode == "PA":
alpha = value[3] if len(value) == 4 else 255
value = value[:3]
value = self.palette.getcolor(value, self)
if self.mode == "PA":
value = (value, alpha)
return self.im.putpixel(xy, value)
def remap_palette(self, dest_map, source_palette=None):
"""
Rewrites the image to reorder the palette.
:param dest_map: A list of indexes into the original palette.
e.g. ``[1,0]`` would swap a two item palette, and ``list(range(256))``
is the identity transform.
:param source_palette: Bytes or None.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
from . import ImagePalette
if self.mode not in ("L", "P"):
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
bands = 3
palette_mode = "RGB"
if source_palette is None:
if self.mode == "P":
self.load()
palette_mode = self.im.getpalettemode()
if palette_mode == "RGBA":
bands = 4
source_palette = self.im.getpalette(palette_mode, palette_mode)
else: # L-mode
source_palette = bytearray(i // 3 for i in range(768))
palette_bytes = b""
new_positions = [0] * 256
# pick only the used colors from the palette
for i, oldPosition in enumerate(dest_map):
palette_bytes += source_palette[
oldPosition * bands : oldPosition * bands + bands
]
new_positions[oldPosition] = i
# replace the palette color id of all pixel with the new id
# Palette images are [0..255], mapped through a 1 or 3
# byte/color map. We need to remap the whole image
# from palette 1 to palette 2. New_positions is
# an array of indexes into palette 1. Palette 2 is
# palette 1 with any holes removed.
# We're going to leverage the convert mechanism to use the
# C code to remap the image from palette 1 to palette 2,
# by forcing the source image into 'L' mode and adding a
# mapping 'L' mode palette, then converting back to 'L'
# sans palette thus converting the image bytes, then
# assigning the optimized RGB palette.
# perf reference, 9500x4000 gif, w/~135 colors
# 14 sec prepatch, 1 sec postpatch with optimization forced.
mapping_palette = bytearray(new_positions)
m_im = self.copy()
m_im.mode = "P"
m_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(
palette_mode, palette=mapping_palette * bands
)
# possibly set palette dirty, then
# m_im.putpalette(mapping_palette, 'L') # converts to 'P'
# or just force it.
# UNDONE -- this is part of the general issue with palettes
m_im.im.putpalette(palette_mode + ";L", m_im.palette.tobytes())
m_im = m_im.convert("L")
m_im.putpalette(palette_bytes, palette_mode)
m_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(palette_mode, palette=palette_bytes)
if "transparency" in self.info:
try:
m_im.info["transparency"] = dest_map.index(self.info["transparency"])
except ValueError:
if "transparency" in m_im.info:
del m_im.info["transparency"]
return m_im
def _get_safe_box(self, size, resample, box):
"""Expands the box so it includes adjacent pixels
that may be used by resampling with the given resampling filter.
"""
filter_support = _filters_support[resample] - 0.5
scale_x = (box[2] - box[0]) / size[0]
scale_y = (box[3] - box[1]) / size[1]
support_x = filter_support * scale_x
support_y = filter_support * scale_y
return (
max(0, int(box[0] - support_x)),
max(0, int(box[1] - support_y)),
min(self.size[0], math.ceil(box[2] + support_x)),
min(self.size[1], math.ceil(box[3] + support_y)),
)
def resize(self, size, resample=None, box=None, reducing_gap=None):
"""
Returns a resized copy of this image.
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
:param resample: An optional resampling filter. This can be
one of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`, :py:data:`Resampling.BOX`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR`, :py:data:`Resampling.HAMMING`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` or :py:data:`Resampling.LANCZOS`.
If the image has mode "1" or "P", it is always set to
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`. If the image mode specifies a number
of bits, such as "I;16", then the default filter is
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`. Otherwise, the default filter is
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC`. See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param box: An optional 4-tuple of floats providing
the source image region to be scaled.
The values must be within (0, 0, width, height) rectangle.
If omitted or None, the entire source is used.
:param reducing_gap: Apply optimization by resizing the image
in two steps. First, reducing the image by integer times
using :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.reduce`.
Second, resizing using regular resampling. The last step
changes size no less than by ``reducing_gap`` times.
``reducing_gap`` may be None (no first step is performed)
or should be greater than 1.0. The bigger ``reducing_gap``,
the closer the result to the fair resampling.
The smaller ``reducing_gap``, the faster resizing.
With ``reducing_gap`` greater or equal to 3.0, the result is
indistinguishable from fair resampling in most cases.
The default value is None (no optimization).
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if resample is None:
type_special = ";" in self.mode
resample = Resampling.NEAREST if type_special else Resampling.BICUBIC
elif resample not in (
Resampling.NEAREST,
Resampling.BILINEAR,
Resampling.BICUBIC,
Resampling.LANCZOS,
Resampling.BOX,
Resampling.HAMMING,
):
msg = f"Unknown resampling filter ({resample})."
filters = [
f"{filter[1]} ({filter[0]})"
for filter in (
(Resampling.NEAREST, "Image.Resampling.NEAREST"),
(Resampling.LANCZOS, "Image.Resampling.LANCZOS"),
(Resampling.BILINEAR, "Image.Resampling.BILINEAR"),
(Resampling.BICUBIC, "Image.Resampling.BICUBIC"),
(Resampling.BOX, "Image.Resampling.BOX"),
(Resampling.HAMMING, "Image.Resampling.HAMMING"),
)
]
msg += " Use " + ", ".join(filters[:-1]) + " or " + filters[-1]
raise ValueError(msg)
if reducing_gap is not None and reducing_gap < 1.0:
msg = "reducing_gap must be 1.0 or greater"
raise ValueError(msg)
size = tuple(size)
self.load()
if box is None:
box = (0, 0) + self.size
else:
box = tuple(box)
if self.size == size and box == (0, 0) + self.size:
return self.copy()
if self.mode in ("1", "P"):
resample = Resampling.NEAREST
if self.mode in ["LA", "RGBA"] and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
im = self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
im = im.resize(size, resample, box)
return im.convert(self.mode)
self.load()
if reducing_gap is not None and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
factor_x = int((box[2] - box[0]) / size[0] / reducing_gap) or 1
factor_y = int((box[3] - box[1]) / size[1] / reducing_gap) or 1
if factor_x > 1 or factor_y > 1:
reduce_box = self._get_safe_box(size, resample, box)
factor = (factor_x, factor_y)
if callable(self.reduce):
self = self.reduce(factor, box=reduce_box)
else:
self = Image.reduce(self, factor, box=reduce_box)
box = (
(box[0] - reduce_box[0]) / factor_x,
(box[1] - reduce_box[1]) / factor_y,
(box[2] - reduce_box[0]) / factor_x,
(box[3] - reduce_box[1]) / factor_y,
)
return self._new(self.im.resize(size, resample, box))
def reduce(self, factor, box=None):
"""
Returns a copy of the image reduced ``factor`` times.
If the size of the image is not dividable by ``factor``,
the resulting size will be rounded up.
:param factor: A greater than 0 integer or tuple of two integers
for width and height separately.
:param box: An optional 4-tuple of ints providing
the source image region to be reduced.
The values must be within ``(0, 0, width, height)`` rectangle.
If omitted or ``None``, the entire source is used.
"""
if not isinstance(factor, (list, tuple)):
factor = (factor, factor)
if box is None:
box = (0, 0) + self.size
else:
box = tuple(box)
if factor == (1, 1) and box == (0, 0) + self.size:
return self.copy()
if self.mode in ["LA", "RGBA"]:
im = self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
im = im.reduce(factor, box)
return im.convert(self.mode)
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.reduce(factor, box))
def rotate(
self,
angle,
resample=Resampling.NEAREST,
expand=0,
center=None,
translate=None,
fillcolor=None,
):
"""
Returns a rotated copy of this image. This method returns a
copy of this image, rotated the given number of degrees counter
clockwise around its centre.
:param angle: In degrees counter clockwise.
:param resample: An optional resampling filter. This can be
one of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
environment), or :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` (cubic spline
interpolation in a 4x4 environment). If omitted, or if the image has
mode "1" or "P", it is set to :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`.
See :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param expand: Optional expansion flag. If true, expands the output
image to make it large enough to hold the entire rotated image.
If false or omitted, make the output image the same size as the
input image. Note that the expand flag assumes rotation around
the center and no translation.
:param center: Optional center of rotation (a 2-tuple). Origin is
the upper left corner. Default is the center of the image.
:param translate: An optional post-rotate translation (a 2-tuple).
:param fillcolor: An optional color for area outside the rotated image.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
angle = angle % 360.0
# Fast paths regardless of filter, as long as we're not
# translating or changing the center.
if not (center or translate):
if angle == 0:
return self.copy()
if angle == 180:
return self.transpose(Transpose.ROTATE_180)
if angle in (90, 270) and (expand or self.width == self.height):
return self.transpose(
Transpose.ROTATE_90 if angle == 90 else Transpose.ROTATE_270
)
# Calculate the affine matrix. Note that this is the reverse
# transformation (from destination image to source) because we
# want to interpolate the (discrete) destination pixel from
# the local area around the (floating) source pixel.
# The matrix we actually want (note that it operates from the right):
# (1, 0, tx) (1, 0, cx) ( cos a, sin a, 0) (1, 0, -cx)
# (0, 1, ty) * (0, 1, cy) * (-sin a, cos a, 0) * (0, 1, -cy)
# (0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1) ( 0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1)
# The reverse matrix is thus:
# (1, 0, cx) ( cos -a, sin -a, 0) (1, 0, -cx) (1, 0, -tx)
# (0, 1, cy) * (-sin -a, cos -a, 0) * (0, 1, -cy) * (0, 1, -ty)
# (0, 0, 1) ( 0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1)
# In any case, the final translation may be updated at the end to
# compensate for the expand flag.
w, h = self.size
if translate is None:
post_trans = (0, 0)
else:
post_trans = translate
if center is None:
# FIXME These should be rounded to ints?
rotn_center = (w / 2.0, h / 2.0)
else:
rotn_center = center
angle = -math.radians(angle)
matrix = [
round(math.cos(angle), 15),
round(math.sin(angle), 15),
0.0,
round(-math.sin(angle), 15),
round(math.cos(angle), 15),
0.0,
]
def transform(x, y, matrix):
(a, b, c, d, e, f) = matrix
return a * x + b * y + c, d * x + e * y + f
matrix[2], matrix[5] = transform(
-rotn_center[0] - post_trans[0], -rotn_center[1] - post_trans[1], matrix
)
matrix[2] += rotn_center[0]
matrix[5] += rotn_center[1]
if expand:
# calculate output size
xx = []
yy = []
for x, y in ((0, 0), (w, 0), (w, h), (0, h)):
x, y = transform(x, y, matrix)
xx.append(x)
yy.append(y)
nw = math.ceil(max(xx)) - math.floor(min(xx))
nh = math.ceil(max(yy)) - math.floor(min(yy))
# We multiply a translation matrix from the right. Because of its
# special form, this is the same as taking the image of the
# translation vector as new translation vector.
matrix[2], matrix[5] = transform(-(nw - w) / 2.0, -(nh - h) / 2.0, matrix)
w, h = nw, nh
return self.transform(
(w, h), Transform.AFFINE, matrix, resample, fillcolor=fillcolor
)
def save(self, fp, format=None, **params):
"""
Saves this image under the given filename. If no format is
specified, the format to use is determined from the filename
extension, if possible.
Keyword options can be used to provide additional instructions
to the writer. If a writer doesn't recognise an option, it is
silently ignored. The available options are described in the
:doc:`image format documentation
<../handbook/image-file-formats>` for each writer.
You can use a file object instead of a filename. In this case,
you must always specify the format. The file object must
implement the ``seek``, ``tell``, and ``write``
methods, and be opened in binary mode.
:param fp: A filename (string), pathlib.Path object or file object.
:param format: Optional format override. If omitted, the
format to use is determined from the filename extension.
If a file object was used instead of a filename, this
parameter should always be used.
:param params: Extra parameters to the image writer.
:returns: None
:exception ValueError: If the output format could not be determined
from the file name. Use the format option to solve this.
:exception OSError: If the file could not be written. The file
may have been created, and may contain partial data.
"""
filename = ""
open_fp = False
if isinstance(fp, Path):
filename = str(fp)
open_fp = True
elif is_path(fp):
filename = fp
open_fp = True
elif fp == sys.stdout:
try:
fp = sys.stdout.buffer
except AttributeError:
pass
if not filename and hasattr(fp, "name") and is_path(fp.name):
# only set the name for metadata purposes
filename = fp.name
# may mutate self!
self._ensure_mutable()
save_all = params.pop("save_all", False)
self.encoderinfo = params
self.encoderconfig = ()
preinit()
ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1].lower()
if not format:
if ext not in EXTENSION:
init()
try:
format = EXTENSION[ext]
except KeyError as e:
msg = f"unknown file extension: {ext}"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
if format.upper() not in SAVE:
init()
if save_all:
save_handler = SAVE_ALL[format.upper()]
else:
save_handler = SAVE[format.upper()]
created = False
if open_fp:
created = not os.path.exists(filename)
if params.get("append", False):
# Open also for reading ("+"), because TIFF save_all
# writer needs to go back and edit the written data.
fp = builtins.open(filename, "r+b")
else:
fp = builtins.open(filename, "w+b")
try:
save_handler(self, fp, filename)
except Exception:
if open_fp:
fp.close()
if created:
try:
os.remove(filename)
except PermissionError:
pass
raise
if open_fp:
fp.close()
def seek(self, frame):
"""
Seeks to the given frame in this sequence file. If you seek
beyond the end of the sequence, the method raises an
``EOFError`` exception. When a sequence file is opened, the
library automatically seeks to frame 0.
See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.tell`.
If defined, :attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.n_frames` refers to the
number of available frames.
:param frame: Frame number, starting at 0.
:exception EOFError: If the call attempts to seek beyond the end
of the sequence.
"""
# overridden by file handlers
if frame != 0:
raise EOFError
def show(self, title=None):
"""
Displays this image. This method is mainly intended for debugging purposes.
This method calls :py:func:`PIL.ImageShow.show` internally. You can use
:py:func:`PIL.ImageShow.register` to override its default behaviour.
The image is first saved to a temporary file. By default, it will be in
PNG format.
On Unix, the image is then opened using the **display**, **eog** or
**xv** utility, depending on which one can be found.
On macOS, the image is opened with the native Preview application.
On Windows, the image is opened with the standard PNG display utility.
:param title: Optional title to use for the image window, where possible.
"""
_show(self, title=title)
def split(self):
"""
Split this image into individual bands. This method returns a
tuple of individual image bands from an image. For example,
splitting an "RGB" image creates three new images each
containing a copy of one of the original bands (red, green,
blue).
If you need only one band, :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.getchannel`
method can be more convenient and faster.
:returns: A tuple containing bands.
"""
self.load()
if self.im.bands == 1:
ims = [self.copy()]
else:
ims = map(self._new, self.im.split())
return tuple(ims)
def getchannel(self, channel):
"""
Returns an image containing a single channel of the source image.
:param channel: What channel to return. Could be index
(0 for "R" channel of "RGB") or channel name
("A" for alpha channel of "RGBA").
:returns: An image in "L" mode.
.. versionadded:: 4.3.0
"""
self.load()
if isinstance(channel, str):
try:
channel = self.getbands().index(channel)
except ValueError as e:
msg = f'The image has no channel "{channel}"'
raise ValueError(msg) from e
return self._new(self.im.getband(channel))
def tell(self):
"""
Returns the current frame number. See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.seek`.
If defined, :attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.n_frames` refers to the
number of available frames.
:returns: Frame number, starting with 0.
"""
return 0
def thumbnail(self, size, resample=Resampling.BICUBIC, reducing_gap=2.0):
"""
Make this image into a thumbnail. This method modifies the
image to contain a thumbnail version of itself, no larger than
the given size. This method calculates an appropriate thumbnail
size to preserve the aspect of the image, calls the
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.draft` method to configure the file reader
(where applicable), and finally resizes the image.
Note that this function modifies the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
object in place. If you need to use the full resolution image as well,
apply this method to a :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.copy` of the original
image.
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
:param resample: Optional resampling filter. This can be one
of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`, :py:data:`Resampling.BOX`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR`, :py:data:`Resampling.HAMMING`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` or :py:data:`Resampling.LANCZOS`.
If omitted, it defaults to :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC`.
(was :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` prior to version 2.5.0).
See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param reducing_gap: Apply optimization by resizing the image
in two steps. First, reducing the image by integer times
using :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.reduce` or
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.draft` for JPEG images.
Second, resizing using regular resampling. The last step
changes size no less than by ``reducing_gap`` times.
``reducing_gap`` may be None (no first step is performed)
or should be greater than 1.0. The bigger ``reducing_gap``,
the closer the result to the fair resampling.
The smaller ``reducing_gap``, the faster resizing.
With ``reducing_gap`` greater or equal to 3.0, the result is
indistinguishable from fair resampling in most cases.
The default value is 2.0 (very close to fair resampling
while still being faster in many cases).
:returns: None
"""
provided_size = tuple(map(math.floor, size))
def preserve_aspect_ratio():
def round_aspect(number, key):
return max(min(math.floor(number), math.ceil(number), key=key), 1)
x, y = provided_size
if x >= self.width and y >= self.height:
return
aspect = self.width / self.height
if x / y >= aspect:
x = round_aspect(y * aspect, key=lambda n: abs(aspect - n / y))
else:
y = round_aspect(
x / aspect, key=lambda n: 0 if n == 0 else abs(aspect - x / n)
)
return x, y
box = None
if reducing_gap is not None:
size = preserve_aspect_ratio()
if size is None:
return
res = self.draft(None, (size[0] * reducing_gap, size[1] * reducing_gap))
if res is not None:
box = res[1]
if box is None:
self.load()
# load() may have changed the size of the image
size = preserve_aspect_ratio()
if size is None:
return
if self.size != size:
im = self.resize(size, resample, box=box, reducing_gap=reducing_gap)
self.im = im.im
self._size = size
self.mode = self.im.mode
self.readonly = 0
self.pyaccess = None
# FIXME: the different transform methods need further explanation
# instead of bloating the method docs, add a separate chapter.
def transform(
self,
size,
method,
data=None,
resample=Resampling.NEAREST,
fill=1,
fillcolor=None,
):
"""
Transforms this image. This method creates a new image with the
given size, and the same mode as the original, and copies data
to the new image using the given transform.
:param size: The output size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
:param method: The transformation method. This is one of
:py:data:`Transform.EXTENT` (cut out a rectangular subregion),
:py:data:`Transform.AFFINE` (affine transform),
:py:data:`Transform.PERSPECTIVE` (perspective transform),
:py:data:`Transform.QUAD` (map a quadrilateral to a rectangle), or
:py:data:`Transform.MESH` (map a number of source quadrilaterals
in one operation).
It may also be an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImageTransformHandler`
object::
class Example(Image.ImageTransformHandler):
def transform(self, size, data, resample, fill=1):
# Return result
It may also be an object with a ``method.getdata`` method
that returns a tuple supplying new ``method`` and ``data`` values::
class Example:
def getdata(self):
method = Image.Transform.EXTENT
data = (0, 0, 100, 100)
return method, data
:param data: Extra data to the transformation method.
:param resample: Optional resampling filter. It can be one of
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
environment), or :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` (cubic spline
interpolation in a 4x4 environment). If omitted, or if the image
has mode "1" or "P", it is set to :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`.
See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param fill: If ``method`` is an
:py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImageTransformHandler` object, this is one of
the arguments passed to it. Otherwise, it is unused.
:param fillcolor: Optional fill color for the area outside the
transform in the output image.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if self.mode in ("LA", "RGBA") and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
return (
self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
.transform(size, method, data, resample, fill, fillcolor)
.convert(self.mode)
)
if isinstance(method, ImageTransformHandler):
return method.transform(size, self, resample=resample, fill=fill)
if hasattr(method, "getdata"):
# compatibility w. old-style transform objects
method, data = method.getdata()
if data is None:
msg = "missing method data"
raise ValueError(msg)
im = new(self.mode, size, fillcolor)
if self.mode == "P" and self.palette:
im.palette = self.palette.copy()
im.info = self.info.copy()
if method == Transform.MESH:
# list of quads
for box, quad in data:
im.__transformer(
box, self, Transform.QUAD, quad, resample, fillcolor is None
)
else:
im.__transformer(
(0, 0) + size, self, method, data, resample, fillcolor is None
)
return im
def __transformer(
self, box, image, method, data, resample=Resampling.NEAREST, fill=1
):
w = box[2] - box[0]
h = box[3] - box[1]
if method == Transform.AFFINE:
data = data[:6]
elif method == Transform.EXTENT:
# convert extent to an affine transform
x0, y0, x1, y1 = data
xs = (x1 - x0) / w
ys = (y1 - y0) / h
method = Transform.AFFINE
data = (xs, 0, x0, 0, ys, y0)
elif method == Transform.PERSPECTIVE:
data = data[:8]
elif method == Transform.QUAD:
# quadrilateral warp. data specifies the four corners
# given as NW, SW, SE, and NE.
nw = data[:2]
sw = data[2:4]
se = data[4:6]
ne = data[6:8]
x0, y0 = nw
As = 1.0 / w
At = 1.0 / h
data = (
x0,
(ne[0] - x0) * As,
(sw[0] - x0) * At,
(se[0] - sw[0] - ne[0] + x0) * As * At,
y0,
(ne[1] - y0) * As,
(sw[1] - y0) * At,
(se[1] - sw[1] - ne[1] + y0) * As * At,
)
else:
msg = "unknown transformation method"
raise ValueError(msg)
if resample not in (
Resampling.NEAREST,
Resampling.BILINEAR,
Resampling.BICUBIC,
):
if resample in (Resampling.BOX, Resampling.HAMMING, Resampling.LANCZOS):
msg = {
Resampling.BOX: "Image.Resampling.BOX",
Resampling.HAMMING: "Image.Resampling.HAMMING",
Resampling.LANCZOS: "Image.Resampling.LANCZOS",
}[resample] + f" ({resample}) cannot be used."
else:
msg = f"Unknown resampling filter ({resample})."
filters = [
f"{filter[1]} ({filter[0]})"
for filter in (
(Resampling.NEAREST, "Image.Resampling.NEAREST"),
(Resampling.BILINEAR, "Image.Resampling.BILINEAR"),
(Resampling.BICUBIC, "Image.Resampling.BICUBIC"),
)
]
msg += " Use " + ", ".join(filters[:-1]) + " or " + filters[-1]
raise ValueError(msg)
image.load()
self.load()
if image.mode in ("1", "P"):
resample = Resampling.NEAREST
self.im.transform2(box, image.im, method, data, resample, fill)
def transpose(self, method):
"""
Transpose image (flip or rotate in 90 degree steps)
:param method: One of :py:data:`Transpose.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT`,
:py:data:`Transpose.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM`, :py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_90`,
:py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_180`, :py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_270`,
:py:data:`Transpose.TRANSPOSE` or :py:data:`Transpose.TRANSVERSE`.
:returns: Returns a flipped or rotated copy of this image.
"""
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.transpose(method))
def effect_spread(self, distance):
"""
Randomly spread pixels in an image.
:param distance: Distance to spread pixels.
"""
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.effect_spread(distance))
def toqimage(self):
"""Returns a QImage copy of this image"""
from . import ImageQt
if not ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
msg = "Qt bindings are not installed"
raise ImportError(msg)
return ImageQt.toqimage(self)
def toqpixmap(self):
"""Returns a QPixmap copy of this image"""
from . import ImageQt
if not ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
msg = "Qt bindings are not installed"
raise ImportError(msg)
return ImageQt.toqpixmap(self)
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `pil_available` function. Write a Python function `def pil_available()` to solve the following problem:
Test if PIL/Pillow is available
Here is the function:
def pil_available():
"""Test if PIL/Pillow is available"""
out = False
try:
from PIL import Image # noqa
out = True
except ImportError:
pass
return out | Test if PIL/Pillow is available |
173,923 | import matplotlib
from matplotlib import colors
from matplotlib.backends import backend_agg
from matplotlib.backends.backend_agg import FigureCanvasAgg
from matplotlib._pylab_helpers import Gcf
from matplotlib.figure import Figure
from IPython.core.interactiveshell import InteractiveShell
from IPython.core.getipython import get_ipython
from IPython.core.pylabtools import select_figure_formats
from IPython.display import display
from .config import InlineBackend
def new_figure_manager_given_figure(num, figure):
"""
Return a new figure manager for a given figure instance.
This function is part of the API expected by Matplotlib backends.
"""
manager = backend_agg.new_figure_manager_given_figure(num, figure)
# Hack: matplotlib FigureManager objects in interacive backends (at least
# in some of them) monkeypatch the figure object and add a .show() method
# to it. This applies the same monkeypatch in order to support user code
# that might expect `.show()` to be part of the official API of figure
# objects. For further reference:
# https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/1612
# https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib/issues/835
if not hasattr(figure, 'show'):
# Queue up `figure` for display
figure.show = lambda *a: display(
figure, metadata=_fetch_figure_metadata(figure))
# If matplotlib was manually set to non-interactive mode, this function
# should be a no-op (otherwise we'll generate duplicate plots, since a user
# who set ioff() manually expects to make separate draw/show calls).
if not matplotlib.is_interactive():
return manager
# ensure current figure will be drawn, and each subsequent call
# of draw_if_interactive() moves the active figure to ensure it is
# drawn last
try:
show._to_draw.remove(figure)
except ValueError:
# ensure it only appears in the draw list once
pass
# Queue up the figure for drawing in next show() call
show._to_draw.append(figure)
show._draw_called = True
return manager
class Figure(FigureBase):
"""
The top level container for all the plot elements.
Attributes
----------
patch
The `.Rectangle` instance representing the figure background patch.
suppressComposite
For multiple images, the figure will make composite images
depending on the renderer option_image_nocomposite function. If
*suppressComposite* is a boolean, this will override the renderer.
"""
# Remove the self._fig_callbacks properties on figure and subfigure
# after the deprecation expires.
callbacks = _api.deprecated(
"3.6", alternative=("the 'resize_event' signal in "
"Figure.canvas.callbacks")
)(property(lambda self: self._fig_callbacks))
def __str__(self):
return "Figure(%gx%g)" % tuple(self.bbox.size)
def __repr__(self):
return "<{clsname} size {h:g}x{w:g} with {naxes} Axes>".format(
clsname=self.__class__.__name__,
h=self.bbox.size[0], w=self.bbox.size[1],
naxes=len(self.axes),
)
def __init__(self,
figsize=None,
dpi=None,
facecolor=None,
edgecolor=None,
linewidth=0.0,
frameon=None,
subplotpars=None, # rc figure.subplot.*
tight_layout=None, # rc figure.autolayout
constrained_layout=None, # rc figure.constrained_layout.use
*,
layout=None,
**kwargs
):
"""
Parameters
----------
figsize : 2-tuple of floats, default: :rc:`figure.figsize`
Figure dimension ``(width, height)`` in inches.
dpi : float, default: :rc:`figure.dpi`
Dots per inch.
facecolor : default: :rc:`figure.facecolor`
The figure patch facecolor.
edgecolor : default: :rc:`figure.edgecolor`
The figure patch edge color.
linewidth : float
The linewidth of the frame (i.e. the edge linewidth of the figure
patch).
frameon : bool, default: :rc:`figure.frameon`
If ``False``, suppress drawing the figure background patch.
subplotpars : `SubplotParams`
Subplot parameters. If not given, the default subplot
parameters :rc:`figure.subplot.*` are used.
tight_layout : bool or dict, default: :rc:`figure.autolayout`
Whether to use the tight layout mechanism. See `.set_tight_layout`.
.. admonition:: Discouraged
The use of this parameter is discouraged. Please use
``layout='tight'`` instead for the common case of
``tight_layout=True`` and use `.set_tight_layout` otherwise.
constrained_layout : bool, default: :rc:`figure.constrained_layout.use`
This is equal to ``layout='constrained'``.
.. admonition:: Discouraged
The use of this parameter is discouraged. Please use
``layout='constrained'`` instead.
layout : {'constrained', 'compressed', 'tight', 'none', `.LayoutEngine`, \
None}, default: None
The layout mechanism for positioning of plot elements to avoid
overlapping Axes decorations (labels, ticks, etc). Note that
layout managers can have significant performance penalties.
- 'constrained': The constrained layout solver adjusts axes sizes
to avoid overlapping axes decorations. Can handle complex plot
layouts and colorbars, and is thus recommended.
See :doc:`/tutorials/intermediate/constrainedlayout_guide`
for examples.
- 'compressed': uses the same algorithm as 'constrained', but
removes extra space between fixed-aspect-ratio Axes. Best for
simple grids of axes.
- 'tight': Use the tight layout mechanism. This is a relatively
simple algorithm that adjusts the subplot parameters so that
decorations do not overlap. See `.Figure.set_tight_layout` for
further details.
- 'none': Do not use a layout engine.
- A `.LayoutEngine` instance. Builtin layout classes are
`.ConstrainedLayoutEngine` and `.TightLayoutEngine`, more easily
accessible by 'constrained' and 'tight'. Passing an instance
allows third parties to provide their own layout engine.
If not given, fall back to using the parameters *tight_layout* and
*constrained_layout*, including their config defaults
:rc:`figure.autolayout` and :rc:`figure.constrained_layout.use`.
Other Parameters
----------------
**kwargs : `.Figure` properties, optional
%(Figure:kwdoc)s
"""
super().__init__(**kwargs)
self._layout_engine = None
if layout is not None:
if (tight_layout is not None):
_api.warn_external(
"The Figure parameters 'layout' and 'tight_layout' cannot "
"be used together. Please use 'layout' only.")
if (constrained_layout is not None):
_api.warn_external(
"The Figure parameters 'layout' and 'constrained_layout' "
"cannot be used together. Please use 'layout' only.")
self.set_layout_engine(layout=layout)
elif tight_layout is not None:
if constrained_layout is not None:
_api.warn_external(
"The Figure parameters 'tight_layout' and "
"'constrained_layout' cannot be used together. Please use "
"'layout' parameter")
self.set_layout_engine(layout='tight')
if isinstance(tight_layout, dict):
self.get_layout_engine().set(**tight_layout)
elif constrained_layout is not None:
if isinstance(constrained_layout, dict):
self.set_layout_engine(layout='constrained')
self.get_layout_engine().set(**constrained_layout)
elif constrained_layout:
self.set_layout_engine(layout='constrained')
else:
# everything is None, so use default:
self.set_layout_engine(layout=layout)
self._fig_callbacks = cbook.CallbackRegistry(signals=["dpi_changed"])
# Callbacks traditionally associated with the canvas (and exposed with
# a proxy property), but that actually need to be on the figure for
# pickling.
self._canvas_callbacks = cbook.CallbackRegistry(
signals=FigureCanvasBase.events)
connect = self._canvas_callbacks._connect_picklable
self._mouse_key_ids = [
connect('key_press_event', backend_bases._key_handler),
connect('key_release_event', backend_bases._key_handler),
connect('key_release_event', backend_bases._key_handler),
connect('button_press_event', backend_bases._mouse_handler),
connect('button_release_event', backend_bases._mouse_handler),
connect('scroll_event', backend_bases._mouse_handler),
connect('motion_notify_event', backend_bases._mouse_handler),
]
self._button_pick_id = connect('button_press_event', self.pick)
self._scroll_pick_id = connect('scroll_event', self.pick)
if figsize is None:
figsize = mpl.rcParams['figure.figsize']
if dpi is None:
dpi = mpl.rcParams['figure.dpi']
if facecolor is None:
facecolor = mpl.rcParams['figure.facecolor']
if edgecolor is None:
edgecolor = mpl.rcParams['figure.edgecolor']
if frameon is None:
frameon = mpl.rcParams['figure.frameon']
if not np.isfinite(figsize).all() or (np.array(figsize) < 0).any():
raise ValueError('figure size must be positive finite not '
f'{figsize}')
self.bbox_inches = Bbox.from_bounds(0, 0, *figsize)
self.dpi_scale_trans = Affine2D().scale(dpi)
# do not use property as it will trigger
self._dpi = dpi
self.bbox = TransformedBbox(self.bbox_inches, self.dpi_scale_trans)
self.figbbox = self.bbox
self.transFigure = BboxTransformTo(self.bbox)
self.transSubfigure = self.transFigure
self.patch = Rectangle(
xy=(0, 0), width=1, height=1, visible=frameon,
facecolor=facecolor, edgecolor=edgecolor, linewidth=linewidth,
# Don't let the figure patch influence bbox calculation.
in_layout=False)
self._set_artist_props(self.patch)
self.patch.set_antialiased(False)
FigureCanvasBase(self) # Set self.canvas.
if subplotpars is None:
subplotpars = SubplotParams()
self.subplotpars = subplotpars
self._axstack = _AxesStack() # track all figure axes and current axes
self.clear()
def pick(self, mouseevent):
if not self.canvas.widgetlock.locked():
super().pick(mouseevent)
def _check_layout_engines_compat(self, old, new):
"""
Helper for set_layout engine
If the figure has used the old engine and added a colorbar then the
value of colorbar_gridspec must be the same on the new engine.
"""
if old is None or new is None:
return True
if old.colorbar_gridspec == new.colorbar_gridspec:
return True
# colorbar layout different, so check if any colorbars are on the
# figure...
for ax in self.axes:
if hasattr(ax, '_colorbar'):
# colorbars list themselves as a colorbar.
return False
return True
def set_layout_engine(self, layout=None, **kwargs):
"""
Set the layout engine for this figure.
Parameters
----------
layout: {'constrained', 'compressed', 'tight', 'none'} or \
`LayoutEngine` or None
- 'constrained' will use `~.ConstrainedLayoutEngine`
- 'compressed' will also use `~.ConstrainedLayoutEngine`, but with
a correction that attempts to make a good layout for fixed-aspect
ratio Axes.
- 'tight' uses `~.TightLayoutEngine`
- 'none' removes layout engine.
If `None`, the behavior is controlled by :rc:`figure.autolayout`
(which if `True` behaves as if 'tight' was passed) and
:rc:`figure.constrained_layout.use` (which if `True` behaves as if
'constrained' was passed). If both are `True`,
:rc:`figure.autolayout` takes priority.
Users and libraries can define their own layout engines and pass
the instance directly as well.
kwargs: dict
The keyword arguments are passed to the layout engine to set things
like padding and margin sizes. Only used if *layout* is a string.
"""
if layout is None:
if mpl.rcParams['figure.autolayout']:
layout = 'tight'
elif mpl.rcParams['figure.constrained_layout.use']:
layout = 'constrained'
else:
self._layout_engine = None
return
if layout == 'tight':
new_layout_engine = TightLayoutEngine(**kwargs)
elif layout == 'constrained':
new_layout_engine = ConstrainedLayoutEngine(**kwargs)
elif layout == 'compressed':
new_layout_engine = ConstrainedLayoutEngine(compress=True,
**kwargs)
elif layout == 'none':
if self._layout_engine is not None:
new_layout_engine = PlaceHolderLayoutEngine(
self._layout_engine.adjust_compatible,
self._layout_engine.colorbar_gridspec
)
else:
new_layout_engine = None
elif isinstance(layout, LayoutEngine):
new_layout_engine = layout
else:
raise ValueError(f"Invalid value for 'layout': {layout!r}")
if self._check_layout_engines_compat(self._layout_engine,
new_layout_engine):
self._layout_engine = new_layout_engine
else:
raise RuntimeError('Colorbar layout of new layout engine not '
'compatible with old engine, and a colorbar '
'has been created. Engine not changed.')
def get_layout_engine(self):
return self._layout_engine
# TODO: I'd like to dynamically add the _repr_html_ method
# to the figure in the right context, but then IPython doesn't
# use it, for some reason.
def _repr_html_(self):
# We can't use "isinstance" here, because then we'd end up importing
# webagg unconditionally.
if 'WebAgg' in type(self.canvas).__name__:
from matplotlib.backends import backend_webagg
return backend_webagg.ipython_inline_display(self)
def show(self, warn=True):
"""
If using a GUI backend with pyplot, display the figure window.
If the figure was not created using `~.pyplot.figure`, it will lack
a `~.backend_bases.FigureManagerBase`, and this method will raise an
AttributeError.
.. warning::
This does not manage an GUI event loop. Consequently, the figure
may only be shown briefly or not shown at all if you or your
environment are not managing an event loop.
Use cases for `.Figure.show` include running this from a GUI
application (where there is persistently an event loop running) or
from a shell, like IPython, that install an input hook to allow the
interactive shell to accept input while the figure is also being
shown and interactive. Some, but not all, GUI toolkits will
register an input hook on import. See :ref:`cp_integration` for
more details.
If you're in a shell without input hook integration or executing a
python script, you should use `matplotlib.pyplot.show` with
``block=True`` instead, which takes care of starting and running
the event loop for you.
Parameters
----------
warn : bool, default: True
If ``True`` and we are not running headless (i.e. on Linux with an
unset DISPLAY), issue warning when called on a non-GUI backend.
"""
if self.canvas.manager is None:
raise AttributeError(
"Figure.show works only for figures managed by pyplot, "
"normally created by pyplot.figure()")
try:
self.canvas.manager.show()
except NonGuiException as exc:
if warn:
_api.warn_external(str(exc))
def axes(self):
"""
List of Axes in the Figure. You can access and modify the Axes in the
Figure through this list.
Do not modify the list itself. Instead, use `~Figure.add_axes`,
`~.Figure.add_subplot` or `~.Figure.delaxes` to add or remove an Axes.
Note: The `.Figure.axes` property and `~.Figure.get_axes` method are
equivalent.
"""
return self._axstack.as_list()
get_axes = axes.fget
def _get_renderer(self):
if hasattr(self.canvas, 'get_renderer'):
return self.canvas.get_renderer()
else:
return _get_renderer(self)
def _get_dpi(self):
return self._dpi
def _set_dpi(self, dpi, forward=True):
"""
Parameters
----------
dpi : float
forward : bool
Passed on to `~.Figure.set_size_inches`
"""
if dpi == self._dpi:
# We don't want to cause undue events in backends.
return
self._dpi = dpi
self.dpi_scale_trans.clear().scale(dpi)
w, h = self.get_size_inches()
self.set_size_inches(w, h, forward=forward)
self._fig_callbacks.process('dpi_changed', self)
dpi = property(_get_dpi, _set_dpi, doc="The resolution in dots per inch.")
def get_tight_layout(self):
"""Return whether `.tight_layout` is called when drawing."""
return isinstance(self.get_layout_engine(), TightLayoutEngine)
pending=True)
def set_tight_layout(self, tight):
"""
[*Discouraged*] Set whether and how `.tight_layout` is called when
drawing.
.. admonition:: Discouraged
This method is discouraged in favor of `~.set_layout_engine`.
Parameters
----------
tight : bool or dict with keys "pad", "w_pad", "h_pad", "rect" or None
If a bool, sets whether to call `.tight_layout` upon drawing.
If ``None``, use :rc:`figure.autolayout` instead.
If a dict, pass it as kwargs to `.tight_layout`, overriding the
default paddings.
"""
if tight is None:
tight = mpl.rcParams['figure.autolayout']
_tight = 'tight' if bool(tight) else 'none'
_tight_parameters = tight if isinstance(tight, dict) else {}
self.set_layout_engine(_tight, **_tight_parameters)
self.stale = True
def get_constrained_layout(self):
"""
Return whether constrained layout is being used.
See :doc:`/tutorials/intermediate/constrainedlayout_guide`.
"""
return isinstance(self.get_layout_engine(), ConstrainedLayoutEngine)
pending=True)
def set_constrained_layout(self, constrained):
"""
[*Discouraged*] Set whether ``constrained_layout`` is used upon
drawing.
If None, :rc:`figure.constrained_layout.use` value will be used.
When providing a dict containing the keys ``w_pad``, ``h_pad``
the default ``constrained_layout`` paddings will be
overridden. These pads are in inches and default to 3.0/72.0.
``w_pad`` is the width padding and ``h_pad`` is the height padding.
.. admonition:: Discouraged
This method is discouraged in favor of `~.set_layout_engine`.
Parameters
----------
constrained : bool or dict or None
"""
if constrained is None:
constrained = mpl.rcParams['figure.constrained_layout.use']
_constrained = 'constrained' if bool(constrained) else 'none'
_parameters = constrained if isinstance(constrained, dict) else {}
self.set_layout_engine(_constrained, **_parameters)
self.stale = True
"3.6", alternative="figure.get_layout_engine().set()",
pending=True)
def set_constrained_layout_pads(self, **kwargs):
"""
Set padding for ``constrained_layout``.
Tip: The parameters can be passed from a dictionary by using
``fig.set_constrained_layout(**pad_dict)``.
See :doc:`/tutorials/intermediate/constrainedlayout_guide`.
Parameters
----------
w_pad : float, default: :rc:`figure.constrained_layout.w_pad`
Width padding in inches. This is the pad around Axes
and is meant to make sure there is enough room for fonts to
look good. Defaults to 3 pts = 0.04167 inches
h_pad : float, default: :rc:`figure.constrained_layout.h_pad`
Height padding in inches. Defaults to 3 pts.
wspace : float, default: :rc:`figure.constrained_layout.wspace`
Width padding between subplots, expressed as a fraction of the
subplot width. The total padding ends up being w_pad + wspace.
hspace : float, default: :rc:`figure.constrained_layout.hspace`
Height padding between subplots, expressed as a fraction of the
subplot width. The total padding ends up being h_pad + hspace.
"""
if isinstance(self.get_layout_engine(), ConstrainedLayoutEngine):
self.get_layout_engine().set(**kwargs)
pending=True)
def get_constrained_layout_pads(self, relative=False):
"""
Get padding for ``constrained_layout``.
Returns a list of ``w_pad, h_pad`` in inches and
``wspace`` and ``hspace`` as fractions of the subplot.
All values are None if ``constrained_layout`` is not used.
See :doc:`/tutorials/intermediate/constrainedlayout_guide`.
Parameters
----------
relative : bool
If `True`, then convert from inches to figure relative.
"""
if not isinstance(self.get_layout_engine(), ConstrainedLayoutEngine):
return None, None, None, None
info = self.get_layout_engine().get_info()
w_pad = info['w_pad']
h_pad = info['h_pad']
wspace = info['wspace']
hspace = info['hspace']
if relative and (w_pad is not None or h_pad is not None):
renderer = self._get_renderer()
dpi = renderer.dpi
w_pad = w_pad * dpi / renderer.width
h_pad = h_pad * dpi / renderer.height
return w_pad, h_pad, wspace, hspace
def set_canvas(self, canvas):
"""
Set the canvas that contains the figure
Parameters
----------
canvas : FigureCanvas
"""
self.canvas = canvas
def figimage(self, X, xo=0, yo=0, alpha=None, norm=None, cmap=None,
vmin=None, vmax=None, origin=None, resize=False, **kwargs):
"""
Add a non-resampled image to the figure.
The image is attached to the lower or upper left corner depending on
*origin*.
Parameters
----------
X
The image data. This is an array of one of the following shapes:
- (M, N): an image with scalar data. Color-mapping is controlled
by *cmap*, *norm*, *vmin*, and *vmax*.
- (M, N, 3): an image with RGB values (0-1 float or 0-255 int).
- (M, N, 4): an image with RGBA values (0-1 float or 0-255 int),
i.e. including transparency.
xo, yo : int
The *x*/*y* image offset in pixels.
alpha : None or float
The alpha blending value.
%(cmap_doc)s
This parameter is ignored if *X* is RGB(A).
%(norm_doc)s
This parameter is ignored if *X* is RGB(A).
%(vmin_vmax_doc)s
This parameter is ignored if *X* is RGB(A).
origin : {'upper', 'lower'}, default: :rc:`image.origin`
Indicates where the [0, 0] index of the array is in the upper left
or lower left corner of the axes.
resize : bool
If *True*, resize the figure to match the given image size.
Returns
-------
`matplotlib.image.FigureImage`
Other Parameters
----------------
**kwargs
Additional kwargs are `.Artist` kwargs passed on to `.FigureImage`.
Notes
-----
figimage complements the Axes image (`~matplotlib.axes.Axes.imshow`)
which will be resampled to fit the current Axes. If you want
a resampled image to fill the entire figure, you can define an
`~matplotlib.axes.Axes` with extent [0, 0, 1, 1].
Examples
--------
::
f = plt.figure()
nx = int(f.get_figwidth() * f.dpi)
ny = int(f.get_figheight() * f.dpi)
data = np.random.random((ny, nx))
f.figimage(data)
plt.show()
"""
if resize:
dpi = self.get_dpi()
figsize = [x / dpi for x in (X.shape[1], X.shape[0])]
self.set_size_inches(figsize, forward=True)
im = mimage.FigureImage(self, cmap=cmap, norm=norm,
offsetx=xo, offsety=yo,
origin=origin, **kwargs)
im.stale_callback = _stale_figure_callback
im.set_array(X)
im.set_alpha(alpha)
if norm is None:
im.set_clim(vmin, vmax)
self.images.append(im)
im._remove_method = self.images.remove
self.stale = True
return im
def set_size_inches(self, w, h=None, forward=True):
"""
Set the figure size in inches.
Call signatures::
fig.set_size_inches(w, h) # OR
fig.set_size_inches((w, h))
Parameters
----------
w : (float, float) or float
Width and height in inches (if height not specified as a separate
argument) or width.
h : float
Height in inches.
forward : bool, default: True
If ``True``, the canvas size is automatically updated, e.g.,
you can resize the figure window from the shell.
See Also
--------
matplotlib.figure.Figure.get_size_inches
matplotlib.figure.Figure.set_figwidth
matplotlib.figure.Figure.set_figheight
Notes
-----
To transform from pixels to inches divide by `Figure.dpi`.
"""
if h is None: # Got called with a single pair as argument.
w, h = w
size = np.array([w, h])
if not np.isfinite(size).all() or (size < 0).any():
raise ValueError(f'figure size must be positive finite not {size}')
self.bbox_inches.p1 = size
if forward:
manager = self.canvas.manager
if manager is not None:
manager.resize(*(size * self.dpi).astype(int))
self.stale = True
def get_size_inches(self):
"""
Return the current size of the figure in inches.
Returns
-------
ndarray
The size (width, height) of the figure in inches.
See Also
--------
matplotlib.figure.Figure.set_size_inches
matplotlib.figure.Figure.get_figwidth
matplotlib.figure.Figure.get_figheight
Notes
-----
The size in pixels can be obtained by multiplying with `Figure.dpi`.
"""
return np.array(self.bbox_inches.p1)
def get_figwidth(self):
"""Return the figure width in inches."""
return self.bbox_inches.width
def get_figheight(self):
"""Return the figure height in inches."""
return self.bbox_inches.height
def get_dpi(self):
"""Return the resolution in dots per inch as a float."""
return self.dpi
def set_dpi(self, val):
"""
Set the resolution of the figure in dots-per-inch.
Parameters
----------
val : float
"""
self.dpi = val
self.stale = True
def set_figwidth(self, val, forward=True):
"""
Set the width of the figure in inches.
Parameters
----------
val : float
forward : bool
See `set_size_inches`.
See Also
--------
matplotlib.figure.Figure.set_figheight
matplotlib.figure.Figure.set_size_inches
"""
self.set_size_inches(val, self.get_figheight(), forward=forward)
def set_figheight(self, val, forward=True):
"""
Set the height of the figure in inches.
Parameters
----------
val : float
forward : bool
See `set_size_inches`.
See Also
--------
matplotlib.figure.Figure.set_figwidth
matplotlib.figure.Figure.set_size_inches
"""
self.set_size_inches(self.get_figwidth(), val, forward=forward)
def clear(self, keep_observers=False):
# docstring inherited
super().clear(keep_observers=keep_observers)
# FigureBase.clear does not clear toolbars, as
# only Figure can have toolbars
toolbar = self.canvas.toolbar
if toolbar is not None:
toolbar.update()
def draw(self, renderer):
# docstring inherited
# draw the figure bounding box, perhaps none for white figure
if not self.get_visible():
return
artists = self._get_draw_artists(renderer)
try:
renderer.open_group('figure', gid=self.get_gid())
if self.axes and self.get_layout_engine() is not None:
try:
self.get_layout_engine().execute(self)
except ValueError:
pass
# ValueError can occur when resizing a window.
self.patch.draw(renderer)
mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
renderer, self, artists, self.suppressComposite)
for sfig in self.subfigs:
sfig.draw(renderer)
renderer.close_group('figure')
finally:
self.stale = False
DrawEvent("draw_event", self.canvas, renderer)._process()
def draw_without_rendering(self):
"""
Draw the figure with no output. Useful to get the final size of
artists that require a draw before their size is known (e.g. text).
"""
renderer = _get_renderer(self)
with renderer._draw_disabled():
self.draw(renderer)
def draw_artist(self, a):
"""
Draw `.Artist` *a* only.
"""
a.draw(self.canvas.get_renderer())
def __getstate__(self):
state = super().__getstate__()
# The canvas cannot currently be pickled, but this has the benefit
# of meaning that a figure can be detached from one canvas, and
# re-attached to another.
state.pop("canvas")
# discard any changes to the dpi due to pixel ratio changes
state["_dpi"] = state.get('_original_dpi', state['_dpi'])
# add version information to the state
state['__mpl_version__'] = mpl.__version__
# check whether the figure manager (if any) is registered with pyplot
from matplotlib import _pylab_helpers
if self.canvas.manager in _pylab_helpers.Gcf.figs.values():
state['_restore_to_pylab'] = True
return state
def __setstate__(self, state):
version = state.pop('__mpl_version__')
restore_to_pylab = state.pop('_restore_to_pylab', False)
if version != mpl.__version__:
_api.warn_external(
f"This figure was saved with matplotlib version {version} and "
f"is unlikely to function correctly.")
self.__dict__ = state
# re-initialise some of the unstored state information
FigureCanvasBase(self) # Set self.canvas.
if restore_to_pylab:
# lazy import to avoid circularity
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib._pylab_helpers as pylab_helpers
allnums = plt.get_fignums()
num = max(allnums) + 1 if allnums else 1
backend = plt._get_backend_mod()
mgr = backend.new_figure_manager_given_figure(num, self)
pylab_helpers.Gcf._set_new_active_manager(mgr)
plt.draw_if_interactive()
self.stale = True
def add_axobserver(self, func):
"""Whenever the Axes state change, ``func(self)`` will be called."""
# Connect a wrapper lambda and not func itself, to avoid it being
# weakref-collected.
self._axobservers.connect("_axes_change_event", lambda arg: func(arg))
def savefig(self, fname, *, transparent=None, **kwargs):
"""
Save the current figure.
Call signature::
savefig(fname, *, dpi='figure', format=None, metadata=None,
bbox_inches=None, pad_inches=0.1,
facecolor='auto', edgecolor='auto',
backend=None, **kwargs
)
The available output formats depend on the backend being used.
Parameters
----------
fname : str or path-like or binary file-like
A path, or a Python file-like object, or
possibly some backend-dependent object such as
`matplotlib.backends.backend_pdf.PdfPages`.
If *format* is set, it determines the output format, and the file
is saved as *fname*. Note that *fname* is used verbatim, and there
is no attempt to make the extension, if any, of *fname* match
*format*, and no extension is appended.
If *format* is not set, then the format is inferred from the
extension of *fname*, if there is one. If *format* is not
set and *fname* has no extension, then the file is saved with
:rc:`savefig.format` and the appropriate extension is appended to
*fname*.
Other Parameters
----------------
dpi : float or 'figure', default: :rc:`savefig.dpi`
The resolution in dots per inch. If 'figure', use the figure's
dpi value.
format : str
The file format, e.g. 'png', 'pdf', 'svg', ... The behavior when
this is unset is documented under *fname*.
metadata : dict, optional
Key/value pairs to store in the image metadata. The supported keys
and defaults depend on the image format and backend:
- 'png' with Agg backend: See the parameter ``metadata`` of
`~.FigureCanvasAgg.print_png`.
- 'pdf' with pdf backend: See the parameter ``metadata`` of
`~.backend_pdf.PdfPages`.
- 'svg' with svg backend: See the parameter ``metadata`` of
`~.FigureCanvasSVG.print_svg`.
- 'eps' and 'ps' with PS backend: Only 'Creator' is supported.
bbox_inches : str or `.Bbox`, default: :rc:`savefig.bbox`
Bounding box in inches: only the given portion of the figure is
saved. If 'tight', try to figure out the tight bbox of the figure.
pad_inches : float, default: :rc:`savefig.pad_inches`
Amount of padding around the figure when bbox_inches is 'tight'.
facecolor : color or 'auto', default: :rc:`savefig.facecolor`
The facecolor of the figure. If 'auto', use the current figure
facecolor.
edgecolor : color or 'auto', default: :rc:`savefig.edgecolor`
The edgecolor of the figure. If 'auto', use the current figure
edgecolor.
backend : str, optional
Use a non-default backend to render the file, e.g. to render a
png file with the "cairo" backend rather than the default "agg",
or a pdf file with the "pgf" backend rather than the default
"pdf". Note that the default backend is normally sufficient. See
:ref:`the-builtin-backends` for a list of valid backends for each
file format. Custom backends can be referenced as "module://...".
orientation : {'landscape', 'portrait'}
Currently only supported by the postscript backend.
papertype : str
One of 'letter', 'legal', 'executive', 'ledger', 'a0' through
'a10', 'b0' through 'b10'. Only supported for postscript
output.
transparent : bool
If *True*, the Axes patches will all be transparent; the
Figure patch will also be transparent unless *facecolor*
and/or *edgecolor* are specified via kwargs.
If *False* has no effect and the color of the Axes and
Figure patches are unchanged (unless the Figure patch
is specified via the *facecolor* and/or *edgecolor* keyword
arguments in which case those colors are used).
The transparency of these patches will be restored to their
original values upon exit of this function.
This is useful, for example, for displaying
a plot on top of a colored background on a web page.
bbox_extra_artists : list of `~matplotlib.artist.Artist`, optional
A list of extra artists that will be considered when the
tight bbox is calculated.
pil_kwargs : dict, optional
Additional keyword arguments that are passed to
`PIL.Image.Image.save` when saving the figure.
"""
kwargs.setdefault('dpi', mpl.rcParams['savefig.dpi'])
if transparent is None:
transparent = mpl.rcParams['savefig.transparent']
with ExitStack() as stack:
if transparent:
kwargs.setdefault('facecolor', 'none')
kwargs.setdefault('edgecolor', 'none')
for ax in self.axes:
stack.enter_context(
ax.patch._cm_set(facecolor='none', edgecolor='none'))
self.canvas.print_figure(fname, **kwargs)
def ginput(self, n=1, timeout=30, show_clicks=True,
mouse_add=MouseButton.LEFT,
mouse_pop=MouseButton.RIGHT,
mouse_stop=MouseButton.MIDDLE):
"""
Blocking call to interact with a figure.
Wait until the user clicks *n* times on the figure, and return the
coordinates of each click in a list.
There are three possible interactions:
- Add a point.
- Remove the most recently added point.
- Stop the interaction and return the points added so far.
The actions are assigned to mouse buttons via the arguments
*mouse_add*, *mouse_pop* and *mouse_stop*.
Parameters
----------
n : int, default: 1
Number of mouse clicks to accumulate. If negative, accumulate
clicks until the input is terminated manually.
timeout : float, default: 30 seconds
Number of seconds to wait before timing out. If zero or negative
will never time out.
show_clicks : bool, default: True
If True, show a red cross at the location of each click.
mouse_add : `.MouseButton` or None, default: `.MouseButton.LEFT`
Mouse button used to add points.
mouse_pop : `.MouseButton` or None, default: `.MouseButton.RIGHT`
Mouse button used to remove the most recently added point.
mouse_stop : `.MouseButton` or None, default: `.MouseButton.MIDDLE`
Mouse button used to stop input.
Returns
-------
list of tuples
A list of the clicked (x, y) coordinates.
Notes
-----
The keyboard can also be used to select points in case your mouse
does not have one or more of the buttons. The delete and backspace
keys act like right-clicking (i.e., remove last point), the enter key
terminates input and any other key (not already used by the window
manager) selects a point.
"""
clicks = []
marks = []
def handler(event):
is_button = event.name == "button_press_event"
is_key = event.name == "key_press_event"
# Quit (even if not in infinite mode; this is consistent with
# MATLAB and sometimes quite useful, but will require the user to
# test how many points were actually returned before using data).
if (is_button and event.button == mouse_stop
or is_key and event.key in ["escape", "enter"]):
self.canvas.stop_event_loop()
# Pop last click.
elif (is_button and event.button == mouse_pop
or is_key and event.key in ["backspace", "delete"]):
if clicks:
clicks.pop()
if show_clicks:
marks.pop().remove()
self.canvas.draw()
# Add new click.
elif (is_button and event.button == mouse_add
# On macOS/gtk, some keys return None.
or is_key and event.key is not None):
if event.inaxes:
clicks.append((event.xdata, event.ydata))
_log.info("input %i: %f, %f",
len(clicks), event.xdata, event.ydata)
if show_clicks:
line = mpl.lines.Line2D([event.xdata], [event.ydata],
marker="+", color="r")
event.inaxes.add_line(line)
marks.append(line)
self.canvas.draw()
if len(clicks) == n and n > 0:
self.canvas.stop_event_loop()
_blocking_input.blocking_input_loop(
self, ["button_press_event", "key_press_event"], timeout, handler)
# Cleanup.
for mark in marks:
mark.remove()
self.canvas.draw()
return clicks
def waitforbuttonpress(self, timeout=-1):
"""
Blocking call to interact with the figure.
Wait for user input and return True if a key was pressed, False if a
mouse button was pressed and None if no input was given within
*timeout* seconds. Negative values deactivate *timeout*.
"""
event = None
def handler(ev):
nonlocal event
event = ev
self.canvas.stop_event_loop()
_blocking_input.blocking_input_loop(
self, ["button_press_event", "key_press_event"], timeout, handler)
return None if event is None else event.name == "key_press_event"
def execute_constrained_layout(self, renderer=None):
"""
Use ``layoutgrid`` to determine pos positions within Axes.
See also `.set_constrained_layout_pads`.
Returns
-------
layoutgrid : private debugging object
"""
if not isinstance(self.get_layout_engine(), ConstrainedLayoutEngine):
return None
return self.get_layout_engine().execute(self)
def tight_layout(self, *, pad=1.08, h_pad=None, w_pad=None, rect=None):
"""
Adjust the padding between and around subplots.
To exclude an artist on the Axes from the bounding box calculation
that determines the subplot parameters (i.e. legend, or annotation),
set ``a.set_in_layout(False)`` for that artist.
Parameters
----------
pad : float, default: 1.08
Padding between the figure edge and the edges of subplots,
as a fraction of the font size.
h_pad, w_pad : float, default: *pad*
Padding (height/width) between edges of adjacent subplots,
as a fraction of the font size.
rect : tuple (left, bottom, right, top), default: (0, 0, 1, 1)
A rectangle in normalized figure coordinates into which the whole
subplots area (including labels) will fit.
See Also
--------
.Figure.set_layout_engine
.pyplot.tight_layout
"""
# note that here we do not permanently set the figures engine to
# tight_layout but rather just perform the layout in place and remove
# any previous engines.
engine = TightLayoutEngine(pad=pad, h_pad=h_pad, w_pad=w_pad,
rect=rect)
try:
previous_engine = self.get_layout_engine()
self.set_layout_engine(engine)
engine.execute(self)
if not isinstance(previous_engine, TightLayoutEngine) \
and previous_engine is not None:
_api.warn_external('The figure layout has changed to tight')
finally:
self.set_layout_engine(None)
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `new_figure_manager` function. Write a Python function `def new_figure_manager(num, *args, FigureClass=Figure, **kwargs)` to solve the following problem:
Return a new figure manager for a new figure instance. This function is part of the API expected by Matplotlib backends.
Here is the function:
def new_figure_manager(num, *args, FigureClass=Figure, **kwargs):
"""
Return a new figure manager for a new figure instance.
This function is part of the API expected by Matplotlib backends.
"""
return new_figure_manager_given_figure(num, FigureClass(*args, **kwargs)) | Return a new figure manager for a new figure instance. This function is part of the API expected by Matplotlib backends. |
173,924 | import matplotlib
from matplotlib import colors
from matplotlib.backends import backend_agg
from matplotlib.backends.backend_agg import FigureCanvasAgg
from matplotlib._pylab_helpers import Gcf
from matplotlib.figure import Figure
from IPython.core.interactiveshell import InteractiveShell
from IPython.core.getipython import get_ipython
from IPython.core.pylabtools import select_figure_formats
from IPython.display import display
from .config import InlineBackend
def configure_inline_support(shell, backend):
"""Configure an IPython shell object for matplotlib use.
Parameters
----------
shell : InteractiveShell instance
backend : matplotlib backend
"""
# If using our svg payload backend, register the post-execution
# function that will pick up the results for display. This can only be
# done with access to the real shell object.
cfg = InlineBackend.instance(parent=shell)
cfg.shell = shell
if cfg not in shell.configurables:
shell.configurables.append(cfg)
if backend == 'module://matplotlib_inline.backend_inline':
shell.events.register('post_execute', flush_figures)
# Save rcParams that will be overwrittern
shell._saved_rcParams = {}
for k in cfg.rc:
shell._saved_rcParams[k] = matplotlib.rcParams[k]
# load inline_rc
matplotlib.rcParams.update(cfg.rc)
new_backend_name = "inline"
else:
try:
shell.events.unregister('post_execute', flush_figures)
except ValueError:
pass
if hasattr(shell, '_saved_rcParams'):
matplotlib.rcParams.update(shell._saved_rcParams)
del shell._saved_rcParams
new_backend_name = "other"
# only enable the formats once -> don't change the enabled formats (which the user may
# has changed) when getting another "%matplotlib inline" call.
# See https://github.com/ipython/ipykernel/issues/29
cur_backend = getattr(configure_inline_support, "current_backend", "unset")
if new_backend_name != cur_backend:
# Setup the default figure format
select_figure_formats(shell, cfg.figure_formats, **cfg.print_figure_kwargs)
configure_inline_support.current_backend = new_backend_name
def get_ipython():
"""Get the global InteractiveShell instance.
Returns None if no InteractiveShell instance is registered.
"""
from IPython.core.interactiveshell import InteractiveShell
if InteractiveShell.initialized():
return InteractiveShell.instance()
)
def get_backend():
"""
Return the name of the current backend.
See Also
--------
matplotlib.use
"""
return rcParams['backend']
def activate_matplotlib(backend):
"""Activate the given backend and set interactive to True."""
import matplotlib
matplotlib.interactive(True)
# Matplotlib had a bug where even switch_backend could not force
# the rcParam to update. This needs to be set *before* the module
# magic of switch_backend().
matplotlib.rcParams['backend'] = backend
# Due to circular imports, pyplot may be only partially initialised
# when this function runs.
# So avoid needing matplotlib attribute-lookup to access pyplot.
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
plt.switch_backend(backend)
plt.show._needmain = False
# We need to detect at runtime whether show() is called by the user.
# For this, we wrap it into a decorator which adds a 'called' flag.
plt.draw_if_interactive = flag_calls(plt.draw_if_interactive)
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `_enable_matplotlib_integration` function. Write a Python function `def _enable_matplotlib_integration()` to solve the following problem:
Enable extra IPython matplotlib integration when we are loaded as the matplotlib backend.
Here is the function:
def _enable_matplotlib_integration():
"""Enable extra IPython matplotlib integration when we are loaded as the matplotlib backend."""
from matplotlib import get_backend
ip = get_ipython()
backend = get_backend()
if ip and backend == 'module://%s' % __name__:
from IPython.core.pylabtools import activate_matplotlib
try:
activate_matplotlib(backend)
configure_inline_support(ip, backend)
except (ImportError, AttributeError):
# bugs may cause a circular import on Python 2
def configure_once(*args):
activate_matplotlib(backend)
configure_inline_support(ip, backend)
ip.events.unregister('post_run_cell', configure_once)
ip.events.register('post_run_cell', configure_once) | Enable extra IPython matplotlib integration when we are loaded as the matplotlib backend. |
173,925 | import matplotlib
from matplotlib import colors
from matplotlib.backends import backend_agg
from matplotlib.backends.backend_agg import FigureCanvasAgg
from matplotlib._pylab_helpers import Gcf
from matplotlib.figure import Figure
from IPython.core.interactiveshell import InteractiveShell
from IPython.core.getipython import get_ipython
from IPython.core.pylabtools import select_figure_formats
from IPython.display import display
from .config import InlineBackend
class InteractiveShell(SingletonConfigurable):
"""An enhanced, interactive shell for Python."""
_instance = None
ast_transformers = List([], help=
"""
A list of ast.NodeTransformer subclass instances, which will be applied
to user input before code is run.
"""
).tag(config=True)
autocall = Enum((0,1,2), default_value=0, help=
"""
Make IPython automatically call any callable object even if you didn't
type explicit parentheses. For example, 'str 43' becomes 'str(43)'
automatically. The value can be '0' to disable the feature, '1' for
'smart' autocall, where it is not applied if there are no more
arguments on the line, and '2' for 'full' autocall, where all callable
objects are automatically called (even if no arguments are present).
"""
).tag(config=True)
autoindent = Bool(True, help=
"""
Autoindent IPython code entered interactively.
"""
).tag(config=True)
autoawait = Bool(True, help=
"""
Automatically run await statement in the top level repl.
"""
).tag(config=True)
loop_runner_map ={
'asyncio':(_asyncio_runner, True),
'curio':(_curio_runner, True),
'trio':(_trio_runner, True),
'sync': (_pseudo_sync_runner, False)
}
loop_runner = Any(default_value="IPython.core.interactiveshell._asyncio_runner",
allow_none=True,
help="""Select the loop runner that will be used to execute top-level asynchronous code"""
).tag(config=True)
def _default_loop_runner(self):
return import_item("IPython.core.interactiveshell._asyncio_runner")
def _import_runner(self, proposal):
if isinstance(proposal.value, str):
if proposal.value in self.loop_runner_map:
runner, autoawait = self.loop_runner_map[proposal.value]
self.autoawait = autoawait
return runner
runner = import_item(proposal.value)
if not callable(runner):
raise ValueError('loop_runner must be callable')
return runner
if not callable(proposal.value):
raise ValueError('loop_runner must be callable')
return proposal.value
automagic = Bool(True, help=
"""
Enable magic commands to be called without the leading %.
"""
).tag(config=True)
banner1 = Unicode(default_banner,
help="""The part of the banner to be printed before the profile"""
).tag(config=True)
banner2 = Unicode('',
help="""The part of the banner to be printed after the profile"""
).tag(config=True)
cache_size = Integer(1000, help=
"""
Set the size of the output cache. The default is 1000, you can
change it permanently in your config file. Setting it to 0 completely
disables the caching system, and the minimum value accepted is 3 (if
you provide a value less than 3, it is reset to 0 and a warning is
issued). This limit is defined because otherwise you'll spend more
time re-flushing a too small cache than working
"""
).tag(config=True)
color_info = Bool(True, help=
"""
Use colors for displaying information about objects. Because this
information is passed through a pager (like 'less'), and some pagers
get confused with color codes, this capability can be turned off.
"""
).tag(config=True)
colors = CaselessStrEnum(('Neutral', 'NoColor','LightBG','Linux'),
default_value='Neutral',
help="Set the color scheme (NoColor, Neutral, Linux, or LightBG)."
).tag(config=True)
debug = Bool(False).tag(config=True)
disable_failing_post_execute = Bool(False,
help="Don't call post-execute functions that have failed in the past."
).tag(config=True)
display_formatter = Instance(DisplayFormatter, allow_none=True)
displayhook_class = Type(DisplayHook)
display_pub_class = Type(DisplayPublisher)
compiler_class = Type(CachingCompiler)
inspector_class = Type(
oinspect.Inspector, help="Class to use to instantiate the shell inspector"
).tag(config=True)
sphinxify_docstring = Bool(False, help=
"""
Enables rich html representation of docstrings. (This requires the
docrepr module).
""").tag(config=True)
def _sphinxify_docstring_changed(self, change):
if change['new']:
warn("`sphinxify_docstring` is provisional since IPython 5.0 and might change in future versions." , ProvisionalWarning)
enable_html_pager = Bool(False, help=
"""
(Provisional API) enables html representation in mime bundles sent
to pagers.
""").tag(config=True)
def _enable_html_pager_changed(self, change):
if change['new']:
warn("`enable_html_pager` is provisional since IPython 5.0 and might change in future versions.", ProvisionalWarning)
data_pub_class = None
exit_now = Bool(False)
exiter = Instance(ExitAutocall)
def _exiter_default(self):
return ExitAutocall(self)
# Monotonically increasing execution counter
execution_count = Integer(1)
filename = Unicode("<ipython console>")
ipython_dir= Unicode('').tag(config=True) # Set to get_ipython_dir() in __init__
# Used to transform cells before running them, and check whether code is complete
input_transformer_manager = Instance('IPython.core.inputtransformer2.TransformerManager',
())
def input_transformers_cleanup(self):
return self.input_transformer_manager.cleanup_transforms
input_transformers_post = List([],
help="A list of string input transformers, to be applied after IPython's "
"own input transformations."
)
def input_splitter(self):
"""Make this available for backward compatibility (pre-7.0 release) with existing code.
For example, ipykernel ipykernel currently uses
`shell.input_splitter.check_complete`
"""
from warnings import warn
warn("`input_splitter` is deprecated since IPython 7.0, prefer `input_transformer_manager`.",
DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
)
return self.input_transformer_manager
logstart = Bool(False, help=
"""
Start logging to the default log file in overwrite mode.
Use `logappend` to specify a log file to **append** logs to.
"""
).tag(config=True)
logfile = Unicode('', help=
"""
The name of the logfile to use.
"""
).tag(config=True)
logappend = Unicode('', help=
"""
Start logging to the given file in append mode.
Use `logfile` to specify a log file to **overwrite** logs to.
"""
).tag(config=True)
object_info_string_level = Enum((0,1,2), default_value=0,
).tag(config=True)
pdb = Bool(False, help=
"""
Automatically call the pdb debugger after every exception.
"""
).tag(config=True)
display_page = Bool(False,
help="""If True, anything that would be passed to the pager
will be displayed as regular output instead."""
).tag(config=True)
show_rewritten_input = Bool(True,
help="Show rewritten input, e.g. for autocall."
).tag(config=True)
quiet = Bool(False).tag(config=True)
history_length = Integer(10000,
help='Total length of command history'
).tag(config=True)
history_load_length = Integer(1000, help=
"""
The number of saved history entries to be loaded
into the history buffer at startup.
"""
).tag(config=True)
ast_node_interactivity = Enum(['all', 'last', 'last_expr', 'none', 'last_expr_or_assign'],
default_value='last_expr',
help="""
'all', 'last', 'last_expr' or 'none', 'last_expr_or_assign' specifying
which nodes should be run interactively (displaying output from expressions).
"""
).tag(config=True)
warn_venv = Bool(
True,
help="Warn if running in a virtual environment with no IPython installed (so IPython from the global environment is used).",
).tag(config=True)
# TODO: this part of prompt management should be moved to the frontends.
# Use custom TraitTypes that convert '0'->'' and '\\n'->'\n'
separate_in = SeparateUnicode('\n').tag(config=True)
separate_out = SeparateUnicode('').tag(config=True)
separate_out2 = SeparateUnicode('').tag(config=True)
wildcards_case_sensitive = Bool(True).tag(config=True)
xmode = CaselessStrEnum(('Context', 'Plain', 'Verbose', 'Minimal'),
default_value='Context',
help="Switch modes for the IPython exception handlers."
).tag(config=True)
# Subcomponents of InteractiveShell
alias_manager = Instance('IPython.core.alias.AliasManager', allow_none=True)
prefilter_manager = Instance('IPython.core.prefilter.PrefilterManager', allow_none=True)
builtin_trap = Instance('IPython.core.builtin_trap.BuiltinTrap', allow_none=True)
display_trap = Instance('IPython.core.display_trap.DisplayTrap', allow_none=True)
extension_manager = Instance('IPython.core.extensions.ExtensionManager', allow_none=True)
payload_manager = Instance('IPython.core.payload.PayloadManager', allow_none=True)
history_manager = Instance('IPython.core.history.HistoryAccessorBase', allow_none=True)
magics_manager = Instance('IPython.core.magic.MagicsManager', allow_none=True)
profile_dir = Instance('IPython.core.application.ProfileDir', allow_none=True)
def profile(self):
if self.profile_dir is not None:
name = os.path.basename(self.profile_dir.location)
return name.replace('profile_','')
# Private interface
_post_execute = Dict()
# Tracks any GUI loop loaded for pylab
pylab_gui_select = None
last_execution_succeeded = Bool(True, help='Did last executed command succeeded')
last_execution_result = Instance('IPython.core.interactiveshell.ExecutionResult', help='Result of executing the last command', allow_none=True)
def __init__(self, ipython_dir=None, profile_dir=None,
user_module=None, user_ns=None,
custom_exceptions=((), None), **kwargs):
# This is where traits with a config_key argument are updated
# from the values on config.
super(InteractiveShell, self).__init__(**kwargs)
if 'PromptManager' in self.config:
warn('As of IPython 5.0 `PromptManager` config will have no effect'
' and has been replaced by TerminalInteractiveShell.prompts_class')
self.configurables = [self]
# These are relatively independent and stateless
self.init_ipython_dir(ipython_dir)
self.init_profile_dir(profile_dir)
self.init_instance_attrs()
self.init_environment()
# Check if we're in a virtualenv, and set up sys.path.
self.init_virtualenv()
# Create namespaces (user_ns, user_global_ns, etc.)
self.init_create_namespaces(user_module, user_ns)
# This has to be done after init_create_namespaces because it uses
# something in self.user_ns, but before init_sys_modules, which
# is the first thing to modify sys.
# TODO: When we override sys.stdout and sys.stderr before this class
# is created, we are saving the overridden ones here. Not sure if this
# is what we want to do.
self.save_sys_module_state()
self.init_sys_modules()
# While we're trying to have each part of the code directly access what
# it needs without keeping redundant references to objects, we have too
# much legacy code that expects ip.db to exist.
self.db = PickleShareDB(os.path.join(self.profile_dir.location, 'db'))
self.init_history()
self.init_encoding()
self.init_prefilter()
self.init_syntax_highlighting()
self.init_hooks()
self.init_events()
self.init_pushd_popd_magic()
self.init_user_ns()
self.init_logger()
self.init_builtins()
# The following was in post_config_initialization
self.init_inspector()
self.raw_input_original = input
self.init_completer()
# TODO: init_io() needs to happen before init_traceback handlers
# because the traceback handlers hardcode the stdout/stderr streams.
# This logic in in debugger.Pdb and should eventually be changed.
self.init_io()
self.init_traceback_handlers(custom_exceptions)
self.init_prompts()
self.init_display_formatter()
self.init_display_pub()
self.init_data_pub()
self.init_displayhook()
self.init_magics()
self.init_alias()
self.init_logstart()
self.init_pdb()
self.init_extension_manager()
self.init_payload()
self.events.trigger('shell_initialized', self)
atexit.register(self.atexit_operations)
# The trio runner is used for running Trio in the foreground thread. It
# is different from `_trio_runner(async_fn)` in `async_helpers.py`
# which calls `trio.run()` for every cell. This runner runs all cells
# inside a single Trio event loop. If used, it is set from
# `ipykernel.kernelapp`.
self.trio_runner = None
def get_ipython(self):
"""Return the currently running IPython instance."""
return self
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Trait changed handlers
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
def _ipython_dir_changed(self, change):
ensure_dir_exists(change['new'])
def set_autoindent(self,value=None):
"""Set the autoindent flag.
If called with no arguments, it acts as a toggle."""
if value is None:
self.autoindent = not self.autoindent
else:
self.autoindent = value
def set_trio_runner(self, tr):
self.trio_runner = tr
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# init_* methods called by __init__
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
def init_ipython_dir(self, ipython_dir):
if ipython_dir is not None:
self.ipython_dir = ipython_dir
return
self.ipython_dir = get_ipython_dir()
def init_profile_dir(self, profile_dir):
if profile_dir is not None:
self.profile_dir = profile_dir
return
self.profile_dir = ProfileDir.create_profile_dir_by_name(
self.ipython_dir, "default"
)
def init_instance_attrs(self):
self.more = False
# command compiler
self.compile = self.compiler_class()
# Make an empty namespace, which extension writers can rely on both
# existing and NEVER being used by ipython itself. This gives them a
# convenient location for storing additional information and state
# their extensions may require, without fear of collisions with other
# ipython names that may develop later.
self.meta = Struct()
# Temporary files used for various purposes. Deleted at exit.
# The files here are stored with Path from Pathlib
self.tempfiles = []
self.tempdirs = []
# keep track of where we started running (mainly for crash post-mortem)
# This is not being used anywhere currently.
self.starting_dir = os.getcwd()
# Indentation management
self.indent_current_nsp = 0
# Dict to track post-execution functions that have been registered
self._post_execute = {}
def init_environment(self):
"""Any changes we need to make to the user's environment."""
pass
def init_encoding(self):
# Get system encoding at startup time. Certain terminals (like Emacs
# under Win32 have it set to None, and we need to have a known valid
# encoding to use in the raw_input() method
try:
self.stdin_encoding = sys.stdin.encoding or 'ascii'
except AttributeError:
self.stdin_encoding = 'ascii'
def init_syntax_highlighting(self, changes=None):
# Python source parser/formatter for syntax highlighting
pyformat = PyColorize.Parser(style=self.colors, parent=self).format
self.pycolorize = lambda src: pyformat(src,'str')
def refresh_style(self):
# No-op here, used in subclass
pass
def init_pushd_popd_magic(self):
# for pushd/popd management
self.home_dir = get_home_dir()
self.dir_stack = []
def init_logger(self):
self.logger = Logger(self.home_dir, logfname='ipython_log.py',
logmode='rotate')
def init_logstart(self):
"""Initialize logging in case it was requested at the command line.
"""
if self.logappend:
self.magic('logstart %s append' % self.logappend)
elif self.logfile:
self.magic('logstart %s' % self.logfile)
elif self.logstart:
self.magic('logstart')
def init_builtins(self):
# A single, static flag that we set to True. Its presence indicates
# that an IPython shell has been created, and we make no attempts at
# removing on exit or representing the existence of more than one
# IPython at a time.
builtin_mod.__dict__['__IPYTHON__'] = True
builtin_mod.__dict__['display'] = display
self.builtin_trap = BuiltinTrap(shell=self)
def init_inspector(self, changes=None):
# Object inspector
self.inspector = self.inspector_class(
oinspect.InspectColors,
PyColorize.ANSICodeColors,
self.colors,
self.object_info_string_level,
)
def init_io(self):
# implemented in subclasses, TerminalInteractiveShell does call
# colorama.init().
pass
def init_prompts(self):
# Set system prompts, so that scripts can decide if they are running
# interactively.
sys.ps1 = 'In : '
sys.ps2 = '...: '
sys.ps3 = 'Out: '
def init_display_formatter(self):
self.display_formatter = DisplayFormatter(parent=self)
self.configurables.append(self.display_formatter)
def init_display_pub(self):
self.display_pub = self.display_pub_class(parent=self, shell=self)
self.configurables.append(self.display_pub)
def init_data_pub(self):
if not self.data_pub_class:
self.data_pub = None
return
self.data_pub = self.data_pub_class(parent=self)
self.configurables.append(self.data_pub)
def init_displayhook(self):
# Initialize displayhook, set in/out prompts and printing system
self.displayhook = self.displayhook_class(
parent=self,
shell=self,
cache_size=self.cache_size,
)
self.configurables.append(self.displayhook)
# This is a context manager that installs/revmoes the displayhook at
# the appropriate time.
self.display_trap = DisplayTrap(hook=self.displayhook)
def get_path_links(p: Path):
"""Gets path links including all symlinks
Examples
--------
In [1]: from IPython.core.interactiveshell import InteractiveShell
In [2]: import sys, pathlib
In [3]: paths = InteractiveShell.get_path_links(pathlib.Path(sys.executable))
In [4]: len(paths) == len(set(paths))
Out[4]: True
In [5]: bool(paths)
Out[5]: True
"""
paths = [p]
while p.is_symlink():
new_path = Path(os.readlink(p))
if not new_path.is_absolute():
new_path = p.parent / new_path
p = new_path
paths.append(p)
return paths
def init_virtualenv(self):
"""Add the current virtualenv to sys.path so the user can import modules from it.
This isn't perfect: it doesn't use the Python interpreter with which the
virtualenv was built, and it ignores the --no-site-packages option. A
warning will appear suggesting the user installs IPython in the
virtualenv, but for many cases, it probably works well enough.
Adapted from code snippets online.
http://blog.ufsoft.org/2009/1/29/ipython-and-virtualenv
"""
if 'VIRTUAL_ENV' not in os.environ:
# Not in a virtualenv
return
elif os.environ["VIRTUAL_ENV"] == "":
warn("Virtual env path set to '', please check if this is intended.")
return
p = Path(sys.executable)
p_venv = Path(os.environ["VIRTUAL_ENV"])
# fallback venv detection:
# stdlib venv may symlink sys.executable, so we can't use realpath.
# but others can symlink *to* the venv Python, so we can't just use sys.executable.
# So we just check every item in the symlink tree (generally <= 3)
paths = self.get_path_links(p)
# In Cygwin paths like "c:\..." and '\cygdrive\c\...' are possible
if p_venv.parts[1] == "cygdrive":
drive_name = p_venv.parts[2]
p_venv = (drive_name + ":/") / Path(*p_venv.parts[3:])
if any(p_venv == p.parents[1] for p in paths):
# Our exe is inside or has access to the virtualenv, don't need to do anything.
return
if sys.platform == "win32":
virtual_env = str(Path(os.environ["VIRTUAL_ENV"], "Lib", "site-packages"))
else:
virtual_env_path = Path(
os.environ["VIRTUAL_ENV"], "lib", "python{}.{}", "site-packages"
)
p_ver = sys.version_info[:2]
# Predict version from py[thon]-x.x in the $VIRTUAL_ENV
re_m = re.search(r"\bpy(?:thon)?([23])\.(\d+)\b", os.environ["VIRTUAL_ENV"])
if re_m:
predicted_path = Path(str(virtual_env_path).format(*re_m.groups()))
if predicted_path.exists():
p_ver = re_m.groups()
virtual_env = str(virtual_env_path).format(*p_ver)
if self.warn_venv:
warn(
"Attempting to work in a virtualenv. If you encounter problems, "
"please install IPython inside the virtualenv."
)
import site
sys.path.insert(0, virtual_env)
site.addsitedir(virtual_env)
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Things related to injections into the sys module
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
def save_sys_module_state(self):
"""Save the state of hooks in the sys module.
This has to be called after self.user_module is created.
"""
self._orig_sys_module_state = {'stdin': sys.stdin,
'stdout': sys.stdout,
'stderr': sys.stderr,
'excepthook': sys.excepthook}
self._orig_sys_modules_main_name = self.user_module.__name__
self._orig_sys_modules_main_mod = sys.modules.get(self.user_module.__name__)
def restore_sys_module_state(self):
"""Restore the state of the sys module."""
try:
for k, v in self._orig_sys_module_state.items():
setattr(sys, k, v)
except AttributeError:
pass
# Reset what what done in self.init_sys_modules
if self._orig_sys_modules_main_mod is not None:
sys.modules[self._orig_sys_modules_main_name] = self._orig_sys_modules_main_mod
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Things related to the banner
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
def banner(self):
banner = self.banner1
if self.profile and self.profile != 'default':
banner += '\nIPython profile: %s\n' % self.profile
if self.banner2:
banner += '\n' + self.banner2
return banner
def show_banner(self, banner=None):
if banner is None:
banner = self.banner
sys.stdout.write(banner)
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Things related to hooks
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
def init_hooks(self):
# hooks holds pointers used for user-side customizations
self.hooks = Struct()
self.strdispatchers = {}
# Set all default hooks, defined in the IPython.hooks module.
hooks = IPython.core.hooks
for hook_name in hooks.__all__:
# default hooks have priority 100, i.e. low; user hooks should have
# 0-100 priority
self.set_hook(hook_name, getattr(hooks, hook_name), 100)
if self.display_page:
self.set_hook('show_in_pager', page.as_hook(page.display_page), 90)
def set_hook(self, name, hook, priority=50, str_key=None, re_key=None):
"""set_hook(name,hook) -> sets an internal IPython hook.
IPython exposes some of its internal API as user-modifiable hooks. By
adding your function to one of these hooks, you can modify IPython's
behavior to call at runtime your own routines."""
# At some point in the future, this should validate the hook before it
# accepts it. Probably at least check that the hook takes the number
# of args it's supposed to.
f = types.MethodType(hook,self)
# check if the hook is for strdispatcher first
if str_key is not None:
sdp = self.strdispatchers.get(name, StrDispatch())
sdp.add_s(str_key, f, priority )
self.strdispatchers[name] = sdp
return
if re_key is not None:
sdp = self.strdispatchers.get(name, StrDispatch())
sdp.add_re(re.compile(re_key), f, priority )
self.strdispatchers[name] = sdp
return
dp = getattr(self.hooks, name, None)
if name not in IPython.core.hooks.__all__:
print("Warning! Hook '%s' is not one of %s" % \
(name, IPython.core.hooks.__all__ ))
if name in IPython.core.hooks.deprecated:
alternative = IPython.core.hooks.deprecated[name]
raise ValueError(
"Hook {} has been deprecated since IPython 5.0. Use {} instead.".format(
name, alternative
)
)
if not dp:
dp = IPython.core.hooks.CommandChainDispatcher()
try:
dp.add(f,priority)
except AttributeError:
# it was not commandchain, plain old func - replace
dp = f
setattr(self.hooks,name, dp)
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Things related to events
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
def init_events(self):
self.events = EventManager(self, available_events)
self.events.register("pre_execute", self._clear_warning_registry)
def register_post_execute(self, func):
"""DEPRECATED: Use ip.events.register('post_run_cell', func)
Register a function for calling after code execution.
"""
raise ValueError(
"ip.register_post_execute is deprecated since IPython 1.0, use "
"ip.events.register('post_run_cell', func) instead."
)
def _clear_warning_registry(self):
# clear the warning registry, so that different code blocks with
# overlapping line number ranges don't cause spurious suppression of
# warnings (see gh-6611 for details)
if "__warningregistry__" in self.user_global_ns:
del self.user_global_ns["__warningregistry__"]
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Things related to the "main" module
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
def new_main_mod(self, filename, modname):
"""Return a new 'main' module object for user code execution.
``filename`` should be the path of the script which will be run in the
module. Requests with the same filename will get the same module, with
its namespace cleared.
``modname`` should be the module name - normally either '__main__' or
the basename of the file without the extension.
When scripts are executed via %run, we must keep a reference to their
__main__ module around so that Python doesn't
clear it, rendering references to module globals useless.
This method keeps said reference in a private dict, keyed by the
absolute path of the script. This way, for multiple executions of the
same script we only keep one copy of the namespace (the last one),
thus preventing memory leaks from old references while allowing the
objects from the last execution to be accessible.
"""
filename = os.path.abspath(filename)
try:
main_mod = self._main_mod_cache[filename]
except KeyError:
main_mod = self._main_mod_cache[filename] = types.ModuleType(
modname,
doc="Module created for script run in IPython")
else:
main_mod.__dict__.clear()
main_mod.__name__ = modname
main_mod.__file__ = filename
# It seems pydoc (and perhaps others) needs any module instance to
# implement a __nonzero__ method
main_mod.__nonzero__ = lambda : True
return main_mod
def clear_main_mod_cache(self):
"""Clear the cache of main modules.
Mainly for use by utilities like %reset.
Examples
--------
In [15]: import IPython
In [16]: m = _ip.new_main_mod(IPython.__file__, 'IPython')
In [17]: len(_ip._main_mod_cache) > 0
Out[17]: True
In [18]: _ip.clear_main_mod_cache()
In [19]: len(_ip._main_mod_cache) == 0
Out[19]: True
"""
self._main_mod_cache.clear()
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Things related to debugging
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
def init_pdb(self):
# Set calling of pdb on exceptions
# self.call_pdb is a property
self.call_pdb = self.pdb
def _get_call_pdb(self):
return self._call_pdb
def _set_call_pdb(self,val):
if val not in (0,1,False,True):
raise ValueError('new call_pdb value must be boolean')
# store value in instance
self._call_pdb = val
# notify the actual exception handlers
self.InteractiveTB.call_pdb = val
call_pdb = property(_get_call_pdb,_set_call_pdb,None,
'Control auto-activation of pdb at exceptions')
def debugger(self,force=False):
"""Call the pdb debugger.
Keywords:
- force(False): by default, this routine checks the instance call_pdb
flag and does not actually invoke the debugger if the flag is false.
The 'force' option forces the debugger to activate even if the flag
is false.
"""
if not (force or self.call_pdb):
return
if not hasattr(sys,'last_traceback'):
error('No traceback has been produced, nothing to debug.')
return
self.InteractiveTB.debugger(force=True)
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Things related to IPython's various namespaces
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
default_user_namespaces = True
def init_create_namespaces(self, user_module=None, user_ns=None):
# Create the namespace where the user will operate. user_ns is
# normally the only one used, and it is passed to the exec calls as
# the locals argument. But we do carry a user_global_ns namespace
# given as the exec 'globals' argument, This is useful in embedding
# situations where the ipython shell opens in a context where the
# distinction between locals and globals is meaningful. For
# non-embedded contexts, it is just the same object as the user_ns dict.
# FIXME. For some strange reason, __builtins__ is showing up at user
# level as a dict instead of a module. This is a manual fix, but I
# should really track down where the problem is coming from. Alex
# Schmolck reported this problem first.
# A useful post by Alex Martelli on this topic:
# Re: inconsistent value from __builtins__
# Von: Alex Martelli <aleaxit@yahoo.com>
# Datum: Freitag 01 Oktober 2004 04:45:34 nachmittags/abends
# Gruppen: comp.lang.python
# Michael Hohn <hohn@hooknose.lbl.gov> wrote:
# > >>> print type(builtin_check.get_global_binding('__builtins__'))
# > <type 'dict'>
# > >>> print type(__builtins__)
# > <type 'module'>
# > Is this difference in return value intentional?
# Well, it's documented that '__builtins__' can be either a dictionary
# or a module, and it's been that way for a long time. Whether it's
# intentional (or sensible), I don't know. In any case, the idea is
# that if you need to access the built-in namespace directly, you
# should start with "import __builtin__" (note, no 's') which will
# definitely give you a module. Yeah, it's somewhat confusing:-(.
# These routines return a properly built module and dict as needed by
# the rest of the code, and can also be used by extension writers to
# generate properly initialized namespaces.
if (user_ns is not None) or (user_module is not None):
self.default_user_namespaces = False
self.user_module, self.user_ns = self.prepare_user_module(user_module, user_ns)
# A record of hidden variables we have added to the user namespace, so
# we can list later only variables defined in actual interactive use.
self.user_ns_hidden = {}
# Now that FakeModule produces a real module, we've run into a nasty
# problem: after script execution (via %run), the module where the user
# code ran is deleted. Now that this object is a true module (needed
# so doctest and other tools work correctly), the Python module
# teardown mechanism runs over it, and sets to None every variable
# present in that module. Top-level references to objects from the
# script survive, because the user_ns is updated with them. However,
# calling functions defined in the script that use other things from
# the script will fail, because the function's closure had references
# to the original objects, which are now all None. So we must protect
# these modules from deletion by keeping a cache.
#
# To avoid keeping stale modules around (we only need the one from the
# last run), we use a dict keyed with the full path to the script, so
# only the last version of the module is held in the cache. Note,
# however, that we must cache the module *namespace contents* (their
# __dict__). Because if we try to cache the actual modules, old ones
# (uncached) could be destroyed while still holding references (such as
# those held by GUI objects that tend to be long-lived)>
#
# The %reset command will flush this cache. See the cache_main_mod()
# and clear_main_mod_cache() methods for details on use.
# This is the cache used for 'main' namespaces
self._main_mod_cache = {}
# A table holding all the namespaces IPython deals with, so that
# introspection facilities can search easily.
self.ns_table = {'user_global':self.user_module.__dict__,
'user_local':self.user_ns,
'builtin':builtin_mod.__dict__
}
def user_global_ns(self):
return self.user_module.__dict__
def prepare_user_module(self, user_module=None, user_ns=None):
"""Prepare the module and namespace in which user code will be run.
When IPython is started normally, both parameters are None: a new module
is created automatically, and its __dict__ used as the namespace.
If only user_module is provided, its __dict__ is used as the namespace.
If only user_ns is provided, a dummy module is created, and user_ns
becomes the global namespace. If both are provided (as they may be
when embedding), user_ns is the local namespace, and user_module
provides the global namespace.
Parameters
----------
user_module : module, optional
The current user module in which IPython is being run. If None,
a clean module will be created.
user_ns : dict, optional
A namespace in which to run interactive commands.
Returns
-------
A tuple of user_module and user_ns, each properly initialised.
"""
if user_module is None and user_ns is not None:
user_ns.setdefault("__name__", "__main__")
user_module = DummyMod()
user_module.__dict__ = user_ns
if user_module is None:
user_module = types.ModuleType("__main__",
doc="Automatically created module for IPython interactive environment")
# We must ensure that __builtin__ (without the final 's') is always
# available and pointing to the __builtin__ *module*. For more details:
# http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2001-April/014068.html
user_module.__dict__.setdefault('__builtin__', builtin_mod)
user_module.__dict__.setdefault('__builtins__', builtin_mod)
if user_ns is None:
user_ns = user_module.__dict__
return user_module, user_ns
def init_sys_modules(self):
# We need to insert into sys.modules something that looks like a
# module but which accesses the IPython namespace, for shelve and
# pickle to work interactively. Normally they rely on getting
# everything out of __main__, but for embedding purposes each IPython
# instance has its own private namespace, so we can't go shoving
# everything into __main__.
# note, however, that we should only do this for non-embedded
# ipythons, which really mimic the __main__.__dict__ with their own
# namespace. Embedded instances, on the other hand, should not do
# this because they need to manage the user local/global namespaces
# only, but they live within a 'normal' __main__ (meaning, they
# shouldn't overtake the execution environment of the script they're
# embedded in).
# This is overridden in the InteractiveShellEmbed subclass to a no-op.
main_name = self.user_module.__name__
sys.modules[main_name] = self.user_module
def init_user_ns(self):
"""Initialize all user-visible namespaces to their minimum defaults.
Certain history lists are also initialized here, as they effectively
act as user namespaces.
Notes
-----
All data structures here are only filled in, they are NOT reset by this
method. If they were not empty before, data will simply be added to
them.
"""
# This function works in two parts: first we put a few things in
# user_ns, and we sync that contents into user_ns_hidden so that these
# initial variables aren't shown by %who. After the sync, we add the
# rest of what we *do* want the user to see with %who even on a new
# session (probably nothing, so they really only see their own stuff)
# The user dict must *always* have a __builtin__ reference to the
# Python standard __builtin__ namespace, which must be imported.
# This is so that certain operations in prompt evaluation can be
# reliably executed with builtins. Note that we can NOT use
# __builtins__ (note the 's'), because that can either be a dict or a
# module, and can even mutate at runtime, depending on the context
# (Python makes no guarantees on it). In contrast, __builtin__ is
# always a module object, though it must be explicitly imported.
# For more details:
# http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2001-April/014068.html
ns = {}
# make global variables for user access to the histories
ns['_ih'] = self.history_manager.input_hist_parsed
ns['_oh'] = self.history_manager.output_hist
ns['_dh'] = self.history_manager.dir_hist
# user aliases to input and output histories. These shouldn't show up
# in %who, as they can have very large reprs.
ns['In'] = self.history_manager.input_hist_parsed
ns['Out'] = self.history_manager.output_hist
# Store myself as the public api!!!
ns['get_ipython'] = self.get_ipython
ns['exit'] = self.exiter
ns['quit'] = self.exiter
ns["open"] = _modified_open
# Sync what we've added so far to user_ns_hidden so these aren't seen
# by %who
self.user_ns_hidden.update(ns)
# Anything put into ns now would show up in %who. Think twice before
# putting anything here, as we really want %who to show the user their
# stuff, not our variables.
# Finally, update the real user's namespace
self.user_ns.update(ns)
def all_ns_refs(self):
"""Get a list of references to all the namespace dictionaries in which
IPython might store a user-created object.
Note that this does not include the displayhook, which also caches
objects from the output."""
return [self.user_ns, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns_hidden] + \
[m.__dict__ for m in self._main_mod_cache.values()]
def reset(self, new_session=True, aggressive=False):
"""Clear all internal namespaces, and attempt to release references to
user objects.
If new_session is True, a new history session will be opened.
"""
# Clear histories
self.history_manager.reset(new_session)
# Reset counter used to index all histories
if new_session:
self.execution_count = 1
# Reset last execution result
self.last_execution_succeeded = True
self.last_execution_result = None
# Flush cached output items
if self.displayhook.do_full_cache:
self.displayhook.flush()
# The main execution namespaces must be cleared very carefully,
# skipping the deletion of the builtin-related keys, because doing so
# would cause errors in many object's __del__ methods.
if self.user_ns is not self.user_global_ns:
self.user_ns.clear()
ns = self.user_global_ns
drop_keys = set(ns.keys())
drop_keys.discard('__builtin__')
drop_keys.discard('__builtins__')
drop_keys.discard('__name__')
for k in drop_keys:
del ns[k]
self.user_ns_hidden.clear()
# Restore the user namespaces to minimal usability
self.init_user_ns()
if aggressive and not hasattr(self, "_sys_modules_keys"):
print("Cannot restore sys.module, no snapshot")
elif aggressive:
print("culling sys module...")
current_keys = set(sys.modules.keys())
for k in current_keys - self._sys_modules_keys:
if k.startswith("multiprocessing"):
continue
del sys.modules[k]
# Restore the default and user aliases
self.alias_manager.clear_aliases()
self.alias_manager.init_aliases()
# Now define aliases that only make sense on the terminal, because they
# need direct access to the console in a way that we can't emulate in
# GUI or web frontend
if os.name == 'posix':
for cmd in ('clear', 'more', 'less', 'man'):
if cmd not in self.magics_manager.magics['line']:
self.alias_manager.soft_define_alias(cmd, cmd)
# Flush the private list of module references kept for script
# execution protection
self.clear_main_mod_cache()
def del_var(self, varname, by_name=False):
"""Delete a variable from the various namespaces, so that, as
far as possible, we're not keeping any hidden references to it.
Parameters
----------
varname : str
The name of the variable to delete.
by_name : bool
If True, delete variables with the given name in each
namespace. If False (default), find the variable in the user
namespace, and delete references to it.
"""
if varname in ('__builtin__', '__builtins__'):
raise ValueError("Refusing to delete %s" % varname)
ns_refs = self.all_ns_refs
if by_name: # Delete by name
for ns in ns_refs:
try:
del ns[varname]
except KeyError:
pass
else: # Delete by object
try:
obj = self.user_ns[varname]
except KeyError as e:
raise NameError("name '%s' is not defined" % varname) from e
# Also check in output history
ns_refs.append(self.history_manager.output_hist)
for ns in ns_refs:
to_delete = [n for n, o in ns.items() if o is obj]
for name in to_delete:
del ns[name]
# Ensure it is removed from the last execution result
if self.last_execution_result.result is obj:
self.last_execution_result = None
# displayhook keeps extra references, but not in a dictionary
for name in ('_', '__', '___'):
if getattr(self.displayhook, name) is obj:
setattr(self.displayhook, name, None)
def reset_selective(self, regex=None):
"""Clear selective variables from internal namespaces based on a
specified regular expression.
Parameters
----------
regex : string or compiled pattern, optional
A regular expression pattern that will be used in searching
variable names in the users namespaces.
"""
if regex is not None:
try:
m = re.compile(regex)
except TypeError as e:
raise TypeError('regex must be a string or compiled pattern') from e
# Search for keys in each namespace that match the given regex
# If a match is found, delete the key/value pair.
for ns in self.all_ns_refs:
for var in ns:
if m.search(var):
del ns[var]
def push(self, variables, interactive=True):
"""Inject a group of variables into the IPython user namespace.
Parameters
----------
variables : dict, str or list/tuple of str
The variables to inject into the user's namespace. If a dict, a
simple update is done. If a str, the string is assumed to have
variable names separated by spaces. A list/tuple of str can also
be used to give the variable names. If just the variable names are
give (list/tuple/str) then the variable values looked up in the
callers frame.
interactive : bool
If True (default), the variables will be listed with the ``who``
magic.
"""
vdict = None
# We need a dict of name/value pairs to do namespace updates.
if isinstance(variables, dict):
vdict = variables
elif isinstance(variables, (str, list, tuple)):
if isinstance(variables, str):
vlist = variables.split()
else:
vlist = variables
vdict = {}
cf = sys._getframe(1)
for name in vlist:
try:
vdict[name] = eval(name, cf.f_globals, cf.f_locals)
except:
print('Could not get variable %s from %s' %
(name,cf.f_code.co_name))
else:
raise ValueError('variables must be a dict/str/list/tuple')
# Propagate variables to user namespace
self.user_ns.update(vdict)
# And configure interactive visibility
user_ns_hidden = self.user_ns_hidden
if interactive:
for name in vdict:
user_ns_hidden.pop(name, None)
else:
user_ns_hidden.update(vdict)
def drop_by_id(self, variables):
"""Remove a dict of variables from the user namespace, if they are the
same as the values in the dictionary.
This is intended for use by extensions: variables that they've added can
be taken back out if they are unloaded, without removing any that the
user has overwritten.
Parameters
----------
variables : dict
A dictionary mapping object names (as strings) to the objects.
"""
for name, obj in variables.items():
if name in self.user_ns and self.user_ns[name] is obj:
del self.user_ns[name]
self.user_ns_hidden.pop(name, None)
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Things related to object introspection
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
def _find_parts(oname: str) -> Tuple[bool, ListType[str]]:
"""
Given an object name, return a list of parts of this object name.
Basically split on docs when using attribute access,
and extract the value when using square bracket.
For example foo.bar[3].baz[x] -> foo, bar, 3, baz, x
Returns
-------
parts_ok: bool
wether we were properly able to parse parts.
parts: list of str
extracted parts
"""
raw_parts = oname.split(".")
parts = []
parts_ok = True
for p in raw_parts:
if p.endswith("]"):
var, *indices = p.split("[")
if not var.isidentifier():
parts_ok = False
break
parts.append(var)
for ind in indices:
if ind[-1] != "]" and not is_integer_string(ind[:-1]):
parts_ok = False
break
parts.append(ind[:-1])
continue
if not p.isidentifier():
parts_ok = False
parts.append(p)
return parts_ok, parts
def _ofind(
self, oname: str, namespaces: Optional[Sequence[Tuple[str, AnyType]]] = None
) -> OInfo:
"""Find an object in the available namespaces.
Returns
-------
OInfo with fields:
- ismagic
- isalias
- found
- obj
- namespac
- parent
Has special code to detect magic functions.
"""
oname = oname.strip()
parts_ok, parts = self._find_parts(oname)
if (
not oname.startswith(ESC_MAGIC)
and not oname.startswith(ESC_MAGIC2)
and not parts_ok
):
return OInfo(
ismagic=False,
isalias=False,
found=False,
obj=None,
namespace=None,
parent=None,
)
if namespaces is None:
# Namespaces to search in:
# Put them in a list. The order is important so that we
# find things in the same order that Python finds them.
namespaces = [ ('Interactive', self.user_ns),
('Interactive (global)', self.user_global_ns),
('Python builtin', builtin_mod.__dict__),
]
ismagic = False
isalias = False
found = False
ospace = None
parent = None
obj = None
# Look for the given name by splitting it in parts. If the head is
# found, then we look for all the remaining parts as members, and only
# declare success if we can find them all.
oname_parts = parts
oname_head, oname_rest = oname_parts[0],oname_parts[1:]
for nsname,ns in namespaces:
try:
obj = ns[oname_head]
except KeyError:
continue
else:
for idx, part in enumerate(oname_rest):
try:
parent = obj
# The last part is looked up in a special way to avoid
# descriptor invocation as it may raise or have side
# effects.
if idx == len(oname_rest) - 1:
obj = self._getattr_property(obj, part)
else:
if is_integer_string(part):
obj = obj[int(part)]
else:
obj = getattr(obj, part)
except:
# Blanket except b/c some badly implemented objects
# allow __getattr__ to raise exceptions other than
# AttributeError, which then crashes IPython.
break
else:
# If we finish the for loop (no break), we got all members
found = True
ospace = nsname
break # namespace loop
# Try to see if it's magic
if not found:
obj = None
if oname.startswith(ESC_MAGIC2):
oname = oname.lstrip(ESC_MAGIC2)
obj = self.find_cell_magic(oname)
elif oname.startswith(ESC_MAGIC):
oname = oname.lstrip(ESC_MAGIC)
obj = self.find_line_magic(oname)
else:
# search without prefix, so run? will find %run?
obj = self.find_line_magic(oname)
if obj is None:
obj = self.find_cell_magic(oname)
if obj is not None:
found = True
ospace = 'IPython internal'
ismagic = True
isalias = isinstance(obj, Alias)
# Last try: special-case some literals like '', [], {}, etc:
if not found and oname_head in ["''",'""','[]','{}','()']:
obj = eval(oname_head)
found = True
ospace = 'Interactive'
return OInfo(
obj=obj,
found=found,
parent=parent,
ismagic=ismagic,
isalias=isalias,
namespace=ospace,
)
def _getattr_property(obj, attrname):
"""Property-aware getattr to use in object finding.
If attrname represents a property, return it unevaluated (in case it has
side effects or raises an error.
"""
if not isinstance(obj, type):
try:
# `getattr(type(obj), attrname)` is not guaranteed to return
# `obj`, but does so for property:
#
# property.__get__(self, None, cls) -> self
#
# The universal alternative is to traverse the mro manually
# searching for attrname in class dicts.
if is_integer_string(attrname):
return obj[int(attrname)]
else:
attr = getattr(type(obj), attrname)
except AttributeError:
pass
else:
# This relies on the fact that data descriptors (with both
# __get__ & __set__ magic methods) take precedence over
# instance-level attributes:
#
# class A(object):
# @property
# def foobar(self): return 123
# a = A()
# a.__dict__['foobar'] = 345
# a.foobar # == 123
#
# So, a property may be returned right away.
if isinstance(attr, property):
return attr
# Nothing helped, fall back.
return getattr(obj, attrname)
def _object_find(self, oname, namespaces=None) -> OInfo:
"""Find an object and return a struct with info about it."""
return self._ofind(oname, namespaces)
def _inspect(self, meth, oname, namespaces=None, **kw):
"""Generic interface to the inspector system.
This function is meant to be called by pdef, pdoc & friends.
"""
info: OInfo = self._object_find(oname, namespaces)
docformat = (
sphinxify(self.object_inspect(oname)) if self.sphinxify_docstring else None
)
if info.found or hasattr(info.parent, oinspect.HOOK_NAME):
pmethod = getattr(self.inspector, meth)
# TODO: only apply format_screen to the plain/text repr of the mime
# bundle.
formatter = format_screen if info.ismagic else docformat
if meth == 'pdoc':
pmethod(info.obj, oname, formatter)
elif meth == 'pinfo':
pmethod(
info.obj,
oname,
formatter,
info,
enable_html_pager=self.enable_html_pager,
**kw,
)
else:
pmethod(info.obj, oname)
else:
print('Object `%s` not found.' % oname)
return 'not found' # so callers can take other action
def object_inspect(self, oname, detail_level=0):
"""Get object info about oname"""
with self.builtin_trap:
info = self._object_find(oname)
if info.found:
return self.inspector.info(info.obj, oname, info=info,
detail_level=detail_level
)
else:
return oinspect.object_info(name=oname, found=False)
def object_inspect_text(self, oname, detail_level=0):
"""Get object info as formatted text"""
return self.object_inspect_mime(oname, detail_level)['text/plain']
def object_inspect_mime(self, oname, detail_level=0, omit_sections=()):
"""Get object info as a mimebundle of formatted representations.
A mimebundle is a dictionary, keyed by mime-type.
It must always have the key `'text/plain'`.
"""
with self.builtin_trap:
info = self._object_find(oname)
if info.found:
docformat = (
sphinxify(self.object_inspect(oname))
if self.sphinxify_docstring
else None
)
return self.inspector._get_info(
info.obj,
oname,
info=info,
detail_level=detail_level,
formatter=docformat,
omit_sections=omit_sections,
)
else:
raise KeyError(oname)
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Things related to history management
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
def init_history(self):
"""Sets up the command history, and starts regular autosaves."""
self.history_manager = HistoryManager(shell=self, parent=self)
self.configurables.append(self.history_manager)
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Things related to exception handling and tracebacks (not debugging)
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
debugger_cls = InterruptiblePdb
def init_traceback_handlers(self, custom_exceptions):
# Syntax error handler.
self.SyntaxTB = ultratb.SyntaxTB(color_scheme='NoColor', parent=self)
# The interactive one is initialized with an offset, meaning we always
# want to remove the topmost item in the traceback, which is our own
# internal code. Valid modes: ['Plain','Context','Verbose','Minimal']
self.InteractiveTB = ultratb.AutoFormattedTB(mode = 'Plain',
color_scheme='NoColor',
tb_offset = 1,
debugger_cls=self.debugger_cls, parent=self)
# The instance will store a pointer to the system-wide exception hook,
# so that runtime code (such as magics) can access it. This is because
# during the read-eval loop, it may get temporarily overwritten.
self.sys_excepthook = sys.excepthook
# and add any custom exception handlers the user may have specified
self.set_custom_exc(*custom_exceptions)
# Set the exception mode
self.InteractiveTB.set_mode(mode=self.xmode)
def set_custom_exc(self, exc_tuple, handler):
"""set_custom_exc(exc_tuple, handler)
Set a custom exception handler, which will be called if any of the
exceptions in exc_tuple occur in the mainloop (specifically, in the
run_code() method).
Parameters
----------
exc_tuple : tuple of exception classes
A *tuple* of exception classes, for which to call the defined
handler. It is very important that you use a tuple, and NOT A
LIST here, because of the way Python's except statement works. If
you only want to trap a single exception, use a singleton tuple::
exc_tuple == (MyCustomException,)
handler : callable
handler must have the following signature::
def my_handler(self, etype, value, tb, tb_offset=None):
...
return structured_traceback
Your handler must return a structured traceback (a list of strings),
or None.
This will be made into an instance method (via types.MethodType)
of IPython itself, and it will be called if any of the exceptions
listed in the exc_tuple are caught. If the handler is None, an
internal basic one is used, which just prints basic info.
To protect IPython from crashes, if your handler ever raises an
exception or returns an invalid result, it will be immediately
disabled.
Notes
-----
WARNING: by putting in your own exception handler into IPython's main
execution loop, you run a very good chance of nasty crashes. This
facility should only be used if you really know what you are doing.
"""
if not isinstance(exc_tuple, tuple):
raise TypeError("The custom exceptions must be given as a tuple.")
def dummy_handler(self, etype, value, tb, tb_offset=None):
print('*** Simple custom exception handler ***')
print('Exception type :', etype)
print('Exception value:', value)
print('Traceback :', tb)
def validate_stb(stb):
"""validate structured traceback return type
return type of CustomTB *should* be a list of strings, but allow
single strings or None, which are harmless.
This function will *always* return a list of strings,
and will raise a TypeError if stb is inappropriate.
"""
msg = "CustomTB must return list of strings, not %r" % stb
if stb is None:
return []
elif isinstance(stb, str):
return [stb]
elif not isinstance(stb, list):
raise TypeError(msg)
# it's a list
for line in stb:
# check every element
if not isinstance(line, str):
raise TypeError(msg)
return stb
if handler is None:
wrapped = dummy_handler
else:
def wrapped(self,etype,value,tb,tb_offset=None):
"""wrap CustomTB handler, to protect IPython from user code
This makes it harder (but not impossible) for custom exception
handlers to crash IPython.
"""
try:
stb = handler(self,etype,value,tb,tb_offset=tb_offset)
return validate_stb(stb)
except:
# clear custom handler immediately
self.set_custom_exc((), None)
print("Custom TB Handler failed, unregistering", file=sys.stderr)
# show the exception in handler first
stb = self.InteractiveTB.structured_traceback(*sys.exc_info())
print(self.InteractiveTB.stb2text(stb))
print("The original exception:")
stb = self.InteractiveTB.structured_traceback(
(etype,value,tb), tb_offset=tb_offset
)
return stb
self.CustomTB = types.MethodType(wrapped,self)
self.custom_exceptions = exc_tuple
def excepthook(self, etype, value, tb):
"""One more defense for GUI apps that call sys.excepthook.
GUI frameworks like wxPython trap exceptions and call
sys.excepthook themselves. I guess this is a feature that
enables them to keep running after exceptions that would
otherwise kill their mainloop. This is a bother for IPython
which expects to catch all of the program exceptions with a try:
except: statement.
Normally, IPython sets sys.excepthook to a CrashHandler instance, so if
any app directly invokes sys.excepthook, it will look to the user like
IPython crashed. In order to work around this, we can disable the
CrashHandler and replace it with this excepthook instead, which prints a
regular traceback using our InteractiveTB. In this fashion, apps which
call sys.excepthook will generate a regular-looking exception from
IPython, and the CrashHandler will only be triggered by real IPython
crashes.
This hook should be used sparingly, only in places which are not likely
to be true IPython errors.
"""
self.showtraceback((etype, value, tb), tb_offset=0)
def _get_exc_info(self, exc_tuple=None):
"""get exc_info from a given tuple, sys.exc_info() or sys.last_type etc.
Ensures sys.last_type,value,traceback hold the exc_info we found,
from whichever source.
raises ValueError if none of these contain any information
"""
if exc_tuple is None:
etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
else:
etype, value, tb = exc_tuple
if etype is None:
if hasattr(sys, 'last_type'):
etype, value, tb = sys.last_type, sys.last_value, \
sys.last_traceback
if etype is None:
raise ValueError("No exception to find")
# Now store the exception info in sys.last_type etc.
# WARNING: these variables are somewhat deprecated and not
# necessarily safe to use in a threaded environment, but tools
# like pdb depend on their existence, so let's set them. If we
# find problems in the field, we'll need to revisit their use.
sys.last_type = etype
sys.last_value = value
sys.last_traceback = tb
return etype, value, tb
def show_usage_error(self, exc):
"""Show a short message for UsageErrors
These are special exceptions that shouldn't show a traceback.
"""
print("UsageError: %s" % exc, file=sys.stderr)
def get_exception_only(self, exc_tuple=None):
"""
Return as a string (ending with a newline) the exception that
just occurred, without any traceback.
"""
etype, value, tb = self._get_exc_info(exc_tuple)
msg = traceback.format_exception_only(etype, value)
return ''.join(msg)
def showtraceback(self, exc_tuple=None, filename=None, tb_offset=None,
exception_only=False, running_compiled_code=False):
"""Display the exception that just occurred.
If nothing is known about the exception, this is the method which
should be used throughout the code for presenting user tracebacks,
rather than directly invoking the InteractiveTB object.
A specific showsyntaxerror() also exists, but this method can take
care of calling it if needed, so unless you are explicitly catching a
SyntaxError exception, don't try to analyze the stack manually and
simply call this method."""
try:
try:
etype, value, tb = self._get_exc_info(exc_tuple)
except ValueError:
print('No traceback available to show.', file=sys.stderr)
return
if issubclass(etype, SyntaxError):
# Though this won't be called by syntax errors in the input
# line, there may be SyntaxError cases with imported code.
self.showsyntaxerror(filename, running_compiled_code)
elif etype is UsageError:
self.show_usage_error(value)
else:
if exception_only:
stb = ['An exception has occurred, use %tb to see '
'the full traceback.\n']
stb.extend(self.InteractiveTB.get_exception_only(etype,
value))
else:
try:
# Exception classes can customise their traceback - we
# use this in IPython.parallel for exceptions occurring
# in the engines. This should return a list of strings.
if hasattr(value, "_render_traceback_"):
stb = value._render_traceback_()
else:
stb = self.InteractiveTB.structured_traceback(
etype, value, tb, tb_offset=tb_offset
)
except Exception:
print(
"Unexpected exception formatting exception. Falling back to standard exception"
)
traceback.print_exc()
return None
self._showtraceback(etype, value, stb)
if self.call_pdb:
# drop into debugger
self.debugger(force=True)
return
# Actually show the traceback
self._showtraceback(etype, value, stb)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
print('\n' + self.get_exception_only(), file=sys.stderr)
def _showtraceback(self, etype, evalue, stb: str):
"""Actually show a traceback.
Subclasses may override this method to put the traceback on a different
place, like a side channel.
"""
val = self.InteractiveTB.stb2text(stb)
try:
print(val)
except UnicodeEncodeError:
print(val.encode("utf-8", "backslashreplace").decode())
def showsyntaxerror(self, filename=None, running_compiled_code=False):
"""Display the syntax error that just occurred.
This doesn't display a stack trace because there isn't one.
If a filename is given, it is stuffed in the exception instead
of what was there before (because Python's parser always uses
"<string>" when reading from a string).
If the syntax error occurred when running a compiled code (i.e. running_compile_code=True),
longer stack trace will be displayed.
"""
etype, value, last_traceback = self._get_exc_info()
if filename and issubclass(etype, SyntaxError):
try:
value.filename = filename
except:
# Not the format we expect; leave it alone
pass
# If the error occurred when executing compiled code, we should provide full stacktrace.
elist = traceback.extract_tb(last_traceback) if running_compiled_code else []
stb = self.SyntaxTB.structured_traceback(etype, value, elist)
self._showtraceback(etype, value, stb)
# This is overridden in TerminalInteractiveShell to show a message about
# the %paste magic.
def showindentationerror(self):
"""Called by _run_cell when there's an IndentationError in code entered
at the prompt.
This is overridden in TerminalInteractiveShell to show a message about
the %paste magic."""
self.showsyntaxerror()
def set_next_input(self, s, replace=False):
""" Sets the 'default' input string for the next command line.
Example::
In [1]: _ip.set_next_input("Hello Word")
In [2]: Hello Word_ # cursor is here
"""
self.rl_next_input = s
def _indent_current_str(self):
"""return the current level of indentation as a string"""
return self.input_splitter.get_indent_spaces() * ' '
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Things related to text completion
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
def init_completer(self):
"""Initialize the completion machinery.
This creates completion machinery that can be used by client code,
either interactively in-process (typically triggered by the readline
library), programmatically (such as in test suites) or out-of-process
(typically over the network by remote frontends).
"""
from IPython.core.completer import IPCompleter
from IPython.core.completerlib import (
cd_completer,
magic_run_completer,
module_completer,
reset_completer,
)
self.Completer = IPCompleter(shell=self,
namespace=self.user_ns,
global_namespace=self.user_global_ns,
parent=self,
)
self.configurables.append(self.Completer)
# Add custom completers to the basic ones built into IPCompleter
sdisp = self.strdispatchers.get('complete_command', StrDispatch())
self.strdispatchers['complete_command'] = sdisp
self.Completer.custom_completers = sdisp
self.set_hook('complete_command', module_completer, str_key = 'import')
self.set_hook('complete_command', module_completer, str_key = 'from')
self.set_hook('complete_command', module_completer, str_key = '%aimport')
self.set_hook('complete_command', magic_run_completer, str_key = '%run')
self.set_hook('complete_command', cd_completer, str_key = '%cd')
self.set_hook('complete_command', reset_completer, str_key = '%reset')
def complete(self, text, line=None, cursor_pos=None):
"""Return the completed text and a list of completions.
Parameters
----------
text : string
A string of text to be completed on. It can be given as empty and
instead a line/position pair are given. In this case, the
completer itself will split the line like readline does.
line : string, optional
The complete line that text is part of.
cursor_pos : int, optional
The position of the cursor on the input line.
Returns
-------
text : string
The actual text that was completed.
matches : list
A sorted list with all possible completions.
Notes
-----
The optional arguments allow the completion to take more context into
account, and are part of the low-level completion API.
This is a wrapper around the completion mechanism, similar to what
readline does at the command line when the TAB key is hit. By
exposing it as a method, it can be used by other non-readline
environments (such as GUIs) for text completion.
Examples
--------
In [1]: x = 'hello'
In [2]: _ip.complete('x.l')
Out[2]: ('x.l', ['x.ljust', 'x.lower', 'x.lstrip'])
"""
# Inject names into __builtin__ so we can complete on the added names.
with self.builtin_trap:
return self.Completer.complete(text, line, cursor_pos)
def set_custom_completer(self, completer, pos=0) -> None:
"""Adds a new custom completer function.
The position argument (defaults to 0) is the index in the completers
list where you want the completer to be inserted.
`completer` should have the following signature::
def completion(self: Completer, text: string) -> List[str]:
raise NotImplementedError
It will be bound to the current Completer instance and pass some text
and return a list with current completions to suggest to the user.
"""
newcomp = types.MethodType(completer, self.Completer)
self.Completer.custom_matchers.insert(pos,newcomp)
def set_completer_frame(self, frame=None):
"""Set the frame of the completer."""
if frame:
self.Completer.namespace = frame.f_locals
self.Completer.global_namespace = frame.f_globals
else:
self.Completer.namespace = self.user_ns
self.Completer.global_namespace = self.user_global_ns
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Things related to magics
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
def init_magics(self):
from IPython.core import magics as m
self.magics_manager = magic.MagicsManager(shell=self,
parent=self,
user_magics=m.UserMagics(self))
self.configurables.append(self.magics_manager)
# Expose as public API from the magics manager
self.register_magics = self.magics_manager.register
self.register_magics(m.AutoMagics, m.BasicMagics, m.CodeMagics,
m.ConfigMagics, m.DisplayMagics, m.ExecutionMagics,
m.ExtensionMagics, m.HistoryMagics, m.LoggingMagics,
m.NamespaceMagics, m.OSMagics, m.PackagingMagics,
m.PylabMagics, m.ScriptMagics,
)
self.register_magics(m.AsyncMagics)
# Register Magic Aliases
mman = self.magics_manager
# FIXME: magic aliases should be defined by the Magics classes
# or in MagicsManager, not here
mman.register_alias('ed', 'edit')
mman.register_alias('hist', 'history')
mman.register_alias('rep', 'recall')
mman.register_alias('SVG', 'svg', 'cell')
mman.register_alias('HTML', 'html', 'cell')
mman.register_alias('file', 'writefile', 'cell')
# FIXME: Move the color initialization to the DisplayHook, which
# should be split into a prompt manager and displayhook. We probably
# even need a centralize colors management object.
self.run_line_magic('colors', self.colors)
# Defined here so that it's included in the documentation
def register_magic_function(self, func, magic_kind='line', magic_name=None):
self.magics_manager.register_function(
func, magic_kind=magic_kind, magic_name=magic_name
)
def _find_with_lazy_load(self, /, type_, magic_name: str):
"""
Try to find a magic potentially lazy-loading it.
Parameters
----------
type_: "line"|"cell"
the type of magics we are trying to find/lazy load.
magic_name: str
The name of the magic we are trying to find/lazy load
Note that this may have any side effects
"""
finder = {"line": self.find_line_magic, "cell": self.find_cell_magic}[type_]
fn = finder(magic_name)
if fn is not None:
return fn
lazy = self.magics_manager.lazy_magics.get(magic_name)
if lazy is None:
return None
self.run_line_magic("load_ext", lazy)
res = finder(magic_name)
return res
def run_line_magic(self, magic_name: str, line, _stack_depth=1):
"""Execute the given line magic.
Parameters
----------
magic_name : str
Name of the desired magic function, without '%' prefix.
line : str
The rest of the input line as a single string.
