gem_id
stringlengths 20
25
| id
stringlengths 24
24
| title
stringlengths 3
59
| context
stringlengths 151
3.71k
| question
stringlengths 1
270
| target
stringlengths 1
270
| references
list | answers
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-111900
|
5727842bdd62a815002e9f54
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
After the meeting, Darwin decided to write "an abstract of my whole work". He started work on 20 July 1858, while on holiday at Sandown, and wrote parts of it from memory. Lyell discussed arrangements with publisher John Murray III, of the publishing house John Murray, who responded immediately to Darwin's letter of 31 March 1859 with an agreement to publish the book without even seeing the manuscript, and an offer to Darwin of 2⁄3 of the profits. (eventually Murray paid £180 to Darwin for the 1st edition and by Darwin's death in 1882 the book was in its 6th edition, earning Darwin nearly £3000.)
|
What did the publisher offer Darwin in payment for the book?
|
What did the publisher offer Darwin in payment for the book?
|
[
"What did the publisher offer Darwin in payment for the book?"
] |
{
"text": [
"2⁄3 of the profits"
],
"answer_start": [
432
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111901
|
5727842bdd62a815002e9f55
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
After the meeting, Darwin decided to write "an abstract of my whole work". He started work on 20 July 1858, while on holiday at Sandown, and wrote parts of it from memory. Lyell discussed arrangements with publisher John Murray III, of the publishing house John Murray, who responded immediately to Darwin's letter of 31 March 1859 with an agreement to publish the book without even seeing the manuscript, and an offer to Darwin of 2⁄3 of the profits. (eventually Murray paid £180 to Darwin for the 1st edition and by Darwin's death in 1882 the book was in its 6th edition, earning Darwin nearly £3000.)
|
What edition was the book in by the time of Darwin's death?
|
What edition was the book in by the time of Darwin's death?
|
[
"What edition was the book in by the time of Darwin's death?"
] |
{
"text": [
"6th edition"
],
"answer_start": [
561
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111902
|
5727842bdd62a815002e9f56
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
After the meeting, Darwin decided to write "an abstract of my whole work". He started work on 20 July 1858, while on holiday at Sandown, and wrote parts of it from memory. Lyell discussed arrangements with publisher John Murray III, of the publishing house John Murray, who responded immediately to Darwin's letter of 31 March 1859 with an agreement to publish the book without even seeing the manuscript, and an offer to Darwin of 2⁄3 of the profits. (eventually Murray paid £180 to Darwin for the 1st edition and by Darwin's death in 1882 the book was in its 6th edition, earning Darwin nearly £3000.)
|
How much had the book earned Darwin by the time he died?
|
How much had the book earned Darwin by the time he died?
|
[
"How much had the book earned Darwin by the time he died?"
] |
{
"text": [
"nearly £3000"
],
"answer_start": [
589
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111903
|
572784e7f1498d1400e8faa0
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin had initially decided to call his book An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection, but with Murray's persuasion it was eventually changed to the snappier title: On the Origin of Species, with the title page adding by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Here the term "races" is used as an alternative for "varieties" and does not carry the modern connotation of human races—the first use in the book refers to "the several races, for instance, of the cabbage" and proceeds to a discussion of "the hereditary varieties or races of our domestic animals and plants".
|
What title did Darwin's book ultimately have?
|
What title did Darwin's book ultimately have?
|
[
"What title did Darwin's book ultimately have?"
] |
{
"text": [
"On the Origin of Species"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111904
|
572784e7f1498d1400e8faa1
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin had initially decided to call his book An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection, but with Murray's persuasion it was eventually changed to the snappier title: On the Origin of Species, with the title page adding by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Here the term "races" is used as an alternative for "varieties" and does not carry the modern connotation of human races—the first use in the book refers to "the several races, for instance, of the cabbage" and proceeds to a discussion of "the hereditary varieties or races of our domestic animals and plants".
|
What had Darwin wanted to name his book?
|
What had Darwin wanted to name his book?
|
[
"What had Darwin wanted to name his book?"
] |
{
"text": [
"An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111905
|
572784e7f1498d1400e8faa2
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin had initially decided to call his book An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection, but with Murray's persuasion it was eventually changed to the snappier title: On the Origin of Species, with the title page adding by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Here the term "races" is used as an alternative for "varieties" and does not carry the modern connotation of human races—the first use in the book refers to "the several races, for instance, of the cabbage" and proceeds to a discussion of "the hereditary varieties or races of our domestic animals and plants".
|
Who convinced Darwin that his book needed a shorter, more compelling title?
|
Who convinced Darwin that his book needed a shorter, more compelling title?
|
[
"Who convinced Darwin that his book needed a shorter, more compelling title?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Murray"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111906
|
572784e7f1498d1400e8faa3
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin had initially decided to call his book An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection, but with Murray's persuasion it was eventually changed to the snappier title: On the Origin of Species, with the title page adding by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Here the term "races" is used as an alternative for "varieties" and does not carry the modern connotation of human races—the first use in the book refers to "the several races, for instance, of the cabbage" and proceeds to a discussion of "the hereditary varieties or races of our domestic animals and plants".
|
What does the word "races" mean as referenced in Darwin's book?
|
What does the word "races" mean as referenced in Darwin's book?
|
[
"What does the word \"races\" mean as referenced in Darwin's book?"
] |
{
"text": [
"an alternative for \"varieties\" and does not carry the modern connotation of human races"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111907
|
572784e7f1498d1400e8faa4
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin had initially decided to call his book An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection, but with Murray's persuasion it was eventually changed to the snappier title: On the Origin of Species, with the title page adding by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Here the term "races" is used as an alternative for "varieties" and does not carry the modern connotation of human races—the first use in the book refers to "the several races, for instance, of the cabbage" and proceeds to a discussion of "the hereditary varieties or races of our domestic animals and plants".
|
What is the extended name of The Origin of Species that is written on the title page?
|
What is the extended name of The Origin of Species that is written on the title page?
|
[
"What is the extended name of The Origin of Species that is written on the title page?"
] |
{
"text": [
"by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111908
|
572785c5f1498d1400e8fab4
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin had his basic theory of natural selection "by which to work" by December 1838, yet almost twenty years later, when Wallace's letter arrived on 18 June 1858, Darwin was still not ready to publish his theory. It was long thought that Darwin avoided or delayed making his ideas public for personal reasons. Reasons suggested have included fear of religious persecution or social disgrace if his views were revealed, and concern about upsetting his clergymen naturalist friends or his pious wife Emma. Charles Darwin's illness caused repeated delays. His paper on Glen Roy had proved embarrassingly wrong, and he may have wanted to be sure he was correct. David Quammen has suggested all these factors may have contributed, and notes Darwin's large output of books and busy family life during that time.
|
By which year did Darwin have the basic premise of his natural selection theory?
|
By which year did Darwin have the basic premise of his natural selection theory?
|
[
"By which year did Darwin have the basic premise of his natural selection theory?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1838"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111909
|
572785c5f1498d1400e8fab5
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin had his basic theory of natural selection "by which to work" by December 1838, yet almost twenty years later, when Wallace's letter arrived on 18 June 1858, Darwin was still not ready to publish his theory. It was long thought that Darwin avoided or delayed making his ideas public for personal reasons. Reasons suggested have included fear of religious persecution or social disgrace if his views were revealed, and concern about upsetting his clergymen naturalist friends or his pious wife Emma. Charles Darwin's illness caused repeated delays. His paper on Glen Roy had proved embarrassingly wrong, and he may have wanted to be sure he was correct. David Quammen has suggested all these factors may have contributed, and notes Darwin's large output of books and busy family life during that time.
|
Why might Darwin have postponed publishing his theory of evolution for over 20 years?
|
Why might Darwin have postponed publishing his theory of evolution for over 20 years?
|
[
"Why might Darwin have postponed publishing his theory of evolution for over 20 years?"
] |
{
"text": [
"fear of religious persecution or social disgrace"
],
"answer_start": [
343
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111910
|
572785c5f1498d1400e8fab6
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin had his basic theory of natural selection "by which to work" by December 1838, yet almost twenty years later, when Wallace's letter arrived on 18 June 1858, Darwin was still not ready to publish his theory. It was long thought that Darwin avoided or delayed making his ideas public for personal reasons. Reasons suggested have included fear of religious persecution or social disgrace if his views were revealed, and concern about upsetting his clergymen naturalist friends or his pious wife Emma. Charles Darwin's illness caused repeated delays. His paper on Glen Roy had proved embarrassingly wrong, and he may have wanted to be sure he was correct. David Quammen has suggested all these factors may have contributed, and notes Darwin's large output of books and busy family life during that time.
|
Which paper did Darwin write that was incorrect?
|
Which paper did Darwin write that was incorrect?
|
[
"Which paper did Darwin write that was incorrect?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Glen Roy"
],
"answer_start": [
567
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111911
|
572785c5f1498d1400e8fab7
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin had his basic theory of natural selection "by which to work" by December 1838, yet almost twenty years later, when Wallace's letter arrived on 18 June 1858, Darwin was still not ready to publish his theory. It was long thought that Darwin avoided or delayed making his ideas public for personal reasons. Reasons suggested have included fear of religious persecution or social disgrace if his views were revealed, and concern about upsetting his clergymen naturalist friends or his pious wife Emma. Charles Darwin's illness caused repeated delays. His paper on Glen Roy had proved embarrassingly wrong, and he may have wanted to be sure he was correct. David Quammen has suggested all these factors may have contributed, and notes Darwin's large output of books and busy family life during that time.
|
Who might Darwin have feared upsetting by publishing his work?
|
Who might Darwin have feared upsetting by publishing his work?
|
[
"Who might Darwin have feared upsetting by publishing his work?"
] |
{
"text": [
"his clergymen naturalist friends or his pious wife Emma."
],
"answer_start": [
448
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111912
|
572786b5dd62a815002e9f88
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
A more recent study by science historian John van Wyhe has determined that the idea that Darwin delayed publication only dates back to the 1940s, and Darwin's contemporaries thought the time he took was reasonable. Darwin always finished one book before starting another. While he was researching, he told many people about his interest in transmutation without causing outrage. He firmly intended to publish, but it was not until September 1854 that he could work on it full-time. His estimate that writing his "big book" would take five years was optimistic.
|
What did Darwin's contemporaries think of the long delays on his publishing?
|
What did Darwin's contemporaries think of the long delays on his publishing?
|
[
"What did Darwin's contemporaries think of the long delays on his publishing?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Darwin's contemporaries thought the time he took was reasonable"
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111913
|
572786b5dd62a815002e9f89
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
A more recent study by science historian John van Wyhe has determined that the idea that Darwin delayed publication only dates back to the 1940s, and Darwin's contemporaries thought the time he took was reasonable. Darwin always finished one book before starting another. While he was researching, he told many people about his interest in transmutation without causing outrage. He firmly intended to publish, but it was not until September 1854 that he could work on it full-time. His estimate that writing his "big book" would take five years was optimistic.
|
What was Darwin's process on writing his books?
|
What was Darwin's process on writing his books?
|
[
"What was Darwin's process on writing his books?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Darwin always finished one book before starting another"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111914
|
572786b5dd62a815002e9f8a
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
A more recent study by science historian John van Wyhe has determined that the idea that Darwin delayed publication only dates back to the 1940s, and Darwin's contemporaries thought the time he took was reasonable. Darwin always finished one book before starting another. While he was researching, he told many people about his interest in transmutation without causing outrage. He firmly intended to publish, but it was not until September 1854 that he could work on it full-time. His estimate that writing his "big book" would take five years was optimistic.
|
What was Darwin's original estimate for the amount of time his book would take to write?
|
What was Darwin's original estimate for the amount of time his book would take to write?
|
[
"What was Darwin's original estimate for the amount of time his book would take to write?"
] |
{
"text": [
"five years"
],
"answer_start": [
534
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111915
|
572786b5dd62a815002e9f8b
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
A more recent study by science historian John van Wyhe has determined that the idea that Darwin delayed publication only dates back to the 1940s, and Darwin's contemporaries thought the time he took was reasonable. Darwin always finished one book before starting another. While he was researching, he told many people about his interest in transmutation without causing outrage. He firmly intended to publish, but it was not until September 1854 that he could work on it full-time. His estimate that writing his "big book" would take five years was optimistic.
|
Which scientist's study theorized that the idea of Darwin's work being delayed dates to the 1940s?
|
Which scientist's study theorized that the idea of Darwin's work being delayed dates to the 1940s?
|
[
"Which scientist's study theorized that the idea of Darwin's work being delayed dates to the 1940s?"
