gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-23500 | 5731d701e17f3d140042248f | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent.[citation needed]... | What do some debates center on the law of the land not being just defined by the Constitution's Supremacy Clause but also by what? | What do some debates center on the law of the land not being just defined by the Constitution's Supremacy Clause but also by what? | [
"What do some debates center on the law of the land not being just defined by the Constitution's Supremacy Clause but also by what?"
] | {
"text": [
"legal precedence"
],
"answer_start": [
857
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23501 | 5ad14806645df0001a2d1536 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent.[citation needed]... | Critics of modern separation of church and state note there was unofficial establishment of what in several states at the time of ratification? | Critics of modern separation of church and state note there was unofficial establishment of what in several states at the time of ratification? | [
"Critics of modern separation of church and state note there was unofficial establishment of what in several states at the time of ratification?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23502 | 5ad14806645df0001a2d1537 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent.[citation needed]... | When was the passage of the 15th Amendment? | When was the passage of the 15th Amendment? | [
" When was the passage of the 15th Amendment?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23503 | 5ad14806645df0001a2d1538 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent.[citation needed]... | What wasn't recognized by the time the 14th Amendment passed? | What wasn't recognized by the time the 14th Amendment passed? | [
" What wasn't recognized by the time the 14th Amendment passed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23504 | 5ad14806645df0001a2d1539 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent.[citation needed]... | What kind of theory is the doctrine of the Dead Constitution? | What kind of theory is the doctrine of the Dead Constitution? | [
" What kind of theory is the doctrine of the Dead Constitution?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23505 | 5ad14806645df0001a2d153a | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent.[citation needed]... | What do some debates center on the law of the land being just defined by the Constitution's Supremacy Clause but also by what? | What do some debates center on the law of the land being just defined by the Constitution's Supremacy Clause but also by what? | [
"What do some debates center on the law of the land being just defined by the Constitution's Supremacy Clause but also by what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23506 | 5731d7dbe99e3014001e6326 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The "religious test" clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones, career civil servants as well as political appointees. Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Con... | What clause are both elected officials and appointed ones covered by? | What clause are both elected officials and appointed ones covered by? | [
"What clause are both elected officials and appointed ones covered by?"
] | {
"text": [
"religious test"
],
"answer_start": [
5
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23507 | 5731d7dbe99e3014001e6327 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The "religious test" clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones, career civil servants as well as political appointees. Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Con... | What type of beliefs are not an allowed job qualification test for federal employees? | What type of beliefs are not an allowed job qualification test for federal employees? | [
"What type of beliefs are not an allowed job qualification test for federal employees?"
] | {
"text": [
"Religious"
],
"answer_start": [
156
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23508 | 5731d7dbe99e3014001e6328 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The "religious test" clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones, career civil servants as well as political appointees. Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Con... | How many states violate the religious test clause with language somewhere in their official policies? | How many states violate the religious test clause with language somewhere in their official policies? | [
"How many states violate the religious test clause with language somewhere in their official policies?"
] | {
"text": [
"Seven"
],
"answer_start": [
331
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23509 | 5731d7dbe99e3014001e6329 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The "religious test" clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones, career civil servants as well as political appointees. Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Con... | What do states violate the clause require state office-holders to possess? | What do states violate the clause require state office-holders to possess? | [
"What do states violate the clause require state office-holders to possess?"