_stack_depth : int
If run_line_magic() is called from magic() then _stack_depth=2.
This is added to ensure backward compatibility for use of 'get_ipython().magic()'
"""
fn = self._find_with_lazy_load("line", magic_name)
if fn is None:
lazy = self.magics_manager.lazy_magics.get(magic_name)
if lazy:
self.run_line_magic("load_ext", lazy)
fn = self.find_line_magic(magic_name)
if fn is None:
cm = self.find_cell_magic(magic_name)
etpl = "Line magic function `%%%s` not found%s."
extra = '' if cm is None else (' (But cell magic `%%%%%s` exists, '
'did you mean that instead?)' % magic_name )
raise UsageError(etpl % (magic_name, extra))
else:
# Note: this is the distance in the stack to the user's frame.
# This will need to be updated if the internal calling logic gets
# refactored, or else we'll be expanding the wrong variables.
# Determine stack_depth depending on where run_line_magic() has been called
stack_depth = _stack_depth
if getattr(fn, magic.MAGIC_NO_VAR_EXPAND_ATTR, False):
# magic has opted out of var_expand
magic_arg_s = line
else:
magic_arg_s = self.var_expand(line, stack_depth)
# Put magic args in a list so we can call with f(*a) syntax
args = [magic_arg_s]
kwargs = {}
# Grab local namespace if we need it:
if getattr(fn, "needs_local_scope", False):
kwargs['local_ns'] = self.get_local_scope(stack_depth)
with self.builtin_trap:
result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
# The code below prevents the output from being displayed
# when using magics with decodator @output_can_be_silenced
# when the last Python token in the expression is a ';'.
if getattr(fn, magic.MAGIC_OUTPUT_CAN_BE_SILENCED, False):
if DisplayHook.semicolon_at_end_of_expression(magic_arg_s):
return None
return result
def get_local_scope(self, stack_depth):
"""Get local scope at given stack depth.
Parameters
----------
stack_depth : int
Depth relative to calling frame
"""
return sys._getframe(stack_depth + 1).f_locals
def run_cell_magic(self, magic_name, line, cell):
"""Execute the given cell magic.
Parameters
----------
magic_name : str
Name of the desired magic function, without '%' prefix.
line : str
The rest of the first input line as a single string.
cell : str
The body of the cell as a (possibly multiline) string.
"""
fn = self._find_with_lazy_load("cell", magic_name)
if fn is None:
lm = self.find_line_magic(magic_name)
etpl = "Cell magic `%%{0}` not found{1}."
extra = '' if lm is None else (' (But line magic `%{0}` exists, '
'did you mean that instead?)'.format(magic_name))
raise UsageError(etpl.format(magic_name, extra))
elif cell == '':
message = '%%{0} is a cell magic, but the cell body is empty.'.format(magic_name)
if self.find_line_magic(magic_name) is not None:
message += ' Did you mean the line magic %{0} (single %)?'.format(magic_name)
raise UsageError(message)
else:
# Note: this is the distance in the stack to the user's frame.
# This will need to be updated if the internal calling logic gets
# refactored, or else we'll be expanding the wrong variables.
stack_depth = 2
if getattr(fn, magic.MAGIC_NO_VAR_EXPAND_ATTR, False):
# magic has opted out of var_expand
magic_arg_s = line
else:
magic_arg_s = self.var_expand(line, stack_depth)
kwargs = {}
if getattr(fn, "needs_local_scope", False):
kwargs['local_ns'] = self.user_ns
with self.builtin_trap:
args = (magic_arg_s, cell)
result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
# The code below prevents the output from being displayed
# when using magics with decodator @output_can_be_silenced
# when the last Python token in the expression is a ';'.
if getattr(fn, magic.MAGIC_OUTPUT_CAN_BE_SILENCED, False):
if DisplayHook.semicolon_at_end_of_expression(cell):
return None
return result
def find_line_magic(self, magic_name):
"""Find and return a line magic by name.
Returns None if the magic isn't found."""
return self.magics_manager.magics['line'].get(magic_name)
def find_cell_magic(self, magic_name):
"""Find and return a cell magic by name.
Returns None if the magic isn't found."""
return self.magics_manager.magics['cell'].get(magic_name)
def find_magic(self, magic_name, magic_kind='line'):
"""Find and return a magic of the given type by name.
Returns None if the magic isn't found."""
return self.magics_manager.magics[magic_kind].get(magic_name)
def magic(self, arg_s):
"""
DEPRECATED
Deprecated since IPython 0.13 (warning added in
8.1), use run_line_magic(magic_name, parameter_s).
Call a magic function by name.
Input: a string containing the name of the magic function to call and
any additional arguments to be passed to the magic.
magic('name -opt foo bar') is equivalent to typing at the ipython
prompt:
In[1]: %name -opt foo bar
To call a magic without arguments, simply use magic('name').
This provides a proper Python function to call IPython's magics in any
valid Python code you can type at the interpreter, including loops and
compound statements.
"""
warnings.warn(
"`magic(...)` is deprecated since IPython 0.13 (warning added in "
"8.1), use run_line_magic(magic_name, parameter_s).",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
# TODO: should we issue a loud deprecation warning here?
magic_name, _, magic_arg_s = arg_s.partition(' ')
magic_name = magic_name.lstrip(prefilter.ESC_MAGIC)
return self.run_line_magic(magic_name, magic_arg_s, _stack_depth=2)
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Things related to macros
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
def define_macro(self, name, themacro):
"""Define a new macro
Parameters
----------
name : str
The name of the macro.
themacro : str or Macro
The action to do upon invoking the macro. If a string, a new
Macro object is created by passing the string to it.
"""
from IPython.core import macro
if isinstance(themacro, str):
themacro = macro.Macro(themacro)
if not isinstance(themacro, macro.Macro):
raise ValueError('A macro must be a string or a Macro instance.')
self.user_ns[name] = themacro
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Things related to the running of system commands
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
def system_piped(self, cmd):
"""Call the given cmd in a subprocess, piping stdout/err
Parameters
----------
cmd : str
Command to execute (can not end in '&', as background processes are
not supported. Should not be a command that expects input
other than simple text.
"""
if cmd.rstrip().endswith('&'):
# this is *far* from a rigorous test
# We do not support backgrounding processes because we either use
# pexpect or pipes to read from. Users can always just call
# os.system() or use ip.system=ip.system_raw
# if they really want a background process.
raise OSError("Background processes not supported.")
# we explicitly do NOT return the subprocess status code, because
# a non-None value would trigger :func:`sys.displayhook` calls.
# Instead, we store the exit_code in user_ns.
self.user_ns['_exit_code'] = system(self.var_expand(cmd, depth=1))
def system_raw(self, cmd):
"""Call the given cmd in a subprocess using os.system on Windows or
subprocess.call using the system shell on other platforms.
Parameters
----------
cmd : str
Command to execute.
"""
cmd = self.var_expand(cmd, depth=1)
# warn if there is an IPython magic alternative.
main_cmd = cmd.split()[0]
has_magic_alternatives = ("pip", "conda", "cd")
if main_cmd in has_magic_alternatives:
warnings.warn(
(
"You executed the system command !{0} which may not work "
"as expected. Try the IPython magic %{0} instead."
).format(main_cmd)
)
# protect os.system from UNC paths on Windows, which it can't handle:
if sys.platform == 'win32':
from IPython.utils._process_win32 import AvoidUNCPath
with AvoidUNCPath() as path:
if path is not None:
cmd = '"pushd %s &&"%s' % (path, cmd)
try:
ec = os.system(cmd)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
print('\n' + self.get_exception_only(), file=sys.stderr)
ec = -2
else:
# For posix the result of the subprocess.call() below is an exit
# code, which by convention is zero for success, positive for
# program failure. Exit codes above 128 are reserved for signals,
# and the formula for converting a signal to an exit code is usually
# signal_number+128. To more easily differentiate between exit
# codes and signals, ipython uses negative numbers. For instance
# since control-c is signal 2 but exit code 130, ipython's
# _exit_code variable will read -2. Note that some shells like
# csh and fish don't follow sh/bash conventions for exit codes.
executable = os.environ.get('SHELL', None)
try:
# Use env shell instead of default /bin/sh
ec = subprocess.call(cmd, shell=True, executable=executable)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
# intercept control-C; a long traceback is not useful here
print('\n' + self.get_exception_only(), file=sys.stderr)
ec = 130
if ec > 128:
ec = -(ec - 128)
# We explicitly do NOT return the subprocess status code, because
# a non-None value would trigger :func:`sys.displayhook` calls.
# Instead, we store the exit_code in user_ns. Note the semantics
# of _exit_code: for control-c, _exit_code == -signal.SIGNIT,
# but raising SystemExit(_exit_code) will give status 254!
self.user_ns['_exit_code'] = ec
# use piped system by default, because it is better behaved
system = system_piped
def getoutput(self, cmd, split=True, depth=0):
"""Get output (possibly including stderr) from a subprocess.
Parameters
----------
cmd : str
Command to execute (can not end in '&', as background processes are
not supported.
split : bool, optional
If True, split the output into an IPython SList. Otherwise, an
IPython LSString is returned. These are objects similar to normal
lists and strings, with a few convenience attributes for easier
manipulation of line-based output. You can use '?' on them for
details.
depth : int, optional
How many frames above the caller are the local variables which should
be expanded in the command string? The default (0) assumes that the
expansion variables are in the stack frame calling this function.
"""
if cmd.rstrip().endswith('&'):
# this is *far* from a rigorous test
raise OSError("Background processes not supported.")
out = getoutput(self.var_expand(cmd, depth=depth+1))
if split:
out = SList(out.splitlines())
else:
out = LSString(out)
return out
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Things related to aliases
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
def init_alias(self):
self.alias_manager = AliasManager(shell=self, parent=self)
self.configurables.append(self.alias_manager)
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Things related to extensions
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
def init_extension_manager(self):
self.extension_manager = ExtensionManager(shell=self, parent=self)
self.configurables.append(self.extension_manager)
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Things related to payloads
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
def init_payload(self):
self.payload_manager = PayloadManager(parent=self)
self.configurables.append(self.payload_manager)
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Things related to the prefilter
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
def init_prefilter(self):
self.prefilter_manager = PrefilterManager(shell=self, parent=self)
self.configurables.append(self.prefilter_manager)
# Ultimately this will be refactored in the new interpreter code, but
# for now, we should expose the main prefilter method (there's legacy
# code out there that may rely on this).
self.prefilter = self.prefilter_manager.prefilter_lines
def auto_rewrite_input(self, cmd):
"""Print to the screen the rewritten form of the user's command.
This shows visual feedback by rewriting input lines that cause
automatic calling to kick in, like::
/f x
into::
------> f(x)
after the user's input prompt. This helps the user understand that the
input line was transformed automatically by IPython.
"""
if not self.show_rewritten_input:
return
# This is overridden in TerminalInteractiveShell to use fancy prompts
print("------> " + cmd)
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Things related to extracting values/expressions from kernel and user_ns
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
def _user_obj_error(self):
"""return simple exception dict
for use in user_expressions
"""
etype, evalue, tb = self._get_exc_info()
stb = self.InteractiveTB.get_exception_only(etype, evalue)
exc_info = {
"status": "error",
"traceback": stb,
"ename": etype.__name__,
"evalue": py3compat.safe_unicode(evalue),
}
return exc_info
def _format_user_obj(self, obj):
"""format a user object to display dict
for use in user_expressions
"""
data, md = self.display_formatter.format(obj)
value = {
'status' : 'ok',
'data' : data,
'metadata' : md,
}
return value
def user_expressions(self, expressions):
"""Evaluate a dict of expressions in the user's namespace.
Parameters
----------
expressions : dict
A dict with string keys and string values. The expression values
should be valid Python expressions, each of which will be evaluated
in the user namespace.
Returns
-------
A dict, keyed like the input expressions dict, with the rich mime-typed
display_data of each value.
"""
out = {}
user_ns = self.user_ns
global_ns = self.user_global_ns
for key, expr in expressions.items():
try:
value = self._format_user_obj(eval(expr, global_ns, user_ns))
except:
value = self._user_obj_error()
out[key] = value
return out
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Things related to the running of code
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
def ex(self, cmd):
"""Execute a normal python statement in user namespace."""
with self.builtin_trap:
exec(cmd, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
def ev(self, expr):
"""Evaluate python expression expr in user namespace.
Returns the result of evaluation
"""
with self.builtin_trap:
return eval(expr, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
def safe_execfile(self, fname, *where, exit_ignore=False, raise_exceptions=False, shell_futures=False):
"""A safe version of the builtin execfile().
This version will never throw an exception, but instead print
helpful error messages to the screen. This only works on pure
Python files with the .py extension.
Parameters
----------
fname : string
The name of the file to be executed.
*where : tuple
One or two namespaces, passed to execfile() as (globals,locals).
If only one is given, it is passed as both.
exit_ignore : bool (False)
If True, then silence SystemExit for non-zero status (it is always
silenced for zero status, as it is so common).
raise_exceptions : bool (False)
If True raise exceptions everywhere. Meant for testing.
shell_futures : bool (False)
If True, the code will share future statements with the interactive
shell. It will both be affected by previous __future__ imports, and
any __future__ imports in the code will affect the shell. If False,
__future__ imports are not shared in either direction.
"""
fname = Path(fname).expanduser().resolve()
# Make sure we can open the file
try:
with fname.open("rb"):
pass
except:
warn('Could not open file <%s> for safe execution.' % fname)
return
# Find things also in current directory. This is needed to mimic the
# behavior of running a script from the system command line, where
# Python inserts the script's directory into sys.path
dname = str(fname.parent)
with prepended_to_syspath(dname), self.builtin_trap:
try:
glob, loc = (where + (None, ))[:2]
py3compat.execfile(
fname, glob, loc,
self.compile if shell_futures else None)
except SystemExit as status:
# If the call was made with 0 or None exit status (sys.exit(0)
# or sys.exit() ), don't bother showing a traceback, as both of
# these are considered normal by the OS:
# > python -c'import sys;sys.exit(0)'; echo $?
# 0
# > python -c'import sys;sys.exit()'; echo $?
# 0
# For other exit status, we show the exception unless
# explicitly silenced, but only in short form.
if status.code:
if raise_exceptions:
raise
if not exit_ignore:
self.showtraceback(exception_only=True)
except:
if raise_exceptions:
raise
# tb offset is 2 because we wrap execfile
self.showtraceback(tb_offset=2)
def safe_execfile_ipy(self, fname, shell_futures=False, raise_exceptions=False):
"""Like safe_execfile, but for .ipy or .ipynb files with IPython syntax.
Parameters
----------
fname : str
The name of the file to execute. The filename must have a
.ipy or .ipynb extension.
shell_futures : bool (False)
If True, the code will share future statements with the interactive
shell. It will both be affected by previous __future__ imports, and
any __future__ imports in the code will affect the shell. If False,
__future__ imports are not shared in either direction.
raise_exceptions : bool (False)
If True raise exceptions everywhere. Meant for testing.
"""
fname = Path(fname).expanduser().resolve()
# Make sure we can open the file
try:
with fname.open("rb"):
pass
except:
warn('Could not open file <%s> for safe execution.' % fname)
return
# Find things also in current directory. This is needed to mimic the
# behavior of running a script from the system command line, where
# Python inserts the script's directory into sys.path
dname = str(fname.parent)
def get_cells():
"""generator for sequence of code blocks to run"""
if fname.suffix == ".ipynb":
from nbformat import read
nb = read(fname, as_version=4)
if not nb.cells:
return
for cell in nb.cells:
if cell.cell_type == 'code':
yield cell.source
else:
yield fname.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
with prepended_to_syspath(dname):
try:
for cell in get_cells():
result = self.run_cell(cell, silent=True, shell_futures=shell_futures)
if raise_exceptions:
result.raise_error()
elif not result.success:
break
except:
if raise_exceptions:
raise
self.showtraceback()
warn('Unknown failure executing file: <%s>' % fname)
def safe_run_module(self, mod_name, where):
"""A safe version of runpy.run_module().
This version will never throw an exception, but instead print
helpful error messages to the screen.
`SystemExit` exceptions with status code 0 or None are ignored.
Parameters
----------
mod_name : string
The name of the module to be executed.
where : dict
The globals namespace.
"""
try:
try:
where.update(
runpy.run_module(str(mod_name), run_name="__main__",
alter_sys=True)
)
except SystemExit as status:
if status.code:
raise
except:
self.showtraceback()
warn('Unknown failure executing module: <%s>' % mod_name)
def run_cell(
self,
raw_cell,
store_history=False,
silent=False,
shell_futures=True,
cell_id=None,
):
"""Run a complete IPython cell.
Parameters
----------
raw_cell : str
The code (including IPython code such as %magic functions) to run.
store_history : bool
If True, the raw and translated cell will be stored in IPython's
history. For user code calling back into IPython's machinery, this
should be set to False.
silent : bool
If True, avoid side-effects, such as implicit displayhooks and
and logging. silent=True forces store_history=False.
shell_futures : bool
If True, the code will share future statements with the interactive
shell. It will both be affected by previous __future__ imports, and
any __future__ imports in the code will affect the shell. If False,
__future__ imports are not shared in either direction.
Returns
-------
result : :class:`ExecutionResult`
"""
result = None
try:
result = self._run_cell(
raw_cell, store_history, silent, shell_futures, cell_id
)
finally:
self.events.trigger('post_execute')
if not silent:
self.events.trigger('post_run_cell', result)
return result
def _run_cell(
self,
raw_cell: str,
store_history: bool,
silent: bool,
shell_futures: bool,
cell_id: str,
) -> ExecutionResult:
"""Internal method to run a complete IPython cell."""
# we need to avoid calling self.transform_cell multiple time on the same thing
# so we need to store some results:
preprocessing_exc_tuple = None
try:
transformed_cell = self.transform_cell(raw_cell)
except Exception:
transformed_cell = raw_cell
preprocessing_exc_tuple = sys.exc_info()
assert transformed_cell is not None
coro = self.run_cell_async(
raw_cell,
store_history=store_history,
silent=silent,
shell_futures=shell_futures,
transformed_cell=transformed_cell,
preprocessing_exc_tuple=preprocessing_exc_tuple,
cell_id=cell_id,
)
# run_cell_async is async, but may not actually need an eventloop.
# when this is the case, we want to run it using the pseudo_sync_runner
# so that code can invoke eventloops (for example via the %run , and
# `%paste` magic.
if self.trio_runner:
runner = self.trio_runner
elif self.should_run_async(
raw_cell,
transformed_cell=transformed_cell,
preprocessing_exc_tuple=preprocessing_exc_tuple,
):
runner = self.loop_runner
else:
runner = _pseudo_sync_runner
try:
result = runner(coro)
except BaseException as e:
info = ExecutionInfo(
raw_cell, store_history, silent, shell_futures, cell_id
)
result = ExecutionResult(info)
result.error_in_exec = e
self.showtraceback(running_compiled_code=True)
finally:
return result
def should_run_async(
self, raw_cell: str, *, transformed_cell=None, preprocessing_exc_tuple=None
) -> bool:
"""Return whether a cell should be run asynchronously via a coroutine runner
Parameters
----------
raw_cell : str
The code to be executed
Returns
-------
result: bool
Whether the code needs to be run with a coroutine runner or not
.. versionadded:: 7.0
"""
if not self.autoawait:
return False
if preprocessing_exc_tuple is not None:
return False
assert preprocessing_exc_tuple is None
if transformed_cell is None:
warnings.warn(
"`should_run_async` will not call `transform_cell`"
" automatically in the future. Please pass the result to"
" `transformed_cell` argument and any exception that happen"
" during the"
"transform in `preprocessing_exc_tuple` in"
" IPython 7.17 and above.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
try:
cell = self.transform_cell(raw_cell)
except Exception:
# any exception during transform will be raised
# prior to execution
return False
else:
cell = transformed_cell
return _should_be_async(cell)
async def run_cell_async(
self,
raw_cell: str,
store_history=False,
silent=False,
shell_futures=True,
*,
transformed_cell: Optional[str] = None,
preprocessing_exc_tuple: Optional[AnyType] = None,
cell_id=None,
) -> ExecutionResult:
"""Run a complete IPython cell asynchronously.
Parameters
----------
raw_cell : str
The code (including IPython code such as %magic functions) to run.
store_history : bool
If True, the raw and translated cell will be stored in IPython's
history. For user code calling back into IPython's machinery, this
should be set to False.
silent : bool
If True, avoid side-effects, such as implicit displayhooks and
and logging. silent=True forces store_history=False.
shell_futures : bool
If True, the code will share future statements with the interactive
shell. It will both be affected by previous __future__ imports, and
any __future__ imports in the code will affect the shell. If False,
__future__ imports are not shared in either direction.
transformed_cell: str
cell that was passed through transformers
preprocessing_exc_tuple:
trace if the transformation failed.
Returns
-------
result : :class:`ExecutionResult`
.. versionadded:: 7.0
"""
info = ExecutionInfo(raw_cell, store_history, silent, shell_futures, cell_id)
result = ExecutionResult(info)
if (not raw_cell) or raw_cell.isspace():
self.last_execution_succeeded = True
self.last_execution_result = result
return result
if silent:
store_history = False
if store_history:
result.execution_count = self.execution_count
def error_before_exec(value):
if store_history:
self.execution_count += 1
result.error_before_exec = value
self.last_execution_succeeded = False
self.last_execution_result = result
return result
self.events.trigger('pre_execute')
if not silent:
self.events.trigger('pre_run_cell', info)
if transformed_cell is None:
warnings.warn(
"`run_cell_async` will not call `transform_cell`"
" automatically in the future. Please pass the result to"
" `transformed_cell` argument and any exception that happen"
" during the"
"transform in `preprocessing_exc_tuple` in"
" IPython 7.17 and above.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
# If any of our input transformation (input_transformer_manager or
# prefilter_manager) raises an exception, we store it in this variable
# so that we can display the error after logging the input and storing
# it in the history.
try:
cell = self.transform_cell(raw_cell)
except Exception:
preprocessing_exc_tuple = sys.exc_info()
cell = raw_cell # cell has to exist so it can be stored/logged
else:
preprocessing_exc_tuple = None
else:
if preprocessing_exc_tuple is None:
cell = transformed_cell
else:
cell = raw_cell
# Do NOT store paste/cpaste magic history
if "get_ipython().run_line_magic(" in cell and "paste" in cell:
store_history = False
# Store raw and processed history
if store_history:
self.history_manager.store_inputs(self.execution_count, cell, raw_cell)
if not silent:
self.logger.log(cell, raw_cell)
# Display the exception if input processing failed.
if preprocessing_exc_tuple is not None:
self.showtraceback(preprocessing_exc_tuple)
if store_history:
self.execution_count += 1
return error_before_exec(preprocessing_exc_tuple[1])
# Our own compiler remembers the __future__ environment. If we want to
# run code with a separate __future__ environment, use the default
# compiler
compiler = self.compile if shell_futures else self.compiler_class()
_run_async = False
with self.builtin_trap:
cell_name = compiler.cache(cell, self.execution_count, raw_code=raw_cell)
with self.display_trap:
# Compile to bytecode
try:
code_ast = compiler.ast_parse(cell, filename=cell_name)
except self.custom_exceptions as e:
etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
self.CustomTB(etype, value, tb)
return error_before_exec(e)
except IndentationError as e:
self.showindentationerror()
return error_before_exec(e)
except (OverflowError, SyntaxError, ValueError, TypeError,
MemoryError) as e:
self.showsyntaxerror()
return error_before_exec(e)
# Apply AST transformations
try:
code_ast = self.transform_ast(code_ast)
except InputRejected as e:
self.showtraceback()
return error_before_exec(e)
# Give the displayhook a reference to our ExecutionResult so it
# can fill in the output value.
self.displayhook.exec_result = result
# Execute the user code
interactivity = "none" if silent else self.ast_node_interactivity
has_raised = await self.run_ast_nodes(code_ast.body, cell_name,
interactivity=interactivity, compiler=compiler, result=result)
self.last_execution_succeeded = not has_raised
self.last_execution_result = result
# Reset this so later displayed values do not modify the
# ExecutionResult
self.displayhook.exec_result = None
if store_history:
# Write output to the database. Does nothing unless
# history output logging is enabled.
self.history_manager.store_output(self.execution_count)
# Each cell is a *single* input, regardless of how many lines it has
self.execution_count += 1
return result
def transform_cell(self, raw_cell):
"""Transform an input cell before parsing it.
Static transformations, implemented in IPython.core.inputtransformer2,
deal with things like ``%magic`` and ``!system`` commands.
These run on all input.
Dynamic transformations, for things like unescaped magics and the exit
autocall, depend on the state of the interpreter.
These only apply to single line inputs.
These string-based transformations are followed by AST transformations;
see :meth:`transform_ast`.
"""
# Static input transformations
cell = self.input_transformer_manager.transform_cell(raw_cell)
if len(cell.splitlines()) == 1:
# Dynamic transformations - only applied for single line commands
with self.builtin_trap:
# use prefilter_lines to handle trailing newlines
# restore trailing newline for ast.parse
cell = self.prefilter_manager.prefilter_lines(cell) + '\n'
lines = cell.splitlines(keepends=True)
for transform in self.input_transformers_post:
lines = transform(lines)
cell = ''.join(lines)
return cell
def transform_ast(self, node):
"""Apply the AST transformations from self.ast_transformers
Parameters
----------
node : ast.Node
The root node to be transformed. Typically called with the ast.Module
produced by parsing user input.
Returns
-------
An ast.Node corresponding to the node it was called with. Note that it
may also modify the passed object, so don't rely on references to the
original AST.
"""
for transformer in self.ast_transformers:
try:
node = transformer.visit(node)
except InputRejected:
# User-supplied AST transformers can reject an input by raising
# an InputRejected. Short-circuit in this case so that we
# don't unregister the transform.
raise
except Exception:
warn("AST transformer %r threw an error. It will be unregistered." % transformer)
self.ast_transformers.remove(transformer)
if self.ast_transformers:
ast.fix_missing_locations(node)
return node
async def run_ast_nodes(
self,
nodelist: ListType[stmt],
cell_name: str,
interactivity="last_expr",
compiler=compile,
result=None,
):
"""Run a sequence of AST nodes. The execution mode depends on the
interactivity parameter.
Parameters
----------
nodelist : list
A sequence of AST nodes to run.
cell_name : str
Will be passed to the compiler as the filename of the cell. Typically
the value returned by ip.compile.cache(cell).
interactivity : str
'all', 'last', 'last_expr' , 'last_expr_or_assign' or 'none',
specifying which nodes should be run interactively (displaying output
from expressions). 'last_expr' will run the last node interactively
only if it is an expression (i.e. expressions in loops or other blocks
are not displayed) 'last_expr_or_assign' will run the last expression
or the last assignment. Other values for this parameter will raise a
ValueError.
compiler : callable
A function with the same interface as the built-in compile(), to turn
the AST nodes into code objects. Default is the built-in compile().
result : ExecutionResult, optional
An object to store exceptions that occur during execution.
Returns
-------
True if an exception occurred while running code, False if it finished
running.
"""
if not nodelist:
return
if interactivity == 'last_expr_or_assign':
if isinstance(nodelist[-1], _assign_nodes):
asg = nodelist[-1]
if isinstance(asg, ast.Assign) and len(asg.targets) == 1:
target = asg.targets[0]
elif isinstance(asg, _single_targets_nodes):
target = asg.target
else:
target = None
if isinstance(target, ast.Name):
nnode = ast.Expr(ast.Name(target.id, ast.Load()))
ast.fix_missing_locations(nnode)
nodelist.append(nnode)
interactivity = 'last_expr'
_async = False
if interactivity == 'last_expr':
if isinstance(nodelist[-1], ast.Expr):
interactivity = "last"
else:
interactivity = "none"
if interactivity == 'none':
to_run_exec, to_run_interactive = nodelist, []
elif interactivity == 'last':
to_run_exec, to_run_interactive = nodelist[:-1], nodelist[-1:]
elif interactivity == 'all':
to_run_exec, to_run_interactive = [], nodelist
else:
raise ValueError("Interactivity was %r" % interactivity)
try:
def compare(code):
is_async = inspect.CO_COROUTINE & code.co_flags == inspect.CO_COROUTINE
return is_async
# refactor that to just change the mod constructor.
to_run = []
for node in to_run_exec:
to_run.append((node, "exec"))
for node in to_run_interactive:
to_run.append((node, "single"))
for node, mode in to_run:
if mode == "exec":
mod = Module([node], [])
elif mode == "single":
mod = ast.Interactive([node]) # type: ignore
with compiler.extra_flags(
getattr(ast, "PyCF_ALLOW_TOP_LEVEL_AWAIT", 0x0)
if self.autoawait
else 0x0
):
code = compiler(mod, cell_name, mode)
asy = compare(code)
if await self.run_code(code, result, async_=asy):
return True
# Flush softspace
if softspace(sys.stdout, 0):
print()
except:
# It's possible to have exceptions raised here, typically by
# compilation of odd code (such as a naked 'return' outside a
# function) that did parse but isn't valid. Typically the exception
# is a SyntaxError, but it's safest just to catch anything and show
# the user a traceback.
# We do only one try/except outside the loop to minimize the impact
# on runtime, and also because if any node in the node list is
# broken, we should stop execution completely.
if result:
result.error_before_exec = sys.exc_info()[1]
self.showtraceback()
return True
return False
async def run_code(self, code_obj, result=None, *, async_=False):
"""Execute a code object.
When an exception occurs, self.showtraceback() is called to display a
traceback.
Parameters
----------
code_obj : code object
A compiled code object, to be executed
result : ExecutionResult, optional
An object to store exceptions that occur during execution.
async_ : Bool (Experimental)
Attempt to run top-level asynchronous code in a default loop.
Returns
-------
False : successful execution.
True : an error occurred.
"""
# special value to say that anything above is IPython and should be
# hidden.
__tracebackhide__ = "__ipython_bottom__"
# Set our own excepthook in case the user code tries to call it
# directly, so that the IPython crash handler doesn't get triggered
old_excepthook, sys.excepthook = sys.excepthook, self.excepthook
# we save the original sys.excepthook in the instance, in case config
# code (such as magics) needs access to it.
self.sys_excepthook = old_excepthook
outflag = True # happens in more places, so it's easier as default
try:
try:
if async_:
await eval(code_obj, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
else:
exec(code_obj, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
finally:
# Reset our crash handler in place
sys.excepthook = old_excepthook
except SystemExit as e:
if result is not None:
result.error_in_exec = e
self.showtraceback(exception_only=True)
warn("To exit: use 'exit', 'quit', or Ctrl-D.", stacklevel=1)
except bdb.BdbQuit:
etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
if result is not None:
result.error_in_exec = value
# the BdbQuit stops here
except self.custom_exceptions:
etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
if result is not None:
result.error_in_exec = value
self.CustomTB(etype, value, tb)
except:
if result is not None:
result.error_in_exec = sys.exc_info()[1]
self.showtraceback(running_compiled_code=True)
else:
outflag = False
return outflag
# For backwards compatibility
runcode = run_code
def check_complete(self, code: str) -> Tuple[str, str]:
"""Return whether a block of code is ready to execute, or should be continued
Parameters
----------
code : string
Python input code, which can be multiline.
Returns
-------
status : str
One of 'complete', 'incomplete', or 'invalid' if source is not a
prefix of valid code.
indent : str
When status is 'incomplete', this is some whitespace to insert on
the next line of the prompt.
"""
status, nspaces = self.input_transformer_manager.check_complete(code)
return status, ' ' * (nspaces or 0)
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Things related to GUI support and pylab
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
active_eventloop = None
def enable_gui(self, gui=None):
raise NotImplementedError('Implement enable_gui in a subclass')
def enable_matplotlib(self, gui=None):
"""Enable interactive matplotlib and inline figure support.
This takes the following steps:
1. select the appropriate eventloop and matplotlib backend
2. set up matplotlib for interactive use with that backend
3. configure formatters for inline figure display
4. enable the selected gui eventloop
Parameters
----------
gui : optional, string
If given, dictates the choice of matplotlib GUI backend to use
(should be one of IPython's supported backends, 'qt', 'osx', 'tk',
'gtk', 'wx' or 'inline'), otherwise we use the default chosen by
matplotlib (as dictated by the matplotlib build-time options plus the
user's matplotlibrc configuration file). Note that not all backends
make sense in all contexts, for example a terminal ipython can't
display figures inline.
"""
from matplotlib_inline.backend_inline import configure_inline_support
from IPython.core import pylabtools as pt
gui, backend = pt.find_gui_and_backend(gui, self.pylab_gui_select)
if gui != 'inline':
# If we have our first gui selection, store it
if self.pylab_gui_select is None:
self.pylab_gui_select = gui
# Otherwise if they are different
elif gui != self.pylab_gui_select:
print('Warning: Cannot change to a different GUI toolkit: %s.'
' Using %s instead.' % (gui, self.pylab_gui_select))
gui, backend = pt.find_gui_and_backend(self.pylab_gui_select)
pt.activate_matplotlib(backend)
configure_inline_support(self, backend)
# Now we must activate the gui pylab wants to use, and fix %run to take
# plot updates into account
self.enable_gui(gui)
self.magics_manager.registry['ExecutionMagics'].default_runner = \
pt.mpl_runner(self.safe_execfile)
return gui, backend
def enable_pylab(self, gui=None, import_all=True, welcome_message=False):
"""Activate pylab support at runtime.
This turns on support for matplotlib, preloads into the interactive
namespace all of numpy and pylab, and configures IPython to correctly
interact with the GUI event loop. The GUI backend to be used can be
optionally selected with the optional ``gui`` argument.
This method only adds preloading the namespace to InteractiveShell.enable_matplotlib.
Parameters
----------
gui : optional, string
If given, dictates the choice of matplotlib GUI backend to use
(should be one of IPython's supported backends, 'qt', 'osx', 'tk',
'gtk', 'wx' or 'inline'), otherwise we use the default chosen by
matplotlib (as dictated by the matplotlib build-time options plus the
user's matplotlibrc configuration file). Note that not all backends
make sense in all contexts, for example a terminal ipython can't
display figures inline.
import_all : optional, bool, default: True
Whether to do `from numpy import *` and `from pylab import *`
in addition to module imports.
welcome_message : deprecated
This argument is ignored, no welcome message will be displayed.
"""
from IPython.core.pylabtools import import_pylab
gui, backend = self.enable_matplotlib(gui)
# We want to prevent the loading of pylab to pollute the user's
# namespace as shown by the %who* magics, so we execute the activation
# code in an empty namespace, and we update *both* user_ns and
# user_ns_hidden with this information.
ns = {}
import_pylab(ns, import_all)
# warn about clobbered names
ignored = {"__builtins__"}
both = set(ns).intersection(self.user_ns).difference(ignored)
clobbered = [ name for name in both if self.user_ns[name] is not ns[name] ]
self.user_ns.update(ns)
self.user_ns_hidden.update(ns)
return gui, backend, clobbered
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Utilities
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
def var_expand(self, cmd, depth=0, formatter=DollarFormatter()):
"""Expand python variables in a string.
The depth argument indicates how many frames above the caller should
be walked to look for the local namespace where to expand variables.
The global namespace for expansion is always the user's interactive
namespace.
"""
ns = self.user_ns.copy()
try:
frame = sys._getframe(depth+1)
except ValueError:
# This is thrown if there aren't that many frames on the stack,
# e.g. if a script called run_line_magic() directly.
pass
else:
ns.update(frame.f_locals)
try:
# We have to use .vformat() here, because 'self' is a valid and common
# name, and expanding **ns for .format() would make it collide with
# the 'self' argument of the method.
cmd = formatter.vformat(cmd, args=[], kwargs=ns)
except Exception:
# if formatter couldn't format, just let it go untransformed
pass
return cmd
def mktempfile(self, data=None, prefix='ipython_edit_'):
"""Make a new tempfile and return its filename.
This makes a call to tempfile.mkstemp (created in a tempfile.mkdtemp),
but it registers the created filename internally so ipython cleans it up
at exit time.
Optional inputs:
- data(None): if data is given, it gets written out to the temp file
immediately, and the file is closed again."""
dir_path = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix=prefix))
self.tempdirs.append(dir_path)
handle, filename = tempfile.mkstemp(".py", prefix, dir=str(dir_path))
os.close(handle) # On Windows, there can only be one open handle on a file
file_path = Path(filename)
self.tempfiles.append(file_path)
if data:
file_path.write_text(data, encoding="utf-8")
return filename
def ask_yes_no(self, prompt, default=None, interrupt=None):
if self.quiet:
return True
return ask_yes_no(prompt,default,interrupt)
def show_usage(self):
"""Show a usage message"""
page.page(IPython.core.usage.interactive_usage)
def extract_input_lines(self, range_str, raw=False):
"""Return as a string a set of input history slices.
Parameters
----------
range_str : str
The set of slices is given as a string, like "~5/6-~4/2 4:8 9",
since this function is for use by magic functions which get their
arguments as strings. The number before the / is the session
number: ~n goes n back from the current session.
If empty string is given, returns history of current session
without the last input.
raw : bool, optional
By default, the processed input is used. If this is true, the raw
input history is used instead.
Notes
-----
Slices can be described with two notations:
* ``N:M`` -> standard python form, means including items N...(M-1).
* ``N-M`` -> include items N..M (closed endpoint).
"""
lines = self.history_manager.get_range_by_str(range_str, raw=raw)
text = "\n".join(x for _, _, x in lines)
# Skip the last line, as it's probably the magic that called this
if not range_str:
if "\n" not in text:
text = ""
else:
text = text[: text.rfind("\n")]
return text
def find_user_code(self, target, raw=True, py_only=False, skip_encoding_cookie=True, search_ns=False):
"""Get a code string from history, file, url, or a string or macro.
This is mainly used by magic functions.
Parameters
----------
target : str
A string specifying code to retrieve. This will be tried respectively
as: ranges of input history (see %history for syntax), url,
corresponding .py file, filename, or an expression evaluating to a
string or Macro in the user namespace.
If empty string is given, returns complete history of current
session, without the last line.
raw : bool
If true (default), retrieve raw history. Has no effect on the other
retrieval mechanisms.
py_only : bool (default False)
Only try to fetch python code, do not try alternative methods to decode file
if unicode fails.
Returns
-------
A string of code.
ValueError is raised if nothing is found, and TypeError if it evaluates
to an object of another type. In each case, .args[0] is a printable
message.
"""
code = self.extract_input_lines(target, raw=raw) # Grab history
if code:
return code
try:
if target.startswith(('http://', 'https://')):
return openpy.read_py_url(target, skip_encoding_cookie=skip_encoding_cookie)
except UnicodeDecodeError as e:
if not py_only :
# Deferred import
from urllib.request import urlopen
response = urlopen(target)
return response.read().decode('latin1')
raise ValueError(("'%s' seem to be unreadable.") % target) from e
potential_target = [target]
try :
potential_target.insert(0,get_py_filename(target))
except IOError:
pass
for tgt in potential_target :
if os.path.isfile(tgt): # Read file
try :
return openpy.read_py_file(tgt, skip_encoding_cookie=skip_encoding_cookie)
except UnicodeDecodeError as e:
if not py_only :
with io_open(tgt,'r', encoding='latin1') as f :
return f.read()
raise ValueError(("'%s' seem to be unreadable.") % target) from e
elif os.path.isdir(os.path.expanduser(tgt)):
raise ValueError("'%s' is a directory, not a regular file." % target)
if search_ns:
# Inspect namespace to load object source
object_info = self.object_inspect(target, detail_level=1)
if object_info['found'] and object_info['source']:
return object_info['source']
try: # User namespace
codeobj = eval(target, self.user_ns)
except Exception as e:
raise ValueError(("'%s' was not found in history, as a file, url, "
"nor in the user namespace.") % target) from e
if isinstance(codeobj, str):
return codeobj
elif isinstance(codeobj, Macro):
return codeobj.value
raise TypeError("%s is neither a string nor a macro." % target,
codeobj)
def _atexit_once(self):
"""
At exist operation that need to be called at most once.
Second call to this function per instance will do nothing.
"""
if not getattr(self, "_atexit_once_called", False):
self._atexit_once_called = True
# Clear all user namespaces to release all references cleanly.
self.reset(new_session=False)
# Close the history session (this stores the end time and line count)
# this must be *before* the tempfile cleanup, in case of temporary
# history db
self.history_manager.end_session()
self.history_manager = None
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Things related to IPython exiting
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
def atexit_operations(self):
"""This will be executed at the time of exit.
Cleanup operations and saving of persistent data that is done
unconditionally by IPython should be performed here.
For things that may depend on startup flags or platform specifics (such
as having readline or not), register a separate atexit function in the
code that has the appropriate information, rather than trying to
clutter
"""
self._atexit_once()
# Cleanup all tempfiles and folders left around
for tfile in self.tempfiles:
try:
tfile.unlink()
self.tempfiles.remove(tfile)
except FileNotFoundError:
pass
del self.tempfiles
for tdir in self.tempdirs:
try:
tdir.rmdir()
self.tempdirs.remove(tdir)
except FileNotFoundError:
pass
del self.tempdirs
# Restore user's cursor
if hasattr(self, "editing_mode") and self.editing_mode == "vi":
sys.stdout.write("\x1b[0 q")
sys.stdout.flush()
def cleanup(self):
self.restore_sys_module_state()
# Overridden in terminal subclass to change prompts
def switch_doctest_mode(self, mode):
pass
def select_figure_formats(shell, formats, **kwargs):
"""Select figure formats for the inline backend.
Parameters
----------
shell : InteractiveShell
The main IPython instance.
formats : str or set
One or a set of figure formats to enable: 'png', 'retina', 'jpeg', 'svg', 'pdf'.
**kwargs : any
Extra keyword arguments to be passed to fig.canvas.print_figure.
"""
import matplotlib
from matplotlib.figure import Figure
svg_formatter = shell.display_formatter.formatters['image/svg+xml']
png_formatter = shell.display_formatter.formatters['image/png']
jpg_formatter = shell.display_formatter.formatters['image/jpeg']
pdf_formatter = shell.display_formatter.formatters['application/pdf']
if isinstance(formats, str):
formats = {formats}
# cast in case of list / tuple
formats = set(formats)
[ f.pop(Figure, None) for f in shell.display_formatter.formatters.values() ]
mplbackend = matplotlib.get_backend().lower()
if mplbackend == 'nbagg' or mplbackend == 'module://ipympl.backend_nbagg':
formatter = shell.display_formatter.ipython_display_formatter
formatter.for_type(Figure, _reshow_nbagg_figure)
supported = {'png', 'png2x', 'retina', 'jpg', 'jpeg', 'svg', 'pdf'}
bad = formats.difference(supported)
if bad:
bs = "%s" % ','.join([repr(f) for f in bad])
gs = "%s" % ','.join([repr(f) for f in supported])
raise ValueError("supported formats are: %s not %s" % (gs, bs))
if "png" in formats:
png_formatter.for_type(
Figure, partial(print_figure, fmt="png", base64=True, **kwargs)
)
if "retina" in formats or "png2x" in formats:
png_formatter.for_type(Figure, partial(retina_figure, base64=True, **kwargs))
if "jpg" in formats or "jpeg" in formats:
jpg_formatter.for_type(
Figure, partial(print_figure, fmt="jpg", base64=True, **kwargs)
)
if "svg" in formats:
svg_formatter.for_type(Figure, partial(print_figure, fmt="svg", **kwargs))
if "pdf" in formats:
pdf_formatter.for_type(
Figure, partial(print_figure, fmt="pdf", base64=True, **kwargs)
)
class InlineBackend(InlineBackendConfig):
"""An object to store configuration of the inline backend."""
# While we are deprecating overriding matplotlib defaults out of the
# box, this structure should remain here (empty) for API compatibility
# and the use of other tools that may need it. Specifically Spyder takes
# advantage of it.
# See https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/10383 for details.
rc = Dict(
{},
help="""Dict to manage matplotlib configuration defaults in the inline
backend. As of v0.1.4 IPython/Jupyter do not override defaults out of
the box, but third-party tools may use it to manage rc data. To change
personal defaults for matplotlib, use matplotlib's configuration
tools, or customize this class in your `ipython_config.py` file for
IPython/Jupyter-specific usage.""").tag(config=True)
figure_formats = Set(
{'png'},
help="""A set of figure formats to enable: 'png',
'retina', 'jpeg', 'svg', 'pdf'.""").tag(config=True)
def _update_figure_formatters(self):
if self.shell is not None:
from IPython.core.pylabtools import select_figure_formats
select_figure_formats(self.shell, self.figure_formats, **self.print_figure_kwargs)
def _figure_formats_changed(self, name, old, new):
if 'jpg' in new or 'jpeg' in new:
if not pil_available():
raise TraitError("Requires PIL/Pillow for JPG figures")
self._update_figure_formatters()
figure_format = Unicode(help="""The figure format to enable (deprecated
use `figure_formats` instead)""").tag(config=True)
def _figure_format_changed(self, name, old, new):
if new:
self.figure_formats = {new}
print_figure_kwargs = Dict(
{'bbox_inches': 'tight'},
help="""Extra kwargs to be passed to fig.canvas.print_figure.
Logical examples include: bbox_inches, quality (for jpeg figures), etc.
"""
).tag(config=True)
_print_figure_kwargs_changed = _update_figure_formatters
close_figures = Bool(
True,
help="""Close all figures at the end of each cell.
When True, ensures that each cell starts with no active figures, but it
also means that one must keep track of references in order to edit or
redraw figures in subsequent cells. This mode is ideal for the notebook,
where residual plots from other cells might be surprising.
When False, one must call figure() to create new figures. This means
that gcf() and getfigs() can reference figures created in other cells,
and the active figure can continue to be edited with pylab/pyplot
methods that reference the current active figure. This mode facilitates
iterative editing of figures, and behaves most consistently with
other matplotlib backends, but figure barriers between cells must
be explicit.
""").tag(config=True)
shell = Instance('IPython.core.interactiveshell.InteractiveShellABC',
allow_none=True)
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `set_matplotlib_formats` function. Write a Python function `def set_matplotlib_formats(*formats, **kwargs)` to solve the following problem:
Select figure formats for the inline backend. Optionally pass quality for JPEG. For example, this enables PNG and JPEG output with a JPEG quality of 90%:: In [1]: set_matplotlib_formats('png', 'jpeg', quality=90) To set this in your config files use the following:: c.InlineBackend.figure_formats = {'png', 'jpeg'} c.InlineBackend.print_figure_kwargs.update({'quality' : 90}) Parameters ---------- *formats : strs One or more figure formats to enable: 'png', 'retina', 'jpeg', 'svg', 'pdf'. **kwargs Keyword args will be relayed to ``figure.canvas.print_figure``.
Here is the function:
def set_matplotlib_formats(*formats, **kwargs):
"""Select figure formats for the inline backend. Optionally pass quality for JPEG.
For example, this enables PNG and JPEG output with a JPEG quality of 90%::
In [1]: set_matplotlib_formats('png', 'jpeg', quality=90)
To set this in your config files use the following::
c.InlineBackend.figure_formats = {'png', 'jpeg'}
c.InlineBackend.print_figure_kwargs.update({'quality' : 90})
Parameters
----------
*formats : strs
One or more figure formats to enable: 'png', 'retina', 'jpeg', 'svg', 'pdf'.
**kwargs
Keyword args will be relayed to ``figure.canvas.print_figure``.
"""
# build kwargs, starting with InlineBackend config
cfg = InlineBackend.instance()
kw = {}
kw.update(cfg.print_figure_kwargs)
kw.update(**kwargs)
shell = InteractiveShell.instance()
select_figure_formats(shell, formats, **kw) | Select figure formats for the inline backend. Optionally pass quality for JPEG. For example, this enables PNG and JPEG output with a JPEG quality of 90%:: In [1]: set_matplotlib_formats('png', 'jpeg', quality=90) To set this in your config files use the following:: c.InlineBackend.figure_formats = {'png', 'jpeg'} c.InlineBackend.print_figure_kwargs.update({'quality' : 90}) Parameters ---------- *formats : strs One or more figure formats to enable: 'png', 'retina', 'jpeg', 'svg', 'pdf'. **kwargs Keyword args will be relayed to ``figure.canvas.print_figure``. |
173,926 | import matplotlib
from matplotlib import colors
from matplotlib.backends import backend_agg
from matplotlib.backends.backend_agg import FigureCanvasAgg
from matplotlib._pylab_helpers import Gcf
from matplotlib.figure import Figure
from IPython.core.interactiveshell import InteractiveShell
from IPython.core.getipython import get_ipython
from IPython.core.pylabtools import select_figure_formats
from IPython.display import display
from .config import InlineBackend
class InlineBackend(InlineBackendConfig):
"""An object to store configuration of the inline backend."""
# While we are deprecating overriding matplotlib defaults out of the
# box, this structure should remain here (empty) for API compatibility
# and the use of other tools that may need it. Specifically Spyder takes
# advantage of it.
# See https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/10383 for details.
rc = Dict(
{},
help="""Dict to manage matplotlib configuration defaults in the inline
backend. As of v0.1.4 IPython/Jupyter do not override defaults out of
the box, but third-party tools may use it to manage rc data. To change
personal defaults for matplotlib, use matplotlib's configuration
tools, or customize this class in your `ipython_config.py` file for
IPython/Jupyter-specific usage.""").tag(config=True)
figure_formats = Set(
{'png'},
help="""A set of figure formats to enable: 'png',
'retina', 'jpeg', 'svg', 'pdf'.""").tag(config=True)
def _update_figure_formatters(self):
if self.shell is not None:
from IPython.core.pylabtools import select_figure_formats
select_figure_formats(self.shell, self.figure_formats, **self.print_figure_kwargs)
def _figure_formats_changed(self, name, old, new):
if 'jpg' in new or 'jpeg' in new:
if not pil_available():
raise TraitError("Requires PIL/Pillow for JPG figures")
self._update_figure_formatters()
figure_format = Unicode(help="""The figure format to enable (deprecated
use `figure_formats` instead)""").tag(config=True)
def _figure_format_changed(self, name, old, new):
if new:
self.figure_formats = {new}
print_figure_kwargs = Dict(
{'bbox_inches': 'tight'},
help="""Extra kwargs to be passed to fig.canvas.print_figure.
Logical examples include: bbox_inches, quality (for jpeg figures), etc.
"""
).tag(config=True)
_print_figure_kwargs_changed = _update_figure_formatters
close_figures = Bool(
True,
help="""Close all figures at the end of each cell.
When True, ensures that each cell starts with no active figures, but it
also means that one must keep track of references in order to edit or
redraw figures in subsequent cells. This mode is ideal for the notebook,
where residual plots from other cells might be surprising.
When False, one must call figure() to create new figures. This means
that gcf() and getfigs() can reference figures created in other cells,
and the active figure can continue to be edited with pylab/pyplot
methods that reference the current active figure. This mode facilitates
iterative editing of figures, and behaves most consistently with
other matplotlib backends, but figure barriers between cells must
be explicit.
""").tag(config=True)
shell = Instance('IPython.core.interactiveshell.InteractiveShellABC',
allow_none=True)
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `set_matplotlib_close` function. Write a Python function `def set_matplotlib_close(close=True)` to solve the following problem:
Set whether the inline backend closes all figures automatically or not. By default, the inline backend used in the IPython Notebook will close all matplotlib figures automatically after each cell is run. This means that plots in different cells won't interfere. Sometimes, you may want to make a plot in one cell and then refine it in later cells. This can be accomplished by:: In [1]: set_matplotlib_close(False) To set this in your config files use the following:: c.InlineBackend.close_figures = False Parameters ---------- close : bool Should all matplotlib figures be automatically closed after each cell is run?
Here is the function:
def set_matplotlib_close(close=True):
"""Set whether the inline backend closes all figures automatically or not.
By default, the inline backend used in the IPython Notebook will close all
matplotlib figures automatically after each cell is run. This means that
plots in different cells won't interfere. Sometimes, you may want to make
a plot in one cell and then refine it in later cells. This can be accomplished
by::
In [1]: set_matplotlib_close(False)
To set this in your config files use the following::
c.InlineBackend.close_figures = False
Parameters
----------
close : bool
Should all matplotlib figures be automatically closed after each cell is
run?
"""
cfg = InlineBackend.instance()
cfg.close_figures = close | Set whether the inline backend closes all figures automatically or not. By default, the inline backend used in the IPython Notebook will close all matplotlib figures automatically after each cell is run. This means that plots in different cells won't interfere. Sometimes, you may want to make a plot in one cell and then refine it in later cells. This can be accomplished by:: In [1]: set_matplotlib_close(False) To set this in your config files use the following:: c.InlineBackend.close_figures = False Parameters ---------- close : bool Should all matplotlib figures be automatically closed after each cell is run? |
173,927 | import copy
import errno
import glob
import json
import os
from traitlets.config import LoggingConfigurable
from traitlets.traitlets import Bool, Unicode
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `recursive_update` function. Write a Python function `def recursive_update(target, new)` to solve the following problem:
Recursively update one dictionary using another. None values will delete their keys.
Here is the function:
def recursive_update(target, new):
"""Recursively update one dictionary using another.
None values will delete their keys.
"""
for k, v in new.items():
if isinstance(v, dict):
if k not in target:
target[k] = {}
recursive_update(target[k], v)
if not target[k]:
# Prune empty subdicts
del target[k]
elif v is None:
target.pop(k, None)
else:
target[k] = v | Recursively update one dictionary using another. None values will delete their keys. |
173,928 | import copy
import errno
import glob
import json
import os
from traitlets.config import LoggingConfigurable
from traitlets.traitlets import Bool, Unicode
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `remove_defaults` function. Write a Python function `def remove_defaults(data, defaults)` to solve the following problem:
Recursively remove items from dict that are already in defaults
Here is the function:
def remove_defaults(data, defaults):
"""Recursively remove items from dict that are already in defaults"""
# copy the iterator, since data will be modified
for key, value in list(data.items()):
if key in defaults:
if isinstance(value, dict):
remove_defaults(data[key], defaults[key])
if not data[key]: # prune empty subdicts
del data[key]
elif value == defaults[key]:
del data[key] | Recursively remove items from dict that are already in defaults |
173,929 | import errno
import importlib.util
import os
import socket
import sys
import warnings
from contextlib import contextmanager
from typing import NewType
from urllib.parse import (
SplitResult,
quote,
unquote,
urljoin, # noqa
urlparse,
urlsplit,
urlunsplit,
)
from urllib.request import pathname2url
from _frozen_importlib_external import _NamespacePath
from jupyter_core.utils import ensure_async
from packaging.version import Version
from tornado.httpclient import AsyncHTTPClient, HTTPClient, HTTPRequest
from tornado.netutil import Resolver
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `url_is_absolute` function. Write a Python function `def url_is_absolute(url)` to solve the following problem:
Determine whether a given URL is absolute
Here is the function:
def url_is_absolute(url):
"""Determine whether a given URL is absolute"""
return urlparse(url).path.startswith("/") | Determine whether a given URL is absolute |
173,930 | import errno
import importlib.util
import os
import socket
import sys
import warnings
from contextlib import contextmanager
from typing import NewType
from urllib.parse import (
SplitResult,
quote,
unquote,
urljoin, # noqa
urlparse,
urlsplit,
urlunsplit,
)
from urllib.request import pathname2url
from _frozen_importlib_external import _NamespacePath
from jupyter_core.utils import ensure_async
from packaging.version import Version
from tornado.httpclient import AsyncHTTPClient, HTTPClient, HTTPRequest
from tornado.netutil import Resolver
def url_path_join(*pieces):
"""Join components of url into a relative url
Use to prevent double slash when joining subpath. This will leave the
initial and final / in place
"""
initial = pieces[0].startswith("/")
final = pieces[-1].endswith("/")
stripped = [s.strip("/") for s in pieces]
result = "/".join(s for s in stripped if s)
if initial:
result = "/" + result
if final:
result = result + "/"
if result == "//":
result = "/"
return result
import os
del os
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `path2url` function. Write a Python function `def path2url(path)` to solve the following problem:
Convert a local file path to a URL
Here is the function:
def path2url(path):
"""Convert a local file path to a URL"""
pieces = [quote(p) for p in path.split(os.sep)]
# preserve trailing /
if pieces[-1] == "":
pieces[-1] = "/"
url = url_path_join(*pieces)
return url | Convert a local file path to a URL |
173,931 | import errno
import importlib.util
import os
import socket
import sys
import warnings
from contextlib import contextmanager
from typing import NewType
from urllib.parse import (
SplitResult,
quote,
unquote,
urljoin, # noqa
urlparse,
urlsplit,
urlunsplit,
)
from urllib.request import pathname2url
from _frozen_importlib_external import _NamespacePath
from jupyter_core.utils import ensure_async
from packaging.version import Version
from tornado.httpclient import AsyncHTTPClient, HTTPClient, HTTPRequest
from tornado.netutil import Resolver
import os
del os
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `url2path` function. Write a Python function `def url2path(url)` to solve the following problem:
Convert a URL to a local file path
Here is the function:
def url2path(url):
"""Convert a URL to a local file path"""
pieces = [unquote(p) for p in url.split("/")]
path = os.path.join(*pieces)
return path | Convert a URL to a local file path |
173,932 | import errno
import importlib.util
import os
import socket
import sys
import warnings
from contextlib import contextmanager
from typing import NewType
from urllib.parse import (
SplitResult,
quote,
unquote,
urljoin, # noqa
urlparse,
urlsplit,
urlunsplit,
)
from urllib.request import pathname2url
from _frozen_importlib_external import _NamespacePath
from jupyter_core.utils import ensure_async
from packaging.version import Version
from tornado.httpclient import AsyncHTTPClient, HTTPClient, HTTPRequest
from tornado.netutil import Resolver
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `url_escape` function. Write a Python function `def url_escape(path)` to solve the following problem:
Escape special characters in a URL path Turns '/foo bar/' into '/foo%20bar/'
Here is the function:
def url_escape(path):
"""Escape special characters in a URL path
Turns '/foo bar/' into '/foo%20bar/'
"""
parts = path.split("/")
return "/".join([quote(p) for p in parts]) | Escape special characters in a URL path Turns '/foo bar/' into '/foo%20bar/' |
173,933 | import errno
import importlib.util
import os
import socket
import sys
import warnings
from contextlib import contextmanager
from typing import NewType
from urllib.parse import (
SplitResult,
quote,
unquote,
urljoin, # noqa
urlparse,
urlsplit,
urlunsplit,
)
from urllib.request import pathname2url
from _frozen_importlib_external import _NamespacePath
from jupyter_core.utils import ensure_async
from packaging.version import Version
from tornado.httpclient import AsyncHTTPClient, HTTPClient, HTTPRequest
from tornado.netutil import Resolver
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `url_unescape` function. Write a Python function `def url_unescape(path)` to solve the following problem:
Unescape special characters in a URL path Turns '/foo%20bar/' into '/foo bar/'
Here is the function:
def url_unescape(path):
"""Unescape special characters in a URL path
Turns '/foo%20bar/' into '/foo bar/'
"""
return "/".join([unquote(p) for p in path.split("/")]) | Unescape special characters in a URL path Turns '/foo%20bar/' into '/foo bar/' |
173,934 | import errno
import importlib.util
import os
import socket
import sys
import warnings
from contextlib import contextmanager
from typing import NewType
from urllib.parse import (
SplitResult,
quote,
unquote,
urljoin, # noqa
urlparse,
urlsplit,
urlunsplit,
)
from urllib.request import pathname2url
from _frozen_importlib_external import _NamespacePath
from jupyter_core.utils import ensure_async
from packaging.version import Version
from tornado.httpclient import AsyncHTTPClient, HTTPClient, HTTPRequest
from tornado.netutil import Resolver
import os
del os
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `samefile_simple` function. Write a Python function `def samefile_simple(path, other_path)` to solve the following problem:
Fill in for os.path.samefile when it is unavailable (Windows+py2). Do a case-insensitive string comparison in this case plus comparing the full stat result (including times) because Windows + py2 doesn't support the stat fields needed for identifying if it's the same file (st_ino, st_dev). Only to be used if os.path.samefile is not available. Parameters ---------- path : str representing a path to a file other_path : str representing a path to another file Returns ------- same: Boolean that is True if both path and other path are the same
Here is the function:
def samefile_simple(path, other_path):
"""
Fill in for os.path.samefile when it is unavailable (Windows+py2).
Do a case-insensitive string comparison in this case
plus comparing the full stat result (including times)
because Windows + py2 doesn't support the stat fields
needed for identifying if it's the same file (st_ino, st_dev).
Only to be used if os.path.samefile is not available.
Parameters
----------
path : str
representing a path to a file
other_path : str
representing a path to another file
Returns
-------
same: Boolean that is True if both path and other path are the same
"""
path_stat = os.stat(path)
other_path_stat = os.stat(other_path)
return path.lower() == other_path.lower() and path_stat == other_path_stat | Fill in for os.path.samefile when it is unavailable (Windows+py2). Do a case-insensitive string comparison in this case plus comparing the full stat result (including times) because Windows + py2 doesn't support the stat fields needed for identifying if it's the same file (st_ino, st_dev). Only to be used if os.path.samefile is not available. Parameters ---------- path : str representing a path to a file other_path : str representing a path to another file Returns ------- same: Boolean that is True if both path and other path are the same |
173,935 | import errno
import importlib.util
import os
import socket
import sys
import warnings
from contextlib import contextmanager
from typing import NewType
from urllib.parse import (
SplitResult,
quote,
unquote,
urljoin, # noqa
urlparse,
urlsplit,
urlunsplit,
)
from urllib.request import pathname2url
from _frozen_importlib_external import _NamespacePath
from jupyter_core.utils import ensure_async
from packaging.version import Version
from tornado.httpclient import AsyncHTTPClient, HTTPClient, HTTPRequest
from tornado.netutil import Resolver
ApiPath = NewType("ApiPath", str)
import os
del os
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `to_os_path` function. Write a Python function `def to_os_path(path: ApiPath, root: str = "") -> str` to solve the following problem:
Convert an API path to a filesystem path If given, root will be prepended to the path. root must be a filesystem path already.
Here is the function:
def to_os_path(path: ApiPath, root: str = "") -> str:
"""Convert an API path to a filesystem path
If given, root will be prepended to the path.
root must be a filesystem path already.
"""
parts = str(path).strip("/").split("/")
parts = [p for p in parts if p != ""] # remove duplicate splits
path_ = os.path.join(root, *parts)
return os.path.normpath(path_) | Convert an API path to a filesystem path If given, root will be prepended to the path. root must be a filesystem path already. |
173,936 | import errno
import importlib.util
import os
import socket
import sys
import warnings
from contextlib import contextmanager
from typing import NewType
from urllib.parse import (
SplitResult,
quote,
unquote,
urljoin, # noqa
urlparse,
urlsplit,
urlunsplit,
)
from urllib.request import pathname2url
from _frozen_importlib_external import _NamespacePath
from jupyter_core.utils import ensure_async
from packaging.version import Version
from tornado.httpclient import AsyncHTTPClient, HTTPClient, HTTPRequest
from tornado.netutil import Resolver
ApiPath = NewType("ApiPath", str)
import os
del os
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `to_api_path` function. Write a Python function `def to_api_path(os_path: str, root: str = "") -> ApiPath` to solve the following problem:
Convert a filesystem path to an API path If given, root will be removed from the path. root must be a filesystem path already.
Here is the function:
def to_api_path(os_path: str, root: str = "") -> ApiPath:
"""Convert a filesystem path to an API path
If given, root will be removed from the path.
root must be a filesystem path already.
"""
if os_path.startswith(root):
os_path = os_path[len(root) :]
parts = os_path.strip(os.path.sep).split(os.path.sep)
parts = [p for p in parts if p != ""] # remove duplicate splits
path = "/".join(parts)
return ApiPath(path) | Convert a filesystem path to an API path If given, root will be removed from the path. root must be a filesystem path already. |
173,937 | import errno
import importlib.util
import os
import socket
import sys
import warnings
from contextlib import contextmanager
from typing import NewType
from urllib.parse import (
SplitResult,
quote,
unquote,
urljoin, # noqa
urlparse,
urlsplit,
urlunsplit,
)
from urllib.request import pathname2url
from _frozen_importlib_external import _NamespacePath
from jupyter_core.utils import ensure_async
from packaging.version import Version
from tornado.httpclient import AsyncHTTPClient, HTTPClient, HTTPRequest
from tornado.netutil import Resolver
class Version(_BaseVersion):
_regex = re.compile(r"^\s*" + VERSION_PATTERN + r"\s*$", re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE)
def __init__(self, version):
# Validate the version and parse it into pieces
match = self._regex.search(version)
if not match:
raise InvalidVersion("Invalid version: '{0}'".format(version))
# Store the parsed out pieces of the version
self._version = _Version(
epoch=int(match.group("epoch")) if match.group("epoch") else 0,
release=tuple(int(i) for i in match.group("release").split(".")),
pre=_parse_letter_version(match.group("pre_l"), match.group("pre_n")),
post=_parse_letter_version(
match.group("post_l"), match.group("post_n1") or match.group("post_n2")
),
dev=_parse_letter_version(match.group("dev_l"), match.group("dev_n")),
local=_parse_local_version(match.group("local")),
)
# Generate a key which will be used for sorting
self._key = _cmpkey(
self._version.epoch,
self._version.release,
self._version.pre,
self._version.post,
self._version.dev,
self._version.local,
)
def __repr__(self):
return "<Version({0})>".format(repr(str(self)))
def __str__(self):
parts = []
# Epoch
if self.epoch != 0:
parts.append("{0}!".format(self.epoch))
# Release segment
parts.append(".".join(str(x) for x in self.release))
# Pre-release
if self.pre is not None:
parts.append("".join(str(x) for x in self.pre))
# Post-release
if self.post is not None:
parts.append(".post{0}".format(self.post))
# Development release
if self.dev is not None:
parts.append(".dev{0}".format(self.dev))
# Local version segment
if self.local is not None:
parts.append("+{0}".format(self.local))
return "".join(parts)
def epoch(self):
return self._version.epoch
def release(self):
return self._version.release
def pre(self):
return self._version.pre
def post(self):
return self._version.post[1] if self._version.post else None
def dev(self):
return self._version.dev[1] if self._version.dev else None
def local(self):
if self._version.local:
return ".".join(str(x) for x in self._version.local)
else:
return None
def public(self):
return str(self).split("+", 1)[0]
def base_version(self):
parts = []
# Epoch
if self.epoch != 0:
parts.append("{0}!".format(self.epoch))
# Release segment
parts.append(".".join(str(x) for x in self.release))
return "".join(parts)
def is_prerelease(self):
return self.dev is not None or self.pre is not None
def is_postrelease(self):
return self.post is not None
def is_devrelease(self):
return self.dev is not None
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `check_version` function. Write a Python function `def check_version(v, check)` to solve the following problem:
check version string v >= check If dev/prerelease tags result in TypeError for string-number comparison, it is assumed that the dependency is satisfied. Users on dev branches are responsible for keeping their own packages up to date.
Here is the function:
def check_version(v, check):
"""check version string v >= check
If dev/prerelease tags result in TypeError for string-number comparison,
it is assumed that the dependency is satisfied.
Users on dev branches are responsible for keeping their own packages up to date.
"""
try:
return Version(v) >= Version(check)
except TypeError:
return True | check version string v >= check If dev/prerelease tags result in TypeError for string-number comparison, it is assumed that the dependency is satisfied. Users on dev branches are responsible for keeping their own packages up to date. |
173,938 | import errno
import importlib.util
import os
import socket
import sys
import warnings
from contextlib import contextmanager
from typing import NewType
from urllib.parse import (
SplitResult,
quote,
unquote,
urljoin, # noqa
urlparse,
urlsplit,
urlunsplit,
)
from urllib.request import pathname2url
from _frozen_importlib_external import _NamespacePath
from jupyter_core.utils import ensure_async
from packaging.version import Version
from tornado.httpclient import AsyncHTTPClient, HTTPClient, HTTPRequest
from tornado.netutil import Resolver
def _check_pid_win32(pid):
import ctypes
# OpenProcess returns 0 if no such process (of ours) exists
# positive int otherwise
return bool(ctypes.windll.kernel32.OpenProcess(1, 0, pid)) # type:ignore[attr-defined] | null |
173,939 | import errno
import importlib.util
import os
import socket
import sys
import warnings
from contextlib import contextmanager
from typing import NewType
from urllib.parse import (
SplitResult,
quote,
unquote,
urljoin, # noqa
urlparse,
urlsplit,
urlunsplit,
)
from urllib.request import pathname2url
from _frozen_importlib_external import _NamespacePath
from jupyter_core.utils import ensure_async
from packaging.version import Version
from tornado.httpclient import AsyncHTTPClient, HTTPClient, HTTPRequest
from tornado.netutil import Resolver
import os
del os
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `_check_pid_posix` function. Write a Python function `def _check_pid_posix(pid)` to solve the following problem:
Copy of IPython.utils.process.check_pid
Here is the function:
def _check_pid_posix(pid):
"""Copy of IPython.utils.process.check_pid"""
try:
os.kill(pid, 0)
except OSError as err:
if err.errno == errno.ESRCH:
return False
elif err.errno == errno.EPERM:
# Don't have permission to signal the process - probably means it exists
return True
raise
else:
return True | Copy of IPython.utils.process.check_pid |
173,940 | import errno
import importlib.util
import os
import socket
import sys
import warnings
from contextlib import contextmanager
from typing import NewType
from urllib.parse import (
SplitResult,
quote,
unquote,
urljoin, # noqa
urlparse,
urlsplit,
urlunsplit,
)
from urllib.request import pathname2url
from _frozen_importlib_external import _NamespacePath
from jupyter_core.utils import ensure_async
from packaging.version import Version
from tornado.httpclient import AsyncHTTPClient, HTTPClient, HTTPRequest
from tornado.netutil import Resolver
async def ensure_async(obj: Union[Awaitable[T], T]) -> T:
"""Convert a non-awaitable object to a coroutine if needed,
and await it if it was not already awaited.
This function is meant to be called on the result of calling a function,
when that function could either be asynchronous or not.
"""
if inspect.isawaitable(obj):
obj = cast(Awaitable[T], obj)
try:
result = await obj
except RuntimeError as e:
if str(e) == "cannot reuse already awaited coroutine":
# obj is already the coroutine's result
return cast(T, obj)
raise
return result
# obj doesn't need to be awaited
return cast(T, obj)
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `run_sync_in_loop` function. Write a Python function `async def run_sync_in_loop(maybe_async)` to solve the following problem:
**DEPRECATED**: Use ``ensure_async`` from jupyter_core instead.
Here is the function:
async def run_sync_in_loop(maybe_async):
"""**DEPRECATED**: Use ``ensure_async`` from jupyter_core instead."""
warnings.warn(
"run_sync_in_loop is deprecated since Jupyter Server 2.0, use 'ensure_async' from jupyter_core instead",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
return ensure_async(maybe_async) | **DEPRECATED**: Use ``ensure_async`` from jupyter_core instead. |
173,941 | import errno
import importlib.util
import os
import socket
import sys
import warnings
from contextlib import contextmanager
from typing import NewType
from urllib.parse import (
SplitResult,
quote,
unquote,
urljoin, # noqa
urlparse,
urlsplit,
urlunsplit,
)
from urllib.request import pathname2url
from _frozen_importlib_external import _NamespacePath
from jupyter_core.utils import ensure_async
from packaging.version import Version
from tornado.httpclient import AsyncHTTPClient, HTTPClient, HTTPRequest
from tornado.netutil import Resolver
def urlencode_unix_socket_path(socket_path):
"""Encodes a UNIX socket path string from a socket path for the `http+unix` URI form."""
return socket_path.replace("/", "%2F")
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `urlencode_unix_socket` function. Write a Python function `def urlencode_unix_socket(socket_path)` to solve the following problem:
Encodes a UNIX socket URL from a socket path for the `http+unix` URI form.
Here is the function:
def urlencode_unix_socket(socket_path):
"""Encodes a UNIX socket URL from a socket path for the `http+unix` URI form."""
return "http+unix://%s" % urlencode_unix_socket_path(socket_path) | Encodes a UNIX socket URL from a socket path for the `http+unix` URI form. |
173,942 | import errno
import importlib.util
import os
import socket
import sys
import warnings
from contextlib import contextmanager
from typing import NewType
from urllib.parse import (
SplitResult,
quote,
unquote,
urljoin, # noqa
urlparse,
urlsplit,
urlunsplit,
)
from urllib.request import pathname2url
from _frozen_importlib_external import _NamespacePath
from jupyter_core.utils import ensure_async
from packaging.version import Version
from tornado.httpclient import AsyncHTTPClient, HTTPClient, HTTPRequest
from tornado.netutil import Resolver
import os
del os
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `unix_socket_in_use` function. Write a Python function `def unix_socket_in_use(socket_path)` to solve the following problem:
Checks whether a UNIX socket path on disk is in use by attempting to connect to it.
Here is the function:
def unix_socket_in_use(socket_path):
"""Checks whether a UNIX socket path on disk is in use by attempting to connect to it."""
if not os.path.exists(socket_path):
return False
try:
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
sock.connect(socket_path)
except OSError:
return False
else:
return True
finally:
sock.close() | Checks whether a UNIX socket path on disk is in use by attempting to connect to it. |
173,943 | import errno
import importlib.util
import os
import socket
import sys
import warnings
from contextlib import contextmanager
from typing import NewType
from urllib.parse import (
SplitResult,
quote,
unquote,
urljoin, # noqa
urlparse,
urlsplit,
urlunsplit,
)
from urllib.request import pathname2url
from _frozen_importlib_external import _NamespacePath
from jupyter_core.utils import ensure_async
from packaging.version import Version
from tornado.httpclient import AsyncHTTPClient, HTTPClient, HTTPRequest
from tornado.netutil import Resolver
def _request_for_tornado_client(urlstring, method="GET", body=None, headers=None):
"""A utility that provides a context that handles
HTTP, HTTPS, and HTTP+UNIX request.
Creates a tornado HTTPRequest object with a URL
that tornado's HTTPClients can accept.
If the request is made to a unix socket, temporarily
configure the AsyncHTTPClient to resolve the URL
and connect to the proper socket.
"""
parts = urlsplit(urlstring)
if parts.scheme in ["http", "https"]:
pass
elif parts.scheme == "http+unix":
# If unix socket, mimic HTTP.
parts = SplitResult(
scheme="http",
netloc=parts.netloc,
path=parts.path,
query=parts.query,
fragment=parts.fragment,
)
class UnixSocketResolver(Resolver):
"""A resolver that routes HTTP requests to unix sockets
in tornado HTTP clients.
Due to constraints in Tornados' API, the scheme of the
must be `http` (not `http+unix`). Applications should replace
the scheme in URLS before making a request to the HTTP client.
"""
def initialize(self, resolver):
self.resolver = resolver
def close(self):
self.resolver.close()
async def resolve(self, host, port, *args, **kwargs):
return [(socket.AF_UNIX, urldecode_unix_socket_path(host))]
resolver = UnixSocketResolver(resolver=Resolver())
AsyncHTTPClient.configure(None, resolver=resolver)
else:
msg = "Unknown URL scheme."
raise Exception(msg)
# Yield the request for the given client.
url = urlunsplit(parts)
request = HTTPRequest(url, method=method, body=body, headers=headers, validate_cert=False)
yield request
def fetch(urlstring, method="GET", body=None, headers=None):
"""
Send a HTTP, HTTPS, or HTTP+UNIX request
to a Tornado Web Server. Returns a tornado HTTPResponse.
"""
with _request_for_tornado_client(
urlstring, method=method, body=body, headers=headers
) as request:
response = HTTPClient(AsyncHTTPClient).fetch(request)
return response
class AsyncHTTPClient(Configurable):
"""An non-blocking HTTP client.
Example usage::
async def f():
http_client = AsyncHTTPClient()
try:
response = await http_client.fetch("http://www.google.com")
except Exception as e:
print("Error: %s" % e)
else:
print(response.body)
The constructor for this class is magic in several respects: It
actually creates an instance of an implementation-specific
subclass, and instances are reused as a kind of pseudo-singleton
(one per `.IOLoop`). The keyword argument ``force_instance=True``
can be used to suppress this singleton behavior. Unless
``force_instance=True`` is used, no arguments should be passed to
the `AsyncHTTPClient` constructor. The implementation subclass as
well as arguments to its constructor can be set with the static
method `configure()`
All `AsyncHTTPClient` implementations support a ``defaults``
keyword argument, which can be used to set default values for
`HTTPRequest` attributes. For example::
AsyncHTTPClient.configure(
None, defaults=dict(user_agent="MyUserAgent"))
# or with force_instance:
client = AsyncHTTPClient(force_instance=True,
defaults=dict(user_agent="MyUserAgent"))
.. versionchanged:: 5.0
The ``io_loop`` argument (deprecated since version 4.1) has been removed.
"""
_instance_cache = None # type: Dict[IOLoop, AsyncHTTPClient]
def configurable_base(cls) -> Type[Configurable]:
return AsyncHTTPClient
def configurable_default(cls) -> Type[Configurable]:
from tornado.simple_httpclient import SimpleAsyncHTTPClient
return SimpleAsyncHTTPClient
def _async_clients(cls) -> Dict[IOLoop, "AsyncHTTPClient"]:
attr_name = "_async_client_dict_" + cls.__name__
if not hasattr(cls, attr_name):
setattr(cls, attr_name, weakref.WeakKeyDictionary())
return getattr(cls, attr_name)
def __new__(cls, force_instance: bool = False, **kwargs: Any) -> "AsyncHTTPClient":
io_loop = IOLoop.current()
if force_instance:
instance_cache = None
else:
instance_cache = cls._async_clients()
if instance_cache is not None and io_loop in instance_cache:
return instance_cache[io_loop]
instance = super(AsyncHTTPClient, cls).__new__(cls, **kwargs) # type: ignore
# Make sure the instance knows which cache to remove itself from.
# It can't simply call _async_clients() because we may be in
# __new__(AsyncHTTPClient) but instance.__class__ may be
# SimpleAsyncHTTPClient.
instance._instance_cache = instance_cache
if instance_cache is not None:
instance_cache[instance.io_loop] = instance
return instance
def initialize(self, defaults: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None) -> None:
self.io_loop = IOLoop.current()
self.defaults = dict(HTTPRequest._DEFAULTS)
if defaults is not None:
self.defaults.update(defaults)
self._closed = False
def close(self) -> None:
"""Destroys this HTTP client, freeing any file descriptors used.
This method is **not needed in normal use** due to the way
that `AsyncHTTPClient` objects are transparently reused.
``close()`` is generally only necessary when either the
`.IOLoop` is also being closed, or the ``force_instance=True``
argument was used when creating the `AsyncHTTPClient`.
No other methods may be called on the `AsyncHTTPClient` after
``close()``.
"""
if self._closed:
return
self._closed = True
if self._instance_cache is not None:
cached_val = self._instance_cache.pop(self.io_loop, None)
# If there's an object other than self in the instance
# cache for our IOLoop, something has gotten mixed up. A
# value of None appears to be possible when this is called
# from a destructor (HTTPClient.__del__) as the weakref
# gets cleared before the destructor runs.
if cached_val is not None and cached_val is not self:
raise RuntimeError("inconsistent AsyncHTTPClient cache")
def fetch(
self,
request: Union[str, "HTTPRequest"],
raise_error: bool = True,
**kwargs: Any
) -> "Future[HTTPResponse]":
"""Executes a request, asynchronously returning an `HTTPResponse`.
The request may be either a string URL or an `HTTPRequest` object.
If it is a string, we construct an `HTTPRequest` using any additional
kwargs: ``HTTPRequest(request, **kwargs)``
This method returns a `.Future` whose result is an
`HTTPResponse`. By default, the ``Future`` will raise an
`HTTPError` if the request returned a non-200 response code
(other errors may also be raised if the server could not be
contacted). Instead, if ``raise_error`` is set to False, the
response will always be returned regardless of the response
code.
If a ``callback`` is given, it will be invoked with the `HTTPResponse`.
In the callback interface, `HTTPError` is not automatically raised.
Instead, you must check the response's ``error`` attribute or
call its `~HTTPResponse.rethrow` method.
.. versionchanged:: 6.0
The ``callback`` argument was removed. Use the returned
`.Future` instead.
The ``raise_error=False`` argument only affects the
`HTTPError` raised when a non-200 response code is used,
instead of suppressing all errors.
"""
if self._closed:
raise RuntimeError("fetch() called on closed AsyncHTTPClient")
if not isinstance(request, HTTPRequest):
request = HTTPRequest(url=request, **kwargs)
else:
if kwargs:
raise ValueError(
"kwargs can't be used if request is an HTTPRequest object"
)
# We may modify this (to add Host, Accept-Encoding, etc),
# so make sure we don't modify the caller's object. This is also
# where normal dicts get converted to HTTPHeaders objects.
request.headers = httputil.HTTPHeaders(request.headers)
request_proxy = _RequestProxy(request, self.defaults)
future = Future() # type: Future[HTTPResponse]
def handle_response(response: "HTTPResponse") -> None:
if response.error:
if raise_error or not response._error_is_response_code:
future_set_exception_unless_cancelled(future, response.error)
return
future_set_result_unless_cancelled(future, response)
self.fetch_impl(cast(HTTPRequest, request_proxy), handle_response)
return future
def fetch_impl(
self, request: "HTTPRequest", callback: Callable[["HTTPResponse"], None]
) -> None:
raise NotImplementedError()
def configure(
cls, impl: "Union[None, str, Type[Configurable]]", **kwargs: Any
) -> None:
"""Configures the `AsyncHTTPClient` subclass to use.
``AsyncHTTPClient()`` actually creates an instance of a subclass.
This method may be called with either a class object or the
fully-qualified name of such a class (or ``None`` to use the default,
``SimpleAsyncHTTPClient``)
If additional keyword arguments are given, they will be passed
to the constructor of each subclass instance created. The
keyword argument ``max_clients`` determines the maximum number
of simultaneous `~AsyncHTTPClient.fetch()` operations that can
execute in parallel on each `.IOLoop`. Additional arguments
may be supported depending on the implementation class in use.
Example::
AsyncHTTPClient.configure("tornado.curl_httpclient.CurlAsyncHTTPClient")
"""
super(AsyncHTTPClient, cls).configure(impl, **kwargs)
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `async_fetch` function. Write a Python function `async def async_fetch(urlstring, method="GET", body=None, headers=None, io_loop=None)` to solve the following problem:
Send an asynchronous HTTP, HTTPS, or HTTP+UNIX request to a Tornado Web Server. Returns a tornado HTTPResponse.
Here is the function:
async def async_fetch(urlstring, method="GET", body=None, headers=None, io_loop=None):
"""
Send an asynchronous HTTP, HTTPS, or HTTP+UNIX request
to a Tornado Web Server. Returns a tornado HTTPResponse.
"""
with _request_for_tornado_client(
urlstring, method=method, body=body, headers=headers
) as request:
response = await AsyncHTTPClient(io_loop).fetch(request)
return response | Send an asynchronous HTTP, HTTPS, or HTTP+UNIX request to a Tornado Web Server. Returns a tornado HTTPResponse. |
173,944 | import errno
import importlib.util
import os
import socket
import sys
import warnings
from contextlib import contextmanager
from typing import NewType
from urllib.parse import (
SplitResult,
quote,
unquote,
urljoin, # noqa
urlparse,
urlsplit,
urlunsplit,
)
from urllib.request import pathname2url
from _frozen_importlib_external import _NamespacePath
from jupyter_core.utils import ensure_async
from packaging.version import Version
from tornado.httpclient import AsyncHTTPClient, HTTPClient, HTTPRequest
from tornado.netutil import Resolver
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `is_namespace_package` function. Write a Python function `def is_namespace_package(namespace)` to solve the following problem:
Is the provided namespace a Python Namespace Package (PEP420). https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0420/#specification Returns `None` if module is not importable.
Here is the function:
def is_namespace_package(namespace):
"""Is the provided namespace a Python Namespace Package (PEP420).
https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0420/#specification
Returns `None` if module is not importable.
"""
# NOTE: using submodule_search_locations because the loader can be None
try:
spec = importlib.util.find_spec(namespace)
except (
ValueError
): # spec is not set - see https://docs.python.org/3/library/importlib.html#importlib.util.find_spec
return None
if not spec:
# e.g. module not installed
return None
return isinstance(spec.submodule_search_locations, _NamespacePath) | Is the provided namespace a Python Namespace Package (PEP420). https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0420/#specification Returns `None` if module is not importable. |
173,945 | import errno
import importlib.util
import os
import socket
import sys
import warnings
from contextlib import contextmanager
from typing import NewType
from urllib.parse import (
SplitResult,
quote,
unquote,
urljoin, # noqa
urlparse,
urlsplit,
urlunsplit,
)
from urllib.request import pathname2url
from _frozen_importlib_external import _NamespacePath
from jupyter_core.utils import ensure_async
from packaging.version import Version
from tornado.httpclient import AsyncHTTPClient, HTTPClient, HTTPRequest
from tornado.netutil import Resolver
def expand_path(s):
"""Expand $VARS and ~names in a string, like a shell
:Examples:
In [2]: os.environ['FOO']='test'
In [3]: expand_path('variable FOO is $FOO')
Out[3]: 'variable FOO is test'
"""
# This is a pretty subtle hack. When expand user is given a UNC path
# on Windows (\\server\share$\%username%), os.path.expandvars, removes
# the $ to get (\\server\share\%username%). I think it considered $
# alone an empty var. But, we need the $ to remains there (it indicates
# a hidden share).
if os.name == "nt":
s = s.replace("$\\", "IPYTHON_TEMP")
s = os.path.expandvars(os.path.expanduser(s))
if os.name == "nt":
s = s.replace("IPYTHON_TEMP", "$\\")
return s
import os
del os
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `filefind` function. Write a Python function `def filefind(filename, path_dirs=None)` to solve the following problem:
Find a file by looking through a sequence of paths. This iterates through a sequence of paths looking for a file and returns the full, absolute path of the first occurence of the file. If no set of path dirs is given, the filename is tested as is, after running through :func:`expandvars` and :func:`expanduser`. Thus a simple call:: filefind('myfile.txt') will find the file in the current working dir, but:: filefind('~/myfile.txt') Will find the file in the users home directory. This function does not automatically try any paths, such as the cwd or the user's home directory. Parameters ---------- filename : str The filename to look for. path_dirs : str, None or sequence of str The sequence of paths to look for the file in. If None, the filename need to be absolute or be in the cwd. If a string, the string is put into a sequence and the searched. If a sequence, walk through each element and join with ``filename``, calling :func:`expandvars` and :func:`expanduser` before testing for existence. Returns ------- Raises :exc:`IOError` or returns absolute path to file.
Here is the function:
def filefind(filename, path_dirs=None):
"""Find a file by looking through a sequence of paths.
This iterates through a sequence of paths looking for a file and returns
the full, absolute path of the first occurence of the file. If no set of
path dirs is given, the filename is tested as is, after running through
:func:`expandvars` and :func:`expanduser`. Thus a simple call::
filefind('myfile.txt')
will find the file in the current working dir, but::
filefind('~/myfile.txt')
Will find the file in the users home directory. This function does not
automatically try any paths, such as the cwd or the user's home directory.
Parameters
----------
filename : str
The filename to look for.
path_dirs : str, None or sequence of str
The sequence of paths to look for the file in. If None, the filename
need to be absolute or be in the cwd. If a string, the string is
put into a sequence and the searched. If a sequence, walk through
each element and join with ``filename``, calling :func:`expandvars`
and :func:`expanduser` before testing for existence.
Returns
-------
Raises :exc:`IOError` or returns absolute path to file.
"""
# If paths are quoted, abspath gets confused, strip them...
filename = filename.strip('"').strip("'")
# If the input is an absolute path, just check it exists
if os.path.isabs(filename) and os.path.isfile(filename):
return filename
if path_dirs is None:
path_dirs = ("",)
elif isinstance(path_dirs, str):
path_dirs = (path_dirs,)
for path in path_dirs:
if path == ".":
path = os.getcwd() # noqa
testname = expand_path(os.path.join(path, filename))
if os.path.isfile(testname):
return os.path.abspath(testname)
msg = f"File {filename!r} does not exist in any of the search paths: {path_dirs!r}"
raise OSError(msg) | Find a file by looking through a sequence of paths. This iterates through a sequence of paths looking for a file and returns the full, absolute path of the first occurence of the file. If no set of path dirs is given, the filename is tested as is, after running through :func:`expandvars` and :func:`expanduser`. Thus a simple call:: filefind('myfile.txt') will find the file in the current working dir, but:: filefind('~/myfile.txt') Will find the file in the users home directory. This function does not automatically try any paths, such as the cwd or the user's home directory. Parameters ---------- filename : str The filename to look for. path_dirs : str, None or sequence of str The sequence of paths to look for the file in. If None, the filename need to be absolute or be in the cwd. If a string, the string is put into a sequence and the searched. If a sequence, walk through each element and join with ``filename``, calling :func:`expandvars` and :func:`expanduser` before testing for existence. Returns ------- Raises :exc:`IOError` or returns absolute path to file. |
173,946 | import errno
import importlib.util
import os
import socket
import sys
import warnings
from contextlib import contextmanager
from typing import NewType
from urllib.parse import (
SplitResult,
quote,
unquote,
urljoin, # noqa
urlparse,
urlsplit,
urlunsplit,
)
from urllib.request import pathname2url
from _frozen_importlib_external import _NamespacePath
from jupyter_core.utils import ensure_async
from packaging.version import Version
from tornado.httpclient import AsyncHTTPClient, HTTPClient, HTTPRequest
from tornado.netutil import Resolver
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `import_item` function. Write a Python function `def import_item(name)` to solve the following problem:
Import and return ``bar`` given the string ``foo.bar``. Calling ``bar = import_item("foo.bar")`` is the functional equivalent of executing the code ``from foo import bar``. Parameters ---------- name : str The fully qualified name of the module/package being imported. Returns ------- mod : module object The module that was imported.
Here is the function:
def import_item(name):
"""Import and return ``bar`` given the string ``foo.bar``.
Calling ``bar = import_item("foo.bar")`` is the functional equivalent of
executing the code ``from foo import bar``.
Parameters
----------
name : str
The fully qualified name of the module/package being imported.
Returns
-------
mod : module object
The module that was imported.
"""
parts = name.rsplit(".", 1)
if len(parts) == 2: # noqa
# called with 'foo.bar....'
package, obj = parts
module = __import__(package, fromlist=[obj])
try:
pak = getattr(module, obj)
except AttributeError as e:
raise ImportError("No module named %s" % obj) from e
return pak
else:
# called with un-dotted string
return __import__(parts[0]) | Import and return ``bar`` given the string ``foo.bar``. Calling ``bar = import_item("foo.bar")`` is the functional equivalent of executing the code ``from foo import bar``. Parameters ---------- name : str The fully qualified name of the module/package being imported. Returns ------- mod : module object The module that was imported. |
173,947 | import importlib
import time
import warnings
class ExtensionLoadingError(Exception):
"""An extension loading error."""
pass
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `get_loader` function. Write a Python function `def get_loader(obj, logger=None)` to solve the following problem:
Looks for _load_jupyter_server_extension as an attribute of the object or module. Adds backwards compatibility for old function name missing the underscore prefix.
Here is the function:
def get_loader(obj, logger=None):
"""Looks for _load_jupyter_server_extension as an attribute
of the object or module.
Adds backwards compatibility for old function name missing the
underscore prefix.
"""
try:
return getattr(obj, "_load_jupyter_server_extension") # noqa B009
except AttributeError:
pass
try:
func = getattr(obj, "load_jupyter_server_extension") # noqa B009
except AttributeError:
msg = "_load_jupyter_server_extension function was not found."
raise ExtensionLoadingError(msg) from None
warnings.warn(
"A `_load_jupyter_server_extension` function was not "
"found in {name!s}. Instead, a `load_jupyter_server_extension` "
"function was found and will be used for now. This function "
"name will be deprecated in future releases "
"of Jupyter Server.".format(name=obj),
DeprecationWarning,
)
return func | Looks for _load_jupyter_server_extension as an attribute of the object or module. Adds backwards compatibility for old function name missing the underscore prefix. |
173,948 | import importlib
import time
import warnings
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `get_metadata` function. Write a Python function `def get_metadata(package_name, logger=None)` to solve the following problem:
Find the extension metadata from an extension package. This looks for a `_jupyter_server_extension_points` function that returns metadata about all extension points within a Jupyter Server Extension pacakge. If it doesn't exist, return a basic metadata packet given the module name.
Here is the function:
def get_metadata(package_name, logger=None):
"""Find the extension metadata from an extension package.
This looks for a `_jupyter_server_extension_points` function
that returns metadata about all extension points within a Jupyter
Server Extension pacakge.
If it doesn't exist, return a basic metadata packet given
the module name.
"""
start_time = time.perf_counter()
module = importlib.import_module(package_name)
end_time = time.perf_counter()
duration = end_time - start_time
# Sometimes packages can take a *while* to import, so we report how long
# each module took to import. This makes it much easier for users to report
# slow loading modules upstream, as slow loading modules will block server startup
if logger:
logger.info(f"Package {package_name} took {duration:.4f}s to import")
try:
return module, module._jupyter_server_extension_points()
except AttributeError:
pass
# For backwards compatibility, we temporarily allow
# _jupyter_server_extension_paths. We will remove in
# a later release of Jupyter Server.
try:
extension_points = module._jupyter_server_extension_paths()
if logger:
logger.warning(
"A `_jupyter_server_extension_points` function was not "
"found in {name}. Instead, a `_jupyter_server_extension_paths` "
"function was found and will be used for now. This function "
"name will be deprecated in future releases "
"of Jupyter Server.".format(name=package_name)
)
return module, extension_points
except AttributeError:
pass
# Dynamically create metadata if the package doesn't
# provide it.
if logger:
logger.debug(
"A `_jupyter_server_extension_points` function was "
"not found in {name}, so Jupyter Server will look "
"for extension points in the extension pacakge's "
"root.".format(name=package_name)
)
return module, [{"module": package_name, "name": package_name}] | Find the extension metadata from an extension package. This looks for a `_jupyter_server_extension_points` function that returns metadata about all extension points within a Jupyter Server Extension pacakge. If it doesn't exist, return a basic metadata packet given the module name. |
173,949 | import importlib
import time
import warnings
class ExtensionPackage(LoggingConfigurable):
"""An API for interfacing with a Jupyter Server extension package.
Usage:
ext_name = "my_extensions"
extpkg = ExtensionPackage(name=ext_name)
"""
name = Unicode(help="Name of the an importable Python package.")
enabled = Bool(False, help="Whether the extension package is enabled.")
_linked_points = Dict()
extension_points = Dict()
module = Any(allow_none=True, help="The module for this extension package. None if not enabled")
metadata = List(Dict(), help="Extension metadata loaded from the extension package.")
version = Unicode(
help="""
The version of this extension package, if it can be found.
Otherwise, an empty string.
""",
)
def _load_version(self):
if not self.enabled:
return ""
return getattr(self.module, "__version__", "")
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
"""Initialize an extension package."""
super().__init__(**kwargs)
if self.enabled:
self._load_metadata()
def _load_metadata(self):
"""Import package and load metadata
Only used if extension package is enabled
"""
name = self.name
try:
self.module, self.metadata = get_metadata(name, logger=self.log)
except ImportError as e:
msg = (
f"The module '{name}' could not be found ({e}). Are you "
"sure the extension is installed?"
)
raise ExtensionModuleNotFound(msg) from None
# Create extension point interfaces for each extension path.
for m in self.metadata:
point = ExtensionPoint(metadata=m)
self.extension_points[point.name] = point
return name
def validate(self):
"""Validate all extension points in this package."""
return all(extension.validate() for extension in self.extension_points.values())
def link_point(self, point_name, serverapp):
"""Link an extension point."""
linked = self._linked_points.get(point_name, False)
if not linked:
point = self.extension_points[point_name]
point.link(serverapp)
def load_point(self, point_name, serverapp):
"""Load an extension point."""
point = self.extension_points[point_name]
return point.load(serverapp)
def link_all_points(self, serverapp):
"""Link all extension points."""
for point_name in self.extension_points:
self.link_point(point_name, serverapp)
def load_all_points(self, serverapp):
"""Load all extension points."""
return [self.load_point(point_name, serverapp) for point_name in self.extension_points]
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `validate_extension` function. Write a Python function `def validate_extension(name)` to solve the following problem:
Raises an exception is the extension is missing a needed hook or metadata field. An extension is valid if: 1) name is an importable Python package. 1) the package has a _jupyter_server_extension_paths function 2) each extension path has a _load_jupyter_server_extension function If this works, nothing should happen.
Here is the function:
def validate_extension(name):
"""Raises an exception is the extension is missing a needed
hook or metadata field.
An extension is valid if:
1) name is an importable Python package.
1) the package has a _jupyter_server_extension_paths function
2) each extension path has a _load_jupyter_server_extension function
If this works, nothing should happen.
"""
from .manager import ExtensionPackage
return ExtensionPackage(name=name) | Raises an exception is the extension is missing a needed hook or metadata field. An extension is valid if: 1) name is an importable Python package. 1) the package has a _jupyter_server_extension_paths function 2) each extension path has a _load_jupyter_server_extension function If this works, nothing should happen. |
173,950 | import logging
import os
import sys
from jupyter_core.application import JupyterApp
from jupyter_core.paths import ENV_CONFIG_PATH, SYSTEM_CONFIG_PATH, jupyter_config_dir
from tornado.log import LogFormatter
from traitlets import Bool
from jupyter_server._version import __version__
from jupyter_server.extension.config import ExtensionConfigManager
from jupyter_server.extension.manager import ExtensionManager, ExtensionPackage
def _get_config_dir(user=False, sys_prefix=False):
"""Get the location of config files for the current context
Returns the string to the environment
Parameters
----------
user : bool [default: False]
Get the user's .jupyter config directory
sys_prefix : bool [default: False]
Get sys.prefix, i.e. ~/.envs/my-env/etc/jupyter
"""
if user and sys_prefix:
sys_prefix = False
if user:
extdir = jupyter_config_dir()
elif sys_prefix:
extdir = ENV_CONFIG_PATH[0]
else:
extdir = SYSTEM_CONFIG_PATH[0]
return extdir
class ExtensionConfigManager(ConfigManager):
"""A manager class to interface with Jupyter Server Extension config
found in a `config.d` folder. It is assumed that all configuration
files in this directory are JSON files.
"""
def get_jpserver_extensions(self, section_name=DEFAULT_SECTION_NAME):
"""Return the jpserver_extensions field from all
config files found."""
data = self.get(section_name)
return data.get("ServerApp", {}).get("jpserver_extensions", {})
def enabled(self, name, section_name=DEFAULT_SECTION_NAME, include_root=True):
"""Is the extension enabled?"""
extensions = self.get_jpserver_extensions(section_name)
try:
return extensions[name]
except KeyError:
return False
def enable(self, name):
"""Enable an extension by name."""
data = {"ServerApp": {"jpserver_extensions": {name: True}}}
self.update(name, data)
def disable(self, name):
"""Disable an extension by name."""
data = {"ServerApp": {"jpserver_extensions": {name: False}}}
self.update(name, data)
class ExtensionManager(LoggingConfigurable):
"""High level interface for findind, validating,
linking, loading, and managing Jupyter Server extensions.
Usage:
m = ExtensionManager(config_manager=...)
"""
config_manager = Instance(ExtensionConfigManager, allow_none=True)
serverapp = Any() # Use Any to avoid circular import of Instance(ServerApp)
def _load_default_config_manager(self):
config_manager = ExtensionConfigManager()
self._load_config_manager(config_manager)
return config_manager
def _config_manager_changed(self, change):
if change.new:
self._load_config_manager(change.new)
# The `extensions` attribute provides a dictionary
# with extension (package) names mapped to their ExtensionPackage interface
# (see above). This manager simplifies the interaction between the
# ServerApp and the extensions being appended.
extensions = Dict(
help="""
Dictionary with extension package names as keys
and ExtensionPackage objects as values.
"""
)
def sorted_extensions(self):
"""Returns an extensions dictionary, sorted alphabetically."""
return dict(sorted(self.extensions.items()))
# The `_linked_extensions` attribute tracks when each extension
# has been successfully linked to a ServerApp. This helps prevent
# extensions from being re-linked recursively unintentionally if another
# extension attempts to link extensions again.
linked_extensions = Dict(
help="""
Dictionary with extension names as keys
values are True if the extension is linked, False if not.
"""
)
def extension_apps(self):
"""Return mapping of extension names and sets of ExtensionApp objects."""
return {
name: {point.app for point in extension.extension_points.values() if point.app}
for name, extension in self.extensions.items()
}
def extension_points(self):
"""Return mapping of extension point names and ExtensionPoint objects."""
return {
name: point
for value in self.extensions.values()
for name, point in value.extension_points.items()
}
def from_config_manager(self, config_manager):
"""Add extensions found by an ExtensionConfigManager"""
# load triggered via config_manager trait observer
self.config_manager = config_manager
def _load_config_manager(self, config_manager):
"""Actually load our config manager"""
jpserver_extensions = config_manager.get_jpserver_extensions()
self.from_jpserver_extensions(jpserver_extensions)
def from_jpserver_extensions(self, jpserver_extensions):
"""Add extensions from 'jpserver_extensions'-like dictionary."""
for name, enabled in jpserver_extensions.items():
self.add_extension(name, enabled=enabled)
def add_extension(self, extension_name, enabled=False):
"""Try to add extension to manager, return True if successful.
Otherwise, return False.
"""
try:
extpkg = ExtensionPackage(name=extension_name, enabled=enabled)
self.extensions[extension_name] = extpkg
return True
# Raise a warning if the extension cannot be loaded.
except Exception as e:
if self.serverapp and self.serverapp.reraise_server_extension_failures:
raise
self.log.warning(
"%s | error adding extension (enabled: %s): %s",
extension_name,
enabled,
e,
exc_info=True,
)
return False
def link_extension(self, name):
"""Link an extension by name."""
linked = self.linked_extensions.get(name, False)
extension = self.extensions[name]
if not linked and extension.enabled:
try:
# Link extension and store links
extension.link_all_points(self.serverapp)
self.linked_extensions[name] = True
self.log.info("%s | extension was successfully linked.", name)
except Exception as e:
if self.serverapp and self.serverapp.reraise_server_extension_failures:
raise
self.log.warning("%s | error linking extension: %s", name, e, exc_info=True)
def load_extension(self, name):
"""Load an extension by name."""
extension = self.extensions.get(name)
if extension.enabled:
try:
extension.load_all_points(self.serverapp)
except Exception as e:
if self.serverapp and self.serverapp.reraise_server_extension_failures:
raise
self.log.warning(
"%s | extension failed loading with message: %r", name, e, exc_info=True
)
else:
self.log.info("%s | extension was successfully loaded.", name)
async def stop_extension(self, name, apps):
"""Call the shutdown hooks in the specified apps."""
for app in apps:
self.log.debug("%s | extension app %r stopping", name, app.name)
await app.stop_extension()
self.log.debug("%s | extension app %r stopped", name, app.name)
def link_all_extensions(self):
"""Link all enabled extensions
to an instance of ServerApp
"""
# Sort the extension names to enforce deterministic linking
# order.
for name in self.sorted_extensions:
self.link_extension(name)
def load_all_extensions(self):
"""Load all enabled extensions and append them to
the parent ServerApp.
"""
# Sort the extension names to enforce deterministic loading
# order.
for name in self.sorted_extensions:
self.load_extension(name)
async def stop_all_extensions(self):
"""Call the shutdown hooks in all extensions."""
await multi(
[
self.stop_extension(name, apps)
for name, apps in sorted(dict(self.extension_apps).items())
]
)
def any_activity(self):
"""Check for any activity currently happening across all extension applications."""
for _, apps in sorted(dict(self.extension_apps).items()):
for app in apps:
if app.current_activity():
return True
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `_get_extmanager_for_context` function. Write a Python function `def _get_extmanager_for_context(write_dir="jupyter_server_config.d", user=False, sys_prefix=False)` to solve the following problem:
Get an extension manager pointing at the current context Returns the path to the current context and an ExtensionManager object. Parameters ---------- write_dir : str [default: 'jupyter_server_config.d'] Name of config directory to write extension config. user : bool [default: False] Get the user's .jupyter config directory sys_prefix : bool [default: False] Get sys.prefix, i.e. ~/.envs/my-env/etc/jupyter
Here is the function:
def _get_extmanager_for_context(write_dir="jupyter_server_config.d", user=False, sys_prefix=False):
"""Get an extension manager pointing at the current context
Returns the path to the current context and an ExtensionManager object.
Parameters
----------
write_dir : str [default: 'jupyter_server_config.d']
Name of config directory to write extension config.
user : bool [default: False]
Get the user's .jupyter config directory
sys_prefix : bool [default: False]
Get sys.prefix, i.e. ~/.envs/my-env/etc/jupyter
"""
config_dir = _get_config_dir(user=user, sys_prefix=sys_prefix)
config_manager = ExtensionConfigManager(
read_config_path=[config_dir],
write_config_dir=os.path.join(config_dir, write_dir),
)
extension_manager = ExtensionManager(
config_manager=config_manager,
)
return config_dir, extension_manager | Get an extension manager pointing at the current context Returns the path to the current context and an ExtensionManager object. Parameters ---------- write_dir : str [default: 'jupyter_server_config.d'] Name of config directory to write extension config. user : bool [default: False] Get the user's .jupyter config directory sys_prefix : bool [default: False] Get sys.prefix, i.e. ~/.envs/my-env/etc/jupyter |
173,951 | import logging
import os
import sys
from jupyter_core.application import JupyterApp
from jupyter_core.paths import ENV_CONFIG_PATH, SYSTEM_CONFIG_PATH, jupyter_config_dir
from tornado.log import LogFormatter
from traitlets import Bool
from jupyter_server._version import __version__
from jupyter_server.extension.config import ExtensionConfigManager
from jupyter_server.extension.manager import ExtensionManager, ExtensionPackage
def _get_config_dir(user=False, sys_prefix=False):
"""Get the location of config files for the current context
Returns the string to the environment
Parameters
----------
user : bool [default: False]
Get the user's .jupyter config directory
sys_prefix : bool [default: False]
Get sys.prefix, i.e. ~/.envs/my-env/etc/jupyter
"""
if user and sys_prefix:
sys_prefix = False
if user:
extdir = jupyter_config_dir()
elif sys_prefix:
extdir = ENV_CONFIG_PATH[0]
else:
extdir = SYSTEM_CONFIG_PATH[0]
return extdir
class ExtensionConfigManager(ConfigManager):
"""A manager class to interface with Jupyter Server Extension config
found in a `config.d` folder. It is assumed that all configuration
files in this directory are JSON files.
"""
def get_jpserver_extensions(self, section_name=DEFAULT_SECTION_NAME):
"""Return the jpserver_extensions field from all
config files found."""
data = self.get(section_name)
return data.get("ServerApp", {}).get("jpserver_extensions", {})
def enabled(self, name, section_name=DEFAULT_SECTION_NAME, include_root=True):
"""Is the extension enabled?"""
extensions = self.get_jpserver_extensions(section_name)
try:
return extensions[name]
except KeyError:
return False
def enable(self, name):
"""Enable an extension by name."""
data = {"ServerApp": {"jpserver_extensions": {name: True}}}
self.update(name, data)
def disable(self, name):
"""Disable an extension by name."""
data = {"ServerApp": {"jpserver_extensions": {name: False}}}
self.update(name, data)
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `toggle_server_extension_python` function. Write a Python function `def toggle_server_extension_python( import_name, enabled=None, parent=None, user=False, sys_prefix=True )` to solve the following problem:
Toggle the boolean setting for a given server extension in a Jupyter config file.
Here is the function:
def toggle_server_extension_python(
import_name, enabled=None, parent=None, user=False, sys_prefix=True
):
"""Toggle the boolean setting for a given server extension
in a Jupyter config file.
"""
sys_prefix = False if user else sys_prefix
config_dir = _get_config_dir(user=user, sys_prefix=sys_prefix)
manager = ExtensionConfigManager(
read_config_path=[config_dir],
write_config_dir=os.path.join(config_dir, "jupyter_server_config.d"),
)
if enabled:
manager.enable(import_name)
else:
manager.disable(import_name) | Toggle the boolean setting for a given server extension in a Jupyter config file. |
173,952 | import logging
import re
import sys
import typing as t
from jinja2 import Environment, FileSystemLoader
from jupyter_core.application import JupyterApp, NoStart
from tornado.log import LogFormatter
from tornado.web import RedirectHandler
from traitlets import Any, Bool, Dict, HasTraits, List, Unicode, default
from traitlets.config import Config
from jupyter_server.serverapp import ServerApp
from jupyter_server.transutils import _i18n
from jupyter_server.utils import is_namespace_package, url_path_join
from .handler import ExtensionHandlerMixin
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `_preparse_for_subcommand` function. Write a Python function `def _preparse_for_subcommand(application_klass, argv)` to solve the following problem:
Preparse command line to look for subcommands.
Here is the function:
def _preparse_for_subcommand(application_klass, argv):
"""Preparse command line to look for subcommands."""
# Read in arguments from command line.
if len(argv) == 0:
return
# Find any subcommands.
if application_klass.subcommands and len(argv) > 0:
# we have subcommands, and one may have been specified
subc, subargv = argv[0], argv[1:]
if re.match(r"^\w(\-?\w)*$", subc) and subc in application_klass.subcommands:
# it's a subcommand, and *not* a flag or class parameter
app = application_klass()
app.initialize_subcommand(subc, subargv)
return app.subapp | Preparse command line to look for subcommands. |
173,953 | import logging
import re
import sys
import typing as t
from jinja2 import Environment, FileSystemLoader
from jupyter_core.application import JupyterApp, NoStart
from tornado.log import LogFormatter
from tornado.web import RedirectHandler
from traitlets import Any, Bool, Dict, HasTraits, List, Unicode, default
from traitlets.config import Config
from jupyter_server.serverapp import ServerApp
from jupyter_server.transutils import _i18n
from jupyter_server.utils import is_namespace_package, url_path_join
from .handler import ExtensionHandlerMixin
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `_preparse_for_stopping_flags` function. Write a Python function `def _preparse_for_stopping_flags(application_klass, argv)` to solve the following problem:
Looks for 'help', 'version', and 'generate-config; commands in command line. If found, raises the help and version of current Application. This is useful for traitlets applications that have to parse the command line multiple times, but want to control when when 'help' and 'version' is raised.
Here is the function:
def _preparse_for_stopping_flags(application_klass, argv):
"""Looks for 'help', 'version', and 'generate-config; commands
in command line. If found, raises the help and version of
current Application.
This is useful for traitlets applications that have to parse
the command line multiple times, but want to control when
when 'help' and 'version' is raised.
"""
# Arguments after a '--' argument are for the script IPython may be
# about to run, not IPython iteslf. For arguments parsed here (help and
# version), we want to only search the arguments up to the first
# occurrence of '--', which we're calling interpreted_argv.
try:
interpreted_argv = argv[: argv.index("--")]
except ValueError:
interpreted_argv = argv
# Catch any help calls.
if any(x in interpreted_argv for x in ("-h", "--help-all", "--help")):
app = application_klass()
app.print_help("--help-all" in interpreted_argv)
app.exit(0)
# Catch version commands
if "--version" in interpreted_argv or "-V" in interpreted_argv:
app = application_klass()
app.print_version()
app.exit(0)
# Catch generate-config commands.
if "--generate-config" in interpreted_argv:
app = application_klass()
app.write_default_config()
app.exit(0) | Looks for 'help', 'version', and 'generate-config; commands in command line. If found, raises the help and version of current Application. This is useful for traitlets applications that have to parse the command line multiple times, but want to control when when 'help' and 'version' is raised. |
173,954 | import gettext
import os
import warnings
trans = gettext.translation(
"notebook", localedir=os.path.join(base_dir, "notebook/i18n"), fallback=True
)
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `_trans_gettext_deprecation_helper` function. Write a Python function `def _trans_gettext_deprecation_helper(*args, **kwargs)` to solve the following problem:
The trans gettext deprecation helper.
Here is the function:
def _trans_gettext_deprecation_helper(*args, **kwargs):
"""The trans gettext deprecation helper."""
warn_msg = "The alias `_()` will be deprecated. Use `_i18n()` instead."
warnings.warn(warn_msg, FutureWarning, stacklevel=2)
return trans.gettext(*args, **kwargs) | The trans gettext deprecation helper. |
173,955 | import io
import os
import sys
import zipfile
from anyio.to_thread import run_sync
from jupyter_core.utils import ensure_async
from nbformat import from_dict
from tornado import web
from tornado.log import app_log
from jupyter_server.auth import authorized
from ..base.handlers import FilesRedirectHandler, JupyterHandler, path_regex
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `find_resource_files` function. Write a Python function `def find_resource_files(output_files_dir)` to solve the following problem:
Find the resource files in a directory.
Here is the function:
def find_resource_files(output_files_dir):
"""Find the resource files in a directory."""
files = []
for dirpath, _, filenames in os.walk(output_files_dir):
files.extend([os.path.join(dirpath, f) for f in filenames])
return files | Find the resource files in a directory. |
173,956 | import io
import os
import sys
import zipfile
from anyio.to_thread import run_sync
from jupyter_core.utils import ensure_async
from nbformat import from_dict
from tornado import web
from tornado.log import app_log
from jupyter_server.auth import authorized
from ..base.handlers import FilesRedirectHandler, JupyterHandler, path_regex
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `respond_zip` function. Write a Python function `def respond_zip(handler, name, output, resources)` to solve the following problem:
Zip up the output and resource files and respond with the zip file. Returns True if it has served a zip file, False if there are no resource files, in which case we serve the plain output file.
Here is the function:
def respond_zip(handler, name, output, resources):
"""Zip up the output and resource files and respond with the zip file.
Returns True if it has served a zip file, False if there are no resource
files, in which case we serve the plain output file.
"""
# Check if we have resource files we need to zip
output_files = resources.get("outputs", None)
if not output_files:
return False
# Headers
zip_filename = os.path.splitext(name)[0] + ".zip"
handler.set_attachment_header(zip_filename)
handler.set_header("Content-Type", "application/zip")
handler.set_header("Cache-Control", "no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate, max-age=0")
# Prepare the zip file
buffer = io.BytesIO()
zipf = zipfile.ZipFile(buffer, mode="w", compression=zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED)
output_filename = os.path.splitext(name)[0] + resources["output_extension"]
zipf.writestr(output_filename, output.encode("utf-8"))
for filename, data in output_files.items():
zipf.writestr(os.path.basename(filename), data)
zipf.close()
handler.finish(buffer.getvalue())
return True | Zip up the output and resource files and respond with the zip file. Returns True if it has served a zip file, False if there are no resource files, in which case we serve the plain output file. |
173,957 | import io
import os
import sys
import zipfile
from anyio.to_thread import run_sync
from jupyter_core.utils import ensure_async
from nbformat import from_dict
from tornado import web
from tornado.log import app_log
from jupyter_server.auth import authorized
from ..base.handlers import FilesRedirectHandler, JupyterHandler, path_regex
app_log = logging.getLogger("tornado.application")
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `get_exporter` function. Write a Python function `def get_exporter(format, **kwargs)` to solve the following problem:
get an exporter, raising appropriate errors
Here is the function:
def get_exporter(format, **kwargs):
"""get an exporter, raising appropriate errors"""
# if this fails, will raise 500
try:
from nbconvert.exporters.base import get_exporter
except ImportError as e:
raise web.HTTPError(500, "Could not import nbconvert: %s" % e) from e
try:
Exporter = get_exporter(format)
except KeyError as e:
# should this be 400?
raise web.HTTPError(404, "No exporter for format: %s" % format) from e
try:
return Exporter(**kwargs)
except Exception as e:
app_log.exception("Could not construct Exporter: %s", Exporter)
raise web.HTTPError(500, "Could not construct Exporter: %s" % e) from e | get an exporter, raising appropriate errors |
173,958 | import asyncio
import json
import logging
import os
import typing as ty
from abc import ABC, ABCMeta, abstractmethod
from datetime import datetime, timezone
from email.utils import parsedate_to_datetime
from http.cookies import SimpleCookie
from socket import gaierror
from tornado import web
from tornado.httpclient import AsyncHTTPClient, HTTPClientError, HTTPResponse
from traitlets import Bool, Float, Int, TraitError, Type, Unicode, default, observe, validate
from traitlets.config import LoggingConfigurable, SingletonConfigurable
if ty.TYPE_CHECKING:
from http.cookies import Morsel
class GatewayClient(SingletonConfigurable):
"""This class manages the configuration. It's its own singleton class so
that we can share these values across all objects. It also contains some
helper methods to build request arguments out of the various config
options.
"""
url = Unicode(
default_value=None,
allow_none=True,
config=True,
help="""The url of the Kernel or Enterprise Gateway server where
kernel specifications are defined and kernel management takes place.
If defined, this Notebook server acts as a proxy for all kernel
management and kernel specification retrieval. (JUPYTER_GATEWAY_URL env var)
""",
)
url_env = "JUPYTER_GATEWAY_URL"
def _url_default(self):
return os.environ.get(self.url_env)
def _url_validate(self, proposal):
value = proposal["value"]
# Ensure value, if present, starts with 'http'
if value is not None and len(value) > 0 and not str(value).lower().startswith("http"):
raise TraitError("GatewayClient url must start with 'http': '%r'" % value)
return value
ws_url = Unicode(
default_value=None,
allow_none=True,
config=True,
help="""The websocket url of the Kernel or Enterprise Gateway server. If not provided, this value
will correspond to the value of the Gateway url with 'ws' in place of 'http'. (JUPYTER_GATEWAY_WS_URL env var)
""",
)
ws_url_env = "JUPYTER_GATEWAY_WS_URL"
def _ws_url_default(self):
default_value = os.environ.get(self.ws_url_env)
if default_value is None and self.gateway_enabled:
default_value = self.url.lower().replace("http", "ws")
return default_value
def _ws_url_validate(self, proposal):
value = proposal["value"]
# Ensure value, if present, starts with 'ws'
if value is not None and len(value) > 0 and not str(value).lower().startswith("ws"):
raise TraitError("GatewayClient ws_url must start with 'ws': '%r'" % value)
return value
kernels_endpoint_default_value = "/api/kernels"
kernels_endpoint_env = "JUPYTER_GATEWAY_KERNELS_ENDPOINT"
kernels_endpoint = Unicode(
default_value=kernels_endpoint_default_value,
config=True,
help="""The gateway API endpoint for accessing kernel resources (JUPYTER_GATEWAY_KERNELS_ENDPOINT env var)""",
)
def _kernels_endpoint_default(self):
return os.environ.get(self.kernels_endpoint_env, self.kernels_endpoint_default_value)
kernelspecs_endpoint_default_value = "/api/kernelspecs"
kernelspecs_endpoint_env = "JUPYTER_GATEWAY_KERNELSPECS_ENDPOINT"
kernelspecs_endpoint = Unicode(
default_value=kernelspecs_endpoint_default_value,
config=True,
help="""The gateway API endpoint for accessing kernelspecs (JUPYTER_GATEWAY_KERNELSPECS_ENDPOINT env var)""",
)
def _kernelspecs_endpoint_default(self):
return os.environ.get(
self.kernelspecs_endpoint_env, self.kernelspecs_endpoint_default_value
)
kernelspecs_resource_endpoint_default_value = "/kernelspecs"
kernelspecs_resource_endpoint_env = "JUPYTER_GATEWAY_KERNELSPECS_RESOURCE_ENDPOINT"
kernelspecs_resource_endpoint = Unicode(
default_value=kernelspecs_resource_endpoint_default_value,
config=True,
help="""The gateway endpoint for accessing kernelspecs resources
(JUPYTER_GATEWAY_KERNELSPECS_RESOURCE_ENDPOINT env var)""",
)
def _kernelspecs_resource_endpoint_default(self):
return os.environ.get(
self.kernelspecs_resource_endpoint_env,
self.kernelspecs_resource_endpoint_default_value,
)
connect_timeout_default_value = 40.0
connect_timeout_env = "JUPYTER_GATEWAY_CONNECT_TIMEOUT"
connect_timeout = Float(
default_value=connect_timeout_default_value,
config=True,
help="""The time allowed for HTTP connection establishment with the Gateway server.
(JUPYTER_GATEWAY_CONNECT_TIMEOUT env var)""",
)
def _connect_timeout_default(self):
return float(os.environ.get(self.connect_timeout_env, self.connect_timeout_default_value))
request_timeout_default_value = 42.0
request_timeout_env = "JUPYTER_GATEWAY_REQUEST_TIMEOUT"
request_timeout = Float(
default_value=request_timeout_default_value,
config=True,
help="""The time allowed for HTTP request completion. (JUPYTER_GATEWAY_REQUEST_TIMEOUT env var)""",
)
def _request_timeout_default(self):
return float(os.environ.get(self.request_timeout_env, self.request_timeout_default_value))
client_key = Unicode(
default_value=None,
allow_none=True,
config=True,
help="""The filename for client SSL key, if any. (JUPYTER_GATEWAY_CLIENT_KEY env var)
""",
)
client_key_env = "JUPYTER_GATEWAY_CLIENT_KEY"
def _client_key_default(self):
return os.environ.get(self.client_key_env)
client_cert = Unicode(
default_value=None,
allow_none=True,
config=True,
help="""The filename for client SSL certificate, if any. (JUPYTER_GATEWAY_CLIENT_CERT env var)
""",
)
client_cert_env = "JUPYTER_GATEWAY_CLIENT_CERT"
def _client_cert_default(self):
return os.environ.get(self.client_cert_env)
ca_certs = Unicode(
default_value=None,
allow_none=True,
config=True,
help="""The filename of CA certificates or None to use defaults. (JUPYTER_GATEWAY_CA_CERTS env var)
""",
)
ca_certs_env = "JUPYTER_GATEWAY_CA_CERTS"
def _ca_certs_default(self):
return os.environ.get(self.ca_certs_env)
http_user = Unicode(
default_value=None,
allow_none=True,
config=True,
help="""The username for HTTP authentication. (JUPYTER_GATEWAY_HTTP_USER env var)
""",
)
http_user_env = "JUPYTER_GATEWAY_HTTP_USER"
def _http_user_default(self):
return os.environ.get(self.http_user_env)
http_pwd = Unicode(
default_value=None,
allow_none=True,
config=True,
help="""The password for HTTP authentication. (JUPYTER_GATEWAY_HTTP_PWD env var)
""",
)
http_pwd_env = "JUPYTER_GATEWAY_HTTP_PWD"
def _http_pwd_default(self):
return os.environ.get(self.http_pwd_env)
headers_default_value = "{}"
headers_env = "JUPYTER_GATEWAY_HEADERS"
headers = Unicode(
default_value=headers_default_value,
allow_none=True,
config=True,
help="""Additional HTTP headers to pass on the request. This value will be converted to a dict.
(JUPYTER_GATEWAY_HEADERS env var)
""",
)
def _headers_default(self):
return os.environ.get(self.headers_env, self.headers_default_value)
auth_header_key_default_value = "Authorization"
auth_header_key = Unicode(
config=True,
help="""The authorization header's key name (typically 'Authorization') used in the HTTP headers. The
header will be formatted as::
{'{auth_header_key}': '{auth_scheme} {auth_token}'}
If the authorization header key takes a single value, `auth_scheme` should be set to None and
'auth_token' should be configured to use the appropriate value.