] |
{
"text": [
"John van Wyhe"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111916
|
572788c6f1498d1400e8fb2a
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
On the Origin of Species was first published on Thursday 24 November 1859, priced at fifteen shillings with a first printing of 1250 copies. The book had been offered to booksellers at Murray's autumn sale on Tuesday 22 November, and all available copies had been taken up immediately. In total, 1,250 copies were printed but after deducting presentation and review copies, and five for Stationers' Hall copyright, around 1,170 copies were available for sale. Significantly, 500 were taken by Mudie's Library, ensuring that the book promptly reached a large number of subscribers to the library. The second edition of 3,000 copies was quickly brought out on 7 January 1860, and incorporated numerous corrections as well as a response to religious objections by the addition of a new epigraph on page ii, a quotation from Charles Kingsley, and the phrase "by the Creator" added to the closing sentence. During Darwin's lifetime the book went through six editions, with cumulative changes and revisions to deal with counter-arguments raised. The third edition came out in 1861, with a number of sentences rewritten or added and an introductory appendix, An Historical Sketch of the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species, while the fourth in 1866 had further revisions. The fifth edition, published on 10 February 1869, incorporated more changes and for the first time included the phrase "survival of the fittest", which had been coined by the philosopher Herbert Spencer in his Principles of Biology (1864).
|
What was the cost for the first published copies of On the Origin of Species?
|
What was the cost for the first published copies of On the Origin of Species?
|
[
"What was the cost for the first published copies of On the Origin of Species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"fifteen shillings"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111917
|
572788c6f1498d1400e8fb2b
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
On the Origin of Species was first published on Thursday 24 November 1859, priced at fifteen shillings with a first printing of 1250 copies. The book had been offered to booksellers at Murray's autumn sale on Tuesday 22 November, and all available copies had been taken up immediately. In total, 1,250 copies were printed but after deducting presentation and review copies, and five for Stationers' Hall copyright, around 1,170 copies were available for sale. Significantly, 500 were taken by Mudie's Library, ensuring that the book promptly reached a large number of subscribers to the library. The second edition of 3,000 copies was quickly brought out on 7 January 1860, and incorporated numerous corrections as well as a response to religious objections by the addition of a new epigraph on page ii, a quotation from Charles Kingsley, and the phrase "by the Creator" added to the closing sentence. During Darwin's lifetime the book went through six editions, with cumulative changes and revisions to deal with counter-arguments raised. The third edition came out in 1861, with a number of sentences rewritten or added and an introductory appendix, An Historical Sketch of the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species, while the fourth in 1866 had further revisions. The fifth edition, published on 10 February 1869, incorporated more changes and for the first time included the phrase "survival of the fittest", which had been coined by the philosopher Herbert Spencer in his Principles of Biology (1864).
|
How many copies of On the Origin of Species were created in the first printing?
|
How many copies of On the Origin of Species were created in the first printing?
|
[
"How many copies of On the Origin of Species were created in the first printing?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1250 copies"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111918
|
572788c6f1498d1400e8fb2c
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
On the Origin of Species was first published on Thursday 24 November 1859, priced at fifteen shillings with a first printing of 1250 copies. The book had been offered to booksellers at Murray's autumn sale on Tuesday 22 November, and all available copies had been taken up immediately. In total, 1,250 copies were printed but after deducting presentation and review copies, and five for Stationers' Hall copyright, around 1,170 copies were available for sale. Significantly, 500 were taken by Mudie's Library, ensuring that the book promptly reached a large number of subscribers to the library. The second edition of 3,000 copies was quickly brought out on 7 January 1860, and incorporated numerous corrections as well as a response to religious objections by the addition of a new epigraph on page ii, a quotation from Charles Kingsley, and the phrase "by the Creator" added to the closing sentence. During Darwin's lifetime the book went through six editions, with cumulative changes and revisions to deal with counter-arguments raised. The third edition came out in 1861, with a number of sentences rewritten or added and an introductory appendix, An Historical Sketch of the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species, while the fourth in 1866 had further revisions. The fifth edition, published on 10 February 1869, incorporated more changes and for the first time included the phrase "survival of the fittest", which had been coined by the philosopher Herbert Spencer in his Principles of Biology (1864).
|
Where was the book, On the Origin of Species first offered for sale?
|
Where was the book, On the Origin of Species first offered for sale?
|
[
"Where was the book, On the Origin of Species first offered for sale?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Murray's autumn sale"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111919
|
572788c6f1498d1400e8fb2d
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
On the Origin of Species was first published on Thursday 24 November 1859, priced at fifteen shillings with a first printing of 1250 copies. The book had been offered to booksellers at Murray's autumn sale on Tuesday 22 November, and all available copies had been taken up immediately. In total, 1,250 copies were printed but after deducting presentation and review copies, and five for Stationers' Hall copyright, around 1,170 copies were available for sale. Significantly, 500 were taken by Mudie's Library, ensuring that the book promptly reached a large number of subscribers to the library. The second edition of 3,000 copies was quickly brought out on 7 January 1860, and incorporated numerous corrections as well as a response to religious objections by the addition of a new epigraph on page ii, a quotation from Charles Kingsley, and the phrase "by the Creator" added to the closing sentence. During Darwin's lifetime the book went through six editions, with cumulative changes and revisions to deal with counter-arguments raised. The third edition came out in 1861, with a number of sentences rewritten or added and an introductory appendix, An Historical Sketch of the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species, while the fourth in 1866 had further revisions. The fifth edition, published on 10 February 1869, incorporated more changes and for the first time included the phrase "survival of the fittest", which had been coined by the philosopher Herbert Spencer in his Principles of Biology (1864).
|
How many editions did On the Origin of Species go through during Darwin's lifetime?
|
How many editions did On the Origin of Species go through during Darwin's lifetime?
|
[
"How many editions did On the Origin of Species go through during Darwin's lifetime?"
] |
{
"text": [
"six editions"
],
"answer_start": [
949
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111920
|
572788c6f1498d1400e8fb2e
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
On the Origin of Species was first published on Thursday 24 November 1859, priced at fifteen shillings with a first printing of 1250 copies. The book had been offered to booksellers at Murray's autumn sale on Tuesday 22 November, and all available copies had been taken up immediately. In total, 1,250 copies were printed but after deducting presentation and review copies, and five for Stationers' Hall copyright, around 1,170 copies were available for sale. Significantly, 500 were taken by Mudie's Library, ensuring that the book promptly reached a large number of subscribers to the library. The second edition of 3,000 copies was quickly brought out on 7 January 1860, and incorporated numerous corrections as well as a response to religious objections by the addition of a new epigraph on page ii, a quotation from Charles Kingsley, and the phrase "by the Creator" added to the closing sentence. During Darwin's lifetime the book went through six editions, with cumulative changes and revisions to deal with counter-arguments raised. The third edition came out in 1861, with a number of sentences rewritten or added and an introductory appendix, An Historical Sketch of the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species, while the fourth in 1866 had further revisions. The fifth edition, published on 10 February 1869, incorporated more changes and for the first time included the phrase "survival of the fittest", which had been coined by the philosopher Herbert Spencer in his Principles of Biology (1864).
|
Which institution bought 500 copies of the book, ensuring that a large number of people would have access to it?
|
Which institution bought 500 copies of the book, ensuring that a large number of people would have access to it?
|
[
"Which institution bought 500 copies of the book, ensuring that a large number of people would have access to it?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Mudie's Library"
],
"answer_start": [
493
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111921
|
57278c42708984140094e07b
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In January 1871, George Jackson Mivart's On the Genesis of Species listed detailed arguments against natural selection, and claimed it included false metaphysics. Darwin made extensive revisions to the sixth edition of the Origin (this was the first edition in which he used the word "evolution" which had commonly been associated with embryological development, though all editions concluded with the word "evolved"), and added a new chapter VII, Miscellaneous objections, to address Mivart's arguments.
|
What did On the Genesis of Species argue against natural selection?
|
What did On the Genesis of Species argue against natural selection?
|
[
"What did On the Genesis of Species argue against natural selection?"
] |
{
"text": [
"claimed it included false metaphysics"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111922
|
57278c42708984140094e07c
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In January 1871, George Jackson Mivart's On the Genesis of Species listed detailed arguments against natural selection, and claimed it included false metaphysics. Darwin made extensive revisions to the sixth edition of the Origin (this was the first edition in which he used the word "evolution" which had commonly been associated with embryological development, though all editions concluded with the word "evolved"), and added a new chapter VII, Miscellaneous objections, to address Mivart's arguments.
|
Who wrote On the Genesis of Species?
|
Who wrote On the Genesis of Species?
|
[
"Who wrote On the Genesis of Species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"George Jackson Mivart"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111923
|
57278c42708984140094e07d
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In January 1871, George Jackson Mivart's On the Genesis of Species listed detailed arguments against natural selection, and claimed it included false metaphysics. Darwin made extensive revisions to the sixth edition of the Origin (this was the first edition in which he used the word "evolution" which had commonly been associated with embryological development, though all editions concluded with the word "evolved"), and added a new chapter VII, Miscellaneous objections, to address Mivart's arguments.
|
When did Charles Darwin first use the word "evolution" in On the Origin of Species?
|
When did Charles Darwin first use the word "evolution" in On the Origin of Species?
|
[
"When did Charles Darwin first use the word \"evolution\" in On the Origin of Species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the sixth edition"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111924
|
57278c42708984140094e07e
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In January 1871, George Jackson Mivart's On the Genesis of Species listed detailed arguments against natural selection, and claimed it included false metaphysics. Darwin made extensive revisions to the sixth edition of the Origin (this was the first edition in which he used the word "evolution" which had commonly been associated with embryological development, though all editions concluded with the word "evolved"), and added a new chapter VII, Miscellaneous objections, to address Mivart's arguments.
|
What did Charles Darwin do to address Mivart's arguments?
|
What did Charles Darwin do to address Mivart's arguments?
|
[
"What did Charles Darwin do to address Mivart's arguments?"
] |
{
"text": [
"added a new chapter VII,"
],
"answer_start": [
423
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111925
|
57278c42708984140094e07f
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In January 1871, George Jackson Mivart's On the Genesis of Species listed detailed arguments against natural selection, and claimed it included false metaphysics. Darwin made extensive revisions to the sixth edition of the Origin (this was the first edition in which he used the word "evolution" which had commonly been associated with embryological development, though all editions concluded with the word "evolved"), and added a new chapter VII, Miscellaneous objections, to address Mivart's arguments.
|
What was chapter VII entitled?
|
What was chapter VII entitled?
|
[
"What was chapter VII entitled?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Miscellaneous objections"
],
"answer_start": [
448
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111926
|
57278d495951b619008f8d45
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In the United States, botanist Asa Gray an American colleague of Darwin negotiated with a Boston publisher for publication of an authorised American version, but learnt that two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print Origin. Darwin was delighted by the popularity of the book, and asked Gray to keep any profits. Gray managed to negotiate a 5% royalty with Appleton's of New York, who got their edition out in mid January 1860, and the other two withdrew. In a May letter, Darwin mentioned a print run of 2,500 copies, but it is not clear if this referred to the first printing only as there were four that year.
|
Why couldn't Asa Gray use a Boston publisher for an American version of On the Origin of Species?
|
Why couldn't Asa Gray use a Boston publisher for an American version of On the Origin of Species?
|
[
"Why couldn't Asa Gray use a Boston publisher for an American version of On the Origin of Species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print Origin"
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111927
|
57278d495951b619008f8d46
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In the United States, botanist Asa Gray an American colleague of Darwin negotiated with a Boston publisher for publication of an authorised American version, but learnt that two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print Origin. Darwin was delighted by the popularity of the book, and asked Gray to keep any profits. Gray managed to negotiate a 5% royalty with Appleton's of New York, who got their edition out in mid January 1860, and the other two withdrew. In a May letter, Darwin mentioned a print run of 2,500 copies, but it is not clear if this referred to the first printing only as there were four that year.
|
How much of a royalty was Gray able to negotiate with a New York publisher for On the Origin of Species?
|
How much of a royalty was Gray able to negotiate with a New York publisher for On the Origin of Species?
|
[
"How much of a royalty was Gray able to negotiate with a New York publisher for On the Origin of Species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a 5% royalty"
],
"answer_start": [
407
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111928
|
57278d495951b619008f8d47
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In the United States, botanist Asa Gray an American colleague of Darwin negotiated with a Boston publisher for publication of an authorised American version, but learnt that two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print Origin. Darwin was delighted by the popularity of the book, and asked Gray to keep any profits. Gray managed to negotiate a 5% royalty with Appleton's of New York, who got their edition out in mid January 1860, and the other two withdrew. In a May letter, Darwin mentioned a print run of 2,500 copies, but it is not clear if this referred to the first printing only as there were four that year.
|
When was the first American edition of On the Origin of Species published?
|
When was the first American edition of On the Origin of Species published?
|
[
"When was the first American edition of On the Origin of Species published?"