] | {
"text": [
"particular religious beliefs"
],
"answer_start": [
505
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23510 | 5ad14842645df0001a2d1548 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The "religious test" clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones, career civil servants as well as political appointees. Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Con... | What clause are neither elected officials and appointed ones covered by? | What clause are neither elected officials and appointed ones covered by? | [
"What clause are neither elected officials and appointed ones covered by?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23511 | 5ad14842645df0001a2d1549 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The "religious test" clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones, career civil servants as well as political appointees. Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Con... | What type of beliefs are an allowed job qualification test for federal employees? | What type of beliefs are an allowed job qualification test for federal employees? | [
" What type of beliefs are an allowed job qualification test for federal employees?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23512 | 5ad14842645df0001a2d154a | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The "religious test" clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones, career civil servants as well as political appointees. Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Con... | How many states violate the religious test clause without language somewhere in their official policies? | How many states violate the religious test clause without language somewhere in their official policies? | [
"How many states violate the religious test clause without language somewhere in their official policies?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23513 | 5ad14842645df0001a2d154b | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The "religious test" clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones, career civil servants as well as political appointees. Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Con... | What don't states violate the clause require state office-holders to possess? | What don't states violate the clause require state office-holders to possess? | [
"What don't states violate the clause require state office-holders to possess?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23514 | 5731d900b9d445190005e5af | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words "so help me God." In some cases these beliefs (... | What do the non-permissible clauses require a belief in? | What do the non-permissible clauses require a belief in? | [
"What do the non-permissible clauses require a belief in?"
] | {
"text": [
"a Supreme Being"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23515 | 5731d900b9d445190005e5b0 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words "so help me God." In some cases these beliefs (... | What's one example in Tennessee's constitution? | What's one example in Tennessee's constitution? | [
"What's one example in Tennessee's constitution?"
] | {
"text": [
"Article IX, Section 2"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23516 | 5731d900b9d445190005e5b1 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words "so help me God." In some cases these beliefs (... | What language do some of the same states specify the oath of office include? | What language do some of the same states specify the oath of office include? | [
"What language do some of the same states specify the oath of office include?"
] | {
"text": [
"so help me God"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23517 | 5731d900b9d445190005e5b2 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words "so help me God." In some cases these beliefs (... | Requiring oaths invoking God are today deemed to be in violation of what? | Requiring oaths invoking God are today deemed to be in violation of what? | [
"Requiring oaths invoking God are today deemed to be in violation of what?"
] | {
"text": [
"federal First Amendment"
],
"answer_start": [
521
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23518 | 5731d900b9d445190005e5b3 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words "so help me God." In some cases these beliefs (... | Because such oaths are in violation of the First Amendment, they're what? | Because such oaths are in violation of the First Amendment, they're what? | [
"Because such oaths are in violation of the First Amendment, they're what?"
] | {
"text": [
"unconstitutional and unenforceable"
],
"answer_start": [
605
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23519 | 5ad14881645df0001a2d1562 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words "so help me God." In some cases these beliefs (... | What do the permissible clauses require a belief in? | What do the permissible clauses require a belief in? | [
"What do the permissible clauses require a belief in?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23520 | 5ad14881645df0001a2d1563 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words "so help me God." In some cases these beliefs (... | What's not one example in Tennessee's constitution? | What's not one example in Tennessee's constitution? | [
" What's not one example in Tennessee's constitution?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23521 | 5ad14881645df0001a2d1564 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words "so help me God." In some cases these beliefs (... | What language do some of the different states specify the oath of office include? | What language do some of the different states specify the oath of office include? | [
" What language do some of the different states specify the oath of office include?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23522 | 5ad14881645df0001a2d1565 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words "so help me God." In some cases these beliefs (... | Requiring oaths invoking God are today deemed to not be in violation of what? | Requiring oaths invoking God are today deemed to not be in violation of what? | [
" Requiring oaths invoking God are today deemed to not be in violation of what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23523 | 5ad14881645df0001a2d1566 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words "so help me God." In some cases these beliefs (... | Because such oaths are in violation of the Second Amendment, they're what? | Because such oaths are in violation of the Second Amendment, they're what? | [
"Because such oaths are in violation of the Second Amendment, they're what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23524 | 5731da10e17f3d140042249f | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. Th... | Why have perks like relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges been allowed for churches? | Why have perks like relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges been allowed for churches? | [
"Why have perks like relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges been allowed for churches?"