(JUPYTER_GATEWAY_AUTH_HEADER_KEY env var)""",
)
auth_header_key_env = "JUPYTER_GATEWAY_AUTH_HEADER_KEY"
def _auth_header_key_default(self):
return os.environ.get(self.auth_header_key_env, self.auth_header_key_default_value)
auth_token_default_value = ""
auth_token = Unicode(
default_value=None,
allow_none=True,
config=True,
help="""The authorization token used in the HTTP headers. The header will be formatted as::
{'{auth_header_key}': '{auth_scheme} {auth_token}'}
(JUPYTER_GATEWAY_AUTH_TOKEN env var)""",
)
auth_token_env = "JUPYTER_GATEWAY_AUTH_TOKEN"
def _auth_token_default(self):
return os.environ.get(self.auth_token_env, self.auth_token_default_value)
auth_scheme_default_value = "token" # This value is purely for backwards compatibility
auth_scheme = Unicode(
allow_none=True,
config=True,
help="""The auth scheme, added as a prefix to the authorization token used in the HTTP headers.
(JUPYTER_GATEWAY_AUTH_SCHEME env var)""",
)
auth_scheme_env = "JUPYTER_GATEWAY_AUTH_SCHEME"
def _auth_scheme_default(self):
return os.environ.get(self.auth_scheme_env, self.auth_scheme_default_value)
validate_cert_default_value = True
validate_cert_env = "JUPYTER_GATEWAY_VALIDATE_CERT"
validate_cert = Bool(
default_value=validate_cert_default_value,
config=True,
help="""For HTTPS requests, determines if server's certificate should be validated or not.
(JUPYTER_GATEWAY_VALIDATE_CERT env var)""",
)
def _validate_cert_default(self):
return bool(
os.environ.get(self.validate_cert_env, str(self.validate_cert_default_value))
not in ["no", "false"]
)
allowed_envs_default_value = ""
allowed_envs_env = "JUPYTER_GATEWAY_ALLOWED_ENVS"
allowed_envs = Unicode(
default_value=allowed_envs_default_value,
config=True,
help="""A comma-separated list of environment variable names that will be included, along with
their values, in the kernel startup request. The corresponding `client_envs` configuration
value must also be set on the Gateway server - since that configuration value indicates which
environmental values to make available to the kernel. (JUPYTER_GATEWAY_ALLOWED_ENVS env var)""",
)
def _allowed_envs_default(self):
return os.environ.get(
self.allowed_envs_env,
os.environ.get("JUPYTER_GATEWAY_ENV_WHITELIST", self.allowed_envs_default_value),
)
env_whitelist = Unicode(
default_value=allowed_envs_default_value,
config=True,
help="""Deprecated, use `GatewayClient.allowed_envs`""",
)
gateway_retry_interval_default_value = 1.0
gateway_retry_interval_env = "JUPYTER_GATEWAY_RETRY_INTERVAL"
gateway_retry_interval = Float(
default_value=gateway_retry_interval_default_value,
config=True,
help="""The time allowed for HTTP reconnection with the Gateway server for the first time.
Next will be JUPYTER_GATEWAY_RETRY_INTERVAL multiplied by two in factor of numbers of retries
but less than JUPYTER_GATEWAY_RETRY_INTERVAL_MAX.
(JUPYTER_GATEWAY_RETRY_INTERVAL env var)""",
)
def _gateway_retry_interval_default(self):
return float(
os.environ.get(
self.gateway_retry_interval_env,
self.gateway_retry_interval_default_value,
)
)
gateway_retry_interval_max_default_value = 30.0
gateway_retry_interval_max_env = "JUPYTER_GATEWAY_RETRY_INTERVAL_MAX"
gateway_retry_interval_max = Float(
default_value=gateway_retry_interval_max_default_value,
config=True,
help="""The maximum time allowed for HTTP reconnection retry with the Gateway server.
(JUPYTER_GATEWAY_RETRY_INTERVAL_MAX env var)""",
)
def _gateway_retry_interval_max_default(self):
return float(
os.environ.get(
self.gateway_retry_interval_max_env,
self.gateway_retry_interval_max_default_value,
)
)
gateway_retry_max_default_value = 5
gateway_retry_max_env = "JUPYTER_GATEWAY_RETRY_MAX"
gateway_retry_max = Int(
default_value=gateway_retry_max_default_value,
config=True,
help="""The maximum retries allowed for HTTP reconnection with the Gateway server.
(JUPYTER_GATEWAY_RETRY_MAX env var)""",
)
def _gateway_retry_max_default(self):
return int(os.environ.get(self.gateway_retry_max_env, self.gateway_retry_max_default_value))
gateway_token_renewer_class_default_value = (
"jupyter_server.gateway.gateway_client.NoOpTokenRenewer"
)
gateway_token_renewer_class_env = "JUPYTER_GATEWAY_TOKEN_RENEWER_CLASS"
gateway_token_renewer_class = Type(
klass=GatewayTokenRenewerBase,
config=True,
help="""The class to use for Gateway token renewal. (JUPYTER_GATEWAY_TOKEN_RENEWER_CLASS env var)""",
)
def _gateway_token_renewer_class_default(self):
return os.environ.get(
self.gateway_token_renewer_class_env, self.gateway_token_renewer_class_default_value
)
launch_timeout_pad_default_value = 2.0
launch_timeout_pad_env = "JUPYTER_GATEWAY_LAUNCH_TIMEOUT_PAD"
launch_timeout_pad = Float(
default_value=launch_timeout_pad_default_value,
config=True,
help="""Timeout pad to be ensured between KERNEL_LAUNCH_TIMEOUT and request_timeout
such that request_timeout >= KERNEL_LAUNCH_TIMEOUT + launch_timeout_pad.
(JUPYTER_GATEWAY_LAUNCH_TIMEOUT_PAD env var)""",
)
def _launch_timeout_pad_default(self):
return float(
os.environ.get(
self.launch_timeout_pad_env,
self.launch_timeout_pad_default_value,
)
)
accept_cookies_value = False
accept_cookies_env = "JUPYTER_GATEWAY_ACCEPT_COOKIES"
accept_cookies = Bool(
default_value=accept_cookies_value,
config=True,
help="""Accept and manage cookies sent by the service side. This is often useful
for load balancers to decide which backend node to use.
(JUPYTER_GATEWAY_ACCEPT_COOKIES env var)""",
)
def _accept_cookies_default(self):
return bool(
os.environ.get(self.accept_cookies_env, str(self.accept_cookies_value).lower())
not in ["no", "false"]
)
_deprecated_traits = {
"env_whitelist": ("allowed_envs", "2.0"),
}
# Method copied from
# https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/blob/d1a85e53dccfc7b1dd81b0c1985d158cc6b61820/jupyterhub/auth.py#L143-L161
def _deprecated_trait(self, change):
"""observer for deprecated traits"""
old_attr = change.name
new_attr, version = self._deprecated_traits[old_attr]
new_value = getattr(self, new_attr)
if new_value != change.new:
# only warn if different
# protects backward-compatible config from warnings
# if they set the same value under both names
self.log.warning(
(
"{cls}.{old} is deprecated in jupyter_server "
"{version}, use {cls}.{new} instead"
).format(
cls=self.__class__.__name__,
old=old_attr,
new=new_attr,
version=version,
)
)
setattr(self, new_attr, change.new)
def gateway_enabled(self):
return bool(self.url is not None and len(self.url) > 0)
# Ensure KERNEL_LAUNCH_TIMEOUT has a default value.
KERNEL_LAUNCH_TIMEOUT = int(os.environ.get("KERNEL_LAUNCH_TIMEOUT", 40))
_connection_args: dict # initialized on first use
gateway_token_renewer: GatewayTokenRenewerBase
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
"""Initialize a gateway client."""
super().__init__(**kwargs)
self._connection_args = {} # initialized on first use
self.gateway_token_renewer = self.gateway_token_renewer_class(parent=self, log=self.log)
# store of cookies with store time
self._cookies: ty.Dict[str, ty.Tuple[Morsel, datetime]] = {}
def init_connection_args(self):
"""Initialize arguments used on every request. Since these are primarily static values,
we'll perform this operation once.
"""
# Ensure that request timeout and KERNEL_LAUNCH_TIMEOUT are in sync, taking the
# greater value of the two and taking into account the following relation:
# request_timeout = KERNEL_LAUNCH_TIME + padding
minimum_request_timeout = (
float(GatewayClient.KERNEL_LAUNCH_TIMEOUT) + self.launch_timeout_pad
)
if self.request_timeout < minimum_request_timeout:
self.request_timeout = minimum_request_timeout
elif self.request_timeout > minimum_request_timeout:
GatewayClient.KERNEL_LAUNCH_TIMEOUT = int(
self.request_timeout - self.launch_timeout_pad
)
# Ensure any adjustments are reflected in env.
os.environ["KERNEL_LAUNCH_TIMEOUT"] = str(GatewayClient.KERNEL_LAUNCH_TIMEOUT)
self._connection_args["headers"] = json.loads(self.headers)
if self.auth_header_key not in self._connection_args["headers"].keys():
self._connection_args["headers"].update(
{f"{self.auth_header_key}": f"{self.auth_scheme} {self.auth_token}"}
)
self._connection_args["connect_timeout"] = self.connect_timeout
self._connection_args["request_timeout"] = self.request_timeout
self._connection_args["validate_cert"] = self.validate_cert
if self.client_cert:
self._connection_args["client_cert"] = self.client_cert
self._connection_args["client_key"] = self.client_key
if self.ca_certs:
self._connection_args["ca_certs"] = self.ca_certs
if self.http_user:
self._connection_args["auth_username"] = self.http_user
if self.http_pwd:
self._connection_args["auth_password"] = self.http_pwd
def load_connection_args(self, **kwargs):
"""Merges the static args relative to the connection, with the given keyword arguments. If statics
have yet to be initialized, we'll do that here.
"""
if len(self._connection_args) == 0:
self.init_connection_args()
# Give token renewal a shot at renewing the token
prev_auth_token = self.auth_token
try:
self.auth_token = self.gateway_token_renewer.get_token(
self.auth_header_key, self.auth_scheme, self.auth_token
)
except Exception as ex:
self.log.error(
f"An exception occurred attempting to renew the "
f"Gateway authorization token using an instance of class "
f"'{self.gateway_token_renewer_class}'. The request will "
f"proceed using the current token value. Exception was: {ex}"
)
self.auth_token = prev_auth_token
for arg, value in self._connection_args.items():
if arg == "headers":
given_value = kwargs.setdefault(arg, {})
if isinstance(given_value, dict):
given_value.update(value)
# Ensure the auth header is current
given_value.update(
{f"{self.auth_header_key}": f"{self.auth_scheme} {self.auth_token}"}
)
else:
kwargs[arg] = value
if self.accept_cookies:
self._update_cookie_header(kwargs)
return kwargs
def update_cookies(self, cookie: SimpleCookie) -> None:
"""Update cookies from existing requests for load balancers"""
if not self.accept_cookies:
return
store_time = datetime.now(tz=timezone.utc)
for key, item in cookie.items():
# Convert "expires" arg into "max-age" to facilitate expiration management.
# As "max-age" has precedence, ignore "expires" when "max-age" exists.
if item.get("expires") and not item.get("max-age"):
expire_timedelta = parsedate_to_datetime(item["expires"]) - store_time
item["max-age"] = str(expire_timedelta.total_seconds())
self._cookies[key] = (item, store_time)
def _clear_expired_cookies(self) -> None:
"""Clear expired cookies."""
check_time = datetime.now(tz=timezone.utc)
expired_keys = []
for key, (morsel, store_time) in self._cookies.items():
cookie_max_age = morsel.get("max-age")
if not cookie_max_age:
continue
expired_timedelta = check_time - store_time
if expired_timedelta.total_seconds() > float(cookie_max_age):
expired_keys.append(key)
for key in expired_keys:
self._cookies.pop(key)
def _update_cookie_header(self, connection_args: dict) -> None:
"""Update a cookie header."""
self._clear_expired_cookies()
gateway_cookie_values = "; ".join(
f"{name}={morsel.coded_value}" for name, (morsel, _time) in self._cookies.items()
)
if gateway_cookie_values:
headers = connection_args.get("headers", {})
# As headers are case-insensitive, we get existing name of cookie header,
# or use "Cookie" by default.
cookie_header_name = next(
(header_key for header_key in headers if header_key.lower() == "cookie"),
"Cookie",
)
existing_cookie = headers.get(cookie_header_name)
# merge gateway-managed cookies with cookies already in arguments
if existing_cookie:
gateway_cookie_values = existing_cookie + "; " + gateway_cookie_values
headers[cookie_header_name] = gateway_cookie_values
connection_args["headers"] = headers
class RetryableHTTPClient:
"""
Inspired by urllib.util.Retry (https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/stable/reference/urllib3.util.html),
this class is initialized with desired retry characteristics, uses a recursive method `fetch()` against an instance
of `AsyncHTTPClient` which tracks the current retry count across applicable request retries.
"""
MAX_RETRIES_DEFAULT = 2
MAX_RETRIES_CAP = 10 # The upper limit to max_retries value.
max_retries: int = int(os.getenv("JUPYTER_GATEWAY_MAX_REQUEST_RETRIES", MAX_RETRIES_DEFAULT))
max_retries = max(0, min(max_retries, MAX_RETRIES_CAP)) # Enforce boundaries
retried_methods: ty.Set[str] = {"GET", "DELETE"}
retried_errors: ty.Set[int] = {502, 503, 504, 599}
retried_exceptions: ty.Set[type] = {ConnectionError}
backoff_factor: float = 0.1
def __init__(self):
"""Initialize the retryable http client."""
self.retry_count: int = 0
self.client: AsyncHTTPClient = AsyncHTTPClient()
async def fetch(self, endpoint: str, **kwargs: ty.Any) -> HTTPResponse:
"""
Retryable AsyncHTTPClient.fetch() method. When the request fails, this method will
recurse up to max_retries times if the condition deserves a retry.
"""
self.retry_count = 0
return await self._fetch(endpoint, **kwargs)
async def _fetch(self, endpoint: str, **kwargs: ty.Any) -> HTTPResponse:
"""
Performs the fetch against the contained AsyncHTTPClient instance and determines
if retry is necessary on any exceptions. If so, retry is performed recursively.
"""
try:
response: HTTPResponse = await self.client.fetch(endpoint, **kwargs)
except Exception as e:
is_retryable: bool = await self._is_retryable(kwargs["method"], e)
if not is_retryable:
raise e
logging.getLogger("ServerApp").info(
f"Attempting retry ({self.retry_count}) against "
f"endpoint '{endpoint}'. Retried error: '{repr(e)}'"
)
response = await self._fetch(endpoint, **kwargs)
return response
async def _is_retryable(self, method: str, exception: Exception) -> bool:
"""Determines if the given exception is retryable based on object's configuration."""
if method not in self.retried_methods:
return False
if self.retry_count == self.max_retries:
return False
# Determine if error is retryable...
if isinstance(exception, HTTPClientError):
hce: HTTPClientError = exception
if hce.code not in self.retried_errors:
return False
elif not any(isinstance(exception, error) for error in self.retried_exceptions):
return False
# Is retryable, wait for backoff, then increment count
await asyncio.sleep(self.backoff_factor * (2**self.retry_count))
self.retry_count += 1
return True
class gaierror(error):
def __init__(self, error: int = ..., string: str = ...) -> None: ...
class HTTPResponse(object):
"""HTTP Response object.
Attributes:
* ``request``: HTTPRequest object
* ``code``: numeric HTTP status code, e.g. 200 or 404
* ``reason``: human-readable reason phrase describing the status code
* ``headers``: `tornado.httputil.HTTPHeaders` object
* ``effective_url``: final location of the resource after following any
redirects
* ``buffer``: ``cStringIO`` object for response body
* ``body``: response body as bytes (created on demand from ``self.buffer``)
* ``error``: Exception object, if any
* ``request_time``: seconds from request start to finish. Includes all
network operations from DNS resolution to receiving the last byte of
data. Does not include time spent in the queue (due to the
``max_clients`` option). If redirects were followed, only includes
the final request.
* ``start_time``: Time at which the HTTP operation started, based on
`time.time` (not the monotonic clock used by `.IOLoop.time`). May
be ``None`` if the request timed out while in the queue.
* ``time_info``: dictionary of diagnostic timing information from the
request. Available data are subject to change, but currently uses timings
available from http://curl.haxx.se/libcurl/c/curl_easy_getinfo.html,
plus ``queue``, which is the delay (if any) introduced by waiting for
a slot under `AsyncHTTPClient`'s ``max_clients`` setting.
.. versionadded:: 5.1
Added the ``start_time`` attribute.
.. versionchanged:: 5.1
The ``request_time`` attribute previously included time spent in the queue
for ``simple_httpclient``, but not in ``curl_httpclient``. Now queueing time
is excluded in both implementations. ``request_time`` is now more accurate for
``curl_httpclient`` because it uses a monotonic clock when available.
"""
# I'm not sure why these don't get type-inferred from the references in __init__.
error = None # type: Optional[BaseException]
_error_is_response_code = False
request = None # type: HTTPRequest
def __init__(
self,
request: HTTPRequest,
code: int,
headers: Optional[httputil.HTTPHeaders] = None,
buffer: Optional[BytesIO] = None,
effective_url: Optional[str] = None,
error: Optional[BaseException] = None,
request_time: Optional[float] = None,
time_info: Optional[Dict[str, float]] = None,
reason: Optional[str] = None,
start_time: Optional[float] = None,
) -> None:
if isinstance(request, _RequestProxy):
self.request = request.request
else:
self.request = request
self.code = code
self.reason = reason or httputil.responses.get(code, "Unknown")
if headers is not None:
self.headers = headers
else:
self.headers = httputil.HTTPHeaders()
self.buffer = buffer
self._body = None # type: Optional[bytes]
if effective_url is None:
self.effective_url = request.url
else:
self.effective_url = effective_url
self._error_is_response_code = False
if error is None:
if self.code < 200 or self.code >= 300:
self._error_is_response_code = True
self.error = HTTPError(self.code, message=self.reason, response=self)
else:
self.error = None
else:
self.error = error
self.start_time = start_time
self.request_time = request_time
self.time_info = time_info or {}
def body(self) -> bytes:
if self.buffer is None:
return b""
elif self._body is None:
self._body = self.buffer.getvalue()
return self._body
def rethrow(self) -> None:
"""If there was an error on the request, raise an `HTTPError`."""
if self.error:
raise self.error
def __repr__(self) -> str:
args = ",".join("%s=%r" % i for i in sorted(self.__dict__.items()))
return "%s(%s)" % (self.__class__.__name__, args)
class HTTPClientError(Exception):
"""Exception thrown for an unsuccessful HTTP request.
Attributes:
* ``code`` - HTTP error integer error code, e.g. 404. Error code 599 is
used when no HTTP response was received, e.g. for a timeout.
* ``response`` - `HTTPResponse` object, if any.
Note that if ``follow_redirects`` is False, redirects become HTTPErrors,
and you can look at ``error.response.headers['Location']`` to see the
destination of the redirect.
.. versionchanged:: 5.1
Renamed from ``HTTPError`` to ``HTTPClientError`` to avoid collisions with
`tornado.web.HTTPError`. The name ``tornado.httpclient.HTTPError`` remains
as an alias.
"""
def __init__(
self,
code: int,
message: Optional[str] = None,
response: Optional[HTTPResponse] = None,
) -> None:
self.code = code
self.message = message or httputil.responses.get(code, "Unknown")
self.response = response
super().__init__(code, message, response)
def __str__(self) -> str:
return "HTTP %d: %s" % (self.code, self.message)
# There is a cyclic reference between self and self.response,
# which breaks the default __repr__ implementation.
# (especially on pypy, which doesn't have the same recursion
# detection as cpython).
__repr__ = __str__
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `gateway_request` function. Write a Python function `async def gateway_request(endpoint: str, **kwargs: ty.Any) -> HTTPResponse` to solve the following problem:
Make an async request to kernel gateway endpoint, returns a response
Here is the function:
async def gateway_request(endpoint: str, **kwargs: ty.Any) -> HTTPResponse:
"""Make an async request to kernel gateway endpoint, returns a response"""
kwargs = GatewayClient.instance().load_connection_args(**kwargs)
rhc = RetryableHTTPClient()
try:
response = await rhc.fetch(endpoint, **kwargs)
# Trap a set of common exceptions so that we can inform the user that their Gateway url is incorrect
# or the server is not running.
# NOTE: We do this here since this handler is called during the server's startup and subsequent refreshes
# of the tree view.
except HTTPClientError as e:
error_reason = f"Exception while attempting to connect to Gateway server url '{GatewayClient.instance().url}'"
error_message = e.message
if e.response:
try:
error_payload = json.loads(e.response.body)
error_reason = error_payload.get("reason") or error_reason
error_message = error_payload.get("message") or error_message
except json.decoder.JSONDecodeError:
error_reason = e.response.body.decode()
raise web.HTTPError(
e.code,
f"Error from Gateway: [{error_message}] {error_reason}. "
"Ensure gateway url is valid and the Gateway instance is running.",
) from e
except ConnectionError as e:
raise web.HTTPError(
503,
f"ConnectionError was received from Gateway server url '{GatewayClient.instance().url}'. "
"Check to be sure the Gateway instance is running.",
) from e
except gaierror as e:
raise web.HTTPError(
404,
f"The Gateway server specified in the gateway_url '{GatewayClient.instance().url}' doesn't "
f"appear to be valid. Ensure gateway url is valid and the Gateway instance is running.",
) from e
if GatewayClient.instance().accept_cookies:
# Update cookies on GatewayClient from server if configured.
cookie_values = response.headers.get("Set-Cookie")
if cookie_values:
cookie: SimpleCookie = SimpleCookie()
cookie.load(cookie_values)
GatewayClient.instance().update_cookies(cookie)
return response | Make an async request to kernel gateway endpoint, returns a response |
173,959 | from __future__ import annotations
import binascii
import datetime
import json
import os
import re
import sys
import uuid
from dataclasses import asdict, dataclass
from http.cookies import Morsel
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Awaitable
from tornado import escape, httputil, web
from traitlets import Bool, Dict, Type, Unicode, default
from traitlets.config import LoggingConfigurable
from jupyter_server.transutils import _i18n
from .security import passwd_check, set_password
from .utils import get_anonymous_username
class User:
"""Object representing a User
This or a subclass should be returned from IdentityProvider.get_user
"""
username: str # the only truly required field
# these fields are filled from username if not specified
# name is the 'real' name of the user
name: str = ""
# display_name is a shorter name for us in UI,
# if different from name. e.g. a nickname
display_name: str = ""
# these fields are left as None if undefined
initials: str | None = None
avatar_url: str | None = None
color: str | None = None
# TODO: extension fields?
# ext: Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]] = field(default_factory=dict)
def __post_init__(self):
self.fill_defaults()
def fill_defaults(self):
"""Fill out default fields in the identity model
- Ensures all values are defined
- Fills out derivative values for name fields fields
- Fills out null values for optional fields
"""
# username is the only truly required field
if not self.username:
msg = f"user.username must not be empty: {self}"
raise ValueError(msg)
# derive name fields from username -> name -> display name
if not self.name:
self.name = self.username
if not self.display_name:
self.display_name = self.name
Any = object()
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `_backward_compat_user` function. Write a Python function `def _backward_compat_user(got_user: Any) -> User` to solve the following problem:
Backward-compatibility for LoginHandler.get_user Prior to 2.0, LoginHandler.get_user could return anything truthy. Typically, this was either a simple string username, or a simple dict. Make some effort to allow common patterns to keep working.
Here is the function:
def _backward_compat_user(got_user: Any) -> User:
"""Backward-compatibility for LoginHandler.get_user
Prior to 2.0, LoginHandler.get_user could return anything truthy.
Typically, this was either a simple string username,
or a simple dict.
Make some effort to allow common patterns to keep working.
"""
if isinstance(got_user, str):
return User(username=got_user)
elif isinstance(got_user, dict):
kwargs = {}
if "username" not in got_user and "name" in got_user:
kwargs["username"] = got_user["name"]
for field in User.__dataclass_fields__:
if field in got_user:
kwargs[field] = got_user[field]
try:
return User(**kwargs)
except TypeError:
msg = f"Unrecognized user: {got_user}"
raise ValueError(msg) from None
else:
msg = f"Unrecognized user: {got_user}"
raise ValueError(msg) | Backward-compatibility for LoginHandler.get_user Prior to 2.0, LoginHandler.get_user could return anything truthy. Typically, this was either a simple string username, or a simple dict. Make some effort to allow common patterns to keep working. |
173,960 | import importlib
import random
import re
import warnings
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `warn_disabled_authorization` function. Write a Python function `def warn_disabled_authorization()` to solve the following problem:
DEPRECATED, does nothing
Here is the function:
def warn_disabled_authorization():
"""DEPRECATED, does nothing"""
warnings.warn(
"jupyter_server.auth.utils.warn_disabled_authorization is deprecated",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
) | DEPRECATED, does nothing |
173,961 | import importlib
import random
import re
import warnings
def get_regex_to_resource_map():
"""Returns a dictionary with all of Jupyter Server's
request handler URL regex patterns mapped to
their resource name.
e.g.
{ "/api/contents/<regex_pattern>": "contents", ...}
"""
from jupyter_server.serverapp import JUPYTER_SERVICE_HANDLERS
modules = []
for mod_name in JUPYTER_SERVICE_HANDLERS.values():
if mod_name:
modules.extend(mod_name)
resource_map = {}
for handler_module in modules:
mod = importlib.import_module(handler_module)
name = mod.AUTH_RESOURCE
for handler in mod.default_handlers:
url_regex = handler[0]
resource_map[url_regex] = name
# terminal plugin doesn't have importable url patterns
# get these from terminal/__init__.py
for url_regex in [
r"/terminals/websocket/(\w+)",
"/api/terminals",
r"/api/terminals/(\w+)",
]:
resource_map[url_regex] = "terminals"
return resource_map
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `match_url_to_resource` function. Write a Python function `def match_url_to_resource(url, regex_mapping=None)` to solve the following problem:
Finds the JupyterHandler regex pattern that would match the given URL and returns the resource name (str) of that handler. e.g. /api/contents/... returns "contents"
Here is the function:
def match_url_to_resource(url, regex_mapping=None):
"""Finds the JupyterHandler regex pattern that would
match the given URL and returns the resource name (str)
of that handler.
e.g.
/api/contents/... returns "contents"
"""
if not regex_mapping:
regex_mapping = get_regex_to_resource_map()
for regex, auth_resource in regex_mapping.items():
pattern = re.compile(regex)
if pattern.fullmatch(url):
return auth_resource | Finds the JupyterHandler regex pattern that would match the given URL and returns the resource name (str) of that handler. e.g. /api/contents/... returns "contents" |
173,962 | import importlib
import random
import re
import warnings
moons_of_jupyter = [
"Metis",
"Adrastea",
"Amalthea",
"Thebe",
"Io",
"Europa",
"Ganymede",
"Callisto",
"Themisto",
"Leda",
"Ersa",
"Pandia",
"Himalia",
"Lysithea",
"Elara",
"Dia",
"Carpo",
"Valetudo",
"Euporie",
"Eupheme",
# 'S/2003 J 18',
# 'S/2010 J 2',
"Helike",
# 'S/2003 J 16',
# 'S/2003 J 2',
"Euanthe",
# 'S/2017 J 7',
"Hermippe",
"Praxidike",
"Thyone",
"Thelxinoe",
# 'S/2017 J 3',
"Ananke",
"Mneme",
# 'S/2016 J 1',
"Orthosie",
"Harpalyke",
"Iocaste",
# 'S/2017 J 9',
# 'S/2003 J 12',
# 'S/2003 J 4',
"Erinome",
"Aitne",
"Herse",
"Taygete",
# 'S/2017 J 2',
# 'S/2017 J 6',
"Eukelade",
"Carme",
# 'S/2003 J 19',
"Isonoe",
# 'S/2003 J 10',
"Autonoe",
"Philophrosyne",
"Cyllene",
"Pasithee",
# 'S/2010 J 1',
"Pasiphae",
"Sponde",
# 'S/2017 J 8',
"Eurydome",
# 'S/2017 J 5',
"Kalyke",
"Hegemone",
"Kale",
"Kallichore",
# 'S/2011 J 1',
# 'S/2017 J 1',
"Chaldene",
"Arche",
"Eirene",
"Kore",
# 'S/2011 J 2',
# 'S/2003 J 9',
"Megaclite",
"Aoede",
# 'S/2003 J 23',
"Callirrhoe",
"Sinope",
]
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `get_anonymous_username` function. Write a Python function `def get_anonymous_username() -> str` to solve the following problem:
Get a random user-name based on the moons of Jupyter. This function returns names like "Anonymous Io" or "Anonymous Metis".
Here is the function:
def get_anonymous_username() -> str:
"""
Get a random user-name based on the moons of Jupyter.
This function returns names like "Anonymous Io" or "Anonymous Metis".
"""
return moons_of_jupyter[random.randint(0, len(moons_of_jupyter) - 1)] | Get a random user-name based on the moons of Jupyter. This function returns names like "Anonymous Io" or "Anonymous Metis". |
173,963 | from functools import wraps
from typing import Callable, Optional, Union
from tornado.log import app_log
from tornado.web import HTTPError
from .utils import HTTP_METHOD_TO_AUTH_ACTION
def wraps(wrapped: _AnyCallable, assigned: Sequence[str] = ..., updated: Sequence[str] = ...) -> Callable[[_T], _T]: ...
class Callable(BaseTypingInstance):
def py__call__(self, arguments):
"""
def x() -> Callable[[Callable[..., _T]], _T]: ...
"""
# The 0th index are the arguments.
try:
param_values = self._generics_manager[0]
result_values = self._generics_manager[1]
except IndexError:
debug.warning('Callable[...] defined without two arguments')
return NO_VALUES
else:
from jedi.inference.gradual.annotation import infer_return_for_callable
return infer_return_for_callable(arguments, param_values, result_values)
def py__get__(self, instance, class_value):
return ValueSet([self])
Union: _SpecialForm = ...
Optional: _SpecialForm = ...
app_log = logging.getLogger("tornado.application")
class HTTPError(Exception):
"""An exception that will turn into an HTTP error response.
Raising an `HTTPError` is a convenient alternative to calling
`RequestHandler.send_error` since it automatically ends the
current function.
To customize the response sent with an `HTTPError`, override
`RequestHandler.write_error`.
:arg int status_code: HTTP status code. Must be listed in
`httplib.responses <http.client.responses>` unless the ``reason``
keyword argument is given.
:arg str log_message: Message to be written to the log for this error
(will not be shown to the user unless the `Application` is in debug
mode). May contain ``%s``-style placeholders, which will be filled
in with remaining positional parameters.
:arg str reason: Keyword-only argument. The HTTP "reason" phrase
to pass in the status line along with ``status_code``. Normally
determined automatically from ``status_code``, but can be used
to use a non-standard numeric code.
"""
def __init__(
self,
status_code: int = 500,
log_message: Optional[str] = None,
*args: Any,
**kwargs: Any
) -> None:
self.status_code = status_code
self.log_message = log_message
self.args = args
self.reason = kwargs.get("reason", None)
if log_message and not args:
self.log_message = log_message.replace("%", "%%")
def __str__(self) -> str:
message = "HTTP %d: %s" % (
self.status_code,
self.reason or httputil.responses.get(self.status_code, "Unknown"),
)
if self.log_message:
return message + " (" + (self.log_message % self.args) + ")"
else:
return message
HTTP_METHOD_TO_AUTH_ACTION = {
"GET": "read",
"HEAD": "read",
"OPTIONS": "read",
"POST": "write",
"PUT": "write",
"PATCH": "write",
"DELETE": "write",
"WEBSOCKET": "execute",
}
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `authorized` function. Write a Python function `def authorized( action: Optional[Union[str, Callable]] = None, resource: Optional[str] = None, message: Optional[str] = None, ) -> Callable` to solve the following problem:
A decorator for tornado.web.RequestHandler methods that verifies whether the current user is authorized to make the following request. Helpful for adding an 'authorization' layer to a REST API. .. versionadded:: 2.0 Parameters ---------- action : str the type of permission or action to check. resource: str or None the name of the resource the action is being authorized to access. message : str or none a message for the unauthorized action.
Here is the function:
def authorized(
action: Optional[Union[str, Callable]] = None,
resource: Optional[str] = None,
message: Optional[str] = None,
) -> Callable:
"""A decorator for tornado.web.RequestHandler methods
that verifies whether the current user is authorized
to make the following request.
Helpful for adding an 'authorization' layer to
a REST API.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
Parameters
----------
action : str
the type of permission or action to check.
resource: str or None
the name of the resource the action is being authorized
to access.
message : str or none
a message for the unauthorized action.
"""
def wrapper(method):
@wraps(method)
def inner(self, *args, **kwargs):
# default values for action, resource
nonlocal action
nonlocal resource
nonlocal message
if action is None:
http_method = self.request.method.upper()
action = HTTP_METHOD_TO_AUTH_ACTION[http_method]
if resource is None:
resource = self.auth_resource
if message is None:
message = f"User is not authorized to {action} on resource: {resource}."
user = self.current_user
if not user:
app_log.warning("Attempting to authorize request without authentication!")
raise HTTPError(status_code=403, log_message=message)
# If the user is allowed to do this action,
# call the method.
if self.authorizer.is_authorized(self, user, action, resource):
return method(self, *args, **kwargs)
# else raise an exception.
else:
raise HTTPError(status_code=403, log_message=message)
return inner
if callable(action):
method = action
action = None
# no-arguments `@authorized` decorator called
return wrapper(method)
return wrapper | A decorator for tornado.web.RequestHandler methods that verifies whether the current user is authorized to make the following request. Helpful for adding an 'authorization' layer to a REST API. .. versionadded:: 2.0 Parameters ---------- action : str the type of permission or action to check. resource: str or None the name of the resource the action is being authorized to access. message : str or none a message for the unauthorized action. |
173,964 | import argparse
import sys
import warnings
from getpass import getpass
from jupyter_core.paths import jupyter_config_dir
from traitlets.log import get_logger
from jupyter_server.auth import passwd
from jupyter_server.config_manager import BaseJSONConfigManager
def getpass(prompt: str = ..., stream: Optional[TextIO] = ...) -> str: ...
def jupyter_config_dir() -> str:
"""Get the Jupyter config directory for this platform and user.
Returns JUPYTER_CONFIG_DIR if defined, otherwise the appropriate
directory for the platform.
"""
env = os.environ
if env.get("JUPYTER_NO_CONFIG"):
return _mkdtemp_once("jupyter-clean-cfg")
if env.get("JUPYTER_CONFIG_DIR"):
return env["JUPYTER_CONFIG_DIR"]
if use_platform_dirs():
return platformdirs.user_config_dir(APPNAME, appauthor=False)
home_dir = get_home_dir()
return pjoin(home_dir, ".jupyter")
def get_logger():
"""Grab the global logger instance.
If a global Application is instantiated, grab its logger.
Otherwise, grab the root logger.
"""
global _logger
if _logger is None:
from .config import Application
if Application.initialized():
_logger = Application.instance().log
else:
_logger = logging.getLogger("traitlets")
# Add a NullHandler to silence warnings about not being
# initialized, per best practice for libraries.
_logger.addHandler(logging.NullHandler())
return _logger
class BaseJSONConfigManager(LoggingConfigurable):
"""General JSON config manager
Deals with persisting/storing config in a json file with optionally
default values in a {section_name}.d directory.
"""
config_dir = Unicode(".")
read_directory = Bool(True)
def ensure_config_dir_exists(self):
"""Will try to create the config_dir directory."""
try:
os.makedirs(self.config_dir, 0o755)
except OSError as e:
if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
raise
def file_name(self, section_name):
"""Returns the json filename for the section_name: {config_dir}/{section_name}.json"""
return os.path.join(self.config_dir, section_name + ".json")
def directory(self, section_name):
"""Returns the directory name for the section name: {config_dir}/{section_name}.d"""
return os.path.join(self.config_dir, section_name + ".d")
def get(self, section_name, include_root=True):
"""Retrieve the config data for the specified section.
Returns the data as a dictionary, or an empty dictionary if the file
doesn't exist.
When include_root is False, it will not read the root .json file,
effectively returning the default values.
"""
paths = [self.file_name(section_name)] if include_root else []
if self.read_directory:
pattern = os.path.join(self.directory(section_name), "*.json")
# These json files should be processed first so that the
# {section_name}.json take precedence.
# The idea behind this is that installing a Python package may
# put a json file somewhere in the a .d directory, while the
# .json file is probably a user configuration.
paths = sorted(glob.glob(pattern)) + paths
self.log.debug(
"Paths used for configuration of %s: \n\t%s",
section_name,
"\n\t".join(paths),
)
data: dict = {}
for path in paths:
if os.path.isfile(path):
with open(path, encoding="utf-8") as f:
recursive_update(data, json.load(f))
return data
def set(self, section_name, data):
"""Store the given config data."""
filename = self.file_name(section_name)
self.ensure_config_dir_exists()
if self.read_directory:
# we will modify data in place, so make a copy
data = copy.deepcopy(data)
defaults = self.get(section_name, include_root=False)
remove_defaults(data, defaults)
# Generate the JSON up front, since it could raise an exception,
# in order to avoid writing half-finished corrupted data to disk.
json_content = json.dumps(data, indent=2)
with open(filename, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
f.write(json_content)
def update(self, section_name, new_data):
"""Modify the config section by recursively updating it with new_data.
Returns the modified config data as a dictionary.
"""
data = self.get(section_name)
recursive_update(data, new_data)
self.set(section_name, data)
return data
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `set_password` function. Write a Python function `def set_password(args)` to solve the following problem:
Set a password.
Here is the function:
def set_password(args):
"""Set a password."""
password = args.password
while not password:
password1 = getpass("" if args.quiet else "Provide password: ")
password_repeat = getpass("" if args.quiet else "Repeat password: ")
if password1 != password_repeat:
warnings.warn("Passwords do not match, try again")
elif len(password1) < 4: # noqa
warnings.warn("Please provide at least 4 characters")
else:
password = password1
password_hash = passwd(password)
cfg = BaseJSONConfigManager(config_dir=jupyter_config_dir())
cfg.update(
"jupyter_server_config",
{
"ServerApp": {
"password": password_hash,
}
},
)
if not args.quiet:
log = get_logger()
log.info("password stored in config dir: %s" % jupyter_config_dir()) | Set a password. |
173,965 | import getpass
import hashlib
import json
import os
import random
import traceback
import warnings
from contextlib import contextmanager
from jupyter_core.paths import jupyter_config_dir
from traitlets.config import Config, ConfigFileNotFound, JSONFileConfigLoader
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `passwd_check` function. Write a Python function `def passwd_check(hashed_passphrase, passphrase)` to solve the following problem:
Verify that a given passphrase matches its hashed version. Parameters ---------- hashed_passphrase : str Hashed password, in the format returned by `passwd`. passphrase : str Passphrase to validate. Returns ------- valid : bool True if the passphrase matches the hash. Examples -------- >>> myhash = passwd('mypassword') >>> passwd_check(myhash, 'mypassword') True >>> passwd_check(myhash, 'otherpassword') False >>> passwd_check('sha1:0e112c3ddfce:a68df677475c2b47b6e86d0467eec97ac5f4b85a', ... 'mypassword') True
Here is the function:
def passwd_check(hashed_passphrase, passphrase):
"""Verify that a given passphrase matches its hashed version.
Parameters
----------
hashed_passphrase : str
Hashed password, in the format returned by `passwd`.
passphrase : str
Passphrase to validate.
Returns
-------
valid : bool
True if the passphrase matches the hash.
Examples
--------
>>> myhash = passwd('mypassword')
>>> passwd_check(myhash, 'mypassword')
True
>>> passwd_check(myhash, 'otherpassword')
False
>>> passwd_check('sha1:0e112c3ddfce:a68df677475c2b47b6e86d0467eec97ac5f4b85a',
... 'mypassword')
True
"""
if hashed_passphrase.startswith("argon2:"):
import argon2
import argon2.exceptions
ph = argon2.PasswordHasher()
try:
return ph.verify(hashed_passphrase[7:], passphrase)
except argon2.exceptions.VerificationError:
return False
try:
algorithm, salt, pw_digest = hashed_passphrase.split(":", 2)
except (ValueError, TypeError):
return False
try:
h = hashlib.new(algorithm)
except ValueError:
return False
if len(pw_digest) == 0:
return False
h.update(passphrase.encode("utf-8") + salt.encode("ascii"))
return h.hexdigest() == pw_digest | Verify that a given passphrase matches its hashed version. Parameters ---------- hashed_passphrase : str Hashed password, in the format returned by `passwd`. passphrase : str Passphrase to validate. Returns ------- valid : bool True if the passphrase matches the hash. Examples -------- >>> myhash = passwd('mypassword') >>> passwd_check(myhash, 'mypassword') True >>> passwd_check(myhash, 'otherpassword') False >>> passwd_check('sha1:0e112c3ddfce:a68df677475c2b47b6e86d0467eec97ac5f4b85a', ... 'mypassword') True |
173,966 | import getpass
import hashlib
import json
import os
import random
import traceback
import warnings
from contextlib import contextmanager
from jupyter_core.paths import jupyter_config_dir
from traitlets.config import Config, ConfigFileNotFound, JSONFileConfigLoader
def passwd(passphrase=None, algorithm="argon2"):
"""Generate hashed password and salt for use in server configuration.
In the server configuration, set `c.ServerApp.password` to
the generated string.
Parameters
----------
passphrase : str
Password to hash. If unspecified, the user is asked to input
and verify a password.
algorithm : str
Hashing algorithm to use (e.g, 'sha1' or any argument supported
by :func:`hashlib.new`, or 'argon2').
Returns
-------
hashed_passphrase : str
Hashed password, in the format 'hash_algorithm:salt:passphrase_hash'.
Examples
--------
>>> passwd('mypassword') # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
'argon2:...'
"""
if passphrase is None:
for _ in range(3):
p0 = getpass.getpass("Enter password: ")
p1 = getpass.getpass("Verify password: ")
if p0 == p1:
passphrase = p0
break
else:
warnings.warn("Passwords do not match.")
else:
msg = "No matching passwords found. Giving up."
raise ValueError(msg)
if algorithm == "argon2":
import argon2
ph = argon2.PasswordHasher(
memory_cost=10240,
time_cost=10,
parallelism=8,
)
h_ph = ph.hash(passphrase)
return ":".join((algorithm, h_ph))
h = hashlib.new(algorithm)
salt = ("%0" + str(salt_len) + "x") % random.getrandbits(4 * salt_len)
h.update(passphrase.encode("utf-8") + salt.encode("ascii"))
return ":".join((algorithm, salt, h.hexdigest()))
def persist_config(config_file=None, mode=0o600):
"""Context manager that can be used to modify a config object
On exit of the context manager, the config will be written back to disk,
by default with user-only (600) permissions.
"""
if config_file is None:
config_file = os.path.join(jupyter_config_dir(), "jupyter_server_config.json")
os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(config_file), exist_ok=True)
loader = JSONFileConfigLoader(os.path.basename(config_file), os.path.dirname(config_file))
try:
config = loader.load_config()
except ConfigFileNotFound:
config = Config()
yield config
with open(config_file, "w", encoding="utf8") as f:
f.write(json.dumps(config, indent=2))
try:
os.chmod(config_file, mode)
except Exception:
tb = traceback.format_exc()
warnings.warn(f"Failed to set permissions on {config_file}:\n{tb}", RuntimeWarning)
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `set_password` function. Write a Python function `def set_password(password=None, config_file=None)` to solve the following problem:
Ask user for password, store it in JSON configuration file
Here is the function:
def set_password(password=None, config_file=None):
"""Ask user for password, store it in JSON configuration file"""
hashed_password = passwd(password)
with persist_config(config_file) as config:
config.IdentityProvider.hashed_password = hashed_password
return hashed_password | Ask user for password, store it in JSON configuration file |
173,967 | from datetime import datetime, timedelta, tzinfo
UTC = tzUTC()
class tzinfo:
def tzname(self, dt: Optional[datetime]) -> Optional[str]: ...
def utcoffset(self, dt: Optional[datetime]) -> Optional[timedelta]: ...
def dst(self, dt: Optional[datetime]) -> Optional[timedelta]: ...
def fromutc(self, dt: datetime) -> datetime: ...
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `utc_aware` function. Write a Python function `def utc_aware(unaware)` to solve the following problem:
decorator for adding UTC tzinfo to datetime's utcfoo methods
Here is the function:
def utc_aware(unaware):
"""decorator for adding UTC tzinfo to datetime's utcfoo methods"""
def utc_method(*args, **kwargs):
dt = unaware(*args, **kwargs)
return dt.replace(tzinfo=UTC)
return utc_method | decorator for adding UTC tzinfo to datetime's utcfoo methods |
173,968 | from datetime import datetime, timedelta, tzinfo
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `isoformat` function. Write a Python function `def isoformat(dt)` to solve the following problem:
Return iso-formatted timestamp Like .isoformat(), but uses Z for UTC instead of +00:00
Here is the function:
def isoformat(dt):
"""Return iso-formatted timestamp
Like .isoformat(), but uses Z for UTC instead of +00:00
"""
return dt.isoformat().replace("+00:00", "Z") | Return iso-formatted timestamp Like .isoformat(), but uses Z for UTC instead of +00:00 |
173,969 | from __future__ import annotations
import functools
import inspect
import ipaddress
import json
import mimetypes
import os
import re
import traceback
import types
import warnings
from http.client import responses
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Awaitable
from urllib.parse import urlparse
import prometheus_client
from jinja2 import TemplateNotFound
from jupyter_core.paths import is_hidden
from jupyter_events import EventLogger
from tornado import web
from tornado.log import app_log
from traitlets.config import Application
import jupyter_server
from jupyter_server._sysinfo import get_sys_info
from jupyter_server._tz import utcnow
from jupyter_server.auth import authorized
from jupyter_server.i18n import combine_translations
from jupyter_server.services.security import csp_report_uri
from jupyter_server.utils import (
ensure_async,
filefind,
url_escape,
url_is_absolute,
url_path_join,
urldecode_unix_socket_path,
)
_sys_info_cache = None
def get_sys_info():
"""Return useful information about the system as a dict."""
p = os.path
path = p.realpath(p.dirname(p.abspath(p.join(jupyter_server.__file__))))
return pkg_info(path)
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `json_sys_info` function. Write a Python function `def json_sys_info()` to solve the following problem:
Get sys info as json.
Here is the function:
def json_sys_info():
"""Get sys info as json."""
global _sys_info_cache # noqa
if _sys_info_cache is None:
_sys_info_cache = json.dumps(get_sys_info())
return _sys_info_cache | Get sys info as json. |
173,970 | from __future__ import annotations
import functools
import inspect
import ipaddress
import json
import mimetypes
import os
import re
import traceback
import types
import warnings
from http.client import responses
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Awaitable
from urllib.parse import urlparse
import prometheus_client
from jinja2 import TemplateNotFound
from jupyter_core.paths import is_hidden
from jupyter_events import EventLogger
from tornado import web
from tornado.log import app_log
from traitlets.config import Application
import jupyter_server
from jupyter_server._sysinfo import get_sys_info
from jupyter_server._tz import utcnow
from jupyter_server.auth import authorized
from jupyter_server.i18n import combine_translations
from jupyter_server.services.security import csp_report_uri
from jupyter_server.utils import (
ensure_async,
filefind,
url_escape,
url_is_absolute,
url_path_join,
urldecode_unix_socket_path,
)
class APIHandler(JupyterHandler):
"""Base class for API handlers"""
async def prepare(self):
"""Prepare an API response."""
await super().prepare()
if not self.check_origin():
raise web.HTTPError(404)
def write_error(self, status_code, **kwargs):
"""APIHandler errors are JSON, not human pages"""
self.set_header("Content-Type", "application/json")
message = responses.get(status_code, "Unknown HTTP Error")
reply: dict = {
"message": message,
}
exc_info = kwargs.get("exc_info")
if exc_info:
e = exc_info[1]
if isinstance(e, HTTPError):
reply["message"] = e.log_message or message
reply["reason"] = e.reason
else:
reply["message"] = "Unhandled error"
reply["reason"] = None
reply["traceback"] = "".join(traceback.format_exception(*exc_info))
self.log.warning("wrote error: %r", reply["message"], exc_info=True)
self.finish(json.dumps(reply))
def get_login_url(self):
"""Get the login url."""
# if get_login_url is invoked in an API handler,
# that means @web.authenticated is trying to trigger a redirect.
# instead of redirecting, raise 403 instead.
if not self.current_user:
raise web.HTTPError(403)
return super().get_login_url()
def content_security_policy(self):
csp = "; ".join(
[
super().content_security_policy,
"default-src 'none'",
]
)
return csp
# set _track_activity = False on API handlers that shouldn't track activity
_track_activity = True
def update_api_activity(self):
"""Update last_activity of API requests"""
# record activity of authenticated requests
if (
self._track_activity
and getattr(self, "_user_cache", None)
and self.get_argument("no_track_activity", None) is None
):
self.settings["api_last_activity"] = utcnow()
def finish(self, *args, **kwargs):
"""Finish an API response."""
self.update_api_activity()
# Allow caller to indicate content-type...
set_content_type = kwargs.pop("set_content_type", "application/json")
self.set_header("Content-Type", set_content_type)
return super().finish(*args, **kwargs)
def options(self, *args, **kwargs):
"""Get the options."""
if "Access-Control-Allow-Headers" in self.settings.get("headers", {}):
self.set_header(
"Access-Control-Allow-Headers",
self.settings["headers"]["Access-Control-Allow-Headers"],
)
else:
self.set_header(
"Access-Control-Allow-Headers",
"accept, content-type, authorization, x-xsrftoken",
)
self.set_header("Access-Control-Allow-Methods", "GET, PUT, POST, PATCH, DELETE, OPTIONS")
# if authorization header is requested,
# that means the request is token-authenticated.
# avoid browser-side rejection of the preflight request.
# only allow this exception if allow_origin has not been specified
# and Jupyter server authentication is enabled.
# If the token is not valid, the 'real' request will still be rejected.
requested_headers = self.request.headers.get("Access-Control-Request-Headers", "").split(
","
)
if (
requested_headers
and any(h.strip().lower() == "authorization" for h in requested_headers)
and (
# FIXME: it would be even better to check specifically for token-auth,
# but there is currently no API for this.
self.login_available
)
and (
self.allow_origin
or self.allow_origin_pat
or "Access-Control-Allow-Origin" in self.settings.get("headers", {})
)
):
self.set_header("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", self.request.headers.get("Origin", ""))
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `json_errors` function. Write a Python function `def json_errors(method)` to solve the following problem:
Decorate methods with this to return GitHub style JSON errors. This should be used on any JSON API on any handler method that can raise HTTPErrors. This will grab the latest HTTPError exception using sys.exc_info and then: 1. Set the HTTP status code based on the HTTPError 2. Create and return a JSON body with a message field describing the error in a human readable form.
Here is the function:
def json_errors(method): # pragma: no cover
"""Decorate methods with this to return GitHub style JSON errors.
This should be used on any JSON API on any handler method that can raise HTTPErrors.
This will grab the latest HTTPError exception using sys.exc_info
and then:
1. Set the HTTP status code based on the HTTPError
2. Create and return a JSON body with a message field describing
the error in a human readable form.
"""
warnings.warn(
"@json_errors is deprecated in notebook 5.2.0. Subclass APIHandler instead.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
@functools.wraps(method)
def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.write_error = types.MethodType(APIHandler.write_error, self)
return method(self, *args, **kwargs)
return wrapper | Decorate methods with this to return GitHub style JSON errors. This should be used on any JSON API on any handler method that can raise HTTPErrors. This will grab the latest HTTPError exception using sys.exc_info and then: 1. Set the HTTP status code based on the HTTPError 2. Create and return a JSON body with a message field describing the error in a human readable form. |
173,971 | import asyncio
import json
import time
import weakref
from concurrent.futures import Future
from textwrap import dedent
from typing import Dict as Dict_t
from typing import MutableSet
from jupyter_client import protocol_version as client_protocol_version
from tornado import gen, web
from tornado.ioloop import IOLoop
from tornado.websocket import WebSocketClosedError
from traitlets import Any, Bool, Dict, Float, Instance, Int, List, Unicode, default
from jupyter_core.utils import ensure_async
from jupyter_server.transutils import _i18n
from ..websocket import KernelWebsocketHandler
from .abc import KernelWebsocketConnectionABC
from .base import (
BaseKernelWebsocketConnection,
deserialize_binary_message,
deserialize_msg_from_ws_v1,
serialize_binary_message,
serialize_msg_to_ws_v1,
)
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `_ensure_future` function. Write a Python function `def _ensure_future(f)` to solve the following problem:
Wrap a concurrent future as an asyncio future if there is a running loop.
Here is the function:
def _ensure_future(f):
"""Wrap a concurrent future as an asyncio future if there is a running loop."""
try:
asyncio.get_running_loop()
return asyncio.wrap_future(f)
except RuntimeError:
return f | Wrap a concurrent future as an asyncio future if there is a running loop. |
173,972 | import json
import struct
from jupyter_client.session import Session
from tornado.websocket import WebSocketHandler
from traitlets import Float, Instance, default
from traitlets.config import LoggingConfigurable
from jupyter_client.jsonutil import extract_dates
from .abc import KernelWebsocketConnectionABC
def json_default(obj):
"""default function for packing objects in JSON."""
if isinstance(obj, datetime):
obj = _ensure_tzinfo(obj)
return obj.isoformat().replace('+00:00', 'Z')
if isinstance(obj, bytes):
return b2a_base64(obj, newline=False).decode('ascii')
if isinstance(obj, Iterable):
return list(obj)
if isinstance(obj, numbers.Integral):
return int(obj)
if isinstance(obj, numbers.Real):
return float(obj)
raise TypeError("%r is not JSON serializable" % obj)
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `serialize_binary_message` function. Write a Python function `def serialize_binary_message(msg)` to solve the following problem:
serialize a message as a binary blob Header: 4 bytes: number of msg parts (nbufs) as 32b int 4 * nbufs bytes: offset for each buffer as integer as 32b int Offsets are from the start of the buffer, including the header. Returns ------- The message serialized to bytes.
Here is the function:
def serialize_binary_message(msg):
"""serialize a message as a binary blob
Header:
4 bytes: number of msg parts (nbufs) as 32b int
4 * nbufs bytes: offset for each buffer as integer as 32b int
Offsets are from the start of the buffer, including the header.
Returns
-------
The message serialized to bytes.
"""
# don't modify msg or buffer list in-place
msg = msg.copy()
buffers = list(msg.pop("buffers"))
bmsg = json.dumps(msg, default=json_default).encode("utf8")
buffers.insert(0, bmsg)
nbufs = len(buffers)
offsets = [4 * (nbufs + 1)]
for buf in buffers[:-1]:
offsets.append(offsets[-1] + len(buf))
offsets_buf = struct.pack("!" + "I" * (nbufs + 1), nbufs, *offsets)
buffers.insert(0, offsets_buf)
return b"".join(buffers) | serialize a message as a binary blob Header: 4 bytes: number of msg parts (nbufs) as 32b int 4 * nbufs bytes: offset for each buffer as integer as 32b int Offsets are from the start of the buffer, including the header. Returns ------- The message serialized to bytes. |
173,973 | import json
import struct
from jupyter_client.session import Session
from tornado.websocket import WebSocketHandler
from traitlets import Float, Instance, default
from traitlets.config import LoggingConfigurable
from jupyter_client.jsonutil import extract_dates
from .abc import KernelWebsocketConnectionABC
def extract_dates(obj):
"""extract ISO8601 dates from unpacked JSON"""
if isinstance(obj, dict):
new_obj = {} # don't clobber
for k, v in obj.items():
new_obj[k] = extract_dates(v)
obj = new_obj
elif isinstance(obj, (list, tuple)):
obj = [extract_dates(o) for o in obj]
elif isinstance(obj, str):
obj = parse_date(obj)
return obj
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `deserialize_binary_message` function. Write a Python function `def deserialize_binary_message(bmsg)` to solve the following problem:
deserialize a message from a binary blog Header: 4 bytes: number of msg parts (nbufs) as 32b int 4 * nbufs bytes: offset for each buffer as integer as 32b int Offsets are from the start of the buffer, including the header. Returns ------- message dictionary
Here is the function:
def deserialize_binary_message(bmsg):
"""deserialize a message from a binary blog
Header:
4 bytes: number of msg parts (nbufs) as 32b int
4 * nbufs bytes: offset for each buffer as integer as 32b int
Offsets are from the start of the buffer, including the header.
Returns
-------
message dictionary
"""
nbufs = struct.unpack("!i", bmsg[:4])[0]
offsets = list(struct.unpack("!" + "I" * nbufs, bmsg[4 : 4 * (nbufs + 1)]))
offsets.append(None)
bufs = []
for start, stop in zip(offsets[:-1], offsets[1:]):
bufs.append(bmsg[start:stop])
msg = json.loads(bufs[0].decode("utf8"))
msg["header"] = extract_dates(msg["header"])
msg["parent_header"] = extract_dates(msg["parent_header"])
msg["buffers"] = bufs[1:]
return msg | deserialize a message from a binary blog Header: 4 bytes: number of msg parts (nbufs) as 32b int 4 * nbufs bytes: offset for each buffer as integer as 32b int Offsets are from the start of the buffer, including the header. Returns ------- message dictionary |
173,974 | import json
import struct
from jupyter_client.session import Session
from tornado.websocket import WebSocketHandler
from traitlets import Float, Instance, default
from traitlets.config import LoggingConfigurable
from jupyter_client.jsonutil import extract_dates
from .abc import KernelWebsocketConnectionABC
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `serialize_msg_to_ws_v1` function. Write a Python function `def serialize_msg_to_ws_v1(msg_or_list, channel, pack=None)` to solve the following problem:
Serialize a message using the v1 protocol.
Here is the function:
def serialize_msg_to_ws_v1(msg_or_list, channel, pack=None):
"""Serialize a message using the v1 protocol."""
if pack:
msg_list = [
pack(msg_or_list["header"]),
pack(msg_or_list["parent_header"]),
pack(msg_or_list["metadata"]),
pack(msg_or_list["content"]),
]
else:
msg_list = msg_or_list
channel = channel.encode("utf-8")
offsets: list = []
offsets.append(8 * (1 + 1 + len(msg_list) + 1))
offsets.append(len(channel) + offsets[-1])
for msg in msg_list:
offsets.append(len(msg) + offsets[-1])
offset_number = len(offsets).to_bytes(8, byteorder="little")
offsets = [offset.to_bytes(8, byteorder="little") for offset in offsets]
bin_msg = b"".join([offset_number, *offsets] + [channel] + msg_list)
return bin_msg | Serialize a message using the v1 protocol. |
173,975 | import json
import struct
from jupyter_client.session import Session
from tornado.websocket import WebSocketHandler
from traitlets import Float, Instance, default
from traitlets.config import LoggingConfigurable
from jupyter_client.jsonutil import extract_dates
from .abc import KernelWebsocketConnectionABC
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `deserialize_msg_from_ws_v1` function. Write a Python function `def deserialize_msg_from_ws_v1(ws_msg)` to solve the following problem:
Deserialize a message using the v1 protocol.
Here is the function:
def deserialize_msg_from_ws_v1(ws_msg):
"""Deserialize a message using the v1 protocol."""
offset_number = int.from_bytes(ws_msg[:8], "little")
offsets = [
int.from_bytes(ws_msg[8 * (i + 1) : 8 * (i + 2)], "little") for i in range(offset_number)
]
channel = ws_msg[offsets[0] : offsets[1]].decode("utf-8")
msg_list = [ws_msg[offsets[i] : offsets[i + 1]] for i in range(1, offset_number - 1)]
return channel, msg_list | Deserialize a message using the v1 protocol. |
173,976 | import errno
import os
import shutil
from base64 import decodebytes, encodebytes
from contextlib import contextmanager
from functools import partial
import nbformat
from anyio.to_thread import run_sync
from tornado.web import HTTPError
from traitlets import Bool
from traitlets.config import Configurable
from jupyter_server.utils import ApiPath, to_api_path, to_os_path
async def run_sync(
func: Callable[..., T_Retval],
*args: object,
cancellable: bool = False,
limiter: Optional[CapacityLimiter] = None
) -> T_Retval:
"""
Call the given function with the given arguments in a worker thread.
If the ``cancellable`` option is enabled and the task waiting for its completion is cancelled,
the thread will still run its course but its return value (or any raised exception) will be
ignored.
:param func: a callable
:param args: positional arguments for the callable
:param cancellable: ``True`` to allow cancellation of the operation
:param limiter: capacity limiter to use to limit the total amount of threads running
(if omitted, the default limiter is used)
:return: an awaitable that yields the return value of the function.
"""
return await get_asynclib().run_sync_in_worker_thread(
func, *args, cancellable=cancellable, limiter=limiter
)
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `async_replace_file` function. Write a Python function `async def async_replace_file(src, dst)` to solve the following problem:
replace dst with src asynchronously
Here is the function:
async def async_replace_file(src, dst):
"""replace dst with src asynchronously"""
await run_sync(os.replace, src, dst) | replace dst with src asynchronously |
173,977 | import errno
import os
import shutil
from base64 import decodebytes, encodebytes
from contextlib import contextmanager
from functools import partial
import nbformat
from anyio.to_thread import run_sync
from tornado.web import HTTPError
from traitlets import Bool
from traitlets.config import Configurable
from jupyter_server.utils import ApiPath, to_api_path, to_os_path
async def run_sync(
func: Callable[..., T_Retval],
*args: object,
cancellable: bool = False,
limiter: Optional[CapacityLimiter] = None
) -> T_Retval:
"""
Call the given function with the given arguments in a worker thread.
If the ``cancellable`` option is enabled and the task waiting for its completion is cancelled,
the thread will still run its course but its return value (or any raised exception) will be
ignored.
:param func: a callable
:param args: positional arguments for the callable
:param cancellable: ``True`` to allow cancellation of the operation
:param limiter: capacity limiter to use to limit the total amount of threads running
(if omitted, the default limiter is used)
:return: an awaitable that yields the return value of the function.
"""
return await get_asynclib().run_sync_in_worker_thread(
func, *args, cancellable=cancellable, limiter=limiter
)
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `async_copy2_safe` function. Write a Python function `async def async_copy2_safe(src, dst, log=None)` to solve the following problem:
copy src to dst asynchronously like shutil.copy2, but log errors in copystat instead of raising
Here is the function:
async def async_copy2_safe(src, dst, log=None):
"""copy src to dst asynchronously
like shutil.copy2, but log errors in copystat instead of raising
"""
await run_sync(shutil.copyfile, src, dst)
try:
await run_sync(shutil.copystat, src, dst)
except OSError:
if log:
log.debug("copystat on %s failed", dst, exc_info=True) | copy src to dst asynchronously like shutil.copy2, but log errors in copystat instead of raising |
173,978 | import errno
import os
import shutil
from base64 import decodebytes, encodebytes
from contextlib import contextmanager
from functools import partial
import nbformat
from anyio.to_thread import run_sync
from tornado.web import HTTPError
from traitlets import Bool
from traitlets.config import Configurable
from jupyter_server.utils import ApiPath, to_api_path, to_os_path
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `path_to_invalid` function. Write a Python function `def path_to_invalid(path)` to solve the following problem:
Name of invalid file after a failed atomic write and subsequent read.
Here is the function:
def path_to_invalid(path):
"""Name of invalid file after a failed atomic write and subsequent read."""
dirname, basename = os.path.split(path)
return os.path.join(dirname, basename + ".invalid") | Name of invalid file after a failed atomic write and subsequent read. |
173,979 | import errno
import os
import shutil
from base64 import decodebytes, encodebytes
from contextlib import contextmanager
from functools import partial
import nbformat
from anyio.to_thread import run_sync
from tornado.web import HTTPError
from traitlets import Bool
from traitlets.config import Configurable
from jupyter_server.utils import ApiPath, to_api_path, to_os_path
def replace_file(src, dst):
"""replace dst with src"""
os.replace(src, dst)
def copy2_safe(src, dst, log=None):
"""copy src to dst
like shutil.copy2, but log errors in copystat instead of raising
"""
shutil.copyfile(src, dst)
try:
shutil.copystat(src, dst)
except OSError:
if log:
log.debug("copystat on %s failed", dst, exc_info=True)
def path_to_intermediate(path):
"""Name of the intermediate file used in atomic writes.
The .~ prefix will make Dropbox ignore the temporary file."""
dirname, basename = os.path.split(path)
return os.path.join(dirname, ".~" + basename)
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `atomic_writing` function. Write a Python function `def atomic_writing(path, text=True, encoding="utf-8", log=None, **kwargs)` to solve the following problem:
Context manager to write to a file only if the entire write is successful. This works by copying the previous file contents to a temporary file in the same directory, and renaming that file back to the target if the context exits with an error. If the context is successful, the new data is synced to disk and the temporary file is removed. Parameters ---------- path : str The target file to write to. text : bool, optional Whether to open the file in text mode (i.e. to write unicode). Default is True. encoding : str, optional The encoding to use for files opened in text mode. Default is UTF-8. **kwargs Passed to :func:`io.open`.
Here is the function:
def atomic_writing(path, text=True, encoding="utf-8", log=None, **kwargs):
"""Context manager to write to a file only if the entire write is successful.
This works by copying the previous file contents to a temporary file in the
same directory, and renaming that file back to the target if the context
exits with an error. If the context is successful, the new data is synced to
disk and the temporary file is removed.
Parameters
----------
path : str
The target file to write to.
text : bool, optional
Whether to open the file in text mode (i.e. to write unicode). Default is
True.
encoding : str, optional
The encoding to use for files opened in text mode. Default is UTF-8.
**kwargs
Passed to :func:`io.open`.
"""
# realpath doesn't work on Windows: https://bugs.python.org/issue9949
# Luckily, we only need to resolve the file itself being a symlink, not
# any of its directories, so this will suffice:
if os.path.islink(path):
path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(path), os.readlink(path))
tmp_path = path_to_intermediate(path)
if os.path.isfile(path):
copy2_safe(path, tmp_path, log=log)
if text:
# Make sure that text files have Unix linefeeds by default
kwargs.setdefault("newline", "\n")
fileobj = open(path, "w", encoding=encoding, **kwargs) # noqa
else:
fileobj = open(path, "wb", **kwargs) # noqa
try:
yield fileobj
except BaseException:
# Failed! Move the backup file back to the real path to avoid corruption
fileobj.close()
replace_file(tmp_path, path)
raise
# Flush to disk
fileobj.flush()
os.fsync(fileobj.fileno())
fileobj.close()
# Written successfully, now remove the backup copy
if os.path.isfile(tmp_path):
os.remove(tmp_path) | Context manager to write to a file only if the entire write is successful. This works by copying the previous file contents to a temporary file in the same directory, and renaming that file back to the target if the context exits with an error. If the context is successful, the new data is synced to disk and the temporary file is removed. Parameters ---------- path : str The target file to write to. text : bool, optional Whether to open the file in text mode (i.e. to write unicode). Default is True. encoding : str, optional The encoding to use for files opened in text mode. Default is UTF-8. **kwargs Passed to :func:`io.open`. |
173,980 | import errno
import os
import shutil
from base64 import decodebytes, encodebytes
from contextlib import contextmanager
from functools import partial
import nbformat
from anyio.to_thread import run_sync
from tornado.web import HTTPError
from traitlets import Bool
from traitlets.config import Configurable
from jupyter_server.utils import ApiPath, to_api_path, to_os_path
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `_simple_writing` function. Write a Python function `def _simple_writing(path, text=True, encoding="utf-8", log=None, **kwargs)` to solve the following problem:
Context manager to write file without doing atomic writing (for weird filesystem eg: nfs). Parameters ---------- path : str The target file to write to. text : bool, optional Whether to open the file in text mode (i.e. to write unicode). Default is True. encoding : str, optional The encoding to use for files opened in text mode. Default is UTF-8. **kwargs Passed to :func:`io.open`.
Here is the function:
def _simple_writing(path, text=True, encoding="utf-8", log=None, **kwargs):
"""Context manager to write file without doing atomic writing
(for weird filesystem eg: nfs).
Parameters
----------
path : str
The target file to write to.
text : bool, optional
Whether to open the file in text mode (i.e. to write unicode). Default is
True.
encoding : str, optional
The encoding to use for files opened in text mode. Default is UTF-8.
**kwargs
Passed to :func:`io.open`.
"""
# realpath doesn't work on Windows: https://bugs.python.org/issue9949
# Luckily, we only need to resolve the file itself being a symlink, not
# any of its directories, so this will suffice:
if os.path.islink(path):
path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(path), os.readlink(path))
if text:
# Make sure that text files have Unix linefeeds by default
kwargs.setdefault("newline", "\n")
fileobj = open(path, "w", encoding=encoding, **kwargs) # noqa
else:
fileobj = open(path, "wb", **kwargs) # noqa
try:
yield fileobj
except BaseException:
fileobj.close()
raise
fileobj.close() | Context manager to write file without doing atomic writing (for weird filesystem eg: nfs). Parameters ---------- path : str The target file to write to. text : bool, optional Whether to open the file in text mode (i.e. to write unicode). Default is True. encoding : str, optional The encoding to use for files opened in text mode. Default is UTF-8. **kwargs Passed to :func:`io.open`. |
173,981 | import json
from jupyter_core.utils import ensure_async
from tornado import web
from jupyter_server.auth import authorized
from jupyter_server.base.handlers import APIHandler, JupyterHandler, path_regex
from jupyter_server.utils import url_escape, url_path_join
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `validate_model` function. Write a Python function `def validate_model(model, expect_content)` to solve the following problem:
Validate a model returned by a ContentsManager method. If expect_content is True, then we expect non-null entries for 'content' and 'format'.
Here is the function:
def validate_model(model, expect_content):
"""
Validate a model returned by a ContentsManager method.
If expect_content is True, then we expect non-null entries for 'content'
and 'format'.
"""
required_keys = {
"name",
"path",
"type",
"writable",
"created",
"last_modified",
"mimetype",
"content",
"format",
}
missing = required_keys - set(model.keys())
if missing:
raise web.HTTPError(
500,
f"Missing Model Keys: {missing}",
)
maybe_none_keys = ["content", "format"]
if expect_content:
errors = [key for key in maybe_none_keys if model[key] is None]
if errors:
raise web.HTTPError(
500,
f"Keys unexpectedly None: {errors}",
)
else:
errors = {key: model[key] for key in maybe_none_keys if model[key] is not None} # type: ignore[assignment]
if errors:
raise web.HTTPError(
500,
f"Keys unexpectedly not None: {errors}",
) | Validate a model returned by a ContentsManager method. If expect_content is True, then we expect non-null entries for 'content' and 'format'. |
173,982 | import glob
import json
import os
pjoin = os.path.join
from jupyter_core.utils import ensure_async
from tornado import web
from jupyter_server.auth import authorized
from ...base.handlers import APIHandler
from ...utils import url_path_join, url_unescape
def url_path_join(*pieces):
"""Join components of url into a relative url
Use to prevent double slash when joining subpath. This will leave the
initial and final / in place
"""
initial = pieces[0].startswith("/")
final = pieces[-1].endswith("/")
stripped = [s.strip("/") for s in pieces]
result = "/".join(s for s in stripped if s)
if initial:
result = "/" + result
if final:
result = result + "/"
if result == "//":
result = "/"
return result
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `kernelspec_model` function. Write a Python function `def kernelspec_model(handler, name, spec_dict, resource_dir)` to solve the following problem:
Load a KernelSpec by name and return the REST API model
Here is the function:
def kernelspec_model(handler, name, spec_dict, resource_dir):
"""Load a KernelSpec by name and return the REST API model"""
d = {"name": name, "spec": spec_dict, "resources": {}}
# Add resource files if they exist
resource_dir = resource_dir
for resource in ["kernel.js", "kernel.css"]:
if os.path.exists(pjoin(resource_dir, resource)):
d["resources"][resource] = url_path_join(
handler.base_url, "kernelspecs", name, resource
)
for logo_file in glob.glob(pjoin(resource_dir, "logo-*")):
fname = os.path.basename(logo_file)
no_ext, _ = os.path.splitext(fname)
d["resources"][no_ext] = url_path_join(handler.base_url, "kernelspecs", name, fname)
return d | Load a KernelSpec by name and return the REST API model |
173,983 | import glob
import json
import os
from jupyter_core.utils import ensure_async
from tornado import web
from jupyter_server.auth import authorized
from ...base.handlers import APIHandler
from ...utils import url_path_join, url_unescape
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `is_kernelspec_model` function. Write a Python function `def is_kernelspec_model(spec_dict)` to solve the following problem:
Returns True if spec_dict is already in proper form. This will occur when using a gateway.
Here is the function:
def is_kernelspec_model(spec_dict):
"""Returns True if spec_dict is already in proper form. This will occur when using a gateway."""
return (
isinstance(spec_dict, dict)
and "name" in spec_dict
and "spec" in spec_dict
and "resources" in spec_dict
) | Returns True if spec_dict is already in proper form. This will occur when using a gateway. |
173,984 | import json
from datetime import datetime
from typing import Any, Dict, Optional
from jupyter_events import EventLogger
from tornado import web, websocket
from jupyter_server.auth import authorized
from jupyter_server.base.handlers import JupyterHandler
from ...base.handlers import APIHandler
Any = object()
Dict = _Alias()
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `validate_model` function. Write a Python function `def validate_model(data: Dict[str, Any]) -> None` to solve the following problem:
Validates for required fields in the JSON request body
Here is the function:
def validate_model(data: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
"""Validates for required fields in the JSON request body"""
required_keys = {"schema_id", "version", "data"}
for key in required_keys:
if key not in data:
raise web.HTTPError(400, f"Missing `{key}` in the JSON request body.") | Validates for required fields in the JSON request body |
173,985 | import json
from datetime import datetime
from typing import Any, Dict, Optional
from jupyter_events import EventLogger
from tornado import web, websocket
from jupyter_server.auth import authorized
from jupyter_server.base.handlers import JupyterHandler
from ...base.handlers import APIHandler
class datetime(date):
min: ClassVar[datetime]
max: ClassVar[datetime]
resolution: ClassVar[timedelta]
if sys.version_info >= (3, 6):
def __new__(
cls: Type[_S],
year: int,
month: int,
day: int,
hour: int = ...,
minute: int = ...,
second: int = ...,
microsecond: int = ...,
tzinfo: Optional[_tzinfo] = ...,
*,
fold: int = ...,
) -> _S: ...
else:
def __new__(
cls: Type[_S],
year: int,
month: int,
day: int,
hour: int = ...,
minute: int = ...,
second: int = ...,
microsecond: int = ...,
tzinfo: Optional[_tzinfo] = ...,
) -> _S: ...
def year(self) -> int: ...
def month(self) -> int: ...
def day(self) -> int: ...
def hour(self) -> int: ...
def minute(self) -> int: ...
def second(self) -> int: ...
def microsecond(self) -> int: ...
def tzinfo(self) -> Optional[_tzinfo]: ...
if sys.version_info >= (3, 6):
def fold(self) -> int: ...
def fromtimestamp(cls: Type[_S], t: float, tz: Optional[_tzinfo] = ...) -> _S: ...
def utcfromtimestamp(cls: Type[_S], t: float) -> _S: ...
def today(cls: Type[_S]) -> _S: ...
def fromordinal(cls: Type[_S], n: int) -> _S: ...
if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
def now(cls: Type[_S], tz: Optional[_tzinfo] = ...) -> _S: ...
else:
def now(cls: Type[_S], tz: None = ...) -> _S: ...
def now(cls, tz: _tzinfo) -> datetime: ...
def utcnow(cls: Type[_S]) -> _S: ...
if sys.version_info >= (3, 6):
def combine(cls, date: _date, time: _time, tzinfo: Optional[_tzinfo] = ...) -> datetime: ...
else:
def combine(cls, date: _date, time: _time) -> datetime: ...
if sys.version_info >= (3, 7):
def fromisoformat(cls: Type[_S], date_string: str) -> _S: ...
def strftime(self, fmt: _Text) -> str: ...
if sys.version_info >= (3,):
def __format__(self, fmt: str) -> str: ...
else:
def __format__(self, fmt: AnyStr) -> AnyStr: ...
def toordinal(self) -> int: ...
def timetuple(self) -> struct_time: ...
if sys.version_info >= (3, 3):
def timestamp(self) -> float: ...
def utctimetuple(self) -> struct_time: ...
def date(self) -> _date: ...
def time(self) -> _time: ...
def timetz(self) -> _time: ...
if sys.version_info >= (3, 6):
def replace(
self,
year: int = ...,
month: int = ...,
day: int = ...,
hour: int = ...,
minute: int = ...,
second: int = ...,
microsecond: int = ...,
tzinfo: Optional[_tzinfo] = ...,
*,
fold: int = ...,
) -> datetime: ...
else:
def replace(
self,
year: int = ...,
month: int = ...,
day: int = ...,
hour: int = ...,
minute: int = ...,
second: int = ...,
microsecond: int = ...,
tzinfo: Optional[_tzinfo] = ...,
) -> datetime: ...
if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
def astimezone(self: _S, tz: Optional[_tzinfo] = ...) -> _S: ...
elif sys.version_info >= (3, 3):
def astimezone(self, tz: Optional[_tzinfo] = ...) -> datetime: ...
else:
def astimezone(self, tz: _tzinfo) -> datetime: ...
def ctime(self) -> str: ...
if sys.version_info >= (3, 6):
def isoformat(self, sep: str = ..., timespec: str = ...) -> str: ...
else:
def isoformat(self, sep: str = ...) -> str: ...
def strptime(cls, date_string: _Text, format: _Text) -> datetime: ...
def utcoffset(self) -> Optional[timedelta]: ...
def tzname(self) -> Optional[str]: ...
def dst(self) -> Optional[timedelta]: ...
def __le__(self, other: datetime) -> bool: ... # type: ignore
def __lt__(self, other: datetime) -> bool: ... # type: ignore
def __ge__(self, other: datetime) -> bool: ... # type: ignore
def __gt__(self, other: datetime) -> bool: ... # type: ignore
if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
def __add__(self: _S, other: timedelta) -> _S: ...
def __radd__(self: _S, other: timedelta) -> _S: ...
else:
def __add__(self, other: timedelta) -> datetime: ...
def __radd__(self, other: timedelta) -> datetime: ...
def __sub__(self, other: datetime) -> timedelta: ...
def __sub__(self, other: timedelta) -> datetime: ...
def __hash__(self) -> int: ...
def weekday(self) -> int: ...
def isoweekday(self) -> int: ...
def isocalendar(self) -> Tuple[int, int, int]: ...
Any = object()
Optional: _SpecialForm = ...
Dict = _Alias()
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `get_timestamp` function. Write a Python function `def get_timestamp(data: Dict[str, Any]) -> Optional[datetime]` to solve the following problem:
Parses timestamp from the JSON request body
Here is the function:
def get_timestamp(data: Dict[str, Any]) -> Optional[datetime]:
"""Parses timestamp from the JSON request body"""
try:
if "timestamp" in data:
timestamp = datetime.strptime(data["timestamp"], "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%zZ")
else:
timestamp = None
except Exception as e:
raise web.HTTPError(
400,
"""Failed to parse timestamp from JSON request body,
an ISO format datetime string with UTC offset is expected,
for example, 2022-05-26T13:50:00+05:00Z""",
) from e
return timestamp | Parses timestamp from the JSON request body |
173,986 | import json
from urllib.parse import urlparse, urlunparse
from tornado.log import access_log
from .auth import User
from .prometheus.log_functions import prometheus_log_method
def _scrub_uri(uri: str) -> str:
"""scrub auth info from uri"""
parsed = urlparse(uri)
if parsed.query:
# check for potentially sensitive url params
# use manual list + split rather than parsing
# to minimally perturb original
parts = parsed.query.split("&")
changed = False
for i, s in enumerate(parts):
key, sep, value = s.partition("=")
for substring in _SCRUB_PARAM_KEYS:
if substring in key:
parts[i] = f"{key}{sep}[secret]"
changed = True
if changed:
parsed = parsed._replace(query="&".join(parts))
return urlunparse(parsed)
return uri
access_log = logging.getLogger("tornado.access")
def prometheus_log_method(handler):
"""
Tornado log handler for recording RED metrics.
We record the following metrics:
Rate - the number of requests, per second, your services are serving.
Errors - the number of failed requests per second.
Duration - The amount of time each request takes expressed as a time interval.
We use a fully qualified name of the handler as a label,
rather than every url path to reduce cardinality.
This function should be either the value of or called from a function
that is the 'log_function' tornado setting. This makes it get called
at the end of every request, allowing us to record the metrics we need.
"""
HTTP_REQUEST_DURATION_SECONDS.labels(
method=handler.request.method,
handler=f"{handler.__class__.__module__}.{type(handler).__name__}",
status_code=handler.get_status(),
).observe(handler.request.request_time())
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `log_request` function. Write a Python function `def log_request(handler)` to solve the following problem:
log a bit more information about each request than tornado's default - move static file get success to debug-level (reduces noise) - get proxied IP instead of proxy IP - log referer for redirect and failed requests - log user-agent for failed requests
Here is the function:
def log_request(handler):
"""log a bit more information about each request than tornado's default
- move static file get success to debug-level (reduces noise)
- get proxied IP instead of proxy IP
- log referer for redirect and failed requests
- log user-agent for failed requests
"""
status = handler.get_status()
request = handler.request
try:
logger = handler.log
except AttributeError:
logger = access_log
if status < 300 or status == 304: # noqa[PLR2004]
# Successes (or 304 FOUND) are debug-level
log_method = logger.debug
elif status < 400: # noqa[PLR2004]
log_method = logger.info
elif status < 500: # noqa[PLR2004]
log_method = logger.warning
else:
log_method = logger.error
request_time = 1000.0 * handler.request.request_time()
ns = {
"status": status,
"method": request.method,
"ip": request.remote_ip,
"uri": _scrub_uri(request.uri),
"request_time": request_time,
}
# log username
# make sure we don't break anything
# in case mixins cause current_user to not be a User somehow
try:
user = handler.current_user
except Exception:
user = None
username = (user.username if isinstance(user, User) else "unknown") if user else ""
ns["username"] = username
msg = "{status} {method} {uri} ({username}@{ip}) {request_time:.2f}ms"
if status >= 400: # noqa[PLR2004]
# log bad referers
ns["referer"] = _scrub_uri(request.headers.get("Referer", "None"))
msg = msg + " referer={referer}"
if status >= 500 and status != 502: # noqa[PLR2004]
# Log a subset of the headers if it caused an error.
headers = {}
for header in ["Host", "Accept", "Referer", "User-Agent"]:
if header in request.headers:
headers[header] = request.headers[header]
log_method(json.dumps(headers, indent=2))
log_method(msg.format(**ns))
prometheus_log_method(handler) | log a bit more information about each request than tornado's default - move static file get success to debug-level (reduces noise) - get proxied IP instead of proxy IP - log referer for redirect and failed requests - log user-agent for failed requests |
173,987 | import datetime
import errno
import gettext
import hashlib
import hmac
import ipaddress
import json
import logging
import mimetypes
import os
import pathlib
import random
import re
import select
import signal
import socket
import stat
import sys
import threading
import time
import urllib
import warnings
from base64 import encodebytes
from jupyter_client.kernelspec import KernelSpecManager
from jupyter_client.manager import KernelManager
from jupyter_client.session import Session
from jupyter_core.application import JupyterApp, base_aliases, base_flags
from jupyter_core.paths import jupyter_runtime_dir
from jupyter_events.logger import EventLogger
from nbformat.sign import NotebookNotary
from tornado import httpserver, ioloop, web
from tornado.httputil import url_concat
from tornado.log import LogFormatter, access_log, app_log, gen_log
from tornado.netutil import bind_sockets
from traitlets import (
Any,
Bool,
Bytes,
Dict,
Float,
Instance,
Integer,
List,
TraitError,
Type,
Unicode,
Union,
default,
observe,
validate,
)
from traitlets.config import Config
from traitlets.config.application import boolean_flag, catch_config_error
from jupyter_server import (
DEFAULT_EVENTS_SCHEMA_PATH,
DEFAULT_JUPYTER_SERVER_PORT,
DEFAULT_STATIC_FILES_PATH,
DEFAULT_TEMPLATE_PATH_LIST,
JUPYTER_SERVER_EVENTS_URI,
__version__,
)
from jupyter_server._sysinfo import get_sys_info
from jupyter_server._tz import utcnow
from jupyter_server.auth.authorizer import AllowAllAuthorizer, Authorizer
from jupyter_server.auth.identity import (
IdentityProvider,
LegacyIdentityProvider,
PasswordIdentityProvider,
)
from jupyter_server.auth.login import LoginHandler
from jupyter_server.auth.logout import LogoutHandler
from jupyter_server.base.handlers import (
FileFindHandler,
MainHandler,
RedirectWithParams,
Template404,
)
from jupyter_server.extension.config import ExtensionConfigManager
from jupyter_server.extension.manager import ExtensionManager
from jupyter_server.extension.serverextension import ServerExtensionApp
from jupyter_server.gateway.managers import (
GatewayClient,
GatewayKernelSpecManager,
GatewayMappingKernelManager,
GatewaySessionManager,
)
from jupyter_server.log import log_request
from jupyter_server.services.config import ConfigManager
from jupyter_server.services.contents.filemanager import (
AsyncFileContentsManager,
FileContentsManager,
)
from jupyter_server.services.contents.largefilemanager import AsyncLargeFileManager
from jupyter_server.services.contents.manager import AsyncContentsManager, ContentsManager
from jupyter_server.services.kernels.connection.base import BaseKernelWebsocketConnection
from jupyter_server.services.kernels.connection.channels import ZMQChannelsWebsocketConnection
from jupyter_server.services.kernels.kernelmanager import (
AsyncMappingKernelManager,
MappingKernelManager,
)
from jupyter_server.services.sessions.sessionmanager import SessionManager
from jupyter_server.utils import (
check_pid,
fetch,
unix_socket_in_use,
url_escape,
url_path_join,
urlencode_unix_socket_path,
)
from jinja2 import Environment, FileSystemLoader
from jupyter_core.paths import secure_write
from jupyter_core.utils import ensure_async
from jupyter_server.transutils import _i18n, trans
from jupyter_server.utils import pathname2url, urljoin
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `random_ports` function. Write a Python function `def random_ports(port, n)` to solve the following problem:
Generate a list of n random ports near the given port. The first 5 ports will be sequential, and the remaining n-5 will be randomly selected in the range [port-2*n, port+2*n].
Here is the function:
def random_ports(port, n):
"""Generate a list of n random ports near the given port.
The first 5 ports will be sequential, and the remaining n-5 will be
randomly selected in the range [port-2*n, port+2*n].
"""
for i in range(min(5, n)):
yield port + i
for _ in range(n - 5):
yield max(1, port + random.randint(-2 * n, 2 * n)) | Generate a list of n random ports near the given port. The first 5 ports will be sequential, and the remaining n-5 will be randomly selected in the range [port-2*n, port+2*n]. |
173,988 | import datetime
import errno
import gettext
import hashlib
import hmac
import ipaddress
import json
import logging
import mimetypes
import os
import pathlib
import random
import re
import select
import signal
import socket
import stat
import sys
import threading
import time
import urllib
import warnings
from base64 import encodebytes
from jupyter_client.kernelspec import KernelSpecManager
from jupyter_client.manager import KernelManager
from jupyter_client.session import Session
from jupyter_core.application import JupyterApp, base_aliases, base_flags
from jupyter_core.paths import jupyter_runtime_dir
from jupyter_events.logger import EventLogger
from nbformat.sign import NotebookNotary
from tornado import httpserver, ioloop, web
from tornado.httputil import url_concat
from tornado.log import LogFormatter, access_log, app_log, gen_log
from tornado.netutil import bind_sockets
from traitlets import (
Any,
Bool,
Bytes,
Dict,
Float,
Instance,
Integer,
List,
TraitError,
Type,
Unicode,
Union,
default,
observe,
validate,
)
from traitlets.config import Config
from traitlets.config.application import boolean_flag, catch_config_error
from jupyter_server import (
DEFAULT_EVENTS_SCHEMA_PATH,
DEFAULT_JUPYTER_SERVER_PORT,
DEFAULT_STATIC_FILES_PATH,
DEFAULT_TEMPLATE_PATH_LIST,
JUPYTER_SERVER_EVENTS_URI,
__version__,
)
from jupyter_server._sysinfo import get_sys_info
from jupyter_server._tz import utcnow
from jupyter_server.auth.authorizer import AllowAllAuthorizer, Authorizer
from jupyter_server.auth.identity import (
IdentityProvider,
LegacyIdentityProvider,
PasswordIdentityProvider,
)
from jupyter_server.auth.login import LoginHandler
from jupyter_server.auth.logout import LogoutHandler
from jupyter_server.base.handlers import (
FileFindHandler,
MainHandler,
RedirectWithParams,
Template404,
)
from jupyter_server.extension.config import ExtensionConfigManager
from jupyter_server.extension.manager import ExtensionManager
from jupyter_server.extension.serverextension import ServerExtensionApp
from jupyter_server.gateway.managers import (
GatewayClient,
GatewayKernelSpecManager,
GatewayMappingKernelManager,
GatewaySessionManager,
)
from jupyter_server.log import log_request
from jupyter_server.services.config import ConfigManager
from jupyter_server.services.contents.filemanager import (
AsyncFileContentsManager,
FileContentsManager,
)
from jupyter_server.services.contents.largefilemanager import AsyncLargeFileManager
from jupyter_server.services.contents.manager import AsyncContentsManager, ContentsManager
from jupyter_server.services.kernels.connection.base import BaseKernelWebsocketConnection
from jupyter_server.services.kernels.connection.channels import ZMQChannelsWebsocketConnection
from jupyter_server.services.kernels.kernelmanager import (
AsyncMappingKernelManager,
MappingKernelManager,
)
from jupyter_server.services.sessions.sessionmanager import SessionManager
from jupyter_server.utils import (
check_pid,
fetch,
unix_socket_in_use,
url_escape,
url_path_join,
urlencode_unix_socket_path,
)
from jinja2 import Environment, FileSystemLoader
from jupyter_core.paths import secure_write
from jupyter_core.utils import ensure_async
from jupyter_server.transutils import _i18n, trans
from jupyter_server.utils import pathname2url, urljoin
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `load_handlers` function. Write a Python function `def load_handlers(name)` to solve the following problem:
Load the (URL pattern, handler) tuples for each component.
Here is the function:
def load_handlers(name):
"""Load the (URL pattern, handler) tuples for each component."""
mod = __import__(name, fromlist=["default_handlers"])
return mod.default_handlers | Load the (URL pattern, handler) tuples for each component. |
173,989 | import datetime
import errno
import gettext
import hashlib
import hmac
import ipaddress
import json
import logging
import mimetypes
import os
import pathlib
import random
import re
import select
import signal
import socket
import stat
import sys
import threading
import time
import urllib
import warnings
from base64 import encodebytes
from jupyter_client.kernelspec import KernelSpecManager
from jupyter_client.manager import KernelManager
from jupyter_client.session import Session
from jupyter_core.application import JupyterApp, base_aliases, base_flags
from jupyter_core.paths import jupyter_runtime_dir
from jupyter_events.logger import EventLogger
from nbformat.sign import NotebookNotary
from tornado import httpserver, ioloop, web
from tornado.httputil import url_concat
from tornado.log import LogFormatter, access_log, app_log, gen_log
from tornado.netutil import bind_sockets
if not sys.platform.startswith("win"):
from tornado.netutil import bind_unix_socket
from traitlets import (
Any,
Bool,
Bytes,
Dict,
Float,
Instance,
Integer,
List,
TraitError,
Type,
Unicode,
Union,
default,
observe,
validate,
)
from traitlets.config import Config
from traitlets.config.application import boolean_flag, catch_config_error
from jupyter_server import (
DEFAULT_EVENTS_SCHEMA_PATH,
DEFAULT_JUPYTER_SERVER_PORT,
DEFAULT_STATIC_FILES_PATH,
DEFAULT_TEMPLATE_PATH_LIST,
JUPYTER_SERVER_EVENTS_URI,
__version__,
)
from jupyter_server._sysinfo import get_sys_info
from jupyter_server._tz import utcnow
from jupyter_server.auth.authorizer import AllowAllAuthorizer, Authorizer
from jupyter_server.auth.identity import (
IdentityProvider,
LegacyIdentityProvider,
PasswordIdentityProvider,
)
from jupyter_server.auth.login import LoginHandler
from jupyter_server.auth.logout import LogoutHandler
from jupyter_server.base.handlers import (
FileFindHandler,
MainHandler,
RedirectWithParams,
Template404,
)
from jupyter_server.extension.config import ExtensionConfigManager
from jupyter_server.extension.manager import ExtensionManager
from jupyter_server.extension.serverextension import ServerExtensionApp
from jupyter_server.gateway.managers import (
GatewayClient,
GatewayKernelSpecManager,
GatewayMappingKernelManager,
GatewaySessionManager,
)
from jupyter_server.log import log_request
from jupyter_server.services.config import ConfigManager
from jupyter_server.services.contents.filemanager import (
AsyncFileContentsManager,
FileContentsManager,
)
from jupyter_server.services.contents.largefilemanager import AsyncLargeFileManager
from jupyter_server.services.contents.manager import AsyncContentsManager, ContentsManager
from jupyter_server.services.kernels.connection.base import BaseKernelWebsocketConnection
from jupyter_server.services.kernels.connection.channels import ZMQChannelsWebsocketConnection
from jupyter_server.services.kernels.kernelmanager import (
AsyncMappingKernelManager,
MappingKernelManager,
)
from jupyter_server.services.sessions.sessionmanager import SessionManager
from jupyter_server.utils import (
check_pid,
fetch,
unix_socket_in_use,
url_escape,
url_path_join,
urlencode_unix_socket_path,
)
from jinja2 import Environment, FileSystemLoader
from jupyter_core.paths import secure_write
from jupyter_core.utils import ensure_async
from jupyter_server.transutils import _i18n, trans
from jupyter_server.utils import pathname2url, urljoin
import os
del os
def fetch(urlstring, method="GET", body=None, headers=None):
"""
Send a HTTP, HTTPS, or HTTP+UNIX request
to a Tornado Web Server. Returns a tornado HTTPResponse.
"""
with _request_for_tornado_client(
urlstring, method=method, body=body, headers=headers
) as request:
response = HTTPClient(AsyncHTTPClient).fetch(request)
return response
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `shutdown_server` function. Write a Python function `def shutdown_server(server_info, timeout=5, log=None)` to solve the following problem:
Shutdown a Jupyter server in a separate process. *server_info* should be a dictionary as produced by list_running_servers(). Will first try to request shutdown using /api/shutdown . On Unix, if the server is still running after *timeout* seconds, it will send SIGTERM. After another timeout, it escalates to SIGKILL. Returns True if the server was stopped by any means, False if stopping it failed (on Windows).
Here is the function:
def shutdown_server(server_info, timeout=5, log=None):
"""Shutdown a Jupyter server in a separate process.
*server_info* should be a dictionary as produced by list_running_servers().
Will first try to request shutdown using /api/shutdown .
On Unix, if the server is still running after *timeout* seconds, it will
send SIGTERM. After another timeout, it escalates to SIGKILL.
Returns True if the server was stopped by any means, False if stopping it
failed (on Windows).
"""
url = server_info["url"]
pid = server_info["pid"]
try:
shutdown_url = urljoin(url, "api/shutdown")
if log:
log.debug("POST request to %s", shutdown_url)
fetch(
shutdown_url,
method="POST",
body=b"",
headers={"Authorization": "token " + server_info["token"]},
)
except Exception as ex:
if not str(ex) == "Unknown URL scheme.":
raise ex
if log:
log.debug("Was not a HTTP scheme. Treating as socket instead.")
log.debug("POST request to %s", url)
fetch(
url,
method="POST",
body=b"",
headers={"Authorization": "token " + server_info["token"]},
)
# Poll to see if it shut down.
for _ in range(timeout * 10):
if not check_pid(pid):
if log:
log.debug("Server PID %s is gone", pid)
return True
time.sleep(0.1)
if sys.platform.startswith("win"):
return False
if log:
log.debug("SIGTERM to PID %s", pid)
os.kill(pid, signal.SIGTERM)
# Poll to see if it shut down.
for _ in range(timeout * 10):
if not check_pid(pid):
if log:
log.debug("Server PID %s is gone", pid)
return True
time.sleep(0.1)
if log:
log.debug("SIGKILL to PID %s", pid)
os.kill(pid, signal.SIGKILL)
return True # SIGKILL cannot be caught | Shutdown a Jupyter server in a separate process. *server_info* should be a dictionary as produced by list_running_servers(). Will first try to request shutdown using /api/shutdown . On Unix, if the server is still running after *timeout* seconds, it will send SIGTERM. After another timeout, it escalates to SIGKILL. Returns True if the server was stopped by any means, False if stopping it failed (on Windows). |
173,990 | import datetime
import errno
import gettext
import hashlib
import hmac
import ipaddress
import json
import logging
import mimetypes
import os
import pathlib
import random
import re
import select
import signal
import socket
import stat
import sys
import threading
import time
import urllib
import warnings
from base64 import encodebytes
from jupyter_client.kernelspec import KernelSpecManager
from jupyter_client.manager import KernelManager
from jupyter_client.session import Session
from jupyter_core.application import JupyterApp, base_aliases, base_flags
from jupyter_core.paths import jupyter_runtime_dir
from jupyter_events.logger import EventLogger
from nbformat.sign import NotebookNotary
from tornado import httpserver, ioloop, web
from tornado.httputil import url_concat
from tornado.log import LogFormatter, access_log, app_log, gen_log
from tornado.netutil import bind_sockets
from traitlets import (
Any,
Bool,
Bytes,
Dict,
Float,
Instance,
Integer,
List,
TraitError,
Type,
Unicode,
Union,
default,
observe,
validate,
)
from traitlets.config import Config
from traitlets.config.application import boolean_flag, catch_config_error
from jupyter_server import (
DEFAULT_EVENTS_SCHEMA_PATH,
DEFAULT_JUPYTER_SERVER_PORT,
DEFAULT_STATIC_FILES_PATH,
DEFAULT_TEMPLATE_PATH_LIST,
JUPYTER_SERVER_EVENTS_URI,
__version__,
)
from jupyter_server._sysinfo import get_sys_info
from jupyter_server._tz import utcnow
from jupyter_server.auth.authorizer import AllowAllAuthorizer, Authorizer
from jupyter_server.auth.identity import (
IdentityProvider,
LegacyIdentityProvider,
PasswordIdentityProvider,
)
from jupyter_server.auth.login import LoginHandler
from jupyter_server.auth.logout import LogoutHandler
from jupyter_server.base.handlers import (
FileFindHandler,
MainHandler,
RedirectWithParams,
Template404,
)
from jupyter_server.extension.config import ExtensionConfigManager
from jupyter_server.extension.manager import ExtensionManager
from jupyter_server.extension.serverextension import ServerExtensionApp
from jupyter_server.gateway.managers import (
GatewayClient,
GatewayKernelSpecManager,
GatewayMappingKernelManager,
GatewaySessionManager,
)
from jupyter_server.log import log_request
from jupyter_server.services.config import ConfigManager
from jupyter_server.services.contents.filemanager import (
AsyncFileContentsManager,
FileContentsManager,
)
from jupyter_server.services.contents.largefilemanager import AsyncLargeFileManager
from jupyter_server.services.contents.manager import AsyncContentsManager, ContentsManager
from jupyter_server.services.kernels.connection.base import BaseKernelWebsocketConnection
from jupyter_server.services.kernels.connection.channels import ZMQChannelsWebsocketConnection
from jupyter_server.services.kernels.kernelmanager import (
AsyncMappingKernelManager,
MappingKernelManager,
)
from jupyter_server.services.sessions.sessionmanager import SessionManager
from jupyter_server.utils import (
check_pid,
fetch,
unix_socket_in_use,
url_escape,
url_path_join,
urlencode_unix_socket_path,
)
from jinja2 import Environment, FileSystemLoader
from jupyter_core.paths import secure_write
from jupyter_core.utils import ensure_async
from jupyter_server.transutils import _i18n, trans
from jupyter_server.utils import pathname2url, urljoin
import os
del os
def jupyter_runtime_dir() -> str:
"""Return the runtime dir for transient jupyter files.
Returns JUPYTER_RUNTIME_DIR if defined.
The default is now (data_dir)/runtime on all platforms;
we no longer use XDG_RUNTIME_DIR after various problems.
"""
env = os.environ
if env.get("JUPYTER_RUNTIME_DIR"):
return env["JUPYTER_RUNTIME_DIR"]
return pjoin(jupyter_data_dir(), "runtime")
_i18n = trans.gettext
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `list_running_servers` function. Write a Python function `def list_running_servers(runtime_dir=None, log=None)` to solve the following problem:
Iterate over the server info files of running Jupyter servers. Given a runtime directory, find jpserver-* files in the security directory, and yield dicts of their information, each one pertaining to a currently running Jupyter server instance.
Here is the function:
def list_running_servers(runtime_dir=None, log=None):
"""Iterate over the server info files of running Jupyter servers.
Given a runtime directory, find jpserver-* files in the security directory,
and yield dicts of their information, each one pertaining to
a currently running Jupyter server instance.
"""
if runtime_dir is None:
runtime_dir = jupyter_runtime_dir()
# The runtime dir might not exist
if not os.path.isdir(runtime_dir):
return
for file_name in os.listdir(runtime_dir):
if re.match("jpserver-(.+).json", file_name):
with open(os.path.join(runtime_dir, file_name), encoding="utf-8") as f:
# Handle race condition where file is being written.
try:
info = json.load(f)
except json.JSONDecodeError:
continue
# Simple check whether that process is really still running
# Also remove leftover files from IPython 2.x without a pid field
if ("pid" in info) and check_pid(info["pid"]):
yield info
else:
# If the process has died, try to delete its info file
try:
os.unlink(os.path.join(runtime_dir, file_name))
except OSError as e:
if log:
log.warning(_i18n("Deleting server info file failed: %s.") % e) | Iterate over the server info files of running Jupyter servers. Given a runtime directory, find jpserver-* files in the security directory, and yield dicts of their information, each one pertaining to a currently running Jupyter server instance. |
173,992 | from . import Image, ImageFile
from ._binary import o8
from ._binary import o16be as o16b
_Palm8BitColormapValues = (
(255, 255, 255), (255, 204, 255), (255, 153, 255), (255, 102, 255),
(255, 51, 255), (255, 0, 255), (255, 255, 204), (255, 204, 204),
(255, 153, 204), (255, 102, 204), (255, 51, 204), (255, 0, 204),
(255, 255, 153), (255, 204, 153), (255, 153, 153), (255, 102, 153),
(255, 51, 153), (255, 0, 153), (204, 255, 255), (204, 204, 255),
(204, 153, 255), (204, 102, 255), (204, 51, 255), (204, 0, 255),
(204, 255, 204), (204, 204, 204), (204, 153, 204), (204, 102, 204),
(204, 51, 204), (204, 0, 204), (204, 255, 153), (204, 204, 153),
(204, 153, 153), (204, 102, 153), (204, 51, 153), (204, 0, 153),
(153, 255, 255), (153, 204, 255), (153, 153, 255), (153, 102, 255),
(153, 51, 255), (153, 0, 255), (153, 255, 204), (153, 204, 204),
(153, 153, 204), (153, 102, 204), (153, 51, 204), (153, 0, 204),
(153, 255, 153), (153, 204, 153), (153, 153, 153), (153, 102, 153),
(153, 51, 153), (153, 0, 153), (102, 255, 255), (102, 204, 255),
(102, 153, 255), (102, 102, 255), (102, 51, 255), (102, 0, 255),
(102, 255, 204), (102, 204, 204), (102, 153, 204), (102, 102, 204),
(102, 51, 204), (102, 0, 204), (102, 255, 153), (102, 204, 153),
(102, 153, 153), (102, 102, 153), (102, 51, 153), (102, 0, 153),
(51, 255, 255), (51, 204, 255), (51, 153, 255), (51, 102, 255),
(51, 51, 255), (51, 0, 255), (51, 255, 204), (51, 204, 204),
(51, 153, 204), (51, 102, 204), (51, 51, 204), (51, 0, 204),
(51, 255, 153), (51, 204, 153), (51, 153, 153), (51, 102, 153),
(51, 51, 153), (51, 0, 153), (0, 255, 255), (0, 204, 255),
(0, 153, 255), (0, 102, 255), (0, 51, 255), (0, 0, 255),
(0, 255, 204), (0, 204, 204), (0, 153, 204), (0, 102, 204),
(0, 51, 204), (0, 0, 204), (0, 255, 153), (0, 204, 153),
(0, 153, 153), (0, 102, 153), (0, 51, 153), (0, 0, 153),
(255, 255, 102), (255, 204, 102), (255, 153, 102), (255, 102, 102),
(255, 51, 102), (255, 0, 102), (255, 255, 51), (255, 204, 51),
(255, 153, 51), (255, 102, 51), (255, 51, 51), (255, 0, 51),
(255, 255, 0), (255, 204, 0), (255, 153, 0), (255, 102, 0),
(255, 51, 0), (255, 0, 0), (204, 255, 102), (204, 204, 102),
(204, 153, 102), (204, 102, 102), (204, 51, 102), (204, 0, 102),
(204, 255, 51), (204, 204, 51), (204, 153, 51), (204, 102, 51),
(204, 51, 51), (204, 0, 51), (204, 255, 0), (204, 204, 0),
(204, 153, 0), (204, 102, 0), (204, 51, 0), (204, 0, 0),
(153, 255, 102), (153, 204, 102), (153, 153, 102), (153, 102, 102),
(153, 51, 102), (153, 0, 102), (153, 255, 51), (153, 204, 51),
(153, 153, 51), (153, 102, 51), (153, 51, 51), (153, 0, 51),
(153, 255, 0), (153, 204, 0), (153, 153, 0), (153, 102, 0),
(153, 51, 0), (153, 0, 0), (102, 255, 102), (102, 204, 102),
(102, 153, 102), (102, 102, 102), (102, 51, 102), (102, 0, 102),
(102, 255, 51), (102, 204, 51), (102, 153, 51), (102, 102, 51),
(102, 51, 51), (102, 0, 51), (102, 255, 0), (102, 204, 0),
(102, 153, 0), (102, 102, 0), (102, 51, 0), (102, 0, 0),
(51, 255, 102), (51, 204, 102), (51, 153, 102), (51, 102, 102),
(51, 51, 102), (51, 0, 102), (51, 255, 51), (51, 204, 51),
(51, 153, 51), (51, 102, 51), (51, 51, 51), (51, 0, 51),
(51, 255, 0), (51, 204, 0), (51, 153, 0), (51, 102, 0),
(51, 51, 0), (51, 0, 0), (0, 255, 102), (0, 204, 102),
(0, 153, 102), (0, 102, 102), (0, 51, 102), (0, 0, 102),
(0, 255, 51), (0, 204, 51), (0, 153, 51), (0, 102, 51),
(0, 51, 51), (0, 0, 51), (0, 255, 0), (0, 204, 0),
(0, 153, 0), (0, 102, 0), (0, 51, 0), (17, 17, 17),
(34, 34, 34), (68, 68, 68), (85, 85, 85), (119, 119, 119),
(136, 136, 136), (170, 170, 170), (187, 187, 187), (221, 221, 221),
(238, 238, 238), (192, 192, 192), (128, 0, 0), (128, 0, 128),
(0, 128, 0), (0, 128, 128), (0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0),
(0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0),
(0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0),
(0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0),
(0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0),
(0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0),
(0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0))
Image.register_save("Palm", _save)
Image.register_extension("Palm", ".palm")
Image.register_mime("Palm", "image/palm")
class Image:
def __init__(self):
def __getattr__(self, name):
def width(self):
def height(self):
def size(self):
def _new(self, im):
def __enter__(self):
def __exit__(self, *args):
def close(self):
def _copy(self):
def _ensure_mutable(self):
def _dump(self, file=None, format=None, **options):
def __eq__(self, other):
def __repr__(self):
def _repr_pretty_(self, p, cycle):
def _repr_png_(self):
def __array_interface__(self):
def __getstate__(self):
def __setstate__(self, state):
def tobytes(self, encoder_name="raw", *args):
def tobitmap(self, name="image"):
def frombytes(self, data, decoder_name="raw", *args):
def load(self):
def verify(self):
def convert(
self, mode=None, matrix=None, dither=None, palette=Palette.WEB, colors=256
):
def convert_transparency(m, v):
def quantize(
self,
colors=256,
method=None,
kmeans=0,
palette=None,
dither=Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG,
):
def copy(self):
def crop(self, box=None):
def _crop(self, im, box):
def draft(self, mode, size):
def _expand(self, xmargin, ymargin=None):
def filter(self, filter):
def getbands(self):
def getbbox(self):
def getcolors(self, maxcolors=256):
def getdata(self, band=None):
def getextrema(self):
def _getxmp(self, xmp_tags):
def get_name(tag):
def get_value(element):
def getexif(self):
def _reload_exif(self):
def get_child_images(self):
def getim(self):
def getpalette(self, rawmode="RGB"):
def apply_transparency(self):
def getpixel(self, xy):
def getprojection(self):
def histogram(self, mask=None, extrema=None):
def entropy(self, mask=None, extrema=None):
def paste(self, im, box=None, mask=None):
def alpha_composite(self, im, dest=(0, 0), source=(0, 0)):
def point(self, lut, mode=None):
def putalpha(self, alpha):
def putdata(self, data, scale=1.0, offset=0.0):
def putpalette(self, data, rawmode="RGB"):
def putpixel(self, xy, value):
def remap_palette(self, dest_map, source_palette=None):
def _get_safe_box(self, size, resample, box):
def resize(self, size, resample=None, box=None, reducing_gap=None):
def reduce(self, factor, box=None):
def rotate(
self,
angle,
resample=Resampling.NEAREST,
expand=0,
center=None,
translate=None,
fillcolor=None,
):
def transform(x, y, matrix):
def save(self, fp, format=None, **params):
def seek(self, frame):
def show(self, title=None):
def split(self):
def getchannel(self, channel):
def tell(self):
def thumbnail(self, size, resample=Resampling.BICUBIC, reducing_gap=2.0):
def preserve_aspect_ratio():
def round_aspect(number, key):
def transform(
self,
size,
method,
data=None,
resample=Resampling.NEAREST,
fill=1,
fillcolor=None,
):
def __transformer(
self, box, image, method, data, resample=Resampling.NEAREST, fill=1
):
def transpose(self, method):
def effect_spread(self, distance):
def toqimage(self):
def toqpixmap(self):
def build_prototype_image():
image = Image.new("L", (1, len(_Palm8BitColormapValues)))
image.putdata(list(range(len(_Palm8BitColormapValues))))
palettedata = ()
for colormapValue in _Palm8BitColormapValues:
palettedata += colormapValue
palettedata += (0, 0, 0) * (256 - len(_Palm8BitColormapValues))
image.putpalette(palettedata)
return image | null |
173,993 | from . import Image, ImageFile
from ._binary import o8
from ._binary import o16be as o16b
_FLAGS = {"custom-colormap": 0x4000, "is-compressed": 0x8000, "has-transparent": 0x2000}
_COMPRESSION_TYPES = {"none": 0xFF, "rle": 0x01, "scanline": 0x00}
class ImageFile(Image.Image):
"""Base class for image file format handlers."""
def __init__(self, fp=None, filename=None):
super().__init__()
self._min_frame = 0
self.custom_mimetype = None
self.tile = None
""" A list of tile descriptors, or ``None`` """
self.readonly = 1 # until we know better
self.decoderconfig = ()
self.decodermaxblock = MAXBLOCK
if is_path(fp):
# filename
self.fp = open(fp, "rb")
self.filename = fp
self._exclusive_fp = True
else:
# stream
self.fp = fp
self.filename = filename
# can be overridden
self._exclusive_fp = None
try:
try:
self._open()
except (
IndexError, # end of data
TypeError, # end of data (ord)
KeyError, # unsupported mode
EOFError, # got header but not the first frame
struct.error,
) as v:
raise SyntaxError(v) from v
if not self.mode or self.size[0] <= 0 or self.size[1] <= 0:
msg = "not identified by this driver"
raise SyntaxError(msg)
except BaseException:
# close the file only if we have opened it this constructor
if self._exclusive_fp:
self.fp.close()
raise
def get_format_mimetype(self):
if self.custom_mimetype:
return self.custom_mimetype
if self.format is not None:
return Image.MIME.get(self.format.upper())
def __setstate__(self, state):
self.tile = []
super().__setstate__(state)
def verify(self):
"""Check file integrity"""
# raise exception if something's wrong. must be called
# directly after open, and closes file when finished.
if self._exclusive_fp:
self.fp.close()
self.fp = None
def load(self):
"""Load image data based on tile list"""
if self.tile is None:
msg = "cannot load this image"
raise OSError(msg)
pixel = Image.Image.load(self)
if not self.tile:
return pixel
self.map = None
use_mmap = self.filename and len(self.tile) == 1
# As of pypy 2.1.0, memory mapping was failing here.
use_mmap = use_mmap and not hasattr(sys, "pypy_version_info")
readonly = 0
# look for read/seek overrides
try:
read = self.load_read
# don't use mmap if there are custom read/seek functions
use_mmap = False
except AttributeError:
read = self.fp.read
try:
seek = self.load_seek
use_mmap = False
except AttributeError:
seek = self.fp.seek
if use_mmap:
# try memory mapping
decoder_name, extents, offset, args = self.tile[0]
if (
decoder_name == "raw"
and len(args) >= 3
and args[0] == self.mode
and args[0] in Image._MAPMODES
):
try:
# use mmap, if possible
import mmap
with open(self.filename) as fp:
self.map = mmap.mmap(fp.fileno(), 0, access=mmap.ACCESS_READ)
if offset + self.size[1] * args[1] > self.map.size():
# buffer is not large enough
raise OSError
self.im = Image.core.map_buffer(
self.map, self.size, decoder_name, offset, args
)
readonly = 1
# After trashing self.im,
# we might need to reload the palette data.
if self.palette:
self.palette.dirty = 1
except (AttributeError, OSError, ImportError):
self.map = None
self.load_prepare()
err_code = -3 # initialize to unknown error
if not self.map:
# sort tiles in file order
self.tile.sort(key=_tilesort)
try:
# FIXME: This is a hack to handle TIFF's JpegTables tag.
prefix = self.tile_prefix
except AttributeError:
prefix = b""
# Remove consecutive duplicates that only differ by their offset
self.tile = [
list(tiles)[-1]
for _, tiles in itertools.groupby(
self.tile, lambda tile: (tile[0], tile[1], tile[3])
)
]
for decoder_name, extents, offset, args in self.tile:
seek(offset)
decoder = Image._getdecoder(
self.mode, decoder_name, args, self.decoderconfig
)
try:
decoder.setimage(self.im, extents)
if decoder.pulls_fd:
decoder.setfd(self.fp)
err_code = decoder.decode(b"")[1]
else:
b = prefix
while True:
try:
s = read(self.decodermaxblock)
except (IndexError, struct.error) as e:
# truncated png/gif
if LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES:
break
else:
msg = "image file is truncated"
raise OSError(msg) from e
if not s: # truncated jpeg
if LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES:
break
else:
msg = (
"image file is truncated "
f"({len(b)} bytes not processed)"
)
raise OSError(msg)
b = b + s
n, err_code = decoder.decode(b)
if n < 0:
break
b = b[n:]
finally:
# Need to cleanup here to prevent leaks
decoder.cleanup()
self.tile = []
self.readonly = readonly
self.load_end()
if self._exclusive_fp and self._close_exclusive_fp_after_loading:
self.fp.close()
self.fp = None
if not self.map and not LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES and err_code < 0:
# still raised if decoder fails to return anything
raise_oserror(err_code)
return Image.Image.load(self)
def load_prepare(self):
# create image memory if necessary
if not self.im or self.im.mode != self.mode or self.im.size != self.size:
self.im = Image.core.new(self.mode, self.size)
# create palette (optional)
if self.mode == "P":
Image.Image.load(self)
def load_end(self):
# may be overridden
pass
# may be defined for contained formats
# def load_seek(self, pos):
# pass
# may be defined for blocked formats (e.g. PNG)
# def load_read(self, bytes):
# pass
def _seek_check(self, frame):
if (
frame < self._min_frame
# Only check upper limit on frames if additional seek operations
# are not required to do so
or (
not (hasattr(self, "_n_frames") and self._n_frames is None)
and frame >= self.n_frames + self._min_frame
)
):
msg = "attempt to seek outside sequence"
raise EOFError(msg)
return self.tell() != frame
def o8(i):
return bytes((i & 255,))
def _save(im, fp, filename):
if im.mode == "P":
# we assume this is a color Palm image with the standard colormap,
# unless the "info" dict has a "custom-colormap" field
rawmode = "P"
bpp = 8
version = 1
elif im.mode == "L":
if im.encoderinfo.get("bpp") in (1, 2, 4):
# this is 8-bit grayscale, so we shift it to get the high-order bits,
# and invert it because
# Palm does greyscale from white (0) to black (1)
bpp = im.encoderinfo["bpp"]
im = im.point(
lambda x, shift=8 - bpp, maxval=(1 << bpp) - 1: maxval - (x >> shift)
)
elif im.info.get("bpp") in (1, 2, 4):
# here we assume that even though the inherent mode is 8-bit grayscale,
# only the lower bpp bits are significant.
# We invert them to match the Palm.
bpp = im.info["bpp"]
im = im.point(lambda x, maxval=(1 << bpp) - 1: maxval - (x & maxval))
else:
msg = f"cannot write mode {im.mode} as Palm"
raise OSError(msg)
# we ignore the palette here
im.mode = "P"
rawmode = "P;" + str(bpp)
version = 1
elif im.mode == "1":
# monochrome -- write it inverted, as is the Palm standard
rawmode = "1;I"
bpp = 1
version = 0
else:
msg = f"cannot write mode {im.mode} as Palm"
raise OSError(msg)
#
# make sure image data is available
im.load()
# write header
cols = im.size[0]
rows = im.size[1]
rowbytes = int((cols + (16 // bpp - 1)) / (16 // bpp)) * 2
transparent_index = 0
compression_type = _COMPRESSION_TYPES["none"]
flags = 0
if im.mode == "P" and "custom-colormap" in im.info:
flags = flags & _FLAGS["custom-colormap"]
colormapsize = 4 * 256 + 2
colormapmode = im.palette.mode
colormap = im.getdata().getpalette()
else:
colormapsize = 0
if "offset" in im.info:
offset = (rowbytes * rows + 16 + 3 + colormapsize) // 4
else:
offset = 0
fp.write(o16b(cols) + o16b(rows) + o16b(rowbytes) + o16b(flags))
fp.write(o8(bpp))
fp.write(o8(version))
fp.write(o16b(offset))
fp.write(o8(transparent_index))
fp.write(o8(compression_type))
fp.write(o16b(0)) # reserved by Palm
# now write colormap if necessary
if colormapsize > 0:
fp.write(o16b(256))
for i in range(256):
fp.write(o8(i))
if colormapmode == "RGB":
fp.write(
o8(colormap[3 * i])
+ o8(colormap[3 * i + 1])
+ o8(colormap[3 * i + 2])
)
elif colormapmode == "RGBA":
fp.write(
o8(colormap[4 * i])
+ o8(colormap[4 * i + 1])
+ o8(colormap[4 * i + 2])
)
# now convert data to raw form
ImageFile._save(im, fp, [("raw", (0, 0) + im.size, 0, (rawmode, rowbytes, 1))])
if hasattr(fp, "flush"):
fp.flush() | null |
173,994 | from . import Image, ImageFile
from ._binary import i16le as word
from ._binary import si16le as short
from ._binary import si32le as _long
_handler = None
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `register_handler` function. Write a Python function `def register_handler(handler)` to solve the following problem:
Install application-specific WMF image handler. :param handler: Handler object.
Here is the function:
def register_handler(handler):
"""
Install application-specific WMF image handler.
:param handler: Handler object.
"""
global _handler
_handler = handler | Install application-specific WMF image handler. :param handler: Handler object. |
173,995 | from . import Image, ImageFile
from ._binary import i16le as word
from ._binary import si16le as short
from ._binary import si32le as _long
def _accept(prefix):
return (
prefix[:6] == b"\xd7\xcd\xc6\x9a\x00\x00" or prefix[:4] == b"\x01\x00\x00\x00"
) | null |
173,996 | from . import Image, ImageFile
from ._binary import i16le as word
from ._binary import si16le as short
from ._binary import si32le as _long
_handler = None
if hasattr(Image.core, "drawwmf"):
# install default handler (windows only)
register_handler(WmfHandler())
def _save(im, fp, filename):
if _handler is None or not hasattr(_handler, "save"):
msg = "WMF save handler not installed"
raise OSError(msg)
_handler.save(im, fp, filename) | null |
173,997 | import struct
from enum import IntEnum
from io import BytesIO
from . import Image, ImageFile
from ._deprecate import deprecate
class Format(IntEnum):
DXT1 = 0
UNCOMPRESSED = 1
def deprecate(
deprecated: str,
when: int | None,
replacement: str | None = None,
*,
action: str | None = None,
plural: bool = False,
) -> None:
"""
Deprecations helper.
:param deprecated: Name of thing to be deprecated.
:param when: Pillow major version to be removed in.
:param replacement: Name of replacement.
:param action: Instead of "replacement", give a custom call to action
e.g. "Upgrade to new thing".
:param plural: if the deprecated thing is plural, needing "are" instead of "is".
Usually of the form:
"[deprecated] is deprecated and will be removed in Pillow [when] (yyyy-mm-dd).
Use [replacement] instead."
You can leave out the replacement sentence:
"[deprecated] is deprecated and will be removed in Pillow [when] (yyyy-mm-dd)"
Or with another call to action:
"[deprecated] is deprecated and will be removed in Pillow [when] (yyyy-mm-dd).
[action]."