] |
{
"text": [
"mid January 1860"
],
"answer_start": [
478
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111929
|
57278d495951b619008f8d48
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In the United States, botanist Asa Gray an American colleague of Darwin negotiated with a Boston publisher for publication of an authorised American version, but learnt that two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print Origin. Darwin was delighted by the popularity of the book, and asked Gray to keep any profits. Gray managed to negotiate a 5% royalty with Appleton's of New York, who got their edition out in mid January 1860, and the other two withdrew. In a May letter, Darwin mentioned a print run of 2,500 copies, but it is not clear if this referred to the first printing only as there were four that year.
|
What did Darwin decide to do with the profits of the American version of On the Origin of Species?
|
What did Darwin decide to do with the profits of the American version of On the Origin of Species?
|
[
"What did Darwin decide to do with the profits of the American version of On the Origin of Species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"asked Gray to keep any profits"
],
"answer_start": [
349
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111930
|
57278d495951b619008f8d49
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In the United States, botanist Asa Gray an American colleague of Darwin negotiated with a Boston publisher for publication of an authorised American version, but learnt that two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print Origin. Darwin was delighted by the popularity of the book, and asked Gray to keep any profits. Gray managed to negotiate a 5% royalty with Appleton's of New York, who got their edition out in mid January 1860, and the other two withdrew. In a May letter, Darwin mentioned a print run of 2,500 copies, but it is not clear if this referred to the first printing only as there were four that year.
|
What was the print run that Darwin mentioned for On the Origin of Species?
|
What was the print run that Darwin mentioned for On the Origin of Species?
|
[
"What was the print run that Darwin mentioned for On the Origin of Species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"2,500 copies"
],
"answer_start": [
573
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111931
|
57278e79f1498d1400e8fc08
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
The book was widely translated in Darwin's lifetime, but problems arose with translating concepts and metaphors, and some translations were biased by the translator's own agenda. Darwin distributed presentation copies in France and Germany, hoping that suitable applicants would come forward, as translators were expected to make their own arrangements with a local publisher. He welcomed the distinguished elderly naturalist and geologist Heinrich Georg Bronn, but the German translation published in 1860 imposed Bronn's own ideas, adding controversial themes that Darwin had deliberately omitted. Bronn translated "favoured races" as "perfected races", and added essays on issues including the origin of life, as well as a final chapter on religious implications partly inspired by Bronn's adherence to Naturphilosophie. In 1862, Bronn produced a second edition based on the third English edition and Darwin's suggested additions, but then died of a heart attack. Darwin corresponded closely with Julius Victor Carus, who published an improved translation in 1867. Darwin's attempts to find a translator in France fell through, and the translation by Clémence Royer published in 1862 added an introduction praising Darwin's ideas as an alternative to religious revelation and promoting ideas anticipating social Darwinism and eugenics, as well as numerous explanatory notes giving her own answers to doubts that Darwin expressed. Darwin corresponded with Royer about a second edition published in 1866 and a third in 1870, but he had difficulty getting her to remove her notes and was troubled by these editions. He remained unsatisfied until a translation by Edmond Barbier was published in 1876. A Dutch translation by Tiberius Cornelis Winkler was published in 1860. By 1864, additional translations had appeared in Italian and Russian. In Darwin's lifetime, Origin was published in Swedish in 1871, Danish in 1872, Polish in 1873, Hungarian in 1873–1874, Spanish in 1877 and Serbian in 1878. By 1977, it had appeared in an additional 18 languages.
|
Who was the German translator that Darwin welcomed for On the Origin of Species?
|
Who was the German translator that Darwin welcomed for On the Origin of Species?
|
[
"Who was the German translator that Darwin welcomed for On the Origin of Species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Heinrich Georg Bronn,"
],
"answer_start": [
440
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111932
|
57278e79f1498d1400e8fc09
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
The book was widely translated in Darwin's lifetime, but problems arose with translating concepts and metaphors, and some translations were biased by the translator's own agenda. Darwin distributed presentation copies in France and Germany, hoping that suitable applicants would come forward, as translators were expected to make their own arrangements with a local publisher. He welcomed the distinguished elderly naturalist and geologist Heinrich Georg Bronn, but the German translation published in 1860 imposed Bronn's own ideas, adding controversial themes that Darwin had deliberately omitted. Bronn translated "favoured races" as "perfected races", and added essays on issues including the origin of life, as well as a final chapter on religious implications partly inspired by Bronn's adherence to Naturphilosophie. In 1862, Bronn produced a second edition based on the third English edition and Darwin's suggested additions, but then died of a heart attack. Darwin corresponded closely with Julius Victor Carus, who published an improved translation in 1867. Darwin's attempts to find a translator in France fell through, and the translation by Clémence Royer published in 1862 added an introduction praising Darwin's ideas as an alternative to religious revelation and promoting ideas anticipating social Darwinism and eugenics, as well as numerous explanatory notes giving her own answers to doubts that Darwin expressed. Darwin corresponded with Royer about a second edition published in 1866 and a third in 1870, but he had difficulty getting her to remove her notes and was troubled by these editions. He remained unsatisfied until a translation by Edmond Barbier was published in 1876. A Dutch translation by Tiberius Cornelis Winkler was published in 1860. By 1864, additional translations had appeared in Italian and Russian. In Darwin's lifetime, Origin was published in Swedish in 1871, Danish in 1872, Polish in 1873, Hungarian in 1873–1874, Spanish in 1877 and Serbian in 1878. By 1977, it had appeared in an additional 18 languages.
|
What did Bronn do in his translation that went completely against what Darwin wanted in On the Origin of Species?
|
What did Bronn do in his translation that went completely against what Darwin wanted in On the Origin of Species?
|
[
"What did Bronn do in his translation that went completely against what Darwin wanted in On the Origin of Species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the German translation published in 1860 imposed Bronn's own ideas, adding controversial themes that Darwin had deliberately omitted."
],
"answer_start": [
466
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111933
|
57278e79f1498d1400e8fc0a
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
The book was widely translated in Darwin's lifetime, but problems arose with translating concepts and metaphors, and some translations were biased by the translator's own agenda. Darwin distributed presentation copies in France and Germany, hoping that suitable applicants would come forward, as translators were expected to make their own arrangements with a local publisher. He welcomed the distinguished elderly naturalist and geologist Heinrich Georg Bronn, but the German translation published in 1860 imposed Bronn's own ideas, adding controversial themes that Darwin had deliberately omitted. Bronn translated "favoured races" as "perfected races", and added essays on issues including the origin of life, as well as a final chapter on religious implications partly inspired by Bronn's adherence to Naturphilosophie. In 1862, Bronn produced a second edition based on the third English edition and Darwin's suggested additions, but then died of a heart attack. Darwin corresponded closely with Julius Victor Carus, who published an improved translation in 1867. Darwin's attempts to find a translator in France fell through, and the translation by Clémence Royer published in 1862 added an introduction praising Darwin's ideas as an alternative to religious revelation and promoting ideas anticipating social Darwinism and eugenics, as well as numerous explanatory notes giving her own answers to doubts that Darwin expressed. Darwin corresponded with Royer about a second edition published in 1866 and a third in 1870, but he had difficulty getting her to remove her notes and was troubled by these editions. He remained unsatisfied until a translation by Edmond Barbier was published in 1876. A Dutch translation by Tiberius Cornelis Winkler was published in 1860. By 1864, additional translations had appeared in Italian and Russian. In Darwin's lifetime, Origin was published in Swedish in 1871, Danish in 1872, Polish in 1873, Hungarian in 1873–1874, Spanish in 1877 and Serbian in 1878. By 1977, it had appeared in an additional 18 languages.
|
What did Bronn change "Favoured Races" to in his translated edition of On the Origin of Species?
|
What did Bronn change "Favoured Races" to in his translated edition of On the Origin of Species?
|
[
"What did Bronn change \"Favoured Races\" to in his translated edition of On the Origin of Species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"\"perfected races\""
],
"answer_start": [
637
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111934
|
57278e79f1498d1400e8fc0b
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
The book was widely translated in Darwin's lifetime, but problems arose with translating concepts and metaphors, and some translations were biased by the translator's own agenda. Darwin distributed presentation copies in France and Germany, hoping that suitable applicants would come forward, as translators were expected to make their own arrangements with a local publisher. He welcomed the distinguished elderly naturalist and geologist Heinrich Georg Bronn, but the German translation published in 1860 imposed Bronn's own ideas, adding controversial themes that Darwin had deliberately omitted. Bronn translated "favoured races" as "perfected races", and added essays on issues including the origin of life, as well as a final chapter on religious implications partly inspired by Bronn's adherence to Naturphilosophie. In 1862, Bronn produced a second edition based on the third English edition and Darwin's suggested additions, but then died of a heart attack. Darwin corresponded closely with Julius Victor Carus, who published an improved translation in 1867. Darwin's attempts to find a translator in France fell through, and the translation by Clémence Royer published in 1862 added an introduction praising Darwin's ideas as an alternative to religious revelation and promoting ideas anticipating social Darwinism and eugenics, as well as numerous explanatory notes giving her own answers to doubts that Darwin expressed. Darwin corresponded with Royer about a second edition published in 1866 and a third in 1870, but he had difficulty getting her to remove her notes and was troubled by these editions. He remained unsatisfied until a translation by Edmond Barbier was published in 1876. A Dutch translation by Tiberius Cornelis Winkler was published in 1860. By 1864, additional translations had appeared in Italian and Russian. In Darwin's lifetime, Origin was published in Swedish in 1871, Danish in 1872, Polish in 1873, Hungarian in 1873–1874, Spanish in 1877 and Serbian in 1878. By 1977, it had appeared in an additional 18 languages.
|
Who published an improved translation of On the Origin of Species in 1867?
|
Who published an improved translation of On the Origin of Species in 1867?
|
[
"Who published an improved translation of On the Origin of Species in 1867?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Julius Victor Carus"
],
"answer_start": [
1000
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111935
|
57278e79f1498d1400e8fc0c
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
The book was widely translated in Darwin's lifetime, but problems arose with translating concepts and metaphors, and some translations were biased by the translator's own agenda. Darwin distributed presentation copies in France and Germany, hoping that suitable applicants would come forward, as translators were expected to make their own arrangements with a local publisher. He welcomed the distinguished elderly naturalist and geologist Heinrich Georg Bronn, but the German translation published in 1860 imposed Bronn's own ideas, adding controversial themes that Darwin had deliberately omitted. Bronn translated "favoured races" as "perfected races", and added essays on issues including the origin of life, as well as a final chapter on religious implications partly inspired by Bronn's adherence to Naturphilosophie. In 1862, Bronn produced a second edition based on the third English edition and Darwin's suggested additions, but then died of a heart attack. Darwin corresponded closely with Julius Victor Carus, who published an improved translation in 1867. Darwin's attempts to find a translator in France fell through, and the translation by Clémence Royer published in 1862 added an introduction praising Darwin's ideas as an alternative to religious revelation and promoting ideas anticipating social Darwinism and eugenics, as well as numerous explanatory notes giving her own answers to doubts that Darwin expressed. Darwin corresponded with Royer about a second edition published in 1866 and a third in 1870, but he had difficulty getting her to remove her notes and was troubled by these editions. He remained unsatisfied until a translation by Edmond Barbier was published in 1876. A Dutch translation by Tiberius Cornelis Winkler was published in 1860. By 1864, additional translations had appeared in Italian and Russian. In Darwin's lifetime, Origin was published in Swedish in 1871, Danish in 1872, Polish in 1873, Hungarian in 1873–1874, Spanish in 1877 and Serbian in 1878. By 1977, it had appeared in an additional 18 languages.
|
Why was Darwin unhappy with the first French translation of On the Origins of Species?
|
Why was Darwin unhappy with the first French translation of On the Origins of Species?
|
[
"Why was Darwin unhappy with the first French translation of On the Origins of Species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"numerous explanatory notes giving her own answers to doubts that Darwin expressed"
],
"answer_start": [
1350
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111936
|
57278fa6708984140094e0e5
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Page ii contains quotations by William Whewell and Francis Bacon on the theology of natural laws, harmonising science and religion in accordance with Isaac Newton's belief in a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos. In the second edition, Darwin added an epigraph from Joseph Butler affirming that God could work through scientific laws as much as through miracles, in a nod to the religious concerns of his oldest friends. The Introduction establishes Darwin's credentials as a naturalist and author, then refers to John Herschel's letter suggesting that the origin of species "would be found to be a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process":
|
What was Isaac Newton's belief about God on the theory of natural law?
|
What was Isaac Newton's belief about God on the theory of natural law?
|
[
"What was Isaac Newton's belief about God on the theory of natural law?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111937
|
57278fa6708984140094e0e6
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Page ii contains quotations by William Whewell and Francis Bacon on the theology of natural laws, harmonising science and religion in accordance with Isaac Newton's belief in a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos. In the second edition, Darwin added an epigraph from Joseph Butler affirming that God could work through scientific laws as much as through miracles, in a nod to the religious concerns of his oldest friends. The Introduction establishes Darwin's credentials as a naturalist and author, then refers to John Herschel's letter suggesting that the origin of species "would be found to be a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process":
|
Whose epigraph did Darwin add to On the Origin of Species harmonizing God with science and miracles together?
|
Whose epigraph did Darwin add to On the Origin of Species harmonizing God with science and miracles together?
|
[
"Whose epigraph did Darwin add to On the Origin of Species harmonizing God with science and miracles together?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Joseph Butler"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111938
|
57278fa6708984140094e0e7
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Page ii contains quotations by William Whewell and Francis Bacon on the theology of natural laws, harmonising science and religion in accordance with Isaac Newton's belief in a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos. In the second edition, Darwin added an epigraph from Joseph Butler affirming that God could work through scientific laws as much as through miracles, in a nod to the religious concerns of his oldest friends. The Introduction establishes Darwin's credentials as a naturalist and author, then refers to John Herschel's letter suggesting that the origin of species "would be found to be a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process":
|
Whose letter does the introduction to On the Origin of Species refer?
|
Whose letter does the introduction to On the Origin of Species refer?
|
[
"Whose letter does the introduction to On the Origin of Species refer?"