"""
is_ = "are" if plural else "is"
if when is None:
removed = "a future version"
elif when <= int(__version__.split(".")[0]):
msg = f"{deprecated} {is_} deprecated and should be removed."
raise RuntimeError(msg)
elif when == 10:
removed = "Pillow 10 (2023-07-01)"
elif when == 11:
removed = "Pillow 11 (2024-10-15)"
else:
msg = f"Unknown removal version: {when}. Update {__name__}?"
raise ValueError(msg)
if replacement and action:
msg = "Use only one of 'replacement' and 'action'"
raise ValueError(msg)
if replacement:
action = f". Use {replacement} instead."
elif action:
action = f". {action.rstrip('.')}."
else:
action = ""
warnings.warn(
f"{deprecated} {is_} deprecated and will be removed in {removed}{action}",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=3,
)
def __getattr__(name):
for enum, prefix in {Format: "FORMAT_"}.items():
if name.startswith(prefix):
name = name[len(prefix) :]
if name in enum.__members__:
deprecate(f"{prefix}{name}", 10, f"{enum.__name__}.{name}")
return enum[name]
msg = f"module '{__name__}' has no attribute '{name}'"
raise AttributeError(msg) | null |
173,998 | import struct
from enum import IntEnum
from io import BytesIO
from . import Image, ImageFile
from ._deprecate import deprecate
MAGIC = b"FTEX"
def _accept(prefix):
return prefix[:4] == MAGIC | null |
174,002 | import calendar
import codecs
import collections
import mmap
import os
import re
import time
import zlib
def encode_text(s):
return codecs.BOM_UTF16_BE + s.encode("utf_16_be")
class PdfName:
def __init__(self, name):
if isinstance(name, PdfName):
self.name = name.name
elif isinstance(name, bytes):
self.name = name
else:
self.name = name.encode("us-ascii")
def name_as_str(self):
return self.name.decode("us-ascii")
def __eq__(self, other):
return (
isinstance(other, PdfName) and other.name == self.name
) or other == self.name
def __hash__(self):
return hash(self.name)
def __repr__(self):
return f"PdfName({repr(self.name)})"
def from_pdf_stream(cls, data):
return cls(PdfParser.interpret_name(data))
allowed_chars = set(range(33, 127)) - {ord(c) for c in "#%/()<>[]{}"}
def __bytes__(self):
result = bytearray(b"/")
for b in self.name:
if b in self.allowed_chars:
result.append(b)
else:
result.extend(b"#%02X" % b)
return bytes(result)
class PdfArray(list):
def __bytes__(self):
return b"[ " + b" ".join(pdf_repr(x) for x in self) + b" ]"
class PdfDict(collections.UserDict):
def __setattr__(self, key, value):
if key == "data":
collections.UserDict.__setattr__(self, key, value)
else:
self[key.encode("us-ascii")] = value
def __getattr__(self, key):
try:
value = self[key.encode("us-ascii")]
except KeyError as e:
raise AttributeError(key) from e
if isinstance(value, bytes):
value = decode_text(value)
if key.endswith("Date"):
if value.startswith("D:"):
value = value[2:]
relationship = "Z"
if len(value) > 17:
relationship = value[14]
offset = int(value[15:17]) * 60
if len(value) > 20:
offset += int(value[18:20])
format = "%Y%m%d%H%M%S"[: len(value) - 2]
value = time.strptime(value[: len(format) + 2], format)
if relationship in ["+", "-"]:
offset *= 60
if relationship == "+":
offset *= -1
value = time.gmtime(calendar.timegm(value) + offset)
return value
def __bytes__(self):
out = bytearray(b"<<")
for key, value in self.items():
if value is None:
continue
value = pdf_repr(value)
out.extend(b"\n")
out.extend(bytes(PdfName(key)))
out.extend(b" ")
out.extend(value)
out.extend(b"\n>>")
return bytes(out)
class PdfBinary:
def __init__(self, data):
self.data = data
def __bytes__(self):
return b"<%s>" % b"".join(b"%02X" % b for b in self.data)
def pdf_repr(x):
if x is True:
return b"true"
elif x is False:
return b"false"
elif x is None:
return b"null"
elif isinstance(x, (PdfName, PdfDict, PdfArray, PdfBinary)):
return bytes(x)
elif isinstance(x, (int, float)):
return str(x).encode("us-ascii")
elif isinstance(x, time.struct_time):
return b"(D:" + time.strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M%SZ", x).encode("us-ascii") + b")"
elif isinstance(x, dict):
return bytes(PdfDict(x))
elif isinstance(x, list):
return bytes(PdfArray(x))
elif isinstance(x, str):
return pdf_repr(encode_text(x))
elif isinstance(x, bytes):
# XXX escape more chars? handle binary garbage
x = x.replace(b"\\", b"\\\\")
x = x.replace(b"(", b"\\(")
x = x.replace(b")", b"\\)")
return b"(" + x + b")"
else:
return bytes(x) | null |
174,003 | import math
import numbers
import warnings
from . import Image, ImageColor
from ._deprecate import deprecate
def _color_diff(color1, color2):
"""
Uses 1-norm distance to calculate difference between two values.
"""
if isinstance(color2, tuple):
return sum(abs(color1[i] - color2[i]) for i in range(0, len(color2)))
else:
return abs(color1 - color2)
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `floodfill` function. Write a Python function `def floodfill(image, xy, value, border=None, thresh=0)` to solve the following problem:
(experimental) Fills a bounded region with a given color. :param image: Target image. :param xy: Seed position (a 2-item coordinate tuple). See :ref:`coordinate-system`. :param value: Fill color. :param border: Optional border value. If given, the region consists of pixels with a color different from the border color. If not given, the region consists of pixels having the same color as the seed pixel. :param thresh: Optional threshold value which specifies a maximum tolerable difference of a pixel value from the 'background' in order for it to be replaced. Useful for filling regions of non-homogeneous, but similar, colors.
Here is the function:
def floodfill(image, xy, value, border=None, thresh=0):
"""
(experimental) Fills a bounded region with a given color.
:param image: Target image.
:param xy: Seed position (a 2-item coordinate tuple). See
:ref:`coordinate-system`.
:param value: Fill color.
:param border: Optional border value. If given, the region consists of
pixels with a color different from the border color. If not given,
the region consists of pixels having the same color as the seed
pixel.
:param thresh: Optional threshold value which specifies a maximum
tolerable difference of a pixel value from the 'background' in
order for it to be replaced. Useful for filling regions of
non-homogeneous, but similar, colors.
"""
# based on an implementation by Eric S. Raymond
# amended by yo1995 @20180806
pixel = image.load()
x, y = xy
try:
background = pixel[x, y]
if _color_diff(value, background) <= thresh:
return # seed point already has fill color
pixel[x, y] = value
except (ValueError, IndexError):
return # seed point outside image
edge = {(x, y)}
# use a set to keep record of current and previous edge pixels
# to reduce memory consumption
full_edge = set()
while edge:
new_edge = set()
for x, y in edge: # 4 adjacent method
for s, t in ((x + 1, y), (x - 1, y), (x, y + 1), (x, y - 1)):
# If already processed, or if a coordinate is negative, skip
if (s, t) in full_edge or s < 0 or t < 0:
continue
try:
p = pixel[s, t]
except (ValueError, IndexError):
pass
else:
full_edge.add((s, t))
if border is None:
fill = _color_diff(p, background) <= thresh
else:
fill = p != value and p != border
if fill:
pixel[s, t] = value
new_edge.add((s, t))
full_edge = edge # discard pixels processed
edge = new_edge | (experimental) Fills a bounded region with a given color. :param image: Target image. :param xy: Seed position (a 2-item coordinate tuple). See :ref:`coordinate-system`. :param value: Fill color. :param border: Optional border value. If given, the region consists of pixels with a color different from the border color. If not given, the region consists of pixels having the same color as the seed pixel. :param thresh: Optional threshold value which specifies a maximum tolerable difference of a pixel value from the 'background' in order for it to be replaced. Useful for filling regions of non-homogeneous, but similar, colors. |
174,004 | import math
import numbers
import warnings
from . import Image, ImageColor
from ._deprecate import deprecate
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `_compute_regular_polygon_vertices` function. Write a Python function `def _compute_regular_polygon_vertices(bounding_circle, n_sides, rotation)` to solve the following problem:
Generate a list of vertices for a 2D regular polygon. :param bounding_circle: The bounding circle is a tuple defined by a point and radius. The polygon is inscribed in this circle. (e.g. ``bounding_circle=(x, y, r)`` or ``((x, y), r)``) :param n_sides: Number of sides (e.g. ``n_sides=3`` for a triangle, ``6`` for a hexagon) :param rotation: Apply an arbitrary rotation to the polygon (e.g. ``rotation=90``, applies a 90 degree rotation) :return: List of regular polygon vertices (e.g. ``[(25, 50), (50, 50), (50, 25), (25, 25)]``) How are the vertices computed? 1. Compute the following variables - theta: Angle between the apothem & the nearest polygon vertex - side_length: Length of each polygon edge - centroid: Center of bounding circle (1st, 2nd elements of bounding_circle) - polygon_radius: Polygon radius (last element of bounding_circle) - angles: Location of each polygon vertex in polar grid (e.g. A square with 0 degree rotation => [225.0, 315.0, 45.0, 135.0]) 2. For each angle in angles, get the polygon vertex at that angle The vertex is computed using the equation below. X= xcos(φ) + ysin(φ) Y= −xsin(φ) + ycos(φ) Note: φ = angle in degrees x = 0 y = polygon_radius The formula above assumes rotation around the origin. In our case, we are rotating around the centroid. To account for this, we use the formula below X = xcos(φ) + ysin(φ) + centroid_x Y = −xsin(φ) + ycos(φ) + centroid_y
Here is the function:
def _compute_regular_polygon_vertices(bounding_circle, n_sides, rotation):
"""
Generate a list of vertices for a 2D regular polygon.
:param bounding_circle: The bounding circle is a tuple defined
by a point and radius. The polygon is inscribed in this circle.
(e.g. ``bounding_circle=(x, y, r)`` or ``((x, y), r)``)
:param n_sides: Number of sides
(e.g. ``n_sides=3`` for a triangle, ``6`` for a hexagon)
:param rotation: Apply an arbitrary rotation to the polygon
(e.g. ``rotation=90``, applies a 90 degree rotation)
:return: List of regular polygon vertices
(e.g. ``[(25, 50), (50, 50), (50, 25), (25, 25)]``)
How are the vertices computed?
1. Compute the following variables
- theta: Angle between the apothem & the nearest polygon vertex
- side_length: Length of each polygon edge
- centroid: Center of bounding circle (1st, 2nd elements of bounding_circle)
- polygon_radius: Polygon radius (last element of bounding_circle)
- angles: Location of each polygon vertex in polar grid
(e.g. A square with 0 degree rotation => [225.0, 315.0, 45.0, 135.0])
2. For each angle in angles, get the polygon vertex at that angle
The vertex is computed using the equation below.
X= xcos(φ) + ysin(φ)
Y= −xsin(φ) + ycos(φ)
Note:
φ = angle in degrees
x = 0
y = polygon_radius
The formula above assumes rotation around the origin.
In our case, we are rotating around the centroid.
To account for this, we use the formula below
X = xcos(φ) + ysin(φ) + centroid_x
Y = −xsin(φ) + ycos(φ) + centroid_y
"""
# 1. Error Handling
# 1.1 Check `n_sides` has an appropriate value
if not isinstance(n_sides, int):
msg = "n_sides should be an int"
raise TypeError(msg)
if n_sides < 3:
msg = "n_sides should be an int > 2"
raise ValueError(msg)
# 1.2 Check `bounding_circle` has an appropriate value
if not isinstance(bounding_circle, (list, tuple)):
msg = "bounding_circle should be a tuple"
raise TypeError(msg)
if len(bounding_circle) == 3:
*centroid, polygon_radius = bounding_circle
elif len(bounding_circle) == 2:
centroid, polygon_radius = bounding_circle
else:
msg = (
"bounding_circle should contain 2D coordinates "
"and a radius (e.g. (x, y, r) or ((x, y), r) )"
)
raise ValueError(msg)
if not all(isinstance(i, (int, float)) for i in (*centroid, polygon_radius)):
msg = "bounding_circle should only contain numeric data"
raise ValueError(msg)
if not len(centroid) == 2:
msg = "bounding_circle centre should contain 2D coordinates (e.g. (x, y))"
raise ValueError(msg)
if polygon_radius <= 0:
msg = "bounding_circle radius should be > 0"
raise ValueError(msg)
# 1.3 Check `rotation` has an appropriate value
if not isinstance(rotation, (int, float)):
msg = "rotation should be an int or float"
raise ValueError(msg)
# 2. Define Helper Functions
def _apply_rotation(point, degrees, centroid):
return (
round(
point[0] * math.cos(math.radians(360 - degrees))
- point[1] * math.sin(math.radians(360 - degrees))
+ centroid[0],
2,
),
round(
point[1] * math.cos(math.radians(360 - degrees))
+ point[0] * math.sin(math.radians(360 - degrees))
+ centroid[1],
2,
),
)
def _compute_polygon_vertex(centroid, polygon_radius, angle):
start_point = [polygon_radius, 0]
return _apply_rotation(start_point, angle, centroid)
def _get_angles(n_sides, rotation):
angles = []
degrees = 360 / n_sides
# Start with the bottom left polygon vertex
current_angle = (270 - 0.5 * degrees) + rotation
for _ in range(0, n_sides):
angles.append(current_angle)
current_angle += degrees
if current_angle > 360:
current_angle -= 360
return angles
# 3. Variable Declarations
angles = _get_angles(n_sides, rotation)
# 4. Compute Vertices
return [
_compute_polygon_vertex(centroid, polygon_radius, angle) for angle in angles
] | Generate a list of vertices for a 2D regular polygon. :param bounding_circle: The bounding circle is a tuple defined by a point and radius. The polygon is inscribed in this circle. (e.g. ``bounding_circle=(x, y, r)`` or ``((x, y), r)``) :param n_sides: Number of sides (e.g. ``n_sides=3`` for a triangle, ``6`` for a hexagon) :param rotation: Apply an arbitrary rotation to the polygon (e.g. ``rotation=90``, applies a 90 degree rotation) :return: List of regular polygon vertices (e.g. ``[(25, 50), (50, 50), (50, 25), (25, 25)]``) How are the vertices computed? 1. Compute the following variables - theta: Angle between the apothem & the nearest polygon vertex - side_length: Length of each polygon edge - centroid: Center of bounding circle (1st, 2nd elements of bounding_circle) - polygon_radius: Polygon radius (last element of bounding_circle) - angles: Location of each polygon vertex in polar grid (e.g. A square with 0 degree rotation => [225.0, 315.0, 45.0, 135.0]) 2. For each angle in angles, get the polygon vertex at that angle The vertex is computed using the equation below. X= xcos(φ) + ysin(φ) Y= −xsin(φ) + ycos(φ) Note: φ = angle in degrees x = 0 y = polygon_radius The formula above assumes rotation around the origin. In our case, we are rotating around the centroid. To account for this, we use the formula below X = xcos(φ) + ysin(φ) + centroid_x Y = −xsin(φ) + ycos(φ) + centroid_y |
174,005 | import tkinter
from io import BytesIO
from . import Image
from ._deprecate import deprecate
_pilbitmap_ok = None
class BitmapImage:
"""
A Tkinter-compatible bitmap image. This can be used everywhere Tkinter
expects an image object.
The given image must have mode "1". Pixels having value 0 are treated as
transparent. Options, if any, are passed on to Tkinter. The most commonly
used option is ``foreground``, which is used to specify the color for the
non-transparent parts. See the Tkinter documentation for information on
how to specify colours.
:param image: A PIL image.
"""
def __init__(self, image=None, **kw):
# Tk compatibility: file or data
if image is None:
image = _get_image_from_kw(kw)
self.__mode = image.mode
self.__size = image.size
if _pilbitmap_check():
# fast way (requires the pilbitmap booster patch)
image.load()
kw["data"] = f"PIL:{image.im.id}"
self.__im = image # must keep a reference
else:
# slow but safe way
kw["data"] = image.tobitmap()
self.__photo = tkinter.BitmapImage(**kw)
def __del__(self):
name = self.__photo.name
self.__photo.name = None
try:
self.__photo.tk.call("image", "delete", name)
except Exception:
pass # ignore internal errors
def width(self):
"""
Get the width of the image.
:return: The width, in pixels.
"""
return self.__size[0]
def height(self):
"""
Get the height of the image.
:return: The height, in pixels.
"""
return self.__size[1]
def __str__(self):
"""
Get the Tkinter bitmap image identifier. This method is automatically
called by Tkinter whenever a BitmapImage object is passed to a Tkinter
method.
:return: A Tkinter bitmap image identifier (a string).
"""
return str(self.__photo)
class Image:
"""
This class represents an image object. To create
:py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` objects, use the appropriate factory
functions. There's hardly ever any reason to call the Image constructor
directly.
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.open`
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.new`
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes`
"""
format = None
format_description = None
_close_exclusive_fp_after_loading = True
def __init__(self):
# FIXME: take "new" parameters / other image?
# FIXME: turn mode and size into delegating properties?
self.im = None
self.mode = ""
self._size = (0, 0)
self.palette = None
self.info = {}
self._category = 0
self.readonly = 0
self.pyaccess = None
self._exif = None
def __getattr__(self, name):
if name == "category":
deprecate("Image categories", 10, "is_animated", plural=True)
return self._category
raise AttributeError(name)
def width(self):
return self.size[0]
def height(self):
return self.size[1]
def size(self):
return self._size
def _new(self, im):
new = Image()
new.im = im
new.mode = im.mode
new._size = im.size
if im.mode in ("P", "PA"):
if self.palette:
new.palette = self.palette.copy()
else:
from . import ImagePalette
new.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette()
new.info = self.info.copy()
return new
# Context manager support
def __enter__(self):
return self
def __exit__(self, *args):
if hasattr(self, "fp") and getattr(self, "_exclusive_fp", False):
if getattr(self, "_fp", False):
if self._fp != self.fp:
self._fp.close()
self._fp = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
if self.fp:
self.fp.close()
self.fp = None
def close(self):
"""
Closes the file pointer, if possible.
This operation will destroy the image core and release its memory.
The image data will be unusable afterward.
This function is required to close images that have multiple frames or
have not had their file read and closed by the
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.load` method. See :ref:`file-handling` for
more information.
"""
try:
if getattr(self, "_fp", False):
if self._fp != self.fp:
self._fp.close()
self._fp = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
if self.fp:
self.fp.close()
self.fp = None
except Exception as msg:
logger.debug("Error closing: %s", msg)
if getattr(self, "map", None):
self.map = None
# Instead of simply setting to None, we're setting up a
# deferred error that will better explain that the core image
# object is gone.
self.im = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
def _copy(self):
self.load()
self.im = self.im.copy()
self.pyaccess = None
self.readonly = 0
def _ensure_mutable(self):
if self.readonly:
self._copy()
else:
self.load()
def _dump(self, file=None, format=None, **options):
suffix = ""
if format:
suffix = "." + format
if not file:
f, filename = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix)
os.close(f)
else:
filename = file
if not filename.endswith(suffix):
filename = filename + suffix
self.load()
if not format or format == "PPM":
self.im.save_ppm(filename)
else:
self.save(filename, format, **options)
return filename
def __eq__(self, other):
return (
self.__class__ is other.__class__
and self.mode == other.mode
and self.size == other.size
and self.info == other.info
and self._category == other._category
and self.getpalette() == other.getpalette()
and self.tobytes() == other.tobytes()
)
def __repr__(self):
return "<%s.%s image mode=%s size=%dx%d at 0x%X>" % (
self.__class__.__module__,
self.__class__.__name__,
self.mode,
self.size[0],
self.size[1],
id(self),
)
def _repr_pretty_(self, p, cycle):
"""IPython plain text display support"""
# Same as __repr__ but without unpredictable id(self),
# to keep Jupyter notebook `text/plain` output stable.
p.text(
"<%s.%s image mode=%s size=%dx%d>"
% (
self.__class__.__module__,
self.__class__.__name__,
self.mode,
self.size[0],
self.size[1],
)
)
def _repr_png_(self):
"""iPython display hook support
:returns: png version of the image as bytes
"""
b = io.BytesIO()
try:
self.save(b, "PNG")
except Exception as e:
msg = "Could not save to PNG for display"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
return b.getvalue()
def __array_interface__(self):
# numpy array interface support
new = {"version": 3}
try:
if self.mode == "1":
# Binary images need to be extended from bits to bytes
# See: https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/350
new["data"] = self.tobytes("raw", "L")
else:
new["data"] = self.tobytes()
except Exception as e:
if not isinstance(e, (MemoryError, RecursionError)):
try:
import numpy
from packaging.version import parse as parse_version
except ImportError:
pass
else:
if parse_version(numpy.__version__) < parse_version("1.23"):
warnings.warn(e)
raise
new["shape"], new["typestr"] = _conv_type_shape(self)
return new
def __getstate__(self):
return [self.info, self.mode, self.size, self.getpalette(), self.tobytes()]
def __setstate__(self, state):
Image.__init__(self)
info, mode, size, palette, data = state
self.info = info
self.mode = mode
self._size = size
self.im = core.new(mode, size)
if mode in ("L", "LA", "P", "PA") and palette:
self.putpalette(palette)
self.frombytes(data)
def tobytes(self, encoder_name="raw", *args):
"""
Return image as a bytes object.
.. warning::
This method returns the raw image data from the internal
storage. For compressed image data (e.g. PNG, JPEG) use
:meth:`~.save`, with a BytesIO parameter for in-memory
data.
:param encoder_name: What encoder to use. The default is to
use the standard "raw" encoder.
A list of C encoders can be seen under
codecs section of the function array in
:file:`_imaging.c`. Python encoders are
registered within the relevant plugins.
:param args: Extra arguments to the encoder.
:returns: A :py:class:`bytes` object.
"""
# may pass tuple instead of argument list
if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
args = args[0]
if encoder_name == "raw" and args == ():
args = self.mode
self.load()
if self.width == 0 or self.height == 0:
return b""
# unpack data
e = _getencoder(self.mode, encoder_name, args)
e.setimage(self.im)
bufsize = max(65536, self.size[0] * 4) # see RawEncode.c
output = []
while True:
bytes_consumed, errcode, data = e.encode(bufsize)
output.append(data)
if errcode:
break
if errcode < 0:
msg = f"encoder error {errcode} in tobytes"
raise RuntimeError(msg)
return b"".join(output)
def tobitmap(self, name="image"):
"""
Returns the image converted to an X11 bitmap.
.. note:: This method only works for mode "1" images.
:param name: The name prefix to use for the bitmap variables.
:returns: A string containing an X11 bitmap.
:raises ValueError: If the mode is not "1"
"""
self.load()
if self.mode != "1":
msg = "not a bitmap"
raise ValueError(msg)
data = self.tobytes("xbm")
return b"".join(
[
f"#define {name}_width {self.size[0]}\n".encode("ascii"),
f"#define {name}_height {self.size[1]}\n".encode("ascii"),
f"static char {name}_bits[] = {{\n".encode("ascii"),
data,
b"};",
]
)
def frombytes(self, data, decoder_name="raw", *args):
"""
Loads this image with pixel data from a bytes object.
This method is similar to the :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes` function,
but loads data into this image instead of creating a new image object.
"""
# may pass tuple instead of argument list
if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
args = args[0]
# default format
if decoder_name == "raw" and args == ():
args = self.mode
# unpack data
d = _getdecoder(self.mode, decoder_name, args)
d.setimage(self.im)
s = d.decode(data)
if s[0] >= 0:
msg = "not enough image data"
raise ValueError(msg)
if s[1] != 0:
msg = "cannot decode image data"
raise ValueError(msg)
def load(self):
"""
Allocates storage for the image and loads the pixel data. In
normal cases, you don't need to call this method, since the
Image class automatically loads an opened image when it is
accessed for the first time.
If the file associated with the image was opened by Pillow, then this
method will close it. The exception to this is if the image has
multiple frames, in which case the file will be left open for seek
operations. See :ref:`file-handling` for more information.
:returns: An image access object.
:rtype: :ref:`PixelAccess` or :py:class:`PIL.PyAccess`
"""
if self.im is not None and self.palette and self.palette.dirty:
# realize palette
mode, arr = self.palette.getdata()
self.im.putpalette(mode, arr)
self.palette.dirty = 0
self.palette.rawmode = None
if "transparency" in self.info and mode in ("LA", "PA"):
if isinstance(self.info["transparency"], int):
self.im.putpalettealpha(self.info["transparency"], 0)
else:
self.im.putpalettealphas(self.info["transparency"])
self.palette.mode = "RGBA"
else:
palette_mode = "RGBA" if mode.startswith("RGBA") else "RGB"
self.palette.mode = palette_mode
self.palette.palette = self.im.getpalette(palette_mode, palette_mode)
if self.im is not None:
if cffi and USE_CFFI_ACCESS:
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess
from . import PyAccess
self.pyaccess = PyAccess.new(self, self.readonly)
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess
return self.im.pixel_access(self.readonly)
def verify(self):
"""
Verifies the contents of a file. For data read from a file, this
method attempts to determine if the file is broken, without
actually decoding the image data. If this method finds any
problems, it raises suitable exceptions. If you need to load
the image after using this method, you must reopen the image
file.
"""
pass
def convert(
self, mode=None, matrix=None, dither=None, palette=Palette.WEB, colors=256
):
"""
Returns a converted copy of this image. For the "P" mode, this
method translates pixels through the palette. If mode is
omitted, a mode is chosen so that all information in the image
and the palette can be represented without a palette.
The current version supports all possible conversions between
"L", "RGB" and "CMYK". The ``matrix`` argument only supports "L"
and "RGB".
When translating a color image to greyscale (mode "L"),
the library uses the ITU-R 601-2 luma transform::
L = R * 299/1000 + G * 587/1000 + B * 114/1000
The default method of converting a greyscale ("L") or "RGB"
image into a bilevel (mode "1") image uses Floyd-Steinberg
dither to approximate the original image luminosity levels. If
dither is ``None``, all values larger than 127 are set to 255 (white),
all other values to 0 (black). To use other thresholds, use the
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.point` method.
When converting from "RGBA" to "P" without a ``matrix`` argument,
this passes the operation to :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.quantize`,
and ``dither`` and ``palette`` are ignored.
When converting from "PA", if an "RGBA" palette is present, the alpha
channel from the image will be used instead of the values from the palette.
:param mode: The requested mode. See: :ref:`concept-modes`.
:param matrix: An optional conversion matrix. If given, this
should be 4- or 12-tuple containing floating point values.
:param dither: Dithering method, used when converting from
mode "RGB" to "P" or from "RGB" or "L" to "1".
Available methods are :data:`Dither.NONE` or :data:`Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG`
(default). Note that this is not used when ``matrix`` is supplied.
:param palette: Palette to use when converting from mode "RGB"
to "P". Available palettes are :data:`Palette.WEB` or
:data:`Palette.ADAPTIVE`.
:param colors: Number of colors to use for the :data:`Palette.ADAPTIVE`
palette. Defaults to 256.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
has_transparency = self.info.get("transparency") is not None
if not mode and self.mode == "P":
# determine default mode
if self.palette:
mode = self.palette.mode
else:
mode = "RGB"
if mode == "RGB" and has_transparency:
mode = "RGBA"
if not mode or (mode == self.mode and not matrix):
return self.copy()
if matrix:
# matrix conversion
if mode not in ("L", "RGB"):
msg = "illegal conversion"
raise ValueError(msg)
im = self.im.convert_matrix(mode, matrix)
new = self._new(im)
if has_transparency and self.im.bands == 3:
transparency = new.info["transparency"]
def convert_transparency(m, v):
v = m[0] * v[0] + m[1] * v[1] + m[2] * v[2] + m[3] * 0.5
return max(0, min(255, int(v)))
if mode == "L":
transparency = convert_transparency(matrix, transparency)
elif len(mode) == 3:
transparency = tuple(
convert_transparency(matrix[i * 4 : i * 4 + 4], transparency)
for i in range(0, len(transparency))
)
new.info["transparency"] = transparency
return new
if mode == "P" and self.mode == "RGBA":
return self.quantize(colors)
trns = None
delete_trns = False
# transparency handling
if has_transparency:
if (self.mode in ("1", "L", "I") and mode in ("LA", "RGBA")) or (
self.mode == "RGB" and mode == "RGBA"
):
# Use transparent conversion to promote from transparent
# color to an alpha channel.
new_im = self._new(
self.im.convert_transparent(mode, self.info["transparency"])
)
del new_im.info["transparency"]
return new_im
elif self.mode in ("L", "RGB", "P") and mode in ("L", "RGB", "P"):
t = self.info["transparency"]
if isinstance(t, bytes):
# Dragons. This can't be represented by a single color
warnings.warn(
"Palette images with Transparency expressed in bytes should be "
"converted to RGBA images"
)
delete_trns = True
else:
# get the new transparency color.
# use existing conversions
trns_im = Image()._new(core.new(self.mode, (1, 1)))
if self.mode == "P":
trns_im.putpalette(self.palette)
if isinstance(t, tuple):
err = "Couldn't allocate a palette color for transparency"
try:
t = trns_im.palette.getcolor(t, self)
except ValueError as e:
if str(e) == "cannot allocate more than 256 colors":
# If all 256 colors are in use,
# then there is no need for transparency
t = None
else:
raise ValueError(err) from e
if t is None:
trns = None
else:
trns_im.putpixel((0, 0), t)
if mode in ("L", "RGB"):
trns_im = trns_im.convert(mode)
else:
# can't just retrieve the palette number, got to do it
# after quantization.
trns_im = trns_im.convert("RGB")
trns = trns_im.getpixel((0, 0))
elif self.mode == "P" and mode in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
t = self.info["transparency"]
delete_trns = True
if isinstance(t, bytes):
self.im.putpalettealphas(t)
elif isinstance(t, int):
self.im.putpalettealpha(t, 0)
else:
msg = "Transparency for P mode should be bytes or int"
raise ValueError(msg)
if mode == "P" and palette == Palette.ADAPTIVE:
im = self.im.quantize(colors)
new = self._new(im)
from . import ImagePalette
new.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGB", new.im.getpalette("RGB"))
if delete_trns:
# This could possibly happen if we requantize to fewer colors.
# The transparency would be totally off in that case.
del new.info["transparency"]
if trns is not None:
try:
new.info["transparency"] = new.palette.getcolor(trns, new)
except Exception:
# if we can't make a transparent color, don't leave the old
# transparency hanging around to mess us up.
del new.info["transparency"]
warnings.warn("Couldn't allocate palette entry for transparency")
return new
if "LAB" in (self.mode, mode):
other_mode = mode if self.mode == "LAB" else self.mode
if other_mode in ("RGB", "RGBA", "RGBX"):
from . import ImageCms
srgb = ImageCms.createProfile("sRGB")
lab = ImageCms.createProfile("LAB")
profiles = [lab, srgb] if self.mode == "LAB" else [srgb, lab]
transform = ImageCms.buildTransform(
profiles[0], profiles[1], self.mode, mode
)
return transform.apply(self)
# colorspace conversion
if dither is None:
dither = Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG
try:
im = self.im.convert(mode, dither)
except ValueError:
try:
# normalize source image and try again
modebase = getmodebase(self.mode)
if modebase == self.mode:
raise
im = self.im.convert(modebase)
im = im.convert(mode, dither)
except KeyError as e:
msg = "illegal conversion"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
new_im = self._new(im)
if mode == "P" and palette != Palette.ADAPTIVE:
from . import ImagePalette
new_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGB", list(range(256)) * 3)
if delete_trns:
# crash fail if we leave a bytes transparency in an rgb/l mode.
del new_im.info["transparency"]
if trns is not None:
if new_im.mode == "P":
try:
new_im.info["transparency"] = new_im.palette.getcolor(trns, new_im)
except ValueError as e:
del new_im.info["transparency"]
if str(e) != "cannot allocate more than 256 colors":
# If all 256 colors are in use,
# then there is no need for transparency
warnings.warn(
"Couldn't allocate palette entry for transparency"
)
else:
new_im.info["transparency"] = trns
return new_im
def quantize(
self,
colors=256,
method=None,
kmeans=0,
palette=None,
dither=Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG,
):
"""
Convert the image to 'P' mode with the specified number
of colors.
:param colors: The desired number of colors, <= 256
:param method: :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT` (median cut),
:data:`Quantize.MAXCOVERAGE` (maximum coverage),
:data:`Quantize.FASTOCTREE` (fast octree),
:data:`Quantize.LIBIMAGEQUANT` (libimagequant; check support
using :py:func:`PIL.features.check_feature` with
``feature="libimagequant"``).
By default, :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT` will be used.
The exception to this is RGBA images. :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT`
and :data:`Quantize.MAXCOVERAGE` do not support RGBA images, so
:data:`Quantize.FASTOCTREE` is used by default instead.
:param kmeans: Integer
:param palette: Quantize to the palette of given
:py:class:`PIL.Image.Image`.
:param dither: Dithering method, used when converting from
mode "RGB" to "P" or from "RGB" or "L" to "1".
Available methods are :data:`Dither.NONE` or :data:`Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG`
(default).
:returns: A new image
"""
self.load()
if method is None:
# defaults:
method = Quantize.MEDIANCUT
if self.mode == "RGBA":
method = Quantize.FASTOCTREE
if self.mode == "RGBA" and method not in (
Quantize.FASTOCTREE,
Quantize.LIBIMAGEQUANT,
):
# Caller specified an invalid mode.
msg = (
"Fast Octree (method == 2) and libimagequant (method == 3) "
"are the only valid methods for quantizing RGBA images"
)
raise ValueError(msg)
if palette:
# use palette from reference image
palette.load()
if palette.mode != "P":
msg = "bad mode for palette image"
raise ValueError(msg)
if self.mode != "RGB" and self.mode != "L":
msg = "only RGB or L mode images can be quantized to a palette"
raise ValueError(msg)
im = self.im.convert("P", dither, palette.im)
new_im = self._new(im)
new_im.palette = palette.palette.copy()
return new_im
im = self._new(self.im.quantize(colors, method, kmeans))
from . import ImagePalette
mode = im.im.getpalettemode()
palette = im.im.getpalette(mode, mode)[: colors * len(mode)]
im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(mode, palette)
return im
def copy(self):
"""
Copies this image. Use this method if you wish to paste things
into an image, but still retain the original.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.copy())
__copy__ = copy
def crop(self, box=None):
"""
Returns a rectangular region from this image. The box is a
4-tuple defining the left, upper, right, and lower pixel
coordinate. See :ref:`coordinate-system`.
Note: Prior to Pillow 3.4.0, this was a lazy operation.
:param box: The crop rectangle, as a (left, upper, right, lower)-tuple.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if box is None:
return self.copy()
if box[2] < box[0]:
msg = "Coordinate 'right' is less than 'left'"
raise ValueError(msg)
elif box[3] < box[1]:
msg = "Coordinate 'lower' is less than 'upper'"
raise ValueError(msg)
self.load()
return self._new(self._crop(self.im, box))
def _crop(self, im, box):
"""
Returns a rectangular region from the core image object im.
This is equivalent to calling im.crop((x0, y0, x1, y1)), but
includes additional sanity checks.
:param im: a core image object
:param box: The crop rectangle, as a (left, upper, right, lower)-tuple.
:returns: A core image object.
"""
x0, y0, x1, y1 = map(int, map(round, box))
absolute_values = (abs(x1 - x0), abs(y1 - y0))
_decompression_bomb_check(absolute_values)
return im.crop((x0, y0, x1, y1))
def draft(self, mode, size):
"""
Configures the image file loader so it returns a version of the
image that as closely as possible matches the given mode and
size. For example, you can use this method to convert a color
JPEG to greyscale while loading it.
If any changes are made, returns a tuple with the chosen ``mode`` and
``box`` with coordinates of the original image within the altered one.
Note that this method modifies the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object
in place. If the image has already been loaded, this method has no
effect.
Note: This method is not implemented for most images. It is
currently implemented only for JPEG and MPO images.
:param mode: The requested mode.
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
"""
pass
def _expand(self, xmargin, ymargin=None):
if ymargin is None:
ymargin = xmargin
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.expand(xmargin, ymargin, 0))
def filter(self, filter):
"""
Filters this image using the given filter. For a list of
available filters, see the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageFilter` module.
:param filter: Filter kernel.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object."""
from . import ImageFilter
self.load()
if isinstance(filter, Callable):
filter = filter()
if not hasattr(filter, "filter"):
msg = "filter argument should be ImageFilter.Filter instance or class"
raise TypeError(msg)
multiband = isinstance(filter, ImageFilter.MultibandFilter)
if self.im.bands == 1 or multiband:
return self._new(filter.filter(self.im))
ims = []
for c in range(self.im.bands):
ims.append(self._new(filter.filter(self.im.getband(c))))
return merge(self.mode, ims)
def getbands(self):
"""
Returns a tuple containing the name of each band in this image.
For example, ``getbands`` on an RGB image returns ("R", "G", "B").
:returns: A tuple containing band names.
:rtype: tuple
"""
return ImageMode.getmode(self.mode).bands
def getbbox(self):
"""
Calculates the bounding box of the non-zero regions in the
image.
:returns: The bounding box is returned as a 4-tuple defining the
left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate. See
:ref:`coordinate-system`. If the image is completely empty, this
method returns None.
"""
self.load()
return self.im.getbbox()
def getcolors(self, maxcolors=256):
"""
Returns a list of colors used in this image.
The colors will be in the image's mode. For example, an RGB image will
return a tuple of (red, green, blue) color values, and a P image will
return the index of the color in the palette.
:param maxcolors: Maximum number of colors. If this number is
exceeded, this method returns None. The default limit is
256 colors.
:returns: An unsorted list of (count, pixel) values.
"""
self.load()
if self.mode in ("1", "L", "P"):
h = self.im.histogram()
out = []
for i in range(256):
if h[i]:
out.append((h[i], i))
if len(out) > maxcolors:
return None
return out
return self.im.getcolors(maxcolors)
def getdata(self, band=None):
"""
Returns the contents of this image as a sequence object
containing pixel values. The sequence object is flattened, so
that values for line one follow directly after the values of
line zero, and so on.
Note that the sequence object returned by this method is an
internal PIL data type, which only supports certain sequence
operations. To convert it to an ordinary sequence (e.g. for
printing), use ``list(im.getdata())``.
:param band: What band to return. The default is to return
all bands. To return a single band, pass in the index
value (e.g. 0 to get the "R" band from an "RGB" image).
:returns: A sequence-like object.
"""
self.load()
if band is not None:
return self.im.getband(band)
return self.im # could be abused
def getextrema(self):
"""
Gets the minimum and maximum pixel values for each band in
the image.
:returns: For a single-band image, a 2-tuple containing the
minimum and maximum pixel value. For a multi-band image,
a tuple containing one 2-tuple for each band.
"""
self.load()
if self.im.bands > 1:
extrema = []
for i in range(self.im.bands):
extrema.append(self.im.getband(i).getextrema())
return tuple(extrema)
return self.im.getextrema()
def _getxmp(self, xmp_tags):
def get_name(tag):
return tag.split("}")[1]
def get_value(element):
value = {get_name(k): v for k, v in element.attrib.items()}
children = list(element)
if children:
for child in children:
name = get_name(child.tag)
child_value = get_value(child)
if name in value:
if not isinstance(value[name], list):
value[name] = [value[name]]
value[name].append(child_value)
else:
value[name] = child_value
elif value:
if element.text:
value["text"] = element.text
else:
return element.text
return value
if ElementTree is None:
warnings.warn("XMP data cannot be read without defusedxml dependency")
return {}
else:
root = ElementTree.fromstring(xmp_tags)
return {get_name(root.tag): get_value(root)}
def getexif(self):
"""
Gets EXIF data from the image.
:returns: an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Exif` object.
"""
if self._exif is None:
self._exif = Exif()
self._exif._loaded = False
elif self._exif._loaded:
return self._exif
self._exif._loaded = True
exif_info = self.info.get("exif")
if exif_info is None:
if "Raw profile type exif" in self.info:
exif_info = bytes.fromhex(
"".join(self.info["Raw profile type exif"].split("\n")[3:])
)
elif hasattr(self, "tag_v2"):
self._exif.bigtiff = self.tag_v2._bigtiff
self._exif.endian = self.tag_v2._endian
self._exif.load_from_fp(self.fp, self.tag_v2._offset)
if exif_info is not None:
self._exif.load(exif_info)
# XMP tags
if 0x0112 not in self._exif:
xmp_tags = self.info.get("XML:com.adobe.xmp")
if xmp_tags:
match = re.search(r'tiff:Orientation(="|>)([0-9])', xmp_tags)
if match:
self._exif[0x0112] = int(match[2])
return self._exif
def _reload_exif(self):
if self._exif is None or not self._exif._loaded:
return
self._exif._loaded = False
self.getexif()
def get_child_images(self):
child_images = []
exif = self.getexif()
ifds = []
if ExifTags.Base.SubIFDs in exif:
subifd_offsets = exif[ExifTags.Base.SubIFDs]
if subifd_offsets:
if not isinstance(subifd_offsets, tuple):
subifd_offsets = (subifd_offsets,)
for subifd_offset in subifd_offsets:
ifds.append((exif._get_ifd_dict(subifd_offset), subifd_offset))
ifd1 = exif.get_ifd(ExifTags.IFD.IFD1)
if ifd1 and ifd1.get(513):
ifds.append((ifd1, exif._info.next))
offset = None
for ifd, ifd_offset in ifds:
current_offset = self.fp.tell()
if offset is None:
offset = current_offset
fp = self.fp
thumbnail_offset = ifd.get(513)
if thumbnail_offset is not None:
try:
thumbnail_offset += self._exif_offset
except AttributeError:
pass
self.fp.seek(thumbnail_offset)
data = self.fp.read(ifd.get(514))
fp = io.BytesIO(data)
with open(fp) as im:
if thumbnail_offset is None:
im._frame_pos = [ifd_offset]
im._seek(0)
im.load()
child_images.append(im)
if offset is not None:
self.fp.seek(offset)
return child_images
def getim(self):
"""
Returns a capsule that points to the internal image memory.
:returns: A capsule object.
"""
self.load()
return self.im.ptr
def getpalette(self, rawmode="RGB"):
"""
Returns the image palette as a list.
:param rawmode: The mode in which to return the palette. ``None`` will
return the palette in its current mode.
.. versionadded:: 9.1.0
:returns: A list of color values [r, g, b, ...], or None if the
image has no palette.
"""
self.load()
try:
mode = self.im.getpalettemode()
except ValueError:
return None # no palette
if rawmode is None:
rawmode = mode
return list(self.im.getpalette(mode, rawmode))
def apply_transparency(self):
"""
If a P mode image has a "transparency" key in the info dictionary,
remove the key and instead apply the transparency to the palette.
Otherwise, the image is unchanged.
"""
if self.mode != "P" or "transparency" not in self.info:
return
from . import ImagePalette
palette = self.getpalette("RGBA")
transparency = self.info["transparency"]
if isinstance(transparency, bytes):
for i, alpha in enumerate(transparency):
palette[i * 4 + 3] = alpha
else:
palette[transparency * 4 + 3] = 0
self.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGBA", bytes(palette))
self.palette.dirty = 1
del self.info["transparency"]
def getpixel(self, xy):
"""
Returns the pixel value at a given position.
:param xy: The coordinate, given as (x, y). See
:ref:`coordinate-system`.
:returns: The pixel value. If the image is a multi-layer image,
this method returns a tuple.
"""
self.load()
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess.getpixel(xy)
return self.im.getpixel(xy)
def getprojection(self):
"""
Get projection to x and y axes
:returns: Two sequences, indicating where there are non-zero
pixels along the X-axis and the Y-axis, respectively.
"""
self.load()
x, y = self.im.getprojection()
return list(x), list(y)
def histogram(self, mask=None, extrema=None):
"""
Returns a histogram for the image. The histogram is returned as a
list of pixel counts, one for each pixel value in the source
image. Counts are grouped into 256 bins for each band, even if
the image has more than 8 bits per band. If the image has more
than one band, the histograms for all bands are concatenated (for
example, the histogram for an "RGB" image contains 768 values).
A bilevel image (mode "1") is treated as a greyscale ("L") image
by this method.
If a mask is provided, the method returns a histogram for those
parts of the image where the mask image is non-zero. The mask
image must have the same size as the image, and be either a
bi-level image (mode "1") or a greyscale image ("L").
:param mask: An optional mask.
:param extrema: An optional tuple of manually-specified extrema.
:returns: A list containing pixel counts.
"""
self.load()
if mask:
mask.load()
return self.im.histogram((0, 0), mask.im)
if self.mode in ("I", "F"):
if extrema is None:
extrema = self.getextrema()
return self.im.histogram(extrema)
return self.im.histogram()
def entropy(self, mask=None, extrema=None):
"""
Calculates and returns the entropy for the image.
A bilevel image (mode "1") is treated as a greyscale ("L")
image by this method.
If a mask is provided, the method employs the histogram for
those parts of the image where the mask image is non-zero.
The mask image must have the same size as the image, and be
either a bi-level image (mode "1") or a greyscale image ("L").
:param mask: An optional mask.
:param extrema: An optional tuple of manually-specified extrema.
:returns: A float value representing the image entropy
"""
self.load()
if mask:
mask.load()
return self.im.entropy((0, 0), mask.im)
if self.mode in ("I", "F"):
if extrema is None:
extrema = self.getextrema()
return self.im.entropy(extrema)
return self.im.entropy()
def paste(self, im, box=None, mask=None):
"""
Pastes another image into this image. The box argument is either
a 2-tuple giving the upper left corner, a 4-tuple defining the
left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate, or None (same as
(0, 0)). See :ref:`coordinate-system`. If a 4-tuple is given, the size
of the pasted image must match the size of the region.
If the modes don't match, the pasted image is converted to the mode of
this image (see the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.convert` method for
details).
Instead of an image, the source can be a integer or tuple
containing pixel values. The method then fills the region
with the given color. When creating RGB images, you can
also use color strings as supported by the ImageColor module.
If a mask is given, this method updates only the regions
indicated by the mask. You can use either "1", "L", "LA", "RGBA"
or "RGBa" images (if present, the alpha band is used as mask).
Where the mask is 255, the given image is copied as is. Where
the mask is 0, the current value is preserved. Intermediate
values will mix the two images together, including their alpha
channels if they have them.
See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.alpha_composite` if you want to
combine images with respect to their alpha channels.
:param im: Source image or pixel value (integer or tuple).
:param box: An optional 4-tuple giving the region to paste into.
If a 2-tuple is used instead, it's treated as the upper left
corner. If omitted or None, the source is pasted into the
upper left corner.
If an image is given as the second argument and there is no
third, the box defaults to (0, 0), and the second argument
is interpreted as a mask image.
:param mask: An optional mask image.
"""
if isImageType(box) and mask is None:
# abbreviated paste(im, mask) syntax
mask = box
box = None
if box is None:
box = (0, 0)
if len(box) == 2:
# upper left corner given; get size from image or mask
if isImageType(im):
size = im.size
elif isImageType(mask):
size = mask.size
else:
# FIXME: use self.size here?
msg = "cannot determine region size; use 4-item box"
raise ValueError(msg)
box += (box[0] + size[0], box[1] + size[1])
if isinstance(im, str):
from . import ImageColor
im = ImageColor.getcolor(im, self.mode)
elif isImageType(im):
im.load()
if self.mode != im.mode:
if self.mode != "RGB" or im.mode not in ("LA", "RGBA", "RGBa"):
# should use an adapter for this!
im = im.convert(self.mode)
im = im.im
self._ensure_mutable()
if mask:
mask.load()
self.im.paste(im, box, mask.im)
else:
self.im.paste(im, box)
def alpha_composite(self, im, dest=(0, 0), source=(0, 0)):
"""'In-place' analog of Image.alpha_composite. Composites an image
onto this image.
:param im: image to composite over this one
:param dest: Optional 2 tuple (left, top) specifying the upper
left corner in this (destination) image.
:param source: Optional 2 (left, top) tuple for the upper left
corner in the overlay source image, or 4 tuple (left, top, right,
bottom) for the bounds of the source rectangle
Performance Note: Not currently implemented in-place in the core layer.
"""
if not isinstance(source, (list, tuple)):
msg = "Source must be a tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if not isinstance(dest, (list, tuple)):
msg = "Destination must be a tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if not len(source) in (2, 4):
msg = "Source must be a 2 or 4-tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if not len(dest) == 2:
msg = "Destination must be a 2-tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if min(source) < 0:
msg = "Source must be non-negative"
raise ValueError(msg)
if len(source) == 2:
source = source + im.size
# over image, crop if it's not the whole thing.
if source == (0, 0) + im.size:
overlay = im
else:
overlay = im.crop(source)
# target for the paste
box = dest + (dest[0] + overlay.width, dest[1] + overlay.height)
# destination image. don't copy if we're using the whole image.
if box == (0, 0) + self.size:
background = self
else:
background = self.crop(box)
result = alpha_composite(background, overlay)
self.paste(result, box)
def point(self, lut, mode=None):
"""
Maps this image through a lookup table or function.
:param lut: A lookup table, containing 256 (or 65536 if
self.mode=="I" and mode == "L") values per band in the
image. A function can be used instead, it should take a
single argument. The function is called once for each
possible pixel value, and the resulting table is applied to
all bands of the image.
It may also be an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImagePointHandler`
object::
class Example(Image.ImagePointHandler):
def point(self, data):
# Return result
:param mode: Output mode (default is same as input). In the
current version, this can only be used if the source image
has mode "L" or "P", and the output has mode "1" or the
source image mode is "I" and the output mode is "L".
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
if isinstance(lut, ImagePointHandler):
return lut.point(self)
if callable(lut):
# if it isn't a list, it should be a function
if self.mode in ("I", "I;16", "F"):
# check if the function can be used with point_transform
# UNDONE wiredfool -- I think this prevents us from ever doing
# a gamma function point transform on > 8bit images.
scale, offset = _getscaleoffset(lut)
return self._new(self.im.point_transform(scale, offset))
# for other modes, convert the function to a table
lut = [lut(i) for i in range(256)] * self.im.bands
if self.mode == "F":
# FIXME: _imaging returns a confusing error message for this case
msg = "point operation not supported for this mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
if mode != "F":
lut = [round(i) for i in lut]
return self._new(self.im.point(lut, mode))
def putalpha(self, alpha):
"""
Adds or replaces the alpha layer in this image. If the image
does not have an alpha layer, it's converted to "LA" or "RGBA".
The new layer must be either "L" or "1".
:param alpha: The new alpha layer. This can either be an "L" or "1"
image having the same size as this image, or an integer or
other color value.
"""
self._ensure_mutable()
if self.mode not in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
# attempt to promote self to a matching alpha mode
try:
mode = getmodebase(self.mode) + "A"
try:
self.im.setmode(mode)
except (AttributeError, ValueError) as e:
# do things the hard way
im = self.im.convert(mode)
if im.mode not in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
raise ValueError from e # sanity check
self.im = im
self.pyaccess = None
self.mode = self.im.mode
except KeyError as e:
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
if self.mode in ("LA", "PA"):
band = 1
else:
band = 3
if isImageType(alpha):
# alpha layer
if alpha.mode not in ("1", "L"):
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
alpha.load()
if alpha.mode == "1":
alpha = alpha.convert("L")
else:
# constant alpha
try:
self.im.fillband(band, alpha)
except (AttributeError, ValueError):
# do things the hard way
alpha = new("L", self.size, alpha)
else:
return
self.im.putband(alpha.im, band)
def putdata(self, data, scale=1.0, offset=0.0):
"""
Copies pixel data from a flattened sequence object into the image. The
values should start at the upper left corner (0, 0), continue to the
end of the line, followed directly by the first value of the second
line, and so on. Data will be read until either the image or the
sequence ends. The scale and offset values are used to adjust the
sequence values: **pixel = value*scale + offset**.
:param data: A flattened sequence object.
:param scale: An optional scale value. The default is 1.0.
:param offset: An optional offset value. The default is 0.0.
"""
self._ensure_mutable()
self.im.putdata(data, scale, offset)
def putpalette(self, data, rawmode="RGB"):
"""
Attaches a palette to this image. The image must be a "P", "PA", "L"
or "LA" image.
The palette sequence must contain at most 256 colors, made up of one
integer value for each channel in the raw mode.
For example, if the raw mode is "RGB", then it can contain at most 768
values, made up of red, green and blue values for the corresponding pixel
index in the 256 colors.
If the raw mode is "RGBA", then it can contain at most 1024 values,
containing red, green, blue and alpha values.
Alternatively, an 8-bit string may be used instead of an integer sequence.
:param data: A palette sequence (either a list or a string).
:param rawmode: The raw mode of the palette. Either "RGB", "RGBA", or a mode
that can be transformed to "RGB" or "RGBA" (e.g. "R", "BGR;15", "RGBA;L").
"""
from . import ImagePalette
if self.mode not in ("L", "LA", "P", "PA"):
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
if isinstance(data, ImagePalette.ImagePalette):
palette = ImagePalette.raw(data.rawmode, data.palette)
else:
if not isinstance(data, bytes):
data = bytes(data)
palette = ImagePalette.raw(rawmode, data)
self.mode = "PA" if "A" in self.mode else "P"
self.palette = palette
self.palette.mode = "RGB"
self.load() # install new palette
def putpixel(self, xy, value):
"""
Modifies the pixel at the given position. The color is given as
a single numerical value for single-band images, and a tuple for
multi-band images. In addition to this, RGB and RGBA tuples are
accepted for P and PA images.
Note that this method is relatively slow. For more extensive changes,
use :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste` or the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
module instead.
See:
* :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste`
* :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.putdata`
* :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
:param xy: The pixel coordinate, given as (x, y). See
:ref:`coordinate-system`.
:param value: The pixel value.
"""
if self.readonly:
self._copy()
self.load()
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess.putpixel(xy, value)
if (
self.mode in ("P", "PA")
and isinstance(value, (list, tuple))
and len(value) in [3, 4]
):
# RGB or RGBA value for a P or PA image
if self.mode == "PA":
alpha = value[3] if len(value) == 4 else 255
value = value[:3]
value = self.palette.getcolor(value, self)
if self.mode == "PA":
value = (value, alpha)
return self.im.putpixel(xy, value)
def remap_palette(self, dest_map, source_palette=None):
"""
Rewrites the image to reorder the palette.
:param dest_map: A list of indexes into the original palette.
e.g. ``[1,0]`` would swap a two item palette, and ``list(range(256))``
is the identity transform.
:param source_palette: Bytes or None.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
from . import ImagePalette
if self.mode not in ("L", "P"):
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
bands = 3
palette_mode = "RGB"
if source_palette is None:
if self.mode == "P":
self.load()
palette_mode = self.im.getpalettemode()
if palette_mode == "RGBA":
bands = 4
source_palette = self.im.getpalette(palette_mode, palette_mode)
else: # L-mode
source_palette = bytearray(i // 3 for i in range(768))
palette_bytes = b""
new_positions = [0] * 256
# pick only the used colors from the palette
for i, oldPosition in enumerate(dest_map):
palette_bytes += source_palette[
oldPosition * bands : oldPosition * bands + bands
]
new_positions[oldPosition] = i
# replace the palette color id of all pixel with the new id
# Palette images are [0..255], mapped through a 1 or 3
# byte/color map. We need to remap the whole image
# from palette 1 to palette 2. New_positions is
# an array of indexes into palette 1. Palette 2 is
# palette 1 with any holes removed.
# We're going to leverage the convert mechanism to use the
# C code to remap the image from palette 1 to palette 2,
# by forcing the source image into 'L' mode and adding a
# mapping 'L' mode palette, then converting back to 'L'
# sans palette thus converting the image bytes, then
# assigning the optimized RGB palette.
# perf reference, 9500x4000 gif, w/~135 colors
# 14 sec prepatch, 1 sec postpatch with optimization forced.
mapping_palette = bytearray(new_positions)
m_im = self.copy()
m_im.mode = "P"
m_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(
palette_mode, palette=mapping_palette * bands
)
# possibly set palette dirty, then
# m_im.putpalette(mapping_palette, 'L') # converts to 'P'
# or just force it.
# UNDONE -- this is part of the general issue with palettes
m_im.im.putpalette(palette_mode + ";L", m_im.palette.tobytes())
m_im = m_im.convert("L")
m_im.putpalette(palette_bytes, palette_mode)
m_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(palette_mode, palette=palette_bytes)
if "transparency" in self.info:
try:
m_im.info["transparency"] = dest_map.index(self.info["transparency"])
except ValueError:
if "transparency" in m_im.info:
del m_im.info["transparency"]
return m_im
def _get_safe_box(self, size, resample, box):
"""Expands the box so it includes adjacent pixels
that may be used by resampling with the given resampling filter.
"""
filter_support = _filters_support[resample] - 0.5
scale_x = (box[2] - box[0]) / size[0]
scale_y = (box[3] - box[1]) / size[1]
support_x = filter_support * scale_x
support_y = filter_support * scale_y
return (
max(0, int(box[0] - support_x)),
max(0, int(box[1] - support_y)),
min(self.size[0], math.ceil(box[2] + support_x)),
min(self.size[1], math.ceil(box[3] + support_y)),
)
def resize(self, size, resample=None, box=None, reducing_gap=None):
"""
Returns a resized copy of this image.
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
:param resample: An optional resampling filter. This can be
one of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`, :py:data:`Resampling.BOX`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR`, :py:data:`Resampling.HAMMING`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` or :py:data:`Resampling.LANCZOS`.
If the image has mode "1" or "P", it is always set to
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`. If the image mode specifies a number
of bits, such as "I;16", then the default filter is
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`. Otherwise, the default filter is
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC`. See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param box: An optional 4-tuple of floats providing
the source image region to be scaled.
The values must be within (0, 0, width, height) rectangle.
If omitted or None, the entire source is used.
:param reducing_gap: Apply optimization by resizing the image
in two steps. First, reducing the image by integer times
using :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.reduce`.
Second, resizing using regular resampling. The last step
changes size no less than by ``reducing_gap`` times.
``reducing_gap`` may be None (no first step is performed)
or should be greater than 1.0. The bigger ``reducing_gap``,
the closer the result to the fair resampling.
The smaller ``reducing_gap``, the faster resizing.
With ``reducing_gap`` greater or equal to 3.0, the result is
indistinguishable from fair resampling in most cases.
The default value is None (no optimization).
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if resample is None:
type_special = ";" in self.mode
resample = Resampling.NEAREST if type_special else Resampling.BICUBIC
elif resample not in (
Resampling.NEAREST,
Resampling.BILINEAR,
Resampling.BICUBIC,
Resampling.LANCZOS,
Resampling.BOX,
Resampling.HAMMING,
):
msg = f"Unknown resampling filter ({resample})."
filters = [
f"{filter[1]} ({filter[0]})"
for filter in (
(Resampling.NEAREST, "Image.Resampling.NEAREST"),
(Resampling.LANCZOS, "Image.Resampling.LANCZOS"),
(Resampling.BILINEAR, "Image.Resampling.BILINEAR"),
(Resampling.BICUBIC, "Image.Resampling.BICUBIC"),
(Resampling.BOX, "Image.Resampling.BOX"),
(Resampling.HAMMING, "Image.Resampling.HAMMING"),
)
]
msg += " Use " + ", ".join(filters[:-1]) + " or " + filters[-1]
raise ValueError(msg)
if reducing_gap is not None and reducing_gap < 1.0:
msg = "reducing_gap must be 1.0 or greater"
raise ValueError(msg)
size = tuple(size)
self.load()
if box is None:
box = (0, 0) + self.size
else:
box = tuple(box)
if self.size == size and box == (0, 0) + self.size:
return self.copy()
if self.mode in ("1", "P"):
resample = Resampling.NEAREST
if self.mode in ["LA", "RGBA"] and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
im = self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
im = im.resize(size, resample, box)
return im.convert(self.mode)
self.load()
if reducing_gap is not None and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
factor_x = int((box[2] - box[0]) / size[0] / reducing_gap) or 1
factor_y = int((box[3] - box[1]) / size[1] / reducing_gap) or 1
if factor_x > 1 or factor_y > 1:
reduce_box = self._get_safe_box(size, resample, box)
factor = (factor_x, factor_y)
if callable(self.reduce):
self = self.reduce(factor, box=reduce_box)
else:
self = Image.reduce(self, factor, box=reduce_box)
box = (
(box[0] - reduce_box[0]) / factor_x,
(box[1] - reduce_box[1]) / factor_y,
(box[2] - reduce_box[0]) / factor_x,
(box[3] - reduce_box[1]) / factor_y,
)
return self._new(self.im.resize(size, resample, box))
def reduce(self, factor, box=None):
"""
Returns a copy of the image reduced ``factor`` times.
If the size of the image is not dividable by ``factor``,
the resulting size will be rounded up.
:param factor: A greater than 0 integer or tuple of two integers
for width and height separately.
:param box: An optional 4-tuple of ints providing
the source image region to be reduced.
The values must be within ``(0, 0, width, height)`` rectangle.
If omitted or ``None``, the entire source is used.
"""
if not isinstance(factor, (list, tuple)):
factor = (factor, factor)
if box is None:
box = (0, 0) + self.size
else:
box = tuple(box)
if factor == (1, 1) and box == (0, 0) + self.size:
return self.copy()
if self.mode in ["LA", "RGBA"]:
im = self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
im = im.reduce(factor, box)
return im.convert(self.mode)
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.reduce(factor, box))
def rotate(
self,
angle,
resample=Resampling.NEAREST,
expand=0,
center=None,
translate=None,
fillcolor=None,
):
"""
Returns a rotated copy of this image. This method returns a
copy of this image, rotated the given number of degrees counter
clockwise around its centre.
:param angle: In degrees counter clockwise.
:param resample: An optional resampling filter. This can be
one of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
environment), or :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` (cubic spline
interpolation in a 4x4 environment). If omitted, or if the image has
mode "1" or "P", it is set to :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`.
See :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param expand: Optional expansion flag. If true, expands the output
image to make it large enough to hold the entire rotated image.
If false or omitted, make the output image the same size as the
input image. Note that the expand flag assumes rotation around
the center and no translation.
:param center: Optional center of rotation (a 2-tuple). Origin is
the upper left corner. Default is the center of the image.
:param translate: An optional post-rotate translation (a 2-tuple).
:param fillcolor: An optional color for area outside the rotated image.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
angle = angle % 360.0
# Fast paths regardless of filter, as long as we're not
# translating or changing the center.
if not (center or translate):
if angle == 0:
return self.copy()
if angle == 180:
return self.transpose(Transpose.ROTATE_180)
if angle in (90, 270) and (expand or self.width == self.height):
return self.transpose(
Transpose.ROTATE_90 if angle == 90 else Transpose.ROTATE_270
)
# Calculate the affine matrix. Note that this is the reverse
# transformation (from destination image to source) because we
# want to interpolate the (discrete) destination pixel from
# the local area around the (floating) source pixel.
# The matrix we actually want (note that it operates from the right):
# (1, 0, tx) (1, 0, cx) ( cos a, sin a, 0) (1, 0, -cx)
# (0, 1, ty) * (0, 1, cy) * (-sin a, cos a, 0) * (0, 1, -cy)
# (0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1) ( 0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1)
# The reverse matrix is thus:
# (1, 0, cx) ( cos -a, sin -a, 0) (1, 0, -cx) (1, 0, -tx)
# (0, 1, cy) * (-sin -a, cos -a, 0) * (0, 1, -cy) * (0, 1, -ty)
# (0, 0, 1) ( 0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1)
# In any case, the final translation may be updated at the end to
# compensate for the expand flag.
w, h = self.size
if translate is None:
post_trans = (0, 0)
else:
post_trans = translate
if center is None:
# FIXME These should be rounded to ints?
rotn_center = (w / 2.0, h / 2.0)
else:
rotn_center = center
angle = -math.radians(angle)
matrix = [
round(math.cos(angle), 15),
round(math.sin(angle), 15),
0.0,
round(-math.sin(angle), 15),
round(math.cos(angle), 15),
0.0,
]
def transform(x, y, matrix):
(a, b, c, d, e, f) = matrix
return a * x + b * y + c, d * x + e * y + f
matrix[2], matrix[5] = transform(
-rotn_center[0] - post_trans[0], -rotn_center[1] - post_trans[1], matrix
)
matrix[2] += rotn_center[0]
matrix[5] += rotn_center[1]
if expand:
# calculate output size
xx = []
yy = []
for x, y in ((0, 0), (w, 0), (w, h), (0, h)):
x, y = transform(x, y, matrix)
xx.append(x)
yy.append(y)
nw = math.ceil(max(xx)) - math.floor(min(xx))
nh = math.ceil(max(yy)) - math.floor(min(yy))
# We multiply a translation matrix from the right. Because of its
# special form, this is the same as taking the image of the
# translation vector as new translation vector.
matrix[2], matrix[5] = transform(-(nw - w) / 2.0, -(nh - h) / 2.0, matrix)
w, h = nw, nh
return self.transform(
(w, h), Transform.AFFINE, matrix, resample, fillcolor=fillcolor
)
def save(self, fp, format=None, **params):
"""
Saves this image under the given filename. If no format is
specified, the format to use is determined from the filename
extension, if possible.
Keyword options can be used to provide additional instructions
to the writer. If a writer doesn't recognise an option, it is
silently ignored. The available options are described in the
:doc:`image format documentation
<../handbook/image-file-formats>` for each writer.
You can use a file object instead of a filename. In this case,
you must always specify the format. The file object must
implement the ``seek``, ``tell``, and ``write``
methods, and be opened in binary mode.
:param fp: A filename (string), pathlib.Path object or file object.
:param format: Optional format override. If omitted, the
format to use is determined from the filename extension.
If a file object was used instead of a filename, this
parameter should always be used.
:param params: Extra parameters to the image writer.
:returns: None
:exception ValueError: If the output format could not be determined
from the file name. Use the format option to solve this.
:exception OSError: If the file could not be written. The file
may have been created, and may contain partial data.
"""
filename = ""
open_fp = False
if isinstance(fp, Path):
filename = str(fp)
open_fp = True
elif is_path(fp):
filename = fp
open_fp = True
elif fp == sys.stdout:
try:
fp = sys.stdout.buffer
except AttributeError:
pass
if not filename and hasattr(fp, "name") and is_path(fp.name):
# only set the name for metadata purposes
filename = fp.name
# may mutate self!
self._ensure_mutable()
save_all = params.pop("save_all", False)
self.encoderinfo = params
self.encoderconfig = ()
preinit()
ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1].lower()
if not format:
if ext not in EXTENSION:
init()
try:
format = EXTENSION[ext]
except KeyError as e:
msg = f"unknown file extension: {ext}"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
if format.upper() not in SAVE:
init()
if save_all:
save_handler = SAVE_ALL[format.upper()]
else:
save_handler = SAVE[format.upper()]
created = False
if open_fp:
created = not os.path.exists(filename)
if params.get("append", False):
# Open also for reading ("+"), because TIFF save_all
# writer needs to go back and edit the written data.
fp = builtins.open(filename, "r+b")
else:
fp = builtins.open(filename, "w+b")
try:
save_handler(self, fp, filename)
except Exception:
if open_fp:
fp.close()
if created:
try:
os.remove(filename)
except PermissionError:
pass
raise
if open_fp:
fp.close()
def seek(self, frame):
"""
Seeks to the given frame in this sequence file. If you seek
beyond the end of the sequence, the method raises an
``EOFError`` exception. When a sequence file is opened, the
library automatically seeks to frame 0.
See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.tell`.
If defined, :attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.n_frames` refers to the
number of available frames.
:param frame: Frame number, starting at 0.
:exception EOFError: If the call attempts to seek beyond the end
of the sequence.
"""
# overridden by file handlers
if frame != 0:
raise EOFError
def show(self, title=None):
"""
Displays this image. This method is mainly intended for debugging purposes.
This method calls :py:func:`PIL.ImageShow.show` internally. You can use
:py:func:`PIL.ImageShow.register` to override its default behaviour.
The image is first saved to a temporary file. By default, it will be in
PNG format.
On Unix, the image is then opened using the **display**, **eog** or
**xv** utility, depending on which one can be found.
On macOS, the image is opened with the native Preview application.
On Windows, the image is opened with the standard PNG display utility.
:param title: Optional title to use for the image window, where possible.
"""
_show(self, title=title)
def split(self):
"""
Split this image into individual bands. This method returns a
tuple of individual image bands from an image. For example,
splitting an "RGB" image creates three new images each
containing a copy of one of the original bands (red, green,
blue).
If you need only one band, :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.getchannel`
method can be more convenient and faster.
:returns: A tuple containing bands.
"""
self.load()
if self.im.bands == 1:
ims = [self.copy()]
else:
ims = map(self._new, self.im.split())
return tuple(ims)
def getchannel(self, channel):
"""
Returns an image containing a single channel of the source image.
:param channel: What channel to return. Could be index
(0 for "R" channel of "RGB") or channel name
("A" for alpha channel of "RGBA").
:returns: An image in "L" mode.
.. versionadded:: 4.3.0
"""
self.load()
if isinstance(channel, str):
try:
channel = self.getbands().index(channel)
except ValueError as e:
msg = f'The image has no channel "{channel}"'
raise ValueError(msg) from e
return self._new(self.im.getband(channel))
def tell(self):
"""
Returns the current frame number. See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.seek`.
If defined, :attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.n_frames` refers to the
number of available frames.
:returns: Frame number, starting with 0.
"""
return 0
def thumbnail(self, size, resample=Resampling.BICUBIC, reducing_gap=2.0):
"""
Make this image into a thumbnail. This method modifies the
image to contain a thumbnail version of itself, no larger than
the given size. This method calculates an appropriate thumbnail
size to preserve the aspect of the image, calls the
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.draft` method to configure the file reader
(where applicable), and finally resizes the image.
Note that this function modifies the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
object in place. If you need to use the full resolution image as well,
apply this method to a :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.copy` of the original
image.
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
:param resample: Optional resampling filter. This can be one
of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`, :py:data:`Resampling.BOX`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR`, :py:data:`Resampling.HAMMING`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` or :py:data:`Resampling.LANCZOS`.
If omitted, it defaults to :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC`.
(was :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` prior to version 2.5.0).
See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param reducing_gap: Apply optimization by resizing the image
in two steps. First, reducing the image by integer times
using :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.reduce` or
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.draft` for JPEG images.
Second, resizing using regular resampling. The last step
changes size no less than by ``reducing_gap`` times.
``reducing_gap`` may be None (no first step is performed)
or should be greater than 1.0. The bigger ``reducing_gap``,
the closer the result to the fair resampling.
The smaller ``reducing_gap``, the faster resizing.
With ``reducing_gap`` greater or equal to 3.0, the result is
indistinguishable from fair resampling in most cases.
The default value is 2.0 (very close to fair resampling
while still being faster in many cases).
:returns: None
"""
provided_size = tuple(map(math.floor, size))
def preserve_aspect_ratio():
def round_aspect(number, key):
return max(min(math.floor(number), math.ceil(number), key=key), 1)
x, y = provided_size
if x >= self.width and y >= self.height:
return
aspect = self.width / self.height
if x / y >= aspect:
x = round_aspect(y * aspect, key=lambda n: abs(aspect - n / y))
else:
y = round_aspect(
x / aspect, key=lambda n: 0 if n == 0 else abs(aspect - x / n)
)
return x, y
box = None
if reducing_gap is not None:
size = preserve_aspect_ratio()
if size is None:
return
res = self.draft(None, (size[0] * reducing_gap, size[1] * reducing_gap))
if res is not None:
box = res[1]
if box is None:
self.load()
# load() may have changed the size of the image
size = preserve_aspect_ratio()
if size is None:
return
if self.size != size:
im = self.resize(size, resample, box=box, reducing_gap=reducing_gap)
self.im = im.im
self._size = size
self.mode = self.im.mode
self.readonly = 0
self.pyaccess = None
# FIXME: the different transform methods need further explanation
# instead of bloating the method docs, add a separate chapter.
def transform(
self,
size,
method,
data=None,
resample=Resampling.NEAREST,
fill=1,
fillcolor=None,
):
"""
Transforms this image. This method creates a new image with the
given size, and the same mode as the original, and copies data
to the new image using the given transform.
:param size: The output size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
:param method: The transformation method. This is one of
:py:data:`Transform.EXTENT` (cut out a rectangular subregion),
:py:data:`Transform.AFFINE` (affine transform),
:py:data:`Transform.PERSPECTIVE` (perspective transform),
:py:data:`Transform.QUAD` (map a quadrilateral to a rectangle), or
:py:data:`Transform.MESH` (map a number of source quadrilaterals
in one operation).
It may also be an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImageTransformHandler`
object::
class Example(Image.ImageTransformHandler):
def transform(self, size, data, resample, fill=1):
# Return result
It may also be an object with a ``method.getdata`` method
that returns a tuple supplying new ``method`` and ``data`` values::
class Example:
def getdata(self):
method = Image.Transform.EXTENT
data = (0, 0, 100, 100)
return method, data
:param data: Extra data to the transformation method.
:param resample: Optional resampling filter. It can be one of
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
environment), or :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` (cubic spline
interpolation in a 4x4 environment). If omitted, or if the image
has mode "1" or "P", it is set to :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`.
See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param fill: If ``method`` is an
:py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImageTransformHandler` object, this is one of
the arguments passed to it. Otherwise, it is unused.
:param fillcolor: Optional fill color for the area outside the
transform in the output image.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if self.mode in ("LA", "RGBA") and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
return (
self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
.transform(size, method, data, resample, fill, fillcolor)
.convert(self.mode)
)
if isinstance(method, ImageTransformHandler):
return method.transform(size, self, resample=resample, fill=fill)
if hasattr(method, "getdata"):
# compatibility w. old-style transform objects
method, data = method.getdata()
if data is None:
msg = "missing method data"
raise ValueError(msg)
im = new(self.mode, size, fillcolor)
if self.mode == "P" and self.palette:
im.palette = self.palette.copy()
im.info = self.info.copy()
if method == Transform.MESH:
# list of quads
for box, quad in data:
im.__transformer(
box, self, Transform.QUAD, quad, resample, fillcolor is None
)
else:
im.__transformer(
(0, 0) + size, self, method, data, resample, fillcolor is None
)
return im
def __transformer(
self, box, image, method, data, resample=Resampling.NEAREST, fill=1
):
w = box[2] - box[0]
h = box[3] - box[1]
if method == Transform.AFFINE:
data = data[:6]
elif method == Transform.EXTENT:
# convert extent to an affine transform
x0, y0, x1, y1 = data
xs = (x1 - x0) / w
ys = (y1 - y0) / h
method = Transform.AFFINE
data = (xs, 0, x0, 0, ys, y0)
elif method == Transform.PERSPECTIVE:
data = data[:8]
elif method == Transform.QUAD:
# quadrilateral warp. data specifies the four corners
# given as NW, SW, SE, and NE.
nw = data[:2]
sw = data[2:4]
se = data[4:6]
ne = data[6:8]
x0, y0 = nw
As = 1.0 / w
At = 1.0 / h
data = (
x0,
(ne[0] - x0) * As,
(sw[0] - x0) * At,
(se[0] - sw[0] - ne[0] + x0) * As * At,
y0,
(ne[1] - y0) * As,
(sw[1] - y0) * At,
(se[1] - sw[1] - ne[1] + y0) * As * At,
)
else:
msg = "unknown transformation method"
raise ValueError(msg)
if resample not in (
Resampling.NEAREST,
Resampling.BILINEAR,
Resampling.BICUBIC,
):
if resample in (Resampling.BOX, Resampling.HAMMING, Resampling.LANCZOS):
msg = {
Resampling.BOX: "Image.Resampling.BOX",
Resampling.HAMMING: "Image.Resampling.HAMMING",
Resampling.LANCZOS: "Image.Resampling.LANCZOS",
}[resample] + f" ({resample}) cannot be used."
else:
msg = f"Unknown resampling filter ({resample})."
filters = [
f"{filter[1]} ({filter[0]})"
for filter in (
(Resampling.NEAREST, "Image.Resampling.NEAREST"),
(Resampling.BILINEAR, "Image.Resampling.BILINEAR"),
(Resampling.BICUBIC, "Image.Resampling.BICUBIC"),
)
]
msg += " Use " + ", ".join(filters[:-1]) + " or " + filters[-1]
raise ValueError(msg)
image.load()
self.load()
if image.mode in ("1", "P"):
resample = Resampling.NEAREST
self.im.transform2(box, image.im, method, data, resample, fill)
def transpose(self, method):
"""
Transpose image (flip or rotate in 90 degree steps)
:param method: One of :py:data:`Transpose.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT`,
:py:data:`Transpose.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM`, :py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_90`,
:py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_180`, :py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_270`,
:py:data:`Transpose.TRANSPOSE` or :py:data:`Transpose.TRANSVERSE`.
:returns: Returns a flipped or rotated copy of this image.
"""
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.transpose(method))
def effect_spread(self, distance):
"""
Randomly spread pixels in an image.
:param distance: Distance to spread pixels.
"""
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.effect_spread(distance))
def toqimage(self):
"""Returns a QImage copy of this image"""
from . import ImageQt
if not ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
msg = "Qt bindings are not installed"
raise ImportError(msg)
return ImageQt.toqimage(self)
def toqpixmap(self):
"""Returns a QPixmap copy of this image"""
from . import ImageQt
if not ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
msg = "Qt bindings are not installed"
raise ImportError(msg)
return ImageQt.toqpixmap(self)
def _pilbitmap_check():
global _pilbitmap_ok
if _pilbitmap_ok is None:
try:
im = Image.new("1", (1, 1))
tkinter.BitmapImage(data=f"PIL:{im.im.id}")
_pilbitmap_ok = 1
except tkinter.TclError:
_pilbitmap_ok = 0
return _pilbitmap_ok | null |
174,006 | import tkinter
from io import BytesIO
from . import Image
from ._deprecate import deprecate
class BytesIO(BufferedIOBase, BinaryIO):
def __init__(self, initial_bytes: bytes = ...) -> None: ...
# BytesIO does not contain a "name" field. This workaround is necessary
# to allow BytesIO sub-classes to add this field, as it is defined
# as a read-only property on IO[].
name: Any
def __enter__(self: _T) -> _T: ...
def getvalue(self) -> bytes: ...
def getbuffer(self) -> memoryview: ...
if sys.version_info >= (3, 7):
def read1(self, __size: Optional[int] = ...) -> bytes: ...
else:
def read1(self, __size: Optional[int]) -> bytes: ... # type: ignore
class Image:
"""
This class represents an image object. To create
:py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` objects, use the appropriate factory
functions. There's hardly ever any reason to call the Image constructor
directly.
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.open`
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.new`
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes`
"""
format = None
format_description = None
_close_exclusive_fp_after_loading = True
def __init__(self):
# FIXME: take "new" parameters / other image?
# FIXME: turn mode and size into delegating properties?
self.im = None
self.mode = ""
self._size = (0, 0)
self.palette = None
self.info = {}
self._category = 0
self.readonly = 0
self.pyaccess = None
self._exif = None
def __getattr__(self, name):
if name == "category":
deprecate("Image categories", 10, "is_animated", plural=True)
return self._category
raise AttributeError(name)
def width(self):
return self.size[0]
def height(self):
return self.size[1]
def size(self):
return self._size
def _new(self, im):
new = Image()
new.im = im
new.mode = im.mode
new._size = im.size
if im.mode in ("P", "PA"):
if self.palette:
new.palette = self.palette.copy()
else:
from . import ImagePalette
new.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette()
new.info = self.info.copy()
return new
# Context manager support
def __enter__(self):
return self
def __exit__(self, *args):
if hasattr(self, "fp") and getattr(self, "_exclusive_fp", False):
if getattr(self, "_fp", False):
if self._fp != self.fp:
self._fp.close()
self._fp = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
if self.fp:
self.fp.close()
self.fp = None
def close(self):
"""
Closes the file pointer, if possible.
This operation will destroy the image core and release its memory.
The image data will be unusable afterward.
This function is required to close images that have multiple frames or
have not had their file read and closed by the
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.load` method. See :ref:`file-handling` for
more information.
"""
try:
if getattr(self, "_fp", False):
if self._fp != self.fp:
self._fp.close()
self._fp = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
if self.fp:
self.fp.close()
self.fp = None
except Exception as msg:
logger.debug("Error closing: %s", msg)
if getattr(self, "map", None):
self.map = None
# Instead of simply setting to None, we're setting up a
# deferred error that will better explain that the core image
# object is gone.
self.im = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
def _copy(self):
self.load()
self.im = self.im.copy()
self.pyaccess = None
self.readonly = 0
def _ensure_mutable(self):
if self.readonly:
self._copy()
else:
self.load()
def _dump(self, file=None, format=None, **options):
suffix = ""
if format:
suffix = "." + format
if not file:
f, filename = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix)
os.close(f)
else:
filename = file
if not filename.endswith(suffix):
filename = filename + suffix
self.load()
if not format or format == "PPM":
self.im.save_ppm(filename)
else:
self.save(filename, format, **options)
return filename
def __eq__(self, other):
return (
self.__class__ is other.__class__
and self.mode == other.mode
and self.size == other.size
and self.info == other.info
and self._category == other._category
and self.getpalette() == other.getpalette()
and self.tobytes() == other.tobytes()
)
def __repr__(self):
return "<%s.%s image mode=%s size=%dx%d at 0x%X>" % (
self.__class__.__module__,
self.__class__.__name__,
self.mode,
self.size[0],
self.size[1],
id(self),
)
def _repr_pretty_(self, p, cycle):
"""IPython plain text display support"""
# Same as __repr__ but without unpredictable id(self),
# to keep Jupyter notebook `text/plain` output stable.
p.text(
"<%s.%s image mode=%s size=%dx%d>"
% (
self.__class__.__module__,
self.__class__.__name__,
self.mode,
self.size[0],
self.size[1],
)
)
def _repr_png_(self):
"""iPython display hook support
:returns: png version of the image as bytes
"""
b = io.BytesIO()
try:
self.save(b, "PNG")
except Exception as e:
msg = "Could not save to PNG for display"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
return b.getvalue()
def __array_interface__(self):
# numpy array interface support
new = {"version": 3}
try:
if self.mode == "1":
# Binary images need to be extended from bits to bytes
# See: https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/350
new["data"] = self.tobytes("raw", "L")
else:
new["data"] = self.tobytes()
except Exception as e:
if not isinstance(e, (MemoryError, RecursionError)):
try:
import numpy
from packaging.version import parse as parse_version
except ImportError:
pass
else:
if parse_version(numpy.__version__) < parse_version("1.23"):
warnings.warn(e)
raise
new["shape"], new["typestr"] = _conv_type_shape(self)
return new
def __getstate__(self):
return [self.info, self.mode, self.size, self.getpalette(), self.tobytes()]
def __setstate__(self, state):
Image.__init__(self)
info, mode, size, palette, data = state
self.info = info
self.mode = mode
self._size = size
self.im = core.new(mode, size)
if mode in ("L", "LA", "P", "PA") and palette:
self.putpalette(palette)
self.frombytes(data)
def tobytes(self, encoder_name="raw", *args):
"""
Return image as a bytes object.
.. warning::
This method returns the raw image data from the internal
storage. For compressed image data (e.g. PNG, JPEG) use
:meth:`~.save`, with a BytesIO parameter for in-memory
data.
:param encoder_name: What encoder to use. The default is to
use the standard "raw" encoder.
A list of C encoders can be seen under
codecs section of the function array in
:file:`_imaging.c`. Python encoders are
registered within the relevant plugins.
:param args: Extra arguments to the encoder.
:returns: A :py:class:`bytes` object.
"""
# may pass tuple instead of argument list
if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
args = args[0]
if encoder_name == "raw" and args == ():
args = self.mode
self.load()
if self.width == 0 or self.height == 0:
return b""
# unpack data
e = _getencoder(self.mode, encoder_name, args)
e.setimage(self.im)
bufsize = max(65536, self.size[0] * 4) # see RawEncode.c
output = []
while True:
bytes_consumed, errcode, data = e.encode(bufsize)
output.append(data)
if errcode:
break
if errcode < 0:
msg = f"encoder error {errcode} in tobytes"
raise RuntimeError(msg)
return b"".join(output)
def tobitmap(self, name="image"):
"""
Returns the image converted to an X11 bitmap.
.. note:: This method only works for mode "1" images.
:param name: The name prefix to use for the bitmap variables.
:returns: A string containing an X11 bitmap.
:raises ValueError: If the mode is not "1"
"""
self.load()
if self.mode != "1":
msg = "not a bitmap"
raise ValueError(msg)
data = self.tobytes("xbm")
return b"".join(
[
f"#define {name}_width {self.size[0]}\n".encode("ascii"),
f"#define {name}_height {self.size[1]}\n".encode("ascii"),
f"static char {name}_bits[] = {{\n".encode("ascii"),
data,
b"};",
]
)
def frombytes(self, data, decoder_name="raw", *args):
"""
Loads this image with pixel data from a bytes object.
This method is similar to the :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes` function,
but loads data into this image instead of creating a new image object.
"""
# may pass tuple instead of argument list
if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
args = args[0]
# default format
if decoder_name == "raw" and args == ():
args = self.mode
# unpack data
d = _getdecoder(self.mode, decoder_name, args)
d.setimage(self.im)
s = d.decode(data)
if s[0] >= 0:
msg = "not enough image data"
raise ValueError(msg)
if s[1] != 0:
msg = "cannot decode image data"
raise ValueError(msg)
def load(self):
"""
Allocates storage for the image and loads the pixel data. In
normal cases, you don't need to call this method, since the
Image class automatically loads an opened image when it is
accessed for the first time.
If the file associated with the image was opened by Pillow, then this
method will close it. The exception to this is if the image has
multiple frames, in which case the file will be left open for seek
operations. See :ref:`file-handling` for more information.
:returns: An image access object.
:rtype: :ref:`PixelAccess` or :py:class:`PIL.PyAccess`
"""
if self.im is not None and self.palette and self.palette.dirty:
# realize palette
mode, arr = self.palette.getdata()
self.im.putpalette(mode, arr)
self.palette.dirty = 0
self.palette.rawmode = None
if "transparency" in self.info and mode in ("LA", "PA"):
if isinstance(self.info["transparency"], int):
self.im.putpalettealpha(self.info["transparency"], 0)
else:
self.im.putpalettealphas(self.info["transparency"])
self.palette.mode = "RGBA"
else:
palette_mode = "RGBA" if mode.startswith("RGBA") else "RGB"
self.palette.mode = palette_mode
self.palette.palette = self.im.getpalette(palette_mode, palette_mode)
if self.im is not None:
if cffi and USE_CFFI_ACCESS:
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess
from . import PyAccess
self.pyaccess = PyAccess.new(self, self.readonly)
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess
return self.im.pixel_access(self.readonly)
def verify(self):
"""
Verifies the contents of a file. For data read from a file, this
method attempts to determine if the file is broken, without
actually decoding the image data. If this method finds any
problems, it raises suitable exceptions. If you need to load
the image after using this method, you must reopen the image
file.
"""
pass
def convert(
self, mode=None, matrix=None, dither=None, palette=Palette.WEB, colors=256
):
"""
Returns a converted copy of this image. For the "P" mode, this
method translates pixels through the palette. If mode is
omitted, a mode is chosen so that all information in the image
and the palette can be represented without a palette.
The current version supports all possible conversions between
"L", "RGB" and "CMYK". The ``matrix`` argument only supports "L"
and "RGB".
When translating a color image to greyscale (mode "L"),
the library uses the ITU-R 601-2 luma transform::
L = R * 299/1000 + G * 587/1000 + B * 114/1000
The default method of converting a greyscale ("L") or "RGB"
image into a bilevel (mode "1") image uses Floyd-Steinberg
dither to approximate the original image luminosity levels. If
dither is ``None``, all values larger than 127 are set to 255 (white),
all other values to 0 (black). To use other thresholds, use the
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.point` method.
When converting from "RGBA" to "P" without a ``matrix`` argument,
this passes the operation to :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.quantize`,
and ``dither`` and ``palette`` are ignored.
When converting from "PA", if an "RGBA" palette is present, the alpha
channel from the image will be used instead of the values from the palette.
:param mode: The requested mode. See: :ref:`concept-modes`.
:param matrix: An optional conversion matrix. If given, this
should be 4- or 12-tuple containing floating point values.
:param dither: Dithering method, used when converting from
mode "RGB" to "P" or from "RGB" or "L" to "1".
Available methods are :data:`Dither.NONE` or :data:`Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG`
(default). Note that this is not used when ``matrix`` is supplied.
:param palette: Palette to use when converting from mode "RGB"
to "P". Available palettes are :data:`Palette.WEB` or
:data:`Palette.ADAPTIVE`.
:param colors: Number of colors to use for the :data:`Palette.ADAPTIVE`
palette. Defaults to 256.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
has_transparency = self.info.get("transparency") is not None
if not mode and self.mode == "P":
# determine default mode
if self.palette:
mode = self.palette.mode
else:
mode = "RGB"
if mode == "RGB" and has_transparency:
mode = "RGBA"
if not mode or (mode == self.mode and not matrix):
return self.copy()
if matrix:
# matrix conversion
if mode not in ("L", "RGB"):
msg = "illegal conversion"
raise ValueError(msg)
im = self.im.convert_matrix(mode, matrix)
new = self._new(im)
if has_transparency and self.im.bands == 3:
transparency = new.info["transparency"]
def convert_transparency(m, v):
v = m[0] * v[0] + m[1] * v[1] + m[2] * v[2] + m[3] * 0.5
return max(0, min(255, int(v)))
if mode == "L":
transparency = convert_transparency(matrix, transparency)
elif len(mode) == 3:
transparency = tuple(
convert_transparency(matrix[i * 4 : i * 4 + 4], transparency)
for i in range(0, len(transparency))
)
new.info["transparency"] = transparency
return new
if mode == "P" and self.mode == "RGBA":
return self.quantize(colors)
trns = None
delete_trns = False
# transparency handling
if has_transparency:
if (self.mode in ("1", "L", "I") and mode in ("LA", "RGBA")) or (
self.mode == "RGB" and mode == "RGBA"
):
# Use transparent conversion to promote from transparent
# color to an alpha channel.
new_im = self._new(
self.im.convert_transparent(mode, self.info["transparency"])
)
del new_im.info["transparency"]
return new_im
elif self.mode in ("L", "RGB", "P") and mode in ("L", "RGB", "P"):
t = self.info["transparency"]
if isinstance(t, bytes):
# Dragons. This can't be represented by a single color
warnings.warn(
"Palette images with Transparency expressed in bytes should be "
"converted to RGBA images"
)
delete_trns = True
else:
# get the new transparency color.
# use existing conversions
trns_im = Image()._new(core.new(self.mode, (1, 1)))
if self.mode == "P":
trns_im.putpalette(self.palette)
if isinstance(t, tuple):
err = "Couldn't allocate a palette color for transparency"
try:
t = trns_im.palette.getcolor(t, self)
except ValueError as e:
if str(e) == "cannot allocate more than 256 colors":
# If all 256 colors are in use,
# then there is no need for transparency
t = None
else:
raise ValueError(err) from e
if t is None:
trns = None
else:
trns_im.putpixel((0, 0), t)
if mode in ("L", "RGB"):
trns_im = trns_im.convert(mode)
else:
# can't just retrieve the palette number, got to do it
# after quantization.
trns_im = trns_im.convert("RGB")
trns = trns_im.getpixel((0, 0))
elif self.mode == "P" and mode in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
t = self.info["transparency"]
delete_trns = True
if isinstance(t, bytes):
self.im.putpalettealphas(t)
elif isinstance(t, int):
self.im.putpalettealpha(t, 0)
else:
msg = "Transparency for P mode should be bytes or int"
raise ValueError(msg)
if mode == "P" and palette == Palette.ADAPTIVE:
im = self.im.quantize(colors)
new = self._new(im)
from . import ImagePalette
new.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGB", new.im.getpalette("RGB"))
if delete_trns:
# This could possibly happen if we requantize to fewer colors.
# The transparency would be totally off in that case.
del new.info["transparency"]
if trns is not None:
try:
new.info["transparency"] = new.palette.getcolor(trns, new)
except Exception:
# if we can't make a transparent color, don't leave the old
# transparency hanging around to mess us up.
del new.info["transparency"]
warnings.warn("Couldn't allocate palette entry for transparency")
return new
if "LAB" in (self.mode, mode):
other_mode = mode if self.mode == "LAB" else self.mode
if other_mode in ("RGB", "RGBA", "RGBX"):
from . import ImageCms
srgb = ImageCms.createProfile("sRGB")
lab = ImageCms.createProfile("LAB")
profiles = [lab, srgb] if self.mode == "LAB" else [srgb, lab]
transform = ImageCms.buildTransform(
profiles[0], profiles[1], self.mode, mode
)
return transform.apply(self)
# colorspace conversion
if dither is None:
dither = Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG
try:
im = self.im.convert(mode, dither)
except ValueError:
try:
# normalize source image and try again
modebase = getmodebase(self.mode)
if modebase == self.mode:
raise
im = self.im.convert(modebase)
im = im.convert(mode, dither)
except KeyError as e:
msg = "illegal conversion"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
new_im = self._new(im)
if mode == "P" and palette != Palette.ADAPTIVE:
from . import ImagePalette
new_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGB", list(range(256)) * 3)
if delete_trns:
# crash fail if we leave a bytes transparency in an rgb/l mode.
del new_im.info["transparency"]
if trns is not None:
if new_im.mode == "P":
try:
new_im.info["transparency"] = new_im.palette.getcolor(trns, new_im)
except ValueError as e:
del new_im.info["transparency"]
if str(e) != "cannot allocate more than 256 colors":
# If all 256 colors are in use,
# then there is no need for transparency
warnings.warn(
"Couldn't allocate palette entry for transparency"
)
else:
new_im.info["transparency"] = trns
return new_im
def quantize(
self,
colors=256,
method=None,
kmeans=0,
palette=None,
dither=Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG,
):
"""
Convert the image to 'P' mode with the specified number
of colors.
:param colors: The desired number of colors, <= 256
:param method: :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT` (median cut),
:data:`Quantize.MAXCOVERAGE` (maximum coverage),
:data:`Quantize.FASTOCTREE` (fast octree),
:data:`Quantize.LIBIMAGEQUANT` (libimagequant; check support
using :py:func:`PIL.features.check_feature` with
``feature="libimagequant"``).
By default, :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT` will be used.
The exception to this is RGBA images. :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT`
and :data:`Quantize.MAXCOVERAGE` do not support RGBA images, so
:data:`Quantize.FASTOCTREE` is used by default instead.
:param kmeans: Integer
:param palette: Quantize to the palette of given
:py:class:`PIL.Image.Image`.
:param dither: Dithering method, used when converting from
mode "RGB" to "P" or from "RGB" or "L" to "1".
Available methods are :data:`Dither.NONE` or :data:`Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG`
(default).
:returns: A new image
"""
self.load()
if method is None:
# defaults:
method = Quantize.MEDIANCUT
if self.mode == "RGBA":
method = Quantize.FASTOCTREE
if self.mode == "RGBA" and method not in (
Quantize.FASTOCTREE,
Quantize.LIBIMAGEQUANT,
):
# Caller specified an invalid mode.
msg = (
"Fast Octree (method == 2) and libimagequant (method == 3) "
"are the only valid methods for quantizing RGBA images"
)
raise ValueError(msg)
if palette:
# use palette from reference image
palette.load()
if palette.mode != "P":
msg = "bad mode for palette image"
raise ValueError(msg)
if self.mode != "RGB" and self.mode != "L":
msg = "only RGB or L mode images can be quantized to a palette"
raise ValueError(msg)
im = self.im.convert("P", dither, palette.im)
new_im = self._new(im)
new_im.palette = palette.palette.copy()
return new_im
im = self._new(self.im.quantize(colors, method, kmeans))
from . import ImagePalette
mode = im.im.getpalettemode()
palette = im.im.getpalette(mode, mode)[: colors * len(mode)]
im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(mode, palette)
return im
def copy(self):
"""
Copies this image. Use this method if you wish to paste things
into an image, but still retain the original.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.copy())
__copy__ = copy
def crop(self, box=None):
"""
Returns a rectangular region from this image. The box is a
4-tuple defining the left, upper, right, and lower pixel
coordinate. See :ref:`coordinate-system`.
Note: Prior to Pillow 3.4.0, this was a lazy operation.
:param box: The crop rectangle, as a (left, upper, right, lower)-tuple.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if box is None:
return self.copy()
if box[2] < box[0]:
msg = "Coordinate 'right' is less than 'left'"
raise ValueError(msg)
elif box[3] < box[1]:
msg = "Coordinate 'lower' is less than 'upper'"
raise ValueError(msg)
self.load()
return self._new(self._crop(self.im, box))
def _crop(self, im, box):
"""
Returns a rectangular region from the core image object im.
This is equivalent to calling im.crop((x0, y0, x1, y1)), but
includes additional sanity checks.
:param im: a core image object
:param box: The crop rectangle, as a (left, upper, right, lower)-tuple.
:returns: A core image object.
"""
x0, y0, x1, y1 = map(int, map(round, box))
absolute_values = (abs(x1 - x0), abs(y1 - y0))
_decompression_bomb_check(absolute_values)
return im.crop((x0, y0, x1, y1))
def draft(self, mode, size):
"""
Configures the image file loader so it returns a version of the
image that as closely as possible matches the given mode and
size. For example, you can use this method to convert a color
JPEG to greyscale while loading it.
If any changes are made, returns a tuple with the chosen ``mode`` and
``box`` with coordinates of the original image within the altered one.
Note that this method modifies the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object
in place. If the image has already been loaded, this method has no
effect.
Note: This method is not implemented for most images. It is
currently implemented only for JPEG and MPO images.
:param mode: The requested mode.
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
"""
pass
def _expand(self, xmargin, ymargin=None):
if ymargin is None:
ymargin = xmargin
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.expand(xmargin, ymargin, 0))
def filter(self, filter):
"""
Filters this image using the given filter. For a list of
available filters, see the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageFilter` module.
:param filter: Filter kernel.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object."""
from . import ImageFilter
self.load()
if isinstance(filter, Callable):
filter = filter()
if not hasattr(filter, "filter"):
msg = "filter argument should be ImageFilter.Filter instance or class"
raise TypeError(msg)
multiband = isinstance(filter, ImageFilter.MultibandFilter)
if self.im.bands == 1 or multiband:
return self._new(filter.filter(self.im))
ims = []
for c in range(self.im.bands):
ims.append(self._new(filter.filter(self.im.getband(c))))
return merge(self.mode, ims)
def getbands(self):
"""
Returns a tuple containing the name of each band in this image.
For example, ``getbands`` on an RGB image returns ("R", "G", "B").
:returns: A tuple containing band names.
:rtype: tuple
"""
return ImageMode.getmode(self.mode).bands
def getbbox(self):
"""
Calculates the bounding box of the non-zero regions in the
image.
:returns: The bounding box is returned as a 4-tuple defining the
left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate. See
:ref:`coordinate-system`. If the image is completely empty, this
method returns None.
"""
self.load()
return self.im.getbbox()
def getcolors(self, maxcolors=256):
"""
Returns a list of colors used in this image.
The colors will be in the image's mode. For example, an RGB image will
return a tuple of (red, green, blue) color values, and a P image will
return the index of the color in the palette.
:param maxcolors: Maximum number of colors. If this number is
exceeded, this method returns None. The default limit is
256 colors.
:returns: An unsorted list of (count, pixel) values.
"""
self.load()
if self.mode in ("1", "L", "P"):
h = self.im.histogram()
out = []
for i in range(256):
if h[i]:
out.append((h[i], i))
if len(out) > maxcolors:
return None
return out
return self.im.getcolors(maxcolors)
def getdata(self, band=None):
"""
Returns the contents of this image as a sequence object
containing pixel values. The sequence object is flattened, so
that values for line one follow directly after the values of
line zero, and so on.
Note that the sequence object returned by this method is an
internal PIL data type, which only supports certain sequence
operations. To convert it to an ordinary sequence (e.g. for
printing), use ``list(im.getdata())``.
:param band: What band to return. The default is to return
all bands. To return a single band, pass in the index
value (e.g. 0 to get the "R" band from an "RGB" image).
:returns: A sequence-like object.
"""
self.load()
if band is not None:
return self.im.getband(band)
return self.im # could be abused
def getextrema(self):
"""
Gets the minimum and maximum pixel values for each band in
the image.
:returns: For a single-band image, a 2-tuple containing the
minimum and maximum pixel value. For a multi-band image,
a tuple containing one 2-tuple for each band.
"""
self.load()
if self.im.bands > 1:
extrema = []
for i in range(self.im.bands):
extrema.append(self.im.getband(i).getextrema())
return tuple(extrema)
return self.im.getextrema()
def _getxmp(self, xmp_tags):
def get_name(tag):
return tag.split("}")[1]
def get_value(element):
value = {get_name(k): v for k, v in element.attrib.items()}
children = list(element)
if children:
for child in children:
name = get_name(child.tag)
child_value = get_value(child)
if name in value:
if not isinstance(value[name], list):
value[name] = [value[name]]
value[name].append(child_value)
else:
value[name] = child_value
elif value:
if element.text:
value["text"] = element.text
else:
return element.text
return value
if ElementTree is None:
warnings.warn("XMP data cannot be read without defusedxml dependency")
return {}
else:
root = ElementTree.fromstring(xmp_tags)
return {get_name(root.tag): get_value(root)}
def getexif(self):
"""
Gets EXIF data from the image.
:returns: an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Exif` object.
"""
if self._exif is None:
self._exif = Exif()
self._exif._loaded = False
elif self._exif._loaded:
return self._exif
self._exif._loaded = True
exif_info = self.info.get("exif")
if exif_info is None:
if "Raw profile type exif" in self.info:
exif_info = bytes.fromhex(
"".join(self.info["Raw profile type exif"].split("\n")[3:])
)
elif hasattr(self, "tag_v2"):
self._exif.bigtiff = self.tag_v2._bigtiff
self._exif.endian = self.tag_v2._endian
self._exif.load_from_fp(self.fp, self.tag_v2._offset)
if exif_info is not None:
self._exif.load(exif_info)
# XMP tags
if 0x0112 not in self._exif:
xmp_tags = self.info.get("XML:com.adobe.xmp")
if xmp_tags:
match = re.search(r'tiff:Orientation(="|>)([0-9])', xmp_tags)
if match:
self._exif[0x0112] = int(match[2])
return self._exif
def _reload_exif(self):
if self._exif is None or not self._exif._loaded:
return
self._exif._loaded = False
self.getexif()
def get_child_images(self):
child_images = []
exif = self.getexif()
ifds = []
if ExifTags.Base.SubIFDs in exif:
subifd_offsets = exif[ExifTags.Base.SubIFDs]
if subifd_offsets:
if not isinstance(subifd_offsets, tuple):
subifd_offsets = (subifd_offsets,)
for subifd_offset in subifd_offsets:
ifds.append((exif._get_ifd_dict(subifd_offset), subifd_offset))
ifd1 = exif.get_ifd(ExifTags.IFD.IFD1)
if ifd1 and ifd1.get(513):
ifds.append((ifd1, exif._info.next))
offset = None
for ifd, ifd_offset in ifds:
current_offset = self.fp.tell()
if offset is None:
offset = current_offset
fp = self.fp
thumbnail_offset = ifd.get(513)
if thumbnail_offset is not None:
try:
thumbnail_offset += self._exif_offset
except AttributeError:
pass
self.fp.seek(thumbnail_offset)
data = self.fp.read(ifd.get(514))
fp = io.BytesIO(data)
with open(fp) as im:
if thumbnail_offset is None:
im._frame_pos = [ifd_offset]
im._seek(0)
im.load()
child_images.append(im)
if offset is not None:
self.fp.seek(offset)
return child_images
def getim(self):
"""
Returns a capsule that points to the internal image memory.
:returns: A capsule object.
"""
self.load()
return self.im.ptr
def getpalette(self, rawmode="RGB"):
"""
Returns the image palette as a list.
:param rawmode: The mode in which to return the palette. ``None`` will
return the palette in its current mode.
.. versionadded:: 9.1.0
:returns: A list of color values [r, g, b, ...], or None if the
image has no palette.
"""
self.load()
try:
mode = self.im.getpalettemode()
except ValueError:
return None # no palette
if rawmode is None:
rawmode = mode
return list(self.im.getpalette(mode, rawmode))
def apply_transparency(self):
"""
If a P mode image has a "transparency" key in the info dictionary,
remove the key and instead apply the transparency to the palette.
Otherwise, the image is unchanged.
"""
if self.mode != "P" or "transparency" not in self.info:
return
from . import ImagePalette
palette = self.getpalette("RGBA")
transparency = self.info["transparency"]
if isinstance(transparency, bytes):
for i, alpha in enumerate(transparency):
palette[i * 4 + 3] = alpha
else:
palette[transparency * 4 + 3] = 0
self.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGBA", bytes(palette))
self.palette.dirty = 1
del self.info["transparency"]
def getpixel(self, xy):
"""
Returns the pixel value at a given position.
:param xy: The coordinate, given as (x, y). See
:ref:`coordinate-system`.
:returns: The pixel value. If the image is a multi-layer image,
this method returns a tuple.
"""
self.load()
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess.getpixel(xy)
return self.im.getpixel(xy)
def getprojection(self):
"""
Get projection to x and y axes
:returns: Two sequences, indicating where there are non-zero
pixels along the X-axis and the Y-axis, respectively.
"""
self.load()
x, y = self.im.getprojection()
return list(x), list(y)
def histogram(self, mask=None, extrema=None):
"""
Returns a histogram for the image. The histogram is returned as a
list of pixel counts, one for each pixel value in the source
image. Counts are grouped into 256 bins for each band, even if
the image has more than 8 bits per band. If the image has more
than one band, the histograms for all bands are concatenated (for
example, the histogram for an "RGB" image contains 768 values).
A bilevel image (mode "1") is treated as a greyscale ("L") image
by this method.
If a mask is provided, the method returns a histogram for those
parts of the image where the mask image is non-zero. The mask
image must have the same size as the image, and be either a
bi-level image (mode "1") or a greyscale image ("L").
:param mask: An optional mask.
:param extrema: An optional tuple of manually-specified extrema.
:returns: A list containing pixel counts.
"""
self.load()
if mask:
mask.load()
return self.im.histogram((0, 0), mask.im)
if self.mode in ("I", "F"):
if extrema is None:
extrema = self.getextrema()
return self.im.histogram(extrema)
return self.im.histogram()
def entropy(self, mask=None, extrema=None):
"""
Calculates and returns the entropy for the image.
A bilevel image (mode "1") is treated as a greyscale ("L")
image by this method.
If a mask is provided, the method employs the histogram for
those parts of the image where the mask image is non-zero.
The mask image must have the same size as the image, and be
either a bi-level image (mode "1") or a greyscale image ("L").
:param mask: An optional mask.
:param extrema: An optional tuple of manually-specified extrema.
:returns: A float value representing the image entropy
"""
self.load()
if mask:
mask.load()
return self.im.entropy((0, 0), mask.im)
if self.mode in ("I", "F"):
if extrema is None:
extrema = self.getextrema()
return self.im.entropy(extrema)
return self.im.entropy()
def paste(self, im, box=None, mask=None):
"""
Pastes another image into this image. The box argument is either
a 2-tuple giving the upper left corner, a 4-tuple defining the
left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate, or None (same as
(0, 0)). See :ref:`coordinate-system`. If a 4-tuple is given, the size
of the pasted image must match the size of the region.
If the modes don't match, the pasted image is converted to the mode of
this image (see the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.convert` method for
details).
Instead of an image, the source can be a integer or tuple
containing pixel values. The method then fills the region
with the given color. When creating RGB images, you can
also use color strings as supported by the ImageColor module.
If a mask is given, this method updates only the regions
indicated by the mask. You can use either "1", "L", "LA", "RGBA"
or "RGBa" images (if present, the alpha band is used as mask).
Where the mask is 255, the given image is copied as is. Where
the mask is 0, the current value is preserved. Intermediate
values will mix the two images together, including their alpha
channels if they have them.
See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.alpha_composite` if you want to
combine images with respect to their alpha channels.
:param im: Source image or pixel value (integer or tuple).
:param box: An optional 4-tuple giving the region to paste into.
If a 2-tuple is used instead, it's treated as the upper left
corner. If omitted or None, the source is pasted into the
upper left corner.
If an image is given as the second argument and there is no
third, the box defaults to (0, 0), and the second argument
is interpreted as a mask image.
:param mask: An optional mask image.
"""
if isImageType(box) and mask is None:
# abbreviated paste(im, mask) syntax
mask = box
box = None
if box is None:
box = (0, 0)
if len(box) == 2:
# upper left corner given; get size from image or mask
if isImageType(im):
size = im.size
elif isImageType(mask):
size = mask.size
else:
# FIXME: use self.size here?
msg = "cannot determine region size; use 4-item box"
raise ValueError(msg)
box += (box[0] + size[0], box[1] + size[1])
if isinstance(im, str):
from . import ImageColor
im = ImageColor.getcolor(im, self.mode)
elif isImageType(im):
im.load()
if self.mode != im.mode:
if self.mode != "RGB" or im.mode not in ("LA", "RGBA", "RGBa"):
# should use an adapter for this!
im = im.convert(self.mode)
im = im.im
self._ensure_mutable()
if mask:
mask.load()
self.im.paste(im, box, mask.im)
else:
self.im.paste(im, box)
def alpha_composite(self, im, dest=(0, 0), source=(0, 0)):
"""'In-place' analog of Image.alpha_composite. Composites an image
onto this image.
:param im: image to composite over this one
:param dest: Optional 2 tuple (left, top) specifying the upper
left corner in this (destination) image.
:param source: Optional 2 (left, top) tuple for the upper left
corner in the overlay source image, or 4 tuple (left, top, right,
bottom) for the bounds of the source rectangle
Performance Note: Not currently implemented in-place in the core layer.
"""
if not isinstance(source, (list, tuple)):
msg = "Source must be a tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if not isinstance(dest, (list, tuple)):
msg = "Destination must be a tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if not len(source) in (2, 4):
msg = "Source must be a 2 or 4-tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if not len(dest) == 2:
msg = "Destination must be a 2-tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if min(source) < 0:
msg = "Source must be non-negative"
raise ValueError(msg)
if len(source) == 2:
source = source + im.size
# over image, crop if it's not the whole thing.
if source == (0, 0) + im.size:
overlay = im
else:
overlay = im.crop(source)
# target for the paste
box = dest + (dest[0] + overlay.width, dest[1] + overlay.height)
# destination image. don't copy if we're using the whole image.
if box == (0, 0) + self.size:
background = self
else:
background = self.crop(box)
result = alpha_composite(background, overlay)
self.paste(result, box)
def point(self, lut, mode=None):
"""
Maps this image through a lookup table or function.
:param lut: A lookup table, containing 256 (or 65536 if
self.mode=="I" and mode == "L") values per band in the
image. A function can be used instead, it should take a
single argument. The function is called once for each
possible pixel value, and the resulting table is applied to
all bands of the image.
It may also be an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImagePointHandler`
object::
class Example(Image.ImagePointHandler):
def point(self, data):
# Return result
:param mode: Output mode (default is same as input). In the
current version, this can only be used if the source image
has mode "L" or "P", and the output has mode "1" or the
source image mode is "I" and the output mode is "L".
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
if isinstance(lut, ImagePointHandler):
return lut.point(self)
if callable(lut):
# if it isn't a list, it should be a function
if self.mode in ("I", "I;16", "F"):
# check if the function can be used with point_transform
# UNDONE wiredfool -- I think this prevents us from ever doing
# a gamma function point transform on > 8bit images.
scale, offset = _getscaleoffset(lut)
return self._new(self.im.point_transform(scale, offset))
# for other modes, convert the function to a table
lut = [lut(i) for i in range(256)] * self.im.bands
if self.mode == "F":
# FIXME: _imaging returns a confusing error message for this case
msg = "point operation not supported for this mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
if mode != "F":
lut = [round(i) for i in lut]
return self._new(self.im.point(lut, mode))
def putalpha(self, alpha):
"""
Adds or replaces the alpha layer in this image. If the image
does not have an alpha layer, it's converted to "LA" or "RGBA".
The new layer must be either "L" or "1".
:param alpha: The new alpha layer. This can either be an "L" or "1"
image having the same size as this image, or an integer or
other color value.
"""
self._ensure_mutable()
if self.mode not in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
# attempt to promote self to a matching alpha mode
try:
mode = getmodebase(self.mode) + "A"
try:
self.im.setmode(mode)
except (AttributeError, ValueError) as e:
# do things the hard way
im = self.im.convert(mode)
if im.mode not in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
raise ValueError from e # sanity check
self.im = im
self.pyaccess = None
self.mode = self.im.mode
except KeyError as e:
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
if self.mode in ("LA", "PA"):
band = 1
else:
band = 3
if isImageType(alpha):
# alpha layer
if alpha.mode not in ("1", "L"):
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
alpha.load()
if alpha.mode == "1":
alpha = alpha.convert("L")
else:
# constant alpha
try:
self.im.fillband(band, alpha)
except (AttributeError, ValueError):
# do things the hard way
alpha = new("L", self.size, alpha)
else:
return
self.im.putband(alpha.im, band)
def putdata(self, data, scale=1.0, offset=0.0):
"""
Copies pixel data from a flattened sequence object into the image. The
values should start at the upper left corner (0, 0), continue to the
end of the line, followed directly by the first value of the second
line, and so on. Data will be read until either the image or the
sequence ends. The scale and offset values are used to adjust the
sequence values: **pixel = value*scale + offset**.
:param data: A flattened sequence object.
:param scale: An optional scale value. The default is 1.0.
:param offset: An optional offset value. The default is 0.0.
"""
self._ensure_mutable()
self.im.putdata(data, scale, offset)
def putpalette(self, data, rawmode="RGB"):
"""
Attaches a palette to this image. The image must be a "P", "PA", "L"
or "LA" image.
The palette sequence must contain at most 256 colors, made up of one
integer value for each channel in the raw mode.
For example, if the raw mode is "RGB", then it can contain at most 768
values, made up of red, green and blue values for the corresponding pixel
index in the 256 colors.
If the raw mode is "RGBA", then it can contain at most 1024 values,
containing red, green, blue and alpha values.
Alternatively, an 8-bit string may be used instead of an integer sequence.
:param data: A palette sequence (either a list or a string).
:param rawmode: The raw mode of the palette. Either "RGB", "RGBA", or a mode
that can be transformed to "RGB" or "RGBA" (e.g. "R", "BGR;15", "RGBA;L").
"""
from . import ImagePalette
if self.mode not in ("L", "LA", "P", "PA"):
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
if isinstance(data, ImagePalette.ImagePalette):
palette = ImagePalette.raw(data.rawmode, data.palette)
else:
if not isinstance(data, bytes):
data = bytes(data)
palette = ImagePalette.raw(rawmode, data)
self.mode = "PA" if "A" in self.mode else "P"
self.palette = palette
self.palette.mode = "RGB"
self.load() # install new palette
def putpixel(self, xy, value):
"""
Modifies the pixel at the given position. The color is given as
a single numerical value for single-band images, and a tuple for
multi-band images. In addition to this, RGB and RGBA tuples are
accepted for P and PA images.
Note that this method is relatively slow. For more extensive changes,
use :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste` or the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
module instead.
See:
* :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste`
* :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.putdata`
* :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
:param xy: The pixel coordinate, given as (x, y). See
:ref:`coordinate-system`.
:param value: The pixel value.
"""
if self.readonly:
self._copy()
self.load()
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess.putpixel(xy, value)
if (
self.mode in ("P", "PA")
and isinstance(value, (list, tuple))
and len(value) in [3, 4]
):
# RGB or RGBA value for a P or PA image
if self.mode == "PA":
alpha = value[3] if len(value) == 4 else 255
value = value[:3]
value = self.palette.getcolor(value, self)
if self.mode == "PA":
value = (value, alpha)
return self.im.putpixel(xy, value)
def remap_palette(self, dest_map, source_palette=None):
"""
Rewrites the image to reorder the palette.
:param dest_map: A list of indexes into the original palette.
e.g. ``[1,0]`` would swap a two item palette, and ``list(range(256))``
is the identity transform.
:param source_palette: Bytes or None.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
from . import ImagePalette
if self.mode not in ("L", "P"):
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
bands = 3
palette_mode = "RGB"
if source_palette is None:
if self.mode == "P":
self.load()
palette_mode = self.im.getpalettemode()
if palette_mode == "RGBA":
bands = 4
source_palette = self.im.getpalette(palette_mode, palette_mode)
else: # L-mode
source_palette = bytearray(i // 3 for i in range(768))
palette_bytes = b""
new_positions = [0] * 256
# pick only the used colors from the palette
for i, oldPosition in enumerate(dest_map):
palette_bytes += source_palette[
oldPosition * bands : oldPosition * bands + bands
]
new_positions[oldPosition] = i
# replace the palette color id of all pixel with the new id
# Palette images are [0..255], mapped through a 1 or 3
# byte/color map. We need to remap the whole image
# from palette 1 to palette 2. New_positions is
# an array of indexes into palette 1. Palette 2 is
# palette 1 with any holes removed.
# We're going to leverage the convert mechanism to use the
# C code to remap the image from palette 1 to palette 2,
# by forcing the source image into 'L' mode and adding a
# mapping 'L' mode palette, then converting back to 'L'
# sans palette thus converting the image bytes, then
# assigning the optimized RGB palette.
# perf reference, 9500x4000 gif, w/~135 colors
# 14 sec prepatch, 1 sec postpatch with optimization forced.
mapping_palette = bytearray(new_positions)
m_im = self.copy()
m_im.mode = "P"
m_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(
palette_mode, palette=mapping_palette * bands
)
# possibly set palette dirty, then
# m_im.putpalette(mapping_palette, 'L') # converts to 'P'
# or just force it.
# UNDONE -- this is part of the general issue with palettes
m_im.im.putpalette(palette_mode + ";L", m_im.palette.tobytes())
m_im = m_im.convert("L")
m_im.putpalette(palette_bytes, palette_mode)
m_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(palette_mode, palette=palette_bytes)
if "transparency" in self.info:
try:
m_im.info["transparency"] = dest_map.index(self.info["transparency"])
except ValueError:
if "transparency" in m_im.info:
del m_im.info["transparency"]
return m_im
def _get_safe_box(self, size, resample, box):
"""Expands the box so it includes adjacent pixels
that may be used by resampling with the given resampling filter.
"""
filter_support = _filters_support[resample] - 0.5
scale_x = (box[2] - box[0]) / size[0]
scale_y = (box[3] - box[1]) / size[1]
support_x = filter_support * scale_x
support_y = filter_support * scale_y
return (
max(0, int(box[0] - support_x)),
max(0, int(box[1] - support_y)),
min(self.size[0], math.ceil(box[2] + support_x)),
min(self.size[1], math.ceil(box[3] + support_y)),
)
def resize(self, size, resample=None, box=None, reducing_gap=None):
"""
Returns a resized copy of this image.
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
:param resample: An optional resampling filter. This can be
one of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`, :py:data:`Resampling.BOX`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR`, :py:data:`Resampling.HAMMING`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` or :py:data:`Resampling.LANCZOS`.
If the image has mode "1" or "P", it is always set to
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`. If the image mode specifies a number
of bits, such as "I;16", then the default filter is
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`. Otherwise, the default filter is
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC`. See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param box: An optional 4-tuple of floats providing
the source image region to be scaled.
The values must be within (0, 0, width, height) rectangle.
If omitted or None, the entire source is used.
:param reducing_gap: Apply optimization by resizing the image
in two steps. First, reducing the image by integer times
using :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.reduce`.
Second, resizing using regular resampling. The last step
changes size no less than by ``reducing_gap`` times.
``reducing_gap`` may be None (no first step is performed)
or should be greater than 1.0. The bigger ``reducing_gap``,
the closer the result to the fair resampling.
The smaller ``reducing_gap``, the faster resizing.
With ``reducing_gap`` greater or equal to 3.0, the result is
indistinguishable from fair resampling in most cases.
The default value is None (no optimization).
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if resample is None:
type_special = ";" in self.mode
resample = Resampling.NEAREST if type_special else Resampling.BICUBIC
elif resample not in (
Resampling.NEAREST,
Resampling.BILINEAR,
Resampling.BICUBIC,
Resampling.LANCZOS,
Resampling.BOX,
Resampling.HAMMING,
):
msg = f"Unknown resampling filter ({resample})."
filters = [
f"{filter[1]} ({filter[0]})"
for filter in (
(Resampling.NEAREST, "Image.Resampling.NEAREST"),
(Resampling.LANCZOS, "Image.Resampling.LANCZOS"),
(Resampling.BILINEAR, "Image.Resampling.BILINEAR"),
(Resampling.BICUBIC, "Image.Resampling.BICUBIC"),
(Resampling.BOX, "Image.Resampling.BOX"),
(Resampling.HAMMING, "Image.Resampling.HAMMING"),
)
]
msg += " Use " + ", ".join(filters[:-1]) + " or " + filters[-1]
raise ValueError(msg)
if reducing_gap is not None and reducing_gap < 1.0:
msg = "reducing_gap must be 1.0 or greater"
raise ValueError(msg)
size = tuple(size)
self.load()
if box is None:
box = (0, 0) + self.size
else:
box = tuple(box)
if self.size == size and box == (0, 0) + self.size:
return self.copy()
if self.mode in ("1", "P"):
resample = Resampling.NEAREST
if self.mode in ["LA", "RGBA"] and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
im = self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
im = im.resize(size, resample, box)
return im.convert(self.mode)
self.load()
if reducing_gap is not None and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
factor_x = int((box[2] - box[0]) / size[0] / reducing_gap) or 1
factor_y = int((box[3] - box[1]) / size[1] / reducing_gap) or 1
if factor_x > 1 or factor_y > 1:
reduce_box = self._get_safe_box(size, resample, box)
factor = (factor_x, factor_y)
if callable(self.reduce):
self = self.reduce(factor, box=reduce_box)
else:
self = Image.reduce(self, factor, box=reduce_box)
box = (
(box[0] - reduce_box[0]) / factor_x,
(box[1] - reduce_box[1]) / factor_y,
(box[2] - reduce_box[0]) / factor_x,
(box[3] - reduce_box[1]) / factor_y,
)
return self._new(self.im.resize(size, resample, box))
def reduce(self, factor, box=None):
"""
Returns a copy of the image reduced ``factor`` times.
If the size of the image is not dividable by ``factor``,
the resulting size will be rounded up.
:param factor: A greater than 0 integer or tuple of two integers
for width and height separately.
:param box: An optional 4-tuple of ints providing
the source image region to be reduced.
The values must be within ``(0, 0, width, height)`` rectangle.
If omitted or ``None``, the entire source is used.
"""
if not isinstance(factor, (list, tuple)):
factor = (factor, factor)
if box is None:
box = (0, 0) + self.size
else:
box = tuple(box)
if factor == (1, 1) and box == (0, 0) + self.size:
return self.copy()
if self.mode in ["LA", "RGBA"]:
im = self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
im = im.reduce(factor, box)
return im.convert(self.mode)
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.reduce(factor, box))
def rotate(
self,
angle,
resample=Resampling.NEAREST,
expand=0,
center=None,
translate=None,
fillcolor=None,
):
"""
Returns a rotated copy of this image. This method returns a
copy of this image, rotated the given number of degrees counter
clockwise around its centre.
:param angle: In degrees counter clockwise.
:param resample: An optional resampling filter. This can be
one of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
environment), or :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` (cubic spline
interpolation in a 4x4 environment). If omitted, or if the image has
mode "1" or "P", it is set to :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`.
See :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param expand: Optional expansion flag. If true, expands the output
image to make it large enough to hold the entire rotated image.
If false or omitted, make the output image the same size as the
input image. Note that the expand flag assumes rotation around
the center and no translation.
:param center: Optional center of rotation (a 2-tuple). Origin is
the upper left corner. Default is the center of the image.
:param translate: An optional post-rotate translation (a 2-tuple).
:param fillcolor: An optional color for area outside the rotated image.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
angle = angle % 360.0
# Fast paths regardless of filter, as long as we're not
# translating or changing the center.
if not (center or translate):
if angle == 0:
return self.copy()
if angle == 180:
return self.transpose(Transpose.ROTATE_180)
if angle in (90, 270) and (expand or self.width == self.height):
return self.transpose(
Transpose.ROTATE_90 if angle == 90 else Transpose.ROTATE_270
)
# Calculate the affine matrix. Note that this is the reverse
# transformation (from destination image to source) because we
# want to interpolate the (discrete) destination pixel from
# the local area around the (floating) source pixel.
# The matrix we actually want (note that it operates from the right):
# (1, 0, tx) (1, 0, cx) ( cos a, sin a, 0) (1, 0, -cx)
# (0, 1, ty) * (0, 1, cy) * (-sin a, cos a, 0) * (0, 1, -cy)
# (0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1) ( 0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1)
# The reverse matrix is thus:
# (1, 0, cx) ( cos -a, sin -a, 0) (1, 0, -cx) (1, 0, -tx)
# (0, 1, cy) * (-sin -a, cos -a, 0) * (0, 1, -cy) * (0, 1, -ty)
# (0, 0, 1) ( 0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1)
# In any case, the final translation may be updated at the end to
# compensate for the expand flag.
w, h = self.size
if translate is None:
post_trans = (0, 0)
else:
post_trans = translate
if center is None:
# FIXME These should be rounded to ints?
rotn_center = (w / 2.0, h / 2.0)
else:
rotn_center = center
angle = -math.radians(angle)
matrix = [
round(math.cos(angle), 15),
round(math.sin(angle), 15),
0.0,
round(-math.sin(angle), 15),
round(math.cos(angle), 15),
0.0,
]
def transform(x, y, matrix):
(a, b, c, d, e, f) = matrix
return a * x + b * y + c, d * x + e * y + f
matrix[2], matrix[5] = transform(
-rotn_center[0] - post_trans[0], -rotn_center[1] - post_trans[1], matrix
)
matrix[2] += rotn_center[0]
matrix[5] += rotn_center[1]
if expand:
# calculate output size
xx = []
yy = []
for x, y in ((0, 0), (w, 0), (w, h), (0, h)):
x, y = transform(x, y, matrix)
xx.append(x)
yy.append(y)
nw = math.ceil(max(xx)) - math.floor(min(xx))
nh = math.ceil(max(yy)) - math.floor(min(yy))
# We multiply a translation matrix from the right. Because of its
# special form, this is the same as taking the image of the
# translation vector as new translation vector.
matrix[2], matrix[5] = transform(-(nw - w) / 2.0, -(nh - h) / 2.0, matrix)
w, h = nw, nh
return self.transform(
(w, h), Transform.AFFINE, matrix, resample, fillcolor=fillcolor
)
def save(self, fp, format=None, **params):
"""
Saves this image under the given filename. If no format is
specified, the format to use is determined from the filename
extension, if possible.
Keyword options can be used to provide additional instructions
to the writer. If a writer doesn't recognise an option, it is
silently ignored. The available options are described in the
:doc:`image format documentation
<../handbook/image-file-formats>` for each writer.
You can use a file object instead of a filename. In this case,
you must always specify the format. The file object must
implement the ``seek``, ``tell``, and ``write``
methods, and be opened in binary mode.
:param fp: A filename (string), pathlib.Path object or file object.
:param format: Optional format override. If omitted, the
format to use is determined from the filename extension.
If a file object was used instead of a filename, this
parameter should always be used.
:param params: Extra parameters to the image writer.
:returns: None
:exception ValueError: If the output format could not be determined
from the file name. Use the format option to solve this.
:exception OSError: If the file could not be written. The file
may have been created, and may contain partial data.
"""
filename = ""
open_fp = False
if isinstance(fp, Path):
filename = str(fp)
open_fp = True
elif is_path(fp):
filename = fp
open_fp = True
elif fp == sys.stdout:
try:
fp = sys.stdout.buffer
except AttributeError:
pass
if not filename and hasattr(fp, "name") and is_path(fp.name):
# only set the name for metadata purposes
filename = fp.name
# may mutate self!
self._ensure_mutable()
save_all = params.pop("save_all", False)
self.encoderinfo = params
self.encoderconfig = ()
preinit()
ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1].lower()
if not format:
if ext not in EXTENSION:
init()
try:
format = EXTENSION[ext]
except KeyError as e:
msg = f"unknown file extension: {ext}"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
if format.upper() not in SAVE:
init()
if save_all:
save_handler = SAVE_ALL[format.upper()]
else:
save_handler = SAVE[format.upper()]
created = False
if open_fp:
created = not os.path.exists(filename)
if params.get("append", False):
# Open also for reading ("+"), because TIFF save_all
# writer needs to go back and edit the written data.
fp = builtins.open(filename, "r+b")
else:
fp = builtins.open(filename, "w+b")
try:
save_handler(self, fp, filename)
except Exception:
if open_fp:
fp.close()
if created:
try:
os.remove(filename)
except PermissionError:
pass
raise
if open_fp:
fp.close()
def seek(self, frame):
"""
Seeks to the given frame in this sequence file. If you seek
beyond the end of the sequence, the method raises an
``EOFError`` exception. When a sequence file is opened, the
library automatically seeks to frame 0.
See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.tell`.
If defined, :attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.n_frames` refers to the
number of available frames.
:param frame: Frame number, starting at 0.
:exception EOFError: If the call attempts to seek beyond the end
of the sequence.
"""
# overridden by file handlers
if frame != 0:
raise EOFError
def show(self, title=None):
"""
Displays this image. This method is mainly intended for debugging purposes.
This method calls :py:func:`PIL.ImageShow.show` internally. You can use
:py:func:`PIL.ImageShow.register` to override its default behaviour.
The image is first saved to a temporary file. By default, it will be in
PNG format.
On Unix, the image is then opened using the **display**, **eog** or
**xv** utility, depending on which one can be found.
On macOS, the image is opened with the native Preview application.
On Windows, the image is opened with the standard PNG display utility.
:param title: Optional title to use for the image window, where possible.
"""
_show(self, title=title)
def split(self):
"""
Split this image into individual bands. This method returns a
tuple of individual image bands from an image. For example,
splitting an "RGB" image creates three new images each
containing a copy of one of the original bands (red, green,
blue).
If you need only one band, :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.getchannel`
method can be more convenient and faster.
:returns: A tuple containing bands.
"""
self.load()
if self.im.bands == 1:
ims = [self.copy()]
else:
ims = map(self._new, self.im.split())
return tuple(ims)
def getchannel(self, channel):
"""
Returns an image containing a single channel of the source image.
:param channel: What channel to return. Could be index
(0 for "R" channel of "RGB") or channel name
("A" for alpha channel of "RGBA").
:returns: An image in "L" mode.
.. versionadded:: 4.3.0
"""
self.load()
if isinstance(channel, str):
try:
channel = self.getbands().index(channel)
except ValueError as e:
msg = f'The image has no channel "{channel}"'
raise ValueError(msg) from e
return self._new(self.im.getband(channel))
def tell(self):
"""
Returns the current frame number. See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.seek`.
If defined, :attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.n_frames` refers to the
number of available frames.
:returns: Frame number, starting with 0.
"""
return 0
def thumbnail(self, size, resample=Resampling.BICUBIC, reducing_gap=2.0):
"""
Make this image into a thumbnail. This method modifies the
image to contain a thumbnail version of itself, no larger than
the given size. This method calculates an appropriate thumbnail
size to preserve the aspect of the image, calls the
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.draft` method to configure the file reader
(where applicable), and finally resizes the image.
Note that this function modifies the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
object in place. If you need to use the full resolution image as well,
apply this method to a :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.copy` of the original
image.
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
:param resample: Optional resampling filter. This can be one
of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`, :py:data:`Resampling.BOX`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR`, :py:data:`Resampling.HAMMING`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` or :py:data:`Resampling.LANCZOS`.
If omitted, it defaults to :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC`.
(was :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` prior to version 2.5.0).
See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param reducing_gap: Apply optimization by resizing the image
in two steps. First, reducing the image by integer times
using :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.reduce` or
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.draft` for JPEG images.
Second, resizing using regular resampling. The last step
changes size no less than by ``reducing_gap`` times.
``reducing_gap`` may be None (no first step is performed)
or should be greater than 1.0. The bigger ``reducing_gap``,
the closer the result to the fair resampling.
The smaller ``reducing_gap``, the faster resizing.
With ``reducing_gap`` greater or equal to 3.0, the result is
indistinguishable from fair resampling in most cases.
The default value is 2.0 (very close to fair resampling
while still being faster in many cases).
:returns: None
"""
provided_size = tuple(map(math.floor, size))
def preserve_aspect_ratio():
def round_aspect(number, key):
return max(min(math.floor(number), math.ceil(number), key=key), 1)
x, y = provided_size
if x >= self.width and y >= self.height:
return
aspect = self.width / self.height
if x / y >= aspect:
x = round_aspect(y * aspect, key=lambda n: abs(aspect - n / y))
else:
y = round_aspect(
x / aspect, key=lambda n: 0 if n == 0 else abs(aspect - x / n)
)
return x, y
box = None
if reducing_gap is not None:
size = preserve_aspect_ratio()
if size is None:
return
res = self.draft(None, (size[0] * reducing_gap, size[1] * reducing_gap))
if res is not None:
box = res[1]
if box is None:
self.load()
# load() may have changed the size of the image
size = preserve_aspect_ratio()
if size is None:
return
if self.size != size:
im = self.resize(size, resample, box=box, reducing_gap=reducing_gap)
self.im = im.im
self._size = size
self.mode = self.im.mode
self.readonly = 0
self.pyaccess = None
# FIXME: the different transform methods need further explanation
# instead of bloating the method docs, add a separate chapter.
def transform(
self,
size,
method,
data=None,
resample=Resampling.NEAREST,
fill=1,
fillcolor=None,
):
"""
Transforms this image. This method creates a new image with the
given size, and the same mode as the original, and copies data
to the new image using the given transform.
:param size: The output size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
:param method: The transformation method. This is one of
:py:data:`Transform.EXTENT` (cut out a rectangular subregion),
:py:data:`Transform.AFFINE` (affine transform),
:py:data:`Transform.PERSPECTIVE` (perspective transform),
:py:data:`Transform.QUAD` (map a quadrilateral to a rectangle), or
:py:data:`Transform.MESH` (map a number of source quadrilaterals
in one operation).
It may also be an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImageTransformHandler`
object::
class Example(Image.ImageTransformHandler):
def transform(self, size, data, resample, fill=1):
# Return result
It may also be an object with a ``method.getdata`` method
that returns a tuple supplying new ``method`` and ``data`` values::
class Example:
def getdata(self):
method = Image.Transform.EXTENT
data = (0, 0, 100, 100)
return method, data
:param data: Extra data to the transformation method.
:param resample: Optional resampling filter. It can be one of
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
environment), or :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` (cubic spline
interpolation in a 4x4 environment). If omitted, or if the image
has mode "1" or "P", it is set to :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`.
See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param fill: If ``method`` is an
:py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImageTransformHandler` object, this is one of
the arguments passed to it. Otherwise, it is unused.
:param fillcolor: Optional fill color for the area outside the
transform in the output image.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if self.mode in ("LA", "RGBA") and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
return (
self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
.transform(size, method, data, resample, fill, fillcolor)
.convert(self.mode)
)
if isinstance(method, ImageTransformHandler):
return method.transform(size, self, resample=resample, fill=fill)
if hasattr(method, "getdata"):
# compatibility w. old-style transform objects
method, data = method.getdata()
if data is None:
msg = "missing method data"
raise ValueError(msg)
im = new(self.mode, size, fillcolor)
if self.mode == "P" and self.palette:
im.palette = self.palette.copy()
im.info = self.info.copy()
if method == Transform.MESH:
# list of quads
for box, quad in data:
im.__transformer(
box, self, Transform.QUAD, quad, resample, fillcolor is None
)
else:
im.__transformer(
(0, 0) + size, self, method, data, resample, fillcolor is None
)
return im
def __transformer(
self, box, image, method, data, resample=Resampling.NEAREST, fill=1
):
w = box[2] - box[0]
h = box[3] - box[1]
if method == Transform.AFFINE:
data = data[:6]
elif method == Transform.EXTENT:
# convert extent to an affine transform
x0, y0, x1, y1 = data
xs = (x1 - x0) / w
ys = (y1 - y0) / h
method = Transform.AFFINE
data = (xs, 0, x0, 0, ys, y0)
elif method == Transform.PERSPECTIVE:
data = data[:8]
elif method == Transform.QUAD:
# quadrilateral warp. data specifies the four corners
# given as NW, SW, SE, and NE.
nw = data[:2]
sw = data[2:4]
se = data[4:6]
ne = data[6:8]
x0, y0 = nw
As = 1.0 / w
At = 1.0 / h
data = (
x0,
(ne[0] - x0) * As,
(sw[0] - x0) * At,
(se[0] - sw[0] - ne[0] + x0) * As * At,
y0,
(ne[1] - y0) * As,
(sw[1] - y0) * At,
(se[1] - sw[1] - ne[1] + y0) * As * At,
)
else:
msg = "unknown transformation method"
raise ValueError(msg)
if resample not in (
Resampling.NEAREST,
Resampling.BILINEAR,
Resampling.BICUBIC,
):
if resample in (Resampling.BOX, Resampling.HAMMING, Resampling.LANCZOS):
msg = {
Resampling.BOX: "Image.Resampling.BOX",
Resampling.HAMMING: "Image.Resampling.HAMMING",
Resampling.LANCZOS: "Image.Resampling.LANCZOS",
}[resample] + f" ({resample}) cannot be used."
else:
msg = f"Unknown resampling filter ({resample})."
filters = [
f"{filter[1]} ({filter[0]})"
for filter in (
(Resampling.NEAREST, "Image.Resampling.NEAREST"),
(Resampling.BILINEAR, "Image.Resampling.BILINEAR"),
(Resampling.BICUBIC, "Image.Resampling.BICUBIC"),
)
]
msg += " Use " + ", ".join(filters[:-1]) + " or " + filters[-1]
raise ValueError(msg)
image.load()
self.load()
if image.mode in ("1", "P"):
resample = Resampling.NEAREST
self.im.transform2(box, image.im, method, data, resample, fill)
def transpose(self, method):
"""
Transpose image (flip or rotate in 90 degree steps)
:param method: One of :py:data:`Transpose.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT`,
:py:data:`Transpose.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM`, :py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_90`,
:py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_180`, :py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_270`,
:py:data:`Transpose.TRANSPOSE` or :py:data:`Transpose.TRANSVERSE`.
:returns: Returns a flipped or rotated copy of this image.
"""
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.transpose(method))
def effect_spread(self, distance):
"""
Randomly spread pixels in an image.
:param distance: Distance to spread pixels.
"""
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.effect_spread(distance))
def toqimage(self):
"""Returns a QImage copy of this image"""
from . import ImageQt
if not ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
msg = "Qt bindings are not installed"
raise ImportError(msg)
return ImageQt.toqimage(self)
def toqpixmap(self):
"""Returns a QPixmap copy of this image"""
from . import ImageQt
if not ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
msg = "Qt bindings are not installed"
raise ImportError(msg)
return ImageQt.toqpixmap(self)
def _get_image_from_kw(kw):
source = None
if "file" in kw:
source = kw.pop("file")
elif "data" in kw:
source = BytesIO(kw.pop("data"))
if source:
return Image.open(source) | null |
174,007 | import tkinter
from io import BytesIO
from . import Image
from ._deprecate import deprecate
def _pyimagingtkcall(command, photo, id):
tk = photo.tk
try:
tk.call(command, photo, id)
except tkinter.TclError:
# activate Tkinter hook
# may raise an error if it cannot attach to Tkinter
from . import _imagingtk
_imagingtk.tkinit(tk.interpaddr())
tk.call(command, photo, id)
class Image:
"""
This class represents an image object. To create
:py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` objects, use the appropriate factory
functions. There's hardly ever any reason to call the Image constructor
directly.
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.open`
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.new`
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes`
"""
format = None
format_description = None
_close_exclusive_fp_after_loading = True
def __init__(self):
# FIXME: take "new" parameters / other image?
# FIXME: turn mode and size into delegating properties?
self.im = None
self.mode = ""
self._size = (0, 0)
self.palette = None
self.info = {}
self._category = 0
self.readonly = 0
self.pyaccess = None
self._exif = None
def __getattr__(self, name):
if name == "category":
deprecate("Image categories", 10, "is_animated", plural=True)
return self._category
raise AttributeError(name)
def width(self):
return self.size[0]
def height(self):
return self.size[1]
def size(self):
return self._size
def _new(self, im):
new = Image()
new.im = im
new.mode = im.mode
new._size = im.size
if im.mode in ("P", "PA"):
if self.palette:
new.palette = self.palette.copy()
else:
from . import ImagePalette
new.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette()
new.info = self.info.copy()
return new
# Context manager support
def __enter__(self):
return self
def __exit__(self, *args):
if hasattr(self, "fp") and getattr(self, "_exclusive_fp", False):
if getattr(self, "_fp", False):
if self._fp != self.fp:
self._fp.close()
self._fp = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
if self.fp:
self.fp.close()
self.fp = None
def close(self):
"""
Closes the file pointer, if possible.
This operation will destroy the image core and release its memory.
The image data will be unusable afterward.
This function is required to close images that have multiple frames or
have not had their file read and closed by the
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.load` method. See :ref:`file-handling` for
more information.
"""
try:
if getattr(self, "_fp", False):
if self._fp != self.fp:
self._fp.close()
self._fp = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
if self.fp:
self.fp.close()
self.fp = None
except Exception as msg:
logger.debug("Error closing: %s", msg)
if getattr(self, "map", None):
self.map = None
# Instead of simply setting to None, we're setting up a
# deferred error that will better explain that the core image
# object is gone.
self.im = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
def _copy(self):
self.load()
self.im = self.im.copy()
self.pyaccess = None
self.readonly = 0
def _ensure_mutable(self):
if self.readonly:
self._copy()
else:
self.load()
def _dump(self, file=None, format=None, **options):
suffix = ""
if format:
suffix = "." + format
if not file:
f, filename = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix)
os.close(f)
else:
filename = file
if not filename.endswith(suffix):
filename = filename + suffix
self.load()
if not format or format == "PPM":
self.im.save_ppm(filename)
else:
self.save(filename, format, **options)
return filename
def __eq__(self, other):
return (
self.__class__ is other.__class__
and self.mode == other.mode
and self.size == other.size
and self.info == other.info
and self._category == other._category
and self.getpalette() == other.getpalette()
and self.tobytes() == other.tobytes()
)
def __repr__(self):
return "<%s.%s image mode=%s size=%dx%d at 0x%X>" % (
self.__class__.__module__,
self.__class__.__name__,
self.mode,
self.size[0],
self.size[1],
id(self),
)
def _repr_pretty_(self, p, cycle):
"""IPython plain text display support"""
# Same as __repr__ but without unpredictable id(self),
# to keep Jupyter notebook `text/plain` output stable.
p.text(
"<%s.%s image mode=%s size=%dx%d>"
% (
self.__class__.__module__,
self.__class__.__name__,
self.mode,
self.size[0],
self.size[1],
)
)
def _repr_png_(self):
"""iPython display hook support
:returns: png version of the image as bytes
"""
b = io.BytesIO()
try:
self.save(b, "PNG")
except Exception as e:
msg = "Could not save to PNG for display"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
return b.getvalue()
def __array_interface__(self):
# numpy array interface support
new = {"version": 3}
try:
if self.mode == "1":
# Binary images need to be extended from bits to bytes
# See: https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/350
new["data"] = self.tobytes("raw", "L")
else:
new["data"] = self.tobytes()
except Exception as e:
if not isinstance(e, (MemoryError, RecursionError)):
try:
import numpy
from packaging.version import parse as parse_version
except ImportError:
pass
else:
if parse_version(numpy.__version__) < parse_version("1.23"):
warnings.warn(e)
raise
new["shape"], new["typestr"] = _conv_type_shape(self)
return new
def __getstate__(self):
return [self.info, self.mode, self.size, self.getpalette(), self.tobytes()]
def __setstate__(self, state):
Image.__init__(self)
info, mode, size, palette, data = state
self.info = info
self.mode = mode
self._size = size
self.im = core.new(mode, size)
if mode in ("L", "LA", "P", "PA") and palette:
self.putpalette(palette)
self.frombytes(data)
def tobytes(self, encoder_name="raw", *args):
"""
Return image as a bytes object.
.. warning::
This method returns the raw image data from the internal
storage. For compressed image data (e.g. PNG, JPEG) use
:meth:`~.save`, with a BytesIO parameter for in-memory
data.
:param encoder_name: What encoder to use. The default is to
use the standard "raw" encoder.
A list of C encoders can be seen under
codecs section of the function array in
:file:`_imaging.c`. Python encoders are
registered within the relevant plugins.
:param args: Extra arguments to the encoder.
:returns: A :py:class:`bytes` object.
"""
# may pass tuple instead of argument list
if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
args = args[0]
if encoder_name == "raw" and args == ():
args = self.mode
self.load()
if self.width == 0 or self.height == 0:
return b""
# unpack data
e = _getencoder(self.mode, encoder_name, args)
e.setimage(self.im)
bufsize = max(65536, self.size[0] * 4) # see RawEncode.c
output = []
while True:
bytes_consumed, errcode, data = e.encode(bufsize)
output.append(data)
if errcode:
break
if errcode < 0:
msg = f"encoder error {errcode} in tobytes"
raise RuntimeError(msg)
return b"".join(output)
def tobitmap(self, name="image"):
"""
Returns the image converted to an X11 bitmap.
.. note:: This method only works for mode "1" images.
:param name: The name prefix to use for the bitmap variables.
:returns: A string containing an X11 bitmap.
:raises ValueError: If the mode is not "1"
"""
self.load()
if self.mode != "1":
msg = "not a bitmap"
raise ValueError(msg)
data = self.tobytes("xbm")
return b"".join(
[
f"#define {name}_width {self.size[0]}\n".encode("ascii"),
f"#define {name}_height {self.size[1]}\n".encode("ascii"),
f"static char {name}_bits[] = {{\n".encode("ascii"),
data,
b"};",
]
)
def frombytes(self, data, decoder_name="raw", *args):
"""
Loads this image with pixel data from a bytes object.
This method is similar to the :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes` function,
but loads data into this image instead of creating a new image object.
"""
# may pass tuple instead of argument list
if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
args = args[0]
# default format
if decoder_name == "raw" and args == ():
args = self.mode
# unpack data
d = _getdecoder(self.mode, decoder_name, args)
d.setimage(self.im)
s = d.decode(data)
if s[0] >= 0:
msg = "not enough image data"
raise ValueError(msg)
if s[1] != 0:
msg = "cannot decode image data"
raise ValueError(msg)
def load(self):
"""
Allocates storage for the image and loads the pixel data. In
normal cases, you don't need to call this method, since the
Image class automatically loads an opened image when it is
accessed for the first time.
If the file associated with the image was opened by Pillow, then this
method will close it. The exception to this is if the image has
multiple frames, in which case the file will be left open for seek
operations. See :ref:`file-handling` for more information.
:returns: An image access object.
:rtype: :ref:`PixelAccess` or :py:class:`PIL.PyAccess`
"""
if self.im is not None and self.palette and self.palette.dirty:
# realize palette
mode, arr = self.palette.getdata()
self.im.putpalette(mode, arr)
self.palette.dirty = 0
self.palette.rawmode = None
if "transparency" in self.info and mode in ("LA", "PA"):
if isinstance(self.info["transparency"], int):
self.im.putpalettealpha(self.info["transparency"], 0)
else:
self.im.putpalettealphas(self.info["transparency"])
self.palette.mode = "RGBA"
else:
palette_mode = "RGBA" if mode.startswith("RGBA") else "RGB"
self.palette.mode = palette_mode
self.palette.palette = self.im.getpalette(palette_mode, palette_mode)
if self.im is not None:
if cffi and USE_CFFI_ACCESS:
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess
from . import PyAccess
self.pyaccess = PyAccess.new(self, self.readonly)
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess
return self.im.pixel_access(self.readonly)
def verify(self):
"""
Verifies the contents of a file. For data read from a file, this
method attempts to determine if the file is broken, without
actually decoding the image data. If this method finds any
problems, it raises suitable exceptions. If you need to load
the image after using this method, you must reopen the image
file.
"""
pass
def convert(
self, mode=None, matrix=None, dither=None, palette=Palette.WEB, colors=256
):
"""
Returns a converted copy of this image. For the "P" mode, this
method translates pixels through the palette. If mode is
omitted, a mode is chosen so that all information in the image
and the palette can be represented without a palette.
The current version supports all possible conversions between
"L", "RGB" and "CMYK". The ``matrix`` argument only supports "L"
and "RGB".
When translating a color image to greyscale (mode "L"),
the library uses the ITU-R 601-2 luma transform::
L = R * 299/1000 + G * 587/1000 + B * 114/1000
The default method of converting a greyscale ("L") or "RGB"
image into a bilevel (mode "1") image uses Floyd-Steinberg
dither to approximate the original image luminosity levels. If
dither is ``None``, all values larger than 127 are set to 255 (white),
all other values to 0 (black). To use other thresholds, use the
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.point` method.
When converting from "RGBA" to "P" without a ``matrix`` argument,
this passes the operation to :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.quantize`,
and ``dither`` and ``palette`` are ignored.
When converting from "PA", if an "RGBA" palette is present, the alpha
channel from the image will be used instead of the values from the palette.
:param mode: The requested mode. See: :ref:`concept-modes`.
:param matrix: An optional conversion matrix. If given, this
should be 4- or 12-tuple containing floating point values.
:param dither: Dithering method, used when converting from
mode "RGB" to "P" or from "RGB" or "L" to "1".
Available methods are :data:`Dither.NONE` or :data:`Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG`
(default). Note that this is not used when ``matrix`` is supplied.
:param palette: Palette to use when converting from mode "RGB"
to "P". Available palettes are :data:`Palette.WEB` or
:data:`Palette.ADAPTIVE`.
:param colors: Number of colors to use for the :data:`Palette.ADAPTIVE`
palette. Defaults to 256.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
has_transparency = self.info.get("transparency") is not None
if not mode and self.mode == "P":
# determine default mode
if self.palette:
mode = self.palette.mode
else:
mode = "RGB"
if mode == "RGB" and has_transparency:
mode = "RGBA"
if not mode or (mode == self.mode and not matrix):
return self.copy()
if matrix:
# matrix conversion
if mode not in ("L", "RGB"):
msg = "illegal conversion"
raise ValueError(msg)
im = self.im.convert_matrix(mode, matrix)
new = self._new(im)
if has_transparency and self.im.bands == 3:
transparency = new.info["transparency"]
def convert_transparency(m, v):
v = m[0] * v[0] + m[1] * v[1] + m[2] * v[2] + m[3] * 0.5
return max(0, min(255, int(v)))
if mode == "L":
transparency = convert_transparency(matrix, transparency)
elif len(mode) == 3:
transparency = tuple(
convert_transparency(matrix[i * 4 : i * 4 + 4], transparency)
for i in range(0, len(transparency))
)
new.info["transparency"] = transparency
return new
if mode == "P" and self.mode == "RGBA":
return self.quantize(colors)
trns = None
delete_trns = False
# transparency handling
if has_transparency:
if (self.mode in ("1", "L", "I") and mode in ("LA", "RGBA")) or (
self.mode == "RGB" and mode == "RGBA"
):
# Use transparent conversion to promote from transparent
# color to an alpha channel.
new_im = self._new(
self.im.convert_transparent(mode, self.info["transparency"])
)
del new_im.info["transparency"]
return new_im
elif self.mode in ("L", "RGB", "P") and mode in ("L", "RGB", "P"):
t = self.info["transparency"]
if isinstance(t, bytes):
# Dragons. This can't be represented by a single color
warnings.warn(
"Palette images with Transparency expressed in bytes should be "
"converted to RGBA images"
)
delete_trns = True
else:
# get the new transparency color.
# use existing conversions
trns_im = Image()._new(core.new(self.mode, (1, 1)))
if self.mode == "P":
trns_im.putpalette(self.palette)
if isinstance(t, tuple):
err = "Couldn't allocate a palette color for transparency"
try:
t = trns_im.palette.getcolor(t, self)
except ValueError as e:
if str(e) == "cannot allocate more than 256 colors":
# If all 256 colors are in use,
# then there is no need for transparency
t = None
else:
raise ValueError(err) from e
if t is None:
trns = None
else:
trns_im.putpixel((0, 0), t)
if mode in ("L", "RGB"):
trns_im = trns_im.convert(mode)
else:
# can't just retrieve the palette number, got to do it
# after quantization.
trns_im = trns_im.convert("RGB")
trns = trns_im.getpixel((0, 0))
elif self.mode == "P" and mode in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
t = self.info["transparency"]
delete_trns = True
if isinstance(t, bytes):
self.im.putpalettealphas(t)
elif isinstance(t, int):
self.im.putpalettealpha(t, 0)
else:
msg = "Transparency for P mode should be bytes or int"
raise ValueError(msg)
if mode == "P" and palette == Palette.ADAPTIVE:
im = self.im.quantize(colors)
new = self._new(im)
from . import ImagePalette
new.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGB", new.im.getpalette("RGB"))
if delete_trns:
# This could possibly happen if we requantize to fewer colors.
# The transparency would be totally off in that case.
del new.info["transparency"]
if trns is not None:
try:
new.info["transparency"] = new.palette.getcolor(trns, new)
except Exception:
# if we can't make a transparent color, don't leave the old
# transparency hanging around to mess us up.
del new.info["transparency"]
warnings.warn("Couldn't allocate palette entry for transparency")
return new
if "LAB" in (self.mode, mode):
other_mode = mode if self.mode == "LAB" else self.mode
if other_mode in ("RGB", "RGBA", "RGBX"):
from . import ImageCms
srgb = ImageCms.createProfile("sRGB")
lab = ImageCms.createProfile("LAB")
profiles = [lab, srgb] if self.mode == "LAB" else [srgb, lab]
transform = ImageCms.buildTransform(
profiles[0], profiles[1], self.mode, mode
)
return transform.apply(self)
# colorspace conversion
if dither is None:
dither = Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG
try:
im = self.im.convert(mode, dither)
except ValueError:
try:
# normalize source image and try again
modebase = getmodebase(self.mode)
if modebase == self.mode:
raise
im = self.im.convert(modebase)
im = im.convert(mode, dither)
except KeyError as e:
msg = "illegal conversion"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
new_im = self._new(im)
if mode == "P" and palette != Palette.ADAPTIVE:
from . import ImagePalette
new_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGB", list(range(256)) * 3)
if delete_trns:
# crash fail if we leave a bytes transparency in an rgb/l mode.
del new_im.info["transparency"]
if trns is not None:
if new_im.mode == "P":
try:
new_im.info["transparency"] = new_im.palette.getcolor(trns, new_im)
except ValueError as e:
del new_im.info["transparency"]
if str(e) != "cannot allocate more than 256 colors":
# If all 256 colors are in use,
# then there is no need for transparency
warnings.warn(
"Couldn't allocate palette entry for transparency"
)
else:
new_im.info["transparency"] = trns
return new_im
def quantize(
self,
colors=256,
method=None,
kmeans=0,
palette=None,
dither=Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG,
):
"""
Convert the image to 'P' mode with the specified number
of colors.
:param colors: The desired number of colors, <= 256
:param method: :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT` (median cut),
:data:`Quantize.MAXCOVERAGE` (maximum coverage),
:data:`Quantize.FASTOCTREE` (fast octree),
:data:`Quantize.LIBIMAGEQUANT` (libimagequant; check support
using :py:func:`PIL.features.check_feature` with
``feature="libimagequant"``).
By default, :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT` will be used.
The exception to this is RGBA images. :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT`
and :data:`Quantize.MAXCOVERAGE` do not support RGBA images, so
:data:`Quantize.FASTOCTREE` is used by default instead.
:param kmeans: Integer
:param palette: Quantize to the palette of given
:py:class:`PIL.Image.Image`.
:param dither: Dithering method, used when converting from
mode "RGB" to "P" or from "RGB" or "L" to "1".
Available methods are :data:`Dither.NONE` or :data:`Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG`
(default).
:returns: A new image
"""
self.load()
if method is None:
# defaults:
method = Quantize.MEDIANCUT
if self.mode == "RGBA":
method = Quantize.FASTOCTREE
if self.mode == "RGBA" and method not in (
Quantize.FASTOCTREE,
Quantize.LIBIMAGEQUANT,
):
# Caller specified an invalid mode.
msg = (
"Fast Octree (method == 2) and libimagequant (method == 3) "
"are the only valid methods for quantizing RGBA images"
)
raise ValueError(msg)
if palette:
# use palette from reference image
palette.load()
if palette.mode != "P":
msg = "bad mode for palette image"
raise ValueError(msg)
if self.mode != "RGB" and self.mode != "L":
msg = "only RGB or L mode images can be quantized to a palette"
raise ValueError(msg)
im = self.im.convert("P", dither, palette.im)
new_im = self._new(im)
new_im.palette = palette.palette.copy()
return new_im
im = self._new(self.im.quantize(colors, method, kmeans))
from . import ImagePalette
mode = im.im.getpalettemode()
palette = im.im.getpalette(mode, mode)[: colors * len(mode)]
im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(mode, palette)
return im
def copy(self):
"""
Copies this image. Use this method if you wish to paste things
into an image, but still retain the original.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.copy())
__copy__ = copy
def crop(self, box=None):
"""
Returns a rectangular region from this image. The box is a
4-tuple defining the left, upper, right, and lower pixel
coordinate. See :ref:`coordinate-system`.
Note: Prior to Pillow 3.4.0, this was a lazy operation.
:param box: The crop rectangle, as a (left, upper, right, lower)-tuple.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if box is None:
return self.copy()
if box[2] < box[0]:
msg = "Coordinate 'right' is less than 'left'"
raise ValueError(msg)
elif box[3] < box[1]:
msg = "Coordinate 'lower' is less than 'upper'"
raise ValueError(msg)
self.load()
return self._new(self._crop(self.im, box))
def _crop(self, im, box):
"""
Returns a rectangular region from the core image object im.
This is equivalent to calling im.crop((x0, y0, x1, y1)), but
includes additional sanity checks.
:param im: a core image object
:param box: The crop rectangle, as a (left, upper, right, lower)-tuple.
:returns: A core image object.
"""
x0, y0, x1, y1 = map(int, map(round, box))
absolute_values = (abs(x1 - x0), abs(y1 - y0))
_decompression_bomb_check(absolute_values)
return im.crop((x0, y0, x1, y1))
def draft(self, mode, size):
"""
Configures the image file loader so it returns a version of the
image that as closely as possible matches the given mode and
size. For example, you can use this method to convert a color
JPEG to greyscale while loading it.
If any changes are made, returns a tuple with the chosen ``mode`` and
``box`` with coordinates of the original image within the altered one.
Note that this method modifies the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object
in place. If the image has already been loaded, this method has no
effect.
Note: This method is not implemented for most images. It is
currently implemented only for JPEG and MPO images.
:param mode: The requested mode.
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
"""
pass
def _expand(self, xmargin, ymargin=None):
if ymargin is None:
ymargin = xmargin
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.expand(xmargin, ymargin, 0))
def filter(self, filter):
"""
Filters this image using the given filter. For a list of
available filters, see the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageFilter` module.
:param filter: Filter kernel.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object."""
from . import ImageFilter
self.load()
if isinstance(filter, Callable):
filter = filter()
if not hasattr(filter, "filter"):
msg = "filter argument should be ImageFilter.Filter instance or class"
raise TypeError(msg)
multiband = isinstance(filter, ImageFilter.MultibandFilter)
if self.im.bands == 1 or multiband:
return self._new(filter.filter(self.im))
ims = []
for c in range(self.im.bands):
ims.append(self._new(filter.filter(self.im.getband(c))))
return merge(self.mode, ims)
def getbands(self):
"""
Returns a tuple containing the name of each band in this image.
For example, ``getbands`` on an RGB image returns ("R", "G", "B").
:returns: A tuple containing band names.
:rtype: tuple
"""
return ImageMode.getmode(self.mode).bands
def getbbox(self):
"""
Calculates the bounding box of the non-zero regions in the
image.
:returns: The bounding box is returned as a 4-tuple defining the
left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate. See
:ref:`coordinate-system`. If the image is completely empty, this
method returns None.
"""
self.load()
return self.im.getbbox()
def getcolors(self, maxcolors=256):
"""
Returns a list of colors used in this image.
The colors will be in the image's mode. For example, an RGB image will
return a tuple of (red, green, blue) color values, and a P image will
return the index of the color in the palette.
:param maxcolors: Maximum number of colors. If this number is
exceeded, this method returns None. The default limit is
256 colors.
:returns: An unsorted list of (count, pixel) values.
"""
self.load()
if self.mode in ("1", "L", "P"):
h = self.im.histogram()
out = []
for i in range(256):
if h[i]:
out.append((h[i], i))
if len(out) > maxcolors:
return None
return out
return self.im.getcolors(maxcolors)
def getdata(self, band=None):
"""
Returns the contents of this image as a sequence object
containing pixel values. The sequence object is flattened, so
that values for line one follow directly after the values of
line zero, and so on.
Note that the sequence object returned by this method is an
internal PIL data type, which only supports certain sequence
operations. To convert it to an ordinary sequence (e.g. for
printing), use ``list(im.getdata())``.
:param band: What band to return. The default is to return
all bands. To return a single band, pass in the index
value (e.g. 0 to get the "R" band from an "RGB" image).
:returns: A sequence-like object.
"""
self.load()
if band is not None:
return self.im.getband(band)
return self.im # could be abused
def getextrema(self):
"""
Gets the minimum and maximum pixel values for each band in
the image.
:returns: For a single-band image, a 2-tuple containing the
minimum and maximum pixel value. For a multi-band image,
a tuple containing one 2-tuple for each band.
"""
self.load()
if self.im.bands > 1:
extrema = []
for i in range(self.im.bands):
extrema.append(self.im.getband(i).getextrema())
return tuple(extrema)
return self.im.getextrema()
def _getxmp(self, xmp_tags):
def get_name(tag):
return tag.split("}")[1]
def get_value(element):
value = {get_name(k): v for k, v in element.attrib.items()}
children = list(element)
if children:
for child in children:
name = get_name(child.tag)
child_value = get_value(child)
if name in value:
if not isinstance(value[name], list):
value[name] = [value[name]]
value[name].append(child_value)
else:
value[name] = child_value
elif value:
if element.text:
value["text"] = element.text
else:
return element.text
return value
if ElementTree is None:
warnings.warn("XMP data cannot be read without defusedxml dependency")
return {}
else:
root = ElementTree.fromstring(xmp_tags)
return {get_name(root.tag): get_value(root)}
def getexif(self):
"""
Gets EXIF data from the image.
:returns: an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Exif` object.
"""
if self._exif is None:
self._exif = Exif()
self._exif._loaded = False
elif self._exif._loaded:
return self._exif
self._exif._loaded = True
exif_info = self.info.get("exif")
if exif_info is None:
if "Raw profile type exif" in self.info:
exif_info = bytes.fromhex(
"".join(self.info["Raw profile type exif"].split("\n")[3:])
)
elif hasattr(self, "tag_v2"):
self._exif.bigtiff = self.tag_v2._bigtiff
self._exif.endian = self.tag_v2._endian
self._exif.load_from_fp(self.fp, self.tag_v2._offset)
if exif_info is not None:
self._exif.load(exif_info)
# XMP tags
if 0x0112 not in self._exif:
xmp_tags = self.info.get("XML:com.adobe.xmp")
if xmp_tags:
match = re.search(r'tiff:Orientation(="|>)([0-9])', xmp_tags)
if match:
self._exif[0x0112] = int(match[2])
return self._exif
def _reload_exif(self):
if self._exif is None or not self._exif._loaded:
return
self._exif._loaded = False
self.getexif()
def get_child_images(self):
child_images = []
exif = self.getexif()
ifds = []
if ExifTags.Base.SubIFDs in exif:
subifd_offsets = exif[ExifTags.Base.SubIFDs]
if subifd_offsets:
if not isinstance(subifd_offsets, tuple):
subifd_offsets = (subifd_offsets,)
for subifd_offset in subifd_offsets:
ifds.append((exif._get_ifd_dict(subifd_offset), subifd_offset))
ifd1 = exif.get_ifd(ExifTags.IFD.IFD1)
if ifd1 and ifd1.get(513):
ifds.append((ifd1, exif._info.next))
offset = None
for ifd, ifd_offset in ifds:
current_offset = self.fp.tell()
if offset is None:
offset = current_offset
fp = self.fp
thumbnail_offset = ifd.get(513)
if thumbnail_offset is not None:
try:
thumbnail_offset += self._exif_offset
except AttributeError:
pass
self.fp.seek(thumbnail_offset)
data = self.fp.read(ifd.get(514))
fp = io.BytesIO(data)
with open(fp) as im:
if thumbnail_offset is None:
im._frame_pos = [ifd_offset]
im._seek(0)
im.load()
child_images.append(im)
if offset is not None:
self.fp.seek(offset)
return child_images
def getim(self):
"""
Returns a capsule that points to the internal image memory.
:returns: A capsule object.
"""
self.load()
return self.im.ptr
def getpalette(self, rawmode="RGB"):
"""
Returns the image palette as a list.
:param rawmode: The mode in which to return the palette. ``None`` will
return the palette in its current mode.
.. versionadded:: 9.1.0
:returns: A list of color values [r, g, b, ...], or None if the
image has no palette.
"""
self.load()
try:
mode = self.im.getpalettemode()
except ValueError:
return None # no palette
if rawmode is None:
rawmode = mode
return list(self.im.getpalette(mode, rawmode))
def apply_transparency(self):
"""
If a P mode image has a "transparency" key in the info dictionary,
remove the key and instead apply the transparency to the palette.
Otherwise, the image is unchanged.
"""
if self.mode != "P" or "transparency" not in self.info:
return
from . import ImagePalette
palette = self.getpalette("RGBA")
transparency = self.info["transparency"]
if isinstance(transparency, bytes):
for i, alpha in enumerate(transparency):
palette[i * 4 + 3] = alpha
else:
palette[transparency * 4 + 3] = 0
self.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGBA", bytes(palette))
self.palette.dirty = 1
del self.info["transparency"]
def getpixel(self, xy):
"""
Returns the pixel value at a given position.
:param xy: The coordinate, given as (x, y). See
:ref:`coordinate-system`.
:returns: The pixel value. If the image is a multi-layer image,
this method returns a tuple.
"""
self.load()
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess.getpixel(xy)
return self.im.getpixel(xy)
def getprojection(self):
"""
Get projection to x and y axes
:returns: Two sequences, indicating where there are non-zero
pixels along the X-axis and the Y-axis, respectively.
"""
self.load()
x, y = self.im.getprojection()
return list(x), list(y)
def histogram(self, mask=None, extrema=None):
"""
Returns a histogram for the image. The histogram is returned as a
list of pixel counts, one for each pixel value in the source
image. Counts are grouped into 256 bins for each band, even if
the image has more than 8 bits per band. If the image has more
than one band, the histograms for all bands are concatenated (for
example, the histogram for an "RGB" image contains 768 values).
A bilevel image (mode "1") is treated as a greyscale ("L") image
by this method.
If a mask is provided, the method returns a histogram for those
parts of the image where the mask image is non-zero. The mask
image must have the same size as the image, and be either a
bi-level image (mode "1") or a greyscale image ("L").
:param mask: An optional mask.
:param extrema: An optional tuple of manually-specified extrema.
:returns: A list containing pixel counts.
"""
self.load()
if mask:
mask.load()
return self.im.histogram((0, 0), mask.im)
if self.mode in ("I", "F"):
if extrema is None:
extrema = self.getextrema()
return self.im.histogram(extrema)
return self.im.histogram()
def entropy(self, mask=None, extrema=None):
"""
Calculates and returns the entropy for the image.
A bilevel image (mode "1") is treated as a greyscale ("L")
image by this method.
If a mask is provided, the method employs the histogram for
those parts of the image where the mask image is non-zero.
The mask image must have the same size as the image, and be
either a bi-level image (mode "1") or a greyscale image ("L").
:param mask: An optional mask.
:param extrema: An optional tuple of manually-specified extrema.
:returns: A float value representing the image entropy
"""
self.load()
if mask:
mask.load()
return self.im.entropy((0, 0), mask.im)
if self.mode in ("I", "F"):
if extrema is None:
extrema = self.getextrema()
return self.im.entropy(extrema)
return self.im.entropy()
def paste(self, im, box=None, mask=None):
"""
Pastes another image into this image. The box argument is either
a 2-tuple giving the upper left corner, a 4-tuple defining the
left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate, or None (same as
(0, 0)). See :ref:`coordinate-system`. If a 4-tuple is given, the size
of the pasted image must match the size of the region.
If the modes don't match, the pasted image is converted to the mode of
this image (see the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.convert` method for
details).
Instead of an image, the source can be a integer or tuple
containing pixel values. The method then fills the region
with the given color. When creating RGB images, you can
also use color strings as supported by the ImageColor module.
If a mask is given, this method updates only the regions
indicated by the mask. You can use either "1", "L", "LA", "RGBA"
or "RGBa" images (if present, the alpha band is used as mask).
Where the mask is 255, the given image is copied as is. Where
the mask is 0, the current value is preserved. Intermediate
values will mix the two images together, including their alpha
channels if they have them.
See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.alpha_composite` if you want to
combine images with respect to their alpha channels.
:param im: Source image or pixel value (integer or tuple).
:param box: An optional 4-tuple giving the region to paste into.
If a 2-tuple is used instead, it's treated as the upper left
corner. If omitted or None, the source is pasted into the
upper left corner.
If an image is given as the second argument and there is no
third, the box defaults to (0, 0), and the second argument
is interpreted as a mask image.
:param mask: An optional mask image.
"""
if isImageType(box) and mask is None:
# abbreviated paste(im, mask) syntax
mask = box
box = None
if box is None:
box = (0, 0)
if len(box) == 2:
# upper left corner given; get size from image or mask
if isImageType(im):
size = im.size
elif isImageType(mask):
size = mask.size
else:
# FIXME: use self.size here?
msg = "cannot determine region size; use 4-item box"
raise ValueError(msg)
box += (box[0] + size[0], box[1] + size[1])
if isinstance(im, str):
from . import ImageColor
im = ImageColor.getcolor(im, self.mode)
elif isImageType(im):
im.load()
if self.mode != im.mode:
if self.mode != "RGB" or im.mode not in ("LA", "RGBA", "RGBa"):
# should use an adapter for this!
im = im.convert(self.mode)
im = im.im
self._ensure_mutable()
if mask:
mask.load()
self.im.paste(im, box, mask.im)
else:
self.im.paste(im, box)
def alpha_composite(self, im, dest=(0, 0), source=(0, 0)):
"""'In-place' analog of Image.alpha_composite. Composites an image
onto this image.
:param im: image to composite over this one
:param dest: Optional 2 tuple (left, top) specifying the upper
left corner in this (destination) image.
:param source: Optional 2 (left, top) tuple for the upper left
corner in the overlay source image, or 4 tuple (left, top, right,
bottom) for the bounds of the source rectangle
Performance Note: Not currently implemented in-place in the core layer.
"""
if not isinstance(source, (list, tuple)):
msg = "Source must be a tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if not isinstance(dest, (list, tuple)):
msg = "Destination must be a tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if not len(source) in (2, 4):
msg = "Source must be a 2 or 4-tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if not len(dest) == 2:
msg = "Destination must be a 2-tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if min(source) < 0:
msg = "Source must be non-negative"
raise ValueError(msg)
if len(source) == 2:
source = source + im.size
# over image, crop if it's not the whole thing.
if source == (0, 0) + im.size:
overlay = im
else:
overlay = im.crop(source)
# target for the paste
box = dest + (dest[0] + overlay.width, dest[1] + overlay.height)
# destination image. don't copy if we're using the whole image.
if box == (0, 0) + self.size:
background = self
else:
background = self.crop(box)
result = alpha_composite(background, overlay)
self.paste(result, box)
def point(self, lut, mode=None):
"""
Maps this image through a lookup table or function.
:param lut: A lookup table, containing 256 (or 65536 if
self.mode=="I" and mode == "L") values per band in the
image. A function can be used instead, it should take a
single argument. The function is called once for each
possible pixel value, and the resulting table is applied to
all bands of the image.
It may also be an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImagePointHandler`
object::
class Example(Image.ImagePointHandler):
def point(self, data):
# Return result
:param mode: Output mode (default is same as input). In the
current version, this can only be used if the source image
has mode "L" or "P", and the output has mode "1" or the
source image mode is "I" and the output mode is "L".
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
if isinstance(lut, ImagePointHandler):
return lut.point(self)
if callable(lut):
# if it isn't a list, it should be a function
if self.mode in ("I", "I;16", "F"):
# check if the function can be used with point_transform
# UNDONE wiredfool -- I think this prevents us from ever doing
# a gamma function point transform on > 8bit images.
scale, offset = _getscaleoffset(lut)
return self._new(self.im.point_transform(scale, offset))
# for other modes, convert the function to a table
lut = [lut(i) for i in range(256)] * self.im.bands
if self.mode == "F":
# FIXME: _imaging returns a confusing error message for this case
msg = "point operation not supported for this mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
if mode != "F":
lut = [round(i) for i in lut]
return self._new(self.im.point(lut, mode))
def putalpha(self, alpha):
"""
Adds or replaces the alpha layer in this image. If the image
does not have an alpha layer, it's converted to "LA" or "RGBA".
The new layer must be either "L" or "1".
:param alpha: The new alpha layer. This can either be an "L" or "1"
image having the same size as this image, or an integer or
other color value.
"""
self._ensure_mutable()
if self.mode not in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
# attempt to promote self to a matching alpha mode
try:
mode = getmodebase(self.mode) + "A"
try:
self.im.setmode(mode)
except (AttributeError, ValueError) as e:
# do things the hard way
im = self.im.convert(mode)
if im.mode not in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
raise ValueError from e # sanity check
self.im = im
self.pyaccess = None
self.mode = self.im.mode
except KeyError as e:
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
if self.mode in ("LA", "PA"):
band = 1
else:
band = 3
if isImageType(alpha):
# alpha layer
if alpha.mode not in ("1", "L"):
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
alpha.load()
if alpha.mode == "1":
alpha = alpha.convert("L")
else:
# constant alpha
try:
self.im.fillband(band, alpha)
except (AttributeError, ValueError):
# do things the hard way
alpha = new("L", self.size, alpha)
else:
return
self.im.putband(alpha.im, band)
def putdata(self, data, scale=1.0, offset=0.0):
"""
Copies pixel data from a flattened sequence object into the image. The
values should start at the upper left corner (0, 0), continue to the
end of the line, followed directly by the first value of the second
line, and so on. Data will be read until either the image or the
sequence ends. The scale and offset values are used to adjust the
sequence values: **pixel = value*scale + offset**.
:param data: A flattened sequence object.
:param scale: An optional scale value. The default is 1.0.
:param offset: An optional offset value. The default is 0.0.
"""
self._ensure_mutable()
self.im.putdata(data, scale, offset)
def putpalette(self, data, rawmode="RGB"):
"""
Attaches a palette to this image. The image must be a "P", "PA", "L"
or "LA" image.
The palette sequence must contain at most 256 colors, made up of one
integer value for each channel in the raw mode.
For example, if the raw mode is "RGB", then it can contain at most 768
values, made up of red, green and blue values for the corresponding pixel
index in the 256 colors.
If the raw mode is "RGBA", then it can contain at most 1024 values,
containing red, green, blue and alpha values.
Alternatively, an 8-bit string may be used instead of an integer sequence.
:param data: A palette sequence (either a list or a string).
:param rawmode: The raw mode of the palette. Either "RGB", "RGBA", or a mode
that can be transformed to "RGB" or "RGBA" (e.g. "R", "BGR;15", "RGBA;L").
"""
from . import ImagePalette
if self.mode not in ("L", "LA", "P", "PA"):
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
if isinstance(data, ImagePalette.ImagePalette):
palette = ImagePalette.raw(data.rawmode, data.palette)
else:
if not isinstance(data, bytes):
data = bytes(data)
palette = ImagePalette.raw(rawmode, data)
self.mode = "PA" if "A" in self.mode else "P"
self.palette = palette
self.palette.mode = "RGB"
self.load() # install new palette
def putpixel(self, xy, value):
"""
Modifies the pixel at the given position. The color is given as
a single numerical value for single-band images, and a tuple for
multi-band images. In addition to this, RGB and RGBA tuples are
accepted for P and PA images.
Note that this method is relatively slow. For more extensive changes,
use :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste` or the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
module instead.
See:
* :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste`
* :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.putdata`
* :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
:param xy: The pixel coordinate, given as (x, y). See
:ref:`coordinate-system`.
:param value: The pixel value.
"""
if self.readonly:
self._copy()
self.load()
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess.putpixel(xy, value)
if (
self.mode in ("P", "PA")
and isinstance(value, (list, tuple))
and len(value) in [3, 4]
):
# RGB or RGBA value for a P or PA image
if self.mode == "PA":
alpha = value[3] if len(value) == 4 else 255
value = value[:3]
value = self.palette.getcolor(value, self)
if self.mode == "PA":
value = (value, alpha)
return self.im.putpixel(xy, value)
def remap_palette(self, dest_map, source_palette=None):
"""
Rewrites the image to reorder the palette.
:param dest_map: A list of indexes into the original palette.
e.g. ``[1,0]`` would swap a two item palette, and ``list(range(256))``
is the identity transform.
:param source_palette: Bytes or None.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
from . import ImagePalette
if self.mode not in ("L", "P"):
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
bands = 3
palette_mode = "RGB"
if source_palette is None:
if self.mode == "P":
self.load()
palette_mode = self.im.getpalettemode()
if palette_mode == "RGBA":
bands = 4
source_palette = self.im.getpalette(palette_mode, palette_mode)
else: # L-mode
source_palette = bytearray(i // 3 for i in range(768))
palette_bytes = b""
new_positions = [0] * 256
# pick only the used colors from the palette
for i, oldPosition in enumerate(dest_map):
palette_bytes += source_palette[
oldPosition * bands : oldPosition * bands + bands
]
new_positions[oldPosition] = i
# replace the palette color id of all pixel with the new id
# Palette images are [0..255], mapped through a 1 or 3
# byte/color map. We need to remap the whole image
# from palette 1 to palette 2. New_positions is
# an array of indexes into palette 1. Palette 2 is
# palette 1 with any holes removed.
# We're going to leverage the convert mechanism to use the
# C code to remap the image from palette 1 to palette 2,
# by forcing the source image into 'L' mode and adding a
# mapping 'L' mode palette, then converting back to 'L'
# sans palette thus converting the image bytes, then
# assigning the optimized RGB palette.
# perf reference, 9500x4000 gif, w/~135 colors
# 14 sec prepatch, 1 sec postpatch with optimization forced.
mapping_palette = bytearray(new_positions)
m_im = self.copy()
m_im.mode = "P"
m_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(
palette_mode, palette=mapping_palette * bands
)
# possibly set palette dirty, then
# m_im.putpalette(mapping_palette, 'L') # converts to 'P'
# or just force it.
# UNDONE -- this is part of the general issue with palettes
m_im.im.putpalette(palette_mode + ";L", m_im.palette.tobytes())
m_im = m_im.convert("L")
m_im.putpalette(palette_bytes, palette_mode)
m_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(palette_mode, palette=palette_bytes)
if "transparency" in self.info:
try:
m_im.info["transparency"] = dest_map.index(self.info["transparency"])
except ValueError:
if "transparency" in m_im.info:
del m_im.info["transparency"]
return m_im
def _get_safe_box(self, size, resample, box):
"""Expands the box so it includes adjacent pixels
that may be used by resampling with the given resampling filter.
"""
filter_support = _filters_support[resample] - 0.5
scale_x = (box[2] - box[0]) / size[0]
scale_y = (box[3] - box[1]) / size[1]
support_x = filter_support * scale_x
support_y = filter_support * scale_y
return (
max(0, int(box[0] - support_x)),
max(0, int(box[1] - support_y)),
min(self.size[0], math.ceil(box[2] + support_x)),
min(self.size[1], math.ceil(box[3] + support_y)),
)
def resize(self, size, resample=None, box=None, reducing_gap=None):
"""
Returns a resized copy of this image.
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
:param resample: An optional resampling filter. This can be
one of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`, :py:data:`Resampling.BOX`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR`, :py:data:`Resampling.HAMMING`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` or :py:data:`Resampling.LANCZOS`.
If the image has mode "1" or "P", it is always set to
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`. If the image mode specifies a number
of bits, such as "I;16", then the default filter is
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`. Otherwise, the default filter is
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC`. See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param box: An optional 4-tuple of floats providing
the source image region to be scaled.
The values must be within (0, 0, width, height) rectangle.
If omitted or None, the entire source is used.
:param reducing_gap: Apply optimization by resizing the image
in two steps. First, reducing the image by integer times
using :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.reduce`.
Second, resizing using regular resampling. The last step
changes size no less than by ``reducing_gap`` times.
``reducing_gap`` may be None (no first step is performed)
or should be greater than 1.0. The bigger ``reducing_gap``,
the closer the result to the fair resampling.
The smaller ``reducing_gap``, the faster resizing.
With ``reducing_gap`` greater or equal to 3.0, the result is
indistinguishable from fair resampling in most cases.
The default value is None (no optimization).
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if resample is None:
type_special = ";" in self.mode
resample = Resampling.NEAREST if type_special else Resampling.BICUBIC
elif resample not in (
Resampling.NEAREST,
Resampling.BILINEAR,
Resampling.BICUBIC,
Resampling.LANCZOS,
Resampling.BOX,
Resampling.HAMMING,
):
msg = f"Unknown resampling filter ({resample})."
filters = [
f"{filter[1]} ({filter[0]})"
for filter in (
(Resampling.NEAREST, "Image.Resampling.NEAREST"),
(Resampling.LANCZOS, "Image.Resampling.LANCZOS"),
(Resampling.BILINEAR, "Image.Resampling.BILINEAR"),
(Resampling.BICUBIC, "Image.Resampling.BICUBIC"),
(Resampling.BOX, "Image.Resampling.BOX"),
(Resampling.HAMMING, "Image.Resampling.HAMMING"),
)
]
msg += " Use " + ", ".join(filters[:-1]) + " or " + filters[-1]
raise ValueError(msg)
if reducing_gap is not None and reducing_gap < 1.0:
msg = "reducing_gap must be 1.0 or greater"
raise ValueError(msg)
size = tuple(size)
self.load()
if box is None:
box = (0, 0) + self.size
else:
box = tuple(box)
if self.size == size and box == (0, 0) + self.size:
return self.copy()
if self.mode in ("1", "P"):
resample = Resampling.NEAREST
if self.mode in ["LA", "RGBA"] and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
im = self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
im = im.resize(size, resample, box)
return im.convert(self.mode)
self.load()
if reducing_gap is not None and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
factor_x = int((box[2] - box[0]) / size[0] / reducing_gap) or 1
factor_y = int((box[3] - box[1]) / size[1] / reducing_gap) or 1
if factor_x > 1 or factor_y > 1:
reduce_box = self._get_safe_box(size, resample, box)
factor = (factor_x, factor_y)
if callable(self.reduce):
self = self.reduce(factor, box=reduce_box)
else:
self = Image.reduce(self, factor, box=reduce_box)
box = (
(box[0] - reduce_box[0]) / factor_x,
(box[1] - reduce_box[1]) / factor_y,
(box[2] - reduce_box[0]) / factor_x,
(box[3] - reduce_box[1]) / factor_y,
)
return self._new(self.im.resize(size, resample, box))
def reduce(self, factor, box=None):
"""
Returns a copy of the image reduced ``factor`` times.
If the size of the image is not dividable by ``factor``,
the resulting size will be rounded up.
:param factor: A greater than 0 integer or tuple of two integers
for width and height separately.
:param box: An optional 4-tuple of ints providing
the source image region to be reduced.
The values must be within ``(0, 0, width, height)`` rectangle.
If omitted or ``None``, the entire source is used.
"""
if not isinstance(factor, (list, tuple)):
factor = (factor, factor)
if box is None:
box = (0, 0) + self.size
else:
box = tuple(box)
if factor == (1, 1) and box == (0, 0) + self.size:
return self.copy()
if self.mode in ["LA", "RGBA"]:
im = self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
im = im.reduce(factor, box)
return im.convert(self.mode)
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.reduce(factor, box))
def rotate(
self,
angle,
resample=Resampling.NEAREST,
expand=0,
center=None,
translate=None,
fillcolor=None,
):
"""
Returns a rotated copy of this image. This method returns a
copy of this image, rotated the given number of degrees counter
clockwise around its centre.
:param angle: In degrees counter clockwise.
:param resample: An optional resampling filter. This can be
one of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
environment), or :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` (cubic spline
interpolation in a 4x4 environment). If omitted, or if the image has
mode "1" or "P", it is set to :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`.
See :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param expand: Optional expansion flag. If true, expands the output
image to make it large enough to hold the entire rotated image.
If false or omitted, make the output image the same size as the
input image. Note that the expand flag assumes rotation around
the center and no translation.
:param center: Optional center of rotation (a 2-tuple). Origin is
the upper left corner. Default is the center of the image.
:param translate: An optional post-rotate translation (a 2-tuple).
:param fillcolor: An optional color for area outside the rotated image.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
angle = angle % 360.0
# Fast paths regardless of filter, as long as we're not
# translating or changing the center.
if not (center or translate):
if angle == 0:
return self.copy()
if angle == 180:
return self.transpose(Transpose.ROTATE_180)
if angle in (90, 270) and (expand or self.width == self.height):
return self.transpose(
Transpose.ROTATE_90 if angle == 90 else Transpose.ROTATE_270
)
# Calculate the affine matrix. Note that this is the reverse
# transformation (from destination image to source) because we
# want to interpolate the (discrete) destination pixel from
# the local area around the (floating) source pixel.
# The matrix we actually want (note that it operates from the right):
# (1, 0, tx) (1, 0, cx) ( cos a, sin a, 0) (1, 0, -cx)
# (0, 1, ty) * (0, 1, cy) * (-sin a, cos a, 0) * (0, 1, -cy)
# (0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1) ( 0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1)
# The reverse matrix is thus:
# (1, 0, cx) ( cos -a, sin -a, 0) (1, 0, -cx) (1, 0, -tx)
# (0, 1, cy) * (-sin -a, cos -a, 0) * (0, 1, -cy) * (0, 1, -ty)
# (0, 0, 1) ( 0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1)
# In any case, the final translation may be updated at the end to
# compensate for the expand flag.
w, h = self.size
if translate is None:
post_trans = (0, 0)
else:
post_trans = translate
if center is None:
# FIXME These should be rounded to ints?
rotn_center = (w / 2.0, h / 2.0)
else:
rotn_center = center
angle = -math.radians(angle)
matrix = [
round(math.cos(angle), 15),
round(math.sin(angle), 15),
0.0,
round(-math.sin(angle), 15),
round(math.cos(angle), 15),
0.0,
]
def transform(x, y, matrix):
(a, b, c, d, e, f) = matrix
return a * x + b * y + c, d * x + e * y + f
matrix[2], matrix[5] = transform(
-rotn_center[0] - post_trans[0], -rotn_center[1] - post_trans[1], matrix
)
matrix[2] += rotn_center[0]
matrix[5] += rotn_center[1]
if expand:
# calculate output size
xx = []
yy = []
for x, y in ((0, 0), (w, 0), (w, h), (0, h)):
x, y = transform(x, y, matrix)
xx.append(x)
yy.append(y)
nw = math.ceil(max(xx)) - math.floor(min(xx))
nh = math.ceil(max(yy)) - math.floor(min(yy))
# We multiply a translation matrix from the right. Because of its
# special form, this is the same as taking the image of the
# translation vector as new translation vector.
matrix[2], matrix[5] = transform(-(nw - w) / 2.0, -(nh - h) / 2.0, matrix)
w, h = nw, nh
return self.transform(
(w, h), Transform.AFFINE, matrix, resample, fillcolor=fillcolor
)
def save(self, fp, format=None, **params):
"""
Saves this image under the given filename. If no format is
specified, the format to use is determined from the filename
extension, if possible.
Keyword options can be used to provide additional instructions
to the writer. If a writer doesn't recognise an option, it is
silently ignored. The available options are described in the
:doc:`image format documentation
<../handbook/image-file-formats>` for each writer.
You can use a file object instead of a filename. In this case,
you must always specify the format. The file object must
implement the ``seek``, ``tell``, and ``write``
methods, and be opened in binary mode.
:param fp: A filename (string), pathlib.Path object or file object.
:param format: Optional format override. If omitted, the
format to use is determined from the filename extension.
If a file object was used instead of a filename, this
parameter should always be used.
:param params: Extra parameters to the image writer.
:returns: None
:exception ValueError: If the output format could not be determined
from the file name. Use the format option to solve this.
:exception OSError: If the file could not be written. The file
may have been created, and may contain partial data.
"""
filename = ""
open_fp = False
if isinstance(fp, Path):
filename = str(fp)
open_fp = True
elif is_path(fp):
filename = fp
open_fp = True
elif fp == sys.stdout:
try:
fp = sys.stdout.buffer
except AttributeError:
pass
if not filename and hasattr(fp, "name") and is_path(fp.name):
# only set the name for metadata purposes
filename = fp.name
# may mutate self!
self._ensure_mutable()
save_all = params.pop("save_all", False)
self.encoderinfo = params
self.encoderconfig = ()
preinit()
ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1].lower()
if not format:
if ext not in EXTENSION:
init()
try:
format = EXTENSION[ext]
except KeyError as e:
msg = f"unknown file extension: {ext}"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
if format.upper() not in SAVE:
init()
if save_all:
save_handler = SAVE_ALL[format.upper()]
else:
save_handler = SAVE[format.upper()]
created = False
if open_fp:
created = not os.path.exists(filename)
if params.get("append", False):
# Open also for reading ("+"), because TIFF save_all
# writer needs to go back and edit the written data.
fp = builtins.open(filename, "r+b")
else:
fp = builtins.open(filename, "w+b")
try:
save_handler(self, fp, filename)
except Exception:
if open_fp:
fp.close()
if created:
try:
os.remove(filename)
except PermissionError:
pass
raise
if open_fp:
fp.close()
def seek(self, frame):
"""
Seeks to the given frame in this sequence file. If you seek
beyond the end of the sequence, the method raises an
``EOFError`` exception. When a sequence file is opened, the
library automatically seeks to frame 0.
See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.tell`.
If defined, :attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.n_frames` refers to the
number of available frames.
:param frame: Frame number, starting at 0.
:exception EOFError: If the call attempts to seek beyond the end
of the sequence.
"""
# overridden by file handlers
if frame != 0:
raise EOFError
def show(self, title=None):
"""
Displays this image. This method is mainly intended for debugging purposes.
This method calls :py:func:`PIL.ImageShow.show` internally. You can use
:py:func:`PIL.ImageShow.register` to override its default behaviour.
The image is first saved to a temporary file. By default, it will be in
PNG format.
On Unix, the image is then opened using the **display**, **eog** or
**xv** utility, depending on which one can be found.
On macOS, the image is opened with the native Preview application.
On Windows, the image is opened with the standard PNG display utility.
:param title: Optional title to use for the image window, where possible.
"""
_show(self, title=title)
def split(self):
"""
Split this image into individual bands. This method returns a
tuple of individual image bands from an image. For example,
splitting an "RGB" image creates three new images each
containing a copy of one of the original bands (red, green,
blue).
If you need only one band, :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.getchannel`
method can be more convenient and faster.
:returns: A tuple containing bands.
"""
self.load()
if self.im.bands == 1:
ims = [self.copy()]
else:
ims = map(self._new, self.im.split())
return tuple(ims)
def getchannel(self, channel):
"""
Returns an image containing a single channel of the source image.
:param channel: What channel to return. Could be index
(0 for "R" channel of "RGB") or channel name
("A" for alpha channel of "RGBA").
:returns: An image in "L" mode.
.. versionadded:: 4.3.0
"""
self.load()
if isinstance(channel, str):
try:
channel = self.getbands().index(channel)
except ValueError as e:
msg = f'The image has no channel "{channel}"'
raise ValueError(msg) from e
return self._new(self.im.getband(channel))
def tell(self):
"""
Returns the current frame number. See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.seek`.
If defined, :attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.n_frames` refers to the
number of available frames.
:returns: Frame number, starting with 0.
"""
return 0
def thumbnail(self, size, resample=Resampling.BICUBIC, reducing_gap=2.0):
"""
Make this image into a thumbnail. This method modifies the
image to contain a thumbnail version of itself, no larger than
the given size. This method calculates an appropriate thumbnail
size to preserve the aspect of the image, calls the
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.draft` method to configure the file reader
(where applicable), and finally resizes the image.
Note that this function modifies the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
object in place. If you need to use the full resolution image as well,
apply this method to a :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.copy` of the original
image.
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
:param resample: Optional resampling filter. This can be one
of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`, :py:data:`Resampling.BOX`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR`, :py:data:`Resampling.HAMMING`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` or :py:data:`Resampling.LANCZOS`.
If omitted, it defaults to :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC`.
(was :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` prior to version 2.5.0).
See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param reducing_gap: Apply optimization by resizing the image
in two steps. First, reducing the image by integer times
using :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.reduce` or
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.draft` for JPEG images.
Second, resizing using regular resampling. The last step
changes size no less than by ``reducing_gap`` times.
``reducing_gap`` may be None (no first step is performed)
or should be greater than 1.0. The bigger ``reducing_gap``,
the closer the result to the fair resampling.
The smaller ``reducing_gap``, the faster resizing.
With ``reducing_gap`` greater or equal to 3.0, the result is
indistinguishable from fair resampling in most cases.
The default value is 2.0 (very close to fair resampling
while still being faster in many cases).
:returns: None
"""
provided_size = tuple(map(math.floor, size))
def preserve_aspect_ratio():
def round_aspect(number, key):
return max(min(math.floor(number), math.ceil(number), key=key), 1)
x, y = provided_size
if x >= self.width and y >= self.height:
return
aspect = self.width / self.height
if x / y >= aspect:
x = round_aspect(y * aspect, key=lambda n: abs(aspect - n / y))
else:
y = round_aspect(
x / aspect, key=lambda n: 0 if n == 0 else abs(aspect - x / n)
)
return x, y
box = None
if reducing_gap is not None:
size = preserve_aspect_ratio()
if size is None:
return
res = self.draft(None, (size[0] * reducing_gap, size[1] * reducing_gap))
if res is not None:
box = res[1]
if box is None:
self.load()
# load() may have changed the size of the image
size = preserve_aspect_ratio()
if size is None:
return
if self.size != size:
im = self.resize(size, resample, box=box, reducing_gap=reducing_gap)
self.im = im.im
self._size = size
self.mode = self.im.mode
self.readonly = 0
self.pyaccess = None
# FIXME: the different transform methods need further explanation
# instead of bloating the method docs, add a separate chapter.
def transform(
self,
size,
method,
data=None,
resample=Resampling.NEAREST,
fill=1,
fillcolor=None,
):
"""
Transforms this image. This method creates a new image with the
given size, and the same mode as the original, and copies data
to the new image using the given transform.
:param size: The output size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
:param method: The transformation method. This is one of
:py:data:`Transform.EXTENT` (cut out a rectangular subregion),
:py:data:`Transform.AFFINE` (affine transform),
:py:data:`Transform.PERSPECTIVE` (perspective transform),
:py:data:`Transform.QUAD` (map a quadrilateral to a rectangle), or
:py:data:`Transform.MESH` (map a number of source quadrilaterals
in one operation).
It may also be an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImageTransformHandler`
object::
class Example(Image.ImageTransformHandler):
def transform(self, size, data, resample, fill=1):
# Return result
It may also be an object with a ``method.getdata`` method
that returns a tuple supplying new ``method`` and ``data`` values::
class Example:
def getdata(self):
method = Image.Transform.EXTENT
data = (0, 0, 100, 100)
return method, data
:param data: Extra data to the transformation method.
:param resample: Optional resampling filter. It can be one of
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
environment), or :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` (cubic spline
interpolation in a 4x4 environment). If omitted, or if the image
has mode "1" or "P", it is set to :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`.
See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param fill: If ``method`` is an
:py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImageTransformHandler` object, this is one of
the arguments passed to it. Otherwise, it is unused.
:param fillcolor: Optional fill color for the area outside the
transform in the output image.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if self.mode in ("LA", "RGBA") and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
return (
self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
.transform(size, method, data, resample, fill, fillcolor)
.convert(self.mode)
)
if isinstance(method, ImageTransformHandler):
return method.transform(size, self, resample=resample, fill=fill)
if hasattr(method, "getdata"):
# compatibility w. old-style transform objects
method, data = method.getdata()
if data is None:
msg = "missing method data"
raise ValueError(msg)
im = new(self.mode, size, fillcolor)
if self.mode == "P" and self.palette:
im.palette = self.palette.copy()
im.info = self.info.copy()
if method == Transform.MESH:
# list of quads
for box, quad in data:
im.__transformer(
box, self, Transform.QUAD, quad, resample, fillcolor is None
)
else:
im.__transformer(
(0, 0) + size, self, method, data, resample, fillcolor is None
)
return im
def __transformer(
self, box, image, method, data, resample=Resampling.NEAREST, fill=1
):
w = box[2] - box[0]
h = box[3] - box[1]
if method == Transform.AFFINE:
data = data[:6]
elif method == Transform.EXTENT:
# convert extent to an affine transform
x0, y0, x1, y1 = data
xs = (x1 - x0) / w
ys = (y1 - y0) / h
method = Transform.AFFINE
data = (xs, 0, x0, 0, ys, y0)
elif method == Transform.PERSPECTIVE:
data = data[:8]
elif method == Transform.QUAD:
# quadrilateral warp. data specifies the four corners
# given as NW, SW, SE, and NE.
nw = data[:2]
sw = data[2:4]
se = data[4:6]
ne = data[6:8]
x0, y0 = nw
As = 1.0 / w
At = 1.0 / h
data = (
x0,
(ne[0] - x0) * As,
(sw[0] - x0) * At,
(se[0] - sw[0] - ne[0] + x0) * As * At,
y0,
(ne[1] - y0) * As,
(sw[1] - y0) * At,
(se[1] - sw[1] - ne[1] + y0) * As * At,
)
else:
msg = "unknown transformation method"
raise ValueError(msg)
if resample not in (
Resampling.NEAREST,
Resampling.BILINEAR,
Resampling.BICUBIC,
):
if resample in (Resampling.BOX, Resampling.HAMMING, Resampling.LANCZOS):
msg = {
Resampling.BOX: "Image.Resampling.BOX",
Resampling.HAMMING: "Image.Resampling.HAMMING",
Resampling.LANCZOS: "Image.Resampling.LANCZOS",
}[resample] + f" ({resample}) cannot be used."
else:
msg = f"Unknown resampling filter ({resample})."
filters = [
f"{filter[1]} ({filter[0]})"
for filter in (
(Resampling.NEAREST, "Image.Resampling.NEAREST"),
(Resampling.BILINEAR, "Image.Resampling.BILINEAR"),
(Resampling.BICUBIC, "Image.Resampling.BICUBIC"),
)
]
msg += " Use " + ", ".join(filters[:-1]) + " or " + filters[-1]
raise ValueError(msg)
image.load()
self.load()
if image.mode in ("1", "P"):
resample = Resampling.NEAREST
self.im.transform2(box, image.im, method, data, resample, fill)
def transpose(self, method):
"""
Transpose image (flip or rotate in 90 degree steps)
:param method: One of :py:data:`Transpose.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT`,
:py:data:`Transpose.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM`, :py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_90`,
:py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_180`, :py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_270`,
:py:data:`Transpose.TRANSPOSE` or :py:data:`Transpose.TRANSVERSE`.
:returns: Returns a flipped or rotated copy of this image.
"""
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.transpose(method))
def effect_spread(self, distance):
"""
Randomly spread pixels in an image.
:param distance: Distance to spread pixels.
"""
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.effect_spread(distance))
def toqimage(self):
"""Returns a QImage copy of this image"""
from . import ImageQt
if not ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
msg = "Qt bindings are not installed"
raise ImportError(msg)
return ImageQt.toqimage(self)
def toqpixmap(self):
"""Returns a QPixmap copy of this image"""
from . import ImageQt
if not ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
msg = "Qt bindings are not installed"
raise ImportError(msg)
return ImageQt.toqpixmap(self)
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `getimage` function. Write a Python function `def getimage(photo)` to solve the following problem:
Copies the contents of a PhotoImage to a PIL image memory.
Here is the function:
def getimage(photo):
"""Copies the contents of a PhotoImage to a PIL image memory."""
im = Image.new("RGBA", (photo.width(), photo.height()))
block = im.im
_pyimagingtkcall("PyImagingPhotoGet", photo, block.id)
return im | Copies the contents of a PhotoImage to a PIL image memory. |
174,008 | import tkinter
from io import BytesIO
from . import Image
from ._deprecate import deprecate
class PhotoImage:
"""
A Tkinter-compatible photo image. This can be used
everywhere Tkinter expects an image object. If the image is an RGBA
image, pixels having alpha 0 are treated as transparent.
The constructor takes either a PIL image, or a mode and a size.
Alternatively, you can use the ``file`` or ``data`` options to initialize
the photo image object.
:param image: Either a PIL image, or a mode string. If a mode string is
used, a size must also be given.
:param size: If the first argument is a mode string, this defines the size
of the image.
:keyword file: A filename to load the image from (using
``Image.open(file)``).
:keyword data: An 8-bit string containing image data (as loaded from an
image file).
"""
def __init__(self, image=None, size=None, **kw):
# Tk compatibility: file or data
if image is None:
image = _get_image_from_kw(kw)
if hasattr(image, "mode") and hasattr(image, "size"):
# got an image instead of a mode
mode = image.mode
if mode == "P":
# palette mapped data
image.apply_transparency()
image.load()
try:
mode = image.palette.mode
except AttributeError:
mode = "RGB" # default
size = image.size
kw["width"], kw["height"] = size
else:
mode = image
image = None
if mode not in ["1", "L", "RGB", "RGBA"]:
mode = Image.getmodebase(mode)
self.__mode = mode
self.__size = size
self.__photo = tkinter.PhotoImage(**kw)
self.tk = self.__photo.tk
if image:
self.paste(image)
def __del__(self):
name = self.__photo.name
self.__photo.name = None
try:
self.__photo.tk.call("image", "delete", name)
except Exception:
pass # ignore internal errors
def __str__(self):
"""
Get the Tkinter photo image identifier. This method is automatically
called by Tkinter whenever a PhotoImage object is passed to a Tkinter
method.
:return: A Tkinter photo image identifier (a string).
"""
return str(self.__photo)
def width(self):
"""
Get the width of the image.
:return: The width, in pixels.
"""
return self.__size[0]
def height(self):
"""
Get the height of the image.
:return: The height, in pixels.
"""
return self.__size[1]
def paste(self, im, box=None):
"""
Paste a PIL image into the photo image. Note that this can
be very slow if the photo image is displayed.
:param im: A PIL image. The size must match the target region. If the
mode does not match, the image is converted to the mode of
the bitmap image.
:param box: Deprecated. This parameter will be removed in Pillow 10
(2023-07-01).
"""
if box is not None:
deprecate("The box parameter", 10, None)
# convert to blittable
im.load()
image = im.im
if image.isblock() and im.mode == self.__mode:
block = image
else:
block = image.new_block(self.__mode, im.size)
image.convert2(block, image) # convert directly between buffers
_pyimagingtkcall("PyImagingPhoto", self.__photo, block.id)
class BitmapImage:
"""
A Tkinter-compatible bitmap image. This can be used everywhere Tkinter
expects an image object.
The given image must have mode "1". Pixels having value 0 are treated as
transparent. Options, if any, are passed on to Tkinter. The most commonly
used option is ``foreground``, which is used to specify the color for the
non-transparent parts. See the Tkinter documentation for information on
how to specify colours.
:param image: A PIL image.
"""
def __init__(self, image=None, **kw):
# Tk compatibility: file or data
if image is None:
image = _get_image_from_kw(kw)
self.__mode = image.mode
self.__size = image.size
if _pilbitmap_check():
# fast way (requires the pilbitmap booster patch)
image.load()
kw["data"] = f"PIL:{image.im.id}"
self.__im = image # must keep a reference
else:
# slow but safe way
kw["data"] = image.tobitmap()
self.__photo = tkinter.BitmapImage(**kw)
def __del__(self):
name = self.__photo.name
self.__photo.name = None
try:
self.__photo.tk.call("image", "delete", name)
except Exception:
pass # ignore internal errors
def width(self):
"""
Get the width of the image.
:return: The width, in pixels.
"""
return self.__size[0]
def height(self):
"""
Get the height of the image.
:return: The height, in pixels.
"""
return self.__size[1]
def __str__(self):
"""
Get the Tkinter bitmap image identifier. This method is automatically
called by Tkinter whenever a BitmapImage object is passed to a Tkinter
method.
:return: A Tkinter bitmap image identifier (a string).
"""
return str(self.__photo)
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `_show` function. Write a Python function `def _show(image, title)` to solve the following problem:
Helper for the Image.show method.
Here is the function:
def _show(image, title):
"""Helper for the Image.show method."""
class UI(tkinter.Label):
def __init__(self, master, im):
if im.mode == "1":
self.image = BitmapImage(im, foreground="white", master=master)
else:
self.image = PhotoImage(im, master=master)
super().__init__(master, image=self.image, bg="black", bd=0)
if not tkinter._default_root:
msg = "tkinter not initialized"
raise OSError(msg)
top = tkinter.Toplevel()
if title:
top.title(title)
UI(top, image).pack() | Helper for the Image.show method. |
174,009 | class Iterator:
"""
This class implements an iterator object that can be used to loop
over an image sequence.
You can use the ``[]`` operator to access elements by index. This operator
will raise an :py:exc:`IndexError` if you try to access a nonexistent
frame.
:param im: An image object.
"""
def __init__(self, im):
if not hasattr(im, "seek"):
msg = "im must have seek method"
raise AttributeError(msg)
self.im = im
self.position = getattr(self.im, "_min_frame", 0)
def __getitem__(self, ix):
try:
self.im.seek(ix)
return self.im
except EOFError as e:
raise IndexError from e # end of sequence
def __iter__(self):
return self
def __next__(self):
try:
self.im.seek(self.position)
self.position += 1
return self.im
except EOFError as e:
raise StopIteration from e
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `all_frames` function. Write a Python function `def all_frames(im, func=None)` to solve the following problem:
Applies a given function to all frames in an image or a list of images. The frames are returned as a list of separate images. :param im: An image, or a list of images. :param func: The function to apply to all of the image frames. :returns: A list of images.
Here is the function:
def all_frames(im, func=None):
"""
Applies a given function to all frames in an image or a list of images.
The frames are returned as a list of separate images.
:param im: An image, or a list of images.
:param func: The function to apply to all of the image frames.
:returns: A list of images.
"""
if not isinstance(im, list):
im = [im]
ims = []
for imSequence in im:
current = imSequence.tell()
ims += [im_frame.copy() for im_frame in Iterator(imSequence)]
imSequence.seek(current)
return [func(im) for im in ims] if func else ims | Applies a given function to all frames in an image or a list of images. The frames are returned as a list of separate images. :param im: An image, or a list of images. :param func: The function to apply to all of the image frames. :returns: A list of images. |
174,010 | import os
import struct
import sys
from PIL import Image, ImageFile
def isSpiderImage(filename):
with open(filename, "rb") as fp:
f = fp.read(92) # read 23 * 4 bytes
t = struct.unpack(">23f", f) # try big-endian first
hdrlen = isSpiderHeader(t)
if hdrlen == 0:
t = struct.unpack("<23f", f) # little-endian
hdrlen = isSpiderHeader(t)
return hdrlen
Image.register_open(SpiderImageFile.format, SpiderImageFile)
Image.register_save(SpiderImageFile.format, _save_spider)
class Image:
"""
This class represents an image object. To create
:py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` objects, use the appropriate factory
functions. There's hardly ever any reason to call the Image constructor
directly.
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.open`
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.new`
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes`
"""
format = None
format_description = None
_close_exclusive_fp_after_loading = True
def __init__(self):
# FIXME: take "new" parameters / other image?
# FIXME: turn mode and size into delegating properties?
self.im = None
self.mode = ""
self._size = (0, 0)
self.palette = None
self.info = {}
self._category = 0
self.readonly = 0
self.pyaccess = None
self._exif = None
def __getattr__(self, name):
if name == "category":
deprecate("Image categories", 10, "is_animated", plural=True)
return self._category
raise AttributeError(name)
def width(self):
return self.size[0]
def height(self):
return self.size[1]
def size(self):
return self._size
def _new(self, im):
new = Image()
new.im = im
new.mode = im.mode
new._size = im.size
if im.mode in ("P", "PA"):
if self.palette:
new.palette = self.palette.copy()
else:
from . import ImagePalette
new.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette()
new.info = self.info.copy()
return new
# Context manager support
def __enter__(self):
return self
def __exit__(self, *args):
if hasattr(self, "fp") and getattr(self, "_exclusive_fp", False):
if getattr(self, "_fp", False):
if self._fp != self.fp:
self._fp.close()
self._fp = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
if self.fp:
self.fp.close()
self.fp = None
def close(self):
"""
Closes the file pointer, if possible.
This operation will destroy the image core and release its memory.
The image data will be unusable afterward.
This function is required to close images that have multiple frames or
have not had their file read and closed by the
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.load` method. See :ref:`file-handling` for
more information.
"""
try:
if getattr(self, "_fp", False):
if self._fp != self.fp:
self._fp.close()
self._fp = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
if self.fp:
self.fp.close()
self.fp = None
except Exception as msg:
logger.debug("Error closing: %s", msg)
if getattr(self, "map", None):
self.map = None
# Instead of simply setting to None, we're setting up a
# deferred error that will better explain that the core image
# object is gone.
self.im = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
def _copy(self):
self.load()
self.im = self.im.copy()
self.pyaccess = None
self.readonly = 0
def _ensure_mutable(self):
if self.readonly:
self._copy()
else:
self.load()
def _dump(self, file=None, format=None, **options):
suffix = ""
if format:
suffix = "." + format
if not file:
f, filename = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix)
os.close(f)
else:
filename = file
if not filename.endswith(suffix):
filename = filename + suffix
self.load()
if not format or format == "PPM":
self.im.save_ppm(filename)
else:
self.save(filename, format, **options)
return filename
def __eq__(self, other):
return (
self.__class__ is other.__class__
and self.mode == other.mode
and self.size == other.size
and self.info == other.info
and self._category == other._category
and self.getpalette() == other.getpalette()
and self.tobytes() == other.tobytes()
)
def __repr__(self):
return "<%s.%s image mode=%s size=%dx%d at 0x%X>" % (
self.__class__.__module__,
self.__class__.__name__,
self.mode,
self.size[0],
self.size[1],
id(self),
)
def _repr_pretty_(self, p, cycle):
"""IPython plain text display support"""
# Same as __repr__ but without unpredictable id(self),
# to keep Jupyter notebook `text/plain` output stable.
p.text(
"<%s.%s image mode=%s size=%dx%d>"
% (
self.__class__.__module__,
self.__class__.__name__,
self.mode,
self.size[0],
self.size[1],
)
)
def _repr_png_(self):
"""iPython display hook support
:returns: png version of the image as bytes
"""
b = io.BytesIO()
try:
self.save(b, "PNG")
except Exception as e:
msg = "Could not save to PNG for display"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
return b.getvalue()
def __array_interface__(self):
# numpy array interface support
new = {"version": 3}
try:
if self.mode == "1":
# Binary images need to be extended from bits to bytes
# See: https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/350
new["data"] = self.tobytes("raw", "L")
else:
new["data"] = self.tobytes()
except Exception as e:
if not isinstance(e, (MemoryError, RecursionError)):
try:
import numpy
from packaging.version import parse as parse_version
except ImportError:
pass
else:
if parse_version(numpy.__version__) < parse_version("1.23"):
warnings.warn(e)
raise
new["shape"], new["typestr"] = _conv_type_shape(self)
return new
def __getstate__(self):
return [self.info, self.mode, self.size, self.getpalette(), self.tobytes()]
def __setstate__(self, state):
Image.__init__(self)
info, mode, size, palette, data = state
self.info = info
self.mode = mode
self._size = size
self.im = core.new(mode, size)
if mode in ("L", "LA", "P", "PA") and palette:
self.putpalette(palette)
self.frombytes(data)
def tobytes(self, encoder_name="raw", *args):
"""
Return image as a bytes object.
.. warning::
This method returns the raw image data from the internal
storage. For compressed image data (e.g. PNG, JPEG) use
:meth:`~.save`, with a BytesIO parameter for in-memory
data.
:param encoder_name: What encoder to use. The default is to
use the standard "raw" encoder.
A list of C encoders can be seen under
codecs section of the function array in
:file:`_imaging.c`. Python encoders are
registered within the relevant plugins.
:param args: Extra arguments to the encoder.
:returns: A :py:class:`bytes` object.
"""
# may pass tuple instead of argument list
if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
args = args[0]
if encoder_name == "raw" and args == ():
args = self.mode
self.load()
if self.width == 0 or self.height == 0:
return b""
# unpack data
e = _getencoder(self.mode, encoder_name, args)
e.setimage(self.im)
bufsize = max(65536, self.size[0] * 4) # see RawEncode.c
output = []
while True:
bytes_consumed, errcode, data = e.encode(bufsize)
output.append(data)
if errcode:
break
if errcode < 0:
msg = f"encoder error {errcode} in tobytes"
raise RuntimeError(msg)
return b"".join(output)
def tobitmap(self, name="image"):
"""
Returns the image converted to an X11 bitmap.
.. note:: This method only works for mode "1" images.
:param name: The name prefix to use for the bitmap variables.
:returns: A string containing an X11 bitmap.
:raises ValueError: If the mode is not "1"
"""
self.load()
if self.mode != "1":
msg = "not a bitmap"
raise ValueError(msg)
data = self.tobytes("xbm")
return b"".join(
[
f"#define {name}_width {self.size[0]}\n".encode("ascii"),
f"#define {name}_height {self.size[1]}\n".encode("ascii"),
f"static char {name}_bits[] = {{\n".encode("ascii"),
data,
b"};",
]
)
def frombytes(self, data, decoder_name="raw", *args):
"""
Loads this image with pixel data from a bytes object.
This method is similar to the :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes` function,
but loads data into this image instead of creating a new image object.
"""
# may pass tuple instead of argument list
if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
args = args[0]
# default format
if decoder_name == "raw" and args == ():
args = self.mode
# unpack data
d = _getdecoder(self.mode, decoder_name, args)
d.setimage(self.im)
s = d.decode(data)
if s[0] >= 0:
msg = "not enough image data"
raise ValueError(msg)
if s[1] != 0:
msg = "cannot decode image data"
raise ValueError(msg)
def load(self):
"""
Allocates storage for the image and loads the pixel data. In
normal cases, you don't need to call this method, since the
Image class automatically loads an opened image when it is
accessed for the first time.
If the file associated with the image was opened by Pillow, then this
method will close it. The exception to this is if the image has
multiple frames, in which case the file will be left open for seek
operations. See :ref:`file-handling` for more information.
:returns: An image access object.
:rtype: :ref:`PixelAccess` or :py:class:`PIL.PyAccess`
"""
if self.im is not None and self.palette and self.palette.dirty:
# realize palette
mode, arr = self.palette.getdata()
self.im.putpalette(mode, arr)
self.palette.dirty = 0
self.palette.rawmode = None
if "transparency" in self.info and mode in ("LA", "PA"):
if isinstance(self.info["transparency"], int):
self.im.putpalettealpha(self.info["transparency"], 0)
else:
self.im.putpalettealphas(self.info["transparency"])
self.palette.mode = "RGBA"
else:
palette_mode = "RGBA" if mode.startswith("RGBA") else "RGB"
self.palette.mode = palette_mode
self.palette.palette = self.im.getpalette(palette_mode, palette_mode)
if self.im is not None:
if cffi and USE_CFFI_ACCESS:
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess
from . import PyAccess
self.pyaccess = PyAccess.new(self, self.readonly)
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess
return self.im.pixel_access(self.readonly)
def verify(self):
"""
Verifies the contents of a file. For data read from a file, this
method attempts to determine if the file is broken, without
actually decoding the image data. If this method finds any
problems, it raises suitable exceptions. If you need to load
the image after using this method, you must reopen the image
file.
"""
pass
def convert(
self, mode=None, matrix=None, dither=None, palette=Palette.WEB, colors=256
):
"""
Returns a converted copy of this image. For the "P" mode, this
method translates pixels through the palette. If mode is
omitted, a mode is chosen so that all information in the image
and the palette can be represented without a palette.
The current version supports all possible conversions between
"L", "RGB" and "CMYK". The ``matrix`` argument only supports "L"
and "RGB".
When translating a color image to greyscale (mode "L"),
the library uses the ITU-R 601-2 luma transform::
L = R * 299/1000 + G * 587/1000 + B * 114/1000
The default method of converting a greyscale ("L") or "RGB"
image into a bilevel (mode "1") image uses Floyd-Steinberg
dither to approximate the original image luminosity levels. If
dither is ``None``, all values larger than 127 are set to 255 (white),
all other values to 0 (black). To use other thresholds, use the
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.point` method.
When converting from "RGBA" to "P" without a ``matrix`` argument,
this passes the operation to :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.quantize`,
and ``dither`` and ``palette`` are ignored.
When converting from "PA", if an "RGBA" palette is present, the alpha
channel from the image will be used instead of the values from the palette.
:param mode: The requested mode. See: :ref:`concept-modes`.
:param matrix: An optional conversion matrix. If given, this
should be 4- or 12-tuple containing floating point values.
:param dither: Dithering method, used when converting from
mode "RGB" to "P" or from "RGB" or "L" to "1".
Available methods are :data:`Dither.NONE` or :data:`Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG`
(default). Note that this is not used when ``matrix`` is supplied.
:param palette: Palette to use when converting from mode "RGB"
to "P". Available palettes are :data:`Palette.WEB` or
:data:`Palette.ADAPTIVE`.
:param colors: Number of colors to use for the :data:`Palette.ADAPTIVE`
palette. Defaults to 256.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
has_transparency = self.info.get("transparency") is not None
if not mode and self.mode == "P":
# determine default mode
if self.palette:
mode = self.palette.mode
else:
mode = "RGB"
if mode == "RGB" and has_transparency:
mode = "RGBA"
if not mode or (mode == self.mode and not matrix):
return self.copy()
if matrix:
# matrix conversion
if mode not in ("L", "RGB"):
msg = "illegal conversion"
raise ValueError(msg)
im = self.im.convert_matrix(mode, matrix)
new = self._new(im)
if has_transparency and self.im.bands == 3:
transparency = new.info["transparency"]
def convert_transparency(m, v):
v = m[0] * v[0] + m[1] * v[1] + m[2] * v[2] + m[3] * 0.5
return max(0, min(255, int(v)))
if mode == "L":
transparency = convert_transparency(matrix, transparency)
elif len(mode) == 3:
transparency = tuple(
convert_transparency(matrix[i * 4 : i * 4 + 4], transparency)
for i in range(0, len(transparency))
)
new.info["transparency"] = transparency
return new
if mode == "P" and self.mode == "RGBA":
return self.quantize(colors)
trns = None
delete_trns = False
# transparency handling
if has_transparency:
if (self.mode in ("1", "L", "I") and mode in ("LA", "RGBA")) or (
self.mode == "RGB" and mode == "RGBA"
):
# Use transparent conversion to promote from transparent
# color to an alpha channel.
new_im = self._new(
self.im.convert_transparent(mode, self.info["transparency"])
)
del new_im.info["transparency"]
return new_im
elif self.mode in ("L", "RGB", "P") and mode in ("L", "RGB", "P"):
t = self.info["transparency"]
if isinstance(t, bytes):
# Dragons. This can't be represented by a single color
warnings.warn(
"Palette images with Transparency expressed in bytes should be "
"converted to RGBA images"
)
delete_trns = True
else:
# get the new transparency color.
# use existing conversions
trns_im = Image()._new(core.new(self.mode, (1, 1)))
if self.mode == "P":
trns_im.putpalette(self.palette)
if isinstance(t, tuple):
err = "Couldn't allocate a palette color for transparency"
try:
t = trns_im.palette.getcolor(t, self)
except ValueError as e:
if str(e) == "cannot allocate more than 256 colors":
# If all 256 colors are in use,
# then there is no need for transparency
t = None
else:
raise ValueError(err) from e
if t is None:
trns = None
else:
trns_im.putpixel((0, 0), t)
if mode in ("L", "RGB"):
trns_im = trns_im.convert(mode)
else:
# can't just retrieve the palette number, got to do it
# after quantization.
trns_im = trns_im.convert("RGB")
trns = trns_im.getpixel((0, 0))
elif self.mode == "P" and mode in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
t = self.info["transparency"]
delete_trns = True
if isinstance(t, bytes):
self.im.putpalettealphas(t)
elif isinstance(t, int):
self.im.putpalettealpha(t, 0)
else:
msg = "Transparency for P mode should be bytes or int"
raise ValueError(msg)
if mode == "P" and palette == Palette.ADAPTIVE:
im = self.im.quantize(colors)
new = self._new(im)
from . import ImagePalette
new.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGB", new.im.getpalette("RGB"))
if delete_trns:
# This could possibly happen if we requantize to fewer colors.
# The transparency would be totally off in that case.
del new.info["transparency"]
if trns is not None:
try:
new.info["transparency"] = new.palette.getcolor(trns, new)
except Exception:
# if we can't make a transparent color, don't leave the old
# transparency hanging around to mess us up.
del new.info["transparency"]
warnings.warn("Couldn't allocate palette entry for transparency")
return new
if "LAB" in (self.mode, mode):
other_mode = mode if self.mode == "LAB" else self.mode
if other_mode in ("RGB", "RGBA", "RGBX"):
from . import ImageCms
srgb = ImageCms.createProfile("sRGB")
lab = ImageCms.createProfile("LAB")
profiles = [lab, srgb] if self.mode == "LAB" else [srgb, lab]
transform = ImageCms.buildTransform(
profiles[0], profiles[1], self.mode, mode
)
return transform.apply(self)
# colorspace conversion
if dither is None:
dither = Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG
try:
im = self.im.convert(mode, dither)
except ValueError:
try:
# normalize source image and try again
modebase = getmodebase(self.mode)
if modebase == self.mode:
raise
im = self.im.convert(modebase)
im = im.convert(mode, dither)
except KeyError as e:
msg = "illegal conversion"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
new_im = self._new(im)
if mode == "P" and palette != Palette.ADAPTIVE:
from . import ImagePalette
new_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGB", list(range(256)) * 3)
if delete_trns:
# crash fail if we leave a bytes transparency in an rgb/l mode.
del new_im.info["transparency"]
if trns is not None:
if new_im.mode == "P":
try:
new_im.info["transparency"] = new_im.palette.getcolor(trns, new_im)
except ValueError as e:
del new_im.info["transparency"]
if str(e) != "cannot allocate more than 256 colors":
# If all 256 colors are in use,
# then there is no need for transparency
warnings.warn(
"Couldn't allocate palette entry for transparency"
)
else:
new_im.info["transparency"] = trns
return new_im
def quantize(
self,
colors=256,
method=None,
kmeans=0,
palette=None,
dither=Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG,
):
"""
Convert the image to 'P' mode with the specified number
of colors.
:param colors: The desired number of colors, <= 256
:param method: :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT` (median cut),
:data:`Quantize.MAXCOVERAGE` (maximum coverage),
:data:`Quantize.FASTOCTREE` (fast octree),
:data:`Quantize.LIBIMAGEQUANT` (libimagequant; check support
using :py:func:`PIL.features.check_feature` with
``feature="libimagequant"``).
By default, :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT` will be used.
The exception to this is RGBA images. :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT`
and :data:`Quantize.MAXCOVERAGE` do not support RGBA images, so
:data:`Quantize.FASTOCTREE` is used by default instead.
:param kmeans: Integer
:param palette: Quantize to the palette of given
:py:class:`PIL.Image.Image`.
:param dither: Dithering method, used when converting from
mode "RGB" to "P" or from "RGB" or "L" to "1".
Available methods are :data:`Dither.NONE` or :data:`Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG`
(default).
:returns: A new image
"""
self.load()
if method is None:
# defaults:
method = Quantize.MEDIANCUT
if self.mode == "RGBA":
method = Quantize.FASTOCTREE
if self.mode == "RGBA" and method not in (
Quantize.FASTOCTREE,
Quantize.LIBIMAGEQUANT,
):
# Caller specified an invalid mode.
msg = (
"Fast Octree (method == 2) and libimagequant (method == 3) "
"are the only valid methods for quantizing RGBA images"
)
raise ValueError(msg)
if palette:
# use palette from reference image
palette.load()
if palette.mode != "P":
msg = "bad mode for palette image"
raise ValueError(msg)
if self.mode != "RGB" and self.mode != "L":
msg = "only RGB or L mode images can be quantized to a palette"
raise ValueError(msg)
im = self.im.convert("P", dither, palette.im)
new_im = self._new(im)
new_im.palette = palette.palette.copy()
return new_im
im = self._new(self.im.quantize(colors, method, kmeans))
from . import ImagePalette
mode = im.im.getpalettemode()
palette = im.im.getpalette(mode, mode)[: colors * len(mode)]
im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(mode, palette)
return im
def copy(self):
"""
Copies this image. Use this method if you wish to paste things
into an image, but still retain the original.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.copy())
__copy__ = copy
def crop(self, box=None):
"""
Returns a rectangular region from this image. The box is a
4-tuple defining the left, upper, right, and lower pixel
coordinate. See :ref:`coordinate-system`.
Note: Prior to Pillow 3.4.0, this was a lazy operation.
:param box: The crop rectangle, as a (left, upper, right, lower)-tuple.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if box is None:
return self.copy()
if box[2] < box[0]:
msg = "Coordinate 'right' is less than 'left'"
raise ValueError(msg)
elif box[3] < box[1]:
msg = "Coordinate 'lower' is less than 'upper'"
raise ValueError(msg)
self.load()
return self._new(self._crop(self.im, box))
def _crop(self, im, box):
"""
Returns a rectangular region from the core image object im.
This is equivalent to calling im.crop((x0, y0, x1, y1)), but
includes additional sanity checks.
:param im: a core image object
:param box: The crop rectangle, as a (left, upper, right, lower)-tuple.
:returns: A core image object.
"""
x0, y0, x1, y1 = map(int, map(round, box))
absolute_values = (abs(x1 - x0), abs(y1 - y0))
_decompression_bomb_check(absolute_values)
return im.crop((x0, y0, x1, y1))
def draft(self, mode, size):
"""
Configures the image file loader so it returns a version of the
image that as closely as possible matches the given mode and
size. For example, you can use this method to convert a color
JPEG to greyscale while loading it.
If any changes are made, returns a tuple with the chosen ``mode`` and
``box`` with coordinates of the original image within the altered one.
Note that this method modifies the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object
in place. If the image has already been loaded, this method has no
effect.
Note: This method is not implemented for most images. It is
currently implemented only for JPEG and MPO images.
:param mode: The requested mode.
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
"""
pass
def _expand(self, xmargin, ymargin=None):
if ymargin is None:
ymargin = xmargin
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.expand(xmargin, ymargin, 0))
def filter(self, filter):
"""
Filters this image using the given filter. For a list of
available filters, see the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageFilter` module.
:param filter: Filter kernel.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object."""
from . import ImageFilter
self.load()
if isinstance(filter, Callable):
filter = filter()
if not hasattr(filter, "filter"):
msg = "filter argument should be ImageFilter.Filter instance or class"
raise TypeError(msg)
multiband = isinstance(filter, ImageFilter.MultibandFilter)
if self.im.bands == 1 or multiband:
return self._new(filter.filter(self.im))
ims = []
for c in range(self.im.bands):
ims.append(self._new(filter.filter(self.im.getband(c))))
return merge(self.mode, ims)
def getbands(self):
"""
Returns a tuple containing the name of each band in this image.
For example, ``getbands`` on an RGB image returns ("R", "G", "B").
:returns: A tuple containing band names.
:rtype: tuple
"""
return ImageMode.getmode(self.mode).bands
def getbbox(self):
"""
Calculates the bounding box of the non-zero regions in the
image.
:returns: The bounding box is returned as a 4-tuple defining the
left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate. See
:ref:`coordinate-system`. If the image is completely empty, this
method returns None.
"""
self.load()
return self.im.getbbox()
def getcolors(self, maxcolors=256):
"""
Returns a list of colors used in this image.
The colors will be in the image's mode. For example, an RGB image will
return a tuple of (red, green, blue) color values, and a P image will
return the index of the color in the palette.
:param maxcolors: Maximum number of colors. If this number is
exceeded, this method returns None. The default limit is
256 colors.
:returns: An unsorted list of (count, pixel) values.
"""
self.load()
if self.mode in ("1", "L", "P"):
h = self.im.histogram()
out = []
for i in range(256):
if h[i]:
out.append((h[i], i))
if len(out) > maxcolors:
return None
return out
return self.im.getcolors(maxcolors)
def getdata(self, band=None):
"""
Returns the contents of this image as a sequence object
containing pixel values. The sequence object is flattened, so
that values for line one follow directly after the values of
line zero, and so on.
Note that the sequence object returned by this method is an
internal PIL data type, which only supports certain sequence
operations. To convert it to an ordinary sequence (e.g. for
printing), use ``list(im.getdata())``.
:param band: What band to return. The default is to return
all bands. To return a single band, pass in the index
value (e.g. 0 to get the "R" band from an "RGB" image).
:returns: A sequence-like object.
"""
self.load()
if band is not None:
return self.im.getband(band)
return self.im # could be abused
def getextrema(self):
"""
Gets the minimum and maximum pixel values for each band in
the image.
:returns: For a single-band image, a 2-tuple containing the
minimum and maximum pixel value. For a multi-band image,
a tuple containing one 2-tuple for each band.
"""
self.load()
if self.im.bands > 1:
extrema = []
for i in range(self.im.bands):
extrema.append(self.im.getband(i).getextrema())
return tuple(extrema)
return self.im.getextrema()
def _getxmp(self, xmp_tags):
def get_name(tag):
return tag.split("}")[1]
def get_value(element):
value = {get_name(k): v for k, v in element.attrib.items()}
children = list(element)
if children:
for child in children:
name = get_name(child.tag)
child_value = get_value(child)
if name in value:
if not isinstance(value[name], list):
value[name] = [value[name]]
value[name].append(child_value)
else:
value[name] = child_value
elif value:
if element.text:
value["text"] = element.text
else:
return element.text
return value
if ElementTree is None:
warnings.warn("XMP data cannot be read without defusedxml dependency")
return {}
else:
root = ElementTree.fromstring(xmp_tags)
return {get_name(root.tag): get_value(root)}
def getexif(self):
"""
Gets EXIF data from the image.
:returns: an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Exif` object.
"""
if self._exif is None:
self._exif = Exif()
self._exif._loaded = False
elif self._exif._loaded:
return self._exif
self._exif._loaded = True
exif_info = self.info.get("exif")
if exif_info is None:
if "Raw profile type exif" in self.info:
exif_info = bytes.fromhex(
"".join(self.info["Raw profile type exif"].split("\n")[3:])
)
elif hasattr(self, "tag_v2"):
self._exif.bigtiff = self.tag_v2._bigtiff
self._exif.endian = self.tag_v2._endian
self._exif.load_from_fp(self.fp, self.tag_v2._offset)
if exif_info is not None:
self._exif.load(exif_info)
# XMP tags
if 0x0112 not in self._exif:
xmp_tags = self.info.get("XML:com.adobe.xmp")
if xmp_tags:
match = re.search(r'tiff:Orientation(="|>)([0-9])', xmp_tags)
if match:
self._exif[0x0112] = int(match[2])
return self._exif
def _reload_exif(self):
if self._exif is None or not self._exif._loaded:
return
self._exif._loaded = False
self.getexif()
def get_child_images(self):
child_images = []
exif = self.getexif()
ifds = []
if ExifTags.Base.SubIFDs in exif:
subifd_offsets = exif[ExifTags.Base.SubIFDs]
if subifd_offsets:
if not isinstance(subifd_offsets, tuple):
subifd_offsets = (subifd_offsets,)
for subifd_offset in subifd_offsets:
ifds.append((exif._get_ifd_dict(subifd_offset), subifd_offset))
ifd1 = exif.get_ifd(ExifTags.IFD.IFD1)
if ifd1 and ifd1.get(513):
ifds.append((ifd1, exif._info.next))
offset = None
for ifd, ifd_offset in ifds:
current_offset = self.fp.tell()
if offset is None:
offset = current_offset
fp = self.fp
thumbnail_offset = ifd.get(513)
if thumbnail_offset is not None:
try:
thumbnail_offset += self._exif_offset
except AttributeError:
pass
self.fp.seek(thumbnail_offset)
data = self.fp.read(ifd.get(514))
fp = io.BytesIO(data)
with open(fp) as im:
if thumbnail_offset is None:
im._frame_pos = [ifd_offset]
im._seek(0)
im.load()
child_images.append(im)
if offset is not None:
self.fp.seek(offset)
return child_images
def getim(self):
"""
Returns a capsule that points to the internal image memory.
:returns: A capsule object.
"""
self.load()
return self.im.ptr
def getpalette(self, rawmode="RGB"):
"""
Returns the image palette as a list.
:param rawmode: The mode in which to return the palette. ``None`` will
return the palette in its current mode.
.. versionadded:: 9.1.0
:returns: A list of color values [r, g, b, ...], or None if the
image has no palette.
"""
self.load()
try:
mode = self.im.getpalettemode()
except ValueError:
return None # no palette
if rawmode is None:
rawmode = mode
return list(self.im.getpalette(mode, rawmode))
def apply_transparency(self):
"""
If a P mode image has a "transparency" key in the info dictionary,
remove the key and instead apply the transparency to the palette.
Otherwise, the image is unchanged.
"""
if self.mode != "P" or "transparency" not in self.info:
return
from . import ImagePalette
palette = self.getpalette("RGBA")
transparency = self.info["transparency"]
if isinstance(transparency, bytes):
for i, alpha in enumerate(transparency):
palette[i * 4 + 3] = alpha
else:
palette[transparency * 4 + 3] = 0
self.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGBA", bytes(palette))
self.palette.dirty = 1
del self.info["transparency"]
def getpixel(self, xy):
"""
Returns the pixel value at a given position.
:param xy: The coordinate, given as (x, y). See
:ref:`coordinate-system`.
:returns: The pixel value. If the image is a multi-layer image,
this method returns a tuple.
"""
self.load()
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess.getpixel(xy)
return self.im.getpixel(xy)
def getprojection(self):
"""
Get projection to x and y axes
:returns: Two sequences, indicating where there are non-zero
pixels along the X-axis and the Y-axis, respectively.
"""
self.load()
x, y = self.im.getprojection()
return list(x), list(y)
def histogram(self, mask=None, extrema=None):
"""
Returns a histogram for the image. The histogram is returned as a
list of pixel counts, one for each pixel value in the source
image. Counts are grouped into 256 bins for each band, even if
the image has more than 8 bits per band. If the image has more
than one band, the histograms for all bands are concatenated (for
example, the histogram for an "RGB" image contains 768 values).
A bilevel image (mode "1") is treated as a greyscale ("L") image
by this method.
If a mask is provided, the method returns a histogram for those
parts of the image where the mask image is non-zero. The mask
image must have the same size as the image, and be either a
bi-level image (mode "1") or a greyscale image ("L").
:param mask: An optional mask.
:param extrema: An optional tuple of manually-specified extrema.
:returns: A list containing pixel counts.
"""
self.load()
if mask:
mask.load()
return self.im.histogram((0, 0), mask.im)
if self.mode in ("I", "F"):
if extrema is None:
extrema = self.getextrema()
return self.im.histogram(extrema)
return self.im.histogram()
def entropy(self, mask=None, extrema=None):
"""
Calculates and returns the entropy for the image.
A bilevel image (mode "1") is treated as a greyscale ("L")
image by this method.
If a mask is provided, the method employs the histogram for
those parts of the image where the mask image is non-zero.
The mask image must have the same size as the image, and be
either a bi-level image (mode "1") or a greyscale image ("L").
:param mask: An optional mask.
:param extrema: An optional tuple of manually-specified extrema.
:returns: A float value representing the image entropy
"""
self.load()
if mask:
mask.load()
return self.im.entropy((0, 0), mask.im)
if self.mode in ("I", "F"):
if extrema is None:
extrema = self.getextrema()
return self.im.entropy(extrema)
return self.im.entropy()
def paste(self, im, box=None, mask=None):
"""
Pastes another image into this image. The box argument is either
a 2-tuple giving the upper left corner, a 4-tuple defining the
left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate, or None (same as
(0, 0)). See :ref:`coordinate-system`. If a 4-tuple is given, the size
of the pasted image must match the size of the region.
If the modes don't match, the pasted image is converted to the mode of
this image (see the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.convert` method for
details).
Instead of an image, the source can be a integer or tuple
containing pixel values. The method then fills the region
with the given color. When creating RGB images, you can
also use color strings as supported by the ImageColor module.
If a mask is given, this method updates only the regions
indicated by the mask. You can use either "1", "L", "LA", "RGBA"
or "RGBa" images (if present, the alpha band is used as mask).
Where the mask is 255, the given image is copied as is. Where
the mask is 0, the current value is preserved. Intermediate
values will mix the two images together, including their alpha
channels if they have them.
See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.alpha_composite` if you want to
combine images with respect to their alpha channels.
:param im: Source image or pixel value (integer or tuple).
:param box: An optional 4-tuple giving the region to paste into.
If a 2-tuple is used instead, it's treated as the upper left
corner. If omitted or None, the source is pasted into the
upper left corner.
If an image is given as the second argument and there is no
third, the box defaults to (0, 0), and the second argument
is interpreted as a mask image.
:param mask: An optional mask image.
"""
if isImageType(box) and mask is None:
# abbreviated paste(im, mask) syntax
mask = box
box = None
if box is None:
box = (0, 0)
if len(box) == 2:
# upper left corner given; get size from image or mask
if isImageType(im):
size = im.size
elif isImageType(mask):
size = mask.size
else:
# FIXME: use self.size here?
msg = "cannot determine region size; use 4-item box"
raise ValueError(msg)
box += (box[0] + size[0], box[1] + size[1])
if isinstance(im, str):
from . import ImageColor
im = ImageColor.getcolor(im, self.mode)
elif isImageType(im):
im.load()
if self.mode != im.mode:
if self.mode != "RGB" or im.mode not in ("LA", "RGBA", "RGBa"):
# should use an adapter for this!
im = im.convert(self.mode)
im = im.im
self._ensure_mutable()
if mask:
mask.load()
self.im.paste(im, box, mask.im)
else:
self.im.paste(im, box)
def alpha_composite(self, im, dest=(0, 0), source=(0, 0)):
"""'In-place' analog of Image.alpha_composite. Composites an image
onto this image.
:param im: image to composite over this one
:param dest: Optional 2 tuple (left, top) specifying the upper
left corner in this (destination) image.
:param source: Optional 2 (left, top) tuple for the upper left
corner in the overlay source image, or 4 tuple (left, top, right,
bottom) for the bounds of the source rectangle
Performance Note: Not currently implemented in-place in the core layer.
"""
if not isinstance(source, (list, tuple)):
msg = "Source must be a tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if not isinstance(dest, (list, tuple)):
msg = "Destination must be a tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if not len(source) in (2, 4):
msg = "Source must be a 2 or 4-tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if not len(dest) == 2:
msg = "Destination must be a 2-tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if min(source) < 0:
msg = "Source must be non-negative"
raise ValueError(msg)
if len(source) == 2:
source = source + im.size
# over image, crop if it's not the whole thing.
if source == (0, 0) + im.size:
overlay = im
else:
overlay = im.crop(source)
# target for the paste
box = dest + (dest[0] + overlay.width, dest[1] + overlay.height)
# destination image. don't copy if we're using the whole image.
if box == (0, 0) + self.size:
background = self
else:
background = self.crop(box)
result = alpha_composite(background, overlay)
self.paste(result, box)
def point(self, lut, mode=None):
"""
Maps this image through a lookup table or function.
:param lut: A lookup table, containing 256 (or 65536 if
self.mode=="I" and mode == "L") values per band in the
image. A function can be used instead, it should take a
single argument. The function is called once for each
possible pixel value, and the resulting table is applied to
all bands of the image.
It may also be an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImagePointHandler`
object::
class Example(Image.ImagePointHandler):
def point(self, data):
# Return result
:param mode: Output mode (default is same as input). In the
current version, this can only be used if the source image
has mode "L" or "P", and the output has mode "1" or the
source image mode is "I" and the output mode is "L".
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
if isinstance(lut, ImagePointHandler):
return lut.point(self)
if callable(lut):
# if it isn't a list, it should be a function
if self.mode in ("I", "I;16", "F"):
# check if the function can be used with point_transform
# UNDONE wiredfool -- I think this prevents us from ever doing
# a gamma function point transform on > 8bit images.
scale, offset = _getscaleoffset(lut)
return self._new(self.im.point_transform(scale, offset))
# for other modes, convert the function to a table
lut = [lut(i) for i in range(256)] * self.im.bands
if self.mode == "F":
# FIXME: _imaging returns a confusing error message for this case
msg = "point operation not supported for this mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
if mode != "F":
lut = [round(i) for i in lut]
return self._new(self.im.point(lut, mode))
def putalpha(self, alpha):
"""
Adds or replaces the alpha layer in this image. If the image
does not have an alpha layer, it's converted to "LA" or "RGBA".
The new layer must be either "L" or "1".
:param alpha: The new alpha layer. This can either be an "L" or "1"
image having the same size as this image, or an integer or
other color value.
"""
self._ensure_mutable()
if self.mode not in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
# attempt to promote self to a matching alpha mode
try:
mode = getmodebase(self.mode) + "A"
try:
self.im.setmode(mode)
except (AttributeError, ValueError) as e:
# do things the hard way
im = self.im.convert(mode)
if im.mode not in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
raise ValueError from e # sanity check
self.im = im
self.pyaccess = None
self.mode = self.im.mode
except KeyError as e:
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
if self.mode in ("LA", "PA"):
band = 1
else:
band = 3
if isImageType(alpha):
# alpha layer
if alpha.mode not in ("1", "L"):
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
alpha.load()
if alpha.mode == "1":
alpha = alpha.convert("L")
else:
# constant alpha
try:
self.im.fillband(band, alpha)
except (AttributeError, ValueError):
# do things the hard way
alpha = new("L", self.size, alpha)
else:
return
self.im.putband(alpha.im, band)
def putdata(self, data, scale=1.0, offset=0.0):
"""
Copies pixel data from a flattened sequence object into the image. The
values should start at the upper left corner (0, 0), continue to the
end of the line, followed directly by the first value of the second
line, and so on. Data will be read until either the image or the
sequence ends. The scale and offset values are used to adjust the
sequence values: **pixel = value*scale + offset**.
:param data: A flattened sequence object.
:param scale: An optional scale value. The default is 1.0.
:param offset: An optional offset value. The default is 0.0.
"""
self._ensure_mutable()
self.im.putdata(data, scale, offset)
def putpalette(self, data, rawmode="RGB"):
"""
Attaches a palette to this image. The image must be a "P", "PA", "L"
or "LA" image.
The palette sequence must contain at most 256 colors, made up of one
integer value for each channel in the raw mode.
For example, if the raw mode is "RGB", then it can contain at most 768
values, made up of red, green and blue values for the corresponding pixel
index in the 256 colors.
If the raw mode is "RGBA", then it can contain at most 1024 values,
containing red, green, blue and alpha values.
Alternatively, an 8-bit string may be used instead of an integer sequence.
:param data: A palette sequence (either a list or a string).
:param rawmode: The raw mode of the palette. Either "RGB", "RGBA", or a mode
that can be transformed to "RGB" or "RGBA" (e.g. "R", "BGR;15", "RGBA;L").
"""
from . import ImagePalette
if self.mode not in ("L", "LA", "P", "PA"):
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
if isinstance(data, ImagePalette.ImagePalette):
palette = ImagePalette.raw(data.rawmode, data.palette)
else:
if not isinstance(data, bytes):
data = bytes(data)
palette = ImagePalette.raw(rawmode, data)
self.mode = "PA" if "A" in self.mode else "P"
self.palette = palette
self.palette.mode = "RGB"
self.load() # install new palette
def putpixel(self, xy, value):
"""
Modifies the pixel at the given position. The color is given as
a single numerical value for single-band images, and a tuple for
multi-band images. In addition to this, RGB and RGBA tuples are
accepted for P and PA images.
Note that this method is relatively slow. For more extensive changes,
use :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste` or the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
module instead.
See:
* :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste`
* :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.putdata`
* :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
:param xy: The pixel coordinate, given as (x, y). See
:ref:`coordinate-system`.
:param value: The pixel value.
"""
if self.readonly:
self._copy()
self.load()
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess.putpixel(xy, value)
if (
self.mode in ("P", "PA")
and isinstance(value, (list, tuple))
and len(value) in [3, 4]
):
# RGB or RGBA value for a P or PA image
if self.mode == "PA":
alpha = value[3] if len(value) == 4 else 255
value = value[:3]
value = self.palette.getcolor(value, self)
if self.mode == "PA":
value = (value, alpha)
return self.im.putpixel(xy, value)
def remap_palette(self, dest_map, source_palette=None):
"""
Rewrites the image to reorder the palette.
:param dest_map: A list of indexes into the original palette.
e.g. ``[1,0]`` would swap a two item palette, and ``list(range(256))``
is the identity transform.
:param source_palette: Bytes or None.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
from . import ImagePalette
if self.mode not in ("L", "P"):
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
bands = 3
palette_mode = "RGB"
if source_palette is None:
if self.mode == "P":
self.load()
palette_mode = self.im.getpalettemode()
if palette_mode == "RGBA":
bands = 4
source_palette = self.im.getpalette(palette_mode, palette_mode)
else: # L-mode
source_palette = bytearray(i // 3 for i in range(768))
palette_bytes = b""
new_positions = [0] * 256
# pick only the used colors from the palette
for i, oldPosition in enumerate(dest_map):
palette_bytes += source_palette[
oldPosition * bands : oldPosition * bands + bands
]
new_positions[oldPosition] = i
# replace the palette color id of all pixel with the new id
# Palette images are [0..255], mapped through a 1 or 3
# byte/color map. We need to remap the whole image
# from palette 1 to palette 2. New_positions is
# an array of indexes into palette 1. Palette 2 is
# palette 1 with any holes removed.
# We're going to leverage the convert mechanism to use the
# C code to remap the image from palette 1 to palette 2,
# by forcing the source image into 'L' mode and adding a
# mapping 'L' mode palette, then converting back to 'L'
# sans palette thus converting the image bytes, then
# assigning the optimized RGB palette.
# perf reference, 9500x4000 gif, w/~135 colors
# 14 sec prepatch, 1 sec postpatch with optimization forced.
mapping_palette = bytearray(new_positions)
m_im = self.copy()
m_im.mode = "P"
m_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(
palette_mode, palette=mapping_palette * bands
)
# possibly set palette dirty, then
# m_im.putpalette(mapping_palette, 'L') # converts to 'P'
# or just force it.
# UNDONE -- this is part of the general issue with palettes
m_im.im.putpalette(palette_mode + ";L", m_im.palette.tobytes())
m_im = m_im.convert("L")
m_im.putpalette(palette_bytes, palette_mode)
m_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(palette_mode, palette=palette_bytes)
if "transparency" in self.info:
try:
m_im.info["transparency"] = dest_map.index(self.info["transparency"])
except ValueError:
if "transparency" in m_im.info:
del m_im.info["transparency"]
return m_im
def _get_safe_box(self, size, resample, box):
"""Expands the box so it includes adjacent pixels
that may be used by resampling with the given resampling filter.
"""
filter_support = _filters_support[resample] - 0.5
scale_x = (box[2] - box[0]) / size[0]
scale_y = (box[3] - box[1]) / size[1]
support_x = filter_support * scale_x
support_y = filter_support * scale_y
return (
max(0, int(box[0] - support_x)),
max(0, int(box[1] - support_y)),
min(self.size[0], math.ceil(box[2] + support_x)),
min(self.size[1], math.ceil(box[3] + support_y)),
)
def resize(self, size, resample=None, box=None, reducing_gap=None):
"""
Returns a resized copy of this image.