] |
{
"text": [
"John Herschel"
],
"answer_start": [
529
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111939
|
57278fa6708984140094e0e8
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Page ii contains quotations by William Whewell and Francis Bacon on the theology of natural laws, harmonising science and religion in accordance with Isaac Newton's belief in a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos. In the second edition, Darwin added an epigraph from Joseph Butler affirming that God could work through scientific laws as much as through miracles, in a nod to the religious concerns of his oldest friends. The Introduction establishes Darwin's credentials as a naturalist and author, then refers to John Herschel's letter suggesting that the origin of species "would be found to be a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process":
|
In which edition of On the Origin of Species was the epigraph from Joseph Butler added?
|
In which edition of On the Origin of Species was the epigraph from Joseph Butler added?
|
[
"In which edition of On the Origin of Species was the epigraph from Joseph Butler added?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the second edition"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111940
|
57279071dd62a815002ea08e
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Chapter I covers animal husbandry and plant breeding, going back to ancient Egypt. Darwin discusses contemporary opinions on the origins of different breeds under cultivation to argue that many have been produced from common ancestors by selective breeding. As an illustration of artificial selection, he describes fancy pigeon breeding, noting that "[t]he diversity of the breeds is something astonishing", yet all were descended from one species of rock pigeon. Darwin saw two distinct kinds of variation: (1) rare abrupt changes he called "sports" or "monstrosities" (example: ancon sheep with short legs), and (2) ubiquitous small differences (example: slightly shorter or longer bill of pigeons). Both types of hereditary changes can be used by breeders. However, for Darwin the small changes were most important in evolution.
|
How far back does Chapter One of On the Origin of Species go in its coverage of animal and plant species?
|
How far back does Chapter One of On the Origin of Species go in its coverage of animal and plant species?
|
[
"How far back does Chapter One of On the Origin of Species go in its coverage of animal and plant species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"ancient Egypt"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111941
|
57279071dd62a815002ea08f
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Chapter I covers animal husbandry and plant breeding, going back to ancient Egypt. Darwin discusses contemporary opinions on the origins of different breeds under cultivation to argue that many have been produced from common ancestors by selective breeding. As an illustration of artificial selection, he describes fancy pigeon breeding, noting that "[t]he diversity of the breeds is something astonishing", yet all were descended from one species of rock pigeon. Darwin saw two distinct kinds of variation: (1) rare abrupt changes he called "sports" or "monstrosities" (example: ancon sheep with short legs), and (2) ubiquitous small differences (example: slightly shorter or longer bill of pigeons). Both types of hereditary changes can be used by breeders. However, for Darwin the small changes were most important in evolution.
|
What does Darwin use to illustrate the effects of artificial selection?
|
What does Darwin use to illustrate the effects of artificial selection?
|
[
"What does Darwin use to illustrate the effects of artificial selection?"
] |
{
"text": [
"fancy pigeon breeding"
],
"answer_start": [
315
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111942
|
57279071dd62a815002ea090
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Chapter I covers animal husbandry and plant breeding, going back to ancient Egypt. Darwin discusses contemporary opinions on the origins of different breeds under cultivation to argue that many have been produced from common ancestors by selective breeding. As an illustration of artificial selection, he describes fancy pigeon breeding, noting that "[t]he diversity of the breeds is something astonishing", yet all were descended from one species of rock pigeon. Darwin saw two distinct kinds of variation: (1) rare abrupt changes he called "sports" or "monstrosities" (example: ancon sheep with short legs), and (2) ubiquitous small differences (example: slightly shorter or longer bill of pigeons). Both types of hereditary changes can be used by breeders. However, for Darwin the small changes were most important in evolution.
|
From what does Darwin assert all pigeons are descended?
|
From what does Darwin assert all pigeons are descended?
|
[
"From what does Darwin assert all pigeons are descended?"
] |
{
"text": [
"one species of rock pigeon"
],
"answer_start": [
436
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111943
|
57279071dd62a815002ea091
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Chapter I covers animal husbandry and plant breeding, going back to ancient Egypt. Darwin discusses contemporary opinions on the origins of different breeds under cultivation to argue that many have been produced from common ancestors by selective breeding. As an illustration of artificial selection, he describes fancy pigeon breeding, noting that "[t]he diversity of the breeds is something astonishing", yet all were descended from one species of rock pigeon. Darwin saw two distinct kinds of variation: (1) rare abrupt changes he called "sports" or "monstrosities" (example: ancon sheep with short legs), and (2) ubiquitous small differences (example: slightly shorter or longer bill of pigeons). Both types of hereditary changes can be used by breeders. However, for Darwin the small changes were most important in evolution.
|
Which evolutionary changes were the most important to Darwin?
|
Which evolutionary changes were the most important to Darwin?
|
[
"Which evolutionary changes were the most important to Darwin?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the small changes"
],
"answer_start": [
780
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111944
|
57279206f1498d1400e8fc70
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In Chapter II, Darwin specifies that the distinction between species and varieties is arbitrary, with experts disagreeing and changing their decisions when new forms were found. He concludes that "a well-marked variety may be justly called an incipient species" and that "species are only strongly marked and permanent varieties". He argues for the ubiquity of variation in nature. Historians have noted that naturalists had long been aware that the individuals of a species differed from one another, but had generally considered such variations to be limited and unimportant deviations from the archetype of each species, that archetype being a fixed ideal in the mind of God. Darwin and Wallace made variation among individuals of the same species central to understanding the natural world.
|
What does Darwin believe about the differences between species and varieties?
|
What does Darwin believe about the differences between species and varieties?
|
[
"What does Darwin believe about the differences between species and varieties?"
] |
{
"text": [
"is arbitrary"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111945
|
57279206f1498d1400e8fc71
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In Chapter II, Darwin specifies that the distinction between species and varieties is arbitrary, with experts disagreeing and changing their decisions when new forms were found. He concludes that "a well-marked variety may be justly called an incipient species" and that "species are only strongly marked and permanent varieties". He argues for the ubiquity of variation in nature. Historians have noted that naturalists had long been aware that the individuals of a species differed from one another, but had generally considered such variations to be limited and unimportant deviations from the archetype of each species, that archetype being a fixed ideal in the mind of God. Darwin and Wallace made variation among individuals of the same species central to understanding the natural world.
|
What does Darwin theorize about different species with regard to variety?
|
What does Darwin theorize about different species with regard to variety?
|
[
"What does Darwin theorize about different species with regard to variety?"
] |
{
"text": [
"\"species are only strongly marked and permanent varieties\""
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111946
|
57279206f1498d1400e8fc72
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In Chapter II, Darwin specifies that the distinction between species and varieties is arbitrary, with experts disagreeing and changing their decisions when new forms were found. He concludes that "a well-marked variety may be justly called an incipient species" and that "species are only strongly marked and permanent varieties". He argues for the ubiquity of variation in nature. Historians have noted that naturalists had long been aware that the individuals of a species differed from one another, but had generally considered such variations to be limited and unimportant deviations from the archetype of each species, that archetype being a fixed ideal in the mind of God. Darwin and Wallace made variation among individuals of the same species central to understanding the natural world.
|
What did Darwin and Wallace make central to understanding the natural world?
|
What did Darwin and Wallace make central to understanding the natural world?
|
[
"What did Darwin and Wallace make central to understanding the natural world?"
] |
{
"text": [
"variation among individuals of the same species"
],
"answer_start": [
703
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111947
|
57279206f1498d1400e8fc73
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In Chapter II, Darwin specifies that the distinction between species and varieties is arbitrary, with experts disagreeing and changing their decisions when new forms were found. He concludes that "a well-marked variety may be justly called an incipient species" and that "species are only strongly marked and permanent varieties". He argues for the ubiquity of variation in nature. Historians have noted that naturalists had long been aware that the individuals of a species differed from one another, but had generally considered such variations to be limited and unimportant deviations from the archetype of each species, that archetype being a fixed ideal in the mind of God. Darwin and Wallace made variation among individuals of the same species central to understanding the natural world.
|
What did Darwin say that a "well marked variety" could be called?
|
What did Darwin say that a "well marked variety" could be called?
|
[
"What did Darwin say that a \"well marked variety\" could be called?"
] |
{
"text": [
"incipient species\""
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111948
|
57279206f1498d1400e8fc74
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In Chapter II, Darwin specifies that the distinction between species and varieties is arbitrary, with experts disagreeing and changing their decisions when new forms were found. He concludes that "a well-marked variety may be justly called an incipient species" and that "species are only strongly marked and permanent varieties". He argues for the ubiquity of variation in nature. Historians have noted that naturalists had long been aware that the individuals of a species differed from one another, but had generally considered such variations to be limited and unimportant deviations from the archetype of each species, that archetype being a fixed ideal in the mind of God. Darwin and Wallace made variation among individuals of the same species central to understanding the natural world.
|
What did historians say that naturalists generally thought about the differences in variations in a species?
|
What did historians say that naturalists generally thought about the differences in variations in a species?
|
[
"What did historians say that naturalists generally thought about the differences in variations in a species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"generally considered such variations to be limited and unimportant deviations from the archetype of each species"
],
"answer_start": [
510
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111949
|
5727a5574b864d1900163940
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
He notes that both A. P. de Candolle and Charles Lyell had stated that all organisms are exposed to severe competition. Darwin emphasizes that he used the phrase "struggle for existence" in "a large and metaphorical sense, including dependence of one being on another"; he gives examples ranging from plants struggling against drought to plants competing for birds to eat their fruit and disseminate their seeds. He describes the struggle resulting from population growth: "It is the doctrine of Malthus applied with manifold force to the whole animal and vegetable kingdoms." He discusses checks to such increase including complex ecological interdependencies, and notes that competition is most severe between closely related forms "which fill nearly the same place in the economy of nature".
|
What is the struggle that Darwin describes about population likened to?
|
What is the struggle that Darwin describes about population likened to?
|
[
"What is the struggle that Darwin describes about population likened to?"
] |
{
"text": [
"doctrine of Malthus"
],
"answer_start": [
484
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111950
|
5727a5574b864d1900163941
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
He notes that both A. P. de Candolle and Charles Lyell had stated that all organisms are exposed to severe competition. Darwin emphasizes that he used the phrase "struggle for existence" in "a large and metaphorical sense, including dependence of one being on another"; he gives examples ranging from plants struggling against drought to plants competing for birds to eat their fruit and disseminate their seeds. He describes the struggle resulting from population growth: "It is the doctrine of Malthus applied with manifold force to the whole animal and vegetable kingdoms." He discusses checks to such increase including complex ecological interdependencies, and notes that competition is most severe between closely related forms "which fill nearly the same place in the economy of nature".
|
Within what frame of reference does Darwin use the phrase "Struggle for Existence?"
|
Within what frame of reference does Darwin use the phrase "Struggle for Existence?"
|
[
"Within what frame of reference does Darwin use the phrase \"Struggle for Existence?\""
] |
{
"text": [
"\"a large and metaphorical sense"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111951
|
5727a5574b864d1900163942
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
He notes that both A. P. de Candolle and Charles Lyell had stated that all organisms are exposed to severe competition. Darwin emphasizes that he used the phrase "struggle for existence" in "a large and metaphorical sense, including dependence of one being on another"; he gives examples ranging from plants struggling against drought to plants competing for birds to eat their fruit and disseminate their seeds. He describes the struggle resulting from population growth: "It is the doctrine of Malthus applied with manifold force to the whole animal and vegetable kingdoms." He discusses checks to such increase including complex ecological interdependencies, and notes that competition is most severe between closely related forms "which fill nearly the same place in the economy of nature".
|
What was Charles Lyell's perception of what organisms are exposed to in their struggle for survival?
|
What was Charles Lyell's perception of what organisms are exposed to in their struggle for survival?
|
[
"What was Charles Lyell's perception of what organisms are exposed to in their struggle for survival?"
] |
{
"text": [
"all organisms are exposed to severe competition"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111952
|
5727a5574b864d1900163943
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
He notes that both A. P. de Candolle and Charles Lyell had stated that all organisms are exposed to severe competition. Darwin emphasizes that he used the phrase "struggle for existence" in "a large and metaphorical sense, including dependence of one being on another"; he gives examples ranging from plants struggling against drought to plants competing for birds to eat their fruit and disseminate their seeds. He describes the struggle resulting from population growth: "It is the doctrine of Malthus applied with manifold force to the whole animal and vegetable kingdoms." He discusses checks to such increase including complex ecological interdependencies, and notes that competition is most severe between closely related forms "which fill nearly the same place in the economy of nature".
|
When is competition strongest in the natural world?
|
When is competition strongest in the natural world?
|
[
"When is competition strongest in the natural world?"
] |
{
"text": [
"competition is most severe between closely related forms"
],
"answer_start": [
677
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111953
|
5727a5574b864d1900163944
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
He notes that both A. P. de Candolle and Charles Lyell had stated that all organisms are exposed to severe competition. Darwin emphasizes that he used the phrase "struggle for existence" in "a large and metaphorical sense, including dependence of one being on another"; he gives examples ranging from plants struggling against drought to plants competing for birds to eat their fruit and disseminate their seeds. He describes the struggle resulting from population growth: "It is the doctrine of Malthus applied with manifold force to the whole animal and vegetable kingdoms." He discusses checks to such increase including complex ecological interdependencies, and notes that competition is most severe between closely related forms "which fill nearly the same place in the economy of nature".
|
Why is competition so fierce between related species?
|
Why is competition so fierce between related species?
|
[
"Why is competition so fierce between related species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"fill nearly the same place in the economy of nature\"."
],
"answer_start": [
741
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111954
|
5727af44ff5b5019007d928a
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Chapter IV details natural selection under the "infinitely complex and close-fitting ... mutual relations of all organic beings to each other and to their physical conditions of life". Darwin takes as an example a country where a change in conditions led to extinction of some species, immigration of others and, where suitable variations occurred, descendants of some species became adapted to new conditions. He remarks that the artificial selection practised by animal breeders frequently produced sharp divergence in character between breeds, and suggests that natural selection might do the same, saying:
|
What did Darwin say that artificial selection by animal breeders often causes?
|
What did Darwin say that artificial selection by animal breeders often causes?
|
[
"What did Darwin say that artificial selection by animal breeders often causes?"
] |
{
"text": [
"sharp divergence in character between breeds,"
],
"answer_start": [
501
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111955
|
5727af44ff5b5019007d928b
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Chapter IV details natural selection under the "infinitely complex and close-fitting ... mutual relations of all organic beings to each other and to their physical conditions of life". Darwin takes as an example a country where a change in conditions led to extinction of some species, immigration of others and, where suitable variations occurred, descendants of some species became adapted to new conditions. He remarks that the artificial selection practised by animal breeders frequently produced sharp divergence in character between breeds, and suggests that natural selection might do the same, saying:
|
What did Darwin say could happen somewhere if there is a change in conditions?
|
What did Darwin say could happen somewhere if there is a change in conditions?
|
[
"What did Darwin say could happen somewhere if there is a change in conditions?"
] |
{
"text": [
"extinction of some species"
],
"answer_start": [
258
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111956
|
5727af44ff5b5019007d928c
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Chapter IV details natural selection under the "infinitely complex and close-fitting ... mutual relations of all organic beings to each other and to their physical conditions of life". Darwin takes as an example a country where a change in conditions led to extinction of some species, immigration of others and, where suitable variations occurred, descendants of some species became adapted to new conditions. He remarks that the artificial selection practised by animal breeders frequently produced sharp divergence in character between breeds, and suggests that natural selection might do the same, saying:
|
What can happen if species immigrate to a new location?
|
What can happen if species immigrate to a new location?
|
[
"What can happen if species immigrate to a new location?"
] |
{
"text": [
"descendants of some species became adapted to new conditions"
],
"answer_start": [
349
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111957
|
5727b0412ca10214002d93e0
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin proposes sexual selection, driven by competition between males for mates, to explain sexually dimorphic features such as lion manes, deer antlers, peacock tails, bird songs, and the bright plumage of some male birds. He analysed sexual selection more fully in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871). Natural selection was expected to work very slowly in forming new species, but given the effectiveness of artificial selection, he could "see no limit to the amount of change, to the beauty and infinite complexity of the coadaptations between all organic beings, one with another and with their physical conditions of life, which may be effected in the long course of time by nature's power of selection". Using a tree diagram and calculations, he indicates the "divergence of character" from original species into new species and genera. He describes branches falling off as extinction occurred, while new branches formed in "the great Tree of life ... with its ever branching and beautiful ramifications".
|
What does Darwin say can explain diverse feature such as antlers on deer and bright feathers on certain male birds?
|
What does Darwin say can explain diverse feature such as antlers on deer and bright feathers on certain male birds?
|
[
"What does Darwin say can explain diverse feature such as antlers on deer and bright feathers on certain male birds?"
] |
{
"text": [
"sexual selection, driven by competition between males for mates"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111958
|
5727b0412ca10214002d93e1
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin proposes sexual selection, driven by competition between males for mates, to explain sexually dimorphic features such as lion manes, deer antlers, peacock tails, bird songs, and the bright plumage of some male birds. He analysed sexual selection more fully in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871). Natural selection was expected to work very slowly in forming new species, but given the effectiveness of artificial selection, he could "see no limit to the amount of change, to the beauty and infinite complexity of the coadaptations between all organic beings, one with another and with their physical conditions of life, which may be effected in the long course of time by nature's power of selection". Using a tree diagram and calculations, he indicates the "divergence of character" from original species into new species and genera. He describes branches falling off as extinction occurred, while new branches formed in "the great Tree of life ... with its ever branching and beautiful ramifications".
|
Which of Darwin's written works has more in depth information about sexual selection?
|
Which of Darwin's written works has more in depth information about sexual selection?
|
[
"Which of Darwin's written works has more in depth information about sexual selection?"
] |
{
"text": [
"The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111959
|
5727b0412ca10214002d93e2
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin proposes sexual selection, driven by competition between males for mates, to explain sexually dimorphic features such as lion manes, deer antlers, peacock tails, bird songs, and the bright plumage of some male birds. He analysed sexual selection more fully in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871). Natural selection was expected to work very slowly in forming new species, but given the effectiveness of artificial selection, he could "see no limit to the amount of change, to the beauty and infinite complexity of the coadaptations between all organic beings, one with another and with their physical conditions of life, which may be effected in the long course of time by nature's power of selection". Using a tree diagram and calculations, he indicates the "divergence of character" from original species into new species and genera. He describes branches falling off as extinction occurred, while new branches formed in "the great Tree of life ... with its ever branching and beautiful ramifications".
|
What did Darwin expect to see between species with the addition of artificial selection?
|
What did Darwin expect to see between species with the addition of artificial selection?
|
[
"What did Darwin expect to see between species with the addition of artificial selection?"
] |
{
"text": [
"no limit to the amount of change, to the beauty and infinite complexity of the coadaptations between all organic beings"
],
"answer_start": [
470
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111960
|
5727b0412ca10214002d93e3
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin proposes sexual selection, driven by competition between males for mates, to explain sexually dimorphic features such as lion manes, deer antlers, peacock tails, bird songs, and the bright plumage of some male birds. He analysed sexual selection more fully in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871). Natural selection was expected to work very slowly in forming new species, but given the effectiveness of artificial selection, he could "see no limit to the amount of change, to the beauty and infinite complexity of the coadaptations between all organic beings, one with another and with their physical conditions of life, which may be effected in the long course of time by nature's power of selection". Using a tree diagram and calculations, he indicates the "divergence of character" from original species into new species and genera. He describes branches falling off as extinction occurred, while new branches formed in "the great Tree of life ... with its ever branching and beautiful ramifications".
|
What did Darwin use to illustrate the way that original species change and adapt into new ones?
|
What did Darwin use to illustrate the way that original species change and adapt into new ones?
|
[
"What did Darwin use to illustrate the way that original species change and adapt into new ones?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a tree diagram and calculations"
],
"answer_start": [
740
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111961
|
5727b1adff5b5019007d92c0
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In Darwin's time there was no agreed-upon model of heredity; in Chapter I Darwin admitted, "The laws governing inheritance are quite unknown." He accepted a version of the inheritance of acquired characteristics (which after Darwin's death came to be called Lamarckism), and Chapter V discusses what he called the effects of use and disuse; he wrote that he thought "there can be little doubt that use in our domestic animals strengthens and enlarges certain parts, and disuse diminishes them; and that such modifications are inherited", and that this also applied in nature. Darwin stated that some changes that were commonly attributed to use and disuse, such as the loss of functional wings in some island dwelling insects, might be produced by natural selection. In later editions of Origin, Darwin expanded the role attributed to the inheritance of acquired characteristics. Darwin also admitted ignorance of the source of inheritable variations, but speculated they might be produced by environmental factors. However, one thing was clear: whatever the exact nature and causes of new variations, Darwin knew from observation and experiment that breeders were able to select such variations and produce huge differences in many generations of selection. The observation that selection works in domestic animals is not destroyed by lack of understanding of the underlying hereditary mechanism.
|
What is the theory that is based on acquired characteristics within a species?
|
What is the theory that is based on acquired characteristics within a species?
|
[
"What is the theory that is based on acquired characteristics within a species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Lamarckism"
],
"answer_start": [
258
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111962
|
5727b1adff5b5019007d92c1
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In Darwin's time there was no agreed-upon model of heredity; in Chapter I Darwin admitted, "The laws governing inheritance are quite unknown." He accepted a version of the inheritance of acquired characteristics (which after Darwin's death came to be called Lamarckism), and Chapter V discusses what he called the effects of use and disuse; he wrote that he thought "there can be little doubt that use in our domestic animals strengthens and enlarges certain parts, and disuse diminishes them; and that such modifications are inherited", and that this also applied in nature. Darwin stated that some changes that were commonly attributed to use and disuse, such as the loss of functional wings in some island dwelling insects, might be produced by natural selection. In later editions of Origin, Darwin expanded the role attributed to the inheritance of acquired characteristics. Darwin also admitted ignorance of the source of inheritable variations, but speculated they might be produced by environmental factors. However, one thing was clear: whatever the exact nature and causes of new variations, Darwin knew from observation and experiment that breeders were able to select such variations and produce huge differences in many generations of selection. The observation that selection works in domestic animals is not destroyed by lack of understanding of the underlying hereditary mechanism.
|
What did Darwin learn about about the characteristics of domestic animals?
|
What did Darwin learn about about the characteristics of domestic animals?
|
[
"What did Darwin learn about about the characteristics of domestic animals?"
] |
{
"text": [
"use in our domestic animals strengthens and enlarges certain parts, and disuse diminishes them"
],
"answer_start": [
398
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111963
|
5727b1adff5b5019007d92c2
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In Darwin's time there was no agreed-upon model of heredity; in Chapter I Darwin admitted, "The laws governing inheritance are quite unknown." He accepted a version of the inheritance of acquired characteristics (which after Darwin's death came to be called Lamarckism), and Chapter V discusses what he called the effects of use and disuse; he wrote that he thought "there can be little doubt that use in our domestic animals strengthens and enlarges certain parts, and disuse diminishes them; and that such modifications are inherited", and that this also applied in nature. Darwin stated that some changes that were commonly attributed to use and disuse, such as the loss of functional wings in some island dwelling insects, might be produced by natural selection. In later editions of Origin, Darwin expanded the role attributed to the inheritance of acquired characteristics. Darwin also admitted ignorance of the source of inheritable variations, but speculated they might be produced by environmental factors. However, one thing was clear: whatever the exact nature and causes of new variations, Darwin knew from observation and experiment that breeders were able to select such variations and produce huge differences in many generations of selection. The observation that selection works in domestic animals is not destroyed by lack of understanding of the underlying hereditary mechanism.
|
What did Darwin speculate might be how inheritable variations might come about in a species?
|
What did Darwin speculate might be how inheritable variations might come about in a species?
|
[
"What did Darwin speculate might be how inheritable variations might come about in a species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"environmental factors"
],
"answer_start": [
993
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111964
|
5727b1adff5b5019007d92c3
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In Darwin's time there was no agreed-upon model of heredity; in Chapter I Darwin admitted, "The laws governing inheritance are quite unknown." He accepted a version of the inheritance of acquired characteristics (which after Darwin's death came to be called Lamarckism), and Chapter V discusses what he called the effects of use and disuse; he wrote that he thought "there can be little doubt that use in our domestic animals strengthens and enlarges certain parts, and disuse diminishes them; and that such modifications are inherited", and that this also applied in nature. Darwin stated that some changes that were commonly attributed to use and disuse, such as the loss of functional wings in some island dwelling insects, might be produced by natural selection. In later editions of Origin, Darwin expanded the role attributed to the inheritance of acquired characteristics. Darwin also admitted ignorance of the source of inheritable variations, but speculated they might be produced by environmental factors. However, one thing was clear: whatever the exact nature and causes of new variations, Darwin knew from observation and experiment that breeders were able to select such variations and produce huge differences in many generations of selection. The observation that selection works in domestic animals is not destroyed by lack of understanding of the underlying hereditary mechanism.