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
:param resample: An optional resampling filter. This can be
one of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`, :py:data:`Resampling.BOX`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR`, :py:data:`Resampling.HAMMING`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` or :py:data:`Resampling.LANCZOS`.
If the image has mode "1" or "P", it is always set to
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`. If the image mode specifies a number
of bits, such as "I;16", then the default filter is
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`. Otherwise, the default filter is
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC`. See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param box: An optional 4-tuple of floats providing
the source image region to be scaled.
The values must be within (0, 0, width, height) rectangle.
If omitted or None, the entire source is used.
:param reducing_gap: Apply optimization by resizing the image
in two steps. First, reducing the image by integer times
using :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.reduce`.
Second, resizing using regular resampling. The last step
changes size no less than by ``reducing_gap`` times.
``reducing_gap`` may be None (no first step is performed)
or should be greater than 1.0. The bigger ``reducing_gap``,
the closer the result to the fair resampling.
The smaller ``reducing_gap``, the faster resizing.
With ``reducing_gap`` greater or equal to 3.0, the result is
indistinguishable from fair resampling in most cases.
The default value is None (no optimization).
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if resample is None:
type_special = ";" in self.mode
resample = Resampling.NEAREST if type_special else Resampling.BICUBIC
elif resample not in (
Resampling.NEAREST,
Resampling.BILINEAR,
Resampling.BICUBIC,
Resampling.LANCZOS,
Resampling.BOX,
Resampling.HAMMING,
):
msg = f"Unknown resampling filter ({resample})."
filters = [
f"{filter[1]} ({filter[0]})"
for filter in (
(Resampling.NEAREST, "Image.Resampling.NEAREST"),
(Resampling.LANCZOS, "Image.Resampling.LANCZOS"),
(Resampling.BILINEAR, "Image.Resampling.BILINEAR"),
(Resampling.BICUBIC, "Image.Resampling.BICUBIC"),
(Resampling.BOX, "Image.Resampling.BOX"),
(Resampling.HAMMING, "Image.Resampling.HAMMING"),
)
]
msg += " Use " + ", ".join(filters[:-1]) + " or " + filters[-1]
raise ValueError(msg)
if reducing_gap is not None and reducing_gap < 1.0:
msg = "reducing_gap must be 1.0 or greater"
raise ValueError(msg)
size = tuple(size)
self.load()
if box is None:
box = (0, 0) + self.size
else:
box = tuple(box)
if self.size == size and box == (0, 0) + self.size:
return self.copy()
if self.mode in ("1", "P"):
resample = Resampling.NEAREST
if self.mode in ["LA", "RGBA"] and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
im = self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
im = im.resize(size, resample, box)
return im.convert(self.mode)
self.load()
if reducing_gap is not None and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
factor_x = int((box[2] - box[0]) / size[0] / reducing_gap) or 1
factor_y = int((box[3] - box[1]) / size[1] / reducing_gap) or 1
if factor_x > 1 or factor_y > 1:
reduce_box = self._get_safe_box(size, resample, box)
factor = (factor_x, factor_y)
if callable(self.reduce):
self = self.reduce(factor, box=reduce_box)
else:
self = Image.reduce(self, factor, box=reduce_box)
box = (
(box[0] - reduce_box[0]) / factor_x,
(box[1] - reduce_box[1]) / factor_y,
(box[2] - reduce_box[0]) / factor_x,
(box[3] - reduce_box[1]) / factor_y,
)
return self._new(self.im.resize(size, resample, box))
def reduce(self, factor, box=None):
"""
Returns a copy of the image reduced ``factor`` times.
If the size of the image is not dividable by ``factor``,
the resulting size will be rounded up.
:param factor: A greater than 0 integer or tuple of two integers
for width and height separately.
:param box: An optional 4-tuple of ints providing
the source image region to be reduced.
The values must be within ``(0, 0, width, height)`` rectangle.
If omitted or ``None``, the entire source is used.
"""
if not isinstance(factor, (list, tuple)):
factor = (factor, factor)
if box is None:
box = (0, 0) + self.size
else:
box = tuple(box)
if factor == (1, 1) and box == (0, 0) + self.size:
return self.copy()
if self.mode in ["LA", "RGBA"]:
im = self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
im = im.reduce(factor, box)
return im.convert(self.mode)
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.reduce(factor, box))
def rotate(
self,
angle,
resample=Resampling.NEAREST,
expand=0,
center=None,
translate=None,
fillcolor=None,
):
"""
Returns a rotated copy of this image. This method returns a
copy of this image, rotated the given number of degrees counter
clockwise around its centre.
:param angle: In degrees counter clockwise.
:param resample: An optional resampling filter. This can be
one of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
environment), or :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` (cubic spline
interpolation in a 4x4 environment). If omitted, or if the image has
mode "1" or "P", it is set to :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`.
See :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param expand: Optional expansion flag. If true, expands the output
image to make it large enough to hold the entire rotated image.
If false or omitted, make the output image the same size as the
input image. Note that the expand flag assumes rotation around
the center and no translation.
:param center: Optional center of rotation (a 2-tuple). Origin is
the upper left corner. Default is the center of the image.
:param translate: An optional post-rotate translation (a 2-tuple).
:param fillcolor: An optional color for area outside the rotated image.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
angle = angle % 360.0
# Fast paths regardless of filter, as long as we're not
# translating or changing the center.
if not (center or translate):
if angle == 0:
return self.copy()
if angle == 180:
return self.transpose(Transpose.ROTATE_180)
if angle in (90, 270) and (expand or self.width == self.height):
return self.transpose(
Transpose.ROTATE_90 if angle == 90 else Transpose.ROTATE_270
)
# Calculate the affine matrix. Note that this is the reverse
# transformation (from destination image to source) because we
# want to interpolate the (discrete) destination pixel from
# the local area around the (floating) source pixel.
# The matrix we actually want (note that it operates from the right):
# (1, 0, tx) (1, 0, cx) ( cos a, sin a, 0) (1, 0, -cx)
# (0, 1, ty) * (0, 1, cy) * (-sin a, cos a, 0) * (0, 1, -cy)
# (0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1) ( 0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1)
# The reverse matrix is thus:
# (1, 0, cx) ( cos -a, sin -a, 0) (1, 0, -cx) (1, 0, -tx)
# (0, 1, cy) * (-sin -a, cos -a, 0) * (0, 1, -cy) * (0, 1, -ty)
# (0, 0, 1) ( 0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1)
# In any case, the final translation may be updated at the end to
# compensate for the expand flag.
w, h = self.size
if translate is None:
post_trans = (0, 0)
else:
post_trans = translate
if center is None:
# FIXME These should be rounded to ints?
rotn_center = (w / 2.0, h / 2.0)
else:
rotn_center = center
angle = -math.radians(angle)
matrix = [
round(math.cos(angle), 15),
round(math.sin(angle), 15),
0.0,
round(-math.sin(angle), 15),
round(math.cos(angle), 15),
0.0,
]
def transform(x, y, matrix):
(a, b, c, d, e, f) = matrix
return a * x + b * y + c, d * x + e * y + f
matrix[2], matrix[5] = transform(
-rotn_center[0] - post_trans[0], -rotn_center[1] - post_trans[1], matrix
)
matrix[2] += rotn_center[0]
matrix[5] += rotn_center[1]
if expand:
# calculate output size
xx = []
yy = []
for x, y in ((0, 0), (w, 0), (w, h), (0, h)):
x, y = transform(x, y, matrix)
xx.append(x)
yy.append(y)
nw = math.ceil(max(xx)) - math.floor(min(xx))
nh = math.ceil(max(yy)) - math.floor(min(yy))
# We multiply a translation matrix from the right. Because of its
# special form, this is the same as taking the image of the
# translation vector as new translation vector.
matrix[2], matrix[5] = transform(-(nw - w) / 2.0, -(nh - h) / 2.0, matrix)
w, h = nw, nh
return self.transform(
(w, h), Transform.AFFINE, matrix, resample, fillcolor=fillcolor
)
def save(self, fp, format=None, **params):
"""
Saves this image under the given filename. If no format is
specified, the format to use is determined from the filename
extension, if possible.
Keyword options can be used to provide additional instructions
to the writer. If a writer doesn't recognise an option, it is
silently ignored. The available options are described in the
:doc:`image format documentation
<../handbook/image-file-formats>` for each writer.
You can use a file object instead of a filename. In this case,
you must always specify the format. The file object must
implement the ``seek``, ``tell``, and ``write``
methods, and be opened in binary mode.
:param fp: A filename (string), pathlib.Path object or file object.
:param format: Optional format override. If omitted, the
format to use is determined from the filename extension.
If a file object was used instead of a filename, this
parameter should always be used.
:param params: Extra parameters to the image writer.
:returns: None
:exception ValueError: If the output format could not be determined
from the file name. Use the format option to solve this.
:exception OSError: If the file could not be written. The file
may have been created, and may contain partial data.
"""
filename = ""
open_fp = False
if isinstance(fp, Path):
filename = str(fp)
open_fp = True
elif is_path(fp):
filename = fp
open_fp = True
elif fp == sys.stdout:
try:
fp = sys.stdout.buffer
except AttributeError:
pass
if not filename and hasattr(fp, "name") and is_path(fp.name):
# only set the name for metadata purposes
filename = fp.name
# may mutate self!
self._ensure_mutable()
save_all = params.pop("save_all", False)
self.encoderinfo = params
self.encoderconfig = ()
preinit()
ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1].lower()
if not format:
if ext not in EXTENSION:
init()
try:
format = EXTENSION[ext]
except KeyError as e:
msg = f"unknown file extension: {ext}"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
if format.upper() not in SAVE:
init()
if save_all:
save_handler = SAVE_ALL[format.upper()]
else:
save_handler = SAVE[format.upper()]
created = False
if open_fp:
created = not os.path.exists(filename)
if params.get("append", False):
# Open also for reading ("+"), because TIFF save_all
# writer needs to go back and edit the written data.
fp = builtins.open(filename, "r+b")
else:
fp = builtins.open(filename, "w+b")
try:
save_handler(self, fp, filename)
except Exception:
if open_fp:
fp.close()
if created:
try:
os.remove(filename)
except PermissionError:
pass
raise
if open_fp:
fp.close()
def seek(self, frame):
"""
Seeks to the given frame in this sequence file. If you seek
beyond the end of the sequence, the method raises an
``EOFError`` exception. When a sequence file is opened, the
library automatically seeks to frame 0.
See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.tell`.
If defined, :attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.n_frames` refers to the
number of available frames.
:param frame: Frame number, starting at 0.
:exception EOFError: If the call attempts to seek beyond the end
of the sequence.
"""
# overridden by file handlers
if frame != 0:
raise EOFError
def show(self, title=None):
"""
Displays this image. This method is mainly intended for debugging purposes.
This method calls :py:func:`PIL.ImageShow.show` internally. You can use
:py:func:`PIL.ImageShow.register` to override its default behaviour.
The image is first saved to a temporary file. By default, it will be in
PNG format.
On Unix, the image is then opened using the **display**, **eog** or
**xv** utility, depending on which one can be found.
On macOS, the image is opened with the native Preview application.
On Windows, the image is opened with the standard PNG display utility.
:param title: Optional title to use for the image window, where possible.
"""
_show(self, title=title)
def split(self):
"""
Split this image into individual bands. This method returns a
tuple of individual image bands from an image. For example,
splitting an "RGB" image creates three new images each
containing a copy of one of the original bands (red, green,
blue).
If you need only one band, :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.getchannel`
method can be more convenient and faster.
:returns: A tuple containing bands.
"""
self.load()
if self.im.bands == 1:
ims = [self.copy()]
else:
ims = map(self._new, self.im.split())
return tuple(ims)
def getchannel(self, channel):
"""
Returns an image containing a single channel of the source image.
:param channel: What channel to return. Could be index
(0 for "R" channel of "RGB") or channel name
("A" for alpha channel of "RGBA").
:returns: An image in "L" mode.
.. versionadded:: 4.3.0
"""
self.load()
if isinstance(channel, str):
try:
channel = self.getbands().index(channel)
except ValueError as e:
msg = f'The image has no channel "{channel}"'
raise ValueError(msg) from e
return self._new(self.im.getband(channel))
def tell(self):
"""
Returns the current frame number. See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.seek`.
If defined, :attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.n_frames` refers to the
number of available frames.
:returns: Frame number, starting with 0.
"""
return 0
def thumbnail(self, size, resample=Resampling.BICUBIC, reducing_gap=2.0):
"""
Make this image into a thumbnail. This method modifies the
image to contain a thumbnail version of itself, no larger than
the given size. This method calculates an appropriate thumbnail
size to preserve the aspect of the image, calls the
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.draft` method to configure the file reader
(where applicable), and finally resizes the image.
Note that this function modifies the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
object in place. If you need to use the full resolution image as well,
apply this method to a :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.copy` of the original
image.
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
:param resample: Optional resampling filter. This can be one
of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`, :py:data:`Resampling.BOX`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR`, :py:data:`Resampling.HAMMING`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` or :py:data:`Resampling.LANCZOS`.
If omitted, it defaults to :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC`.
(was :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` prior to version 2.5.0).
See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param reducing_gap: Apply optimization by resizing the image
in two steps. First, reducing the image by integer times
using :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.reduce` or
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.draft` for JPEG images.
Second, resizing using regular resampling. The last step
changes size no less than by ``reducing_gap`` times.
``reducing_gap`` may be None (no first step is performed)
or should be greater than 1.0. The bigger ``reducing_gap``,
the closer the result to the fair resampling.
The smaller ``reducing_gap``, the faster resizing.
With ``reducing_gap`` greater or equal to 3.0, the result is
indistinguishable from fair resampling in most cases.
The default value is 2.0 (very close to fair resampling
while still being faster in many cases).
:returns: None
"""
provided_size = tuple(map(math.floor, size))
def preserve_aspect_ratio():
def round_aspect(number, key):
return max(min(math.floor(number), math.ceil(number), key=key), 1)
x, y = provided_size
if x >= self.width and y >= self.height:
return
aspect = self.width / self.height
if x / y >= aspect:
x = round_aspect(y * aspect, key=lambda n: abs(aspect - n / y))
else:
y = round_aspect(
x / aspect, key=lambda n: 0 if n == 0 else abs(aspect - x / n)
)
return x, y
box = None
if reducing_gap is not None:
size = preserve_aspect_ratio()
if size is None:
return
res = self.draft(None, (size[0] * reducing_gap, size[1] * reducing_gap))
if res is not None:
box = res[1]
if box is None:
self.load()
# load() may have changed the size of the image
size = preserve_aspect_ratio()
if size is None:
return
if self.size != size:
im = self.resize(size, resample, box=box, reducing_gap=reducing_gap)
self.im = im.im
self._size = size
self.mode = self.im.mode
self.readonly = 0
self.pyaccess = None
# FIXME: the different transform methods need further explanation
# instead of bloating the method docs, add a separate chapter.
def transform(
self,
size,
method,
data=None,
resample=Resampling.NEAREST,
fill=1,
fillcolor=None,
):
"""
Transforms this image. This method creates a new image with the
given size, and the same mode as the original, and copies data
to the new image using the given transform.
:param size: The output size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
:param method: The transformation method. This is one of
:py:data:`Transform.EXTENT` (cut out a rectangular subregion),
:py:data:`Transform.AFFINE` (affine transform),
:py:data:`Transform.PERSPECTIVE` (perspective transform),
:py:data:`Transform.QUAD` (map a quadrilateral to a rectangle), or
:py:data:`Transform.MESH` (map a number of source quadrilaterals
in one operation).
It may also be an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImageTransformHandler`
object::
class Example(Image.ImageTransformHandler):
def transform(self, size, data, resample, fill=1):
# Return result
It may also be an object with a ``method.getdata`` method
that returns a tuple supplying new ``method`` and ``data`` values::
class Example:
def getdata(self):
method = Image.Transform.EXTENT
data = (0, 0, 100, 100)
return method, data
:param data: Extra data to the transformation method.
:param resample: Optional resampling filter. It can be one of
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
environment), or :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` (cubic spline
interpolation in a 4x4 environment). If omitted, or if the image
has mode "1" or "P", it is set to :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`.
See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param fill: If ``method`` is an
:py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImageTransformHandler` object, this is one of
the arguments passed to it. Otherwise, it is unused.
:param fillcolor: Optional fill color for the area outside the
transform in the output image.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if self.mode in ("LA", "RGBA") and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
return (
self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
.transform(size, method, data, resample, fill, fillcolor)
.convert(self.mode)
)
if isinstance(method, ImageTransformHandler):
return method.transform(size, self, resample=resample, fill=fill)
if hasattr(method, "getdata"):
# compatibility w. old-style transform objects
method, data = method.getdata()
if data is None:
msg = "missing method data"
raise ValueError(msg)
im = new(self.mode, size, fillcolor)
if self.mode == "P" and self.palette:
im.palette = self.palette.copy()
im.info = self.info.copy()
if method == Transform.MESH:
# list of quads
for box, quad in data:
im.__transformer(
box, self, Transform.QUAD, quad, resample, fillcolor is None
)
else:
im.__transformer(
(0, 0) + size, self, method, data, resample, fillcolor is None
)
return im
def __transformer(
self, box, image, method, data, resample=Resampling.NEAREST, fill=1
):
w = box[2] - box[0]
h = box[3] - box[1]
if method == Transform.AFFINE:
data = data[:6]
elif method == Transform.EXTENT:
# convert extent to an affine transform
x0, y0, x1, y1 = data
xs = (x1 - x0) / w
ys = (y1 - y0) / h
method = Transform.AFFINE
data = (xs, 0, x0, 0, ys, y0)
elif method == Transform.PERSPECTIVE:
data = data[:8]
elif method == Transform.QUAD:
# quadrilateral warp. data specifies the four corners
# given as NW, SW, SE, and NE.
nw = data[:2]
sw = data[2:4]
se = data[4:6]
ne = data[6:8]
x0, y0 = nw
As = 1.0 / w
At = 1.0 / h
data = (
x0,
(ne[0] - x0) * As,
(sw[0] - x0) * At,
(se[0] - sw[0] - ne[0] + x0) * As * At,
y0,
(ne[1] - y0) * As,
(sw[1] - y0) * At,
(se[1] - sw[1] - ne[1] + y0) * As * At,
)
else:
msg = "unknown transformation method"
raise ValueError(msg)
if resample not in (
Resampling.NEAREST,
Resampling.BILINEAR,
Resampling.BICUBIC,
):
if resample in (Resampling.BOX, Resampling.HAMMING, Resampling.LANCZOS):
msg = {
Resampling.BOX: "Image.Resampling.BOX",
Resampling.HAMMING: "Image.Resampling.HAMMING",
Resampling.LANCZOS: "Image.Resampling.LANCZOS",
}[resample] + f" ({resample}) cannot be used."
else:
msg = f"Unknown resampling filter ({resample})."
filters = [
f"{filter[1]} ({filter[0]})"
for filter in (
(Resampling.NEAREST, "Image.Resampling.NEAREST"),
(Resampling.BILINEAR, "Image.Resampling.BILINEAR"),
(Resampling.BICUBIC, "Image.Resampling.BICUBIC"),
)
]
msg += " Use " + ", ".join(filters[:-1]) + " or " + filters[-1]
raise ValueError(msg)
image.load()
self.load()
if image.mode in ("1", "P"):
resample = Resampling.NEAREST
self.im.transform2(box, image.im, method, data, resample, fill)
def transpose(self, method):
"""
Transpose image (flip or rotate in 90 degree steps)
:param method: One of :py:data:`Transpose.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT`,
:py:data:`Transpose.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM`, :py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_90`,
:py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_180`, :py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_270`,
:py:data:`Transpose.TRANSPOSE` or :py:data:`Transpose.TRANSVERSE`.
:returns: Returns a flipped or rotated copy of this image.
"""
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.transpose(method))
def effect_spread(self, distance):
"""
Randomly spread pixels in an image.
:param distance: Distance to spread pixels.
"""
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.effect_spread(distance))
def toqimage(self):
"""Returns a QImage copy of this image"""
from . import ImageQt
if not ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
msg = "Qt bindings are not installed"
raise ImportError(msg)
return ImageQt.toqimage(self)
def toqpixmap(self):
"""Returns a QPixmap copy of this image"""
from . import ImageQt
if not ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
msg = "Qt bindings are not installed"
raise ImportError(msg)
return ImageQt.toqpixmap(self)
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `loadImageSeries` function. Write a Python function `def loadImageSeries(filelist=None)` to solve the following problem:
create a list of :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` objects for use in a montage
Here is the function:
def loadImageSeries(filelist=None):
"""create a list of :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` objects for use in a montage"""
if filelist is None or len(filelist) < 1:
return
imglist = []
for img in filelist:
if not os.path.exists(img):
print(f"unable to find {img}")
continue
try:
with Image.open(img) as im:
im = im.convert2byte()
except Exception:
if not isSpiderImage(img):
print(img + " is not a Spider image file")
continue
im.info["filename"] = img
imglist.append(im)
return imglist | create a list of :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` objects for use in a montage |
174,011 | import os
import struct
import sys
from PIL import Image, ImageFile
class SpiderImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
format = "SPIDER"
format_description = "Spider 2D image"
_close_exclusive_fp_after_loading = False
def _open(self):
# check header
n = 27 * 4 # read 27 float values
f = self.fp.read(n)
try:
self.bigendian = 1
t = struct.unpack(">27f", f) # try big-endian first
hdrlen = isSpiderHeader(t)
if hdrlen == 0:
self.bigendian = 0
t = struct.unpack("<27f", f) # little-endian
hdrlen = isSpiderHeader(t)
if hdrlen == 0:
msg = "not a valid Spider file"
raise SyntaxError(msg)
except struct.error as e:
msg = "not a valid Spider file"
raise SyntaxError(msg) from e
h = (99,) + t # add 1 value : spider header index starts at 1
iform = int(h[5])
if iform != 1:
msg = "not a Spider 2D image"
raise SyntaxError(msg)
self._size = int(h[12]), int(h[2]) # size in pixels (width, height)
self.istack = int(h[24])
self.imgnumber = int(h[27])
if self.istack == 0 and self.imgnumber == 0:
# stk=0, img=0: a regular 2D image
offset = hdrlen
self._nimages = 1
elif self.istack > 0 and self.imgnumber == 0:
# stk>0, img=0: Opening the stack for the first time
self.imgbytes = int(h[12]) * int(h[2]) * 4
self.hdrlen = hdrlen
self._nimages = int(h[26])
# Point to the first image in the stack
offset = hdrlen * 2
self.imgnumber = 1
elif self.istack == 0 and self.imgnumber > 0:
# stk=0, img>0: an image within the stack
offset = hdrlen + self.stkoffset
self.istack = 2 # So Image knows it's still a stack
else:
msg = "inconsistent stack header values"
raise SyntaxError(msg)
if self.bigendian:
self.rawmode = "F;32BF"
else:
self.rawmode = "F;32F"
self.mode = "F"
self.tile = [("raw", (0, 0) + self.size, offset, (self.rawmode, 0, 1))]
self._fp = self.fp # FIXME: hack
def n_frames(self):
return self._nimages
def is_animated(self):
return self._nimages > 1
# 1st image index is zero (although SPIDER imgnumber starts at 1)
def tell(self):
if self.imgnumber < 1:
return 0
else:
return self.imgnumber - 1
def seek(self, frame):
if self.istack == 0:
msg = "attempt to seek in a non-stack file"
raise EOFError(msg)
if not self._seek_check(frame):
return
self.stkoffset = self.hdrlen + frame * (self.hdrlen + self.imgbytes)
self.fp = self._fp
self.fp.seek(self.stkoffset)
self._open()
# returns a byte image after rescaling to 0..255
def convert2byte(self, depth=255):
(minimum, maximum) = self.getextrema()
m = 1
if maximum != minimum:
m = depth / (maximum - minimum)
b = -m * minimum
return self.point(lambda i, m=m, b=b: i * m + b).convert("L")
# returns a ImageTk.PhotoImage object, after rescaling to 0..255
def tkPhotoImage(self):
from PIL import ImageTk
return ImageTk.PhotoImage(self.convert2byte(), palette=256)
def _save(im, fp, filename):
if im.mode[0] != "F":
im = im.convert("F")
hdr = makeSpiderHeader(im)
if len(hdr) < 256:
msg = "Error creating Spider header"
raise OSError(msg)
# write the SPIDER header
fp.writelines(hdr)
rawmode = "F;32NF" # 32-bit native floating point
ImageFile._save(im, fp, [("raw", (0, 0) + im.size, 0, (rawmode, 0, 1))])
Image.register_open(SpiderImageFile.format, SpiderImageFile)
Image.register_save(SpiderImageFile.format, _save_spider)
class Image:
"""
This class represents an image object. To create
:py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` objects, use the appropriate factory
functions. There's hardly ever any reason to call the Image constructor
directly.
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.open`
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.new`
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes`
"""
format = None
format_description = None
_close_exclusive_fp_after_loading = True
def __init__(self):
# FIXME: take "new" parameters / other image?
# FIXME: turn mode and size into delegating properties?
self.im = None
self.mode = ""
self._size = (0, 0)
self.palette = None
self.info = {}
self._category = 0
self.readonly = 0
self.pyaccess = None
self._exif = None
def __getattr__(self, name):
if name == "category":
deprecate("Image categories", 10, "is_animated", plural=True)
return self._category
raise AttributeError(name)
def width(self):
return self.size[0]
def height(self):
return self.size[1]
def size(self):
return self._size
def _new(self, im):
new = Image()
new.im = im
new.mode = im.mode
new._size = im.size
if im.mode in ("P", "PA"):
if self.palette:
new.palette = self.palette.copy()
else:
from . import ImagePalette
new.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette()
new.info = self.info.copy()
return new
# Context manager support
def __enter__(self):
return self
def __exit__(self, *args):
if hasattr(self, "fp") and getattr(self, "_exclusive_fp", False):
if getattr(self, "_fp", False):
if self._fp != self.fp:
self._fp.close()
self._fp = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
if self.fp:
self.fp.close()
self.fp = None
def close(self):
"""
Closes the file pointer, if possible.
This operation will destroy the image core and release its memory.
The image data will be unusable afterward.
This function is required to close images that have multiple frames or
have not had their file read and closed by the
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.load` method. See :ref:`file-handling` for
more information.
"""
try:
if getattr(self, "_fp", False):
if self._fp != self.fp:
self._fp.close()
self._fp = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
if self.fp:
self.fp.close()
self.fp = None
except Exception as msg:
logger.debug("Error closing: %s", msg)
if getattr(self, "map", None):
self.map = None
# Instead of simply setting to None, we're setting up a
# deferred error that will better explain that the core image
# object is gone.
self.im = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
def _copy(self):
self.load()
self.im = self.im.copy()
self.pyaccess = None
self.readonly = 0
def _ensure_mutable(self):
if self.readonly:
self._copy()
else:
self.load()
def _dump(self, file=None, format=None, **options):
suffix = ""
if format:
suffix = "." + format
if not file:
f, filename = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix)
os.close(f)
else:
filename = file
if not filename.endswith(suffix):
filename = filename + suffix
self.load()
if not format or format == "PPM":
self.im.save_ppm(filename)
else:
self.save(filename, format, **options)
return filename
def __eq__(self, other):
return (
self.__class__ is other.__class__
and self.mode == other.mode
and self.size == other.size
and self.info == other.info
and self._category == other._category
and self.getpalette() == other.getpalette()
and self.tobytes() == other.tobytes()
)
def __repr__(self):
return "<%s.%s image mode=%s size=%dx%d at 0x%X>" % (
self.__class__.__module__,
self.__class__.__name__,
self.mode,
self.size[0],
self.size[1],
id(self),
)
def _repr_pretty_(self, p, cycle):
"""IPython plain text display support"""
# Same as __repr__ but without unpredictable id(self),
# to keep Jupyter notebook `text/plain` output stable.
p.text(
"<%s.%s image mode=%s size=%dx%d>"
% (
self.__class__.__module__,
self.__class__.__name__,
self.mode,
self.size[0],
self.size[1],
)
)
def _repr_png_(self):
"""iPython display hook support
:returns: png version of the image as bytes
"""
b = io.BytesIO()
try:
self.save(b, "PNG")
except Exception as e:
msg = "Could not save to PNG for display"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
return b.getvalue()
def __array_interface__(self):
# numpy array interface support
new = {"version": 3}
try:
if self.mode == "1":
# Binary images need to be extended from bits to bytes
# See: https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/350
new["data"] = self.tobytes("raw", "L")
else:
new["data"] = self.tobytes()
except Exception as e:
if not isinstance(e, (MemoryError, RecursionError)):
try:
import numpy
from packaging.version import parse as parse_version
except ImportError:
pass
else:
if parse_version(numpy.__version__) < parse_version("1.23"):
warnings.warn(e)
raise
new["shape"], new["typestr"] = _conv_type_shape(self)
return new
def __getstate__(self):
return [self.info, self.mode, self.size, self.getpalette(), self.tobytes()]
def __setstate__(self, state):
Image.__init__(self)
info, mode, size, palette, data = state
self.info = info
self.mode = mode
self._size = size
self.im = core.new(mode, size)
if mode in ("L", "LA", "P", "PA") and palette:
self.putpalette(palette)
self.frombytes(data)
def tobytes(self, encoder_name="raw", *args):
"""
Return image as a bytes object.
.. warning::
This method returns the raw image data from the internal
storage. For compressed image data (e.g. PNG, JPEG) use
:meth:`~.save`, with a BytesIO parameter for in-memory
data.
:param encoder_name: What encoder to use. The default is to
use the standard "raw" encoder.
A list of C encoders can be seen under
codecs section of the function array in
:file:`_imaging.c`. Python encoders are
registered within the relevant plugins.
:param args: Extra arguments to the encoder.
:returns: A :py:class:`bytes` object.
"""
# may pass tuple instead of argument list
if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
args = args[0]
if encoder_name == "raw" and args == ():
args = self.mode
self.load()
if self.width == 0 or self.height == 0:
return b""
# unpack data
e = _getencoder(self.mode, encoder_name, args)
e.setimage(self.im)
bufsize = max(65536, self.size[0] * 4) # see RawEncode.c
output = []
while True:
bytes_consumed, errcode, data = e.encode(bufsize)
output.append(data)
if errcode:
break
if errcode < 0:
msg = f"encoder error {errcode} in tobytes"
raise RuntimeError(msg)
return b"".join(output)
def tobitmap(self, name="image"):
"""
Returns the image converted to an X11 bitmap.
.. note:: This method only works for mode "1" images.
:param name: The name prefix to use for the bitmap variables.
:returns: A string containing an X11 bitmap.
:raises ValueError: If the mode is not "1"
"""
self.load()
if self.mode != "1":
msg = "not a bitmap"
raise ValueError(msg)
data = self.tobytes("xbm")
return b"".join(
[
f"#define {name}_width {self.size[0]}\n".encode("ascii"),
f"#define {name}_height {self.size[1]}\n".encode("ascii"),
f"static char {name}_bits[] = {{\n".encode("ascii"),
data,
b"};",
]
)
def frombytes(self, data, decoder_name="raw", *args):
"""
Loads this image with pixel data from a bytes object.
This method is similar to the :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes` function,
but loads data into this image instead of creating a new image object.
"""
# may pass tuple instead of argument list
if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
args = args[0]
# default format
if decoder_name == "raw" and args == ():
args = self.mode
# unpack data
d = _getdecoder(self.mode, decoder_name, args)
d.setimage(self.im)
s = d.decode(data)
if s[0] >= 0:
msg = "not enough image data"
raise ValueError(msg)
if s[1] != 0:
msg = "cannot decode image data"
raise ValueError(msg)
def load(self):
"""
Allocates storage for the image and loads the pixel data. In
normal cases, you don't need to call this method, since the
Image class automatically loads an opened image when it is
accessed for the first time.
If the file associated with the image was opened by Pillow, then this
method will close it. The exception to this is if the image has
multiple frames, in which case the file will be left open for seek
operations. See :ref:`file-handling` for more information.
:returns: An image access object.
:rtype: :ref:`PixelAccess` or :py:class:`PIL.PyAccess`
"""
if self.im is not None and self.palette and self.palette.dirty:
# realize palette
mode, arr = self.palette.getdata()
self.im.putpalette(mode, arr)
self.palette.dirty = 0
self.palette.rawmode = None
if "transparency" in self.info and mode in ("LA", "PA"):
if isinstance(self.info["transparency"], int):
self.im.putpalettealpha(self.info["transparency"], 0)
else:
self.im.putpalettealphas(self.info["transparency"])
self.palette.mode = "RGBA"
else:
palette_mode = "RGBA" if mode.startswith("RGBA") else "RGB"
self.palette.mode = palette_mode
self.palette.palette = self.im.getpalette(palette_mode, palette_mode)
if self.im is not None:
if cffi and USE_CFFI_ACCESS:
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess
from . import PyAccess
self.pyaccess = PyAccess.new(self, self.readonly)
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess
return self.im.pixel_access(self.readonly)
def verify(self):
"""
Verifies the contents of a file. For data read from a file, this
method attempts to determine if the file is broken, without
actually decoding the image data. If this method finds any
problems, it raises suitable exceptions. If you need to load
the image after using this method, you must reopen the image
file.
"""
pass
def convert(
self, mode=None, matrix=None, dither=None, palette=Palette.WEB, colors=256
):
"""
Returns a converted copy of this image. For the "P" mode, this
method translates pixels through the palette. If mode is
omitted, a mode is chosen so that all information in the image
and the palette can be represented without a palette.
The current version supports all possible conversions between
"L", "RGB" and "CMYK". The ``matrix`` argument only supports "L"
and "RGB".
When translating a color image to greyscale (mode "L"),
the library uses the ITU-R 601-2 luma transform::
L = R * 299/1000 + G * 587/1000 + B * 114/1000
The default method of converting a greyscale ("L") or "RGB"
image into a bilevel (mode "1") image uses Floyd-Steinberg
dither to approximate the original image luminosity levels. If
dither is ``None``, all values larger than 127 are set to 255 (white),
all other values to 0 (black). To use other thresholds, use the
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.point` method.
When converting from "RGBA" to "P" without a ``matrix`` argument,
this passes the operation to :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.quantize`,
and ``dither`` and ``palette`` are ignored.
When converting from "PA", if an "RGBA" palette is present, the alpha
channel from the image will be used instead of the values from the palette.
:param mode: The requested mode. See: :ref:`concept-modes`.
:param matrix: An optional conversion matrix. If given, this
should be 4- or 12-tuple containing floating point values.
:param dither: Dithering method, used when converting from
mode "RGB" to "P" or from "RGB" or "L" to "1".
Available methods are :data:`Dither.NONE` or :data:`Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG`
(default). Note that this is not used when ``matrix`` is supplied.
:param palette: Palette to use when converting from mode "RGB"
to "P". Available palettes are :data:`Palette.WEB` or
:data:`Palette.ADAPTIVE`.
:param colors: Number of colors to use for the :data:`Palette.ADAPTIVE`
palette. Defaults to 256.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
has_transparency = self.info.get("transparency") is not None
if not mode and self.mode == "P":
# determine default mode
if self.palette:
mode = self.palette.mode
else:
mode = "RGB"
if mode == "RGB" and has_transparency:
mode = "RGBA"
if not mode or (mode == self.mode and not matrix):
return self.copy()
if matrix:
# matrix conversion
if mode not in ("L", "RGB"):
msg = "illegal conversion"
raise ValueError(msg)
im = self.im.convert_matrix(mode, matrix)
new = self._new(im)
if has_transparency and self.im.bands == 3:
transparency = new.info["transparency"]
def convert_transparency(m, v):
v = m[0] * v[0] + m[1] * v[1] + m[2] * v[2] + m[3] * 0.5
return max(0, min(255, int(v)))
if mode == "L":
transparency = convert_transparency(matrix, transparency)
elif len(mode) == 3:
transparency = tuple(
convert_transparency(matrix[i * 4 : i * 4 + 4], transparency)
for i in range(0, len(transparency))
)
new.info["transparency"] = transparency
return new
if mode == "P" and self.mode == "RGBA":
return self.quantize(colors)
trns = None
delete_trns = False
# transparency handling
if has_transparency:
if (self.mode in ("1", "L", "I") and mode in ("LA", "RGBA")) or (
self.mode == "RGB" and mode == "RGBA"
):
# Use transparent conversion to promote from transparent
# color to an alpha channel.
new_im = self._new(
self.im.convert_transparent(mode, self.info["transparency"])
)
del new_im.info["transparency"]
return new_im
elif self.mode in ("L", "RGB", "P") and mode in ("L", "RGB", "P"):
t = self.info["transparency"]
if isinstance(t, bytes):
# Dragons. This can't be represented by a single color
warnings.warn(
"Palette images with Transparency expressed in bytes should be "
"converted to RGBA images"
)
delete_trns = True
else:
# get the new transparency color.
# use existing conversions
trns_im = Image()._new(core.new(self.mode, (1, 1)))
if self.mode == "P":
trns_im.putpalette(self.palette)
if isinstance(t, tuple):
err = "Couldn't allocate a palette color for transparency"
try:
t = trns_im.palette.getcolor(t, self)
except ValueError as e:
if str(e) == "cannot allocate more than 256 colors":
# If all 256 colors are in use,
# then there is no need for transparency
t = None
else:
raise ValueError(err) from e
if t is None:
trns = None
else:
trns_im.putpixel((0, 0), t)
if mode in ("L", "RGB"):
trns_im = trns_im.convert(mode)
else:
# can't just retrieve the palette number, got to do it
# after quantization.
trns_im = trns_im.convert("RGB")
trns = trns_im.getpixel((0, 0))
elif self.mode == "P" and mode in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
t = self.info["transparency"]
delete_trns = True
if isinstance(t, bytes):
self.im.putpalettealphas(t)
elif isinstance(t, int):
self.im.putpalettealpha(t, 0)
else:
msg = "Transparency for P mode should be bytes or int"
raise ValueError(msg)
if mode == "P" and palette == Palette.ADAPTIVE:
im = self.im.quantize(colors)
new = self._new(im)
from . import ImagePalette
new.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGB", new.im.getpalette("RGB"))
if delete_trns:
# This could possibly happen if we requantize to fewer colors.
# The transparency would be totally off in that case.
del new.info["transparency"]
if trns is not None:
try:
new.info["transparency"] = new.palette.getcolor(trns, new)
except Exception:
# if we can't make a transparent color, don't leave the old
# transparency hanging around to mess us up.
del new.info["transparency"]
warnings.warn("Couldn't allocate palette entry for transparency")
return new
if "LAB" in (self.mode, mode):
other_mode = mode if self.mode == "LAB" else self.mode
if other_mode in ("RGB", "RGBA", "RGBX"):
from . import ImageCms
srgb = ImageCms.createProfile("sRGB")
lab = ImageCms.createProfile("LAB")
profiles = [lab, srgb] if self.mode == "LAB" else [srgb, lab]
transform = ImageCms.buildTransform(
profiles[0], profiles[1], self.mode, mode
)
return transform.apply(self)
# colorspace conversion
if dither is None:
dither = Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG
try:
im = self.im.convert(mode, dither)
except ValueError:
try:
# normalize source image and try again
modebase = getmodebase(self.mode)
if modebase == self.mode:
raise
im = self.im.convert(modebase)
im = im.convert(mode, dither)
except KeyError as e:
msg = "illegal conversion"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
new_im = self._new(im)
if mode == "P" and palette != Palette.ADAPTIVE:
from . import ImagePalette
new_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGB", list(range(256)) * 3)
if delete_trns:
# crash fail if we leave a bytes transparency in an rgb/l mode.
del new_im.info["transparency"]
if trns is not None:
if new_im.mode == "P":
try:
new_im.info["transparency"] = new_im.palette.getcolor(trns, new_im)
except ValueError as e:
del new_im.info["transparency"]
if str(e) != "cannot allocate more than 256 colors":
# If all 256 colors are in use,
# then there is no need for transparency
warnings.warn(
"Couldn't allocate palette entry for transparency"
)
else:
new_im.info["transparency"] = trns
return new_im
def quantize(
self,
colors=256,
method=None,
kmeans=0,
palette=None,
dither=Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG,
):
"""
Convert the image to 'P' mode with the specified number
of colors.
:param colors: The desired number of colors, <= 256
:param method: :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT` (median cut),
:data:`Quantize.MAXCOVERAGE` (maximum coverage),
:data:`Quantize.FASTOCTREE` (fast octree),
:data:`Quantize.LIBIMAGEQUANT` (libimagequant; check support
using :py:func:`PIL.features.check_feature` with
``feature="libimagequant"``).
By default, :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT` will be used.
The exception to this is RGBA images. :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT`
and :data:`Quantize.MAXCOVERAGE` do not support RGBA images, so
:data:`Quantize.FASTOCTREE` is used by default instead.
:param kmeans: Integer
:param palette: Quantize to the palette of given
:py:class:`PIL.Image.Image`.
:param dither: Dithering method, used when converting from
mode "RGB" to "P" or from "RGB" or "L" to "1".
Available methods are :data:`Dither.NONE` or :data:`Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG`
(default).
:returns: A new image
"""
self.load()
if method is None:
# defaults:
method = Quantize.MEDIANCUT
if self.mode == "RGBA":
method = Quantize.FASTOCTREE
if self.mode == "RGBA" and method not in (
Quantize.FASTOCTREE,
Quantize.LIBIMAGEQUANT,
):
# Caller specified an invalid mode.
msg = (
"Fast Octree (method == 2) and libimagequant (method == 3) "
"are the only valid methods for quantizing RGBA images"
)
raise ValueError(msg)
if palette:
# use palette from reference image
palette.load()
if palette.mode != "P":
msg = "bad mode for palette image"
raise ValueError(msg)
if self.mode != "RGB" and self.mode != "L":
msg = "only RGB or L mode images can be quantized to a palette"
raise ValueError(msg)
im = self.im.convert("P", dither, palette.im)
new_im = self._new(im)
new_im.palette = palette.palette.copy()
return new_im
im = self._new(self.im.quantize(colors, method, kmeans))
from . import ImagePalette
mode = im.im.getpalettemode()
palette = im.im.getpalette(mode, mode)[: colors * len(mode)]
im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(mode, palette)
return im
def copy(self):
"""
Copies this image. Use this method if you wish to paste things
into an image, but still retain the original.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.copy())
__copy__ = copy
def crop(self, box=None):
"""
Returns a rectangular region from this image. The box is a
4-tuple defining the left, upper, right, and lower pixel
coordinate. See :ref:`coordinate-system`.
Note: Prior to Pillow 3.4.0, this was a lazy operation.
:param box: The crop rectangle, as a (left, upper, right, lower)-tuple.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if box is None:
return self.copy()
if box[2] < box[0]:
msg = "Coordinate 'right' is less than 'left'"
raise ValueError(msg)
elif box[3] < box[1]:
msg = "Coordinate 'lower' is less than 'upper'"
raise ValueError(msg)
self.load()
return self._new(self._crop(self.im, box))
def _crop(self, im, box):
"""
Returns a rectangular region from the core image object im.
This is equivalent to calling im.crop((x0, y0, x1, y1)), but
includes additional sanity checks.
:param im: a core image object
:param box: The crop rectangle, as a (left, upper, right, lower)-tuple.
:returns: A core image object.
"""
x0, y0, x1, y1 = map(int, map(round, box))
absolute_values = (abs(x1 - x0), abs(y1 - y0))
_decompression_bomb_check(absolute_values)
return im.crop((x0, y0, x1, y1))
def draft(self, mode, size):
"""
Configures the image file loader so it returns a version of the
image that as closely as possible matches the given mode and
size. For example, you can use this method to convert a color
JPEG to greyscale while loading it.
If any changes are made, returns a tuple with the chosen ``mode`` and
``box`` with coordinates of the original image within the altered one.
Note that this method modifies the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object
in place. If the image has already been loaded, this method has no
effect.
Note: This method is not implemented for most images. It is
currently implemented only for JPEG and MPO images.
:param mode: The requested mode.
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
"""
pass
def _expand(self, xmargin, ymargin=None):
if ymargin is None:
ymargin = xmargin
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.expand(xmargin, ymargin, 0))
def filter(self, filter):
"""
Filters this image using the given filter. For a list of
available filters, see the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageFilter` module.
:param filter: Filter kernel.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object."""
from . import ImageFilter
self.load()
if isinstance(filter, Callable):
filter = filter()
if not hasattr(filter, "filter"):
msg = "filter argument should be ImageFilter.Filter instance or class"
raise TypeError(msg)
multiband = isinstance(filter, ImageFilter.MultibandFilter)
if self.im.bands == 1 or multiband:
return self._new(filter.filter(self.im))
ims = []
for c in range(self.im.bands):
ims.append(self._new(filter.filter(self.im.getband(c))))
return merge(self.mode, ims)
def getbands(self):
"""
Returns a tuple containing the name of each band in this image.
For example, ``getbands`` on an RGB image returns ("R", "G", "B").
:returns: A tuple containing band names.
:rtype: tuple
"""
return ImageMode.getmode(self.mode).bands
def getbbox(self):
"""
Calculates the bounding box of the non-zero regions in the
image.
:returns: The bounding box is returned as a 4-tuple defining the
left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate. See
:ref:`coordinate-system`. If the image is completely empty, this
method returns None.
"""
self.load()
return self.im.getbbox()
def getcolors(self, maxcolors=256):
"""
Returns a list of colors used in this image.
The colors will be in the image's mode. For example, an RGB image will
return a tuple of (red, green, blue) color values, and a P image will
return the index of the color in the palette.
:param maxcolors: Maximum number of colors. If this number is
exceeded, this method returns None. The default limit is
256 colors.
:returns: An unsorted list of (count, pixel) values.
"""
self.load()
if self.mode in ("1", "L", "P"):
h = self.im.histogram()
out = []
for i in range(256):
if h[i]:
out.append((h[i], i))
if len(out) > maxcolors:
return None
return out
return self.im.getcolors(maxcolors)
def getdata(self, band=None):
"""
Returns the contents of this image as a sequence object
containing pixel values. The sequence object is flattened, so
that values for line one follow directly after the values of
line zero, and so on.
Note that the sequence object returned by this method is an
internal PIL data type, which only supports certain sequence
operations. To convert it to an ordinary sequence (e.g. for
printing), use ``list(im.getdata())``.
:param band: What band to return. The default is to return
all bands. To return a single band, pass in the index
value (e.g. 0 to get the "R" band from an "RGB" image).
:returns: A sequence-like object.
"""
self.load()
if band is not None:
return self.im.getband(band)
return self.im # could be abused
def getextrema(self):
"""
Gets the minimum and maximum pixel values for each band in
the image.
:returns: For a single-band image, a 2-tuple containing the
minimum and maximum pixel value. For a multi-band image,
a tuple containing one 2-tuple for each band.
"""
self.load()
if self.im.bands > 1:
extrema = []
for i in range(self.im.bands):
extrema.append(self.im.getband(i).getextrema())
return tuple(extrema)
return self.im.getextrema()
def _getxmp(self, xmp_tags):
def get_name(tag):
return tag.split("}")[1]
def get_value(element):
value = {get_name(k): v for k, v in element.attrib.items()}
children = list(element)
if children:
for child in children:
name = get_name(child.tag)
child_value = get_value(child)
if name in value:
if not isinstance(value[name], list):
value[name] = [value[name]]
value[name].append(child_value)
else:
value[name] = child_value
elif value:
if element.text:
value["text"] = element.text
else:
return element.text
return value
if ElementTree is None:
warnings.warn("XMP data cannot be read without defusedxml dependency")
return {}
else:
root = ElementTree.fromstring(xmp_tags)
return {get_name(root.tag): get_value(root)}
def getexif(self):
"""
Gets EXIF data from the image.
:returns: an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Exif` object.
"""
if self._exif is None:
self._exif = Exif()
self._exif._loaded = False
elif self._exif._loaded:
return self._exif
self._exif._loaded = True
exif_info = self.info.get("exif")
if exif_info is None:
if "Raw profile type exif" in self.info:
exif_info = bytes.fromhex(
"".join(self.info["Raw profile type exif"].split("\n")[3:])
)
elif hasattr(self, "tag_v2"):
self._exif.bigtiff = self.tag_v2._bigtiff
self._exif.endian = self.tag_v2._endian
self._exif.load_from_fp(self.fp, self.tag_v2._offset)
if exif_info is not None:
self._exif.load(exif_info)
# XMP tags
if 0x0112 not in self._exif:
xmp_tags = self.info.get("XML:com.adobe.xmp")
if xmp_tags:
match = re.search(r'tiff:Orientation(="|>)([0-9])', xmp_tags)
if match:
self._exif[0x0112] = int(match[2])
return self._exif
def _reload_exif(self):
if self._exif is None or not self._exif._loaded:
return
self._exif._loaded = False
self.getexif()
def get_child_images(self):
child_images = []
exif = self.getexif()
ifds = []
if ExifTags.Base.SubIFDs in exif:
subifd_offsets = exif[ExifTags.Base.SubIFDs]
if subifd_offsets:
if not isinstance(subifd_offsets, tuple):
subifd_offsets = (subifd_offsets,)
for subifd_offset in subifd_offsets:
ifds.append((exif._get_ifd_dict(subifd_offset), subifd_offset))
ifd1 = exif.get_ifd(ExifTags.IFD.IFD1)
if ifd1 and ifd1.get(513):
ifds.append((ifd1, exif._info.next))
offset = None
for ifd, ifd_offset in ifds:
current_offset = self.fp.tell()
if offset is None:
offset = current_offset
fp = self.fp
thumbnail_offset = ifd.get(513)
if thumbnail_offset is not None:
try:
thumbnail_offset += self._exif_offset
except AttributeError:
pass
self.fp.seek(thumbnail_offset)
data = self.fp.read(ifd.get(514))
fp = io.BytesIO(data)
with open(fp) as im:
if thumbnail_offset is None:
im._frame_pos = [ifd_offset]
im._seek(0)
im.load()
child_images.append(im)
if offset is not None:
self.fp.seek(offset)
return child_images
def getim(self):
"""
Returns a capsule that points to the internal image memory.
:returns: A capsule object.
"""
self.load()
return self.im.ptr
def getpalette(self, rawmode="RGB"):
"""
Returns the image palette as a list.
:param rawmode: The mode in which to return the palette. ``None`` will
return the palette in its current mode.
.. versionadded:: 9.1.0
:returns: A list of color values [r, g, b, ...], or None if the
image has no palette.
"""
self.load()
try:
mode = self.im.getpalettemode()
except ValueError:
return None # no palette
if rawmode is None:
rawmode = mode
return list(self.im.getpalette(mode, rawmode))
def apply_transparency(self):
"""
If a P mode image has a "transparency" key in the info dictionary,
remove the key and instead apply the transparency to the palette.
Otherwise, the image is unchanged.
"""
if self.mode != "P" or "transparency" not in self.info:
return
from . import ImagePalette
palette = self.getpalette("RGBA")
transparency = self.info["transparency"]
if isinstance(transparency, bytes):
for i, alpha in enumerate(transparency):
palette[i * 4 + 3] = alpha
else:
palette[transparency * 4 + 3] = 0
self.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGBA", bytes(palette))
self.palette.dirty = 1
del self.info["transparency"]
def getpixel(self, xy):
"""
Returns the pixel value at a given position.
:param xy: The coordinate, given as (x, y). See
:ref:`coordinate-system`.
:returns: The pixel value. If the image is a multi-layer image,
this method returns a tuple.
"""
self.load()
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess.getpixel(xy)
return self.im.getpixel(xy)
def getprojection(self):
"""
Get projection to x and y axes
:returns: Two sequences, indicating where there are non-zero
pixels along the X-axis and the Y-axis, respectively.
"""
self.load()
x, y = self.im.getprojection()
return list(x), list(y)
def histogram(self, mask=None, extrema=None):
"""
Returns a histogram for the image. The histogram is returned as a
list of pixel counts, one for each pixel value in the source
image. Counts are grouped into 256 bins for each band, even if
the image has more than 8 bits per band. If the image has more
than one band, the histograms for all bands are concatenated (for
example, the histogram for an "RGB" image contains 768 values).
A bilevel image (mode "1") is treated as a greyscale ("L") image
by this method.
If a mask is provided, the method returns a histogram for those
parts of the image where the mask image is non-zero. The mask
image must have the same size as the image, and be either a
bi-level image (mode "1") or a greyscale image ("L").
:param mask: An optional mask.
:param extrema: An optional tuple of manually-specified extrema.
:returns: A list containing pixel counts.
"""
self.load()
if mask:
mask.load()
return self.im.histogram((0, 0), mask.im)
if self.mode in ("I", "F"):
if extrema is None:
extrema = self.getextrema()
return self.im.histogram(extrema)
return self.im.histogram()
def entropy(self, mask=None, extrema=None):
"""
Calculates and returns the entropy for the image.
A bilevel image (mode "1") is treated as a greyscale ("L")
image by this method.
If a mask is provided, the method employs the histogram for
those parts of the image where the mask image is non-zero.
The mask image must have the same size as the image, and be
either a bi-level image (mode "1") or a greyscale image ("L").
:param mask: An optional mask.
:param extrema: An optional tuple of manually-specified extrema.
:returns: A float value representing the image entropy
"""
self.load()
if mask:
mask.load()
return self.im.entropy((0, 0), mask.im)
if self.mode in ("I", "F"):
if extrema is None:
extrema = self.getextrema()
return self.im.entropy(extrema)
return self.im.entropy()
def paste(self, im, box=None, mask=None):
"""
Pastes another image into this image. The box argument is either
a 2-tuple giving the upper left corner, a 4-tuple defining the
left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate, or None (same as
(0, 0)). See :ref:`coordinate-system`. If a 4-tuple is given, the size
of the pasted image must match the size of the region.
If the modes don't match, the pasted image is converted to the mode of
this image (see the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.convert` method for
details).
Instead of an image, the source can be a integer or tuple
containing pixel values. The method then fills the region
with the given color. When creating RGB images, you can
also use color strings as supported by the ImageColor module.
If a mask is given, this method updates only the regions
indicated by the mask. You can use either "1", "L", "LA", "RGBA"
or "RGBa" images (if present, the alpha band is used as mask).
Where the mask is 255, the given image is copied as is. Where
the mask is 0, the current value is preserved. Intermediate
values will mix the two images together, including their alpha
channels if they have them.
See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.alpha_composite` if you want to
combine images with respect to their alpha channels.
:param im: Source image or pixel value (integer or tuple).
:param box: An optional 4-tuple giving the region to paste into.
If a 2-tuple is used instead, it's treated as the upper left
corner. If omitted or None, the source is pasted into the
upper left corner.
If an image is given as the second argument and there is no
third, the box defaults to (0, 0), and the second argument
is interpreted as a mask image.
:param mask: An optional mask image.
"""
if isImageType(box) and mask is None:
# abbreviated paste(im, mask) syntax
mask = box
box = None
if box is None:
box = (0, 0)
if len(box) == 2:
# upper left corner given; get size from image or mask
if isImageType(im):
size = im.size
elif isImageType(mask):
size = mask.size
else:
# FIXME: use self.size here?
msg = "cannot determine region size; use 4-item box"
raise ValueError(msg)
box += (box[0] + size[0], box[1] + size[1])
if isinstance(im, str):
from . import ImageColor
im = ImageColor.getcolor(im, self.mode)
elif isImageType(im):
im.load()
if self.mode != im.mode:
if self.mode != "RGB" or im.mode not in ("LA", "RGBA", "RGBa"):
# should use an adapter for this!
im = im.convert(self.mode)
im = im.im
self._ensure_mutable()
if mask:
mask.load()
self.im.paste(im, box, mask.im)
else:
self.im.paste(im, box)
def alpha_composite(self, im, dest=(0, 0), source=(0, 0)):
"""'In-place' analog of Image.alpha_composite. Composites an image
onto this image.
:param im: image to composite over this one
:param dest: Optional 2 tuple (left, top) specifying the upper
left corner in this (destination) image.
:param source: Optional 2 (left, top) tuple for the upper left
corner in the overlay source image, or 4 tuple (left, top, right,
bottom) for the bounds of the source rectangle
Performance Note: Not currently implemented in-place in the core layer.
"""
if not isinstance(source, (list, tuple)):
msg = "Source must be a tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if not isinstance(dest, (list, tuple)):
msg = "Destination must be a tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if not len(source) in (2, 4):
msg = "Source must be a 2 or 4-tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if not len(dest) == 2:
msg = "Destination must be a 2-tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if min(source) < 0:
msg = "Source must be non-negative"
raise ValueError(msg)
if len(source) == 2:
source = source + im.size
# over image, crop if it's not the whole thing.
if source == (0, 0) + im.size:
overlay = im
else:
overlay = im.crop(source)
# target for the paste
box = dest + (dest[0] + overlay.width, dest[1] + overlay.height)
# destination image. don't copy if we're using the whole image.
if box == (0, 0) + self.size:
background = self
else:
background = self.crop(box)
result = alpha_composite(background, overlay)
self.paste(result, box)
def point(self, lut, mode=None):
"""
Maps this image through a lookup table or function.
:param lut: A lookup table, containing 256 (or 65536 if
self.mode=="I" and mode == "L") values per band in the
image. A function can be used instead, it should take a
single argument. The function is called once for each
possible pixel value, and the resulting table is applied to
all bands of the image.
It may also be an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImagePointHandler`
object::
class Example(Image.ImagePointHandler):
def point(self, data):
# Return result
:param mode: Output mode (default is same as input). In the
current version, this can only be used if the source image
has mode "L" or "P", and the output has mode "1" or the
source image mode is "I" and the output mode is "L".
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
if isinstance(lut, ImagePointHandler):
return lut.point(self)
if callable(lut):
# if it isn't a list, it should be a function
if self.mode in ("I", "I;16", "F"):
# check if the function can be used with point_transform
# UNDONE wiredfool -- I think this prevents us from ever doing
# a gamma function point transform on > 8bit images.
scale, offset = _getscaleoffset(lut)
return self._new(self.im.point_transform(scale, offset))
# for other modes, convert the function to a table
lut = [lut(i) for i in range(256)] * self.im.bands
if self.mode == "F":
# FIXME: _imaging returns a confusing error message for this case
msg = "point operation not supported for this mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
if mode != "F":
lut = [round(i) for i in lut]
return self._new(self.im.point(lut, mode))
def putalpha(self, alpha):
"""
Adds or replaces the alpha layer in this image. If the image
does not have an alpha layer, it's converted to "LA" or "RGBA".
The new layer must be either "L" or "1".
:param alpha: The new alpha layer. This can either be an "L" or "1"
image having the same size as this image, or an integer or
other color value.
"""
self._ensure_mutable()
if self.mode not in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
# attempt to promote self to a matching alpha mode
try:
mode = getmodebase(self.mode) + "A"
try:
self.im.setmode(mode)
except (AttributeError, ValueError) as e:
# do things the hard way
im = self.im.convert(mode)
if im.mode not in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
raise ValueError from e # sanity check
self.im = im
self.pyaccess = None
self.mode = self.im.mode
except KeyError as e:
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
if self.mode in ("LA", "PA"):
band = 1
else:
band = 3
if isImageType(alpha):
# alpha layer
if alpha.mode not in ("1", "L"):
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
alpha.load()
if alpha.mode == "1":
alpha = alpha.convert("L")
else:
# constant alpha
try:
self.im.fillband(band, alpha)
except (AttributeError, ValueError):
# do things the hard way
alpha = new("L", self.size, alpha)
else:
return
self.im.putband(alpha.im, band)
def putdata(self, data, scale=1.0, offset=0.0):
"""
Copies pixel data from a flattened sequence object into the image. The
values should start at the upper left corner (0, 0), continue to the
end of the line, followed directly by the first value of the second
line, and so on. Data will be read until either the image or the
sequence ends. The scale and offset values are used to adjust the
sequence values: **pixel = value*scale + offset**.
:param data: A flattened sequence object.
:param scale: An optional scale value. The default is 1.0.
:param offset: An optional offset value. The default is 0.0.
"""
self._ensure_mutable()
self.im.putdata(data, scale, offset)
def putpalette(self, data, rawmode="RGB"):
"""
Attaches a palette to this image. The image must be a "P", "PA", "L"
or "LA" image.
The palette sequence must contain at most 256 colors, made up of one
integer value for each channel in the raw mode.
For example, if the raw mode is "RGB", then it can contain at most 768
values, made up of red, green and blue values for the corresponding pixel
index in the 256 colors.
If the raw mode is "RGBA", then it can contain at most 1024 values,
containing red, green, blue and alpha values.
Alternatively, an 8-bit string may be used instead of an integer sequence.
:param data: A palette sequence (either a list or a string).
:param rawmode: The raw mode of the palette. Either "RGB", "RGBA", or a mode
that can be transformed to "RGB" or "RGBA" (e.g. "R", "BGR;15", "RGBA;L").
"""
from . import ImagePalette
if self.mode not in ("L", "LA", "P", "PA"):
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
if isinstance(data, ImagePalette.ImagePalette):
palette = ImagePalette.raw(data.rawmode, data.palette)
else:
if not isinstance(data, bytes):
data = bytes(data)
palette = ImagePalette.raw(rawmode, data)
self.mode = "PA" if "A" in self.mode else "P"
self.palette = palette
self.palette.mode = "RGB"
self.load() # install new palette
def putpixel(self, xy, value):
"""
Modifies the pixel at the given position. The color is given as
a single numerical value for single-band images, and a tuple for
multi-band images. In addition to this, RGB and RGBA tuples are
accepted for P and PA images.
Note that this method is relatively slow. For more extensive changes,
use :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste` or the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
module instead.
See:
* :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste`
* :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.putdata`
* :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
:param xy: The pixel coordinate, given as (x, y). See
:ref:`coordinate-system`.
:param value: The pixel value.
"""
if self.readonly:
self._copy()
self.load()
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess.putpixel(xy, value)
if (
self.mode in ("P", "PA")
and isinstance(value, (list, tuple))
and len(value) in [3, 4]
):
# RGB or RGBA value for a P or PA image
if self.mode == "PA":
alpha = value[3] if len(value) == 4 else 255
value = value[:3]
value = self.palette.getcolor(value, self)
if self.mode == "PA":
value = (value, alpha)
return self.im.putpixel(xy, value)
def remap_palette(self, dest_map, source_palette=None):
"""
Rewrites the image to reorder the palette.
:param dest_map: A list of indexes into the original palette.
e.g. ``[1,0]`` would swap a two item palette, and ``list(range(256))``
is the identity transform.
:param source_palette: Bytes or None.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
from . import ImagePalette
if self.mode not in ("L", "P"):
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
bands = 3
palette_mode = "RGB"
if source_palette is None:
if self.mode == "P":
self.load()
palette_mode = self.im.getpalettemode()
if palette_mode == "RGBA":
bands = 4
source_palette = self.im.getpalette(palette_mode, palette_mode)
else: # L-mode
source_palette = bytearray(i // 3 for i in range(768))
palette_bytes = b""
new_positions = [0] * 256
# pick only the used colors from the palette
for i, oldPosition in enumerate(dest_map):
palette_bytes += source_palette[
oldPosition * bands : oldPosition * bands + bands
]
new_positions[oldPosition] = i
# replace the palette color id of all pixel with the new id
# Palette images are [0..255], mapped through a 1 or 3
# byte/color map. We need to remap the whole image
# from palette 1 to palette 2. New_positions is
# an array of indexes into palette 1. Palette 2 is
# palette 1 with any holes removed.
# We're going to leverage the convert mechanism to use the
# C code to remap the image from palette 1 to palette 2,
# by forcing the source image into 'L' mode and adding a
# mapping 'L' mode palette, then converting back to 'L'
# sans palette thus converting the image bytes, then
# assigning the optimized RGB palette.
# perf reference, 9500x4000 gif, w/~135 colors
# 14 sec prepatch, 1 sec postpatch with optimization forced.
mapping_palette = bytearray(new_positions)
m_im = self.copy()
m_im.mode = "P"
m_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(
palette_mode, palette=mapping_palette * bands
)
# possibly set palette dirty, then
# m_im.putpalette(mapping_palette, 'L') # converts to 'P'
# or just force it.
# UNDONE -- this is part of the general issue with palettes
m_im.im.putpalette(palette_mode + ";L", m_im.palette.tobytes())
m_im = m_im.convert("L")
m_im.putpalette(palette_bytes, palette_mode)
m_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(palette_mode, palette=palette_bytes)
if "transparency" in self.info:
try:
m_im.info["transparency"] = dest_map.index(self.info["transparency"])
except ValueError:
if "transparency" in m_im.info:
del m_im.info["transparency"]
return m_im
def _get_safe_box(self, size, resample, box):
"""Expands the box so it includes adjacent pixels
that may be used by resampling with the given resampling filter.
"""
filter_support = _filters_support[resample] - 0.5
scale_x = (box[2] - box[0]) / size[0]
scale_y = (box[3] - box[1]) / size[1]
support_x = filter_support * scale_x
support_y = filter_support * scale_y
return (
max(0, int(box[0] - support_x)),
max(0, int(box[1] - support_y)),
min(self.size[0], math.ceil(box[2] + support_x)),
min(self.size[1], math.ceil(box[3] + support_y)),
)
def resize(self, size, resample=None, box=None, reducing_gap=None):
"""
Returns a resized copy of this image.
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
:param resample: An optional resampling filter. This can be
one of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`, :py:data:`Resampling.BOX`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR`, :py:data:`Resampling.HAMMING`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` or :py:data:`Resampling.LANCZOS`.
If the image has mode "1" or "P", it is always set to
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`. If the image mode specifies a number
of bits, such as "I;16", then the default filter is
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`. Otherwise, the default filter is
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC`. See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param box: An optional 4-tuple of floats providing
the source image region to be scaled.
The values must be within (0, 0, width, height) rectangle.
If omitted or None, the entire source is used.
:param reducing_gap: Apply optimization by resizing the image
in two steps. First, reducing the image by integer times
using :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.reduce`.
Second, resizing using regular resampling. The last step
changes size no less than by ``reducing_gap`` times.
``reducing_gap`` may be None (no first step is performed)
or should be greater than 1.0. The bigger ``reducing_gap``,
the closer the result to the fair resampling.
The smaller ``reducing_gap``, the faster resizing.
With ``reducing_gap`` greater or equal to 3.0, the result is
indistinguishable from fair resampling in most cases.
The default value is None (no optimization).
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if resample is None:
type_special = ";" in self.mode
resample = Resampling.NEAREST if type_special else Resampling.BICUBIC
elif resample not in (
Resampling.NEAREST,
Resampling.BILINEAR,
Resampling.BICUBIC,
Resampling.LANCZOS,
Resampling.BOX,
Resampling.HAMMING,
):
msg = f"Unknown resampling filter ({resample})."
filters = [
f"{filter[1]} ({filter[0]})"
for filter in (
(Resampling.NEAREST, "Image.Resampling.NEAREST"),
(Resampling.LANCZOS, "Image.Resampling.LANCZOS"),
(Resampling.BILINEAR, "Image.Resampling.BILINEAR"),
(Resampling.BICUBIC, "Image.Resampling.BICUBIC"),
(Resampling.BOX, "Image.Resampling.BOX"),
(Resampling.HAMMING, "Image.Resampling.HAMMING"),
)
]
msg += " Use " + ", ".join(filters[:-1]) + " or " + filters[-1]
raise ValueError(msg)
if reducing_gap is not None and reducing_gap < 1.0:
msg = "reducing_gap must be 1.0 or greater"
raise ValueError(msg)
size = tuple(size)
self.load()
if box is None:
box = (0, 0) + self.size
else:
box = tuple(box)
if self.size == size and box == (0, 0) + self.size:
return self.copy()
if self.mode in ("1", "P"):
resample = Resampling.NEAREST
if self.mode in ["LA", "RGBA"] and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
im = self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
im = im.resize(size, resample, box)
return im.convert(self.mode)
self.load()
if reducing_gap is not None and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
factor_x = int((box[2] - box[0]) / size[0] / reducing_gap) or 1
factor_y = int((box[3] - box[1]) / size[1] / reducing_gap) or 1
if factor_x > 1 or factor_y > 1:
reduce_box = self._get_safe_box(size, resample, box)
factor = (factor_x, factor_y)
if callable(self.reduce):
self = self.reduce(factor, box=reduce_box)
else:
self = Image.reduce(self, factor, box=reduce_box)
box = (
(box[0] - reduce_box[0]) / factor_x,
(box[1] - reduce_box[1]) / factor_y,
(box[2] - reduce_box[0]) / factor_x,
(box[3] - reduce_box[1]) / factor_y,
)
return self._new(self.im.resize(size, resample, box))
def reduce(self, factor, box=None):
"""
Returns a copy of the image reduced ``factor`` times.
If the size of the image is not dividable by ``factor``,
the resulting size will be rounded up.
:param factor: A greater than 0 integer or tuple of two integers
for width and height separately.
:param box: An optional 4-tuple of ints providing
the source image region to be reduced.
The values must be within ``(0, 0, width, height)`` rectangle.
If omitted or ``None``, the entire source is used.
"""
if not isinstance(factor, (list, tuple)):
factor = (factor, factor)
if box is None:
box = (0, 0) + self.size
else:
box = tuple(box)
if factor == (1, 1) and box == (0, 0) + self.size:
return self.copy()
if self.mode in ["LA", "RGBA"]:
im = self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
im = im.reduce(factor, box)
return im.convert(self.mode)
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.reduce(factor, box))
def rotate(
self,
angle,
resample=Resampling.NEAREST,
expand=0,
center=None,
translate=None,
fillcolor=None,
):
"""
Returns a rotated copy of this image. This method returns a
copy of this image, rotated the given number of degrees counter
clockwise around its centre.
:param angle: In degrees counter clockwise.
:param resample: An optional resampling filter. This can be
one of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
environment), or :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` (cubic spline
interpolation in a 4x4 environment). If omitted, or if the image has
mode "1" or "P", it is set to :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`.
See :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param expand: Optional expansion flag. If true, expands the output
image to make it large enough to hold the entire rotated image.
If false or omitted, make the output image the same size as the
input image. Note that the expand flag assumes rotation around
the center and no translation.
:param center: Optional center of rotation (a 2-tuple). Origin is
the upper left corner. Default is the center of the image.
:param translate: An optional post-rotate translation (a 2-tuple).
:param fillcolor: An optional color for area outside the rotated image.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
angle = angle % 360.0
# Fast paths regardless of filter, as long as we're not
# translating or changing the center.
if not (center or translate):
if angle == 0:
return self.copy()
if angle == 180:
return self.transpose(Transpose.ROTATE_180)
if angle in (90, 270) and (expand or self.width == self.height):
return self.transpose(
Transpose.ROTATE_90 if angle == 90 else Transpose.ROTATE_270
)
# Calculate the affine matrix. Note that this is the reverse
# transformation (from destination image to source) because we
# want to interpolate the (discrete) destination pixel from
# the local area around the (floating) source pixel.
# The matrix we actually want (note that it operates from the right):
# (1, 0, tx) (1, 0, cx) ( cos a, sin a, 0) (1, 0, -cx)
# (0, 1, ty) * (0, 1, cy) * (-sin a, cos a, 0) * (0, 1, -cy)
# (0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1) ( 0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1)
# The reverse matrix is thus:
# (1, 0, cx) ( cos -a, sin -a, 0) (1, 0, -cx) (1, 0, -tx)
# (0, 1, cy) * (-sin -a, cos -a, 0) * (0, 1, -cy) * (0, 1, -ty)
# (0, 0, 1) ( 0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1)
# In any case, the final translation may be updated at the end to
# compensate for the expand flag.
w, h = self.size
if translate is None:
post_trans = (0, 0)
else:
post_trans = translate
if center is None:
# FIXME These should be rounded to ints?
rotn_center = (w / 2.0, h / 2.0)
else:
rotn_center = center
angle = -math.radians(angle)
matrix = [
round(math.cos(angle), 15),
round(math.sin(angle), 15),
0.0,
round(-math.sin(angle), 15),
round(math.cos(angle), 15),
0.0,
]
def transform(x, y, matrix):
(a, b, c, d, e, f) = matrix
return a * x + b * y + c, d * x + e * y + f
matrix[2], matrix[5] = transform(
-rotn_center[0] - post_trans[0], -rotn_center[1] - post_trans[1], matrix
)
matrix[2] += rotn_center[0]
matrix[5] += rotn_center[1]
if expand:
# calculate output size
xx = []
yy = []
for x, y in ((0, 0), (w, 0), (w, h), (0, h)):
x, y = transform(x, y, matrix)
xx.append(x)
yy.append(y)
nw = math.ceil(max(xx)) - math.floor(min(xx))
nh = math.ceil(max(yy)) - math.floor(min(yy))
# We multiply a translation matrix from the right. Because of its
# special form, this is the same as taking the image of the
# translation vector as new translation vector.
matrix[2], matrix[5] = transform(-(nw - w) / 2.0, -(nh - h) / 2.0, matrix)
w, h = nw, nh
return self.transform(
(w, h), Transform.AFFINE, matrix, resample, fillcolor=fillcolor
)
def save(self, fp, format=None, **params):
"""
Saves this image under the given filename. If no format is
specified, the format to use is determined from the filename
extension, if possible.
Keyword options can be used to provide additional instructions
to the writer. If a writer doesn't recognise an option, it is
silently ignored. The available options are described in the
:doc:`image format documentation
<../handbook/image-file-formats>` for each writer.
You can use a file object instead of a filename. In this case,
you must always specify the format. The file object must
implement the ``seek``, ``tell``, and ``write``
methods, and be opened in binary mode.
:param fp: A filename (string), pathlib.Path object or file object.
:param format: Optional format override. If omitted, the
format to use is determined from the filename extension.
If a file object was used instead of a filename, this
parameter should always be used.
:param params: Extra parameters to the image writer.
:returns: None
:exception ValueError: If the output format could not be determined
from the file name. Use the format option to solve this.
:exception OSError: If the file could not be written. The file
may have been created, and may contain partial data.
"""
filename = ""
open_fp = False
if isinstance(fp, Path):
filename = str(fp)
open_fp = True
elif is_path(fp):
filename = fp
open_fp = True
elif fp == sys.stdout:
try:
fp = sys.stdout.buffer
except AttributeError:
pass
if not filename and hasattr(fp, "name") and is_path(fp.name):
# only set the name for metadata purposes
filename = fp.name
# may mutate self!
self._ensure_mutable()
save_all = params.pop("save_all", False)
self.encoderinfo = params
self.encoderconfig = ()
preinit()
ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1].lower()
if not format:
if ext not in EXTENSION:
init()
try:
format = EXTENSION[ext]
except KeyError as e:
msg = f"unknown file extension: {ext}"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
if format.upper() not in SAVE:
init()
if save_all:
save_handler = SAVE_ALL[format.upper()]
else:
save_handler = SAVE[format.upper()]
created = False
if open_fp:
created = not os.path.exists(filename)
if params.get("append", False):
# Open also for reading ("+"), because TIFF save_all
# writer needs to go back and edit the written data.
fp = builtins.open(filename, "r+b")
else:
fp = builtins.open(filename, "w+b")
try:
save_handler(self, fp, filename)
except Exception:
if open_fp:
fp.close()
if created:
try:
os.remove(filename)
except PermissionError:
pass
raise
if open_fp:
fp.close()
def seek(self, frame):
"""
Seeks to the given frame in this sequence file. If you seek
beyond the end of the sequence, the method raises an
``EOFError`` exception. When a sequence file is opened, the
library automatically seeks to frame 0.
See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.tell`.
If defined, :attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.n_frames` refers to the
number of available frames.
:param frame: Frame number, starting at 0.
:exception EOFError: If the call attempts to seek beyond the end
of the sequence.
"""
# overridden by file handlers
if frame != 0:
raise EOFError
def show(self, title=None):
"""
Displays this image. This method is mainly intended for debugging purposes.
This method calls :py:func:`PIL.ImageShow.show` internally. You can use
:py:func:`PIL.ImageShow.register` to override its default behaviour.
The image is first saved to a temporary file. By default, it will be in
PNG format.
On Unix, the image is then opened using the **display**, **eog** or
**xv** utility, depending on which one can be found.
On macOS, the image is opened with the native Preview application.
On Windows, the image is opened with the standard PNG display utility.
:param title: Optional title to use for the image window, where possible.
"""
_show(self, title=title)
def split(self):
"""
Split this image into individual bands. This method returns a
tuple of individual image bands from an image. For example,
splitting an "RGB" image creates three new images each
containing a copy of one of the original bands (red, green,
blue).
If you need only one band, :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.getchannel`
method can be more convenient and faster.
:returns: A tuple containing bands.
"""
self.load()
if self.im.bands == 1:
ims = [self.copy()]
else:
ims = map(self._new, self.im.split())
return tuple(ims)
def getchannel(self, channel):
"""
Returns an image containing a single channel of the source image.
:param channel: What channel to return. Could be index
(0 for "R" channel of "RGB") or channel name
("A" for alpha channel of "RGBA").
:returns: An image in "L" mode.
.. versionadded:: 4.3.0
"""
self.load()
if isinstance(channel, str):
try:
channel = self.getbands().index(channel)
except ValueError as e:
msg = f'The image has no channel "{channel}"'
raise ValueError(msg) from e
return self._new(self.im.getband(channel))
def tell(self):
"""
Returns the current frame number. See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.seek`.
If defined, :attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.n_frames` refers to the
number of available frames.
:returns: Frame number, starting with 0.
"""
return 0
def thumbnail(self, size, resample=Resampling.BICUBIC, reducing_gap=2.0):
"""
Make this image into a thumbnail. This method modifies the
image to contain a thumbnail version of itself, no larger than
the given size. This method calculates an appropriate thumbnail
size to preserve the aspect of the image, calls the
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.draft` method to configure the file reader
(where applicable), and finally resizes the image.
Note that this function modifies the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
object in place. If you need to use the full resolution image as well,
apply this method to a :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.copy` of the original
image.
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
:param resample: Optional resampling filter. This can be one
of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`, :py:data:`Resampling.BOX`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR`, :py:data:`Resampling.HAMMING`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` or :py:data:`Resampling.LANCZOS`.
If omitted, it defaults to :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC`.
(was :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` prior to version 2.5.0).
See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param reducing_gap: Apply optimization by resizing the image
in two steps. First, reducing the image by integer times
using :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.reduce` or
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.draft` for JPEG images.
Second, resizing using regular resampling. The last step
changes size no less than by ``reducing_gap`` times.
``reducing_gap`` may be None (no first step is performed)
or should be greater than 1.0. The bigger ``reducing_gap``,
the closer the result to the fair resampling.
The smaller ``reducing_gap``, the faster resizing.
With ``reducing_gap`` greater or equal to 3.0, the result is
indistinguishable from fair resampling in most cases.
The default value is 2.0 (very close to fair resampling
while still being faster in many cases).
:returns: None
"""
provided_size = tuple(map(math.floor, size))
def preserve_aspect_ratio():
def round_aspect(number, key):
return max(min(math.floor(number), math.ceil(number), key=key), 1)
x, y = provided_size
if x >= self.width and y >= self.height:
return
aspect = self.width / self.height
if x / y >= aspect:
x = round_aspect(y * aspect, key=lambda n: abs(aspect - n / y))
else:
y = round_aspect(
x / aspect, key=lambda n: 0 if n == 0 else abs(aspect - x / n)
)
return x, y
box = None
if reducing_gap is not None:
size = preserve_aspect_ratio()
if size is None:
return
res = self.draft(None, (size[0] * reducing_gap, size[1] * reducing_gap))
if res is not None:
box = res[1]
if box is None:
self.load()
# load() may have changed the size of the image
size = preserve_aspect_ratio()
if size is None:
return
if self.size != size:
im = self.resize(size, resample, box=box, reducing_gap=reducing_gap)
self.im = im.im
self._size = size
self.mode = self.im.mode
self.readonly = 0
self.pyaccess = None
# FIXME: the different transform methods need further explanation
# instead of bloating the method docs, add a separate chapter.
def transform(
self,
size,
method,
data=None,
resample=Resampling.NEAREST,
fill=1,
fillcolor=None,
):
"""
Transforms this image. This method creates a new image with the
given size, and the same mode as the original, and copies data
to the new image using the given transform.
:param size: The output size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
:param method: The transformation method. This is one of
:py:data:`Transform.EXTENT` (cut out a rectangular subregion),
:py:data:`Transform.AFFINE` (affine transform),
:py:data:`Transform.PERSPECTIVE` (perspective transform),
:py:data:`Transform.QUAD` (map a quadrilateral to a rectangle), or
:py:data:`Transform.MESH` (map a number of source quadrilaterals
in one operation).
It may also be an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImageTransformHandler`
object::
class Example(Image.ImageTransformHandler):
def transform(self, size, data, resample, fill=1):
# Return result
It may also be an object with a ``method.getdata`` method
that returns a tuple supplying new ``method`` and ``data`` values::
class Example:
def getdata(self):
method = Image.Transform.EXTENT
data = (0, 0, 100, 100)
return method, data
:param data: Extra data to the transformation method.
:param resample: Optional resampling filter. It can be one of
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
environment), or :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` (cubic spline
interpolation in a 4x4 environment). If omitted, or if the image
has mode "1" or "P", it is set to :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`.
See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param fill: If ``method`` is an
:py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImageTransformHandler` object, this is one of
the arguments passed to it. Otherwise, it is unused.
:param fillcolor: Optional fill color for the area outside the
transform in the output image.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if self.mode in ("LA", "RGBA") and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
return (
self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
.transform(size, method, data, resample, fill, fillcolor)
.convert(self.mode)
)
if isinstance(method, ImageTransformHandler):
return method.transform(size, self, resample=resample, fill=fill)
if hasattr(method, "getdata"):
# compatibility w. old-style transform objects
method, data = method.getdata()
if data is None:
msg = "missing method data"
raise ValueError(msg)
im = new(self.mode, size, fillcolor)
if self.mode == "P" and self.palette:
im.palette = self.palette.copy()
im.info = self.info.copy()
if method == Transform.MESH:
# list of quads
for box, quad in data:
im.__transformer(
box, self, Transform.QUAD, quad, resample, fillcolor is None
)
else:
im.__transformer(
(0, 0) + size, self, method, data, resample, fillcolor is None
)
return im
def __transformer(
self, box, image, method, data, resample=Resampling.NEAREST, fill=1
):
w = box[2] - box[0]
h = box[3] - box[1]
if method == Transform.AFFINE:
data = data[:6]
elif method == Transform.EXTENT:
# convert extent to an affine transform
x0, y0, x1, y1 = data
xs = (x1 - x0) / w
ys = (y1 - y0) / h
method = Transform.AFFINE
data = (xs, 0, x0, 0, ys, y0)
elif method == Transform.PERSPECTIVE:
data = data[:8]
elif method == Transform.QUAD:
# quadrilateral warp. data specifies the four corners
# given as NW, SW, SE, and NE.
nw = data[:2]
sw = data[2:4]
se = data[4:6]
ne = data[6:8]
x0, y0 = nw
As = 1.0 / w
At = 1.0 / h
data = (
x0,
(ne[0] - x0) * As,
(sw[0] - x0) * At,
(se[0] - sw[0] - ne[0] + x0) * As * At,
y0,
(ne[1] - y0) * As,
(sw[1] - y0) * At,
(se[1] - sw[1] - ne[1] + y0) * As * At,
)
else:
msg = "unknown transformation method"
raise ValueError(msg)
if resample not in (
Resampling.NEAREST,
Resampling.BILINEAR,
Resampling.BICUBIC,
):
if resample in (Resampling.BOX, Resampling.HAMMING, Resampling.LANCZOS):
msg = {
Resampling.BOX: "Image.Resampling.BOX",
Resampling.HAMMING: "Image.Resampling.HAMMING",
Resampling.LANCZOS: "Image.Resampling.LANCZOS",
}[resample] + f" ({resample}) cannot be used."
else:
msg = f"Unknown resampling filter ({resample})."
filters = [
f"{filter[1]} ({filter[0]})"
for filter in (
(Resampling.NEAREST, "Image.Resampling.NEAREST"),
(Resampling.BILINEAR, "Image.Resampling.BILINEAR"),
(Resampling.BICUBIC, "Image.Resampling.BICUBIC"),
)
]
msg += " Use " + ", ".join(filters[:-1]) + " or " + filters[-1]
raise ValueError(msg)
image.load()
self.load()
if image.mode in ("1", "P"):
resample = Resampling.NEAREST
self.im.transform2(box, image.im, method, data, resample, fill)
def transpose(self, method):
"""
Transpose image (flip or rotate in 90 degree steps)
:param method: One of :py:data:`Transpose.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT`,
:py:data:`Transpose.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM`, :py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_90`,
:py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_180`, :py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_270`,
:py:data:`Transpose.TRANSPOSE` or :py:data:`Transpose.TRANSVERSE`.
:returns: Returns a flipped or rotated copy of this image.
"""
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.transpose(method))
def effect_spread(self, distance):
"""
Randomly spread pixels in an image.
:param distance: Distance to spread pixels.
"""
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.effect_spread(distance))
def toqimage(self):
"""Returns a QImage copy of this image"""
from . import ImageQt
if not ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
msg = "Qt bindings are not installed"
raise ImportError(msg)
return ImageQt.toqimage(self)
def toqpixmap(self):
"""Returns a QPixmap copy of this image"""
from . import ImageQt
if not ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
msg = "Qt bindings are not installed"
raise ImportError(msg)
return ImageQt.toqpixmap(self)
def _save_spider(im, fp, filename):
# get the filename extension and register it with Image
ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1]
Image.register_extension(SpiderImageFile.format, ext)
_save(im, fp, filename) | null |
174,013 | import os
import tempfile
from . import Image, ImageFile
from ._binary import i8
from ._binary import i16be as i16
from ._binary import i32be as i32
from ._binary import o8
class IptcImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
format = "IPTC"
format_description = "IPTC/NAA"
def getint(self, key):
return i(self.info[key])
def field(self):
#
# get a IPTC field header
s = self.fp.read(5)
if not len(s):
return None, 0
tag = s[1], s[2]
# syntax
if s[0] != 0x1C or tag[0] < 1 or tag[0] > 9:
msg = "invalid IPTC/NAA file"
raise SyntaxError(msg)
# field size
size = s[3]
if size > 132:
msg = "illegal field length in IPTC/NAA file"
raise OSError(msg)
elif size == 128:
size = 0
elif size > 128:
size = i(self.fp.read(size - 128))
else:
size = i16(s, 3)
return tag, size
def _open(self):
# load descriptive fields
while True:
offset = self.fp.tell()
tag, size = self.field()
if not tag or tag == (8, 10):
break
if size:
tagdata = self.fp.read(size)
else:
tagdata = None
if tag in self.info:
if isinstance(self.info[tag], list):
self.info[tag].append(tagdata)
else:
self.info[tag] = [self.info[tag], tagdata]
else:
self.info[tag] = tagdata
# mode
layers = i8(self.info[(3, 60)][0])
component = i8(self.info[(3, 60)][1])
if (3, 65) in self.info:
id = i8(self.info[(3, 65)][0]) - 1
else:
id = 0
if layers == 1 and not component:
self.mode = "L"
elif layers == 3 and component:
self.mode = "RGB"[id]
elif layers == 4 and component:
self.mode = "CMYK"[id]
# size
self._size = self.getint((3, 20)), self.getint((3, 30))
# compression
try:
compression = COMPRESSION[self.getint((3, 120))]
except KeyError as e:
msg = "Unknown IPTC image compression"
raise OSError(msg) from e
# tile
if tag == (8, 10):
self.tile = [
("iptc", (compression, offset), (0, 0, self.size[0], self.size[1]))
]
def load(self):
if len(self.tile) != 1 or self.tile[0][0] != "iptc":
return ImageFile.ImageFile.load(self)
type, tile, box = self.tile[0]
encoding, offset = tile
self.fp.seek(offset)
# Copy image data to temporary file
o_fd, outfile = tempfile.mkstemp(text=False)
o = os.fdopen(o_fd)
if encoding == "raw":
# To simplify access to the extracted file,
# prepend a PPM header
o.write("P5\n%d %d\n255\n" % self.size)
while True:
type, size = self.field()
if type != (8, 10):
break
while size > 0:
s = self.fp.read(min(size, 8192))
if not s:
break
o.write(s)
size -= len(s)
o.close()
try:
with Image.open(outfile) as _im:
_im.load()
self.im = _im.im
finally:
try:
os.unlink(outfile)
except OSError:
pass
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `getiptcinfo` function. Write a Python function `def getiptcinfo(im)` to solve the following problem:
Get IPTC information from TIFF, JPEG, or IPTC file. :param im: An image containing IPTC data. :returns: A dictionary containing IPTC information, or None if no IPTC information block was found.
Here is the function:
def getiptcinfo(im):
"""
Get IPTC information from TIFF, JPEG, or IPTC file.
:param im: An image containing IPTC data.
:returns: A dictionary containing IPTC information, or None if
no IPTC information block was found.
"""
import io
from . import JpegImagePlugin, TiffImagePlugin
data = None
if isinstance(im, IptcImageFile):
# return info dictionary right away
return im.info
elif isinstance(im, JpegImagePlugin.JpegImageFile):
# extract the IPTC/NAA resource
photoshop = im.info.get("photoshop")
if photoshop:
data = photoshop.get(0x0404)
elif isinstance(im, TiffImagePlugin.TiffImageFile):
# get raw data from the IPTC/NAA tag (PhotoShop tags the data
# as 4-byte integers, so we cannot use the get method...)
try:
data = im.tag.tagdata[TiffImagePlugin.IPTC_NAA_CHUNK]
except (AttributeError, KeyError):
pass
if data is None:
return None # no properties
# create an IptcImagePlugin object without initializing it
class FakeImage:
pass
im = FakeImage()
im.__class__ = IptcImageFile
# parse the IPTC information chunk
im.info = {}
im.fp = io.BytesIO(data)
try:
im._open()
except (IndexError, KeyError):
pass # expected failure
return im.info | Get IPTC information from TIFF, JPEG, or IPTC file. :param im: An image containing IPTC data. :returns: A dictionary containing IPTC information, or None if no IPTC information block was found. |
174,015 | from io import BytesIO
from . import Image, ImageFile
try:
from . import _webp
SUPPORTED = True
except ImportError:
SUPPORTED = False
_VALID_WEBP_MODES = {"RGBX": True, "RGBA": True, "RGB": True}
def _save(im, fp, filename):
lossless = im.encoderinfo.get("lossless", False)
quality = im.encoderinfo.get("quality", 80)
icc_profile = im.encoderinfo.get("icc_profile") or ""
exif = im.encoderinfo.get("exif", b"")
if isinstance(exif, Image.Exif):
exif = exif.tobytes()
if exif.startswith(b"Exif\x00\x00"):
exif = exif[6:]
xmp = im.encoderinfo.get("xmp", "")
method = im.encoderinfo.get("method", 4)
exact = 1 if im.encoderinfo.get("exact") else 0
if im.mode not in _VALID_WEBP_LEGACY_MODES:
alpha = (
"A" in im.mode
or "a" in im.mode
or (im.mode == "P" and "transparency" in im.info)
)
im = im.convert("RGBA" if alpha else "RGB")
data = _webp.WebPEncode(
im.tobytes(),
im.size[0],
im.size[1],
lossless,
float(quality),
im.mode,
icc_profile,
method,
exact,
exif,
xmp,
)
if data is None:
msg = "cannot write file as WebP (encoder returned None)"
raise OSError(msg)
fp.write(data)
Image.register_open(WebPImageFile.format, WebPImageFile, _accept)
class Image:
"""
This class represents an image object. To create
:py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` objects, use the appropriate factory
functions. There's hardly ever any reason to call the Image constructor
directly.
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.open`
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.new`
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes`
"""
format = None
format_description = None
_close_exclusive_fp_after_loading = True
def __init__(self):
# FIXME: take "new" parameters / other image?
# FIXME: turn mode and size into delegating properties?
self.im = None
self.mode = ""
self._size = (0, 0)
self.palette = None
self.info = {}
self._category = 0
self.readonly = 0
self.pyaccess = None
self._exif = None
def __getattr__(self, name):
if name == "category":
deprecate("Image categories", 10, "is_animated", plural=True)
return self._category
raise AttributeError(name)
def width(self):
return self.size[0]
def height(self):
return self.size[1]
def size(self):
return self._size
def _new(self, im):
new = Image()
new.im = im
new.mode = im.mode
new._size = im.size
if im.mode in ("P", "PA"):
if self.palette:
new.palette = self.palette.copy()
else:
from . import ImagePalette
new.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette()
new.info = self.info.copy()
return new
# Context manager support
def __enter__(self):
return self
def __exit__(self, *args):
if hasattr(self, "fp") and getattr(self, "_exclusive_fp", False):
if getattr(self, "_fp", False):
if self._fp != self.fp:
self._fp.close()
self._fp = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
if self.fp:
self.fp.close()
self.fp = None
def close(self):
"""
Closes the file pointer, if possible.
This operation will destroy the image core and release its memory.
The image data will be unusable afterward.
This function is required to close images that have multiple frames or
have not had their file read and closed by the
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.load` method. See :ref:`file-handling` for
more information.
"""
try:
if getattr(self, "_fp", False):
if self._fp != self.fp:
self._fp.close()
self._fp = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
if self.fp:
self.fp.close()
self.fp = None
except Exception as msg:
logger.debug("Error closing: %s", msg)
if getattr(self, "map", None):
self.map = None
# Instead of simply setting to None, we're setting up a
# deferred error that will better explain that the core image
# object is gone.
self.im = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
def _copy(self):
self.load()
self.im = self.im.copy()
self.pyaccess = None
self.readonly = 0
def _ensure_mutable(self):
if self.readonly:
self._copy()
else:
self.load()
def _dump(self, file=None, format=None, **options):
suffix = ""
if format:
suffix = "." + format
if not file:
f, filename = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix)
os.close(f)
else:
filename = file
if not filename.endswith(suffix):
filename = filename + suffix
self.load()
if not format or format == "PPM":
self.im.save_ppm(filename)
else:
self.save(filename, format, **options)
return filename
def __eq__(self, other):
return (
self.__class__ is other.__class__
and self.mode == other.mode
and self.size == other.size
and self.info == other.info
and self._category == other._category
and self.getpalette() == other.getpalette()
and self.tobytes() == other.tobytes()
)
def __repr__(self):
return "<%s.%s image mode=%s size=%dx%d at 0x%X>" % (
self.__class__.__module__,
self.__class__.__name__,
self.mode,
self.size[0],
self.size[1],
id(self),
)
def _repr_pretty_(self, p, cycle):
"""IPython plain text display support"""
# Same as __repr__ but without unpredictable id(self),
# to keep Jupyter notebook `text/plain` output stable.
p.text(
"<%s.%s image mode=%s size=%dx%d>"
% (
self.__class__.__module__,
self.__class__.__name__,
self.mode,
self.size[0],
self.size[1],
)
)
def _repr_png_(self):
"""iPython display hook support
:returns: png version of the image as bytes
"""
b = io.BytesIO()
try:
self.save(b, "PNG")
except Exception as e:
msg = "Could not save to PNG for display"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
return b.getvalue()
def __array_interface__(self):
# numpy array interface support
new = {"version": 3}
try:
if self.mode == "1":
# Binary images need to be extended from bits to bytes
# See: https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/350
new["data"] = self.tobytes("raw", "L")
else:
new["data"] = self.tobytes()
except Exception as e:
if not isinstance(e, (MemoryError, RecursionError)):
try:
import numpy
from packaging.version import parse as parse_version
except ImportError:
pass
else:
if parse_version(numpy.__version__) < parse_version("1.23"):
warnings.warn(e)
raise
new["shape"], new["typestr"] = _conv_type_shape(self)
return new
def __getstate__(self):
return [self.info, self.mode, self.size, self.getpalette(), self.tobytes()]
def __setstate__(self, state):
Image.__init__(self)
info, mode, size, palette, data = state
self.info = info
self.mode = mode
self._size = size
self.im = core.new(mode, size)
if mode in ("L", "LA", "P", "PA") and palette:
self.putpalette(palette)
self.frombytes(data)
def tobytes(self, encoder_name="raw", *args):
"""
Return image as a bytes object.
.. warning::
This method returns the raw image data from the internal
storage. For compressed image data (e.g. PNG, JPEG) use
:meth:`~.save`, with a BytesIO parameter for in-memory
data.
:param encoder_name: What encoder to use. The default is to
use the standard "raw" encoder.
A list of C encoders can be seen under
codecs section of the function array in
:file:`_imaging.c`. Python encoders are
registered within the relevant plugins.
:param args: Extra arguments to the encoder.
:returns: A :py:class:`bytes` object.
"""
# may pass tuple instead of argument list
if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
args = args[0]
if encoder_name == "raw" and args == ():
args = self.mode
self.load()
if self.width == 0 or self.height == 0:
return b""
# unpack data
e = _getencoder(self.mode, encoder_name, args)
e.setimage(self.im)
bufsize = max(65536, self.size[0] * 4) # see RawEncode.c
output = []
while True:
bytes_consumed, errcode, data = e.encode(bufsize)
output.append(data)
if errcode:
break
if errcode < 0:
msg = f"encoder error {errcode} in tobytes"
raise RuntimeError(msg)
return b"".join(output)
def tobitmap(self, name="image"):
"""
Returns the image converted to an X11 bitmap.
.. note:: This method only works for mode "1" images.
:param name: The name prefix to use for the bitmap variables.
:returns: A string containing an X11 bitmap.
:raises ValueError: If the mode is not "1"
"""
self.load()
if self.mode != "1":
msg = "not a bitmap"
raise ValueError(msg)
data = self.tobytes("xbm")
return b"".join(
[
f"#define {name}_width {self.size[0]}\n".encode("ascii"),
f"#define {name}_height {self.size[1]}\n".encode("ascii"),
f"static char {name}_bits[] = {{\n".encode("ascii"),
data,
b"};",
]
)
def frombytes(self, data, decoder_name="raw", *args):
"""
Loads this image with pixel data from a bytes object.
This method is similar to the :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes` function,
but loads data into this image instead of creating a new image object.
"""
# may pass tuple instead of argument list
if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
args = args[0]
# default format
if decoder_name == "raw" and args == ():
args = self.mode
# unpack data
d = _getdecoder(self.mode, decoder_name, args)
d.setimage(self.im)
s = d.decode(data)
if s[0] >= 0:
msg = "not enough image data"
raise ValueError(msg)
if s[1] != 0:
msg = "cannot decode image data"
raise ValueError(msg)
def load(self):
"""
Allocates storage for the image and loads the pixel data. In
normal cases, you don't need to call this method, since the
Image class automatically loads an opened image when it is
accessed for the first time.
If the file associated with the image was opened by Pillow, then this
method will close it. The exception to this is if the image has
multiple frames, in which case the file will be left open for seek
operations. See :ref:`file-handling` for more information.
:returns: An image access object.
:rtype: :ref:`PixelAccess` or :py:class:`PIL.PyAccess`
"""
if self.im is not None and self.palette and self.palette.dirty:
# realize palette
mode, arr = self.palette.getdata()
self.im.putpalette(mode, arr)
self.palette.dirty = 0
self.palette.rawmode = None
if "transparency" in self.info and mode in ("LA", "PA"):
if isinstance(self.info["transparency"], int):
self.im.putpalettealpha(self.info["transparency"], 0)
else:
self.im.putpalettealphas(self.info["transparency"])
self.palette.mode = "RGBA"
else:
palette_mode = "RGBA" if mode.startswith("RGBA") else "RGB"
self.palette.mode = palette_mode
self.palette.palette = self.im.getpalette(palette_mode, palette_mode)
if self.im is not None:
if cffi and USE_CFFI_ACCESS:
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess
from . import PyAccess
self.pyaccess = PyAccess.new(self, self.readonly)
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess
return self.im.pixel_access(self.readonly)
def verify(self):
"""
Verifies the contents of a file. For data read from a file, this
method attempts to determine if the file is broken, without
actually decoding the image data. If this method finds any
problems, it raises suitable exceptions. If you need to load
the image after using this method, you must reopen the image
file.
"""
pass
def convert(
self, mode=None, matrix=None, dither=None, palette=Palette.WEB, colors=256
):
"""
Returns a converted copy of this image. For the "P" mode, this
method translates pixels through the palette. If mode is
omitted, a mode is chosen so that all information in the image
and the palette can be represented without a palette.
The current version supports all possible conversions between
"L", "RGB" and "CMYK". The ``matrix`` argument only supports "L"
and "RGB".
When translating a color image to greyscale (mode "L"),
the library uses the ITU-R 601-2 luma transform::
L = R * 299/1000 + G * 587/1000 + B * 114/1000
The default method of converting a greyscale ("L") or "RGB"
image into a bilevel (mode "1") image uses Floyd-Steinberg
dither to approximate the original image luminosity levels. If
dither is ``None``, all values larger than 127 are set to 255 (white),
all other values to 0 (black). To use other thresholds, use the
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.point` method.
When converting from "RGBA" to "P" without a ``matrix`` argument,
this passes the operation to :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.quantize`,
and ``dither`` and ``palette`` are ignored.
When converting from "PA", if an "RGBA" palette is present, the alpha
channel from the image will be used instead of the values from the palette.
:param mode: The requested mode. See: :ref:`concept-modes`.
:param matrix: An optional conversion matrix. If given, this
should be 4- or 12-tuple containing floating point values.
:param dither: Dithering method, used when converting from
mode "RGB" to "P" or from "RGB" or "L" to "1".
Available methods are :data:`Dither.NONE` or :data:`Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG`
(default). Note that this is not used when ``matrix`` is supplied.
:param palette: Palette to use when converting from mode "RGB"
to "P". Available palettes are :data:`Palette.WEB` or
:data:`Palette.ADAPTIVE`.
:param colors: Number of colors to use for the :data:`Palette.ADAPTIVE`
palette. Defaults to 256.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
has_transparency = self.info.get("transparency") is not None
if not mode and self.mode == "P":
# determine default mode
if self.palette:
mode = self.palette.mode
else:
mode = "RGB"
if mode == "RGB" and has_transparency:
mode = "RGBA"
if not mode or (mode == self.mode and not matrix):
return self.copy()
if matrix:
# matrix conversion
if mode not in ("L", "RGB"):
msg = "illegal conversion"
raise ValueError(msg)
im = self.im.convert_matrix(mode, matrix)
new = self._new(im)
if has_transparency and self.im.bands == 3:
transparency = new.info["transparency"]
def convert_transparency(m, v):
v = m[0] * v[0] + m[1] * v[1] + m[2] * v[2] + m[3] * 0.5
return max(0, min(255, int(v)))
if mode == "L":
transparency = convert_transparency(matrix, transparency)
elif len(mode) == 3:
transparency = tuple(
convert_transparency(matrix[i * 4 : i * 4 + 4], transparency)
for i in range(0, len(transparency))
)
new.info["transparency"] = transparency
return new
if mode == "P" and self.mode == "RGBA":
return self.quantize(colors)
trns = None
delete_trns = False
# transparency handling
if has_transparency:
if (self.mode in ("1", "L", "I") and mode in ("LA", "RGBA")) or (
self.mode == "RGB" and mode == "RGBA"
):
# Use transparent conversion to promote from transparent
# color to an alpha channel.
new_im = self._new(
self.im.convert_transparent(mode, self.info["transparency"])
)
del new_im.info["transparency"]
return new_im
elif self.mode in ("L", "RGB", "P") and mode in ("L", "RGB", "P"):
t = self.info["transparency"]
if isinstance(t, bytes):
# Dragons. This can't be represented by a single color
warnings.warn(
"Palette images with Transparency expressed in bytes should be "
"converted to RGBA images"
)
delete_trns = True
else:
# get the new transparency color.
# use existing conversions
trns_im = Image()._new(core.new(self.mode, (1, 1)))
if self.mode == "P":
trns_im.putpalette(self.palette)
if isinstance(t, tuple):
err = "Couldn't allocate a palette color for transparency"
try:
t = trns_im.palette.getcolor(t, self)
except ValueError as e:
if str(e) == "cannot allocate more than 256 colors":
# If all 256 colors are in use,
# then there is no need for transparency
t = None
else:
raise ValueError(err) from e
if t is None:
trns = None
else:
trns_im.putpixel((0, 0), t)
if mode in ("L", "RGB"):
trns_im = trns_im.convert(mode)
else:
# can't just retrieve the palette number, got to do it
# after quantization.
trns_im = trns_im.convert("RGB")
trns = trns_im.getpixel((0, 0))
elif self.mode == "P" and mode in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
t = self.info["transparency"]
delete_trns = True
if isinstance(t, bytes):
self.im.putpalettealphas(t)
elif isinstance(t, int):
self.im.putpalettealpha(t, 0)
else:
msg = "Transparency for P mode should be bytes or int"
raise ValueError(msg)
if mode == "P" and palette == Palette.ADAPTIVE:
im = self.im.quantize(colors)
new = self._new(im)
from . import ImagePalette
new.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGB", new.im.getpalette("RGB"))
if delete_trns:
# This could possibly happen if we requantize to fewer colors.
# The transparency would be totally off in that case.
del new.info["transparency"]
if trns is not None:
try:
new.info["transparency"] = new.palette.getcolor(trns, new)
except Exception:
# if we can't make a transparent color, don't leave the old
# transparency hanging around to mess us up.
del new.info["transparency"]
warnings.warn("Couldn't allocate palette entry for transparency")
return new
if "LAB" in (self.mode, mode):
other_mode = mode if self.mode == "LAB" else self.mode
if other_mode in ("RGB", "RGBA", "RGBX"):
from . import ImageCms
srgb = ImageCms.createProfile("sRGB")
lab = ImageCms.createProfile("LAB")
profiles = [lab, srgb] if self.mode == "LAB" else [srgb, lab]
transform = ImageCms.buildTransform(
profiles[0], profiles[1], self.mode, mode
)
return transform.apply(self)
# colorspace conversion
if dither is None:
dither = Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG
try:
im = self.im.convert(mode, dither)
except ValueError:
try:
# normalize source image and try again
modebase = getmodebase(self.mode)
if modebase == self.mode:
raise
im = self.im.convert(modebase)
im = im.convert(mode, dither)
except KeyError as e:
msg = "illegal conversion"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
new_im = self._new(im)
if mode == "P" and palette != Palette.ADAPTIVE:
from . import ImagePalette
new_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGB", list(range(256)) * 3)
if delete_trns:
# crash fail if we leave a bytes transparency in an rgb/l mode.
del new_im.info["transparency"]
if trns is not None:
if new_im.mode == "P":
try:
new_im.info["transparency"] = new_im.palette.getcolor(trns, new_im)
except ValueError as e:
del new_im.info["transparency"]
if str(e) != "cannot allocate more than 256 colors":
# If all 256 colors are in use,
# then there is no need for transparency
warnings.warn(
"Couldn't allocate palette entry for transparency"
)
else:
new_im.info["transparency"] = trns
return new_im
def quantize(
self,
colors=256,
method=None,
kmeans=0,
palette=None,
dither=Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG,
):
"""
Convert the image to 'P' mode with the specified number
of colors.
:param colors: The desired number of colors, <= 256
:param method: :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT` (median cut),
:data:`Quantize.MAXCOVERAGE` (maximum coverage),
:data:`Quantize.FASTOCTREE` (fast octree),
:data:`Quantize.LIBIMAGEQUANT` (libimagequant; check support
using :py:func:`PIL.features.check_feature` with
``feature="libimagequant"``).
By default, :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT` will be used.
The exception to this is RGBA images. :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT`
and :data:`Quantize.MAXCOVERAGE` do not support RGBA images, so
:data:`Quantize.FASTOCTREE` is used by default instead.
:param kmeans: Integer
:param palette: Quantize to the palette of given
:py:class:`PIL.Image.Image`.
:param dither: Dithering method, used when converting from
mode "RGB" to "P" or from "RGB" or "L" to "1".
Available methods are :data:`Dither.NONE` or :data:`Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG`
(default).
:returns: A new image
"""
self.load()
if method is None:
# defaults:
method = Quantize.MEDIANCUT
if self.mode == "RGBA":
method = Quantize.FASTOCTREE
if self.mode == "RGBA" and method not in (
Quantize.FASTOCTREE,
Quantize.LIBIMAGEQUANT,
):
# Caller specified an invalid mode.
msg = (
"Fast Octree (method == 2) and libimagequant (method == 3) "
"are the only valid methods for quantizing RGBA images"
)
raise ValueError(msg)
if palette:
# use palette from reference image
palette.load()
if palette.mode != "P":
msg = "bad mode for palette image"
raise ValueError(msg)
if self.mode != "RGB" and self.mode != "L":
msg = "only RGB or L mode images can be quantized to a palette"
raise ValueError(msg)
im = self.im.convert("P", dither, palette.im)
new_im = self._new(im)
new_im.palette = palette.palette.copy()
return new_im
im = self._new(self.im.quantize(colors, method, kmeans))
from . import ImagePalette
mode = im.im.getpalettemode()
palette = im.im.getpalette(mode, mode)[: colors * len(mode)]
im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(mode, palette)
return im
def copy(self):
"""
Copies this image. Use this method if you wish to paste things
into an image, but still retain the original.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.copy())
__copy__ = copy
def crop(self, box=None):
"""
Returns a rectangular region from this image. The box is a
4-tuple defining the left, upper, right, and lower pixel
coordinate. See :ref:`coordinate-system`.
Note: Prior to Pillow 3.4.0, this was a lazy operation.
:param box: The crop rectangle, as a (left, upper, right, lower)-tuple.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if box is None:
return self.copy()
if box[2] < box[0]:
msg = "Coordinate 'right' is less than 'left'"
raise ValueError(msg)
elif box[3] < box[1]:
msg = "Coordinate 'lower' is less than 'upper'"
raise ValueError(msg)
self.load()
return self._new(self._crop(self.im, box))
def _crop(self, im, box):
"""
Returns a rectangular region from the core image object im.
This is equivalent to calling im.crop((x0, y0, x1, y1)), but
includes additional sanity checks.
:param im: a core image object
:param box: The crop rectangle, as a (left, upper, right, lower)-tuple.
:returns: A core image object.
"""
x0, y0, x1, y1 = map(int, map(round, box))
absolute_values = (abs(x1 - x0), abs(y1 - y0))
_decompression_bomb_check(absolute_values)
return im.crop((x0, y0, x1, y1))
def draft(self, mode, size):
"""
Configures the image file loader so it returns a version of the
image that as closely as possible matches the given mode and
size. For example, you can use this method to convert a color
JPEG to greyscale while loading it.
If any changes are made, returns a tuple with the chosen ``mode`` and
``box`` with coordinates of the original image within the altered one.
Note that this method modifies the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object
in place. If the image has already been loaded, this method has no
effect.
Note: This method is not implemented for most images. It is
currently implemented only for JPEG and MPO images.
:param mode: The requested mode.
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
"""
pass
def _expand(self, xmargin, ymargin=None):
if ymargin is None:
ymargin = xmargin
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.expand(xmargin, ymargin, 0))
def filter(self, filter):
"""
Filters this image using the given filter. For a list of
available filters, see the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageFilter` module.
:param filter: Filter kernel.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object."""
from . import ImageFilter
self.load()
if isinstance(filter, Callable):
filter = filter()
if not hasattr(filter, "filter"):
msg = "filter argument should be ImageFilter.Filter instance or class"
raise TypeError(msg)
multiband = isinstance(filter, ImageFilter.MultibandFilter)
if self.im.bands == 1 or multiband:
return self._new(filter.filter(self.im))
ims = []
for c in range(self.im.bands):
ims.append(self._new(filter.filter(self.im.getband(c))))
return merge(self.mode, ims)
def getbands(self):
"""
Returns a tuple containing the name of each band in this image.
For example, ``getbands`` on an RGB image returns ("R", "G", "B").
:returns: A tuple containing band names.
:rtype: tuple
"""
return ImageMode.getmode(self.mode).bands
def getbbox(self):
"""
Calculates the bounding box of the non-zero regions in the
image.
:returns: The bounding box is returned as a 4-tuple defining the
left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate. See
:ref:`coordinate-system`. If the image is completely empty, this
method returns None.
"""
self.load()
return self.im.getbbox()
def getcolors(self, maxcolors=256):
"""
Returns a list of colors used in this image.
The colors will be in the image's mode. For example, an RGB image will
return a tuple of (red, green, blue) color values, and a P image will
return the index of the color in the palette.
:param maxcolors: Maximum number of colors. If this number is
exceeded, this method returns None. The default limit is
256 colors.
:returns: An unsorted list of (count, pixel) values.
"""
self.load()
if self.mode in ("1", "L", "P"):
h = self.im.histogram()
out = []
for i in range(256):
if h[i]:
out.append((h[i], i))
if len(out) > maxcolors:
return None
return out
return self.im.getcolors(maxcolors)
def getdata(self, band=None):
"""
Returns the contents of this image as a sequence object
containing pixel values. The sequence object is flattened, so
that values for line one follow directly after the values of
line zero, and so on.
Note that the sequence object returned by this method is an
internal PIL data type, which only supports certain sequence
operations. To convert it to an ordinary sequence (e.g. for
printing), use ``list(im.getdata())``.
:param band: What band to return. The default is to return
all bands. To return a single band, pass in the index
value (e.g. 0 to get the "R" band from an "RGB" image).
:returns: A sequence-like object.
"""
self.load()
if band is not None:
return self.im.getband(band)
return self.im # could be abused
def getextrema(self):
"""
Gets the minimum and maximum pixel values for each band in
the image.
:returns: For a single-band image, a 2-tuple containing the
minimum and maximum pixel value. For a multi-band image,
a tuple containing one 2-tuple for each band.
"""
self.load()
if self.im.bands > 1:
extrema = []
for i in range(self.im.bands):
extrema.append(self.im.getband(i).getextrema())
return tuple(extrema)
return self.im.getextrema()
def _getxmp(self, xmp_tags):
def get_name(tag):
return tag.split("}")[1]
def get_value(element):
value = {get_name(k): v for k, v in element.attrib.items()}
children = list(element)
if children:
for child in children:
name = get_name(child.tag)
child_value = get_value(child)
if name in value:
if not isinstance(value[name], list):
value[name] = [value[name]]
value[name].append(child_value)
else:
value[name] = child_value
elif value:
if element.text:
value["text"] = element.text
else:
return element.text
return value
if ElementTree is None:
warnings.warn("XMP data cannot be read without defusedxml dependency")
return {}
else:
root = ElementTree.fromstring(xmp_tags)
return {get_name(root.tag): get_value(root)}
def getexif(self):
"""
Gets EXIF data from the image.
:returns: an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Exif` object.
"""
if self._exif is None:
self._exif = Exif()
self._exif._loaded = False
elif self._exif._loaded:
return self._exif
self._exif._loaded = True
exif_info = self.info.get("exif")
if exif_info is None:
if "Raw profile type exif" in self.info:
exif_info = bytes.fromhex(
"".join(self.info["Raw profile type exif"].split("\n")[3:])
)
elif hasattr(self, "tag_v2"):
self._exif.bigtiff = self.tag_v2._bigtiff
self._exif.endian = self.tag_v2._endian
self._exif.load_from_fp(self.fp, self.tag_v2._offset)
if exif_info is not None:
self._exif.load(exif_info)
# XMP tags
if 0x0112 not in self._exif:
xmp_tags = self.info.get("XML:com.adobe.xmp")
if xmp_tags:
match = re.search(r'tiff:Orientation(="|>)([0-9])', xmp_tags)
if match:
self._exif[0x0112] = int(match[2])
return self._exif
def _reload_exif(self):
if self._exif is None or not self._exif._loaded:
return
self._exif._loaded = False
self.getexif()
def get_child_images(self):
child_images = []
exif = self.getexif()
ifds = []
if ExifTags.Base.SubIFDs in exif:
subifd_offsets = exif[ExifTags.Base.SubIFDs]
if subifd_offsets:
if not isinstance(subifd_offsets, tuple):
subifd_offsets = (subifd_offsets,)
for subifd_offset in subifd_offsets:
ifds.append((exif._get_ifd_dict(subifd_offset), subifd_offset))
ifd1 = exif.get_ifd(ExifTags.IFD.IFD1)
if ifd1 and ifd1.get(513):
ifds.append((ifd1, exif._info.next))
offset = None
for ifd, ifd_offset in ifds:
current_offset = self.fp.tell()
if offset is None:
offset = current_offset
fp = self.fp
thumbnail_offset = ifd.get(513)
if thumbnail_offset is not None:
try:
thumbnail_offset += self._exif_offset
except AttributeError:
pass
self.fp.seek(thumbnail_offset)
data = self.fp.read(ifd.get(514))
fp = io.BytesIO(data)
with open(fp) as im:
if thumbnail_offset is None:
im._frame_pos = [ifd_offset]
im._seek(0)
im.load()
child_images.append(im)
if offset is not None:
self.fp.seek(offset)
return child_images
def getim(self):
"""
Returns a capsule that points to the internal image memory.
:returns: A capsule object.
"""
self.load()
return self.im.ptr
def getpalette(self, rawmode="RGB"):
"""
Returns the image palette as a list.
:param rawmode: The mode in which to return the palette. ``None`` will
return the palette in its current mode.
.. versionadded:: 9.1.0
:returns: A list of color values [r, g, b, ...], or None if the
image has no palette.
"""
self.load()
try:
mode = self.im.getpalettemode()
except ValueError:
return None # no palette
if rawmode is None:
rawmode = mode
return list(self.im.getpalette(mode, rawmode))
def apply_transparency(self):
"""
If a P mode image has a "transparency" key in the info dictionary,
remove the key and instead apply the transparency to the palette.
Otherwise, the image is unchanged.
"""
if self.mode != "P" or "transparency" not in self.info:
return
from . import ImagePalette
palette = self.getpalette("RGBA")
transparency = self.info["transparency"]
if isinstance(transparency, bytes):
for i, alpha in enumerate(transparency):
palette[i * 4 + 3] = alpha
else:
palette[transparency * 4 + 3] = 0
self.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGBA", bytes(palette))
self.palette.dirty = 1
del self.info["transparency"]
def getpixel(self, xy):
"""
Returns the pixel value at a given position.
:param xy: The coordinate, given as (x, y). See
:ref:`coordinate-system`.
:returns: The pixel value. If the image is a multi-layer image,
this method returns a tuple.
"""
self.load()
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess.getpixel(xy)
return self.im.getpixel(xy)
def getprojection(self):
"""
Get projection to x and y axes
:returns: Two sequences, indicating where there are non-zero
pixels along the X-axis and the Y-axis, respectively.
"""
self.load()
x, y = self.im.getprojection()
return list(x), list(y)
def histogram(self, mask=None, extrema=None):
"""
Returns a histogram for the image. The histogram is returned as a
list of pixel counts, one for each pixel value in the source
image. Counts are grouped into 256 bins for each band, even if
the image has more than 8 bits per band. If the image has more
than one band, the histograms for all bands are concatenated (for
example, the histogram for an "RGB" image contains 768 values).
A bilevel image (mode "1") is treated as a greyscale ("L") image
by this method.
If a mask is provided, the method returns a histogram for those
parts of the image where the mask image is non-zero. The mask
image must have the same size as the image, and be either a
bi-level image (mode "1") or a greyscale image ("L").
:param mask: An optional mask.
:param extrema: An optional tuple of manually-specified extrema.
:returns: A list containing pixel counts.
"""
self.load()
if mask:
mask.load()
return self.im.histogram((0, 0), mask.im)
if self.mode in ("I", "F"):
if extrema is None:
extrema = self.getextrema()
return self.im.histogram(extrema)
return self.im.histogram()
def entropy(self, mask=None, extrema=None):
"""
Calculates and returns the entropy for the image.
A bilevel image (mode "1") is treated as a greyscale ("L")
image by this method.
If a mask is provided, the method employs the histogram for
those parts of the image where the mask image is non-zero.
The mask image must have the same size as the image, and be
either a bi-level image (mode "1") or a greyscale image ("L").
:param mask: An optional mask.
:param extrema: An optional tuple of manually-specified extrema.
:returns: A float value representing the image entropy
"""
self.load()
if mask:
mask.load()
return self.im.entropy((0, 0), mask.im)
if self.mode in ("I", "F"):
if extrema is None:
extrema = self.getextrema()
return self.im.entropy(extrema)
return self.im.entropy()
def paste(self, im, box=None, mask=None):
"""
Pastes another image into this image. The box argument is either
a 2-tuple giving the upper left corner, a 4-tuple defining the
left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate, or None (same as
(0, 0)). See :ref:`coordinate-system`. If a 4-tuple is given, the size
of the pasted image must match the size of the region.
If the modes don't match, the pasted image is converted to the mode of
this image (see the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.convert` method for
details).
Instead of an image, the source can be a integer or tuple
containing pixel values. The method then fills the region
with the given color. When creating RGB images, you can
also use color strings as supported by the ImageColor module.
If a mask is given, this method updates only the regions
indicated by the mask. You can use either "1", "L", "LA", "RGBA"
or "RGBa" images (if present, the alpha band is used as mask).
Where the mask is 255, the given image is copied as is. Where
the mask is 0, the current value is preserved. Intermediate
values will mix the two images together, including their alpha
channels if they have them.
See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.alpha_composite` if you want to
combine images with respect to their alpha channels.
:param im: Source image or pixel value (integer or tuple).
:param box: An optional 4-tuple giving the region to paste into.
If a 2-tuple is used instead, it's treated as the upper left
corner. If omitted or None, the source is pasted into the
upper left corner.
If an image is given as the second argument and there is no
third, the box defaults to (0, 0), and the second argument
is interpreted as a mask image.
:param mask: An optional mask image.
"""
if isImageType(box) and mask is None:
# abbreviated paste(im, mask) syntax
mask = box
box = None
if box is None:
box = (0, 0)
if len(box) == 2:
# upper left corner given; get size from image or mask
if isImageType(im):
size = im.size
elif isImageType(mask):
size = mask.size
else:
# FIXME: use self.size here?
msg = "cannot determine region size; use 4-item box"
raise ValueError(msg)
box += (box[0] + size[0], box[1] + size[1])
if isinstance(im, str):
from . import ImageColor
im = ImageColor.getcolor(im, self.mode)
elif isImageType(im):
im.load()
if self.mode != im.mode:
if self.mode != "RGB" or im.mode not in ("LA", "RGBA", "RGBa"):
# should use an adapter for this!
im = im.convert(self.mode)
im = im.im
self._ensure_mutable()
if mask:
mask.load()
self.im.paste(im, box, mask.im)
else:
self.im.paste(im, box)
def alpha_composite(self, im, dest=(0, 0), source=(0, 0)):
"""'In-place' analog of Image.alpha_composite. Composites an image
onto this image.
:param im: image to composite over this one
:param dest: Optional 2 tuple (left, top) specifying the upper
left corner in this (destination) image.
:param source: Optional 2 (left, top) tuple for the upper left
corner in the overlay source image, or 4 tuple (left, top, right,
bottom) for the bounds of the source rectangle
Performance Note: Not currently implemented in-place in the core layer.
"""
if not isinstance(source, (list, tuple)):
msg = "Source must be a tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if not isinstance(dest, (list, tuple)):
msg = "Destination must be a tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if not len(source) in (2, 4):
msg = "Source must be a 2 or 4-tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if not len(dest) == 2:
msg = "Destination must be a 2-tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if min(source) < 0:
msg = "Source must be non-negative"
raise ValueError(msg)
if len(source) == 2:
source = source + im.size
# over image, crop if it's not the whole thing.
if source == (0, 0) + im.size:
overlay = im
else:
overlay = im.crop(source)
# target for the paste
box = dest + (dest[0] + overlay.width, dest[1] + overlay.height)
# destination image. don't copy if we're using the whole image.
if box == (0, 0) + self.size:
background = self
else:
background = self.crop(box)
result = alpha_composite(background, overlay)
self.paste(result, box)
def point(self, lut, mode=None):
"""
Maps this image through a lookup table or function.