|
What did Darwin admit about acquired characteristics in chapter one of On the Origin of Species?
|
What did Darwin admit about acquired characteristics in chapter one of On the Origin of Species?
|
[
"What did Darwin admit about acquired characteristics in chapter one of On the Origin of Species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"\"The laws governing inheritance are quite unknown.\""
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111965
|
5727b1adff5b5019007d92c4
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In Darwin's time there was no agreed-upon model of heredity; in Chapter I Darwin admitted, "The laws governing inheritance are quite unknown." He accepted a version of the inheritance of acquired characteristics (which after Darwin's death came to be called Lamarckism), and Chapter V discusses what he called the effects of use and disuse; he wrote that he thought "there can be little doubt that use in our domestic animals strengthens and enlarges certain parts, and disuse diminishes them; and that such modifications are inherited", and that this also applied in nature. Darwin stated that some changes that were commonly attributed to use and disuse, such as the loss of functional wings in some island dwelling insects, might be produced by natural selection. In later editions of Origin, Darwin expanded the role attributed to the inheritance of acquired characteristics. Darwin also admitted ignorance of the source of inheritable variations, but speculated they might be produced by environmental factors. However, one thing was clear: whatever the exact nature and causes of new variations, Darwin knew from observation and experiment that breeders were able to select such variations and produce huge differences in many generations of selection. The observation that selection works in domestic animals is not destroyed by lack of understanding of the underlying hereditary mechanism.
|
What did Darwin learn about variations by observing breeders?
|
What did Darwin learn about variations by observing breeders?
|
[
"What did Darwin learn about variations by observing breeders?"
] |
{
"text": [
"breeders were able to select such variations and produce huge differences in many generations of selection"
],
"answer_start": [
1151
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111966
|
5727b63c3acd2414000dea4f
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
More detail was given in Darwin's 1868 book on The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, which tried to explain heredity through his hypothesis of pangenesis. Although Darwin had privately questioned blending inheritance, he struggled with the theoretical difficulty that novel individual variations would tend to blend into a population. However, inherited variation could be seen, and Darwin's concept of selection working on a population with a range of small variations was workable. It was not until the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s that a model of heredity became completely integrated with a model of variation. This modern evolutionary synthesis had been dubbed Neo Darwinian Evolution because it encompasses Charles Darwin's theories of evolution with Gregor Mendel's theories of genetic inheritance.
|
When was The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication by Charles Darwin published?
|
When was The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication by Charles Darwin published?
|
[
"When was The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication by Charles Darwin published?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1868"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111967
|
5727b63c3acd2414000dea50
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
More detail was given in Darwin's 1868 book on The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, which tried to explain heredity through his hypothesis of pangenesis. Although Darwin had privately questioned blending inheritance, he struggled with the theoretical difficulty that novel individual variations would tend to blend into a population. However, inherited variation could be seen, and Darwin's concept of selection working on a population with a range of small variations was workable. It was not until the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s that a model of heredity became completely integrated with a model of variation. This modern evolutionary synthesis had been dubbed Neo Darwinian Evolution because it encompasses Charles Darwin's theories of evolution with Gregor Mendel's theories of genetic inheritance.
|
What was the hypothesis that attempted to explain heredity?
|
What was the hypothesis that attempted to explain heredity?
|
[
"What was the hypothesis that attempted to explain heredity?"
] |
{
"text": [
"hypothesis of pangenesis."
],
"answer_start": [
148
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111968
|
5727b63c3acd2414000dea51
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
More detail was given in Darwin's 1868 book on The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, which tried to explain heredity through his hypothesis of pangenesis. Although Darwin had privately questioned blending inheritance, he struggled with the theoretical difficulty that novel individual variations would tend to blend into a population. However, inherited variation could be seen, and Darwin's concept of selection working on a population with a range of small variations was workable. It was not until the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s that a model of heredity became completely integrated with a model of variation. This modern evolutionary synthesis had been dubbed Neo Darwinian Evolution because it encompasses Charles Darwin's theories of evolution with Gregor Mendel's theories of genetic inheritance.
|
While Darwin wasn't sure about blending inherited traits, what was his opinion about utilizing inherited variation?
|
While Darwin wasn't sure about blending inherited traits, what was his opinion about utilizing inherited variation?
|
[
"While Darwin wasn't sure about blending inherited traits, what was his opinion about utilizing inherited variation?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Darwin's concept of selection working on a population with a range of small variations was workable"
],
"answer_start": [
402
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111969
|
5727b63c3acd2414000dea52
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
More detail was given in Darwin's 1868 book on The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, which tried to explain heredity through his hypothesis of pangenesis. Although Darwin had privately questioned blending inheritance, he struggled with the theoretical difficulty that novel individual variations would tend to blend into a population. However, inherited variation could be seen, and Darwin's concept of selection working on a population with a range of small variations was workable. It was not until the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s that a model of heredity became completely integrated with a model of variation. This modern evolutionary synthesis had been dubbed Neo Darwinian Evolution because it encompasses Charles Darwin's theories of evolution with Gregor Mendel's theories of genetic inheritance.
|
When did a model of heredity begin to be integrated with that of variation?
|
When did a model of heredity begin to be integrated with that of variation?
|
[
"When did a model of heredity begin to be integrated with that of variation?"
] |
{
"text": [
"in the 1930s and 1940s"
],
"answer_start": [
554
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111970
|
5727b63c3acd2414000dea53
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
More detail was given in Darwin's 1868 book on The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, which tried to explain heredity through his hypothesis of pangenesis. Although Darwin had privately questioned blending inheritance, he struggled with the theoretical difficulty that novel individual variations would tend to blend into a population. However, inherited variation could be seen, and Darwin's concept of selection working on a population with a range of small variations was workable. It was not until the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s that a model of heredity became completely integrated with a model of variation. This modern evolutionary synthesis had been dubbed Neo Darwinian Evolution because it encompasses Charles Darwin's theories of evolution with Gregor Mendel's theories of genetic inheritance.
|
What was the modern evolutionary synthesis named?
|
What was the modern evolutionary synthesis named?
|
[
"What was the modern evolutionary synthesis named?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Neo Darwinian Evolution"
],
"answer_start": [
709
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111971
|
5727b6e5ff5b5019007d9338
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Chapter VI begins by saying the next three chapters will address possible objections to the theory, the first being that often no intermediate forms between closely related species are found, though the theory implies such forms must have existed. As Darwin noted, "Firstly, why, if species have descended from other species by insensibly fine gradations, do we not everywhere see innumerable transitional forms? Why is not all nature in confusion, instead of the species being, as we see them, well defined?" Darwin attributed this to the competition between different forms, combined with the small number of individuals of intermediate forms, often leading to extinction of such forms. This difficulty can be referred to as the absence or rarity of transitional varieties in habitat space.
|
What is one possible objection to the theory of integrated variation?
|
What is one possible objection to the theory of integrated variation?
|
[
"What is one possible objection to the theory of integrated variation?"
] |
{
"text": [
"often no intermediate forms between closely related species are found"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111972
|
5727b6e5ff5b5019007d9339
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Chapter VI begins by saying the next three chapters will address possible objections to the theory, the first being that often no intermediate forms between closely related species are found, though the theory implies such forms must have existed. As Darwin noted, "Firstly, why, if species have descended from other species by insensibly fine gradations, do we not everywhere see innumerable transitional forms? Why is not all nature in confusion, instead of the species being, as we see them, well defined?" Darwin attributed this to the competition between different forms, combined with the small number of individuals of intermediate forms, often leading to extinction of such forms. This difficulty can be referred to as the absence or rarity of transitional varieties in habitat space.
|
Why did Darwin wonder why all of nature isn't chaotic and random?
|
Why did Darwin wonder why all of nature isn't chaotic and random?
|
[
"Why did Darwin wonder why all of nature isn't chaotic and random?"
] |
{
"text": [
"why, if species have descended from other species by insensibly fine gradations, do we not everywhere see innumerable transitional forms?"
],
"answer_start": [
275
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111973
|
5727b6e5ff5b5019007d933a
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Chapter VI begins by saying the next three chapters will address possible objections to the theory, the first being that often no intermediate forms between closely related species are found, though the theory implies such forms must have existed. As Darwin noted, "Firstly, why, if species have descended from other species by insensibly fine gradations, do we not everywhere see innumerable transitional forms? Why is not all nature in confusion, instead of the species being, as we see them, well defined?" Darwin attributed this to the competition between different forms, combined with the small number of individuals of intermediate forms, often leading to extinction of such forms. This difficulty can be referred to as the absence or rarity of transitional varieties in habitat space.
|
What did Darwin ultimately decide was the reason that nature is not a chaos of variation?
|
What did Darwin ultimately decide was the reason that nature is not a chaos of variation?
|
[
"What did Darwin ultimately decide was the reason that nature is not a chaos of variation?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the competition between different forms, combined with the small number of individuals of intermediate forms, often leading to extinction of such forms."
],
"answer_start": [
536
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111974
|
5727b7e24b864d1900163b52
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
His answer was that in many cases animals exist with intermediate structures that are functional. He presented flying squirrels, and flying lemurs as examples of how bats might have evolved from non-flying ancestors. He discussed various simple eyes found in invertebrates, starting with nothing more than an optic nerve coated with pigment, as examples of how the vertebrate eye could have evolved. Darwin concludes: "If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down. But I can find out no such case."
|
What are some flying animals that Darwin thought might have evolved from bats?
|
What are some flying animals that Darwin thought might have evolved from bats?
|
[
"What are some flying animals that Darwin thought might have evolved from bats?"
] |
{
"text": [
"flying squirrels, and flying lemurs"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111975
|
5727b7e24b864d1900163b53
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
His answer was that in many cases animals exist with intermediate structures that are functional. He presented flying squirrels, and flying lemurs as examples of how bats might have evolved from non-flying ancestors. He discussed various simple eyes found in invertebrates, starting with nothing more than an optic nerve coated with pigment, as examples of how the vertebrate eye could have evolved. Darwin concludes: "If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down. But I can find out no such case."
|
What example did Darwin give of eyes evolving?
|
What example did Darwin give of eyes evolving?
|
[
"What example did Darwin give of eyes evolving?"
] |
{
"text": [
"simple eyes found in invertebrates, starting with nothing more than an optic nerve coated with pigment"
],
"answer_start": [
238
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111976
|
5727b7e24b864d1900163b54
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
His answer was that in many cases animals exist with intermediate structures that are functional. He presented flying squirrels, and flying lemurs as examples of how bats might have evolved from non-flying ancestors. He discussed various simple eyes found in invertebrates, starting with nothing more than an optic nerve coated with pigment, as examples of how the vertebrate eye could have evolved. Darwin concludes: "If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down. But I can find out no such case."
|
How did Darwin justify his theory not breaking down?
|
How did Darwin justify his theory not breaking down?
|
[
"How did Darwin justify his theory not breaking down?"
] |
{
"text": [
"any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down."
],
"answer_start": [
452
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111977
|
5727b8b3ff5b5019007d936a
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Chapter VII (of the first edition) addresses the evolution of instincts. His examples included two he had investigated experimentally: slave-making ants and the construction of hexagonal cells by honey bees. Darwin noted that some species of slave-making ants were more dependent on slaves than others, and he observed that many ant species will collect and store the pupae of other species as food. He thought it reasonable that species with an extreme dependency on slave workers had evolved in incremental steps. He suggested that bees that make hexagonal cells evolved in steps from bees that made round cells, under pressure from natural selection to economise wax. Darwin concluded:
|
How does Darwin theorize that instincts have evolved in slave-making ants?
|
How does Darwin theorize that instincts have evolved in slave-making ants?
|
[
"How does Darwin theorize that instincts have evolved in slave-making ants?"
] |
{
"text": [
"He thought it reasonable that species with an extreme dependency on slave workers had evolved in incremental steps."
],
"answer_start": [
400
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111978
|
5727b8b3ff5b5019007d936b
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Chapter VII (of the first edition) addresses the evolution of instincts. His examples included two he had investigated experimentally: slave-making ants and the construction of hexagonal cells by honey bees. Darwin noted that some species of slave-making ants were more dependent on slaves than others, and he observed that many ant species will collect and store the pupae of other species as food. He thought it reasonable that species with an extreme dependency on slave workers had evolved in incremental steps. He suggested that bees that make hexagonal cells evolved in steps from bees that made round cells, under pressure from natural selection to economise wax. Darwin concluded:
|
How does Darwin theorize that instincts have evolved in bees?
|
How does Darwin theorize that instincts have evolved in bees?
|
[
"How does Darwin theorize that instincts have evolved in bees?"
] |
{
"text": [
"He suggested that bees that make hexagonal cells evolved in steps from bees that made round cells, under pressure from natural selection to economise wax"
],
"answer_start": [
516
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111979
|
5727b8b3ff5b5019007d936c
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Chapter VII (of the first edition) addresses the evolution of instincts. His examples included two he had investigated experimentally: slave-making ants and the construction of hexagonal cells by honey bees. Darwin noted that some species of slave-making ants were more dependent on slaves than others, and he observed that many ant species will collect and store the pupae of other species as food. He thought it reasonable that species with an extreme dependency on slave workers had evolved in incremental steps. He suggested that bees that make hexagonal cells evolved in steps from bees that made round cells, under pressure from natural selection to economise wax. Darwin concluded:
|
What did Darwin notice specifically about slave-making ants?
|
What did Darwin notice specifically about slave-making ants?
|
[
"What did Darwin notice specifically about slave-making ants?"
] |
{
"text": [
"some species of slave-making ants were more dependent on slaves than others"
],
"answer_start": [
226
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111980
|
5727b9d23acd2414000deaa9
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Chapter VIII addresses the idea that species had special characteristics that prevented hybrids from being fertile in order to preserve separately created species. Darwin said that, far from being constant, the difficulty in producing hybrids of related species, and the viability and fertility of the hybrids, varied greatly, especially among plants. Sometimes what were widely considered to be separate species produced fertile hybrid offspring freely, and in other cases what were considered to be mere varieties of the same species could only be crossed with difficulty. Darwin concluded: "Finally, then, the facts briefly given in this chapter do not seem to me opposed to, but even rather to support the view, that there is no fundamental distinction between species and varieties."
|
Why would hybrids have characteristics that keep them from being fertile?
|
Why would hybrids have characteristics that keep them from being fertile?
|
[
"Why would hybrids have characteristics that keep them from being fertile?"
] |
{
"text": [
"in order to preserve separately created species"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111981
|
5727b9d23acd2414000deaaa
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Chapter VIII addresses the idea that species had special characteristics that prevented hybrids from being fertile in order to preserve separately created species. Darwin said that, far from being constant, the difficulty in producing hybrids of related species, and the viability and fertility of the hybrids, varied greatly, especially among plants. Sometimes what were widely considered to be separate species produced fertile hybrid offspring freely, and in other cases what were considered to be mere varieties of the same species could only be crossed with difficulty. Darwin concluded: "Finally, then, the facts briefly given in this chapter do not seem to me opposed to, but even rather to support the view, that there is no fundamental distinction between species and varieties."
|
What are Darwin's thoughts on producing hybrids of related species?
|
What are Darwin's thoughts on producing hybrids of related species?
|
[
"What are Darwin's thoughts on producing hybrids of related species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the viability and fertility of the hybrids, varied greatly, especially among plants"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111982
|
5727b9d23acd2414000deaab
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Chapter VIII addresses the idea that species had special characteristics that prevented hybrids from being fertile in order to preserve separately created species. Darwin said that, far from being constant, the difficulty in producing hybrids of related species, and the viability and fertility of the hybrids, varied greatly, especially among plants. Sometimes what were widely considered to be separate species produced fertile hybrid offspring freely, and in other cases what were considered to be mere varieties of the same species could only be crossed with difficulty. Darwin concluded: "Finally, then, the facts briefly given in this chapter do not seem to me opposed to, but even rather to support the view, that there is no fundamental distinction between species and varieties."
|
What conclusion did Darwin come to after realizing that some diverse species were able to create variations easily, while other species thought to be closely related had difficulty?
|
What conclusion did Darwin come to after realizing that some diverse species were able to create variations easily, while other species thought to be closely related had difficulty?
|
[
"What conclusion did Darwin come to after realizing that some diverse species were able to create variations easily, while other species thought to be closely related had difficulty?"
] |
{
"text": [
"support the view, that there is no fundamental distinction between species and varieties"
],
"answer_start": [
698
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111983
|
5727bb0e4b864d1900163bba
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In the sixth edition Darwin inserted a new chapter VII (renumbering the subsequent chapters) to respond to criticisms of earlier editions, including the objection that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection. He said some such features could have been by-products of adaptive changes to other features, and that often features seemed non-adaptive because their function was unknown, as shown by his book on Fertilisation of Orchids that explained how their elaborate structures facilitated pollination by insects. Much of the chapter responds to George Jackson Mivart's criticisms, including his claim that features such as baleen filters in whales, flatfish with both eyes on one side and the camouflage of stick insects could not have evolved through natural selection because intermediate stages would not have been adaptive. Darwin proposed scenarios for the incremental evolution of each feature.
|
Why did Darwin introduce a new chapter in On the Origin of Species in the sixth edition?
|
Why did Darwin introduce a new chapter in On the Origin of Species in the sixth edition?
|
[
"Why did Darwin introduce a new chapter in On the Origin of Species in the sixth edition?"
] |
{
"text": [
"to respond to criticisms of earlier editions"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111984
|
5727bb0e4b864d1900163bbb
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In the sixth edition Darwin inserted a new chapter VII (renumbering the subsequent chapters) to respond to criticisms of earlier editions, including the objection that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection. He said some such features could have been by-products of adaptive changes to other features, and that often features seemed non-adaptive because their function was unknown, as shown by his book on Fertilisation of Orchids that explained how their elaborate structures facilitated pollination by insects. Much of the chapter responds to George Jackson Mivart's criticisms, including his claim that features such as baleen filters in whales, flatfish with both eyes on one side and the camouflage of stick insects could not have evolved through natural selection because intermediate stages would not have been adaptive. Darwin proposed scenarios for the incremental evolution of each feature.
|
What was one of the objections that Darwin addressed in his new chapter in On the Origin of Species?
|
What was one of the objections that Darwin addressed in his new chapter in On the Origin of Species?
|
[
"What was one of the objections that Darwin addressed in his new chapter in On the Origin of Species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111985
|
5727bb0e4b864d1900163bbc
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In the sixth edition Darwin inserted a new chapter VII (renumbering the subsequent chapters) to respond to criticisms of earlier editions, including the objection that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection. He said some such features could have been by-products of adaptive changes to other features, and that often features seemed non-adaptive because their function was unknown, as shown by his book on Fertilisation of Orchids that explained how their elaborate structures facilitated pollination by insects. Much of the chapter responds to George Jackson Mivart's criticisms, including his claim that features such as baleen filters in whales, flatfish with both eyes on one side and the camouflage of stick insects could not have evolved through natural selection because intermediate stages would not have been adaptive. Darwin proposed scenarios for the incremental evolution of each feature.
|
Which of Darwin's books featured a plant whose elaborate structure aided with fertilization by insects?
|
Which of Darwin's books featured a plant whose elaborate structure aided with fertilization by insects?
|
[
"Which of Darwin's books featured a plant whose elaborate structure aided with fertilization by insects?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Fertilisation of Orchids"
],
"answer_start": [
466
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111986
|
5727bb0e4b864d1900163bbd
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In the sixth edition Darwin inserted a new chapter VII (renumbering the subsequent chapters) to respond to criticisms of earlier editions, including the objection that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection. He said some such features could have been by-products of adaptive changes to other features, and that often features seemed non-adaptive because their function was unknown, as shown by his book on Fertilisation of Orchids that explained how their elaborate structures facilitated pollination by insects. Much of the chapter responds to George Jackson Mivart's criticisms, including his claim that features such as baleen filters in whales, flatfish with both eyes on one side and the camouflage of stick insects could not have evolved through natural selection because intermediate stages would not have been adaptive. Darwin proposed scenarios for the incremental evolution of each feature.
|
Which scientist was addressed the most often in the new chapter of On the Origin of Species?
|
Which scientist was addressed the most often in the new chapter of On the Origin of Species?
|
[
"Which scientist was addressed the most often in the new chapter of On the Origin of Species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"George Jackson Mivart"
],
"answer_start": [
605
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111987
|
5727bb0e4b864d1900163bbe
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In the sixth edition Darwin inserted a new chapter VII (renumbering the subsequent chapters) to respond to criticisms of earlier editions, including the objection that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection. He said some such features could have been by-products of adaptive changes to other features, and that often features seemed non-adaptive because their function was unknown, as shown by his book on Fertilisation of Orchids that explained how their elaborate structures facilitated pollination by insects. Much of the chapter responds to George Jackson Mivart's criticisms, including his claim that features such as baleen filters in whales, flatfish with both eyes on one side and the camouflage of stick insects could not have evolved through natural selection because intermediate stages would not have been adaptive. Darwin proposed scenarios for the incremental evolution of each feature.
|
What was Darwin's response to the claims that certain animals could not have evolved through natural selection?
|
What was Darwin's response to the claims that certain animals could not have evolved through natural selection?
|
[
"What was Darwin's response to the claims that certain animals could not have evolved through natural selection?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Darwin proposed scenarios for the incremental evolution of each feature."
],
"answer_start": [
888
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111988
|
5727bd4c2ca10214002d951c
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Chapter IX deals with the fact that the geologic record appears to show forms of life suddenly arising, without the innumerable transitional fossils expected from gradual changes. Darwin borrowed Charles Lyell's argument in Principles of Geology that the record is extremely imperfect as fossilisation is a very rare occurrence, spread over vast periods of time; since few areas had been geologically explored, there could only be fragmentary knowledge of geological formations, and fossil collections were very poor. Evolved local varieties which migrated into a wider area would seem to be the sudden appearance of a new species. Darwin did not expect to be able to reconstruct evolutionary history, but continuing discoveries gave him well founded hope that new finds would occasionally reveal transitional forms. To show that there had been enough time for natural selection to work slowly, he again cited Principles of Geology and other observations based on sedimentation and erosion, including an estimate that erosion of The Weald had taken 300 million years. The initial appearance of entire groups of well developed organisms in the oldest fossil-bearing layers, now known as the Cambrian explosion, posed a problem. Darwin had no doubt that earlier seas had swarmed with living creatures, but stated that he had no satisfactory explanation for the lack of fossils. Fossil evidence of pre-Cambrian life has since been found, extending the history of life back for billions of years.
|
Whose argument did Darwin borrow that geological record is very imperfect, because fossilization is rare?
|
Whose argument did Darwin borrow that geological record is very imperfect, because fossilization is rare?
|
[
"Whose argument did Darwin borrow that geological record is very imperfect, because fossilization is rare?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Charles Lyell"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111989
|
5727bd4c2ca10214002d951d
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Chapter IX deals with the fact that the geologic record appears to show forms of life suddenly arising, without the innumerable transitional fossils expected from gradual changes. Darwin borrowed Charles Lyell's argument in Principles of Geology that the record is extremely imperfect as fossilisation is a very rare occurrence, spread over vast periods of time; since few areas had been geologically explored, there could only be fragmentary knowledge of geological formations, and fossil collections were very poor. Evolved local varieties which migrated into a wider area would seem to be the sudden appearance of a new species. Darwin did not expect to be able to reconstruct evolutionary history, but continuing discoveries gave him well founded hope that new finds would occasionally reveal transitional forms. To show that there had been enough time for natural selection to work slowly, he again cited Principles of Geology and other observations based on sedimentation and erosion, including an estimate that erosion of The Weald had taken 300 million years. The initial appearance of entire groups of well developed organisms in the oldest fossil-bearing layers, now known as the Cambrian explosion, posed a problem. Darwin had no doubt that earlier seas had swarmed with living creatures, but stated that he had no satisfactory explanation for the lack of fossils. Fossil evidence of pre-Cambrian life has since been found, extending the history of life back for billions of years.
|
Which book written by Charles Lyell contains the argument that fossils are too rare to be used as proof of life suddenly arising?
|
Which book written by Charles Lyell contains the argument that fossils are too rare to be used as proof of life suddenly arising?
|
[
"Which book written by Charles Lyell contains the argument that fossils are too rare to be used as proof of life suddenly arising?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Principles of Geology"
],
"answer_start": [
224
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111990
|
5727bd4c2ca10214002d951e
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Chapter IX deals with the fact that the geologic record appears to show forms of life suddenly arising, without the innumerable transitional fossils expected from gradual changes. Darwin borrowed Charles Lyell's argument in Principles of Geology that the record is extremely imperfect as fossilisation is a very rare occurrence, spread over vast periods of time; since few areas had been geologically explored, there could only be fragmentary knowledge of geological formations, and fossil collections were very poor. Evolved local varieties which migrated into a wider area would seem to be the sudden appearance of a new species. Darwin did not expect to be able to reconstruct evolutionary history, but continuing discoveries gave him well founded hope that new finds would occasionally reveal transitional forms. To show that there had been enough time for natural selection to work slowly, he again cited Principles of Geology and other observations based on sedimentation and erosion, including an estimate that erosion of The Weald had taken 300 million years. The initial appearance of entire groups of well developed organisms in the oldest fossil-bearing layers, now known as the Cambrian explosion, posed a problem. Darwin had no doubt that earlier seas had swarmed with living creatures, but stated that he had no satisfactory explanation for the lack of fossils. Fossil evidence of pre-Cambrian life has since been found, extending the history of life back for billions of years.
|
What did Darwin hope to find as he continued to explore new geologic discoveries?
|
What did Darwin hope to find as he continued to explore new geologic discoveries?
|
[
"What did Darwin hope to find as he continued to explore new geologic discoveries?"