:param lut: A lookup table, containing 256 (or 65536 if
self.mode=="I" and mode == "L") values per band in the
image. A function can be used instead, it should take a
single argument. The function is called once for each
possible pixel value, and the resulting table is applied to
all bands of the image.
It may also be an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImagePointHandler`
object::
class Example(Image.ImagePointHandler):
def point(self, data):
# Return result
:param mode: Output mode (default is same as input). In the
current version, this can only be used if the source image
has mode "L" or "P", and the output has mode "1" or the
source image mode is "I" and the output mode is "L".
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
if isinstance(lut, ImagePointHandler):
return lut.point(self)
if callable(lut):
# if it isn't a list, it should be a function
if self.mode in ("I", "I;16", "F"):
# check if the function can be used with point_transform
# UNDONE wiredfool -- I think this prevents us from ever doing
# a gamma function point transform on > 8bit images.
scale, offset = _getscaleoffset(lut)
return self._new(self.im.point_transform(scale, offset))
# for other modes, convert the function to a table
lut = [lut(i) for i in range(256)] * self.im.bands
if self.mode == "F":
# FIXME: _imaging returns a confusing error message for this case
msg = "point operation not supported for this mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
if mode != "F":
lut = [round(i) for i in lut]
return self._new(self.im.point(lut, mode))
def putalpha(self, alpha):
"""
Adds or replaces the alpha layer in this image. If the image
does not have an alpha layer, it's converted to "LA" or "RGBA".
The new layer must be either "L" or "1".
:param alpha: The new alpha layer. This can either be an "L" or "1"
image having the same size as this image, or an integer or
other color value.
"""
self._ensure_mutable()
if self.mode not in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
# attempt to promote self to a matching alpha mode
try:
mode = getmodebase(self.mode) + "A"
try:
self.im.setmode(mode)
except (AttributeError, ValueError) as e:
# do things the hard way
im = self.im.convert(mode)
if im.mode not in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
raise ValueError from e # sanity check
self.im = im
self.pyaccess = None
self.mode = self.im.mode
except KeyError as e:
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
if self.mode in ("LA", "PA"):
band = 1
else:
band = 3
if isImageType(alpha):
# alpha layer
if alpha.mode not in ("1", "L"):
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
alpha.load()
if alpha.mode == "1":
alpha = alpha.convert("L")
else:
# constant alpha
try:
self.im.fillband(band, alpha)
except (AttributeError, ValueError):
# do things the hard way
alpha = new("L", self.size, alpha)
else:
return
self.im.putband(alpha.im, band)
def putdata(self, data, scale=1.0, offset=0.0):
"""
Copies pixel data from a flattened sequence object into the image. The
values should start at the upper left corner (0, 0), continue to the
end of the line, followed directly by the first value of the second
line, and so on. Data will be read until either the image or the
sequence ends. The scale and offset values are used to adjust the
sequence values: **pixel = value*scale + offset**.
:param data: A flattened sequence object.
:param scale: An optional scale value. The default is 1.0.
:param offset: An optional offset value. The default is 0.0.
"""
self._ensure_mutable()
self.im.putdata(data, scale, offset)
def putpalette(self, data, rawmode="RGB"):
"""
Attaches a palette to this image. The image must be a "P", "PA", "L"
or "LA" image.
The palette sequence must contain at most 256 colors, made up of one
integer value for each channel in the raw mode.
For example, if the raw mode is "RGB", then it can contain at most 768
values, made up of red, green and blue values for the corresponding pixel
index in the 256 colors.
If the raw mode is "RGBA", then it can contain at most 1024 values,
containing red, green, blue and alpha values.
Alternatively, an 8-bit string may be used instead of an integer sequence.
:param data: A palette sequence (either a list or a string).
:param rawmode: The raw mode of the palette. Either "RGB", "RGBA", or a mode
that can be transformed to "RGB" or "RGBA" (e.g. "R", "BGR;15", "RGBA;L").
"""
from . import ImagePalette
if self.mode not in ("L", "LA", "P", "PA"):
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
if isinstance(data, ImagePalette.ImagePalette):
palette = ImagePalette.raw(data.rawmode, data.palette)
else:
if not isinstance(data, bytes):
data = bytes(data)
palette = ImagePalette.raw(rawmode, data)
self.mode = "PA" if "A" in self.mode else "P"
self.palette = palette
self.palette.mode = "RGB"
self.load() # install new palette
def putpixel(self, xy, value):
"""
Modifies the pixel at the given position. The color is given as
a single numerical value for single-band images, and a tuple for
multi-band images. In addition to this, RGB and RGBA tuples are
accepted for P and PA images.
Note that this method is relatively slow. For more extensive changes,
use :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste` or the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
module instead.
See:
* :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste`
* :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.putdata`
* :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
:param xy: The pixel coordinate, given as (x, y). See
:ref:`coordinate-system`.
:param value: The pixel value.
"""
if self.readonly:
self._copy()
self.load()
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess.putpixel(xy, value)
if (
self.mode in ("P", "PA")
and isinstance(value, (list, tuple))
and len(value) in [3, 4]
):
# RGB or RGBA value for a P or PA image
if self.mode == "PA":
alpha = value[3] if len(value) == 4 else 255
value = value[:3]
value = self.palette.getcolor(value, self)
if self.mode == "PA":
value = (value, alpha)
return self.im.putpixel(xy, value)
def remap_palette(self, dest_map, source_palette=None):
"""
Rewrites the image to reorder the palette.
:param dest_map: A list of indexes into the original palette.
e.g. ``[1,0]`` would swap a two item palette, and ``list(range(256))``
is the identity transform.
:param source_palette: Bytes or None.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
from . import ImagePalette
if self.mode not in ("L", "P"):
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
bands = 3
palette_mode = "RGB"
if source_palette is None:
if self.mode == "P":
self.load()
palette_mode = self.im.getpalettemode()
if palette_mode == "RGBA":
bands = 4
source_palette = self.im.getpalette(palette_mode, palette_mode)
else: # L-mode
source_palette = bytearray(i // 3 for i in range(768))
palette_bytes = b""
new_positions = [0] * 256
# pick only the used colors from the palette
for i, oldPosition in enumerate(dest_map):
palette_bytes += source_palette[
oldPosition * bands : oldPosition * bands + bands
]
new_positions[oldPosition] = i
# replace the palette color id of all pixel with the new id
# Palette images are [0..255], mapped through a 1 or 3
# byte/color map. We need to remap the whole image
# from palette 1 to palette 2. New_positions is
# an array of indexes into palette 1. Palette 2 is
# palette 1 with any holes removed.
# We're going to leverage the convert mechanism to use the
# C code to remap the image from palette 1 to palette 2,
# by forcing the source image into 'L' mode and adding a
# mapping 'L' mode palette, then converting back to 'L'
# sans palette thus converting the image bytes, then
# assigning the optimized RGB palette.
# perf reference, 9500x4000 gif, w/~135 colors
# 14 sec prepatch, 1 sec postpatch with optimization forced.
mapping_palette = bytearray(new_positions)
m_im = self.copy()
m_im.mode = "P"
m_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(
palette_mode, palette=mapping_palette * bands
)
# possibly set palette dirty, then
# m_im.putpalette(mapping_palette, 'L') # converts to 'P'
# or just force it.
# UNDONE -- this is part of the general issue with palettes
m_im.im.putpalette(palette_mode + ";L", m_im.palette.tobytes())
m_im = m_im.convert("L")
m_im.putpalette(palette_bytes, palette_mode)
m_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(palette_mode, palette=palette_bytes)
if "transparency" in self.info:
try:
m_im.info["transparency"] = dest_map.index(self.info["transparency"])
except ValueError:
if "transparency" in m_im.info:
del m_im.info["transparency"]
return m_im
def _get_safe_box(self, size, resample, box):
"""Expands the box so it includes adjacent pixels
that may be used by resampling with the given resampling filter.
"""
filter_support = _filters_support[resample] - 0.5
scale_x = (box[2] - box[0]) / size[0]
scale_y = (box[3] - box[1]) / size[1]
support_x = filter_support * scale_x
support_y = filter_support * scale_y
return (
max(0, int(box[0] - support_x)),
max(0, int(box[1] - support_y)),
min(self.size[0], math.ceil(box[2] + support_x)),
min(self.size[1], math.ceil(box[3] + support_y)),
)
def resize(self, size, resample=None, box=None, reducing_gap=None):
"""
Returns a resized copy of this image.
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
:param resample: An optional resampling filter. This can be
one of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`, :py:data:`Resampling.BOX`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR`, :py:data:`Resampling.HAMMING`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` or :py:data:`Resampling.LANCZOS`.
If the image has mode "1" or "P", it is always set to
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`. If the image mode specifies a number
of bits, such as "I;16", then the default filter is
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`. Otherwise, the default filter is
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC`. See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param box: An optional 4-tuple of floats providing
the source image region to be scaled.
The values must be within (0, 0, width, height) rectangle.
If omitted or None, the entire source is used.
:param reducing_gap: Apply optimization by resizing the image
in two steps. First, reducing the image by integer times
using :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.reduce`.
Second, resizing using regular resampling. The last step
changes size no less than by ``reducing_gap`` times.
``reducing_gap`` may be None (no first step is performed)
or should be greater than 1.0. The bigger ``reducing_gap``,
the closer the result to the fair resampling.
The smaller ``reducing_gap``, the faster resizing.
With ``reducing_gap`` greater or equal to 3.0, the result is
indistinguishable from fair resampling in most cases.
The default value is None (no optimization).
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if resample is None:
type_special = ";" in self.mode
resample = Resampling.NEAREST if type_special else Resampling.BICUBIC
elif resample not in (
Resampling.NEAREST,
Resampling.BILINEAR,
Resampling.BICUBIC,
Resampling.LANCZOS,
Resampling.BOX,
Resampling.HAMMING,
):
msg = f"Unknown resampling filter ({resample})."
filters = [
f"{filter[1]} ({filter[0]})"
for filter in (
(Resampling.NEAREST, "Image.Resampling.NEAREST"),
(Resampling.LANCZOS, "Image.Resampling.LANCZOS"),
(Resampling.BILINEAR, "Image.Resampling.BILINEAR"),
(Resampling.BICUBIC, "Image.Resampling.BICUBIC"),
(Resampling.BOX, "Image.Resampling.BOX"),
(Resampling.HAMMING, "Image.Resampling.HAMMING"),
)
]
msg += " Use " + ", ".join(filters[:-1]) + " or " + filters[-1]
raise ValueError(msg)
if reducing_gap is not None and reducing_gap < 1.0:
msg = "reducing_gap must be 1.0 or greater"
raise ValueError(msg)
size = tuple(size)
self.load()
if box is None:
box = (0, 0) + self.size
else:
box = tuple(box)
if self.size == size and box == (0, 0) + self.size:
return self.copy()
if self.mode in ("1", "P"):
resample = Resampling.NEAREST
if self.mode in ["LA", "RGBA"] and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
im = self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
im = im.resize(size, resample, box)
return im.convert(self.mode)
self.load()
if reducing_gap is not None and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
factor_x = int((box[2] - box[0]) / size[0] / reducing_gap) or 1
factor_y = int((box[3] - box[1]) / size[1] / reducing_gap) or 1
if factor_x > 1 or factor_y > 1:
reduce_box = self._get_safe_box(size, resample, box)
factor = (factor_x, factor_y)
if callable(self.reduce):
self = self.reduce(factor, box=reduce_box)
else:
self = Image.reduce(self, factor, box=reduce_box)
box = (
(box[0] - reduce_box[0]) / factor_x,
(box[1] - reduce_box[1]) / factor_y,
(box[2] - reduce_box[0]) / factor_x,
(box[3] - reduce_box[1]) / factor_y,
)
return self._new(self.im.resize(size, resample, box))
def reduce(self, factor, box=None):
"""
Returns a copy of the image reduced ``factor`` times.
If the size of the image is not dividable by ``factor``,
the resulting size will be rounded up.
:param factor: A greater than 0 integer or tuple of two integers
for width and height separately.
:param box: An optional 4-tuple of ints providing
the source image region to be reduced.
The values must be within ``(0, 0, width, height)`` rectangle.
If omitted or ``None``, the entire source is used.
"""
if not isinstance(factor, (list, tuple)):
factor = (factor, factor)
if box is None:
box = (0, 0) + self.size
else:
box = tuple(box)
if factor == (1, 1) and box == (0, 0) + self.size:
return self.copy()
if self.mode in ["LA", "RGBA"]:
im = self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
im = im.reduce(factor, box)
return im.convert(self.mode)
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.reduce(factor, box))
def rotate(
self,
angle,
resample=Resampling.NEAREST,
expand=0,
center=None,
translate=None,
fillcolor=None,
):
"""
Returns a rotated copy of this image. This method returns a
copy of this image, rotated the given number of degrees counter
clockwise around its centre.
:param angle: In degrees counter clockwise.
:param resample: An optional resampling filter. This can be
one of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
environment), or :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` (cubic spline
interpolation in a 4x4 environment). If omitted, or if the image has
mode "1" or "P", it is set to :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`.
See :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param expand: Optional expansion flag. If true, expands the output
image to make it large enough to hold the entire rotated image.
If false or omitted, make the output image the same size as the
input image. Note that the expand flag assumes rotation around
the center and no translation.
:param center: Optional center of rotation (a 2-tuple). Origin is
the upper left corner. Default is the center of the image.
:param translate: An optional post-rotate translation (a 2-tuple).
:param fillcolor: An optional color for area outside the rotated image.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
angle = angle % 360.0
# Fast paths regardless of filter, as long as we're not
# translating or changing the center.
if not (center or translate):
if angle == 0:
return self.copy()
if angle == 180:
return self.transpose(Transpose.ROTATE_180)
if angle in (90, 270) and (expand or self.width == self.height):
return self.transpose(
Transpose.ROTATE_90 if angle == 90 else Transpose.ROTATE_270
)
# Calculate the affine matrix. Note that this is the reverse
# transformation (from destination image to source) because we
# want to interpolate the (discrete) destination pixel from
# the local area around the (floating) source pixel.
# The matrix we actually want (note that it operates from the right):
# (1, 0, tx) (1, 0, cx) ( cos a, sin a, 0) (1, 0, -cx)
# (0, 1, ty) * (0, 1, cy) * (-sin a, cos a, 0) * (0, 1, -cy)
# (0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1) ( 0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1)
# The reverse matrix is thus:
# (1, 0, cx) ( cos -a, sin -a, 0) (1, 0, -cx) (1, 0, -tx)
# (0, 1, cy) * (-sin -a, cos -a, 0) * (0, 1, -cy) * (0, 1, -ty)
# (0, 0, 1) ( 0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1)
# In any case, the final translation may be updated at the end to
# compensate for the expand flag.
w, h = self.size
if translate is None:
post_trans = (0, 0)
else:
post_trans = translate
if center is None:
# FIXME These should be rounded to ints?
rotn_center = (w / 2.0, h / 2.0)
else:
rotn_center = center
angle = -math.radians(angle)
matrix = [
round(math.cos(angle), 15),
round(math.sin(angle), 15),
0.0,
round(-math.sin(angle), 15),
round(math.cos(angle), 15),
0.0,
]
def transform(x, y, matrix):
(a, b, c, d, e, f) = matrix
return a * x + b * y + c, d * x + e * y + f
matrix[2], matrix[5] = transform(
-rotn_center[0] - post_trans[0], -rotn_center[1] - post_trans[1], matrix
)
matrix[2] += rotn_center[0]
matrix[5] += rotn_center[1]
if expand:
# calculate output size
xx = []
yy = []
for x, y in ((0, 0), (w, 0), (w, h), (0, h)):
x, y = transform(x, y, matrix)
xx.append(x)
yy.append(y)
nw = math.ceil(max(xx)) - math.floor(min(xx))
nh = math.ceil(max(yy)) - math.floor(min(yy))
# We multiply a translation matrix from the right. Because of its
# special form, this is the same as taking the image of the
# translation vector as new translation vector.
matrix[2], matrix[5] = transform(-(nw - w) / 2.0, -(nh - h) / 2.0, matrix)
w, h = nw, nh
return self.transform(
(w, h), Transform.AFFINE, matrix, resample, fillcolor=fillcolor
)
def save(self, fp, format=None, **params):
"""
Saves this image under the given filename. If no format is
specified, the format to use is determined from the filename
extension, if possible.
Keyword options can be used to provide additional instructions
to the writer. If a writer doesn't recognise an option, it is
silently ignored. The available options are described in the
:doc:`image format documentation
<../handbook/image-file-formats>` for each writer.
You can use a file object instead of a filename. In this case,
you must always specify the format. The file object must
implement the ``seek``, ``tell``, and ``write``
methods, and be opened in binary mode.
:param fp: A filename (string), pathlib.Path object or file object.
:param format: Optional format override. If omitted, the
format to use is determined from the filename extension.
If a file object was used instead of a filename, this
parameter should always be used.
:param params: Extra parameters to the image writer.
:returns: None
:exception ValueError: If the output format could not be determined
from the file name. Use the format option to solve this.
:exception OSError: If the file could not be written. The file
may have been created, and may contain partial data.
"""
filename = ""
open_fp = False
if isinstance(fp, Path):
filename = str(fp)
open_fp = True
elif is_path(fp):
filename = fp
open_fp = True
elif fp == sys.stdout:
try:
fp = sys.stdout.buffer
except AttributeError:
pass
if not filename and hasattr(fp, "name") and is_path(fp.name):
# only set the name for metadata purposes
filename = fp.name
# may mutate self!
self._ensure_mutable()
save_all = params.pop("save_all", False)
self.encoderinfo = params
self.encoderconfig = ()
preinit()
ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1].lower()
if not format:
if ext not in EXTENSION:
init()
try:
format = EXTENSION[ext]
except KeyError as e:
msg = f"unknown file extension: {ext}"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
if format.upper() not in SAVE:
init()
if save_all:
save_handler = SAVE_ALL[format.upper()]
else:
save_handler = SAVE[format.upper()]
created = False
if open_fp:
created = not os.path.exists(filename)
if params.get("append", False):
# Open also for reading ("+"), because TIFF save_all
# writer needs to go back and edit the written data.
fp = builtins.open(filename, "r+b")
else:
fp = builtins.open(filename, "w+b")
try:
save_handler(self, fp, filename)
except Exception:
if open_fp:
fp.close()
if created:
try:
os.remove(filename)
except PermissionError:
pass
raise
if open_fp:
fp.close()
def seek(self, frame):
"""
Seeks to the given frame in this sequence file. If you seek
beyond the end of the sequence, the method raises an
``EOFError`` exception. When a sequence file is opened, the
library automatically seeks to frame 0.
See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.tell`.
If defined, :attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.n_frames` refers to the
number of available frames.
:param frame: Frame number, starting at 0.
:exception EOFError: If the call attempts to seek beyond the end
of the sequence.
"""
# overridden by file handlers
if frame != 0:
raise EOFError
def show(self, title=None):
"""
Displays this image. This method is mainly intended for debugging purposes.
This method calls :py:func:`PIL.ImageShow.show` internally. You can use
:py:func:`PIL.ImageShow.register` to override its default behaviour.
The image is first saved to a temporary file. By default, it will be in
PNG format.
On Unix, the image is then opened using the **display**, **eog** or
**xv** utility, depending on which one can be found.
On macOS, the image is opened with the native Preview application.
On Windows, the image is opened with the standard PNG display utility.
:param title: Optional title to use for the image window, where possible.
"""
_show(self, title=title)
def split(self):
"""
Split this image into individual bands. This method returns a
tuple of individual image bands from an image. For example,
splitting an "RGB" image creates three new images each
containing a copy of one of the original bands (red, green,
blue).
If you need only one band, :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.getchannel`
method can be more convenient and faster.
:returns: A tuple containing bands.
"""
self.load()
if self.im.bands == 1:
ims = [self.copy()]
else:
ims = map(self._new, self.im.split())
return tuple(ims)
def getchannel(self, channel):
"""
Returns an image containing a single channel of the source image.
:param channel: What channel to return. Could be index
(0 for "R" channel of "RGB") or channel name
("A" for alpha channel of "RGBA").
:returns: An image in "L" mode.
.. versionadded:: 4.3.0
"""
self.load()
if isinstance(channel, str):
try:
channel = self.getbands().index(channel)
except ValueError as e:
msg = f'The image has no channel "{channel}"'
raise ValueError(msg) from e
return self._new(self.im.getband(channel))
def tell(self):
"""
Returns the current frame number. See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.seek`.
If defined, :attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.n_frames` refers to the
number of available frames.
:returns: Frame number, starting with 0.
"""
return 0
def thumbnail(self, size, resample=Resampling.BICUBIC, reducing_gap=2.0):
"""
Make this image into a thumbnail. This method modifies the
image to contain a thumbnail version of itself, no larger than
the given size. This method calculates an appropriate thumbnail
size to preserve the aspect of the image, calls the
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.draft` method to configure the file reader
(where applicable), and finally resizes the image.
Note that this function modifies the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
object in place. If you need to use the full resolution image as well,
apply this method to a :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.copy` of the original
image.
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
:param resample: Optional resampling filter. This can be one
of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`, :py:data:`Resampling.BOX`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR`, :py:data:`Resampling.HAMMING`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` or :py:data:`Resampling.LANCZOS`.
If omitted, it defaults to :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC`.
(was :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` prior to version 2.5.0).
See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param reducing_gap: Apply optimization by resizing the image
in two steps. First, reducing the image by integer times
using :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.reduce` or
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.draft` for JPEG images.
Second, resizing using regular resampling. The last step
changes size no less than by ``reducing_gap`` times.
``reducing_gap`` may be None (no first step is performed)
or should be greater than 1.0. The bigger ``reducing_gap``,
the closer the result to the fair resampling.
The smaller ``reducing_gap``, the faster resizing.
With ``reducing_gap`` greater or equal to 3.0, the result is
indistinguishable from fair resampling in most cases.
The default value is 2.0 (very close to fair resampling
while still being faster in many cases).
:returns: None
"""
provided_size = tuple(map(math.floor, size))
def preserve_aspect_ratio():
def round_aspect(number, key):
return max(min(math.floor(number), math.ceil(number), key=key), 1)
x, y = provided_size
if x >= self.width and y >= self.height:
return
aspect = self.width / self.height
if x / y >= aspect:
x = round_aspect(y * aspect, key=lambda n: abs(aspect - n / y))
else:
y = round_aspect(
x / aspect, key=lambda n: 0 if n == 0 else abs(aspect - x / n)
)
return x, y
box = None
if reducing_gap is not None:
size = preserve_aspect_ratio()
if size is None:
return
res = self.draft(None, (size[0] * reducing_gap, size[1] * reducing_gap))
if res is not None:
box = res[1]
if box is None:
self.load()
# load() may have changed the size of the image
size = preserve_aspect_ratio()
if size is None:
return
if self.size != size:
im = self.resize(size, resample, box=box, reducing_gap=reducing_gap)
self.im = im.im
self._size = size
self.mode = self.im.mode
self.readonly = 0
self.pyaccess = None
# FIXME: the different transform methods need further explanation
# instead of bloating the method docs, add a separate chapter.
def transform(
self,
size,
method,
data=None,
resample=Resampling.NEAREST,
fill=1,
fillcolor=None,
):
"""
Transforms this image. This method creates a new image with the
given size, and the same mode as the original, and copies data
to the new image using the given transform.
:param size: The output size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
:param method: The transformation method. This is one of
:py:data:`Transform.EXTENT` (cut out a rectangular subregion),
:py:data:`Transform.AFFINE` (affine transform),
:py:data:`Transform.PERSPECTIVE` (perspective transform),
:py:data:`Transform.QUAD` (map a quadrilateral to a rectangle), or
:py:data:`Transform.MESH` (map a number of source quadrilaterals
in one operation).
It may also be an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImageTransformHandler`
object::
class Example(Image.ImageTransformHandler):
def transform(self, size, data, resample, fill=1):
# Return result
It may also be an object with a ``method.getdata`` method
that returns a tuple supplying new ``method`` and ``data`` values::
class Example:
def getdata(self):
method = Image.Transform.EXTENT
data = (0, 0, 100, 100)
return method, data
:param data: Extra data to the transformation method.
:param resample: Optional resampling filter. It can be one of
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
environment), or :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` (cubic spline
interpolation in a 4x4 environment). If omitted, or if the image
has mode "1" or "P", it is set to :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`.
See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param fill: If ``method`` is an
:py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImageTransformHandler` object, this is one of
the arguments passed to it. Otherwise, it is unused.
:param fillcolor: Optional fill color for the area outside the
transform in the output image.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if self.mode in ("LA", "RGBA") and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
return (
self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
.transform(size, method, data, resample, fill, fillcolor)
.convert(self.mode)
)
if isinstance(method, ImageTransformHandler):
return method.transform(size, self, resample=resample, fill=fill)
if hasattr(method, "getdata"):
# compatibility w. old-style transform objects
method, data = method.getdata()
if data is None:
msg = "missing method data"
raise ValueError(msg)
im = new(self.mode, size, fillcolor)
if self.mode == "P" and self.palette:
im.palette = self.palette.copy()
im.info = self.info.copy()
if method == Transform.MESH:
# list of quads
for box, quad in data:
im.__transformer(
box, self, Transform.QUAD, quad, resample, fillcolor is None
)
else:
im.__transformer(
(0, 0) + size, self, method, data, resample, fillcolor is None
)
return im
def __transformer(
self, box, image, method, data, resample=Resampling.NEAREST, fill=1
):
w = box[2] - box[0]
h = box[3] - box[1]
if method == Transform.AFFINE:
data = data[:6]
elif method == Transform.EXTENT:
# convert extent to an affine transform
x0, y0, x1, y1 = data
xs = (x1 - x0) / w
ys = (y1 - y0) / h
method = Transform.AFFINE
data = (xs, 0, x0, 0, ys, y0)
elif method == Transform.PERSPECTIVE:
data = data[:8]
elif method == Transform.QUAD:
# quadrilateral warp. data specifies the four corners
# given as NW, SW, SE, and NE.
nw = data[:2]
sw = data[2:4]
se = data[4:6]
ne = data[6:8]
x0, y0 = nw
As = 1.0 / w
At = 1.0 / h
data = (
x0,
(ne[0] - x0) * As,
(sw[0] - x0) * At,
(se[0] - sw[0] - ne[0] + x0) * As * At,
y0,
(ne[1] - y0) * As,
(sw[1] - y0) * At,
(se[1] - sw[1] - ne[1] + y0) * As * At,
)
else:
msg = "unknown transformation method"
raise ValueError(msg)
if resample not in (
Resampling.NEAREST,
Resampling.BILINEAR,
Resampling.BICUBIC,
):
if resample in (Resampling.BOX, Resampling.HAMMING, Resampling.LANCZOS):
msg = {
Resampling.BOX: "Image.Resampling.BOX",
Resampling.HAMMING: "Image.Resampling.HAMMING",
Resampling.LANCZOS: "Image.Resampling.LANCZOS",
}[resample] + f" ({resample}) cannot be used."
else:
msg = f"Unknown resampling filter ({resample})."
filters = [
f"{filter[1]} ({filter[0]})"
for filter in (
(Resampling.NEAREST, "Image.Resampling.NEAREST"),
(Resampling.BILINEAR, "Image.Resampling.BILINEAR"),
(Resampling.BICUBIC, "Image.Resampling.BICUBIC"),
)
]
msg += " Use " + ", ".join(filters[:-1]) + " or " + filters[-1]
raise ValueError(msg)
image.load()
self.load()
if image.mode in ("1", "P"):
resample = Resampling.NEAREST
self.im.transform2(box, image.im, method, data, resample, fill)
def transpose(self, method):
"""
Transpose image (flip or rotate in 90 degree steps)
:param method: One of :py:data:`Transpose.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT`,
:py:data:`Transpose.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM`, :py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_90`,
:py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_180`, :py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_270`,
:py:data:`Transpose.TRANSPOSE` or :py:data:`Transpose.TRANSVERSE`.
:returns: Returns a flipped or rotated copy of this image.
"""
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.transpose(method))
def effect_spread(self, distance):
"""
Randomly spread pixels in an image.
:param distance: Distance to spread pixels.
"""
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.effect_spread(distance))
def toqimage(self):
"""Returns a QImage copy of this image"""
from . import ImageQt
if not ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
msg = "Qt bindings are not installed"
raise ImportError(msg)
return ImageQt.toqimage(self)
def toqpixmap(self):
"""Returns a QPixmap copy of this image"""
from . import ImageQt
if not ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
msg = "Qt bindings are not installed"
raise ImportError(msg)
return ImageQt.toqpixmap(self)
def _save_all(im, fp, filename):
encoderinfo = im.encoderinfo.copy()
append_images = list(encoderinfo.get("append_images", []))
# If total frame count is 1, then save using the legacy API, which
# will preserve non-alpha modes
total = 0
for ims in [im] + append_images:
total += getattr(ims, "n_frames", 1)
if total == 1:
_save(im, fp, filename)
return
background = (0, 0, 0, 0)
if "background" in encoderinfo:
background = encoderinfo["background"]
elif "background" in im.info:
background = im.info["background"]
if isinstance(background, int):
# GifImagePlugin stores a global color table index in
# info["background"]. So it must be converted to an RGBA value
palette = im.getpalette()
if palette:
r, g, b = palette[background * 3 : (background + 1) * 3]
background = (r, g, b, 255)
else:
background = (background, background, background, 255)
duration = im.encoderinfo.get("duration", im.info.get("duration", 0))
loop = im.encoderinfo.get("loop", 0)
minimize_size = im.encoderinfo.get("minimize_size", False)
kmin = im.encoderinfo.get("kmin", None)
kmax = im.encoderinfo.get("kmax", None)
allow_mixed = im.encoderinfo.get("allow_mixed", False)
verbose = False
lossless = im.encoderinfo.get("lossless", False)
quality = im.encoderinfo.get("quality", 80)
method = im.encoderinfo.get("method", 0)
icc_profile = im.encoderinfo.get("icc_profile") or ""
exif = im.encoderinfo.get("exif", "")
if isinstance(exif, Image.Exif):
exif = exif.tobytes()
xmp = im.encoderinfo.get("xmp", "")
if allow_mixed:
lossless = False
# Sensible keyframe defaults are from gif2webp.c script
if kmin is None:
kmin = 9 if lossless else 3
if kmax is None:
kmax = 17 if lossless else 5
# Validate background color
if (
not isinstance(background, (list, tuple))
or len(background) != 4
or not all(0 <= v < 256 for v in background)
):
msg = f"Background color is not an RGBA tuple clamped to (0-255): {background}"
raise OSError(msg)
# Convert to packed uint
bg_r, bg_g, bg_b, bg_a = background
background = (bg_a << 24) | (bg_r << 16) | (bg_g << 8) | (bg_b << 0)
# Setup the WebP animation encoder
enc = _webp.WebPAnimEncoder(
im.size[0],
im.size[1],
background,
loop,
minimize_size,
kmin,
kmax,
allow_mixed,
verbose,
)
# Add each frame
frame_idx = 0
timestamp = 0
cur_idx = im.tell()
try:
for ims in [im] + append_images:
# Get # of frames in this image
nfr = getattr(ims, "n_frames", 1)
for idx in range(nfr):
ims.seek(idx)
ims.load()
# Make sure image mode is supported
frame = ims
rawmode = ims.mode
if ims.mode not in _VALID_WEBP_MODES:
alpha = (
"A" in ims.mode
or "a" in ims.mode
or (ims.mode == "P" and "A" in ims.im.getpalettemode())
)
rawmode = "RGBA" if alpha else "RGB"
frame = ims.convert(rawmode)
if rawmode == "RGB":
# For faster conversion, use RGBX
rawmode = "RGBX"
# Append the frame to the animation encoder
enc.add(
frame.tobytes("raw", rawmode),
round(timestamp),
frame.size[0],
frame.size[1],
rawmode,
lossless,
quality,
method,
)
# Update timestamp and frame index
if isinstance(duration, (list, tuple)):
timestamp += duration[frame_idx]
else:
timestamp += duration
frame_idx += 1
finally:
im.seek(cur_idx)
# Force encoder to flush frames
enc.add(None, round(timestamp), 0, 0, "", lossless, quality, 0)
# Get the final output from the encoder
data = enc.assemble(icc_profile, exif, xmp)
if data is None:
msg = "cannot write file as WebP (encoder returned None)"
raise OSError(msg)
fp.write(data) | null |
174,017 | import io
import logging
from . import Image, ImageFile, ImagePalette
from ._binary import i16le as i16
from ._binary import o8
from ._binary import o16le as o16
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
SAVE = {
# mode: (version, bits, planes, raw mode)
"1": (2, 1, 1, "1"),
"L": (5, 8, 1, "L"),
"P": (5, 8, 1, "P"),
"RGB": (5, 8, 3, "RGB;L"),
}
class ImageFile(Image.Image):
"""Base class for image file format handlers."""
def __init__(self, fp=None, filename=None):
super().__init__()
self._min_frame = 0
self.custom_mimetype = None
self.tile = None
""" A list of tile descriptors, or ``None`` """
self.readonly = 1 # until we know better
self.decoderconfig = ()
self.decodermaxblock = MAXBLOCK
if is_path(fp):
# filename
self.fp = open(fp, "rb")
self.filename = fp
self._exclusive_fp = True
else:
# stream
self.fp = fp
self.filename = filename
# can be overridden
self._exclusive_fp = None
try:
try:
self._open()
except (
IndexError, # end of data
TypeError, # end of data (ord)
KeyError, # unsupported mode
EOFError, # got header but not the first frame
struct.error,
) as v:
raise SyntaxError(v) from v
if not self.mode or self.size[0] <= 0 or self.size[1] <= 0:
msg = "not identified by this driver"
raise SyntaxError(msg)
except BaseException:
# close the file only if we have opened it this constructor
if self._exclusive_fp:
self.fp.close()
raise
def get_format_mimetype(self):
if self.custom_mimetype:
return self.custom_mimetype
if self.format is not None:
return Image.MIME.get(self.format.upper())
def __setstate__(self, state):
self.tile = []
super().__setstate__(state)
def verify(self):
"""Check file integrity"""
# raise exception if something's wrong. must be called
# directly after open, and closes file when finished.
if self._exclusive_fp:
self.fp.close()
self.fp = None
def load(self):
"""Load image data based on tile list"""
if self.tile is None:
msg = "cannot load this image"
raise OSError(msg)
pixel = Image.Image.load(self)
if not self.tile:
return pixel
self.map = None
use_mmap = self.filename and len(self.tile) == 1
# As of pypy 2.1.0, memory mapping was failing here.
use_mmap = use_mmap and not hasattr(sys, "pypy_version_info")
readonly = 0
# look for read/seek overrides
try:
read = self.load_read
# don't use mmap if there are custom read/seek functions
use_mmap = False
except AttributeError:
read = self.fp.read
try:
seek = self.load_seek
use_mmap = False
except AttributeError:
seek = self.fp.seek
if use_mmap:
# try memory mapping
decoder_name, extents, offset, args = self.tile[0]
if (
decoder_name == "raw"
and len(args) >= 3
and args[0] == self.mode
and args[0] in Image._MAPMODES
):
try:
# use mmap, if possible
import mmap
with open(self.filename) as fp:
self.map = mmap.mmap(fp.fileno(), 0, access=mmap.ACCESS_READ)
if offset + self.size[1] * args[1] > self.map.size():
# buffer is not large enough
raise OSError
self.im = Image.core.map_buffer(
self.map, self.size, decoder_name, offset, args
)
readonly = 1
# After trashing self.im,
# we might need to reload the palette data.
if self.palette:
self.palette.dirty = 1
except (AttributeError, OSError, ImportError):
self.map = None
self.load_prepare()
err_code = -3 # initialize to unknown error
if not self.map:
# sort tiles in file order
self.tile.sort(key=_tilesort)
try:
# FIXME: This is a hack to handle TIFF's JpegTables tag.
prefix = self.tile_prefix
except AttributeError:
prefix = b""
# Remove consecutive duplicates that only differ by their offset
self.tile = [
list(tiles)[-1]
for _, tiles in itertools.groupby(
self.tile, lambda tile: (tile[0], tile[1], tile[3])
)
]
for decoder_name, extents, offset, args in self.tile:
seek(offset)
decoder = Image._getdecoder(
self.mode, decoder_name, args, self.decoderconfig
)
try:
decoder.setimage(self.im, extents)
if decoder.pulls_fd:
decoder.setfd(self.fp)
err_code = decoder.decode(b"")[1]
else:
b = prefix
while True:
try:
s = read(self.decodermaxblock)
except (IndexError, struct.error) as e:
# truncated png/gif
if LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES:
break
else:
msg = "image file is truncated"
raise OSError(msg) from e
if not s: # truncated jpeg
if LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES:
break
else:
msg = (
"image file is truncated "
f"({len(b)} bytes not processed)"
)
raise OSError(msg)
b = b + s
n, err_code = decoder.decode(b)
if n < 0:
break
b = b[n:]
finally:
# Need to cleanup here to prevent leaks
decoder.cleanup()
self.tile = []
self.readonly = readonly
self.load_end()
if self._exclusive_fp and self._close_exclusive_fp_after_loading:
self.fp.close()
self.fp = None
if not self.map and not LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES and err_code < 0:
# still raised if decoder fails to return anything
raise_oserror(err_code)
return Image.Image.load(self)
def load_prepare(self):
# create image memory if necessary
if not self.im or self.im.mode != self.mode or self.im.size != self.size:
self.im = Image.core.new(self.mode, self.size)
# create palette (optional)
if self.mode == "P":
Image.Image.load(self)
def load_end(self):
# may be overridden
pass
# may be defined for contained formats
# def load_seek(self, pos):
# pass
# may be defined for blocked formats (e.g. PNG)
# def load_read(self, bytes):
# pass
def _seek_check(self, frame):
if (
frame < self._min_frame
# Only check upper limit on frames if additional seek operations
# are not required to do so
or (
not (hasattr(self, "_n_frames") and self._n_frames is None)
and frame >= self.n_frames + self._min_frame
)
):
msg = "attempt to seek outside sequence"
raise EOFError(msg)
return self.tell() != frame
def o8(i):
return bytes((i & 255,))
def _save(im, fp, filename):
try:
version, bits, planes, rawmode = SAVE[im.mode]
except KeyError as e:
msg = f"Cannot save {im.mode} images as PCX"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
# bytes per plane
stride = (im.size[0] * bits + 7) // 8
# stride should be even
stride += stride % 2
# Stride needs to be kept in sync with the PcxEncode.c version.
# Ideally it should be passed in in the state, but the bytes value
# gets overwritten.
logger.debug(
"PcxImagePlugin._save: xwidth: %d, bits: %d, stride: %d",
im.size[0],
bits,
stride,
)
# under windows, we could determine the current screen size with
# "Image.core.display_mode()[1]", but I think that's overkill...
screen = im.size
dpi = 100, 100
# PCX header
fp.write(
o8(10)
+ o8(version)
+ o8(1)
+ o8(bits)
+ o16(0)
+ o16(0)
+ o16(im.size[0] - 1)
+ o16(im.size[1] - 1)
+ o16(dpi[0])
+ o16(dpi[1])
+ b"\0" * 24
+ b"\xFF" * 24
+ b"\0"
+ o8(planes)
+ o16(stride)
+ o16(1)
+ o16(screen[0])
+ o16(screen[1])
+ b"\0" * 54
)
assert fp.tell() == 128
ImageFile._save(im, fp, [("pcx", (0, 0) + im.size, 0, (rawmode, bits * planes))])
if im.mode == "P":
# colour palette
fp.write(o8(12))
palette = im.im.getpalette("RGB", "RGB")
palette += b"\x00" * (768 - len(palette))
fp.write(palette) # 768 bytes
elif im.mode == "L":
# greyscale palette
fp.write(o8(12))
for i in range(256):
fp.write(o8(i) * 3) | null |
174,018 | import io
import itertools
import struct
import sys
from . import Image
from ._util import is_path
ERRORS = {
-1: "image buffer overrun error",
-2: "decoding error",
-3: "unknown error",
-8: "bad configuration",
-9: "out of memory error",
}
class Image:
"""
This class represents an image object. To create
:py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` objects, use the appropriate factory
functions. There's hardly ever any reason to call the Image constructor
directly.
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.open`
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.new`
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes`
"""
format = None
format_description = None
_close_exclusive_fp_after_loading = True
def __init__(self):
# FIXME: take "new" parameters / other image?
# FIXME: turn mode and size into delegating properties?
self.im = None
self.mode = ""
self._size = (0, 0)
self.palette = None
self.info = {}
self._category = 0
self.readonly = 0
self.pyaccess = None
self._exif = None
def __getattr__(self, name):
if name == "category":
deprecate("Image categories", 10, "is_animated", plural=True)
return self._category
raise AttributeError(name)
def width(self):
return self.size[0]
def height(self):
return self.size[1]
def size(self):
return self._size
def _new(self, im):
new = Image()
new.im = im
new.mode = im.mode
new._size = im.size
if im.mode in ("P", "PA"):
if self.palette:
new.palette = self.palette.copy()
else:
from . import ImagePalette
new.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette()
new.info = self.info.copy()
return new
# Context manager support
def __enter__(self):
return self
def __exit__(self, *args):
if hasattr(self, "fp") and getattr(self, "_exclusive_fp", False):
if getattr(self, "_fp", False):
if self._fp != self.fp:
self._fp.close()
self._fp = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
if self.fp:
self.fp.close()
self.fp = None
def close(self):
"""
Closes the file pointer, if possible.
This operation will destroy the image core and release its memory.
The image data will be unusable afterward.
This function is required to close images that have multiple frames or
have not had their file read and closed by the
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.load` method. See :ref:`file-handling` for
more information.
"""
try:
if getattr(self, "_fp", False):
if self._fp != self.fp:
self._fp.close()
self._fp = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
if self.fp:
self.fp.close()
self.fp = None
except Exception as msg:
logger.debug("Error closing: %s", msg)
if getattr(self, "map", None):
self.map = None
# Instead of simply setting to None, we're setting up a
# deferred error that will better explain that the core image
# object is gone.
self.im = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
def _copy(self):
self.load()
self.im = self.im.copy()
self.pyaccess = None
self.readonly = 0
def _ensure_mutable(self):
if self.readonly:
self._copy()
else:
self.load()
def _dump(self, file=None, format=None, **options):
suffix = ""
if format:
suffix = "." + format
if not file:
f, filename = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix)
os.close(f)
else:
filename = file
if not filename.endswith(suffix):
filename = filename + suffix
self.load()
if not format or format == "PPM":
self.im.save_ppm(filename)
else:
self.save(filename, format, **options)
return filename
def __eq__(self, other):
return (
self.__class__ is other.__class__
and self.mode == other.mode
and self.size == other.size
and self.info == other.info
and self._category == other._category
and self.getpalette() == other.getpalette()
and self.tobytes() == other.tobytes()
)
def __repr__(self):
return "<%s.%s image mode=%s size=%dx%d at 0x%X>" % (
self.__class__.__module__,
self.__class__.__name__,
self.mode,
self.size[0],
self.size[1],
id(self),
)
def _repr_pretty_(self, p, cycle):
"""IPython plain text display support"""
# Same as __repr__ but without unpredictable id(self),
# to keep Jupyter notebook `text/plain` output stable.
p.text(
"<%s.%s image mode=%s size=%dx%d>"
% (
self.__class__.__module__,
self.__class__.__name__,
self.mode,
self.size[0],
self.size[1],
)
)
def _repr_png_(self):
"""iPython display hook support
:returns: png version of the image as bytes
"""
b = io.BytesIO()
try:
self.save(b, "PNG")
except Exception as e:
msg = "Could not save to PNG for display"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
return b.getvalue()
def __array_interface__(self):
# numpy array interface support
new = {"version": 3}
try:
if self.mode == "1":
# Binary images need to be extended from bits to bytes
# See: https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/350
new["data"] = self.tobytes("raw", "L")
else:
new["data"] = self.tobytes()
except Exception as e:
if not isinstance(e, (MemoryError, RecursionError)):
try:
import numpy
from packaging.version import parse as parse_version
except ImportError:
pass
else:
if parse_version(numpy.__version__) < parse_version("1.23"):
warnings.warn(e)
raise
new["shape"], new["typestr"] = _conv_type_shape(self)
return new
def __getstate__(self):
return [self.info, self.mode, self.size, self.getpalette(), self.tobytes()]
def __setstate__(self, state):
Image.__init__(self)
info, mode, size, palette, data = state
self.info = info
self.mode = mode
self._size = size
self.im = core.new(mode, size)
if mode in ("L", "LA", "P", "PA") and palette:
self.putpalette(palette)
self.frombytes(data)
def tobytes(self, encoder_name="raw", *args):
"""
Return image as a bytes object.
.. warning::
This method returns the raw image data from the internal
storage. For compressed image data (e.g. PNG, JPEG) use
:meth:`~.save`, with a BytesIO parameter for in-memory
data.
:param encoder_name: What encoder to use. The default is to
use the standard "raw" encoder.
A list of C encoders can be seen under
codecs section of the function array in
:file:`_imaging.c`. Python encoders are
registered within the relevant plugins.
:param args: Extra arguments to the encoder.
:returns: A :py:class:`bytes` object.
"""
# may pass tuple instead of argument list
if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
args = args[0]
if encoder_name == "raw" and args == ():
args = self.mode
self.load()
if self.width == 0 or self.height == 0:
return b""
# unpack data
e = _getencoder(self.mode, encoder_name, args)
e.setimage(self.im)
bufsize = max(65536, self.size[0] * 4) # see RawEncode.c
output = []
while True:
bytes_consumed, errcode, data = e.encode(bufsize)
output.append(data)
if errcode:
break
if errcode < 0:
msg = f"encoder error {errcode} in tobytes"
raise RuntimeError(msg)
return b"".join(output)
def tobitmap(self, name="image"):
"""
Returns the image converted to an X11 bitmap.
.. note:: This method only works for mode "1" images.
:param name: The name prefix to use for the bitmap variables.
:returns: A string containing an X11 bitmap.
:raises ValueError: If the mode is not "1"
"""
self.load()
if self.mode != "1":
msg = "not a bitmap"
raise ValueError(msg)
data = self.tobytes("xbm")
return b"".join(
[
f"#define {name}_width {self.size[0]}\n".encode("ascii"),
f"#define {name}_height {self.size[1]}\n".encode("ascii"),
f"static char {name}_bits[] = {{\n".encode("ascii"),
data,
b"};",
]
)
def frombytes(self, data, decoder_name="raw", *args):
"""
Loads this image with pixel data from a bytes object.
This method is similar to the :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes` function,
but loads data into this image instead of creating a new image object.
"""
# may pass tuple instead of argument list
if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
args = args[0]
# default format
if decoder_name == "raw" and args == ():
args = self.mode
# unpack data
d = _getdecoder(self.mode, decoder_name, args)
d.setimage(self.im)
s = d.decode(data)
if s[0] >= 0:
msg = "not enough image data"
raise ValueError(msg)
if s[1] != 0:
msg = "cannot decode image data"
raise ValueError(msg)
def load(self):
"""
Allocates storage for the image and loads the pixel data. In
normal cases, you don't need to call this method, since the
Image class automatically loads an opened image when it is
accessed for the first time.
If the file associated with the image was opened by Pillow, then this
method will close it. The exception to this is if the image has
multiple frames, in which case the file will be left open for seek
operations. See :ref:`file-handling` for more information.
:returns: An image access object.
:rtype: :ref:`PixelAccess` or :py:class:`PIL.PyAccess`
"""
if self.im is not None and self.palette and self.palette.dirty:
# realize palette
mode, arr = self.palette.getdata()
self.im.putpalette(mode, arr)
self.palette.dirty = 0
self.palette.rawmode = None
if "transparency" in self.info and mode in ("LA", "PA"):
if isinstance(self.info["transparency"], int):
self.im.putpalettealpha(self.info["transparency"], 0)
else:
self.im.putpalettealphas(self.info["transparency"])
self.palette.mode = "RGBA"
else:
palette_mode = "RGBA" if mode.startswith("RGBA") else "RGB"
self.palette.mode = palette_mode
self.palette.palette = self.im.getpalette(palette_mode, palette_mode)
if self.im is not None:
if cffi and USE_CFFI_ACCESS:
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess
from . import PyAccess
self.pyaccess = PyAccess.new(self, self.readonly)
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess
return self.im.pixel_access(self.readonly)
def verify(self):
"""
Verifies the contents of a file. For data read from a file, this
method attempts to determine if the file is broken, without
actually decoding the image data. If this method finds any
problems, it raises suitable exceptions. If you need to load
the image after using this method, you must reopen the image
file.
"""
pass
def convert(
self, mode=None, matrix=None, dither=None, palette=Palette.WEB, colors=256
):
"""
Returns a converted copy of this image. For the "P" mode, this
method translates pixels through the palette. If mode is
omitted, a mode is chosen so that all information in the image
and the palette can be represented without a palette.
The current version supports all possible conversions between
"L", "RGB" and "CMYK". The ``matrix`` argument only supports "L"
and "RGB".
When translating a color image to greyscale (mode "L"),
the library uses the ITU-R 601-2 luma transform::
L = R * 299/1000 + G * 587/1000 + B * 114/1000
The default method of converting a greyscale ("L") or "RGB"
image into a bilevel (mode "1") image uses Floyd-Steinberg
dither to approximate the original image luminosity levels. If
dither is ``None``, all values larger than 127 are set to 255 (white),
all other values to 0 (black). To use other thresholds, use the
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.point` method.
When converting from "RGBA" to "P" without a ``matrix`` argument,
this passes the operation to :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.quantize`,
and ``dither`` and ``palette`` are ignored.
When converting from "PA", if an "RGBA" palette is present, the alpha
channel from the image will be used instead of the values from the palette.
:param mode: The requested mode. See: :ref:`concept-modes`.
:param matrix: An optional conversion matrix. If given, this
should be 4- or 12-tuple containing floating point values.
:param dither: Dithering method, used when converting from
mode "RGB" to "P" or from "RGB" or "L" to "1".
Available methods are :data:`Dither.NONE` or :data:`Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG`
(default). Note that this is not used when ``matrix`` is supplied.
:param palette: Palette to use when converting from mode "RGB"
to "P". Available palettes are :data:`Palette.WEB` or
:data:`Palette.ADAPTIVE`.
:param colors: Number of colors to use for the :data:`Palette.ADAPTIVE`
palette. Defaults to 256.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
has_transparency = self.info.get("transparency") is not None
if not mode and self.mode == "P":
# determine default mode
if self.palette:
mode = self.palette.mode
else:
mode = "RGB"
if mode == "RGB" and has_transparency:
mode = "RGBA"
if not mode or (mode == self.mode and not matrix):
return self.copy()
if matrix:
# matrix conversion
if mode not in ("L", "RGB"):
msg = "illegal conversion"
raise ValueError(msg)
im = self.im.convert_matrix(mode, matrix)
new = self._new(im)
if has_transparency and self.im.bands == 3:
transparency = new.info["transparency"]
def convert_transparency(m, v):
v = m[0] * v[0] + m[1] * v[1] + m[2] * v[2] + m[3] * 0.5
return max(0, min(255, int(v)))
if mode == "L":
transparency = convert_transparency(matrix, transparency)
elif len(mode) == 3:
transparency = tuple(
convert_transparency(matrix[i * 4 : i * 4 + 4], transparency)
for i in range(0, len(transparency))
)
new.info["transparency"] = transparency
return new
if mode == "P" and self.mode == "RGBA":
return self.quantize(colors)
trns = None
delete_trns = False
# transparency handling
if has_transparency:
if (self.mode in ("1", "L", "I") and mode in ("LA", "RGBA")) or (
self.mode == "RGB" and mode == "RGBA"
):
# Use transparent conversion to promote from transparent
# color to an alpha channel.
new_im = self._new(
self.im.convert_transparent(mode, self.info["transparency"])
)
del new_im.info["transparency"]
return new_im
elif self.mode in ("L", "RGB", "P") and mode in ("L", "RGB", "P"):
t = self.info["transparency"]
if isinstance(t, bytes):
# Dragons. This can't be represented by a single color
warnings.warn(
"Palette images with Transparency expressed in bytes should be "
"converted to RGBA images"
)
delete_trns = True
else:
# get the new transparency color.
# use existing conversions
trns_im = Image()._new(core.new(self.mode, (1, 1)))
if self.mode == "P":
trns_im.putpalette(self.palette)
if isinstance(t, tuple):
err = "Couldn't allocate a palette color for transparency"
try:
t = trns_im.palette.getcolor(t, self)
except ValueError as e:
if str(e) == "cannot allocate more than 256 colors":
# If all 256 colors are in use,
# then there is no need for transparency
t = None
else:
raise ValueError(err) from e
if t is None:
trns = None
else:
trns_im.putpixel((0, 0), t)
if mode in ("L", "RGB"):
trns_im = trns_im.convert(mode)
else:
# can't just retrieve the palette number, got to do it
# after quantization.
trns_im = trns_im.convert("RGB")
trns = trns_im.getpixel((0, 0))
elif self.mode == "P" and mode in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
t = self.info["transparency"]
delete_trns = True
if isinstance(t, bytes):
self.im.putpalettealphas(t)
elif isinstance(t, int):
self.im.putpalettealpha(t, 0)
else:
msg = "Transparency for P mode should be bytes or int"
raise ValueError(msg)
if mode == "P" and palette == Palette.ADAPTIVE:
im = self.im.quantize(colors)
new = self._new(im)
from . import ImagePalette
new.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGB", new.im.getpalette("RGB"))
if delete_trns:
# This could possibly happen if we requantize to fewer colors.
# The transparency would be totally off in that case.
del new.info["transparency"]
if trns is not None:
try:
new.info["transparency"] = new.palette.getcolor(trns, new)
except Exception:
# if we can't make a transparent color, don't leave the old
# transparency hanging around to mess us up.
del new.info["transparency"]
warnings.warn("Couldn't allocate palette entry for transparency")
return new
if "LAB" in (self.mode, mode):
other_mode = mode if self.mode == "LAB" else self.mode
if other_mode in ("RGB", "RGBA", "RGBX"):
from . import ImageCms
srgb = ImageCms.createProfile("sRGB")
lab = ImageCms.createProfile("LAB")
profiles = [lab, srgb] if self.mode == "LAB" else [srgb, lab]
transform = ImageCms.buildTransform(
profiles[0], profiles[1], self.mode, mode
)
return transform.apply(self)
# colorspace conversion
if dither is None:
dither = Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG
try:
im = self.im.convert(mode, dither)
except ValueError:
try:
# normalize source image and try again
modebase = getmodebase(self.mode)
if modebase == self.mode:
raise
im = self.im.convert(modebase)
im = im.convert(mode, dither)
except KeyError as e:
msg = "illegal conversion"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
new_im = self._new(im)
if mode == "P" and palette != Palette.ADAPTIVE:
from . import ImagePalette
new_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGB", list(range(256)) * 3)
if delete_trns:
# crash fail if we leave a bytes transparency in an rgb/l mode.
del new_im.info["transparency"]
if trns is not None:
if new_im.mode == "P":
try:
new_im.info["transparency"] = new_im.palette.getcolor(trns, new_im)
except ValueError as e:
del new_im.info["transparency"]
if str(e) != "cannot allocate more than 256 colors":
# If all 256 colors are in use,
# then there is no need for transparency
warnings.warn(
"Couldn't allocate palette entry for transparency"
)
else:
new_im.info["transparency"] = trns
return new_im
def quantize(
self,
colors=256,
method=None,
kmeans=0,
palette=None,
dither=Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG,
):
"""
Convert the image to 'P' mode with the specified number
of colors.
:param colors: The desired number of colors, <= 256
:param method: :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT` (median cut),
:data:`Quantize.MAXCOVERAGE` (maximum coverage),
:data:`Quantize.FASTOCTREE` (fast octree),
:data:`Quantize.LIBIMAGEQUANT` (libimagequant; check support
using :py:func:`PIL.features.check_feature` with
``feature="libimagequant"``).
By default, :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT` will be used.
The exception to this is RGBA images. :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT`
and :data:`Quantize.MAXCOVERAGE` do not support RGBA images, so
:data:`Quantize.FASTOCTREE` is used by default instead.
:param kmeans: Integer
:param palette: Quantize to the palette of given
:py:class:`PIL.Image.Image`.
:param dither: Dithering method, used when converting from
mode "RGB" to "P" or from "RGB" or "L" to "1".
Available methods are :data:`Dither.NONE` or :data:`Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG`
(default).
:returns: A new image
"""
self.load()
if method is None:
# defaults:
method = Quantize.MEDIANCUT
if self.mode == "RGBA":
method = Quantize.FASTOCTREE
if self.mode == "RGBA" and method not in (
Quantize.FASTOCTREE,
Quantize.LIBIMAGEQUANT,
):
# Caller specified an invalid mode.
msg = (
"Fast Octree (method == 2) and libimagequant (method == 3) "
"are the only valid methods for quantizing RGBA images"
)
raise ValueError(msg)
if palette:
# use palette from reference image
palette.load()
if palette.mode != "P":
msg = "bad mode for palette image"
raise ValueError(msg)
if self.mode != "RGB" and self.mode != "L":
msg = "only RGB or L mode images can be quantized to a palette"
raise ValueError(msg)
im = self.im.convert("P", dither, palette.im)
new_im = self._new(im)
new_im.palette = palette.palette.copy()
return new_im
im = self._new(self.im.quantize(colors, method, kmeans))
from . import ImagePalette
mode = im.im.getpalettemode()
palette = im.im.getpalette(mode, mode)[: colors * len(mode)]
im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(mode, palette)
return im
def copy(self):
"""
Copies this image. Use this method if you wish to paste things
into an image, but still retain the original.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.copy())
__copy__ = copy
def crop(self, box=None):
"""
Returns a rectangular region from this image. The box is a
4-tuple defining the left, upper, right, and lower pixel
coordinate. See :ref:`coordinate-system`.
Note: Prior to Pillow 3.4.0, this was a lazy operation.
:param box: The crop rectangle, as a (left, upper, right, lower)-tuple.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if box is None:
return self.copy()
if box[2] < box[0]:
msg = "Coordinate 'right' is less than 'left'"
raise ValueError(msg)
elif box[3] < box[1]:
msg = "Coordinate 'lower' is less than 'upper'"
raise ValueError(msg)
self.load()
return self._new(self._crop(self.im, box))
def _crop(self, im, box):
"""
Returns a rectangular region from the core image object im.
This is equivalent to calling im.crop((x0, y0, x1, y1)), but
includes additional sanity checks.
:param im: a core image object
:param box: The crop rectangle, as a (left, upper, right, lower)-tuple.
:returns: A core image object.
"""
x0, y0, x1, y1 = map(int, map(round, box))
absolute_values = (abs(x1 - x0), abs(y1 - y0))
_decompression_bomb_check(absolute_values)
return im.crop((x0, y0, x1, y1))
def draft(self, mode, size):
"""
Configures the image file loader so it returns a version of the
image that as closely as possible matches the given mode and
size. For example, you can use this method to convert a color
JPEG to greyscale while loading it.
If any changes are made, returns a tuple with the chosen ``mode`` and
``box`` with coordinates of the original image within the altered one.
Note that this method modifies the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object
in place. If the image has already been loaded, this method has no
effect.
Note: This method is not implemented for most images. It is
currently implemented only for JPEG and MPO images.
:param mode: The requested mode.
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
"""
pass
def _expand(self, xmargin, ymargin=None):
if ymargin is None:
ymargin = xmargin
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.expand(xmargin, ymargin, 0))
def filter(self, filter):
"""
Filters this image using the given filter. For a list of
available filters, see the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageFilter` module.
:param filter: Filter kernel.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object."""
from . import ImageFilter
self.load()
if isinstance(filter, Callable):
filter = filter()
if not hasattr(filter, "filter"):
msg = "filter argument should be ImageFilter.Filter instance or class"
raise TypeError(msg)
multiband = isinstance(filter, ImageFilter.MultibandFilter)
if self.im.bands == 1 or multiband:
return self._new(filter.filter(self.im))
ims = []
for c in range(self.im.bands):
ims.append(self._new(filter.filter(self.im.getband(c))))
return merge(self.mode, ims)
def getbands(self):
"""
Returns a tuple containing the name of each band in this image.
For example, ``getbands`` on an RGB image returns ("R", "G", "B").
:returns: A tuple containing band names.
:rtype: tuple
"""
return ImageMode.getmode(self.mode).bands
def getbbox(self):
"""
Calculates the bounding box of the non-zero regions in the
image.
:returns: The bounding box is returned as a 4-tuple defining the
left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate. See
:ref:`coordinate-system`. If the image is completely empty, this
method returns None.
"""
self.load()
return self.im.getbbox()
def getcolors(self, maxcolors=256):
"""
Returns a list of colors used in this image.
The colors will be in the image's mode. For example, an RGB image will
return a tuple of (red, green, blue) color values, and a P image will
return the index of the color in the palette.
:param maxcolors: Maximum number of colors. If this number is
exceeded, this method returns None. The default limit is
256 colors.
:returns: An unsorted list of (count, pixel) values.
"""
self.load()
if self.mode in ("1", "L", "P"):
h = self.im.histogram()
out = []
for i in range(256):
if h[i]:
out.append((h[i], i))
if len(out) > maxcolors:
return None
return out
return self.im.getcolors(maxcolors)
def getdata(self, band=None):
"""
Returns the contents of this image as a sequence object
containing pixel values. The sequence object is flattened, so
that values for line one follow directly after the values of
line zero, and so on.
Note that the sequence object returned by this method is an
internal PIL data type, which only supports certain sequence
operations. To convert it to an ordinary sequence (e.g. for
printing), use ``list(im.getdata())``.
:param band: What band to return. The default is to return
all bands. To return a single band, pass in the index
value (e.g. 0 to get the "R" band from an "RGB" image).
:returns: A sequence-like object.
"""
self.load()
if band is not None:
return self.im.getband(band)
return self.im # could be abused
def getextrema(self):
"""
Gets the minimum and maximum pixel values for each band in
the image.
:returns: For a single-band image, a 2-tuple containing the
minimum and maximum pixel value. For a multi-band image,
a tuple containing one 2-tuple for each band.
"""
self.load()
if self.im.bands > 1:
extrema = []
for i in range(self.im.bands):
extrema.append(self.im.getband(i).getextrema())
return tuple(extrema)
return self.im.getextrema()
def _getxmp(self, xmp_tags):
def get_name(tag):
return tag.split("}")[1]
def get_value(element):
value = {get_name(k): v for k, v in element.attrib.items()}
children = list(element)
if children:
for child in children:
name = get_name(child.tag)
child_value = get_value(child)
if name in value:
if not isinstance(value[name], list):
value[name] = [value[name]]
value[name].append(child_value)
else:
value[name] = child_value
elif value:
if element.text:
value["text"] = element.text
else:
return element.text
return value
if ElementTree is None:
warnings.warn("XMP data cannot be read without defusedxml dependency")
return {}
else:
root = ElementTree.fromstring(xmp_tags)
return {get_name(root.tag): get_value(root)}
def getexif(self):
"""
Gets EXIF data from the image.
:returns: an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Exif` object.
"""
if self._exif is None:
self._exif = Exif()
self._exif._loaded = False
elif self._exif._loaded:
return self._exif
self._exif._loaded = True
exif_info = self.info.get("exif")
if exif_info is None:
if "Raw profile type exif" in self.info:
exif_info = bytes.fromhex(
"".join(self.info["Raw profile type exif"].split("\n")[3:])
)
elif hasattr(self, "tag_v2"):
self._exif.bigtiff = self.tag_v2._bigtiff
self._exif.endian = self.tag_v2._endian
self._exif.load_from_fp(self.fp, self.tag_v2._offset)
if exif_info is not None:
self._exif.load(exif_info)
# XMP tags
if 0x0112 not in self._exif:
xmp_tags = self.info.get("XML:com.adobe.xmp")
if xmp_tags:
match = re.search(r'tiff:Orientation(="|>)([0-9])', xmp_tags)
if match:
self._exif[0x0112] = int(match[2])
return self._exif
def _reload_exif(self):
if self._exif is None or not self._exif._loaded:
return
self._exif._loaded = False
self.getexif()
def get_child_images(self):
child_images = []
exif = self.getexif()
ifds = []
if ExifTags.Base.SubIFDs in exif:
subifd_offsets = exif[ExifTags.Base.SubIFDs]
if subifd_offsets:
if not isinstance(subifd_offsets, tuple):
subifd_offsets = (subifd_offsets,)
for subifd_offset in subifd_offsets:
ifds.append((exif._get_ifd_dict(subifd_offset), subifd_offset))
ifd1 = exif.get_ifd(ExifTags.IFD.IFD1)
if ifd1 and ifd1.get(513):
ifds.append((ifd1, exif._info.next))
offset = None
for ifd, ifd_offset in ifds:
current_offset = self.fp.tell()
if offset is None:
offset = current_offset
fp = self.fp
thumbnail_offset = ifd.get(513)
if thumbnail_offset is not None:
try:
thumbnail_offset += self._exif_offset
except AttributeError:
pass
self.fp.seek(thumbnail_offset)
data = self.fp.read(ifd.get(514))
fp = io.BytesIO(data)
with open(fp) as im:
if thumbnail_offset is None:
im._frame_pos = [ifd_offset]
im._seek(0)
im.load()
child_images.append(im)
if offset is not None:
self.fp.seek(offset)
return child_images
def getim(self):
"""
Returns a capsule that points to the internal image memory.
:returns: A capsule object.
"""
self.load()
return self.im.ptr
def getpalette(self, rawmode="RGB"):
"""
Returns the image palette as a list.
:param rawmode: The mode in which to return the palette. ``None`` will
return the palette in its current mode.
.. versionadded:: 9.1.0
:returns: A list of color values [r, g, b, ...], or None if the
image has no palette.
"""
self.load()
try:
mode = self.im.getpalettemode()
except ValueError:
return None # no palette
if rawmode is None:
rawmode = mode
return list(self.im.getpalette(mode, rawmode))
def apply_transparency(self):
"""
If a P mode image has a "transparency" key in the info dictionary,
remove the key and instead apply the transparency to the palette.
Otherwise, the image is unchanged.
"""
if self.mode != "P" or "transparency" not in self.info:
return
from . import ImagePalette
palette = self.getpalette("RGBA")
transparency = self.info["transparency"]
if isinstance(transparency, bytes):
for i, alpha in enumerate(transparency):
palette[i * 4 + 3] = alpha
else:
palette[transparency * 4 + 3] = 0
self.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGBA", bytes(palette))
self.palette.dirty = 1
del self.info["transparency"]
def getpixel(self, xy):
"""
Returns the pixel value at a given position.
:param xy: The coordinate, given as (x, y). See
:ref:`coordinate-system`.
:returns: The pixel value. If the image is a multi-layer image,
this method returns a tuple.
"""
self.load()
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess.getpixel(xy)
return self.im.getpixel(xy)
def getprojection(self):
"""
Get projection to x and y axes
:returns: Two sequences, indicating where there are non-zero
pixels along the X-axis and the Y-axis, respectively.
"""
self.load()
x, y = self.im.getprojection()
return list(x), list(y)
def histogram(self, mask=None, extrema=None):
"""
Returns a histogram for the image. The histogram is returned as a
list of pixel counts, one for each pixel value in the source
image. Counts are grouped into 256 bins for each band, even if
the image has more than 8 bits per band. If the image has more
than one band, the histograms for all bands are concatenated (for
example, the histogram for an "RGB" image contains 768 values).
A bilevel image (mode "1") is treated as a greyscale ("L") image
by this method.
If a mask is provided, the method returns a histogram for those
parts of the image where the mask image is non-zero. The mask
image must have the same size as the image, and be either a
bi-level image (mode "1") or a greyscale image ("L").
:param mask: An optional mask.
:param extrema: An optional tuple of manually-specified extrema.
:returns: A list containing pixel counts.
"""
self.load()
if mask:
mask.load()
return self.im.histogram((0, 0), mask.im)
if self.mode in ("I", "F"):
if extrema is None:
extrema = self.getextrema()
return self.im.histogram(extrema)
return self.im.histogram()
def entropy(self, mask=None, extrema=None):
"""
Calculates and returns the entropy for the image.
A bilevel image (mode "1") is treated as a greyscale ("L")
image by this method.
If a mask is provided, the method employs the histogram for
those parts of the image where the mask image is non-zero.
The mask image must have the same size as the image, and be
either a bi-level image (mode "1") or a greyscale image ("L").
:param mask: An optional mask.
:param extrema: An optional tuple of manually-specified extrema.
:returns: A float value representing the image entropy
"""
self.load()
if mask:
mask.load()
return self.im.entropy((0, 0), mask.im)
if self.mode in ("I", "F"):
if extrema is None:
extrema = self.getextrema()
return self.im.entropy(extrema)
return self.im.entropy()
def paste(self, im, box=None, mask=None):
"""
Pastes another image into this image. The box argument is either
a 2-tuple giving the upper left corner, a 4-tuple defining the
left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate, or None (same as
(0, 0)). See :ref:`coordinate-system`. If a 4-tuple is given, the size
of the pasted image must match the size of the region.
If the modes don't match, the pasted image is converted to the mode of
this image (see the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.convert` method for
details).
Instead of an image, the source can be a integer or tuple
containing pixel values. The method then fills the region
with the given color. When creating RGB images, you can
also use color strings as supported by the ImageColor module.
If a mask is given, this method updates only the regions
indicated by the mask. You can use either "1", "L", "LA", "RGBA"
or "RGBa" images (if present, the alpha band is used as mask).
Where the mask is 255, the given image is copied as is. Where
the mask is 0, the current value is preserved. Intermediate
values will mix the two images together, including their alpha
channels if they have them.
See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.alpha_composite` if you want to
combine images with respect to their alpha channels.
:param im: Source image or pixel value (integer or tuple).
:param box: An optional 4-tuple giving the region to paste into.
If a 2-tuple is used instead, it's treated as the upper left
corner. If omitted or None, the source is pasted into the
upper left corner.
If an image is given as the second argument and there is no
third, the box defaults to (0, 0), and the second argument
is interpreted as a mask image.
:param mask: An optional mask image.
"""
if isImageType(box) and mask is None:
# abbreviated paste(im, mask) syntax
mask = box
box = None
if box is None:
box = (0, 0)
if len(box) == 2:
# upper left corner given; get size from image or mask
if isImageType(im):
size = im.size
elif isImageType(mask):
size = mask.size
else:
# FIXME: use self.size here?
msg = "cannot determine region size; use 4-item box"
raise ValueError(msg)
box += (box[0] + size[0], box[1] + size[1])
if isinstance(im, str):
from . import ImageColor
im = ImageColor.getcolor(im, self.mode)
elif isImageType(im):
im.load()
if self.mode != im.mode:
if self.mode != "RGB" or im.mode not in ("LA", "RGBA", "RGBa"):
# should use an adapter for this!
im = im.convert(self.mode)
im = im.im
self._ensure_mutable()
if mask:
mask.load()
self.im.paste(im, box, mask.im)
else:
self.im.paste(im, box)
def alpha_composite(self, im, dest=(0, 0), source=(0, 0)):
"""'In-place' analog of Image.alpha_composite. Composites an image
onto this image.
:param im: image to composite over this one
:param dest: Optional 2 tuple (left, top) specifying the upper
left corner in this (destination) image.
:param source: Optional 2 (left, top) tuple for the upper left
corner in the overlay source image, or 4 tuple (left, top, right,
bottom) for the bounds of the source rectangle
Performance Note: Not currently implemented in-place in the core layer.
"""
if not isinstance(source, (list, tuple)):
msg = "Source must be a tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if not isinstance(dest, (list, tuple)):
msg = "Destination must be a tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if not len(source) in (2, 4):
msg = "Source must be a 2 or 4-tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if not len(dest) == 2:
msg = "Destination must be a 2-tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if min(source) < 0:
msg = "Source must be non-negative"
raise ValueError(msg)
if len(source) == 2:
source = source + im.size
# over image, crop if it's not the whole thing.
if source == (0, 0) + im.size:
overlay = im
else:
overlay = im.crop(source)
# target for the paste
box = dest + (dest[0] + overlay.width, dest[1] + overlay.height)
# destination image. don't copy if we're using the whole image.
if box == (0, 0) + self.size:
background = self
else:
background = self.crop(box)
result = alpha_composite(background, overlay)
self.paste(result, box)
def point(self, lut, mode=None):
"""
Maps this image through a lookup table or function.
:param lut: A lookup table, containing 256 (or 65536 if
self.mode=="I" and mode == "L") values per band in the
image. A function can be used instead, it should take a
single argument. The function is called once for each
possible pixel value, and the resulting table is applied to
all bands of the image.
It may also be an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImagePointHandler`
object::
class Example(Image.ImagePointHandler):
def point(self, data):
# Return result
:param mode: Output mode (default is same as input). In the
current version, this can only be used if the source image
has mode "L" or "P", and the output has mode "1" or the
source image mode is "I" and the output mode is "L".
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
if isinstance(lut, ImagePointHandler):
return lut.point(self)
if callable(lut):
# if it isn't a list, it should be a function
if self.mode in ("I", "I;16", "F"):
# check if the function can be used with point_transform
# UNDONE wiredfool -- I think this prevents us from ever doing
# a gamma function point transform on > 8bit images.
scale, offset = _getscaleoffset(lut)
return self._new(self.im.point_transform(scale, offset))
# for other modes, convert the function to a table
lut = [lut(i) for i in range(256)] * self.im.bands
if self.mode == "F":
# FIXME: _imaging returns a confusing error message for this case
msg = "point operation not supported for this mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
if mode != "F":
lut = [round(i) for i in lut]
return self._new(self.im.point(lut, mode))
def putalpha(self, alpha):
"""
Adds or replaces the alpha layer in this image. If the image
does not have an alpha layer, it's converted to "LA" or "RGBA".
The new layer must be either "L" or "1".
:param alpha: The new alpha layer. This can either be an "L" or "1"
image having the same size as this image, or an integer or
other color value.
"""
self._ensure_mutable()
if self.mode not in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
# attempt to promote self to a matching alpha mode
try:
mode = getmodebase(self.mode) + "A"
try:
self.im.setmode(mode)
except (AttributeError, ValueError) as e:
# do things the hard way
im = self.im.convert(mode)
if im.mode not in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
raise ValueError from e # sanity check
self.im = im
self.pyaccess = None
self.mode = self.im.mode
except KeyError as e:
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
if self.mode in ("LA", "PA"):
band = 1
else:
band = 3
if isImageType(alpha):
# alpha layer
if alpha.mode not in ("1", "L"):
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
alpha.load()
if alpha.mode == "1":
alpha = alpha.convert("L")
else:
# constant alpha
try:
self.im.fillband(band, alpha)
except (AttributeError, ValueError):
# do things the hard way
alpha = new("L", self.size, alpha)
else:
return
self.im.putband(alpha.im, band)
def putdata(self, data, scale=1.0, offset=0.0):
"""
Copies pixel data from a flattened sequence object into the image. The
values should start at the upper left corner (0, 0), continue to the
end of the line, followed directly by the first value of the second
line, and so on. Data will be read until either the image or the
sequence ends. The scale and offset values are used to adjust the
sequence values: **pixel = value*scale + offset**.
:param data: A flattened sequence object.
:param scale: An optional scale value. The default is 1.0.
:param offset: An optional offset value. The default is 0.0.
"""
self._ensure_mutable()
self.im.putdata(data, scale, offset)
def putpalette(self, data, rawmode="RGB"):
"""
Attaches a palette to this image. The image must be a "P", "PA", "L"
or "LA" image.
The palette sequence must contain at most 256 colors, made up of one
integer value for each channel in the raw mode.
For example, if the raw mode is "RGB", then it can contain at most 768
values, made up of red, green and blue values for the corresponding pixel
index in the 256 colors.
If the raw mode is "RGBA", then it can contain at most 1024 values,
containing red, green, blue and alpha values.
Alternatively, an 8-bit string may be used instead of an integer sequence.
:param data: A palette sequence (either a list or a string).
:param rawmode: The raw mode of the palette. Either "RGB", "RGBA", or a mode
that can be transformed to "RGB" or "RGBA" (e.g. "R", "BGR;15", "RGBA;L").
"""
from . import ImagePalette
if self.mode not in ("L", "LA", "P", "PA"):
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
if isinstance(data, ImagePalette.ImagePalette):
palette = ImagePalette.raw(data.rawmode, data.palette)
else:
if not isinstance(data, bytes):
data = bytes(data)
palette = ImagePalette.raw(rawmode, data)
self.mode = "PA" if "A" in self.mode else "P"
self.palette = palette
self.palette.mode = "RGB"
self.load() # install new palette
def putpixel(self, xy, value):
"""
Modifies the pixel at the given position. The color is given as
a single numerical value for single-band images, and a tuple for
multi-band images. In addition to this, RGB and RGBA tuples are
accepted for P and PA images.
Note that this method is relatively slow. For more extensive changes,
use :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste` or the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
module instead.
See:
* :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste`
* :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.putdata`
* :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
:param xy: The pixel coordinate, given as (x, y). See
:ref:`coordinate-system`.
:param value: The pixel value.
"""
if self.readonly:
self._copy()
self.load()
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess.putpixel(xy, value)
if (
self.mode in ("P", "PA")
and isinstance(value, (list, tuple))
and len(value) in [3, 4]
):
# RGB or RGBA value for a P or PA image
if self.mode == "PA":
alpha = value[3] if len(value) == 4 else 255
value = value[:3]
value = self.palette.getcolor(value, self)
if self.mode == "PA":
value = (value, alpha)
return self.im.putpixel(xy, value)
def remap_palette(self, dest_map, source_palette=None):
"""
Rewrites the image to reorder the palette.
:param dest_map: A list of indexes into the original palette.
e.g. ``[1,0]`` would swap a two item palette, and ``list(range(256))``
is the identity transform.
:param source_palette: Bytes or None.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
from . import ImagePalette
if self.mode not in ("L", "P"):
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
bands = 3
palette_mode = "RGB"
if source_palette is None:
if self.mode == "P":
self.load()
palette_mode = self.im.getpalettemode()
if palette_mode == "RGBA":
bands = 4
source_palette = self.im.getpalette(palette_mode, palette_mode)
else: # L-mode
source_palette = bytearray(i // 3 for i in range(768))
palette_bytes = b""
new_positions = [0] * 256
# pick only the used colors from the palette
for i, oldPosition in enumerate(dest_map):
palette_bytes += source_palette[
oldPosition * bands : oldPosition * bands + bands
]
new_positions[oldPosition] = i
# replace the palette color id of all pixel with the new id
# Palette images are [0..255], mapped through a 1 or 3
# byte/color map. We need to remap the whole image
# from palette 1 to palette 2. New_positions is
# an array of indexes into palette 1. Palette 2 is
# palette 1 with any holes removed.
# We're going to leverage the convert mechanism to use the
# C code to remap the image from palette 1 to palette 2,
# by forcing the source image into 'L' mode and adding a
# mapping 'L' mode palette, then converting back to 'L'
# sans palette thus converting the image bytes, then
# assigning the optimized RGB palette.
# perf reference, 9500x4000 gif, w/~135 colors
# 14 sec prepatch, 1 sec postpatch with optimization forced.
mapping_palette = bytearray(new_positions)
m_im = self.copy()
m_im.mode = "P"
m_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(
palette_mode, palette=mapping_palette * bands
)
# possibly set palette dirty, then
# m_im.putpalette(mapping_palette, 'L') # converts to 'P'
# or just force it.
# UNDONE -- this is part of the general issue with palettes
m_im.im.putpalette(palette_mode + ";L", m_im.palette.tobytes())
m_im = m_im.convert("L")
m_im.putpalette(palette_bytes, palette_mode)
m_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(palette_mode, palette=palette_bytes)
if "transparency" in self.info:
try:
m_im.info["transparency"] = dest_map.index(self.info["transparency"])
except ValueError:
if "transparency" in m_im.info:
del m_im.info["transparency"]
return m_im
def _get_safe_box(self, size, resample, box):
"""Expands the box so it includes adjacent pixels
that may be used by resampling with the given resampling filter.
"""
filter_support = _filters_support[resample] - 0.5
scale_x = (box[2] - box[0]) / size[0]
scale_y = (box[3] - box[1]) / size[1]
support_x = filter_support * scale_x
support_y = filter_support * scale_y
return (
max(0, int(box[0] - support_x)),
max(0, int(box[1] - support_y)),
min(self.size[0], math.ceil(box[2] + support_x)),
min(self.size[1], math.ceil(box[3] + support_y)),
)
def resize(self, size, resample=None, box=None, reducing_gap=None):
"""
Returns a resized copy of this image.
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
:param resample: An optional resampling filter. This can be
one of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`, :py:data:`Resampling.BOX`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR`, :py:data:`Resampling.HAMMING`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` or :py:data:`Resampling.LANCZOS`.
If the image has mode "1" or "P", it is always set to
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`. If the image mode specifies a number
of bits, such as "I;16", then the default filter is
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`. Otherwise, the default filter is
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC`. See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param box: An optional 4-tuple of floats providing
the source image region to be scaled.
The values must be within (0, 0, width, height) rectangle.
If omitted or None, the entire source is used.
:param reducing_gap: Apply optimization by resizing the image
in two steps. First, reducing the image by integer times
using :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.reduce`.
Second, resizing using regular resampling. The last step
changes size no less than by ``reducing_gap`` times.
``reducing_gap`` may be None (no first step is performed)
or should be greater than 1.0. The bigger ``reducing_gap``,
the closer the result to the fair resampling.
The smaller ``reducing_gap``, the faster resizing.
With ``reducing_gap`` greater or equal to 3.0, the result is
indistinguishable from fair resampling in most cases.
The default value is None (no optimization).
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if resample is None:
type_special = ";" in self.mode
resample = Resampling.NEAREST if type_special else Resampling.BICUBIC
elif resample not in (
Resampling.NEAREST,
Resampling.BILINEAR,
Resampling.BICUBIC,
Resampling.LANCZOS,
Resampling.BOX,
Resampling.HAMMING,
):
msg = f"Unknown resampling filter ({resample})."
filters = [
f"{filter[1]} ({filter[0]})"
for filter in (
(Resampling.NEAREST, "Image.Resampling.NEAREST"),
(Resampling.LANCZOS, "Image.Resampling.LANCZOS"),
(Resampling.BILINEAR, "Image.Resampling.BILINEAR"),
(Resampling.BICUBIC, "Image.Resampling.BICUBIC"),
(Resampling.BOX, "Image.Resampling.BOX"),
(Resampling.HAMMING, "Image.Resampling.HAMMING"),
)
]
msg += " Use " + ", ".join(filters[:-1]) + " or " + filters[-1]
raise ValueError(msg)
if reducing_gap is not None and reducing_gap < 1.0:
msg = "reducing_gap must be 1.0 or greater"
raise ValueError(msg)
size = tuple(size)
self.load()
if box is None:
box = (0, 0) + self.size
else:
box = tuple(box)
if self.size == size and box == (0, 0) + self.size:
return self.copy()
if self.mode in ("1", "P"):
resample = Resampling.NEAREST
if self.mode in ["LA", "RGBA"] and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
im = self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
im = im.resize(size, resample, box)
return im.convert(self.mode)
self.load()
if reducing_gap is not None and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
factor_x = int((box[2] - box[0]) / size[0] / reducing_gap) or 1
factor_y = int((box[3] - box[1]) / size[1] / reducing_gap) or 1
if factor_x > 1 or factor_y > 1:
reduce_box = self._get_safe_box(size, resample, box)
factor = (factor_x, factor_y)
if callable(self.reduce):
self = self.reduce(factor, box=reduce_box)
else:
self = Image.reduce(self, factor, box=reduce_box)
box = (
(box[0] - reduce_box[0]) / factor_x,
(box[1] - reduce_box[1]) / factor_y,
(box[2] - reduce_box[0]) / factor_x,
(box[3] - reduce_box[1]) / factor_y,
)
return self._new(self.im.resize(size, resample, box))
def reduce(self, factor, box=None):
"""
Returns a copy of the image reduced ``factor`` times.
If the size of the image is not dividable by ``factor``,
the resulting size will be rounded up.
:param factor: A greater than 0 integer or tuple of two integers
for width and height separately.
:param box: An optional 4-tuple of ints providing
the source image region to be reduced.
The values must be within ``(0, 0, width, height)`` rectangle.
If omitted or ``None``, the entire source is used.
"""
if not isinstance(factor, (list, tuple)):
factor = (factor, factor)
if box is None:
box = (0, 0) + self.size
else:
box = tuple(box)
if factor == (1, 1) and box == (0, 0) + self.size:
return self.copy()
if self.mode in ["LA", "RGBA"]:
im = self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
im = im.reduce(factor, box)
return im.convert(self.mode)
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.reduce(factor, box))
def rotate(
self,
angle,
resample=Resampling.NEAREST,
expand=0,
center=None,
translate=None,
fillcolor=None,
):
"""
Returns a rotated copy of this image. This method returns a
copy of this image, rotated the given number of degrees counter
clockwise around its centre.
:param angle: In degrees counter clockwise.
:param resample: An optional resampling filter. This can be
one of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
environment), or :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` (cubic spline
interpolation in a 4x4 environment). If omitted, or if the image has
mode "1" or "P", it is set to :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`.
See :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param expand: Optional expansion flag. If true, expands the output
image to make it large enough to hold the entire rotated image.
If false or omitted, make the output image the same size as the
input image. Note that the expand flag assumes rotation around
the center and no translation.
:param center: Optional center of rotation (a 2-tuple). Origin is
the upper left corner. Default is the center of the image.
:param translate: An optional post-rotate translation (a 2-tuple).
:param fillcolor: An optional color for area outside the rotated image.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
angle = angle % 360.0
# Fast paths regardless of filter, as long as we're not
# translating or changing the center.
if not (center or translate):
if angle == 0:
return self.copy()
if angle == 180:
return self.transpose(Transpose.ROTATE_180)
if angle in (90, 270) and (expand or self.width == self.height):
return self.transpose(
Transpose.ROTATE_90 if angle == 90 else Transpose.ROTATE_270
)
# Calculate the affine matrix. Note that this is the reverse
# transformation (from destination image to source) because we
# want to interpolate the (discrete) destination pixel from
# the local area around the (floating) source pixel.
# The matrix we actually want (note that it operates from the right):
# (1, 0, tx) (1, 0, cx) ( cos a, sin a, 0) (1, 0, -cx)
# (0, 1, ty) * (0, 1, cy) * (-sin a, cos a, 0) * (0, 1, -cy)
# (0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1) ( 0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1)
# The reverse matrix is thus:
# (1, 0, cx) ( cos -a, sin -a, 0) (1, 0, -cx) (1, 0, -tx)
# (0, 1, cy) * (-sin -a, cos -a, 0) * (0, 1, -cy) * (0, 1, -ty)
# (0, 0, 1) ( 0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1)
# In any case, the final translation may be updated at the end to
# compensate for the expand flag.
w, h = self.size
if translate is None:
post_trans = (0, 0)
else:
post_trans = translate
if center is None:
# FIXME These should be rounded to ints?
rotn_center = (w / 2.0, h / 2.0)
else:
rotn_center = center
angle = -math.radians(angle)
matrix = [
round(math.cos(angle), 15),
round(math.sin(angle), 15),
0.0,
round(-math.sin(angle), 15),
round(math.cos(angle), 15),
0.0,
]
def transform(x, y, matrix):
(a, b, c, d, e, f) = matrix
return a * x + b * y + c, d * x + e * y + f
matrix[2], matrix[5] = transform(
-rotn_center[0] - post_trans[0], -rotn_center[1] - post_trans[1], matrix
)
matrix[2] += rotn_center[0]
matrix[5] += rotn_center[1]
if expand:
# calculate output size
xx = []
yy = []
for x, y in ((0, 0), (w, 0), (w, h), (0, h)):
x, y = transform(x, y, matrix)
xx.append(x)
yy.append(y)
nw = math.ceil(max(xx)) - math.floor(min(xx))
nh = math.ceil(max(yy)) - math.floor(min(yy))
# We multiply a translation matrix from the right. Because of its
# special form, this is the same as taking the image of the
# translation vector as new translation vector.
matrix[2], matrix[5] = transform(-(nw - w) / 2.0, -(nh - h) / 2.0, matrix)
w, h = nw, nh
return self.transform(
(w, h), Transform.AFFINE, matrix, resample, fillcolor=fillcolor
)
def save(self, fp, format=None, **params):
"""
Saves this image under the given filename. If no format is
specified, the format to use is determined from the filename
extension, if possible.
Keyword options can be used to provide additional instructions
to the writer. If a writer doesn't recognise an option, it is
silently ignored. The available options are described in the
:doc:`image format documentation
<../handbook/image-file-formats>` for each writer.
You can use a file object instead of a filename. In this case,
you must always specify the format. The file object must
implement the ``seek``, ``tell``, and ``write``
methods, and be opened in binary mode.
:param fp: A filename (string), pathlib.Path object or file object.
:param format: Optional format override. If omitted, the
format to use is determined from the filename extension.
If a file object was used instead of a filename, this
parameter should always be used.
:param params: Extra parameters to the image writer.
:returns: None
:exception ValueError: If the output format could not be determined
from the file name. Use the format option to solve this.
:exception OSError: If the file could not be written. The file
may have been created, and may contain partial data.
"""
filename = ""
open_fp = False
if isinstance(fp, Path):
filename = str(fp)
open_fp = True
elif is_path(fp):
filename = fp
open_fp = True
elif fp == sys.stdout:
try:
fp = sys.stdout.buffer
except AttributeError:
pass
if not filename and hasattr(fp, "name") and is_path(fp.name):
# only set the name for metadata purposes
filename = fp.name
# may mutate self!
self._ensure_mutable()
save_all = params.pop("save_all", False)
self.encoderinfo = params
self.encoderconfig = ()
preinit()
ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1].lower()
if not format:
if ext not in EXTENSION:
init()
try:
format = EXTENSION[ext]
except KeyError as e:
msg = f"unknown file extension: {ext}"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
if format.upper() not in SAVE:
init()
if save_all:
save_handler = SAVE_ALL[format.upper()]
else:
save_handler = SAVE[format.upper()]
created = False
if open_fp:
created = not os.path.exists(filename)
if params.get("append", False):
# Open also for reading ("+"), because TIFF save_all
# writer needs to go back and edit the written data.
fp = builtins.open(filename, "r+b")
else:
fp = builtins.open(filename, "w+b")
try:
save_handler(self, fp, filename)
except Exception:
if open_fp:
fp.close()
if created:
try:
os.remove(filename)
except PermissionError:
pass
raise
if open_fp:
fp.close()
def seek(self, frame):
"""
Seeks to the given frame in this sequence file. If you seek
beyond the end of the sequence, the method raises an
``EOFError`` exception. When a sequence file is opened, the
library automatically seeks to frame 0.
See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.tell`.
If defined, :attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.n_frames` refers to the
number of available frames.
:param frame: Frame number, starting at 0.
:exception EOFError: If the call attempts to seek beyond the end
of the sequence.
"""
# overridden by file handlers
if frame != 0:
raise EOFError
def show(self, title=None):
"""
Displays this image. This method is mainly intended for debugging purposes.
This method calls :py:func:`PIL.ImageShow.show` internally. You can use
:py:func:`PIL.ImageShow.register` to override its default behaviour.
The image is first saved to a temporary file. By default, it will be in
PNG format.
On Unix, the image is then opened using the **display**, **eog** or
**xv** utility, depending on which one can be found.
On macOS, the image is opened with the native Preview application.
On Windows, the image is opened with the standard PNG display utility.
:param title: Optional title to use for the image window, where possible.
"""
_show(self, title=title)
def split(self):
"""
Split this image into individual bands. This method returns a
tuple of individual image bands from an image. For example,
splitting an "RGB" image creates three new images each
containing a copy of one of the original bands (red, green,
blue).
If you need only one band, :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.getchannel`
method can be more convenient and faster.
:returns: A tuple containing bands.
"""
self.load()
if self.im.bands == 1:
ims = [self.copy()]
else:
ims = map(self._new, self.im.split())
return tuple(ims)
def getchannel(self, channel):
"""
Returns an image containing a single channel of the source image.
:param channel: What channel to return. Could be index
(0 for "R" channel of "RGB") or channel name
("A" for alpha channel of "RGBA").
:returns: An image in "L" mode.
.. versionadded:: 4.3.0
"""
self.load()
if isinstance(channel, str):
try:
channel = self.getbands().index(channel)
except ValueError as e:
msg = f'The image has no channel "{channel}"'
raise ValueError(msg) from e
return self._new(self.im.getband(channel))
def tell(self):
"""
Returns the current frame number. See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.seek`.
If defined, :attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.n_frames` refers to the
number of available frames.
:returns: Frame number, starting with 0.
"""
return 0
def thumbnail(self, size, resample=Resampling.BICUBIC, reducing_gap=2.0):
"""
Make this image into a thumbnail. This method modifies the
image to contain a thumbnail version of itself, no larger than
the given size. This method calculates an appropriate thumbnail
size to preserve the aspect of the image, calls the
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.draft` method to configure the file reader
(where applicable), and finally resizes the image.
Note that this function modifies the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
object in place. If you need to use the full resolution image as well,
apply this method to a :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.copy` of the original
image.
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
:param resample: Optional resampling filter. This can be one
of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`, :py:data:`Resampling.BOX`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR`, :py:data:`Resampling.HAMMING`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` or :py:data:`Resampling.LANCZOS`.
If omitted, it defaults to :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC`.
(was :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` prior to version 2.5.0).
See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param reducing_gap: Apply optimization by resizing the image
in two steps. First, reducing the image by integer times
using :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.reduce` or
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.draft` for JPEG images.
Second, resizing using regular resampling. The last step
changes size no less than by ``reducing_gap`` times.
``reducing_gap`` may be None (no first step is performed)
or should be greater than 1.0. The bigger ``reducing_gap``,
the closer the result to the fair resampling.
The smaller ``reducing_gap``, the faster resizing.
With ``reducing_gap`` greater or equal to 3.0, the result is
indistinguishable from fair resampling in most cases.
The default value is 2.0 (very close to fair resampling
while still being faster in many cases).
:returns: None
"""
provided_size = tuple(map(math.floor, size))
def preserve_aspect_ratio():
def round_aspect(number, key):
return max(min(math.floor(number), math.ceil(number), key=key), 1)
x, y = provided_size
if x >= self.width and y >= self.height:
return
aspect = self.width / self.height
if x / y >= aspect:
x = round_aspect(y * aspect, key=lambda n: abs(aspect - n / y))
else:
y = round_aspect(
x / aspect, key=lambda n: 0 if n == 0 else abs(aspect - x / n)
)
return x, y
box = None
if reducing_gap is not None:
size = preserve_aspect_ratio()
if size is None:
return
res = self.draft(None, (size[0] * reducing_gap, size[1] * reducing_gap))
if res is not None:
box = res[1]
if box is None:
self.load()
# load() may have changed the size of the image
size = preserve_aspect_ratio()
if size is None:
return
if self.size != size:
im = self.resize(size, resample, box=box, reducing_gap=reducing_gap)
self.im = im.im
self._size = size
self.mode = self.im.mode
self.readonly = 0
self.pyaccess = None
# FIXME: the different transform methods need further explanation
# instead of bloating the method docs, add a separate chapter.
def transform(
self,
size,
method,
data=None,
resample=Resampling.NEAREST,
fill=1,
fillcolor=None,
):
"""
Transforms this image. This method creates a new image with the
given size, and the same mode as the original, and copies data
to the new image using the given transform.
:param size: The output size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
:param method: The transformation method. This is one of
:py:data:`Transform.EXTENT` (cut out a rectangular subregion),
:py:data:`Transform.AFFINE` (affine transform),
:py:data:`Transform.PERSPECTIVE` (perspective transform),
:py:data:`Transform.QUAD` (map a quadrilateral to a rectangle), or
:py:data:`Transform.MESH` (map a number of source quadrilaterals
in one operation).
It may also be an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImageTransformHandler`
object::
class Example(Image.ImageTransformHandler):
def transform(self, size, data, resample, fill=1):
# Return result
It may also be an object with a ``method.getdata`` method
that returns a tuple supplying new ``method`` and ``data`` values::
class Example:
def getdata(self):
method = Image.Transform.EXTENT
data = (0, 0, 100, 100)
return method, data
:param data: Extra data to the transformation method.
:param resample: Optional resampling filter. It can be one of
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
environment), or :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` (cubic spline
interpolation in a 4x4 environment). If omitted, or if the image
has mode "1" or "P", it is set to :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`.
See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param fill: If ``method`` is an
:py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImageTransformHandler` object, this is one of
the arguments passed to it. Otherwise, it is unused.
:param fillcolor: Optional fill color for the area outside the
transform in the output image.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if self.mode in ("LA", "RGBA") and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
return (
self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
.transform(size, method, data, resample, fill, fillcolor)
.convert(self.mode)
)
if isinstance(method, ImageTransformHandler):
return method.transform(size, self, resample=resample, fill=fill)
if hasattr(method, "getdata"):
# compatibility w. old-style transform objects
method, data = method.getdata()
if data is None:
msg = "missing method data"
raise ValueError(msg)
im = new(self.mode, size, fillcolor)
if self.mode == "P" and self.palette:
im.palette = self.palette.copy()
im.info = self.info.copy()
if method == Transform.MESH:
# list of quads
for box, quad in data:
im.__transformer(
box, self, Transform.QUAD, quad, resample, fillcolor is None
)
else:
im.__transformer(
(0, 0) + size, self, method, data, resample, fillcolor is None
)
return im
def __transformer(
self, box, image, method, data, resample=Resampling.NEAREST, fill=1
):
w = box[2] - box[0]
h = box[3] - box[1]
if method == Transform.AFFINE:
data = data[:6]
elif method == Transform.EXTENT:
# convert extent to an affine transform
x0, y0, x1, y1 = data
xs = (x1 - x0) / w
ys = (y1 - y0) / h
method = Transform.AFFINE
data = (xs, 0, x0, 0, ys, y0)
elif method == Transform.PERSPECTIVE:
data = data[:8]
elif method == Transform.QUAD:
# quadrilateral warp. data specifies the four corners
# given as NW, SW, SE, and NE.
nw = data[:2]
sw = data[2:4]
se = data[4:6]
ne = data[6:8]
x0, y0 = nw
As = 1.0 / w
At = 1.0 / h
data = (
x0,
(ne[0] - x0) * As,
(sw[0] - x0) * At,
(se[0] - sw[0] - ne[0] + x0) * As * At,
y0,
(ne[1] - y0) * As,
(sw[1] - y0) * At,
(se[1] - sw[1] - ne[1] + y0) * As * At,
)
else:
msg = "unknown transformation method"
raise ValueError(msg)
if resample not in (
Resampling.NEAREST,
Resampling.BILINEAR,
Resampling.BICUBIC,
):
if resample in (Resampling.BOX, Resampling.HAMMING, Resampling.LANCZOS):
msg = {
Resampling.BOX: "Image.Resampling.BOX",
Resampling.HAMMING: "Image.Resampling.HAMMING",
Resampling.LANCZOS: "Image.Resampling.LANCZOS",
}[resample] + f" ({resample}) cannot be used."
else:
msg = f"Unknown resampling filter ({resample})."
filters = [
f"{filter[1]} ({filter[0]})"
for filter in (
(Resampling.NEAREST, "Image.Resampling.NEAREST"),
(Resampling.BILINEAR, "Image.Resampling.BILINEAR"),
(Resampling.BICUBIC, "Image.Resampling.BICUBIC"),
)
]
msg += " Use " + ", ".join(filters[:-1]) + " or " + filters[-1]
raise ValueError(msg)
image.load()
self.load()
if image.mode in ("1", "P"):
resample = Resampling.NEAREST
self.im.transform2(box, image.im, method, data, resample, fill)
def transpose(self, method):
"""
Transpose image (flip or rotate in 90 degree steps)
:param method: One of :py:data:`Transpose.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT`,
:py:data:`Transpose.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM`, :py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_90`,
:py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_180`, :py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_270`,
:py:data:`Transpose.TRANSPOSE` or :py:data:`Transpose.TRANSVERSE`.
:returns: Returns a flipped or rotated copy of this image.
"""
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.transpose(method))
def effect_spread(self, distance):
"""
Randomly spread pixels in an image.
:param distance: Distance to spread pixels.
"""
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.effect_spread(distance))
def toqimage(self):
"""Returns a QImage copy of this image"""
from . import ImageQt
if not ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
msg = "Qt bindings are not installed"
raise ImportError(msg)
return ImageQt.toqimage(self)
def toqpixmap(self):
"""Returns a QPixmap copy of this image"""
from . import ImageQt
if not ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
msg = "Qt bindings are not installed"
raise ImportError(msg)
return ImageQt.toqpixmap(self)
def raise_oserror(error):
try:
msg = Image.core.getcodecstatus(error)
except AttributeError:
msg = ERRORS.get(error)
if not msg:
msg = f"decoder error {error}"
msg += " when reading image file"
raise OSError(msg) | null |
174,020 | import io
import struct
from . import Image, ImageFile
from ._binary import i16le as i16
from ._binary import o16le as o16
class ImageFile(Image.Image):
"""Base class for image file format handlers."""
def __init__(self, fp=None, filename=None):
super().__init__()
self._min_frame = 0
self.custom_mimetype = None
self.tile = None
""" A list of tile descriptors, or ``None`` """
self.readonly = 1 # until we know better
self.decoderconfig = ()
self.decodermaxblock = MAXBLOCK
if is_path(fp):
# filename
self.fp = open(fp, "rb")
self.filename = fp
self._exclusive_fp = True
else:
# stream
self.fp = fp
self.filename = filename
# can be overridden
self._exclusive_fp = None
try:
try:
self._open()
except (
IndexError, # end of data
TypeError, # end of data (ord)
KeyError, # unsupported mode
EOFError, # got header but not the first frame
struct.error,
) as v:
raise SyntaxError(v) from v
if not self.mode or self.size[0] <= 0 or self.size[1] <= 0:
msg = "not identified by this driver"
raise SyntaxError(msg)
except BaseException:
# close the file only if we have opened it this constructor
if self._exclusive_fp:
self.fp.close()
raise
def get_format_mimetype(self):
if self.custom_mimetype:
return self.custom_mimetype
if self.format is not None:
return Image.MIME.get(self.format.upper())
def __setstate__(self, state):
self.tile = []
super().__setstate__(state)
def verify(self):
"""Check file integrity"""
# raise exception if something's wrong. must be called
# directly after open, and closes file when finished.
if self._exclusive_fp:
self.fp.close()
self.fp = None
def load(self):
"""Load image data based on tile list"""
if self.tile is None:
msg = "cannot load this image"
raise OSError(msg)
pixel = Image.Image.load(self)
if not self.tile:
return pixel
self.map = None
use_mmap = self.filename and len(self.tile) == 1
# As of pypy 2.1.0, memory mapping was failing here.
use_mmap = use_mmap and not hasattr(sys, "pypy_version_info")
readonly = 0
# look for read/seek overrides
try:
read = self.load_read
# don't use mmap if there are custom read/seek functions
use_mmap = False
except AttributeError:
read = self.fp.read
try:
seek = self.load_seek
use_mmap = False
except AttributeError:
seek = self.fp.seek
if use_mmap:
# try memory mapping
decoder_name, extents, offset, args = self.tile[0]
if (
decoder_name == "raw"
and len(args) >= 3
and args[0] == self.mode
and args[0] in Image._MAPMODES
):
try:
# use mmap, if possible
import mmap
with open(self.filename) as fp:
self.map = mmap.mmap(fp.fileno(), 0, access=mmap.ACCESS_READ)
if offset + self.size[1] * args[1] > self.map.size():
# buffer is not large enough
raise OSError
self.im = Image.core.map_buffer(
self.map, self.size, decoder_name, offset, args
)
readonly = 1
# After trashing self.im,
# we might need to reload the palette data.
if self.palette:
self.palette.dirty = 1
except (AttributeError, OSError, ImportError):
self.map = None
self.load_prepare()
err_code = -3 # initialize to unknown error
if not self.map:
# sort tiles in file order
self.tile.sort(key=_tilesort)
try:
# FIXME: This is a hack to handle TIFF's JpegTables tag.
prefix = self.tile_prefix
except AttributeError:
prefix = b""
# Remove consecutive duplicates that only differ by their offset
self.tile = [
list(tiles)[-1]
for _, tiles in itertools.groupby(
self.tile, lambda tile: (tile[0], tile[1], tile[3])
)
]
for decoder_name, extents, offset, args in self.tile:
seek(offset)
decoder = Image._getdecoder(
self.mode, decoder_name, args, self.decoderconfig
)
try:
decoder.setimage(self.im, extents)
if decoder.pulls_fd:
decoder.setfd(self.fp)
err_code = decoder.decode(b"")[1]
else:
b = prefix
while True:
try:
s = read(self.decodermaxblock)
except (IndexError, struct.error) as e:
# truncated png/gif
if LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES:
break
else:
msg = "image file is truncated"
raise OSError(msg) from e
if not s: # truncated jpeg
if LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES:
break
else:
msg = (
"image file is truncated "
f"({len(b)} bytes not processed)"
)
raise OSError(msg)
b = b + s
n, err_code = decoder.decode(b)
if n < 0:
break
b = b[n:]
finally:
# Need to cleanup here to prevent leaks
decoder.cleanup()
self.tile = []
self.readonly = readonly
self.load_end()
if self._exclusive_fp and self._close_exclusive_fp_after_loading:
self.fp.close()
self.fp = None
if not self.map and not LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES and err_code < 0:
# still raised if decoder fails to return anything
raise_oserror(err_code)
return Image.Image.load(self)
def load_prepare(self):
# create image memory if necessary
if not self.im or self.im.mode != self.mode or self.im.size != self.size:
self.im = Image.core.new(self.mode, self.size)
# create palette (optional)
if self.mode == "P":
Image.Image.load(self)
def load_end(self):
# may be overridden
pass
# may be defined for contained formats
# def load_seek(self, pos):
# pass
# may be defined for blocked formats (e.g. PNG)
# def load_read(self, bytes):
# pass
def _seek_check(self, frame):
if (
frame < self._min_frame
# Only check upper limit on frames if additional seek operations
# are not required to do so
or (
not (hasattr(self, "_n_frames") and self._n_frames is None)
and frame >= self.n_frames + self._min_frame
)
):
msg = "attempt to seek outside sequence"
raise EOFError(msg)
return self.tell() != frame
def _save(im, fp, filename):
if im.mode != "1":
msg = f"cannot write mode {im.mode} as MSP"
raise OSError(msg)
# create MSP header
header = [0] * 16
header[0], header[1] = i16(b"Da"), i16(b"nM") # version 1
header[2], header[3] = im.size
header[4], header[5] = 1, 1
header[6], header[7] = 1, 1
header[8], header[9] = im.size
checksum = 0
for h in header:
checksum = checksum ^ h
header[12] = checksum # FIXME: is this the right field?
# header
for h in header:
fp.write(o16(h))
# image body
ImageFile._save(im, fp, [("raw", (0, 0) + im.size, 32, ("1", 0, 1))]) | null |
174,022 | import io
import math
import os
import time
from . import Image, ImageFile, ImageSequence, PdfParser, __version__, features
def _save(im, fp, filename, save_all=False):
is_appending = im.encoderinfo.get("append", False)
if is_appending:
existing_pdf = PdfParser.PdfParser(f=fp, filename=filename, mode="r+b")
else:
existing_pdf = PdfParser.PdfParser(f=fp, filename=filename, mode="w+b")
dpi = im.encoderinfo.get("dpi")
if dpi:
x_resolution = dpi[0]
y_resolution = dpi[1]
else:
x_resolution = y_resolution = im.encoderinfo.get("resolution", 72.0)
info = {
"title": None
if is_appending
else os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(filename))[0],
"author": None,
"subject": None,
"keywords": None,
"creator": None,
"producer": None,
"creationDate": None if is_appending else time.gmtime(),
"modDate": None if is_appending else time.gmtime(),
}
for k, default in info.items():
v = im.encoderinfo.get(k) if k in im.encoderinfo else default
if v:
existing_pdf.info[k[0].upper() + k[1:]] = v
#
# make sure image data is available
im.load()
existing_pdf.start_writing()
existing_pdf.write_header()
existing_pdf.write_comment(f"created by Pillow {__version__} PDF driver")
#
# pages
ims = [im]
if save_all:
append_images = im.encoderinfo.get("append_images", [])
for append_im in append_images:
append_im.encoderinfo = im.encoderinfo.copy()
ims.append(append_im)
number_of_pages = 0
image_refs = []
page_refs = []
contents_refs = []
for im in ims:
im_number_of_pages = 1
if save_all:
try:
im_number_of_pages = im.n_frames
except AttributeError:
# Image format does not have n_frames.
# It is a single frame image
pass
number_of_pages += im_number_of_pages
for i in range(im_number_of_pages):
image_refs.append(existing_pdf.next_object_id(0))
page_refs.append(existing_pdf.next_object_id(0))
contents_refs.append(existing_pdf.next_object_id(0))
existing_pdf.pages.append(page_refs[-1])
#
# catalog and list of pages
existing_pdf.write_catalog()
page_number = 0
for im_sequence in ims:
im_pages = ImageSequence.Iterator(im_sequence) if save_all else [im_sequence]
for im in im_pages:
# FIXME: Should replace ASCIIHexDecode with RunLengthDecode
# (packbits) or LZWDecode (tiff/lzw compression). Note that
# PDF 1.2 also supports Flatedecode (zip compression).
bits = 8
params = None
decode = None
#
# Get image characteristics
width, height = im.size
if im.mode == "1":
if features.check("libtiff"):
filter = "CCITTFaxDecode"
bits = 1
params = PdfParser.PdfArray(
[
PdfParser.PdfDict(
{
"K": -1,
"BlackIs1": True,
"Columns": width,
"Rows": height,
}
)
]
)
else:
filter = "DCTDecode"
colorspace = PdfParser.PdfName("DeviceGray")
procset = "ImageB" # grayscale
elif im.mode == "L":
filter = "DCTDecode"
# params = f"<< /Predictor 15 /Columns {width-2} >>"
colorspace = PdfParser.PdfName("DeviceGray")
procset = "ImageB" # grayscale
elif im.mode == "P":
filter = "ASCIIHexDecode"
palette = im.getpalette()
colorspace = [
PdfParser.PdfName("Indexed"),
PdfParser.PdfName("DeviceRGB"),
255,
PdfParser.PdfBinary(palette),
]
procset = "ImageI" # indexed color
elif im.mode == "RGB":
filter = "DCTDecode"
colorspace = PdfParser.PdfName("DeviceRGB")
procset = "ImageC" # color images
elif im.mode == "RGBA":
filter = "JPXDecode"
colorspace = PdfParser.PdfName("DeviceRGB")
procset = "ImageC" # color images
elif im.mode == "CMYK":
filter = "DCTDecode"
colorspace = PdfParser.PdfName("DeviceCMYK")
procset = "ImageC" # color images
decode = [1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0]
else:
msg = f"cannot save mode {im.mode}"
raise ValueError(msg)
#
# image
op = io.BytesIO()
if filter == "ASCIIHexDecode":
ImageFile._save(im, op, [("hex", (0, 0) + im.size, 0, im.mode)])
elif filter == "CCITTFaxDecode":
im.save(
op,
"TIFF",
compression="group4",
# use a single strip
strip_size=math.ceil(im.width / 8) * im.height,
)
elif filter == "DCTDecode":
Image.SAVE["JPEG"](im, op, filename)
elif filter == "JPXDecode":
Image.SAVE["JPEG2000"](im, op, filename)
elif filter == "FlateDecode":
ImageFile._save(im, op, [("zip", (0, 0) + im.size, 0, im.mode)])
elif filter == "RunLengthDecode":
ImageFile._save(im, op, [("packbits", (0, 0) + im.size, 0, im.mode)])
else:
msg = f"unsupported PDF filter ({filter})"
raise ValueError(msg)
stream = op.getvalue()
if filter == "CCITTFaxDecode":
stream = stream[8:]
filter = PdfParser.PdfArray([PdfParser.PdfName(filter)])
else:
filter = PdfParser.PdfName(filter)
existing_pdf.write_obj(
image_refs[page_number],
stream=stream,
Type=PdfParser.PdfName("XObject"),
Subtype=PdfParser.PdfName("Image"),
Width=width, # * 72.0 / x_resolution,
Height=height, # * 72.0 / y_resolution,
Filter=filter,
BitsPerComponent=bits,
Decode=decode,
DecodeParms=params,
ColorSpace=colorspace,
)
#
# page
existing_pdf.write_page(
page_refs[page_number],
Resources=PdfParser.PdfDict(
ProcSet=[PdfParser.PdfName("PDF"), PdfParser.PdfName(procset)],
XObject=PdfParser.PdfDict(image=image_refs[page_number]),
),
MediaBox=[
0,
0,
width * 72.0 / x_resolution,
height * 72.0 / y_resolution,
],
Contents=contents_refs[page_number],
)
#
# page contents
page_contents = b"q %f 0 0 %f 0 0 cm /image Do Q\n" % (
width * 72.0 / x_resolution,
height * 72.0 / y_resolution,
)
existing_pdf.write_obj(contents_refs[page_number], stream=page_contents)
page_number += 1
#
# trailer
existing_pdf.write_xref_and_trailer()
if hasattr(fp, "flush"):
fp.flush()
existing_pdf.close()
def _save_all(im, fp, filename):
_save(im, fp, filename, save_all=True) | null |
174,024 | import io
import os
import struct
import sys
from PIL import Image, ImageFile, PngImagePlugin, features
def read_32(fobj, start_length, size):
def read_32t(fobj, start_length, size):
# The 128x128 icon seems to have an extra header for some reason.
(start, length) = start_length
fobj.seek(start)
sig = fobj.read(4)
if sig != b"\x00\x00\x00\x00":
msg = "Unknown signature, expecting 0x00000000"
raise SyntaxError(msg)
return read_32(fobj, (start + 4, length - 4), size) | null |
174,025 | import io
import os
import struct
import sys
from PIL import Image, ImageFile, PngImagePlugin, features
Image.register_open(IcnsImageFile.format, IcnsImageFile, _accept)
Image.register_extension(IcnsImageFile.format, ".icns")
Image.register_save(IcnsImageFile.format, _save)
Image.register_mime(IcnsImageFile.format, "image/icns")
class Image:
"""
This class represents an image object. To create
:py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` objects, use the appropriate factory
functions. There's hardly ever any reason to call the Image constructor
directly.
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.open`
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.new`
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes`
"""
format = None
format_description = None
_close_exclusive_fp_after_loading = True
def __init__(self):
# FIXME: take "new" parameters / other image?
# FIXME: turn mode and size into delegating properties?
self.im = None
self.mode = ""
self._size = (0, 0)
self.palette = None
self.info = {}
self._category = 0
self.readonly = 0
self.pyaccess = None
self._exif = None
def __getattr__(self, name):
if name == "category":
deprecate("Image categories", 10, "is_animated", plural=True)
return self._category
raise AttributeError(name)
def width(self):
return self.size[0]
def height(self):
return self.size[1]
def size(self):
return self._size
def _new(self, im):
new = Image()
new.im = im
new.mode = im.mode
new._size = im.size
if im.mode in ("P", "PA"):
if self.palette:
new.palette = self.palette.copy()
else:
from . import ImagePalette
new.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette()
new.info = self.info.copy()
return new
# Context manager support
def __enter__(self):
return self
def __exit__(self, *args):
if hasattr(self, "fp") and getattr(self, "_exclusive_fp", False):
if getattr(self, "_fp", False):
if self._fp != self.fp:
self._fp.close()
self._fp = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
if self.fp:
self.fp.close()
self.fp = None
def close(self):
"""
Closes the file pointer, if possible.
This operation will destroy the image core and release its memory.
The image data will be unusable afterward.
This function is required to close images that have multiple frames or
have not had their file read and closed by the
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.load` method. See :ref:`file-handling` for
more information.
"""
try:
if getattr(self, "_fp", False):
if self._fp != self.fp:
self._fp.close()
self._fp = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
if self.fp:
self.fp.close()
self.fp = None
except Exception as msg:
logger.debug("Error closing: %s", msg)
if getattr(self, "map", None):
self.map = None
# Instead of simply setting to None, we're setting up a
# deferred error that will better explain that the core image
# object is gone.
self.im = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
def _copy(self):
self.load()
self.im = self.im.copy()
self.pyaccess = None
self.readonly = 0
def _ensure_mutable(self):
if self.readonly:
self._copy()
else:
self.load()
def _dump(self, file=None, format=None, **options):
suffix = ""
if format:
suffix = "." + format
if not file:
f, filename = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix)
os.close(f)
else:
filename = file
if not filename.endswith(suffix):
filename = filename + suffix
self.load()
if not format or format == "PPM":
self.im.save_ppm(filename)
else:
self.save(filename, format, **options)
return filename
def __eq__(self, other):
return (
self.__class__ is other.__class__
and self.mode == other.mode
and self.size == other.size
and self.info == other.info
and self._category == other._category
and self.getpalette() == other.getpalette()
and self.tobytes() == other.tobytes()
)
def __repr__(self):
return "<%s.%s image mode=%s size=%dx%d at 0x%X>" % (
self.__class__.__module__,
self.__class__.__name__,
self.mode,
self.size[0],
self.size[1],
id(self),
)
def _repr_pretty_(self, p, cycle):
"""IPython plain text display support"""
# Same as __repr__ but without unpredictable id(self),
# to keep Jupyter notebook `text/plain` output stable.
p.text(
"<%s.%s image mode=%s size=%dx%d>"
% (
self.__class__.__module__,
self.__class__.__name__,
self.mode,
self.size[0],
self.size[1],
)
)
def _repr_png_(self):
"""iPython display hook support
:returns: png version of the image as bytes
"""
b = io.BytesIO()
try:
self.save(b, "PNG")
except Exception as e:
msg = "Could not save to PNG for display"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
return b.getvalue()
def __array_interface__(self):
# numpy array interface support
new = {"version": 3}
try:
if self.mode == "1":
# Binary images need to be extended from bits to bytes
# See: https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/350
new["data"] = self.tobytes("raw", "L")
else:
new["data"] = self.tobytes()
except Exception as e:
if not isinstance(e, (MemoryError, RecursionError)):
try:
import numpy
from packaging.version import parse as parse_version
except ImportError:
pass
else:
if parse_version(numpy.__version__) < parse_version("1.23"):
warnings.warn(e)
raise
new["shape"], new["typestr"] = _conv_type_shape(self)
return new
def __getstate__(self):
return [self.info, self.mode, self.size, self.getpalette(), self.tobytes()]
def __setstate__(self, state):
Image.__init__(self)
info, mode, size, palette, data = state
self.info = info
self.mode = mode
self._size = size
self.im = core.new(mode, size)
if mode in ("L", "LA", "P", "PA") and palette:
self.putpalette(palette)
self.frombytes(data)
def tobytes(self, encoder_name="raw", *args):
"""
Return image as a bytes object.
.. warning::
This method returns the raw image data from the internal
storage. For compressed image data (e.g. PNG, JPEG) use
:meth:`~.save`, with a BytesIO parameter for in-memory
data.
:param encoder_name: What encoder to use. The default is to
use the standard "raw" encoder.
A list of C encoders can be seen under
codecs section of the function array in
:file:`_imaging.c`. Python encoders are
registered within the relevant plugins.
:param args: Extra arguments to the encoder.
:returns: A :py:class:`bytes` object.
"""
# may pass tuple instead of argument list
if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
args = args[0]
if encoder_name == "raw" and args == ():
args = self.mode
self.load()
if self.width == 0 or self.height == 0:
return b""
# unpack data
e = _getencoder(self.mode, encoder_name, args)
e.setimage(self.im)
bufsize = max(65536, self.size[0] * 4) # see RawEncode.c
output = []
while True:
bytes_consumed, errcode, data = e.encode(bufsize)
output.append(data)
if errcode:
break
if errcode < 0:
msg = f"encoder error {errcode} in tobytes"
raise RuntimeError(msg)
return b"".join(output)
def tobitmap(self, name="image"):
"""
Returns the image converted to an X11 bitmap.
.. note:: This method only works for mode "1" images.
:param name: The name prefix to use for the bitmap variables.
:returns: A string containing an X11 bitmap.
:raises ValueError: If the mode is not "1"
"""
self.load()
if self.mode != "1":
msg = "not a bitmap"
raise ValueError(msg)
data = self.tobytes("xbm")
return b"".join(
[
f"#define {name}_width {self.size[0]}\n".encode("ascii"),
f"#define {name}_height {self.size[1]}\n".encode("ascii"),
f"static char {name}_bits[] = {{\n".encode("ascii"),
data,
b"};",
]
)
def frombytes(self, data, decoder_name="raw", *args):
"""
Loads this image with pixel data from a bytes object.
This method is similar to the :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes` function,
but loads data into this image instead of creating a new image object.
"""
# may pass tuple instead of argument list
if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
args = args[0]
# default format
if decoder_name == "raw" and args == ():
args = self.mode
# unpack data
d = _getdecoder(self.mode, decoder_name, args)
d.setimage(self.im)
s = d.decode(data)
if s[0] >= 0:
msg = "not enough image data"
raise ValueError(msg)
if s[1] != 0:
msg = "cannot decode image data"
raise ValueError(msg)
def load(self):
"""
Allocates storage for the image and loads the pixel data. In
normal cases, you don't need to call this method, since the
Image class automatically loads an opened image when it is
accessed for the first time.
If the file associated with the image was opened by Pillow, then this
method will close it. The exception to this is if the image has
multiple frames, in which case the file will be left open for seek
operations. See :ref:`file-handling` for more information.
:returns: An image access object.
:rtype: :ref:`PixelAccess` or :py:class:`PIL.PyAccess`
"""
if self.im is not None and self.palette and self.palette.dirty:
# realize palette
mode, arr = self.palette.getdata()
self.im.putpalette(mode, arr)
self.palette.dirty = 0
self.palette.rawmode = None
if "transparency" in self.info and mode in ("LA", "PA"):
if isinstance(self.info["transparency"], int):
self.im.putpalettealpha(self.info["transparency"], 0)
else:
self.im.putpalettealphas(self.info["transparency"])
self.palette.mode = "RGBA"
else:
palette_mode = "RGBA" if mode.startswith("RGBA") else "RGB"
self.palette.mode = palette_mode
self.palette.palette = self.im.getpalette(palette_mode, palette_mode)
if self.im is not None:
if cffi and USE_CFFI_ACCESS:
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess
from . import PyAccess
self.pyaccess = PyAccess.new(self, self.readonly)
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess
return self.im.pixel_access(self.readonly)
def verify(self):
"""
Verifies the contents of a file. For data read from a file, this
method attempts to determine if the file is broken, without
actually decoding the image data. If this method finds any
problems, it raises suitable exceptions. If you need to load
the image after using this method, you must reopen the image
file.
"""
pass
def convert(
self, mode=None, matrix=None, dither=None, palette=Palette.WEB, colors=256
):
"""
Returns a converted copy of this image. For the "P" mode, this
method translates pixels through the palette. If mode is
omitted, a mode is chosen so that all information in the image
and the palette can be represented without a palette.
The current version supports all possible conversions between
"L", "RGB" and "CMYK". The ``matrix`` argument only supports "L"
and "RGB".
When translating a color image to greyscale (mode "L"),
the library uses the ITU-R 601-2 luma transform::
L = R * 299/1000 + G * 587/1000 + B * 114/1000
The default method of converting a greyscale ("L") or "RGB"
image into a bilevel (mode "1") image uses Floyd-Steinberg
dither to approximate the original image luminosity levels. If
dither is ``None``, all values larger than 127 are set to 255 (white),
all other values to 0 (black). To use other thresholds, use the
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.point` method.
When converting from "RGBA" to "P" without a ``matrix`` argument,
this passes the operation to :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.quantize`,
and ``dither`` and ``palette`` are ignored.
When converting from "PA", if an "RGBA" palette is present, the alpha
channel from the image will be used instead of the values from the palette.
:param mode: The requested mode. See: :ref:`concept-modes`.
:param matrix: An optional conversion matrix. If given, this
should be 4- or 12-tuple containing floating point values.
:param dither: Dithering method, used when converting from
mode "RGB" to "P" or from "RGB" or "L" to "1".
Available methods are :data:`Dither.NONE` or :data:`Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG`
(default). Note that this is not used when ``matrix`` is supplied.
:param palette: Palette to use when converting from mode "RGB"
to "P". Available palettes are :data:`Palette.WEB` or
:data:`Palette.ADAPTIVE`.
:param colors: Number of colors to use for the :data:`Palette.ADAPTIVE`
palette. Defaults to 256.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
has_transparency = self.info.get("transparency") is not None
if not mode and self.mode == "P":
# determine default mode
if self.palette:
mode = self.palette.mode
else:
mode = "RGB"
if mode == "RGB" and has_transparency:
mode = "RGBA"
if not mode or (mode == self.mode and not matrix):
return self.copy()
if matrix:
# matrix conversion
if mode not in ("L", "RGB"):
msg = "illegal conversion"
raise ValueError(msg)
im = self.im.convert_matrix(mode, matrix)
new = self._new(im)
if has_transparency and self.im.bands == 3:
transparency = new.info["transparency"]
def convert_transparency(m, v):
v = m[0] * v[0] + m[1] * v[1] + m[2] * v[2] + m[3] * 0.5
return max(0, min(255, int(v)))
if mode == "L":
transparency = convert_transparency(matrix, transparency)
elif len(mode) == 3:
transparency = tuple(
convert_transparency(matrix[i * 4 : i * 4 + 4], transparency)
for i in range(0, len(transparency))
)
new.info["transparency"] = transparency
return new
if mode == "P" and self.mode == "RGBA":
return self.quantize(colors)
trns = None
delete_trns = False
# transparency handling
if has_transparency:
if (self.mode in ("1", "L", "I") and mode in ("LA", "RGBA")) or (
self.mode == "RGB" and mode == "RGBA"
):
# Use transparent conversion to promote from transparent
# color to an alpha channel.
new_im = self._new(
self.im.convert_transparent(mode, self.info["transparency"])
)
del new_im.info["transparency"]
return new_im
elif self.mode in ("L", "RGB", "P") and mode in ("L", "RGB", "P"):
t = self.info["transparency"]
if isinstance(t, bytes):
# Dragons. This can't be represented by a single color
warnings.warn(
"Palette images with Transparency expressed in bytes should be "
"converted to RGBA images"
)
delete_trns = True
else:
# get the new transparency color.
# use existing conversions
trns_im = Image()._new(core.new(self.mode, (1, 1)))
if self.mode == "P":
trns_im.putpalette(self.palette)
if isinstance(t, tuple):
err = "Couldn't allocate a palette color for transparency"
try:
t = trns_im.palette.getcolor(t, self)
except ValueError as e:
if str(e) == "cannot allocate more than 256 colors":
# If all 256 colors are in use,
# then there is no need for transparency
t = None
else:
raise ValueError(err) from e
if t is None:
trns = None
else:
trns_im.putpixel((0, 0), t)
if mode in ("L", "RGB"):
trns_im = trns_im.convert(mode)
else:
# can't just retrieve the palette number, got to do it
# after quantization.
trns_im = trns_im.convert("RGB")
trns = trns_im.getpixel((0, 0))
elif self.mode == "P" and mode in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
t = self.info["transparency"]
delete_trns = True
if isinstance(t, bytes):
self.im.putpalettealphas(t)
elif isinstance(t, int):
self.im.putpalettealpha(t, 0)
else:
msg = "Transparency for P mode should be bytes or int"
raise ValueError(msg)
if mode == "P" and palette == Palette.ADAPTIVE:
im = self.im.quantize(colors)
new = self._new(im)
from . import ImagePalette
new.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGB", new.im.getpalette("RGB"))
if delete_trns:
# This could possibly happen if we requantize to fewer colors.
# The transparency would be totally off in that case.
del new.info["transparency"]
if trns is not None:
try:
new.info["transparency"] = new.palette.getcolor(trns, new)
except Exception:
# if we can't make a transparent color, don't leave the old
# transparency hanging around to mess us up.
del new.info["transparency"]
warnings.warn("Couldn't allocate palette entry for transparency")
return new
if "LAB" in (self.mode, mode):
other_mode = mode if self.mode == "LAB" else self.mode
if other_mode in ("RGB", "RGBA", "RGBX"):
from . import ImageCms
srgb = ImageCms.createProfile("sRGB")
lab = ImageCms.createProfile("LAB")
profiles = [lab, srgb] if self.mode == "LAB" else [srgb, lab]
transform = ImageCms.buildTransform(
profiles[0], profiles[1], self.mode, mode
)
return transform.apply(self)
# colorspace conversion
if dither is None:
dither = Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG
try:
im = self.im.convert(mode, dither)
except ValueError:
try:
# normalize source image and try again
modebase = getmodebase(self.mode)
if modebase == self.mode:
raise
im = self.im.convert(modebase)
im = im.convert(mode, dither)
except KeyError as e:
msg = "illegal conversion"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
new_im = self._new(im)
if mode == "P" and palette != Palette.ADAPTIVE:
from . import ImagePalette
new_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGB", list(range(256)) * 3)
if delete_trns:
# crash fail if we leave a bytes transparency in an rgb/l mode.
del new_im.info["transparency"]
if trns is not None:
if new_im.mode == "P":
try:
new_im.info["transparency"] = new_im.palette.getcolor(trns, new_im)
except ValueError as e:
del new_im.info["transparency"]
if str(e) != "cannot allocate more than 256 colors":
# If all 256 colors are in use,
# then there is no need for transparency
warnings.warn(
"Couldn't allocate palette entry for transparency"
)
else:
new_im.info["transparency"] = trns
return new_im
def quantize(
self,
colors=256,
method=None,
kmeans=0,
palette=None,
dither=Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG,
):
"""
Convert the image to 'P' mode with the specified number
of colors.
:param colors: The desired number of colors, <= 256
:param method: :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT` (median cut),
:data:`Quantize.MAXCOVERAGE` (maximum coverage),
:data:`Quantize.FASTOCTREE` (fast octree),
:data:`Quantize.LIBIMAGEQUANT` (libimagequant; check support
using :py:func:`PIL.features.check_feature` with
``feature="libimagequant"``).
By default, :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT` will be used.
The exception to this is RGBA images. :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT`
and :data:`Quantize.MAXCOVERAGE` do not support RGBA images, so
:data:`Quantize.FASTOCTREE` is used by default instead.
:param kmeans: Integer
:param palette: Quantize to the palette of given
:py:class:`PIL.Image.Image`.
:param dither: Dithering method, used when converting from
mode "RGB" to "P" or from "RGB" or "L" to "1".
Available methods are :data:`Dither.NONE` or :data:`Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG`
(default).
:returns: A new image
"""
self.load()
if method is None:
# defaults:
method = Quantize.MEDIANCUT
if self.mode == "RGBA":
method = Quantize.FASTOCTREE
if self.mode == "RGBA" and method not in (
Quantize.FASTOCTREE,
Quantize.LIBIMAGEQUANT,
):
# Caller specified an invalid mode.
msg = (
"Fast Octree (method == 2) and libimagequant (method == 3) "
"are the only valid methods for quantizing RGBA images"
)
raise ValueError(msg)
if palette:
# use palette from reference image
palette.load()
if palette.mode != "P":
msg = "bad mode for palette image"
raise ValueError(msg)
if self.mode != "RGB" and self.mode != "L":
msg = "only RGB or L mode images can be quantized to a palette"
raise ValueError(msg)
im = self.im.convert("P", dither, palette.im)
new_im = self._new(im)
new_im.palette = palette.palette.copy()
return new_im
im = self._new(self.im.quantize(colors, method, kmeans))
from . import ImagePalette
mode = im.im.getpalettemode()
palette = im.im.getpalette(mode, mode)[: colors * len(mode)]
im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(mode, palette)
return im
def copy(self):
"""
Copies this image. Use this method if you wish to paste things
into an image, but still retain the original.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.copy())
__copy__ = copy
def crop(self, box=None):
"""
Returns a rectangular region from this image. The box is a
4-tuple defining the left, upper, right, and lower pixel
coordinate. See :ref:`coordinate-system`.
Note: Prior to Pillow 3.4.0, this was a lazy operation.
:param box: The crop rectangle, as a (left, upper, right, lower)-tuple.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if box is None:
return self.copy()
if box[2] < box[0]:
msg = "Coordinate 'right' is less than 'left'"
raise ValueError(msg)
elif box[3] < box[1]:
msg = "Coordinate 'lower' is less than 'upper'"
raise ValueError(msg)
self.load()
return self._new(self._crop(self.im, box))
def _crop(self, im, box):
"""
Returns a rectangular region from the core image object im.
This is equivalent to calling im.crop((x0, y0, x1, y1)), but
includes additional sanity checks.
:param im: a core image object
:param box: The crop rectangle, as a (left, upper, right, lower)-tuple.
:returns: A core image object.
"""
x0, y0, x1, y1 = map(int, map(round, box))
absolute_values = (abs(x1 - x0), abs(y1 - y0))
_decompression_bomb_check(absolute_values)
return im.crop((x0, y0, x1, y1))
def draft(self, mode, size):
"""
Configures the image file loader so it returns a version of the
image that as closely as possible matches the given mode and
size. For example, you can use this method to convert a color
JPEG to greyscale while loading it.
If any changes are made, returns a tuple with the chosen ``mode`` and
``box`` with coordinates of the original image within the altered one.
Note that this method modifies the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object
in place. If the image has already been loaded, this method has no
effect.
Note: This method is not implemented for most images. It is
currently implemented only for JPEG and MPO images.
:param mode: The requested mode.
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
"""
pass
def _expand(self, xmargin, ymargin=None):
if ymargin is None:
ymargin = xmargin
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.expand(xmargin, ymargin, 0))
def filter(self, filter):
"""
Filters this image using the given filter. For a list of
available filters, see the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageFilter` module.
:param filter: Filter kernel.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object."""
from . import ImageFilter
self.load()
if isinstance(filter, Callable):
filter = filter()
if not hasattr(filter, "filter"):
msg = "filter argument should be ImageFilter.Filter instance or class"
raise TypeError(msg)
multiband = isinstance(filter, ImageFilter.MultibandFilter)
if self.im.bands == 1 or multiband:
return self._new(filter.filter(self.im))
ims = []
for c in range(self.im.bands):
ims.append(self._new(filter.filter(self.im.getband(c))))
return merge(self.mode, ims)
def getbands(self):
"""
Returns a tuple containing the name of each band in this image.
For example, ``getbands`` on an RGB image returns ("R", "G", "B").
:returns: A tuple containing band names.
:rtype: tuple
"""
return ImageMode.getmode(self.mode).bands
def getbbox(self):
"""
Calculates the bounding box of the non-zero regions in the
image.
:returns: The bounding box is returned as a 4-tuple defining the
left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate. See
:ref:`coordinate-system`. If the image is completely empty, this
method returns None.
"""
self.load()
return self.im.getbbox()
def getcolors(self, maxcolors=256):
"""
Returns a list of colors used in this image.
The colors will be in the image's mode. For example, an RGB image will
return a tuple of (red, green, blue) color values, and a P image will
return the index of the color in the palette.
:param maxcolors: Maximum number of colors. If this number is
exceeded, this method returns None. The default limit is
256 colors.
:returns: An unsorted list of (count, pixel) values.
"""
self.load()
if self.mode in ("1", "L", "P"):
h = self.im.histogram()
out = []
for i in range(256):
if h[i]:
out.append((h[i], i))
if len(out) > maxcolors:
return None
return out
return self.im.getcolors(maxcolors)
def getdata(self, band=None):
"""
Returns the contents of this image as a sequence object
containing pixel values. The sequence object is flattened, so
that values for line one follow directly after the values of
line zero, and so on.
Note that the sequence object returned by this method is an
internal PIL data type, which only supports certain sequence
operations. To convert it to an ordinary sequence (e.g. for
printing), use ``list(im.getdata())``.
:param band: What band to return. The default is to return
all bands. To return a single band, pass in the index
value (e.g. 0 to get the "R" band from an "RGB" image).
:returns: A sequence-like object.
"""
self.load()
if band is not None:
return self.im.getband(band)
return self.im # could be abused
def getextrema(self):
"""
Gets the minimum and maximum pixel values for each band in
the image.
:returns: For a single-band image, a 2-tuple containing the
minimum and maximum pixel value. For a multi-band image,
a tuple containing one 2-tuple for each band.
"""
self.load()
if self.im.bands > 1:
extrema = []
for i in range(self.im.bands):
extrema.append(self.im.getband(i).getextrema())
return tuple(extrema)
return self.im.getextrema()
def _getxmp(self, xmp_tags):
def get_name(tag):
return tag.split("}")[1]
def get_value(element):
value = {get_name(k): v for k, v in element.attrib.items()}
children = list(element)
if children:
for child in children:
name = get_name(child.tag)
child_value = get_value(child)
if name in value:
if not isinstance(value[name], list):
value[name] = [value[name]]
value[name].append(child_value)
else:
value[name] = child_value
elif value:
if element.text:
value["text"] = element.text
else:
return element.text
return value
if ElementTree is None:
warnings.warn("XMP data cannot be read without defusedxml dependency")
return {}
else:
root = ElementTree.fromstring(xmp_tags)
return {get_name(root.tag): get_value(root)}
def getexif(self):
"""
Gets EXIF data from the image.
:returns: an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Exif` object.
"""
if self._exif is None:
self._exif = Exif()
self._exif._loaded = False
elif self._exif._loaded:
return self._exif
self._exif._loaded = True
exif_info = self.info.get("exif")
if exif_info is None:
if "Raw profile type exif" in self.info:
exif_info = bytes.fromhex(
"".join(self.info["Raw profile type exif"].split("\n")[3:])
)
elif hasattr(self, "tag_v2"):
self._exif.bigtiff = self.tag_v2._bigtiff
self._exif.endian = self.tag_v2._endian
self._exif.load_from_fp(self.fp, self.tag_v2._offset)
if exif_info is not None:
self._exif.load(exif_info)
# XMP tags
if 0x0112 not in self._exif:
xmp_tags = self.info.get("XML:com.adobe.xmp")
if xmp_tags:
match = re.search(r'tiff:Orientation(="|>)([0-9])', xmp_tags)
if match:
self._exif[0x0112] = int(match[2])
return self._exif
def _reload_exif(self):
if self._exif is None or not self._exif._loaded:
return
self._exif._loaded = False
self.getexif()
def get_child_images(self):
child_images = []
exif = self.getexif()
ifds = []
if ExifTags.Base.SubIFDs in exif:
subifd_offsets = exif[ExifTags.Base.SubIFDs]
if subifd_offsets:
if not isinstance(subifd_offsets, tuple):
subifd_offsets = (subifd_offsets,)
for subifd_offset in subifd_offsets:
ifds.append((exif._get_ifd_dict(subifd_offset), subifd_offset))
ifd1 = exif.get_ifd(ExifTags.IFD.IFD1)
if ifd1 and ifd1.get(513):
ifds.append((ifd1, exif._info.next))
offset = None
for ifd, ifd_offset in ifds:
current_offset = self.fp.tell()
if offset is None:
offset = current_offset
fp = self.fp
thumbnail_offset = ifd.get(513)
if thumbnail_offset is not None:
try:
thumbnail_offset += self._exif_offset
except AttributeError:
pass
self.fp.seek(thumbnail_offset)
data = self.fp.read(ifd.get(514))
fp = io.BytesIO(data)
with open(fp) as im:
if thumbnail_offset is None:
im._frame_pos = [ifd_offset]
im._seek(0)
im.load()
child_images.append(im)
if offset is not None:
self.fp.seek(offset)
return child_images
def getim(self):
"""
Returns a capsule that points to the internal image memory.
:returns: A capsule object.
"""
self.load()
return self.im.ptr
def getpalette(self, rawmode="RGB"):
"""
Returns the image palette as a list.
:param rawmode: The mode in which to return the palette. ``None`` will
return the palette in its current mode.
.. versionadded:: 9.1.0
:returns: A list of color values [r, g, b, ...], or None if the
image has no palette.
"""
self.load()
try:
mode = self.im.getpalettemode()
except ValueError:
return None # no palette
if rawmode is None:
rawmode = mode
return list(self.im.getpalette(mode, rawmode))
def apply_transparency(self):
"""
If a P mode image has a "transparency" key in the info dictionary,
remove the key and instead apply the transparency to the palette.
Otherwise, the image is unchanged.
"""
if self.mode != "P" or "transparency" not in self.info:
return
from . import ImagePalette
palette = self.getpalette("RGBA")
transparency = self.info["transparency"]
if isinstance(transparency, bytes):
for i, alpha in enumerate(transparency):
palette[i * 4 + 3] = alpha
else:
palette[transparency * 4 + 3] = 0
self.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGBA", bytes(palette))
self.palette.dirty = 1
del self.info["transparency"]
def getpixel(self, xy):
"""
Returns the pixel value at a given position.
:param xy: The coordinate, given as (x, y). See
:ref:`coordinate-system`.
:returns: The pixel value. If the image is a multi-layer image,
this method returns a tuple.
"""
self.load()
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess.getpixel(xy)
return self.im.getpixel(xy)
def getprojection(self):
"""
Get projection to x and y axes
:returns: Two sequences, indicating where there are non-zero
pixels along the X-axis and the Y-axis, respectively.
"""
self.load()
x, y = self.im.getprojection()
return list(x), list(y)
def histogram(self, mask=None, extrema=None):
"""
Returns a histogram for the image. The histogram is returned as a
list of pixel counts, one for each pixel value in the source
image. Counts are grouped into 256 bins for each band, even if
the image has more than 8 bits per band. If the image has more
than one band, the histograms for all bands are concatenated (for
example, the histogram for an "RGB" image contains 768 values).
A bilevel image (mode "1") is treated as a greyscale ("L") image
by this method.
If a mask is provided, the method returns a histogram for those
parts of the image where the mask image is non-zero. The mask
image must have the same size as the image, and be either a
bi-level image (mode "1") or a greyscale image ("L").
:param mask: An optional mask.
:param extrema: An optional tuple of manually-specified extrema.
:returns: A list containing pixel counts.
"""
self.load()
if mask:
mask.load()
return self.im.histogram((0, 0), mask.im)
if self.mode in ("I", "F"):
if extrema is None:
extrema = self.getextrema()
return self.im.histogram(extrema)
return self.im.histogram()
def entropy(self, mask=None, extrema=None):
"""
Calculates and returns the entropy for the image.
A bilevel image (mode "1") is treated as a greyscale ("L")
image by this method.
If a mask is provided, the method employs the histogram for
those parts of the image where the mask image is non-zero.
The mask image must have the same size as the image, and be
either a bi-level image (mode "1") or a greyscale image ("L").
:param mask: An optional mask.
:param extrema: An optional tuple of manually-specified extrema.
:returns: A float value representing the image entropy
"""
self.load()
if mask:
mask.load()
return self.im.entropy((0, 0), mask.im)
if self.mode in ("I", "F"):
if extrema is None:
extrema = self.getextrema()
return self.im.entropy(extrema)
return self.im.entropy()
def paste(self, im, box=None, mask=None):
"""
Pastes another image into this image. The box argument is either
a 2-tuple giving the upper left corner, a 4-tuple defining the
left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate, or None (same as
(0, 0)). See :ref:`coordinate-system`. If a 4-tuple is given, the size
of the pasted image must match the size of the region.
If the modes don't match, the pasted image is converted to the mode of
this image (see the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.convert` method for
details).
Instead of an image, the source can be a integer or tuple
containing pixel values. The method then fills the region
with the given color. When creating RGB images, you can
also use color strings as supported by the ImageColor module.
If a mask is given, this method updates only the regions
indicated by the mask. You can use either "1", "L", "LA", "RGBA"
or "RGBa" images (if present, the alpha band is used as mask).
Where the mask is 255, the given image is copied as is. Where
the mask is 0, the current value is preserved. Intermediate
values will mix the two images together, including their alpha
channels if they have them.
See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.alpha_composite` if you want to
combine images with respect to their alpha channels.
:param im: Source image or pixel value (integer or tuple).
:param box: An optional 4-tuple giving the region to paste into.
If a 2-tuple is used instead, it's treated as the upper left
corner. If omitted or None, the source is pasted into the
upper left corner.
If an image is given as the second argument and there is no
third, the box defaults to (0, 0), and the second argument
is interpreted as a mask image.
:param mask: An optional mask image.
"""
if isImageType(box) and mask is None:
# abbreviated paste(im, mask) syntax
mask = box
box = None
if box is None:
box = (0, 0)
if len(box) == 2:
# upper left corner given; get size from image or mask
if isImageType(im):
size = im.size
elif isImageType(mask):
size = mask.size
else:
# FIXME: use self.size here?
msg = "cannot determine region size; use 4-item box"
raise ValueError(msg)
box += (box[0] + size[0], box[1] + size[1])
if isinstance(im, str):
from . import ImageColor
im = ImageColor.getcolor(im, self.mode)
elif isImageType(im):
im.load()
if self.mode != im.mode:
if self.mode != "RGB" or im.mode not in ("LA", "RGBA", "RGBa"):
# should use an adapter for this!
im = im.convert(self.mode)
im = im.im
self._ensure_mutable()
if mask:
mask.load()
self.im.paste(im, box, mask.im)
else:
self.im.paste(im, box)
def alpha_composite(self, im, dest=(0, 0), source=(0, 0)):
"""'In-place' analog of Image.alpha_composite. Composites an image
onto this image.
:param im: image to composite over this one
:param dest: Optional 2 tuple (left, top) specifying the upper
left corner in this (destination) image.
:param source: Optional 2 (left, top) tuple for the upper left
corner in the overlay source image, or 4 tuple (left, top, right,
bottom) for the bounds of the source rectangle
Performance Note: Not currently implemented in-place in the core layer.
"""
if not isinstance(source, (list, tuple)):
msg = "Source must be a tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if not isinstance(dest, (list, tuple)):
msg = "Destination must be a tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if not len(source) in (2, 4):
msg = "Source must be a 2 or 4-tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if not len(dest) == 2:
msg = "Destination must be a 2-tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if min(source) < 0:
msg = "Source must be non-negative"
raise ValueError(msg)
if len(source) == 2:
source = source + im.size
# over image, crop if it's not the whole thing.
if source == (0, 0) + im.size:
overlay = im
else:
overlay = im.crop(source)
# target for the paste
box = dest + (dest[0] + overlay.width, dest[1] + overlay.height)
# destination image. don't copy if we're using the whole image.
if box == (0, 0) + self.size:
background = self
else:
background = self.crop(box)
result = alpha_composite(background, overlay)
self.paste(result, box)
def point(self, lut, mode=None):
"""
Maps this image through a lookup table or function.
:param lut: A lookup table, containing 256 (or 65536 if
self.mode=="I" and mode == "L") values per band in the
image. A function can be used instead, it should take a
single argument. The function is called once for each
possible pixel value, and the resulting table is applied to
all bands of the image.
It may also be an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImagePointHandler`
object::
class Example(Image.ImagePointHandler):
def point(self, data):
# Return result
:param mode: Output mode (default is same as input). In the
current version, this can only be used if the source image
has mode "L" or "P", and the output has mode "1" or the
source image mode is "I" and the output mode is "L".
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
if isinstance(lut, ImagePointHandler):
return lut.point(self)
if callable(lut):
# if it isn't a list, it should be a function
if self.mode in ("I", "I;16", "F"):
# check if the function can be used with point_transform
# UNDONE wiredfool -- I think this prevents us from ever doing
# a gamma function point transform on > 8bit images.
scale, offset = _getscaleoffset(lut)
return self._new(self.im.point_transform(scale, offset))
# for other modes, convert the function to a table
lut = [lut(i) for i in range(256)] * self.im.bands
if self.mode == "F":
# FIXME: _imaging returns a confusing error message for this case
msg = "point operation not supported for this mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
if mode != "F":
lut = [round(i) for i in lut]
return self._new(self.im.point(lut, mode))
def putalpha(self, alpha):
"""
Adds or replaces the alpha layer in this image. If the image
does not have an alpha layer, it's converted to "LA" or "RGBA".
The new layer must be either "L" or "1".
:param alpha: The new alpha layer. This can either be an "L" or "1"
image having the same size as this image, or an integer or
other color value.
"""
self._ensure_mutable()
if self.mode not in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
# attempt to promote self to a matching alpha mode
try:
mode = getmodebase(self.mode) + "A"
try:
self.im.setmode(mode)
except (AttributeError, ValueError) as e:
# do things the hard way
im = self.im.convert(mode)
if im.mode not in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
raise ValueError from e # sanity check
self.im = im
self.pyaccess = None
self.mode = self.im.mode
except KeyError as e:
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
if self.mode in ("LA", "PA"):
band = 1
else:
band = 3
if isImageType(alpha):
# alpha layer
if alpha.mode not in ("1", "L"):
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
alpha.load()
if alpha.mode == "1":
alpha = alpha.convert("L")
else:
# constant alpha
try:
self.im.fillband(band, alpha)
except (AttributeError, ValueError):
# do things the hard way
alpha = new("L", self.size, alpha)
else:
return
self.im.putband(alpha.im, band)
def putdata(self, data, scale=1.0, offset=0.0):
"""
Copies pixel data from a flattened sequence object into the image. The
values should start at the upper left corner (0, 0), continue to the
end of the line, followed directly by the first value of the second
line, and so on. Data will be read until either the image or the
sequence ends. The scale and offset values are used to adjust the
sequence values: **pixel = value*scale + offset**.
:param data: A flattened sequence object.
:param scale: An optional scale value. The default is 1.0.
:param offset: An optional offset value. The default is 0.0.
"""
self._ensure_mutable()
self.im.putdata(data, scale, offset)
def putpalette(self, data, rawmode="RGB"):
"""
Attaches a palette to this image. The image must be a "P", "PA", "L"
or "LA" image.
The palette sequence must contain at most 256 colors, made up of one
integer value for each channel in the raw mode.
For example, if the raw mode is "RGB", then it can contain at most 768
values, made up of red, green and blue values for the corresponding pixel
index in the 256 colors.
If the raw mode is "RGBA", then it can contain at most 1024 values,
containing red, green, blue and alpha values.
Alternatively, an 8-bit string may be used instead of an integer sequence.
:param data: A palette sequence (either a list or a string).
:param rawmode: The raw mode of the palette. Either "RGB", "RGBA", or a mode
that can be transformed to "RGB" or "RGBA" (e.g. "R", "BGR;15", "RGBA;L").
"""
from . import ImagePalette
if self.mode not in ("L", "LA", "P", "PA"):
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
if isinstance(data, ImagePalette.ImagePalette):
palette = ImagePalette.raw(data.rawmode, data.palette)
else:
if not isinstance(data, bytes):
data = bytes(data)
palette = ImagePalette.raw(rawmode, data)
self.mode = "PA" if "A" in self.mode else "P"
self.palette = palette
self.palette.mode = "RGB"
self.load() # install new palette
def putpixel(self, xy, value):
"""
Modifies the pixel at the given position. The color is given as
a single numerical value for single-band images, and a tuple for
multi-band images. In addition to this, RGB and RGBA tuples are
accepted for P and PA images.
Note that this method is relatively slow. For more extensive changes,
use :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste` or the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
module instead.
See:
* :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste`
* :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.putdata`
* :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
:param xy: The pixel coordinate, given as (x, y). See
:ref:`coordinate-system`.
:param value: The pixel value.
"""
if self.readonly:
self._copy()
self.load()
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess.putpixel(xy, value)
if (
self.mode in ("P", "PA")
and isinstance(value, (list, tuple))
and len(value) in [3, 4]
):
# RGB or RGBA value for a P or PA image
if self.mode == "PA":
alpha = value[3] if len(value) == 4 else 255
value = value[:3]
value = self.palette.getcolor(value, self)
if self.mode == "PA":
value = (value, alpha)
return self.im.putpixel(xy, value)
def remap_palette(self, dest_map, source_palette=None):
"""
Rewrites the image to reorder the palette.
:param dest_map: A list of indexes into the original palette.
e.g. ``[1,0]`` would swap a two item palette, and ``list(range(256))``
is the identity transform.
:param source_palette: Bytes or None.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
from . import ImagePalette
if self.mode not in ("L", "P"):
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
bands = 3
palette_mode = "RGB"
if source_palette is None:
if self.mode == "P":
self.load()
palette_mode = self.im.getpalettemode()
if palette_mode == "RGBA":
bands = 4
source_palette = self.im.getpalette(palette_mode, palette_mode)
else: # L-mode
source_palette = bytearray(i // 3 for i in range(768))
palette_bytes = b""
new_positions = [0] * 256
# pick only the used colors from the palette
for i, oldPosition in enumerate(dest_map):
palette_bytes += source_palette[
oldPosition * bands : oldPosition * bands + bands
]
new_positions[oldPosition] = i
# replace the palette color id of all pixel with the new id
# Palette images are [0..255], mapped through a 1 or 3
# byte/color map. We need to remap the whole image
# from palette 1 to palette 2. New_positions is
# an array of indexes into palette 1. Palette 2 is
# palette 1 with any holes removed.
# We're going to leverage the convert mechanism to use the
# C code to remap the image from palette 1 to palette 2,
# by forcing the source image into 'L' mode and adding a
# mapping 'L' mode palette, then converting back to 'L'
# sans palette thus converting the image bytes, then
# assigning the optimized RGB palette.
# perf reference, 9500x4000 gif, w/~135 colors
# 14 sec prepatch, 1 sec postpatch with optimization forced.
mapping_palette = bytearray(new_positions)
m_im = self.copy()
m_im.mode = "P"
m_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(
palette_mode, palette=mapping_palette * bands
)
# possibly set palette dirty, then
# m_im.putpalette(mapping_palette, 'L') # converts to 'P'
# or just force it.
# UNDONE -- this is part of the general issue with palettes
m_im.im.putpalette(palette_mode + ";L", m_im.palette.tobytes())
m_im = m_im.convert("L")
m_im.putpalette(palette_bytes, palette_mode)
m_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(palette_mode, palette=palette_bytes)
if "transparency" in self.info:
try:
m_im.info["transparency"] = dest_map.index(self.info["transparency"])
except ValueError:
if "transparency" in m_im.info:
del m_im.info["transparency"]
return m_im
def _get_safe_box(self, size, resample, box):
"""Expands the box so it includes adjacent pixels
that may be used by resampling with the given resampling filter.
"""
filter_support = _filters_support[resample] - 0.5
scale_x = (box[2] - box[0]) / size[0]
scale_y = (box[3] - box[1]) / size[1]
support_x = filter_support * scale_x
support_y = filter_support * scale_y
return (
max(0, int(box[0] - support_x)),
max(0, int(box[1] - support_y)),
min(self.size[0], math.ceil(box[2] + support_x)),
min(self.size[1], math.ceil(box[3] + support_y)),
)
def resize(self, size, resample=None, box=None, reducing_gap=None):
"""
Returns a resized copy of this image.
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
:param resample: An optional resampling filter. This can be
one of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`, :py:data:`Resampling.BOX`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR`, :py:data:`Resampling.HAMMING`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` or :py:data:`Resampling.LANCZOS`.
If the image has mode "1" or "P", it is always set to
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`. If the image mode specifies a number
of bits, such as "I;16", then the default filter is
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`. Otherwise, the default filter is
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC`. See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param box: An optional 4-tuple of floats providing
the source image region to be scaled.
The values must be within (0, 0, width, height) rectangle.
If omitted or None, the entire source is used.
:param reducing_gap: Apply optimization by resizing the image
in two steps. First, reducing the image by integer times
using :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.reduce`.
Second, resizing using regular resampling. The last step
changes size no less than by ``reducing_gap`` times.
``reducing_gap`` may be None (no first step is performed)
or should be greater than 1.0. The bigger ``reducing_gap``,
the closer the result to the fair resampling.
The smaller ``reducing_gap``, the faster resizing.
With ``reducing_gap`` greater or equal to 3.0, the result is
indistinguishable from fair resampling in most cases.
The default value is None (no optimization).
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if resample is None:
type_special = ";" in self.mode
resample = Resampling.NEAREST if type_special else Resampling.BICUBIC
elif resample not in (
Resampling.NEAREST,
Resampling.BILINEAR,
Resampling.BICUBIC,
Resampling.LANCZOS,
Resampling.BOX,
Resampling.HAMMING,
):
msg = f"Unknown resampling filter ({resample})."
filters = [
f"{filter[1]} ({filter[0]})"
for filter in (
(Resampling.NEAREST, "Image.Resampling.NEAREST"),
(Resampling.LANCZOS, "Image.Resampling.LANCZOS"),
(Resampling.BILINEAR, "Image.Resampling.BILINEAR"),
(Resampling.BICUBIC, "Image.Resampling.BICUBIC"),
(Resampling.BOX, "Image.Resampling.BOX"),
(Resampling.HAMMING, "Image.Resampling.HAMMING"),
)
]
msg += " Use " + ", ".join(filters[:-1]) + " or " + filters[-1]
raise ValueError(msg)
if reducing_gap is not None and reducing_gap < 1.0:
msg = "reducing_gap must be 1.0 or greater"
raise ValueError(msg)
size = tuple(size)
self.load()
if box is None:
box = (0, 0) + self.size
else:
box = tuple(box)
if self.size == size and box == (0, 0) + self.size:
return self.copy()
if self.mode in ("1", "P"):
resample = Resampling.NEAREST
if self.mode in ["LA", "RGBA"] and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
im = self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
im = im.resize(size, resample, box)
return im.convert(self.mode)
self.load()
if reducing_gap is not None and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
factor_x = int((box[2] - box[0]) / size[0] / reducing_gap) or 1
factor_y = int((box[3] - box[1]) / size[1] / reducing_gap) or 1
if factor_x > 1 or factor_y > 1:
reduce_box = self._get_safe_box(size, resample, box)
factor = (factor_x, factor_y)
if callable(self.reduce):
self = self.reduce(factor, box=reduce_box)
else:
self = Image.reduce(self, factor, box=reduce_box)
box = (
(box[0] - reduce_box[0]) / factor_x,
(box[1] - reduce_box[1]) / factor_y,
(box[2] - reduce_box[0]) / factor_x,
(box[3] - reduce_box[1]) / factor_y,
)
return self._new(self.im.resize(size, resample, box))
def reduce(self, factor, box=None):
"""
Returns a copy of the image reduced ``factor`` times.
If the size of the image is not dividable by ``factor``,
the resulting size will be rounded up.
:param factor: A greater than 0 integer or tuple of two integers
for width and height separately.
:param box: An optional 4-tuple of ints providing
the source image region to be reduced.
The values must be within ``(0, 0, width, height)`` rectangle.
If omitted or ``None``, the entire source is used.
"""
if not isinstance(factor, (list, tuple)):
factor = (factor, factor)
if box is None:
box = (0, 0) + self.size
else:
box = tuple(box)
if factor == (1, 1) and box == (0, 0) + self.size:
return self.copy()
if self.mode in ["LA", "RGBA"]:
im = self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
im = im.reduce(factor, box)
return im.convert(self.mode)
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.reduce(factor, box))
def rotate(
self,
angle,
resample=Resampling.NEAREST,
expand=0,
center=None,
translate=None,
fillcolor=None,
):
"""
Returns a rotated copy of this image. This method returns a
copy of this image, rotated the given number of degrees counter
clockwise around its centre.
:param angle: In degrees counter clockwise.
:param resample: An optional resampling filter. This can be
one of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
environment), or :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` (cubic spline
interpolation in a 4x4 environment). If omitted, or if the image has
mode "1" or "P", it is set to :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`.
See :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param expand: Optional expansion flag. If true, expands the output
image to make it large enough to hold the entire rotated image.
If false or omitted, make the output image the same size as the
input image. Note that the expand flag assumes rotation around
the center and no translation.
:param center: Optional center of rotation (a 2-tuple). Origin is
the upper left corner. Default is the center of the image.
:param translate: An optional post-rotate translation (a 2-tuple).
:param fillcolor: An optional color for area outside the rotated image.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
angle = angle % 360.0
# Fast paths regardless of filter, as long as we're not
# translating or changing the center.
if not (center or translate):
if angle == 0:
return self.copy()
if angle == 180:
return self.transpose(Transpose.ROTATE_180)
if angle in (90, 270) and (expand or self.width == self.height):
return self.transpose(
Transpose.ROTATE_90 if angle == 90 else Transpose.ROTATE_270
)
# Calculate the affine matrix. Note that this is the reverse
# transformation (from destination image to source) because we
# want to interpolate the (discrete) destination pixel from
# the local area around the (floating) source pixel.
# The matrix we actually want (note that it operates from the right):
# (1, 0, tx) (1, 0, cx) ( cos a, sin a, 0) (1, 0, -cx)
# (0, 1, ty) * (0, 1, cy) * (-sin a, cos a, 0) * (0, 1, -cy)
# (0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1) ( 0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1)
# The reverse matrix is thus:
# (1, 0, cx) ( cos -a, sin -a, 0) (1, 0, -cx) (1, 0, -tx)
# (0, 1, cy) * (-sin -a, cos -a, 0) * (0, 1, -cy) * (0, 1, -ty)
# (0, 0, 1) ( 0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1)
# In any case, the final translation may be updated at the end to
# compensate for the expand flag.
w, h = self.size
if translate is None:
post_trans = (0, 0)
else:
post_trans = translate
if center is None:
# FIXME These should be rounded to ints?
rotn_center = (w / 2.0, h / 2.0)
else:
rotn_center = center
angle = -math.radians(angle)
matrix = [
round(math.cos(angle), 15),
round(math.sin(angle), 15),
0.0,
round(-math.sin(angle), 15),
round(math.cos(angle), 15),
0.0,
]
def transform(x, y, matrix):
(a, b, c, d, e, f) = matrix
return a * x + b * y + c, d * x + e * y + f
matrix[2], matrix[5] = transform(
-rotn_center[0] - post_trans[0], -rotn_center[1] - post_trans[1], matrix
)
matrix[2] += rotn_center[0]
matrix[5] += rotn_center[1]
if expand:
# calculate output size
xx = []
yy = []
for x, y in ((0, 0), (w, 0), (w, h), (0, h)):
x, y = transform(x, y, matrix)
xx.append(x)
yy.append(y)
nw = math.ceil(max(xx)) - math.floor(min(xx))
nh = math.ceil(max(yy)) - math.floor(min(yy))
# We multiply a translation matrix from the right. Because of its
# special form, this is the same as taking the image of the
# translation vector as new translation vector.
matrix[2], matrix[5] = transform(-(nw - w) / 2.0, -(nh - h) / 2.0, matrix)
w, h = nw, nh
return self.transform(
(w, h), Transform.AFFINE, matrix, resample, fillcolor=fillcolor
)
def save(self, fp, format=None, **params):
"""
Saves this image under the given filename. If no format is
specified, the format to use is determined from the filename
extension, if possible.
Keyword options can be used to provide additional instructions
to the writer. If a writer doesn't recognise an option, it is
silently ignored. The available options are described in the
:doc:`image format documentation
<../handbook/image-file-formats>` for each writer.
You can use a file object instead of a filename. In this case,
you must always specify the format. The file object must
implement the ``seek``, ``tell``, and ``write``
methods, and be opened in binary mode.
:param fp: A filename (string), pathlib.Path object or file object.
:param format: Optional format override. If omitted, the
format to use is determined from the filename extension.
If a file object was used instead of a filename, this
parameter should always be used.
:param params: Extra parameters to the image writer.
:returns: None
:exception ValueError: If the output format could not be determined
from the file name. Use the format option to solve this.
:exception OSError: If the file could not be written. The file
may have been created, and may contain partial data.
"""
filename = ""
open_fp = False
if isinstance(fp, Path):
filename = str(fp)
open_fp = True
elif is_path(fp):
filename = fp
open_fp = True
elif fp == sys.stdout:
try:
fp = sys.stdout.buffer
except AttributeError:
pass
if not filename and hasattr(fp, "name") and is_path(fp.name):
# only set the name for metadata purposes
filename = fp.name
# may mutate self!
self._ensure_mutable()
save_all = params.pop("save_all", False)
self.encoderinfo = params
self.encoderconfig = ()
preinit()
ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1].lower()
if not format:
if ext not in EXTENSION:
init()
try:
format = EXTENSION[ext]
except KeyError as e:
msg = f"unknown file extension: {ext}"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
if format.upper() not in SAVE:
init()
if save_all:
save_handler = SAVE_ALL[format.upper()]
else:
save_handler = SAVE[format.upper()]
created = False
if open_fp:
created = not os.path.exists(filename)
if params.get("append", False):
# Open also for reading ("+"), because TIFF save_all
# writer needs to go back and edit the written data.
fp = builtins.open(filename, "r+b")
else:
fp = builtins.open(filename, "w+b")
try:
save_handler(self, fp, filename)
except Exception:
if open_fp:
fp.close()
if created:
try:
os.remove(filename)
except PermissionError:
pass
raise
if open_fp:
fp.close()
def seek(self, frame):
"""
Seeks to the given frame in this sequence file. If you seek
beyond the end of the sequence, the method raises an
``EOFError`` exception. When a sequence file is opened, the
library automatically seeks to frame 0.
See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.tell`.
If defined, :attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.n_frames` refers to the
number of available frames.
:param frame: Frame number, starting at 0.
:exception EOFError: If the call attempts to seek beyond the end
of the sequence.
"""
# overridden by file handlers
if frame != 0:
raise EOFError
def show(self, title=None):
"""
Displays this image. This method is mainly intended for debugging purposes.
This method calls :py:func:`PIL.ImageShow.show` internally. You can use
:py:func:`PIL.ImageShow.register` to override its default behaviour.
The image is first saved to a temporary file. By default, it will be in
PNG format.
On Unix, the image is then opened using the **display**, **eog** or
**xv** utility, depending on which one can be found.
On macOS, the image is opened with the native Preview application.
On Windows, the image is opened with the standard PNG display utility.
:param title: Optional title to use for the image window, where possible.
"""
_show(self, title=title)
def split(self):
"""
Split this image into individual bands. This method returns a
tuple of individual image bands from an image. For example,
splitting an "RGB" image creates three new images each
containing a copy of one of the original bands (red, green,
blue).
If you need only one band, :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.getchannel`
method can be more convenient and faster.
:returns: A tuple containing bands.
"""
self.load()
if self.im.bands == 1:
ims = [self.copy()]
else:
ims = map(self._new, self.im.split())
return tuple(ims)
def getchannel(self, channel):
"""
Returns an image containing a single channel of the source image.
:param channel: What channel to return. Could be index
(0 for "R" channel of "RGB") or channel name
("A" for alpha channel of "RGBA").
:returns: An image in "L" mode.
.. versionadded:: 4.3.0
"""
self.load()
if isinstance(channel, str):
try:
channel = self.getbands().index(channel)
except ValueError as e:
msg = f'The image has no channel "{channel}"'
raise ValueError(msg) from e
return self._new(self.im.getband(channel))
def tell(self):
"""
Returns the current frame number. See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.seek`.
If defined, :attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.n_frames` refers to the
number of available frames.
:returns: Frame number, starting with 0.
"""
return 0
def thumbnail(self, size, resample=Resampling.BICUBIC, reducing_gap=2.0):
"""
Make this image into a thumbnail. This method modifies the
image to contain a thumbnail version of itself, no larger than
the given size. This method calculates an appropriate thumbnail
size to preserve the aspect of the image, calls the
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.draft` method to configure the file reader
(where applicable), and finally resizes the image.
Note that this function modifies the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
object in place. If you need to use the full resolution image as well,
apply this method to a :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.copy` of the original
image.
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
:param resample: Optional resampling filter. This can be one
of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`, :py:data:`Resampling.BOX`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR`, :py:data:`Resampling.HAMMING`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` or :py:data:`Resampling.LANCZOS`.
If omitted, it defaults to :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC`.
(was :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` prior to version 2.5.0).
See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param reducing_gap: Apply optimization by resizing the image
in two steps. First, reducing the image by integer times
using :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.reduce` or
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.draft` for JPEG images.
Second, resizing using regular resampling. The last step
changes size no less than by ``reducing_gap`` times.
``reducing_gap`` may be None (no first step is performed)
or should be greater than 1.0. The bigger ``reducing_gap``,
the closer the result to the fair resampling.
The smaller ``reducing_gap``, the faster resizing.
With ``reducing_gap`` greater or equal to 3.0, the result is
indistinguishable from fair resampling in most cases.
The default value is 2.0 (very close to fair resampling
while still being faster in many cases).
:returns: None
"""
provided_size = tuple(map(math.floor, size))
def preserve_aspect_ratio():
def round_aspect(number, key):
return max(min(math.floor(number), math.ceil(number), key=key), 1)
x, y = provided_size
if x >= self.width and y >= self.height:
return
aspect = self.width / self.height
if x / y >= aspect:
x = round_aspect(y * aspect, key=lambda n: abs(aspect - n / y))
else:
y = round_aspect(
x / aspect, key=lambda n: 0 if n == 0 else abs(aspect - x / n)
)
return x, y
box = None
if reducing_gap is not None:
size = preserve_aspect_ratio()
if size is None:
return
res = self.draft(None, (size[0] * reducing_gap, size[1] * reducing_gap))
if res is not None:
box = res[1]
if box is None:
self.load()
# load() may have changed the size of the image
size = preserve_aspect_ratio()
if size is None:
return
if self.size != size:
im = self.resize(size, resample, box=box, reducing_gap=reducing_gap)
self.im = im.im
self._size = size
self.mode = self.im.mode
self.readonly = 0
self.pyaccess = None
# FIXME: the different transform methods need further explanation
# instead of bloating the method docs, add a separate chapter.
def transform(
self,
size,
method,
data=None,
resample=Resampling.NEAREST,
fill=1,
fillcolor=None,
):
"""
Transforms this image. This method creates a new image with the
given size, and the same mode as the original, and copies data
to the new image using the given transform.
:param size: The output size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
:param method: The transformation method. This is one of
:py:data:`Transform.EXTENT` (cut out a rectangular subregion),
:py:data:`Transform.AFFINE` (affine transform),
:py:data:`Transform.PERSPECTIVE` (perspective transform),
:py:data:`Transform.QUAD` (map a quadrilateral to a rectangle), or
:py:data:`Transform.MESH` (map a number of source quadrilaterals
in one operation).
It may also be an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImageTransformHandler`
object::
class Example(Image.ImageTransformHandler):
def transform(self, size, data, resample, fill=1):
# Return result
It may also be an object with a ``method.getdata`` method
that returns a tuple supplying new ``method`` and ``data`` values::
class Example:
def getdata(self):
method = Image.Transform.EXTENT
data = (0, 0, 100, 100)
return method, data
:param data: Extra data to the transformation method.
:param resample: Optional resampling filter. It can be one of
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
environment), or :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` (cubic spline
interpolation in a 4x4 environment). If omitted, or if the image
has mode "1" or "P", it is set to :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`.
See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param fill: If ``method`` is an
:py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImageTransformHandler` object, this is one of
the arguments passed to it. Otherwise, it is unused.
:param fillcolor: Optional fill color for the area outside the
transform in the output image.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if self.mode in ("LA", "RGBA") and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
return (
self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
.transform(size, method, data, resample, fill, fillcolor)
.convert(self.mode)
)
if isinstance(method, ImageTransformHandler):
return method.transform(size, self, resample=resample, fill=fill)
if hasattr(method, "getdata"):
# compatibility w. old-style transform objects
method, data = method.getdata()
if data is None:
msg = "missing method data"
raise ValueError(msg)
im = new(self.mode, size, fillcolor)
if self.mode == "P" and self.palette:
im.palette = self.palette.copy()
im.info = self.info.copy()
if method == Transform.MESH:
# list of quads
for box, quad in data:
im.__transformer(
box, self, Transform.QUAD, quad, resample, fillcolor is None
)
else:
im.__transformer(
(0, 0) + size, self, method, data, resample, fillcolor is None
)
return im
def __transformer(
self, box, image, method, data, resample=Resampling.NEAREST, fill=1
):
w = box[2] - box[0]
h = box[3] - box[1]
if method == Transform.AFFINE:
data = data[:6]
elif method == Transform.EXTENT:
# convert extent to an affine transform
x0, y0, x1, y1 = data
xs = (x1 - x0) / w
ys = (y1 - y0) / h
method = Transform.AFFINE
data = (xs, 0, x0, 0, ys, y0)
elif method == Transform.PERSPECTIVE:
data = data[:8]
elif method == Transform.QUAD:
# quadrilateral warp. data specifies the four corners
# given as NW, SW, SE, and NE.
nw = data[:2]
sw = data[2:4]
se = data[4:6]
ne = data[6:8]
x0, y0 = nw
As = 1.0 / w
At = 1.0 / h
data = (
x0,
(ne[0] - x0) * As,
(sw[0] - x0) * At,
(se[0] - sw[0] - ne[0] + x0) * As * At,
y0,
(ne[1] - y0) * As,
(sw[1] - y0) * At,
(se[1] - sw[1] - ne[1] + y0) * As * At,
)
else:
msg = "unknown transformation method"
raise ValueError(msg)
if resample not in (
Resampling.NEAREST,
Resampling.BILINEAR,
Resampling.BICUBIC,
):
if resample in (Resampling.BOX, Resampling.HAMMING, Resampling.LANCZOS):
msg = {
Resampling.BOX: "Image.Resampling.BOX",
Resampling.HAMMING: "Image.Resampling.HAMMING",
Resampling.LANCZOS: "Image.Resampling.LANCZOS",
}[resample] + f" ({resample}) cannot be used."
else:
msg = f"Unknown resampling filter ({resample})."
filters = [
f"{filter[1]} ({filter[0]})"
for filter in (
(Resampling.NEAREST, "Image.Resampling.NEAREST"),
(Resampling.BILINEAR, "Image.Resampling.BILINEAR"),
(Resampling.BICUBIC, "Image.Resampling.BICUBIC"),
)
]
msg += " Use " + ", ".join(filters[:-1]) + " or " + filters[-1]
raise ValueError(msg)
image.load()
self.load()
if image.mode in ("1", "P"):
resample = Resampling.NEAREST
self.im.transform2(box, image.im, method, data, resample, fill)
def transpose(self, method):
"""
Transpose image (flip or rotate in 90 degree steps)
:param method: One of :py:data:`Transpose.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT`,
:py:data:`Transpose.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM`, :py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_90`,
:py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_180`, :py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_270`,
:py:data:`Transpose.TRANSPOSE` or :py:data:`Transpose.TRANSVERSE`.
:returns: Returns a flipped or rotated copy of this image.
"""
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.transpose(method))
def effect_spread(self, distance):
"""
Randomly spread pixels in an image.
:param distance: Distance to spread pixels.
"""
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.effect_spread(distance))
def toqimage(self):
"""Returns a QImage copy of this image"""
from . import ImageQt
if not ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
msg = "Qt bindings are not installed"
raise ImportError(msg)
return ImageQt.toqimage(self)
def toqpixmap(self):
"""Returns a QPixmap copy of this image"""
from . import ImageQt
if not ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
msg = "Qt bindings are not installed"
raise ImportError(msg)
return ImageQt.toqpixmap(self)
def read_mk(fobj, start_length, size):
# Alpha masks seem to be uncompressed
start = start_length[0]
fobj.seek(start)
pixel_size = (size[0] * size[2], size[1] * size[2])
sizesq = pixel_size[0] * pixel_size[1]
band = Image.frombuffer("L", pixel_size, fobj.read(sizesq), "raw", "L", 0, 1)
return {"A": band} | null |
174,026 | import io
import os
import struct
import sys
from PIL import Image, ImageFile, PngImagePlugin, features
enable_jpeg2k = features.check_codec("jpg_2000")
if enable_jpeg2k:
from PIL import Jpeg2KImagePlugin
Image.register_open(IcnsImageFile.format, IcnsImageFile, _accept)
Image.register_extension(IcnsImageFile.format, ".icns")
Image.register_save(IcnsImageFile.format, _save)
Image.register_mime(IcnsImageFile.format, "image/icns")
class Image:
"""
This class represents an image object. To create
:py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` objects, use the appropriate factory
functions. There's hardly ever any reason to call the Image constructor
directly.
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.open`
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.new`
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes`
"""
format = None
format_description = None
_close_exclusive_fp_after_loading = True
def __init__(self):
# FIXME: take "new" parameters / other image?
# FIXME: turn mode and size into delegating properties?
self.im = None
self.mode = ""
self._size = (0, 0)
self.palette = None
self.info = {}
self._category = 0
self.readonly = 0
self.pyaccess = None
self._exif = None
def __getattr__(self, name):
if name == "category":
deprecate("Image categories", 10, "is_animated", plural=True)
return self._category
raise AttributeError(name)
def width(self):
return self.size[0]
def height(self):
return self.size[1]
def size(self):
return self._size
def _new(self, im):
new = Image()
new.im = im
new.mode = im.mode
new._size = im.size
if im.mode in ("P", "PA"):
if self.palette:
new.palette = self.palette.copy()
else:
from . import ImagePalette
new.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette()
new.info = self.info.copy()
return new
# Context manager support
def __enter__(self):
return self
def __exit__(self, *args):
if hasattr(self, "fp") and getattr(self, "_exclusive_fp", False):
if getattr(self, "_fp", False):
if self._fp != self.fp:
self._fp.close()
self._fp = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
if self.fp:
self.fp.close()
self.fp = None
def close(self):
"""
Closes the file pointer, if possible.
This operation will destroy the image core and release its memory.
The image data will be unusable afterward.
This function is required to close images that have multiple frames or
have not had their file read and closed by the
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.load` method. See :ref:`file-handling` for
more information.
"""
try:
if getattr(self, "_fp", False):
if self._fp != self.fp:
self._fp.close()
self._fp = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
if self.fp:
self.fp.close()
self.fp = None
except Exception as msg:
logger.debug("Error closing: %s", msg)
if getattr(self, "map", None):
self.map = None
# Instead of simply setting to None, we're setting up a
# deferred error that will better explain that the core image
# object is gone.
self.im = DeferredError(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
def _copy(self):
self.load()
self.im = self.im.copy()
self.pyaccess = None
self.readonly = 0
def _ensure_mutable(self):
if self.readonly:
self._copy()
else:
self.load()
def _dump(self, file=None, format=None, **options):
suffix = ""
if format:
suffix = "." + format
if not file:
f, filename = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix)
os.close(f)
else:
filename = file
if not filename.endswith(suffix):
filename = filename + suffix
self.load()
if not format or format == "PPM":
self.im.save_ppm(filename)
else:
self.save(filename, format, **options)
return filename
def __eq__(self, other):
return (
self.__class__ is other.__class__
and self.mode == other.mode
and self.size == other.size
and self.info == other.info
and self._category == other._category
and self.getpalette() == other.getpalette()
and self.tobytes() == other.tobytes()
)
def __repr__(self):
return "<%s.%s image mode=%s size=%dx%d at 0x%X>" % (
self.__class__.__module__,
self.__class__.__name__,
self.mode,
self.size[0],
self.size[1],
id(self),
)
def _repr_pretty_(self, p, cycle):
"""IPython plain text display support"""
# Same as __repr__ but without unpredictable id(self),
# to keep Jupyter notebook `text/plain` output stable.
p.text(
"<%s.%s image mode=%s size=%dx%d>"
% (
self.__class__.__module__,
self.__class__.__name__,
self.mode,
self.size[0],
self.size[1],
)
)
def _repr_png_(self):
"""iPython display hook support
:returns: png version of the image as bytes
"""
b = io.BytesIO()
try:
self.save(b, "PNG")
except Exception as e:
msg = "Could not save to PNG for display"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
return b.getvalue()
def __array_interface__(self):
# numpy array interface support
new = {"version": 3}
try:
if self.mode == "1":
# Binary images need to be extended from bits to bytes
# See: https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/350
new["data"] = self.tobytes("raw", "L")
else:
new["data"] = self.tobytes()
except Exception as e:
if not isinstance(e, (MemoryError, RecursionError)):
try:
import numpy
from packaging.version import parse as parse_version
except ImportError:
pass
else:
if parse_version(numpy.__version__) < parse_version("1.23"):
warnings.warn(e)
raise
new["shape"], new["typestr"] = _conv_type_shape(self)
return new
def __getstate__(self):
return [self.info, self.mode, self.size, self.getpalette(), self.tobytes()]
def __setstate__(self, state):
Image.__init__(self)
info, mode, size, palette, data = state
self.info = info
self.mode = mode
self._size = size
self.im = core.new(mode, size)
if mode in ("L", "LA", "P", "PA") and palette:
self.putpalette(palette)
self.frombytes(data)
def tobytes(self, encoder_name="raw", *args):
"""
Return image as a bytes object.
.. warning::
This method returns the raw image data from the internal
storage. For compressed image data (e.g. PNG, JPEG) use
:meth:`~.save`, with a BytesIO parameter for in-memory
data.
:param encoder_name: What encoder to use. The default is to
use the standard "raw" encoder.
A list of C encoders can be seen under
codecs section of the function array in
:file:`_imaging.c`. Python encoders are
registered within the relevant plugins.
:param args: Extra arguments to the encoder.
:returns: A :py:class:`bytes` object.
"""
# may pass tuple instead of argument list
if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
args = args[0]
if encoder_name == "raw" and args == ():
args = self.mode
self.load()
if self.width == 0 or self.height == 0:
return b""
# unpack data
e = _getencoder(self.mode, encoder_name, args)
e.setimage(self.im)
bufsize = max(65536, self.size[0] * 4) # see RawEncode.c
output = []
while True:
bytes_consumed, errcode, data = e.encode(bufsize)
output.append(data)
if errcode:
break
if errcode < 0:
msg = f"encoder error {errcode} in tobytes"
raise RuntimeError(msg)
return b"".join(output)
def tobitmap(self, name="image"):
"""
Returns the image converted to an X11 bitmap.
.. note:: This method only works for mode "1" images.
:param name: The name prefix to use for the bitmap variables.
:returns: A string containing an X11 bitmap.
:raises ValueError: If the mode is not "1"
"""
self.load()
if self.mode != "1":
msg = "not a bitmap"
raise ValueError(msg)
data = self.tobytes("xbm")
return b"".join(
[
f"#define {name}_width {self.size[0]}\n".encode("ascii"),
f"#define {name}_height {self.size[1]}\n".encode("ascii"),
f"static char {name}_bits[] = {{\n".encode("ascii"),
data,
b"};",
]
)
def frombytes(self, data, decoder_name="raw", *args):
"""
Loads this image with pixel data from a bytes object.
This method is similar to the :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes` function,
but loads data into this image instead of creating a new image object.
"""
# may pass tuple instead of argument list
if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
args = args[0]
# default format
if decoder_name == "raw" and args == ():
args = self.mode
# unpack data
d = _getdecoder(self.mode, decoder_name, args)
d.setimage(self.im)
s = d.decode(data)
if s[0] >= 0:
msg = "not enough image data"
raise ValueError(msg)
if s[1] != 0:
msg = "cannot decode image data"
raise ValueError(msg)
def load(self):
"""
Allocates storage for the image and loads the pixel data. In
normal cases, you don't need to call this method, since the
Image class automatically loads an opened image when it is
accessed for the first time.
If the file associated with the image was opened by Pillow, then this
method will close it. The exception to this is if the image has
multiple frames, in which case the file will be left open for seek
operations. See :ref:`file-handling` for more information.
:returns: An image access object.
:rtype: :ref:`PixelAccess` or :py:class:`PIL.PyAccess`
"""
if self.im is not None and self.palette and self.palette.dirty:
# realize palette
mode, arr = self.palette.getdata()
self.im.putpalette(mode, arr)
self.palette.dirty = 0
self.palette.rawmode = None
if "transparency" in self.info and mode in ("LA", "PA"):
if isinstance(self.info["transparency"], int):
self.im.putpalettealpha(self.info["transparency"], 0)
else:
self.im.putpalettealphas(self.info["transparency"])
self.palette.mode = "RGBA"
else:
palette_mode = "RGBA" if mode.startswith("RGBA") else "RGB"
self.palette.mode = palette_mode
self.palette.palette = self.im.getpalette(palette_mode, palette_mode)
if self.im is not None:
if cffi and USE_CFFI_ACCESS:
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess
from . import PyAccess
self.pyaccess = PyAccess.new(self, self.readonly)
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess
return self.im.pixel_access(self.readonly)
def verify(self):
"""
Verifies the contents of a file. For data read from a file, this
method attempts to determine if the file is broken, without
actually decoding the image data. If this method finds any
problems, it raises suitable exceptions. If you need to load
the image after using this method, you must reopen the image
file.
"""
pass
def convert(
self, mode=None, matrix=None, dither=None, palette=Palette.WEB, colors=256
):
"""
Returns a converted copy of this image. For the "P" mode, this
method translates pixels through the palette. If mode is
omitted, a mode is chosen so that all information in the image
and the palette can be represented without a palette.
The current version supports all possible conversions between
"L", "RGB" and "CMYK". The ``matrix`` argument only supports "L"
and "RGB".
When translating a color image to greyscale (mode "L"),
the library uses the ITU-R 601-2 luma transform::
L = R * 299/1000 + G * 587/1000 + B * 114/1000
The default method of converting a greyscale ("L") or "RGB"
image into a bilevel (mode "1") image uses Floyd-Steinberg
dither to approximate the original image luminosity levels. If
dither is ``None``, all values larger than 127 are set to 255 (white),
all other values to 0 (black). To use other thresholds, use the
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.point` method.
When converting from "RGBA" to "P" without a ``matrix`` argument,
this passes the operation to :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.quantize`,
and ``dither`` and ``palette`` are ignored.
When converting from "PA", if an "RGBA" palette is present, the alpha
channel from the image will be used instead of the values from the palette.
:param mode: The requested mode. See: :ref:`concept-modes`.
:param matrix: An optional conversion matrix. If given, this
should be 4- or 12-tuple containing floating point values.
:param dither: Dithering method, used when converting from
mode "RGB" to "P" or from "RGB" or "L" to "1".
Available methods are :data:`Dither.NONE` or :data:`Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG`
(default). Note that this is not used when ``matrix`` is supplied.
:param palette: Palette to use when converting from mode "RGB"
to "P". Available palettes are :data:`Palette.WEB` or
:data:`Palette.ADAPTIVE`.
:param colors: Number of colors to use for the :data:`Palette.ADAPTIVE`
palette. Defaults to 256.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
has_transparency = self.info.get("transparency") is not None
if not mode and self.mode == "P":
# determine default mode
if self.palette:
mode = self.palette.mode
else:
mode = "RGB"
if mode == "RGB" and has_transparency:
mode = "RGBA"
if not mode or (mode == self.mode and not matrix):
return self.copy()
if matrix:
# matrix conversion
if mode not in ("L", "RGB"):
msg = "illegal conversion"
raise ValueError(msg)
im = self.im.convert_matrix(mode, matrix)
new = self._new(im)
if has_transparency and self.im.bands == 3:
transparency = new.info["transparency"]
def convert_transparency(m, v):
v = m[0] * v[0] + m[1] * v[1] + m[2] * v[2] + m[3] * 0.5
return max(0, min(255, int(v)))
if mode == "L":
transparency = convert_transparency(matrix, transparency)
elif len(mode) == 3:
transparency = tuple(
convert_transparency(matrix[i * 4 : i * 4 + 4], transparency)
for i in range(0, len(transparency))
)
new.info["transparency"] = transparency
return new
if mode == "P" and self.mode == "RGBA":
return self.quantize(colors)
trns = None
delete_trns = False
# transparency handling
if has_transparency:
if (self.mode in ("1", "L", "I") and mode in ("LA", "RGBA")) or (
self.mode == "RGB" and mode == "RGBA"
):
# Use transparent conversion to promote from transparent
# color to an alpha channel.
new_im = self._new(
self.im.convert_transparent(mode, self.info["transparency"])
)
del new_im.info["transparency"]
return new_im
elif self.mode in ("L", "RGB", "P") and mode in ("L", "RGB", "P"):
t = self.info["transparency"]
if isinstance(t, bytes):
# Dragons. This can't be represented by a single color
warnings.warn(
"Palette images with Transparency expressed in bytes should be "
"converted to RGBA images"
)
delete_trns = True
else:
# get the new transparency color.
# use existing conversions
trns_im = Image()._new(core.new(self.mode, (1, 1)))
if self.mode == "P":
trns_im.putpalette(self.palette)
if isinstance(t, tuple):
err = "Couldn't allocate a palette color for transparency"
try:
t = trns_im.palette.getcolor(t, self)
except ValueError as e:
if str(e) == "cannot allocate more than 256 colors":
# If all 256 colors are in use,
# then there is no need for transparency
t = None
else:
raise ValueError(err) from e
if t is None:
trns = None
else:
trns_im.putpixel((0, 0), t)
if mode in ("L", "RGB"):
trns_im = trns_im.convert(mode)
else:
# can't just retrieve the palette number, got to do it
# after quantization.
trns_im = trns_im.convert("RGB")
trns = trns_im.getpixel((0, 0))
elif self.mode == "P" and mode in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
t = self.info["transparency"]
delete_trns = True
if isinstance(t, bytes):
self.im.putpalettealphas(t)
elif isinstance(t, int):
self.im.putpalettealpha(t, 0)
else:
msg = "Transparency for P mode should be bytes or int"
raise ValueError(msg)
if mode == "P" and palette == Palette.ADAPTIVE:
im = self.im.quantize(colors)
new = self._new(im)
from . import ImagePalette
new.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGB", new.im.getpalette("RGB"))
if delete_trns:
# This could possibly happen if we requantize to fewer colors.
# The transparency would be totally off in that case.
del new.info["transparency"]
if trns is not None:
try:
new.info["transparency"] = new.palette.getcolor(trns, new)
except Exception:
# if we can't make a transparent color, don't leave the old
# transparency hanging around to mess us up.
del new.info["transparency"]
warnings.warn("Couldn't allocate palette entry for transparency")
return new
if "LAB" in (self.mode, mode):
other_mode = mode if self.mode == "LAB" else self.mode
if other_mode in ("RGB", "RGBA", "RGBX"):
from . import ImageCms
srgb = ImageCms.createProfile("sRGB")
lab = ImageCms.createProfile("LAB")
profiles = [lab, srgb] if self.mode == "LAB" else [srgb, lab]
transform = ImageCms.buildTransform(
profiles[0], profiles[1], self.mode, mode
)
return transform.apply(self)
# colorspace conversion
if dither is None:
dither = Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG
try:
im = self.im.convert(mode, dither)
except ValueError:
try:
# normalize source image and try again
modebase = getmodebase(self.mode)
if modebase == self.mode:
raise
im = self.im.convert(modebase)
im = im.convert(mode, dither)
except KeyError as e:
msg = "illegal conversion"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
new_im = self._new(im)
if mode == "P" and palette != Palette.ADAPTIVE:
from . import ImagePalette
new_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGB", list(range(256)) * 3)
if delete_trns:
# crash fail if we leave a bytes transparency in an rgb/l mode.
del new_im.info["transparency"]
if trns is not None:
if new_im.mode == "P":
try:
new_im.info["transparency"] = new_im.palette.getcolor(trns, new_im)
except ValueError as e:
del new_im.info["transparency"]
if str(e) != "cannot allocate more than 256 colors":
# If all 256 colors are in use,
# then there is no need for transparency
warnings.warn(
"Couldn't allocate palette entry for transparency"
)
else:
new_im.info["transparency"] = trns
return new_im
def quantize(
self,
colors=256,
method=None,
kmeans=0,
palette=None,
dither=Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG,
):
"""
Convert the image to 'P' mode with the specified number
of colors.
:param colors: The desired number of colors, <= 256
:param method: :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT` (median cut),
:data:`Quantize.MAXCOVERAGE` (maximum coverage),
:data:`Quantize.FASTOCTREE` (fast octree),
:data:`Quantize.LIBIMAGEQUANT` (libimagequant; check support
using :py:func:`PIL.features.check_feature` with
``feature="libimagequant"``).
By default, :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT` will be used.
The exception to this is RGBA images. :data:`Quantize.MEDIANCUT`
and :data:`Quantize.MAXCOVERAGE` do not support RGBA images, so
:data:`Quantize.FASTOCTREE` is used by default instead.
:param kmeans: Integer
:param palette: Quantize to the palette of given
:py:class:`PIL.Image.Image`.
:param dither: Dithering method, used when converting from
mode "RGB" to "P" or from "RGB" or "L" to "1".
Available methods are :data:`Dither.NONE` or :data:`Dither.FLOYDSTEINBERG`
(default).
:returns: A new image
"""
self.load()
if method is None:
# defaults:
method = Quantize.MEDIANCUT
if self.mode == "RGBA":
method = Quantize.FASTOCTREE
if self.mode == "RGBA" and method not in (
Quantize.FASTOCTREE,
Quantize.LIBIMAGEQUANT,
):
# Caller specified an invalid mode.
msg = (
"Fast Octree (method == 2) and libimagequant (method == 3) "
"are the only valid methods for quantizing RGBA images"
)
raise ValueError(msg)
if palette:
# use palette from reference image
palette.load()
if palette.mode != "P":
msg = "bad mode for palette image"
raise ValueError(msg)
if self.mode != "RGB" and self.mode != "L":
msg = "only RGB or L mode images can be quantized to a palette"
raise ValueError(msg)
im = self.im.convert("P", dither, palette.im)
new_im = self._new(im)
new_im.palette = palette.palette.copy()
return new_im
im = self._new(self.im.quantize(colors, method, kmeans))
from . import ImagePalette
mode = im.im.getpalettemode()
palette = im.im.getpalette(mode, mode)[: colors * len(mode)]
im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(mode, palette)
return im
def copy(self):
"""
Copies this image. Use this method if you wish to paste things
into an image, but still retain the original.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.copy())
__copy__ = copy
def crop(self, box=None):
"""
Returns a rectangular region from this image. The box is a
4-tuple defining the left, upper, right, and lower pixel
coordinate. See :ref:`coordinate-system`.
Note: Prior to Pillow 3.4.0, this was a lazy operation.
:param box: The crop rectangle, as a (left, upper, right, lower)-tuple.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if box is None:
return self.copy()
if box[2] < box[0]:
msg = "Coordinate 'right' is less than 'left'"
raise ValueError(msg)
elif box[3] < box[1]:
msg = "Coordinate 'lower' is less than 'upper'"
raise ValueError(msg)
self.load()
return self._new(self._crop(self.im, box))
def _crop(self, im, box):
"""
Returns a rectangular region from the core image object im.
This is equivalent to calling im.crop((x0, y0, x1, y1)), but
includes additional sanity checks.
:param im: a core image object
:param box: The crop rectangle, as a (left, upper, right, lower)-tuple.
:returns: A core image object.
"""
x0, y0, x1, y1 = map(int, map(round, box))
absolute_values = (abs(x1 - x0), abs(y1 - y0))
_decompression_bomb_check(absolute_values)
return im.crop((x0, y0, x1, y1))
def draft(self, mode, size):
"""
Configures the image file loader so it returns a version of the
image that as closely as possible matches the given mode and
size. For example, you can use this method to convert a color
JPEG to greyscale while loading it.
If any changes are made, returns a tuple with the chosen ``mode`` and
``box`` with coordinates of the original image within the altered one.
Note that this method modifies the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object
in place. If the image has already been loaded, this method has no
effect.
Note: This method is not implemented for most images. It is
currently implemented only for JPEG and MPO images.
:param mode: The requested mode.
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
"""
pass
def _expand(self, xmargin, ymargin=None):
if ymargin is None:
ymargin = xmargin
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.expand(xmargin, ymargin, 0))
def filter(self, filter):
"""
Filters this image using the given filter. For a list of
available filters, see the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageFilter` module.
:param filter: Filter kernel.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object."""
from . import ImageFilter
self.load()
if isinstance(filter, Callable):
filter = filter()
if not hasattr(filter, "filter"):
msg = "filter argument should be ImageFilter.Filter instance or class"
raise TypeError(msg)
multiband = isinstance(filter, ImageFilter.MultibandFilter)
if self.im.bands == 1 or multiband:
return self._new(filter.filter(self.im))
ims = []
for c in range(self.im.bands):
ims.append(self._new(filter.filter(self.im.getband(c))))
return merge(self.mode, ims)
def getbands(self):
"""
Returns a tuple containing the name of each band in this image.
For example, ``getbands`` on an RGB image returns ("R", "G", "B").
:returns: A tuple containing band names.
:rtype: tuple
"""
return ImageMode.getmode(self.mode).bands
def getbbox(self):
"""
Calculates the bounding box of the non-zero regions in the
image.
:returns: The bounding box is returned as a 4-tuple defining the
left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate. See
:ref:`coordinate-system`. If the image is completely empty, this
method returns None.
"""
self.load()
return self.im.getbbox()
def getcolors(self, maxcolors=256):
"""
Returns a list of colors used in this image.
The colors will be in the image's mode. For example, an RGB image will
return a tuple of (red, green, blue) color values, and a P image will
return the index of the color in the palette.
:param maxcolors: Maximum number of colors. If this number is
exceeded, this method returns None. The default limit is
256 colors.
:returns: An unsorted list of (count, pixel) values.
"""
self.load()
if self.mode in ("1", "L", "P"):
h = self.im.histogram()
out = []
for i in range(256):
if h[i]:
out.append((h[i], i))
if len(out) > maxcolors:
return None
return out
return self.im.getcolors(maxcolors)
def getdata(self, band=None):
"""
Returns the contents of this image as a sequence object
containing pixel values. The sequence object is flattened, so
that values for line one follow directly after the values of
line zero, and so on.
Note that the sequence object returned by this method is an
internal PIL data type, which only supports certain sequence
operations. To convert it to an ordinary sequence (e.g. for
printing), use ``list(im.getdata())``.
:param band: What band to return. The default is to return
all bands. To return a single band, pass in the index
value (e.g. 0 to get the "R" band from an "RGB" image).
:returns: A sequence-like object.
"""
self.load()
if band is not None:
return self.im.getband(band)
return self.im # could be abused
def getextrema(self):
"""
Gets the minimum and maximum pixel values for each band in
the image.
:returns: For a single-band image, a 2-tuple containing the
minimum and maximum pixel value. For a multi-band image,
a tuple containing one 2-tuple for each band.
"""
self.load()
if self.im.bands > 1:
extrema = []
for i in range(self.im.bands):
extrema.append(self.im.getband(i).getextrema())
return tuple(extrema)
return self.im.getextrema()
def _getxmp(self, xmp_tags):
def get_name(tag):
return tag.split("}")[1]
def get_value(element):
value = {get_name(k): v for k, v in element.attrib.items()}
children = list(element)
if children:
for child in children:
name = get_name(child.tag)
child_value = get_value(child)
if name in value:
if not isinstance(value[name], list):
value[name] = [value[name]]
value[name].append(child_value)
else:
value[name] = child_value
elif value:
if element.text:
value["text"] = element.text
else:
return element.text
return value
if ElementTree is None:
warnings.warn("XMP data cannot be read without defusedxml dependency")
return {}
else:
root = ElementTree.fromstring(xmp_tags)
return {get_name(root.tag): get_value(root)}
def getexif(self):
"""
Gets EXIF data from the image.
:returns: an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Exif` object.
"""
if self._exif is None:
self._exif = Exif()
self._exif._loaded = False
elif self._exif._loaded:
return self._exif
self._exif._loaded = True
exif_info = self.info.get("exif")
if exif_info is None:
if "Raw profile type exif" in self.info:
exif_info = bytes.fromhex(
"".join(self.info["Raw profile type exif"].split("\n")[3:])
)
elif hasattr(self, "tag_v2"):
self._exif.bigtiff = self.tag_v2._bigtiff
self._exif.endian = self.tag_v2._endian
self._exif.load_from_fp(self.fp, self.tag_v2._offset)
if exif_info is not None:
self._exif.load(exif_info)
# XMP tags
if 0x0112 not in self._exif:
xmp_tags = self.info.get("XML:com.adobe.xmp")
if xmp_tags:
match = re.search(r'tiff:Orientation(="|>)([0-9])', xmp_tags)
if match:
self._exif[0x0112] = int(match[2])
return self._exif
def _reload_exif(self):
if self._exif is None or not self._exif._loaded:
return
self._exif._loaded = False
self.getexif()
def get_child_images(self):
child_images = []
exif = self.getexif()
ifds = []
if ExifTags.Base.SubIFDs in exif:
subifd_offsets = exif[ExifTags.Base.SubIFDs]
if subifd_offsets:
if not isinstance(subifd_offsets, tuple):
subifd_offsets = (subifd_offsets,)
for subifd_offset in subifd_offsets:
ifds.append((exif._get_ifd_dict(subifd_offset), subifd_offset))
ifd1 = exif.get_ifd(ExifTags.IFD.IFD1)
if ifd1 and ifd1.get(513):
ifds.append((ifd1, exif._info.next))
offset = None
for ifd, ifd_offset in ifds:
current_offset = self.fp.tell()
if offset is None:
offset = current_offset
fp = self.fp
thumbnail_offset = ifd.get(513)
if thumbnail_offset is not None:
try:
thumbnail_offset += self._exif_offset
except AttributeError:
pass
self.fp.seek(thumbnail_offset)
data = self.fp.read(ifd.get(514))
fp = io.BytesIO(data)
with open(fp) as im:
if thumbnail_offset is None:
im._frame_pos = [ifd_offset]
im._seek(0)
im.load()
child_images.append(im)
if offset is not None:
self.fp.seek(offset)
return child_images
def getim(self):
"""
Returns a capsule that points to the internal image memory.
:returns: A capsule object.
"""
self.load()
return self.im.ptr
def getpalette(self, rawmode="RGB"):
"""
Returns the image palette as a list.
:param rawmode: The mode in which to return the palette. ``None`` will
return the palette in its current mode.
.. versionadded:: 9.1.0
:returns: A list of color values [r, g, b, ...], or None if the
image has no palette.
"""
self.load()
try:
mode = self.im.getpalettemode()
except ValueError:
return None # no palette
if rawmode is None:
rawmode = mode
return list(self.im.getpalette(mode, rawmode))
def apply_transparency(self):
"""
If a P mode image has a "transparency" key in the info dictionary,
remove the key and instead apply the transparency to the palette.
Otherwise, the image is unchanged.
"""
if self.mode != "P" or "transparency" not in self.info:
return
from . import ImagePalette
palette = self.getpalette("RGBA")
transparency = self.info["transparency"]
if isinstance(transparency, bytes):
for i, alpha in enumerate(transparency):
palette[i * 4 + 3] = alpha
else:
palette[transparency * 4 + 3] = 0
self.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette("RGBA", bytes(palette))
self.palette.dirty = 1
del self.info["transparency"]
def getpixel(self, xy):
"""
Returns the pixel value at a given position.
:param xy: The coordinate, given as (x, y). See
:ref:`coordinate-system`.
:returns: The pixel value. If the image is a multi-layer image,
this method returns a tuple.
"""
self.load()
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess.getpixel(xy)
return self.im.getpixel(xy)
def getprojection(self):
"""
Get projection to x and y axes
:returns: Two sequences, indicating where there are non-zero
pixels along the X-axis and the Y-axis, respectively.
"""
self.load()
x, y = self.im.getprojection()
return list(x), list(y)
def histogram(self, mask=None, extrema=None):
"""
Returns a histogram for the image. The histogram is returned as a
list of pixel counts, one for each pixel value in the source
image. Counts are grouped into 256 bins for each band, even if
the image has more than 8 bits per band. If the image has more
than one band, the histograms for all bands are concatenated (for
example, the histogram for an "RGB" image contains 768 values).
A bilevel image (mode "1") is treated as a greyscale ("L") image
by this method.
If a mask is provided, the method returns a histogram for those
parts of the image where the mask image is non-zero. The mask
image must have the same size as the image, and be either a
bi-level image (mode "1") or a greyscale image ("L").
:param mask: An optional mask.
:param extrema: An optional tuple of manually-specified extrema.
:returns: A list containing pixel counts.
"""
self.load()
if mask:
mask.load()
return self.im.histogram((0, 0), mask.im)
if self.mode in ("I", "F"):
if extrema is None:
extrema = self.getextrema()
return self.im.histogram(extrema)
return self.im.histogram()
def entropy(self, mask=None, extrema=None):
"""
Calculates and returns the entropy for the image.
A bilevel image (mode "1") is treated as a greyscale ("L")
image by this method.
If a mask is provided, the method employs the histogram for
those parts of the image where the mask image is non-zero.
The mask image must have the same size as the image, and be
either a bi-level image (mode "1") or a greyscale image ("L").
:param mask: An optional mask.
:param extrema: An optional tuple of manually-specified extrema.
:returns: A float value representing the image entropy
"""
self.load()
if mask:
mask.load()
return self.im.entropy((0, 0), mask.im)
if self.mode in ("I", "F"):
if extrema is None:
extrema = self.getextrema()
return self.im.entropy(extrema)
return self.im.entropy()
def paste(self, im, box=None, mask=None):
"""
Pastes another image into this image. The box argument is either
a 2-tuple giving the upper left corner, a 4-tuple defining the
left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate, or None (same as
(0, 0)). See :ref:`coordinate-system`. If a 4-tuple is given, the size
of the pasted image must match the size of the region.
If the modes don't match, the pasted image is converted to the mode of
this image (see the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.convert` method for
details).
Instead of an image, the source can be a integer or tuple
containing pixel values. The method then fills the region
with the given color. When creating RGB images, you can
also use color strings as supported by the ImageColor module.
If a mask is given, this method updates only the regions
indicated by the mask. You can use either "1", "L", "LA", "RGBA"
or "RGBa" images (if present, the alpha band is used as mask).
Where the mask is 255, the given image is copied as is. Where
the mask is 0, the current value is preserved. Intermediate
values will mix the two images together, including their alpha
channels if they have them.
See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.alpha_composite` if you want to
combine images with respect to their alpha channels.
:param im: Source image or pixel value (integer or tuple).
:param box: An optional 4-tuple giving the region to paste into.
If a 2-tuple is used instead, it's treated as the upper left
corner. If omitted or None, the source is pasted into the
upper left corner.
If an image is given as the second argument and there is no
third, the box defaults to (0, 0), and the second argument
is interpreted as a mask image.
:param mask: An optional mask image.
"""
if isImageType(box) and mask is None:
# abbreviated paste(im, mask) syntax
mask = box
box = None
if box is None:
box = (0, 0)
if len(box) == 2:
# upper left corner given; get size from image or mask
if isImageType(im):
size = im.size
elif isImageType(mask):
size = mask.size
else:
# FIXME: use self.size here?
msg = "cannot determine region size; use 4-item box"
raise ValueError(msg)
box += (box[0] + size[0], box[1] + size[1])
if isinstance(im, str):
from . import ImageColor
im = ImageColor.getcolor(im, self.mode)
elif isImageType(im):
im.load()
if self.mode != im.mode:
if self.mode != "RGB" or im.mode not in ("LA", "RGBA", "RGBa"):
# should use an adapter for this!
im = im.convert(self.mode)
im = im.im
self._ensure_mutable()
if mask:
mask.load()
self.im.paste(im, box, mask.im)
else:
self.im.paste(im, box)
def alpha_composite(self, im, dest=(0, 0), source=(0, 0)):
"""'In-place' analog of Image.alpha_composite. Composites an image
onto this image.
:param im: image to composite over this one
:param dest: Optional 2 tuple (left, top) specifying the upper
left corner in this (destination) image.
:param source: Optional 2 (left, top) tuple for the upper left
corner in the overlay source image, or 4 tuple (left, top, right,
bottom) for the bounds of the source rectangle
Performance Note: Not currently implemented in-place in the core layer.
"""
if not isinstance(source, (list, tuple)):
msg = "Source must be a tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if not isinstance(dest, (list, tuple)):
msg = "Destination must be a tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if not len(source) in (2, 4):
msg = "Source must be a 2 or 4-tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if not len(dest) == 2:
msg = "Destination must be a 2-tuple"
raise ValueError(msg)
if min(source) < 0:
msg = "Source must be non-negative"
raise ValueError(msg)
if len(source) == 2:
source = source + im.size
# over image, crop if it's not the whole thing.
if source == (0, 0) + im.size:
overlay = im
else:
overlay = im.crop(source)
# target for the paste
box = dest + (dest[0] + overlay.width, dest[1] + overlay.height)
# destination image. don't copy if we're using the whole image.
if box == (0, 0) + self.size:
background = self
else:
background = self.crop(box)
result = alpha_composite(background, overlay)
self.paste(result, box)
def point(self, lut, mode=None):
"""
Maps this image through a lookup table or function.
:param lut: A lookup table, containing 256 (or 65536 if
self.mode=="I" and mode == "L") values per band in the
image. A function can be used instead, it should take a
single argument. The function is called once for each
possible pixel value, and the resulting table is applied to
all bands of the image.
It may also be an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImagePointHandler`
object::
class Example(Image.ImagePointHandler):
def point(self, data):
# Return result
:param mode: Output mode (default is same as input). In the
current version, this can only be used if the source image
has mode "L" or "P", and the output has mode "1" or the
source image mode is "I" and the output mode is "L".
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
if isinstance(lut, ImagePointHandler):
return lut.point(self)
if callable(lut):
# if it isn't a list, it should be a function
if self.mode in ("I", "I;16", "F"):
# check if the function can be used with point_transform
# UNDONE wiredfool -- I think this prevents us from ever doing
# a gamma function point transform on > 8bit images.
scale, offset = _getscaleoffset(lut)
return self._new(self.im.point_transform(scale, offset))
# for other modes, convert the function to a table
lut = [lut(i) for i in range(256)] * self.im.bands
if self.mode == "F":
# FIXME: _imaging returns a confusing error message for this case
msg = "point operation not supported for this mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
if mode != "F":
lut = [round(i) for i in lut]
return self._new(self.im.point(lut, mode))
def putalpha(self, alpha):
"""
Adds or replaces the alpha layer in this image. If the image
does not have an alpha layer, it's converted to "LA" or "RGBA".
The new layer must be either "L" or "1".
:param alpha: The new alpha layer. This can either be an "L" or "1"
image having the same size as this image, or an integer or
other color value.
"""
self._ensure_mutable()
if self.mode not in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
# attempt to promote self to a matching alpha mode
try:
mode = getmodebase(self.mode) + "A"
try:
self.im.setmode(mode)
except (AttributeError, ValueError) as e:
# do things the hard way
im = self.im.convert(mode)
if im.mode not in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
raise ValueError from e # sanity check
self.im = im
self.pyaccess = None
self.mode = self.im.mode
except KeyError as e:
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
if self.mode in ("LA", "PA"):
band = 1
else:
band = 3
if isImageType(alpha):
# alpha layer
if alpha.mode not in ("1", "L"):
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
alpha.load()
if alpha.mode == "1":
alpha = alpha.convert("L")
else:
# constant alpha
try:
self.im.fillband(band, alpha)
except (AttributeError, ValueError):
# do things the hard way
alpha = new("L", self.size, alpha)
else:
return
self.im.putband(alpha.im, band)
def putdata(self, data, scale=1.0, offset=0.0):
"""
Copies pixel data from a flattened sequence object into the image. The
values should start at the upper left corner (0, 0), continue to the
end of the line, followed directly by the first value of the second
line, and so on. Data will be read until either the image or the
sequence ends. The scale and offset values are used to adjust the
sequence values: **pixel = value*scale + offset**.
:param data: A flattened sequence object.
:param scale: An optional scale value. The default is 1.0.
:param offset: An optional offset value. The default is 0.0.
"""
self._ensure_mutable()
self.im.putdata(data, scale, offset)
def putpalette(self, data, rawmode="RGB"):
"""
Attaches a palette to this image. The image must be a "P", "PA", "L"
or "LA" image.
The palette sequence must contain at most 256 colors, made up of one
integer value for each channel in the raw mode.
For example, if the raw mode is "RGB", then it can contain at most 768
values, made up of red, green and blue values for the corresponding pixel
index in the 256 colors.
If the raw mode is "RGBA", then it can contain at most 1024 values,
containing red, green, blue and alpha values.
Alternatively, an 8-bit string may be used instead of an integer sequence.
:param data: A palette sequence (either a list or a string).
:param rawmode: The raw mode of the palette. Either "RGB", "RGBA", or a mode
that can be transformed to "RGB" or "RGBA" (e.g. "R", "BGR;15", "RGBA;L").
"""
from . import ImagePalette
if self.mode not in ("L", "LA", "P", "PA"):
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
if isinstance(data, ImagePalette.ImagePalette):
palette = ImagePalette.raw(data.rawmode, data.palette)
else:
if not isinstance(data, bytes):
data = bytes(data)
palette = ImagePalette.raw(rawmode, data)
self.mode = "PA" if "A" in self.mode else "P"
self.palette = palette
self.palette.mode = "RGB"
self.load() # install new palette
def putpixel(self, xy, value):
"""
Modifies the pixel at the given position. The color is given as
a single numerical value for single-band images, and a tuple for
multi-band images. In addition to this, RGB and RGBA tuples are
accepted for P and PA images.
Note that this method is relatively slow. For more extensive changes,
use :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste` or the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
module instead.
See:
* :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste`
* :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.putdata`
* :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
:param xy: The pixel coordinate, given as (x, y). See
:ref:`coordinate-system`.
:param value: The pixel value.
"""
if self.readonly:
self._copy()
self.load()
if self.pyaccess:
return self.pyaccess.putpixel(xy, value)
if (
self.mode in ("P", "PA")
and isinstance(value, (list, tuple))
and len(value) in [3, 4]
):
# RGB or RGBA value for a P or PA image
if self.mode == "PA":
alpha = value[3] if len(value) == 4 else 255
value = value[:3]
value = self.palette.getcolor(value, self)
if self.mode == "PA":
value = (value, alpha)
return self.im.putpixel(xy, value)
def remap_palette(self, dest_map, source_palette=None):
"""
Rewrites the image to reorder the palette.
:param dest_map: A list of indexes into the original palette.
e.g. ``[1,0]`` would swap a two item palette, and ``list(range(256))``
is the identity transform.
:param source_palette: Bytes or None.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
from . import ImagePalette
if self.mode not in ("L", "P"):
msg = "illegal image mode"
raise ValueError(msg)
bands = 3
palette_mode = "RGB"
if source_palette is None:
if self.mode == "P":
self.load()
palette_mode = self.im.getpalettemode()
if palette_mode == "RGBA":
bands = 4
source_palette = self.im.getpalette(palette_mode, palette_mode)
else: # L-mode
source_palette = bytearray(i // 3 for i in range(768))
palette_bytes = b""
new_positions = [0] * 256
# pick only the used colors from the palette
for i, oldPosition in enumerate(dest_map):
palette_bytes += source_palette[
oldPosition * bands : oldPosition * bands + bands
]
new_positions[oldPosition] = i
# replace the palette color id of all pixel with the new id
# Palette images are [0..255], mapped through a 1 or 3
# byte/color map. We need to remap the whole image
# from palette 1 to palette 2. New_positions is
# an array of indexes into palette 1. Palette 2 is
# palette 1 with any holes removed.
# We're going to leverage the convert mechanism to use the
# C code to remap the image from palette 1 to palette 2,
# by forcing the source image into 'L' mode and adding a
# mapping 'L' mode palette, then converting back to 'L'
# sans palette thus converting the image bytes, then
# assigning the optimized RGB palette.
# perf reference, 9500x4000 gif, w/~135 colors
# 14 sec prepatch, 1 sec postpatch with optimization forced.
mapping_palette = bytearray(new_positions)
m_im = self.copy()
m_im.mode = "P"
m_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(
palette_mode, palette=mapping_palette * bands
)
# possibly set palette dirty, then
# m_im.putpalette(mapping_palette, 'L') # converts to 'P'
# or just force it.
# UNDONE -- this is part of the general issue with palettes
m_im.im.putpalette(palette_mode + ";L", m_im.palette.tobytes())
m_im = m_im.convert("L")
m_im.putpalette(palette_bytes, palette_mode)
m_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(palette_mode, palette=palette_bytes)
if "transparency" in self.info:
try:
m_im.info["transparency"] = dest_map.index(self.info["transparency"])
except ValueError:
if "transparency" in m_im.info:
del m_im.info["transparency"]
return m_im
def _get_safe_box(self, size, resample, box):
"""Expands the box so it includes adjacent pixels
that may be used by resampling with the given resampling filter.
"""
filter_support = _filters_support[resample] - 0.5
scale_x = (box[2] - box[0]) / size[0]
scale_y = (box[3] - box[1]) / size[1]
support_x = filter_support * scale_x
support_y = filter_support * scale_y
return (
max(0, int(box[0] - support_x)),
max(0, int(box[1] - support_y)),
min(self.size[0], math.ceil(box[2] + support_x)),
min(self.size[1], math.ceil(box[3] + support_y)),
)
def resize(self, size, resample=None, box=None, reducing_gap=None):
"""
Returns a resized copy of this image.
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
:param resample: An optional resampling filter. This can be
one of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`, :py:data:`Resampling.BOX`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR`, :py:data:`Resampling.HAMMING`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` or :py:data:`Resampling.LANCZOS`.
If the image has mode "1" or "P", it is always set to
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`. If the image mode specifies a number
of bits, such as "I;16", then the default filter is
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`. Otherwise, the default filter is
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC`. See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param box: An optional 4-tuple of floats providing
the source image region to be scaled.
The values must be within (0, 0, width, height) rectangle.
If omitted or None, the entire source is used.
:param reducing_gap: Apply optimization by resizing the image
in two steps. First, reducing the image by integer times
using :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.reduce`.
Second, resizing using regular resampling. The last step
changes size no less than by ``reducing_gap`` times.
``reducing_gap`` may be None (no first step is performed)
or should be greater than 1.0. The bigger ``reducing_gap``,
the closer the result to the fair resampling.
The smaller ``reducing_gap``, the faster resizing.
With ``reducing_gap`` greater or equal to 3.0, the result is
indistinguishable from fair resampling in most cases.
The default value is None (no optimization).
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if resample is None:
type_special = ";" in self.mode
resample = Resampling.NEAREST if type_special else Resampling.BICUBIC
elif resample not in (
Resampling.NEAREST,
Resampling.BILINEAR,
Resampling.BICUBIC,
Resampling.LANCZOS,
Resampling.BOX,
Resampling.HAMMING,
):
msg = f"Unknown resampling filter ({resample})."
filters = [
f"{filter[1]} ({filter[0]})"
for filter in (
(Resampling.NEAREST, "Image.Resampling.NEAREST"),
(Resampling.LANCZOS, "Image.Resampling.LANCZOS"),
(Resampling.BILINEAR, "Image.Resampling.BILINEAR"),
(Resampling.BICUBIC, "Image.Resampling.BICUBIC"),
(Resampling.BOX, "Image.Resampling.BOX"),
(Resampling.HAMMING, "Image.Resampling.HAMMING"),
)
]
msg += " Use " + ", ".join(filters[:-1]) + " or " + filters[-1]
raise ValueError(msg)
if reducing_gap is not None and reducing_gap < 1.0:
msg = "reducing_gap must be 1.0 or greater"
raise ValueError(msg)
size = tuple(size)
self.load()
if box is None:
box = (0, 0) + self.size
else:
box = tuple(box)
if self.size == size and box == (0, 0) + self.size:
return self.copy()
if self.mode in ("1", "P"):
resample = Resampling.NEAREST
if self.mode in ["LA", "RGBA"] and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
im = self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
im = im.resize(size, resample, box)
return im.convert(self.mode)
self.load()
if reducing_gap is not None and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
factor_x = int((box[2] - box[0]) / size[0] / reducing_gap) or 1
factor_y = int((box[3] - box[1]) / size[1] / reducing_gap) or 1
if factor_x > 1 or factor_y > 1:
reduce_box = self._get_safe_box(size, resample, box)
factor = (factor_x, factor_y)
if callable(self.reduce):
self = self.reduce(factor, box=reduce_box)
else:
self = Image.reduce(self, factor, box=reduce_box)
box = (
(box[0] - reduce_box[0]) / factor_x,
(box[1] - reduce_box[1]) / factor_y,
(box[2] - reduce_box[0]) / factor_x,
(box[3] - reduce_box[1]) / factor_y,
)
return self._new(self.im.resize(size, resample, box))
def reduce(self, factor, box=None):
"""
Returns a copy of the image reduced ``factor`` times.
If the size of the image is not dividable by ``factor``,
the resulting size will be rounded up.
:param factor: A greater than 0 integer or tuple of two integers
for width and height separately.
:param box: An optional 4-tuple of ints providing
the source image region to be reduced.
The values must be within ``(0, 0, width, height)`` rectangle.
If omitted or ``None``, the entire source is used.
"""
if not isinstance(factor, (list, tuple)):
factor = (factor, factor)
if box is None:
box = (0, 0) + self.size
else:
box = tuple(box)
if factor == (1, 1) and box == (0, 0) + self.size:
return self.copy()
if self.mode in ["LA", "RGBA"]:
im = self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
im = im.reduce(factor, box)
return im.convert(self.mode)
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.reduce(factor, box))
def rotate(
self,
angle,
resample=Resampling.NEAREST,
expand=0,
center=None,
translate=None,
fillcolor=None,
):
"""
Returns a rotated copy of this image. This method returns a
copy of this image, rotated the given number of degrees counter
clockwise around its centre.
:param angle: In degrees counter clockwise.
:param resample: An optional resampling filter. This can be
one of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
environment), or :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` (cubic spline
interpolation in a 4x4 environment). If omitted, or if the image has
mode "1" or "P", it is set to :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`.
See :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param expand: Optional expansion flag. If true, expands the output
image to make it large enough to hold the entire rotated image.
If false or omitted, make the output image the same size as the
input image. Note that the expand flag assumes rotation around
the center and no translation.
:param center: Optional center of rotation (a 2-tuple). Origin is
the upper left corner. Default is the center of the image.
:param translate: An optional post-rotate translation (a 2-tuple).
:param fillcolor: An optional color for area outside the rotated image.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
angle = angle % 360.0
# Fast paths regardless of filter, as long as we're not
# translating or changing the center.
if not (center or translate):
if angle == 0:
return self.copy()
if angle == 180:
return self.transpose(Transpose.ROTATE_180)
if angle in (90, 270) and (expand or self.width == self.height):
return self.transpose(
Transpose.ROTATE_90 if angle == 90 else Transpose.ROTATE_270
)
# Calculate the affine matrix. Note that this is the reverse
# transformation (from destination image to source) because we
# want to interpolate the (discrete) destination pixel from
# the local area around the (floating) source pixel.
# The matrix we actually want (note that it operates from the right):
# (1, 0, tx) (1, 0, cx) ( cos a, sin a, 0) (1, 0, -cx)
# (0, 1, ty) * (0, 1, cy) * (-sin a, cos a, 0) * (0, 1, -cy)
# (0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1) ( 0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1)
# The reverse matrix is thus:
# (1, 0, cx) ( cos -a, sin -a, 0) (1, 0, -cx) (1, 0, -tx)
# (0, 1, cy) * (-sin -a, cos -a, 0) * (0, 1, -cy) * (0, 1, -ty)
# (0, 0, 1) ( 0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1)
# In any case, the final translation may be updated at the end to
# compensate for the expand flag.
w, h = self.size
if translate is None:
post_trans = (0, 0)
else:
post_trans = translate
if center is None:
# FIXME These should be rounded to ints?
rotn_center = (w / 2.0, h / 2.0)
else:
rotn_center = center
angle = -math.radians(angle)
matrix = [
round(math.cos(angle), 15),
round(math.sin(angle), 15),
0.0,
round(-math.sin(angle), 15),
round(math.cos(angle), 15),
0.0,
]
def transform(x, y, matrix):
(a, b, c, d, e, f) = matrix
return a * x + b * y + c, d * x + e * y + f
matrix[2], matrix[5] = transform(
-rotn_center[0] - post_trans[0], -rotn_center[1] - post_trans[1], matrix
)
matrix[2] += rotn_center[0]
matrix[5] += rotn_center[1]
if expand:
# calculate output size
xx = []
yy = []
for x, y in ((0, 0), (w, 0), (w, h), (0, h)):
x, y = transform(x, y, matrix)
xx.append(x)
yy.append(y)
nw = math.ceil(max(xx)) - math.floor(min(xx))
nh = math.ceil(max(yy)) - math.floor(min(yy))
# We multiply a translation matrix from the right. Because of its
# special form, this is the same as taking the image of the
# translation vector as new translation vector.
matrix[2], matrix[5] = transform(-(nw - w) / 2.0, -(nh - h) / 2.0, matrix)
w, h = nw, nh
return self.transform(
(w, h), Transform.AFFINE, matrix, resample, fillcolor=fillcolor
)
def save(self, fp, format=None, **params):
"""
Saves this image under the given filename. If no format is
specified, the format to use is determined from the filename
extension, if possible.
Keyword options can be used to provide additional instructions
to the writer. If a writer doesn't recognise an option, it is
silently ignored. The available options are described in the
:doc:`image format documentation
<../handbook/image-file-formats>` for each writer.
You can use a file object instead of a filename. In this case,
you must always specify the format. The file object must
implement the ``seek``, ``tell``, and ``write``
methods, and be opened in binary mode.
:param fp: A filename (string), pathlib.Path object or file object.
:param format: Optional format override. If omitted, the
format to use is determined from the filename extension.
If a file object was used instead of a filename, this
parameter should always be used.
:param params: Extra parameters to the image writer.
:returns: None
:exception ValueError: If the output format could not be determined
from the file name. Use the format option to solve this.
:exception OSError: If the file could not be written. The file
may have been created, and may contain partial data.
"""
filename = ""
open_fp = False
if isinstance(fp, Path):
filename = str(fp)
open_fp = True
elif is_path(fp):
filename = fp
open_fp = True
elif fp == sys.stdout:
try:
fp = sys.stdout.buffer
except AttributeError:
pass
if not filename and hasattr(fp, "name") and is_path(fp.name):
# only set the name for metadata purposes
filename = fp.name
# may mutate self!
self._ensure_mutable()
save_all = params.pop("save_all", False)
self.encoderinfo = params
self.encoderconfig = ()
preinit()
ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1].lower()
if not format:
if ext not in EXTENSION:
init()
try:
format = EXTENSION[ext]
except KeyError as e:
msg = f"unknown file extension: {ext}"
raise ValueError(msg) from e
if format.upper() not in SAVE:
init()
if save_all:
save_handler = SAVE_ALL[format.upper()]
else:
save_handler = SAVE[format.upper()]
created = False
if open_fp:
created = not os.path.exists(filename)
if params.get("append", False):
# Open also for reading ("+"), because TIFF save_all
# writer needs to go back and edit the written data.
fp = builtins.open(filename, "r+b")
else:
fp = builtins.open(filename, "w+b")
try:
save_handler(self, fp, filename)
except Exception:
if open_fp:
fp.close()
if created:
try:
os.remove(filename)
except PermissionError:
pass
raise
if open_fp:
fp.close()
def seek(self, frame):
"""
Seeks to the given frame in this sequence file. If you seek
beyond the end of the sequence, the method raises an
``EOFError`` exception. When a sequence file is opened, the
library automatically seeks to frame 0.
See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.tell`.
If defined, :attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.n_frames` refers to the
number of available frames.
:param frame: Frame number, starting at 0.
:exception EOFError: If the call attempts to seek beyond the end
of the sequence.
"""
# overridden by file handlers
if frame != 0:
raise EOFError
def show(self, title=None):
"""
Displays this image. This method is mainly intended for debugging purposes.
This method calls :py:func:`PIL.ImageShow.show` internally. You can use
:py:func:`PIL.ImageShow.register` to override its default behaviour.
The image is first saved to a temporary file. By default, it will be in
PNG format.
On Unix, the image is then opened using the **display**, **eog** or
**xv** utility, depending on which one can be found.
On macOS, the image is opened with the native Preview application.
On Windows, the image is opened with the standard PNG display utility.
:param title: Optional title to use for the image window, where possible.
"""
_show(self, title=title)
def split(self):
"""
Split this image into individual bands. This method returns a
tuple of individual image bands from an image. For example,
splitting an "RGB" image creates three new images each
containing a copy of one of the original bands (red, green,
blue).
If you need only one band, :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.getchannel`
method can be more convenient and faster.
:returns: A tuple containing bands.
"""
self.load()
if self.im.bands == 1:
ims = [self.copy()]
else:
ims = map(self._new, self.im.split())
return tuple(ims)
def getchannel(self, channel):
"""
Returns an image containing a single channel of the source image.
:param channel: What channel to return. Could be index
(0 for "R" channel of "RGB") or channel name
("A" for alpha channel of "RGBA").
:returns: An image in "L" mode.
.. versionadded:: 4.3.0
"""
self.load()
if isinstance(channel, str):
try:
channel = self.getbands().index(channel)
except ValueError as e:
msg = f'The image has no channel "{channel}"'
raise ValueError(msg) from e
return self._new(self.im.getband(channel))
def tell(self):
"""
Returns the current frame number. See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.seek`.
If defined, :attr:`~PIL.Image.Image.n_frames` refers to the
number of available frames.
:returns: Frame number, starting with 0.
"""
return 0
def thumbnail(self, size, resample=Resampling.BICUBIC, reducing_gap=2.0):
"""
Make this image into a thumbnail. This method modifies the
image to contain a thumbnail version of itself, no larger than
the given size. This method calculates an appropriate thumbnail
size to preserve the aspect of the image, calls the
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.draft` method to configure the file reader
(where applicable), and finally resizes the image.
Note that this function modifies the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
object in place. If you need to use the full resolution image as well,
apply this method to a :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.copy` of the original
image.
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
:param resample: Optional resampling filter. This can be one
of :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`, :py:data:`Resampling.BOX`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR`, :py:data:`Resampling.HAMMING`,
:py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` or :py:data:`Resampling.LANCZOS`.
If omitted, it defaults to :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC`.
(was :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` prior to version 2.5.0).
See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param reducing_gap: Apply optimization by resizing the image
in two steps. First, reducing the image by integer times
using :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.reduce` or
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.draft` for JPEG images.
Second, resizing using regular resampling. The last step
changes size no less than by ``reducing_gap`` times.
``reducing_gap`` may be None (no first step is performed)
or should be greater than 1.0. The bigger ``reducing_gap``,
the closer the result to the fair resampling.
The smaller ``reducing_gap``, the faster resizing.
With ``reducing_gap`` greater or equal to 3.0, the result is
indistinguishable from fair resampling in most cases.
The default value is 2.0 (very close to fair resampling
while still being faster in many cases).
:returns: None
"""
provided_size = tuple(map(math.floor, size))
def preserve_aspect_ratio():
def round_aspect(number, key):
return max(min(math.floor(number), math.ceil(number), key=key), 1)
x, y = provided_size
if x >= self.width and y >= self.height:
return
aspect = self.width / self.height
if x / y >= aspect:
x = round_aspect(y * aspect, key=lambda n: abs(aspect - n / y))
else:
y = round_aspect(
x / aspect, key=lambda n: 0 if n == 0 else abs(aspect - x / n)
)
return x, y
box = None
if reducing_gap is not None:
size = preserve_aspect_ratio()
if size is None:
return
res = self.draft(None, (size[0] * reducing_gap, size[1] * reducing_gap))
if res is not None:
box = res[1]
if box is None:
self.load()
# load() may have changed the size of the image
size = preserve_aspect_ratio()
if size is None:
return
if self.size != size:
im = self.resize(size, resample, box=box, reducing_gap=reducing_gap)
self.im = im.im
self._size = size
self.mode = self.im.mode
self.readonly = 0
self.pyaccess = None
# FIXME: the different transform methods need further explanation
# instead of bloating the method docs, add a separate chapter.
def transform(
self,
size,
method,
data=None,
resample=Resampling.NEAREST,
fill=1,
fillcolor=None,
):
"""
Transforms this image. This method creates a new image with the
given size, and the same mode as the original, and copies data
to the new image using the given transform.
:param size: The output size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
:param method: The transformation method. This is one of
:py:data:`Transform.EXTENT` (cut out a rectangular subregion),
:py:data:`Transform.AFFINE` (affine transform),
:py:data:`Transform.PERSPECTIVE` (perspective transform),
:py:data:`Transform.QUAD` (map a quadrilateral to a rectangle), or
:py:data:`Transform.MESH` (map a number of source quadrilaterals
in one operation).
It may also be an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImageTransformHandler`
object::
class Example(Image.ImageTransformHandler):
def transform(self, size, data, resample, fill=1):
# Return result
It may also be an object with a ``method.getdata`` method
that returns a tuple supplying new ``method`` and ``data`` values::
class Example:
def getdata(self):
method = Image.Transform.EXTENT
data = (0, 0, 100, 100)
return method, data
:param data: Extra data to the transformation method.
:param resample: Optional resampling filter. It can be one of
:py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
:py:data:`Resampling.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
environment), or :py:data:`Resampling.BICUBIC` (cubic spline
interpolation in a 4x4 environment). If omitted, or if the image
has mode "1" or "P", it is set to :py:data:`Resampling.NEAREST`.
See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
:param fill: If ``method`` is an
:py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImageTransformHandler` object, this is one of
the arguments passed to it. Otherwise, it is unused.
:param fillcolor: Optional fill color for the area outside the
transform in the output image.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if self.mode in ("LA", "RGBA") and resample != Resampling.NEAREST:
return (
self.convert({"LA": "La", "RGBA": "RGBa"}[self.mode])
.transform(size, method, data, resample, fill, fillcolor)
.convert(self.mode)
)
if isinstance(method, ImageTransformHandler):
return method.transform(size, self, resample=resample, fill=fill)
if hasattr(method, "getdata"):
# compatibility w. old-style transform objects
method, data = method.getdata()
if data is None:
msg = "missing method data"
raise ValueError(msg)
im = new(self.mode, size, fillcolor)
if self.mode == "P" and self.palette:
im.palette = self.palette.copy()
im.info = self.info.copy()
if method == Transform.MESH:
# list of quads
for box, quad in data:
im.__transformer(
box, self, Transform.QUAD, quad, resample, fillcolor is None
)
else:
im.__transformer(
(0, 0) + size, self, method, data, resample, fillcolor is None
)
return im
def __transformer(
self, box, image, method, data, resample=Resampling.NEAREST, fill=1
):
w = box[2] - box[0]
h = box[3] - box[1]
if method == Transform.AFFINE:
data = data[:6]
elif method == Transform.EXTENT:
# convert extent to an affine transform
x0, y0, x1, y1 = data
xs = (x1 - x0) / w
ys = (y1 - y0) / h
method = Transform.AFFINE
data = (xs, 0, x0, 0, ys, y0)
elif method == Transform.PERSPECTIVE:
data = data[:8]
elif method == Transform.QUAD:
# quadrilateral warp. data specifies the four corners
# given as NW, SW, SE, and NE.
nw = data[:2]
sw = data[2:4]
se = data[4:6]
ne = data[6:8]
x0, y0 = nw
As = 1.0 / w
At = 1.0 / h
data = (
x0,
(ne[0] - x0) * As,
(sw[0] - x0) * At,
(se[0] - sw[0] - ne[0] + x0) * As * At,
y0,
(ne[1] - y0) * As,
(sw[1] - y0) * At,
(se[1] - sw[1] - ne[1] + y0) * As * At,
)
else:
msg = "unknown transformation method"
raise ValueError(msg)
if resample not in (
Resampling.NEAREST,
Resampling.BILINEAR,
Resampling.BICUBIC,
):
if resample in (Resampling.BOX, Resampling.HAMMING, Resampling.LANCZOS):
msg = {
Resampling.BOX: "Image.Resampling.BOX",
Resampling.HAMMING: "Image.Resampling.HAMMING",
Resampling.LANCZOS: "Image.Resampling.LANCZOS",
}[resample] + f" ({resample}) cannot be used."
else:
msg = f"Unknown resampling filter ({resample})."
filters = [
f"{filter[1]} ({filter[0]})"
for filter in (
(Resampling.NEAREST, "Image.Resampling.NEAREST"),
(Resampling.BILINEAR, "Image.Resampling.BILINEAR"),
(Resampling.BICUBIC, "Image.Resampling.BICUBIC"),
)
]
msg += " Use " + ", ".join(filters[:-1]) + " or " + filters[-1]
raise ValueError(msg)
image.load()
self.load()
if image.mode in ("1", "P"):
resample = Resampling.NEAREST
self.im.transform2(box, image.im, method, data, resample, fill)
def transpose(self, method):
"""
Transpose image (flip or rotate in 90 degree steps)
:param method: One of :py:data:`Transpose.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT`,
:py:data:`Transpose.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM`, :py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_90`,
:py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_180`, :py:data:`Transpose.ROTATE_270`,
:py:data:`Transpose.TRANSPOSE` or :py:data:`Transpose.TRANSVERSE`.
:returns: Returns a flipped or rotated copy of this image.
"""
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.transpose(method))
def effect_spread(self, distance):
"""
Randomly spread pixels in an image.
:param distance: Distance to spread pixels.
"""
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.effect_spread(distance))
def toqimage(self):
"""Returns a QImage copy of this image"""
from . import ImageQt
if not ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
msg = "Qt bindings are not installed"
raise ImportError(msg)
return ImageQt.toqimage(self)
def toqpixmap(self):
"""Returns a QPixmap copy of this image"""
from . import ImageQt
if not ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
msg = "Qt bindings are not installed"
raise ImportError(msg)
return ImageQt.toqpixmap(self)
def read_png_or_jpeg2000(fobj, start_length, size):
(start, length) = start_length
fobj.seek(start)
sig = fobj.read(12)
if sig[:8] == b"\x89PNG\x0d\x0a\x1a\x0a":
fobj.seek(start)
im = PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile(fobj)
Image._decompression_bomb_check(im.size)
return {"RGBA": im}
elif (
sig[:4] == b"\xff\x4f\xff\x51"
or sig[:4] == b"\x0d\x0a\x87\x0a"
or sig == b"\x00\x00\x00\x0cjP \x0d\x0a\x87\x0a"
):
if not enable_jpeg2k:
msg = (
"Unsupported icon subimage format (rebuild PIL "
"with JPEG 2000 support to fix this)"
)
raise ValueError(msg)
# j2k, jpc or j2c
fobj.seek(start)
jp2kstream = fobj.read(length)
f = io.BytesIO(jp2kstream)
im = Jpeg2KImagePlugin.Jpeg2KImageFile(f)
Image._decompression_bomb_check(im.size)
if im.mode != "RGBA":
im = im.convert("RGBA")
return {"RGBA": im}
else:
msg = "Unsupported icon subimage format"
raise ValueError(msg) | null |
174,029 | from . import Image, ImageFile
from ._binary import i16be as i16
from ._binary import o8
from ._binary import o32le as o32
def _accept(prefix):
return prefix[0:1] == b"P" and prefix[1] in b"0123456y" | null |
174,030 | from . import Image, ImageFile
from ._binary import i16be as i16
from ._binary import o8
from ._binary import o32le as o32
class ImageFile(Image.Image):
"""Base class for image file format handlers."""
def __init__(self, fp=None, filename=None):
super().__init__()
self._min_frame = 0
self.custom_mimetype = None
self.tile = None
""" A list of tile descriptors, or ``None`` """
self.readonly = 1 # until we know better
self.decoderconfig = ()
self.decodermaxblock = MAXBLOCK
if is_path(fp):
# filename
self.fp = open(fp, "rb")
self.filename = fp
self._exclusive_fp = True
else:
# stream
self.fp = fp
self.filename = filename
# can be overridden
self._exclusive_fp = None
try:
try:
self._open()
except (
IndexError, # end of data
TypeError, # end of data (ord)
KeyError, # unsupported mode
EOFError, # got header but not the first frame
struct.error,
) as v:
raise SyntaxError(v) from v
if not self.mode or self.size[0] <= 0 or self.size[1] <= 0:
msg = "not identified by this driver"
raise SyntaxError(msg)
except BaseException:
# close the file only if we have opened it this constructor
if self._exclusive_fp:
self.fp.close()
raise
def get_format_mimetype(self):
if self.custom_mimetype:
return self.custom_mimetype
if self.format is not None:
return Image.MIME.get(self.format.upper())
def __setstate__(self, state):
self.tile = []
super().__setstate__(state)
def verify(self):
"""Check file integrity"""
# raise exception if something's wrong. must be called
# directly after open, and closes file when finished.
if self._exclusive_fp:
self.fp.close()
self.fp = None
def load(self):
"""Load image data based on tile list"""
if self.tile is None:
msg = "cannot load this image"
raise OSError(msg)
pixel = Image.Image.load(self)
if not self.tile:
return pixel
self.map = None
use_mmap = self.filename and len(self.tile) == 1
# As of pypy 2.1.0, memory mapping was failing here.
use_mmap = use_mmap and not hasattr(sys, "pypy_version_info")
readonly = 0
# look for read/seek overrides
try:
read = self.load_read
# don't use mmap if there are custom read/seek functions
use_mmap = False
except AttributeError:
read = self.fp.read
try:
seek = self.load_seek
use_mmap = False
except AttributeError:
seek = self.fp.seek
if use_mmap:
# try memory mapping
decoder_name, extents, offset, args = self.tile[0]
if (
decoder_name == "raw"
and len(args) >= 3
and args[0] == self.mode
and args[0] in Image._MAPMODES
):
try:
# use mmap, if possible
import mmap
with open(self.filename) as fp:
self.map = mmap.mmap(fp.fileno(), 0, access=mmap.ACCESS_READ)
if offset + self.size[1] * args[1] > self.map.size():
# buffer is not large enough
raise OSError
self.im = Image.core.map_buffer(
self.map, self.size, decoder_name, offset, args
)
readonly = 1
# After trashing self.im,
# we might need to reload the palette data.
if self.palette:
self.palette.dirty = 1
except (AttributeError, OSError, ImportError):
self.map = None
self.load_prepare()
err_code = -3 # initialize to unknown error
if not self.map:
# sort tiles in file order
self.tile.sort(key=_tilesort)
try:
# FIXME: This is a hack to handle TIFF's JpegTables tag.
prefix = self.tile_prefix
except AttributeError:
prefix = b""
# Remove consecutive duplicates that only differ by their offset
self.tile = [
list(tiles)[-1]
for _, tiles in itertools.groupby(
self.tile, lambda tile: (tile[0], tile[1], tile[3])
)
]
for decoder_name, extents, offset, args in self.tile:
seek(offset)
decoder = Image._getdecoder(
self.mode, decoder_name, args, self.decoderconfig
)
try:
decoder.setimage(self.im, extents)
if decoder.pulls_fd:
decoder.setfd(self.fp)
err_code = decoder.decode(b"")[1]
else:
b = prefix
while True:
try:
s = read(self.decodermaxblock)
except (IndexError, struct.error) as e:
# truncated png/gif
if LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES:
break
else:
msg = "image file is truncated"
raise OSError(msg) from e
if not s: # truncated jpeg
if LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES:
break
else:
msg = (
"image file is truncated "
f"({len(b)} bytes not processed)"
)
raise OSError(msg)
b = b + s
n, err_code = decoder.decode(b)
if n < 0:
break
b = b[n:]
finally:
# Need to cleanup here to prevent leaks
decoder.cleanup()
self.tile = []
self.readonly = readonly
self.load_end()
if self._exclusive_fp and self._close_exclusive_fp_after_loading:
self.fp.close()
self.fp = None
if not self.map and not LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES and err_code < 0:
# still raised if decoder fails to return anything
raise_oserror(err_code)
return Image.Image.load(self)
def load_prepare(self):
# create image memory if necessary
if not self.im or self.im.mode != self.mode or self.im.size != self.size:
self.im = Image.core.new(self.mode, self.size)
# create palette (optional)
if self.mode == "P":
Image.Image.load(self)
def load_end(self):
# may be overridden
pass
# may be defined for contained formats
# def load_seek(self, pos):
# pass
# may be defined for blocked formats (e.g. PNG)
# def load_read(self, bytes):
# pass
def _seek_check(self, frame):
if (
frame < self._min_frame
# Only check upper limit on frames if additional seek operations
# are not required to do so
or (
not (hasattr(self, "_n_frames") and self._n_frames is None)
and frame >= self.n_frames + self._min_frame
)
):
msg = "attempt to seek outside sequence"
raise EOFError(msg)
return self.tell() != frame
def _save(im, fp, filename):
if im.mode == "1":
rawmode, head = "1;I", b"P4"
elif im.mode == "L":
rawmode, head = "L", b"P5"
elif im.mode == "I":
rawmode, head = "I;16B", b"P5"
elif im.mode in ("RGB", "RGBA"):
rawmode, head = "RGB", b"P6"
else:
msg = f"cannot write mode {im.mode} as PPM"
raise OSError(msg)
fp.write(head + b"\n%d %d\n" % im.size)
if head == b"P6":
fp.write(b"255\n")
elif head == b"P5":
if rawmode == "L":
fp.write(b"255\n")
else:
fp.write(b"65535\n")
ImageFile._save(im, fp, [("raw", (0, 0) + im.size, 0, (rawmode, 0, 1))])
# ALTERNATIVE: save via builtin debug function
# im._dump(filename) | null |
174,031 | from struct import pack, unpack_from
def unpack_from(__format: _FmtType, buffer: _BufferType, offset: int = ...) -> Tuple[Any, ...]: ...
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `i16le` function. Write a Python function `def i16le(c, o=0)` to solve the following problem:
Converts a 2-bytes (16 bits) string to an unsigned integer. :param c: string containing bytes to convert :param o: offset of bytes to convert in string
Here is the function:
def i16le(c, o=0):
"""
Converts a 2-bytes (16 bits) string to an unsigned integer.
:param c: string containing bytes to convert
:param o: offset of bytes to convert in string
"""
return unpack_from("<H", c, o)[0] | Converts a 2-bytes (16 bits) string to an unsigned integer. :param c: string containing bytes to convert :param o: offset of bytes to convert in string |
174,032 | from struct import pack, unpack_from
def unpack_from(__format: _FmtType, buffer: _BufferType, offset: int = ...) -> Tuple[Any, ...]: ...
The provided code snippet includes necessary dependencies for implementing the `si16le` function. Write a Python function `def si16le(c, o=0)` to solve the following problem:
Converts a 2-bytes (16 bits) string to a signed integer. :param c: string containing bytes to convert :param o: offset of bytes to convert in string
Here is the function:
def si16le(c, o=0):
"""
Converts a 2-bytes (16 bits) string to a signed integer.
:param c: string containing bytes to convert
:param o: offset of bytes to convert in string
"""
return unpack_from("<h", c, o)[0] | Converts a 2-bytes (16 bits) string to a signed integer. :param c: string containing bytes to convert :param o: offset of bytes to convert in string |
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