] |
{
"text": [
"that new finds would occasionally reveal transitional forms"
],
"answer_start": [
756
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111991
|
5727bd4c2ca10214002d951f
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Chapter IX deals with the fact that the geologic record appears to show forms of life suddenly arising, without the innumerable transitional fossils expected from gradual changes. Darwin borrowed Charles Lyell's argument in Principles of Geology that the record is extremely imperfect as fossilisation is a very rare occurrence, spread over vast periods of time; since few areas had been geologically explored, there could only be fragmentary knowledge of geological formations, and fossil collections were very poor. Evolved local varieties which migrated into a wider area would seem to be the sudden appearance of a new species. Darwin did not expect to be able to reconstruct evolutionary history, but continuing discoveries gave him well founded hope that new finds would occasionally reveal transitional forms. To show that there had been enough time for natural selection to work slowly, he again cited Principles of Geology and other observations based on sedimentation and erosion, including an estimate that erosion of The Weald had taken 300 million years. The initial appearance of entire groups of well developed organisms in the oldest fossil-bearing layers, now known as the Cambrian explosion, posed a problem. Darwin had no doubt that earlier seas had swarmed with living creatures, but stated that he had no satisfactory explanation for the lack of fossils. Fossil evidence of pre-Cambrian life has since been found, extending the history of life back for billions of years.
|
How long did Darwin estimate the erosion of the Weald to be?
|
How long did Darwin estimate the erosion of the Weald to be?
|
[
"How long did Darwin estimate the erosion of the Weald to be?"
] |
{
"text": [
"300 million years"
],
"answer_start": [
1049
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111992
|
5727bd4d2ca10214002d9520
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Chapter IX deals with the fact that the geologic record appears to show forms of life suddenly arising, without the innumerable transitional fossils expected from gradual changes. Darwin borrowed Charles Lyell's argument in Principles of Geology that the record is extremely imperfect as fossilisation is a very rare occurrence, spread over vast periods of time; since few areas had been geologically explored, there could only be fragmentary knowledge of geological formations, and fossil collections were very poor. Evolved local varieties which migrated into a wider area would seem to be the sudden appearance of a new species. Darwin did not expect to be able to reconstruct evolutionary history, but continuing discoveries gave him well founded hope that new finds would occasionally reveal transitional forms. To show that there had been enough time for natural selection to work slowly, he again cited Principles of Geology and other observations based on sedimentation and erosion, including an estimate that erosion of The Weald had taken 300 million years. The initial appearance of entire groups of well developed organisms in the oldest fossil-bearing layers, now known as the Cambrian explosion, posed a problem. Darwin had no doubt that earlier seas had swarmed with living creatures, but stated that he had no satisfactory explanation for the lack of fossils. Fossil evidence of pre-Cambrian life has since been found, extending the history of life back for billions of years.
|
What is the name of the group of well-developed organisms that were discovered within fossil-bearing layers?
|
What is the name of the group of well-developed organisms that were discovered within fossil-bearing layers?
|
[
"What is the name of the group of well-developed organisms that were discovered within fossil-bearing layers?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the Cambrian explosion"
],
"answer_start": [
1186
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111993
|
5727be744b864d1900163c4e
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Chapter X examines whether patterns in the fossil record are better explained by common descent and branching evolution through natural selection, than by the individual creation of fixed species. Darwin expected species to change slowly, but not at the same rate – some organisms such as Lingula were unchanged since the earliest fossils. The pace of natural selection would depend on variability and change in the environment. This distanced his theory from Lamarckian laws of inevitable progress. It has been argued that this anticipated the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis, but other scholars have preferred to emphasise Darwin's commitment to gradualism. He cited Richard Owen's findings that the earliest members of a class were a few simple and generalised species with characteristics intermediate between modern forms, and were followed by increasingly diverse and specialised forms, matching the branching of common descent from an ancestor. Patterns of extinction matched his theory, with related groups of species having a continued existence until extinction, then not reappearing. Recently extinct species were more similar to living species than those from earlier eras, and as he had seen in South America, and William Clift had shown in Australia, fossils from recent geological periods resembled species still living in the same area.
|
How did Darwin expect species to change and evolve?
|
How did Darwin expect species to change and evolve?
|
[
"How did Darwin expect species to change and evolve?"
] |
{
"text": [
"slowly, but not at the same rate"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111994
|
5727be744b864d1900163c4f
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Chapter X examines whether patterns in the fossil record are better explained by common descent and branching evolution through natural selection, than by the individual creation of fixed species. Darwin expected species to change slowly, but not at the same rate – some organisms such as Lingula were unchanged since the earliest fossils. The pace of natural selection would depend on variability and change in the environment. This distanced his theory from Lamarckian laws of inevitable progress. It has been argued that this anticipated the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis, but other scholars have preferred to emphasise Darwin's commitment to gradualism. He cited Richard Owen's findings that the earliest members of a class were a few simple and generalised species with characteristics intermediate between modern forms, and were followed by increasingly diverse and specialised forms, matching the branching of common descent from an ancestor. Patterns of extinction matched his theory, with related groups of species having a continued existence until extinction, then not reappearing. Recently extinct species were more similar to living species than those from earlier eras, and as he had seen in South America, and William Clift had shown in Australia, fossils from recent geological periods resembled species still living in the same area.
|
What did Darwin believe were the key things needed for variation of species to form?
|
What did Darwin believe were the key things needed for variation of species to form?
|
[
"What did Darwin believe were the key things needed for variation of species to form?"
] |
{
"text": [
"variability and change in the environment"
],
"answer_start": [
386
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111995
|
5727be744b864d1900163c50
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Chapter X examines whether patterns in the fossil record are better explained by common descent and branching evolution through natural selection, than by the individual creation of fixed species. Darwin expected species to change slowly, but not at the same rate – some organisms such as Lingula were unchanged since the earliest fossils. The pace of natural selection would depend on variability and change in the environment. This distanced his theory from Lamarckian laws of inevitable progress. It has been argued that this anticipated the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis, but other scholars have preferred to emphasise Darwin's commitment to gradualism. He cited Richard Owen's findings that the earliest members of a class were a few simple and generalised species with characteristics intermediate between modern forms, and were followed by increasingly diverse and specialised forms, matching the branching of common descent from an ancestor. Patterns of extinction matched his theory, with related groups of species having a continued existence until extinction, then not reappearing. Recently extinct species were more similar to living species than those from earlier eras, and as he had seen in South America, and William Clift had shown in Australia, fossils from recent geological periods resembled species still living in the same area.
|
Which scientist theorized that the earliest members of a class in a species were simple and generalized?
|
Which scientist theorized that the earliest members of a class in a species were simple and generalized?
|
[
"Which scientist theorized that the earliest members of a class in a species were simple and generalized?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Richard Owen"
],
"answer_start": [
671
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111996
|
5727be744b864d1900163c51
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Chapter X examines whether patterns in the fossil record are better explained by common descent and branching evolution through natural selection, than by the individual creation of fixed species. Darwin expected species to change slowly, but not at the same rate – some organisms such as Lingula were unchanged since the earliest fossils. The pace of natural selection would depend on variability and change in the environment. This distanced his theory from Lamarckian laws of inevitable progress. It has been argued that this anticipated the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis, but other scholars have preferred to emphasise Darwin's commitment to gradualism. He cited Richard Owen's findings that the earliest members of a class were a few simple and generalised species with characteristics intermediate between modern forms, and were followed by increasingly diverse and specialised forms, matching the branching of common descent from an ancestor. Patterns of extinction matched his theory, with related groups of species having a continued existence until extinction, then not reappearing. Recently extinct species were more similar to living species than those from earlier eras, and as he had seen in South America, and William Clift had shown in Australia, fossils from recent geological periods resembled species still living in the same area.
|
What did Darwin discover about more recently extinct species?
|
What did Darwin discover about more recently extinct species?
|
[
"What did Darwin discover about more recently extinct species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Recently extinct species were more similar to living species than those from earlier eras"
],
"answer_start": [
1097
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111997
|
5727bfec2ca10214002d955e
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Chapter XI deals with evidence from biogeography, starting with the observation that differences in flora and fauna from separate regions cannot be explained by environmental differences alone; South America, Africa, and Australia all have regions with similar climates at similar latitudes, but those regions have very different plants and animals. The species found in one area of a continent are more closely allied with species found in other regions of that same continent than to species found on other continents. Darwin noted that barriers to migration played an important role in the differences between the species of different regions. The coastal sea life of the Atlantic and Pacific sides of Central America had almost no species in common even though the Isthmus of Panama was only a few miles wide. His explanation was a combination of migration and descent with modification. He went on to say: "On this principle of inheritance with modification, we can understand how it is that sections of genera, whole genera, and even families are confined to the same areas, as is so commonly and notoriously the case." Darwin explained how a volcanic island formed a few hundred miles from a continent might be colonised by a few species from that continent. These species would become modified over time, but would still be related to species found on the continent, and Darwin observed that this was a common pattern. Darwin discussed ways that species could be dispersed across oceans to colonise islands, many of which he had investigated experimentally.
|
Why couldn't differences in flora and fauna be explained by differences in regions alone?
|
Why couldn't differences in flora and fauna be explained by differences in regions alone?
|
[
"Why couldn't differences in flora and fauna be explained by differences in regions alone?"
] |
{
"text": [
"South America, Africa, and Australia all have regions with similar climates at similar latitudes, but those regions have very different plants and animals"
],
"answer_start": [
194
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111998
|
5727bfec2ca10214002d955f
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Chapter XI deals with evidence from biogeography, starting with the observation that differences in flora and fauna from separate regions cannot be explained by environmental differences alone; South America, Africa, and Australia all have regions with similar climates at similar latitudes, but those regions have very different plants and animals. The species found in one area of a continent are more closely allied with species found in other regions of that same continent than to species found on other continents. Darwin noted that barriers to migration played an important role in the differences between the species of different regions. The coastal sea life of the Atlantic and Pacific sides of Central America had almost no species in common even though the Isthmus of Panama was only a few miles wide. His explanation was a combination of migration and descent with modification. He went on to say: "On this principle of inheritance with modification, we can understand how it is that sections of genera, whole genera, and even families are confined to the same areas, as is so commonly and notoriously the case." Darwin explained how a volcanic island formed a few hundred miles from a continent might be colonised by a few species from that continent. These species would become modified over time, but would still be related to species found on the continent, and Darwin observed that this was a common pattern. Darwin discussed ways that species could be dispersed across oceans to colonise islands, many of which he had investigated experimentally.
|
What did Darwin consider that could explain why different regions could have such different species when they are close together?
|
What did Darwin consider that could explain why different regions could have such different species when they are close together?
|
[
"What did Darwin consider that could explain why different regions could have such different species when they are close together?"
] |
{
"text": [
"barriers to migration played an important role in the differences between the species of different regions."
],
"answer_start": [
539
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111999
|
5727bfec2ca10214002d9560
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Chapter XI deals with evidence from biogeography, starting with the observation that differences in flora and fauna from separate regions cannot be explained by environmental differences alone; South America, Africa, and Australia all have regions with similar climates at similar latitudes, but those regions have very different plants and animals. The species found in one area of a continent are more closely allied with species found in other regions of that same continent than to species found on other continents. Darwin noted that barriers to migration played an important role in the differences between the species of different regions. The coastal sea life of the Atlantic and Pacific sides of Central America had almost no species in common even though the Isthmus of Panama was only a few miles wide. His explanation was a combination of migration and descent with modification. He went on to say: "On this principle of inheritance with modification, we can understand how it is that sections of genera, whole genera, and even families are confined to the same areas, as is so commonly and notoriously the case." Darwin explained how a volcanic island formed a few hundred miles from a continent might be colonised by a few species from that continent. These species would become modified over time, but would still be related to species found on the continent, and Darwin observed that this was a common pattern. Darwin discussed ways that species could be dispersed across oceans to colonise islands, many of which he had investigated experimentally.
|
What was the combination of effects that Darwin considered the most important in determining the differences in species that evolved separately in similar environments?
|
What was the combination of effects that Darwin considered the most important in determining the differences in species that evolved separately in similar environments?
|
[
"What was the combination of effects that Darwin considered the most important in determining the differences in species that evolved separately in similar environments?"
] |
{
"text": [
"His explanation was a combination of migration and descent with modification."
],
"answer_start": [
814
]
}
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.