] | {
"text": [
"beneficial arrangements for the society"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23525 | 5731da10e17f3d14004224a0 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. Th... | What is the national motto "In God We Trust" officially known as? | What is the national motto "In God We Trust" officially known as? | [
"What is the national motto \"In God We Trust\" officially known as?"
] | {
"text": [
"ceremonial deism"
],
"answer_start": [
428
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23526 | 5731da10e17f3d14004224a1 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. Th... | What has the Supreme Court ruled about ceremonial deism? | What has the Supreme Court ruled about ceremonial deism? | [
"What has the Supreme Court ruled about ceremonial deism?"
] | {
"text": [
"not religious in nature"
],
"answer_start": [
448
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23527 | 5731da10e17f3d14004224a2 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. Th... | What state uses as a motto a passage from the Bible? | What state uses as a motto a passage from the Bible? | [
"What state uses as a motto a passage from the Bible?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ohio"
],
"answer_start": [
505
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23528 | 5731da10e17f3d14004224a3 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. Th... | Why was Ohio allowed to use a biblical passage as its motto? | Why was Ohio allowed to use a biblical passage as its motto? | [
"Why was Ohio allowed to use a biblical passage as its motto?"
] | {
"text": [
"because it displayed no preference for a particular religion"
],
"answer_start": [
601
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23529 | 5ad148d5645df0001a2d156c | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. Th... | Why have perks like relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges been disallowed for churches? | Why have perks like relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges been disallowed for churches? | [
"Why have perks like relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges been disallowed for churches?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23530 | 5ad148d5645df0001a2d156d | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. Th... | What is the national motto "In God We Trust" unofficially known as? | What is the national motto "In God We Trust" unofficially known as? | [
" What is the national motto \"In God We Trust\" unofficially known as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23531 | 5ad148d5645df0001a2d156e | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. Th... | What has the Supreme Court not ruled about ceremonial deism? | What has the Supreme Court not ruled about ceremonial deism? | [
" What has the Supreme Court not ruled about ceremonial deism?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23532 | 5ad148d5645df0001a2d156f | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. Th... | What state doesn't use a passage from the Bible? | What state doesn't use a passage from the Bible? | [
" What state doesn't use a passage from the Bible?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23533 | 5ad148d5645df0001a2d1570 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. Th... | Why was Ohio disallowed from using a biblical passage as its motto? | Why was Ohio disallowed from using a biblical passage as its motto? | [
" Why was Ohio disallowed from using a biblical passage as its motto?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23534 | 5731dc7ae99e3014001e635c | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan (2001) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court. The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education. Jeffr... | When do Jeffries and Ryan that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from? | When do Jeffries and Ryan that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from? | [
"When do Jeffries and Ryan that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from?"
] | {
"text": [
"mid-twentieth century"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23535 | 5731dc7ae99e3014001e635d | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan (2001) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court. The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education. Jeffr... | What was the central point of the rulings of the Supreme Court's rulings? | What was the central point of the rulings of the Supreme Court's rulings? | [
"What was the central point of the rulings of the Supreme Court's rulings?"
] | {
"text": [
"constitutional ban against aid to religious schools"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23536 | 5731dc7ae99e3014001e635e | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan (2001) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court. The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education. Jeffr... | What was later banned in public education? | What was later banned in public education? | [
"What was later banned in public education?"
] | {
"text": [
"religious observance"
],
"answer_start": [
273
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23537 | 5731dc7ae99e3014001e635f | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan (2001) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court. The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education. Jeffr... | How many propositions make up the separationist position on the Establishment Clause? | How many propositions make up the separationist position on the Establishment Clause? | [
"How many propositions make up the separationist position on the Establishment Clause?"
] | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
350
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23538 | 5ad14ada645df0001a2d15ce | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan (2001) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court. The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education. Jeffr... | When don't Jeffries and Ryan that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from? | When don't Jeffries and Ryan that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from? | [
"When don't Jeffries and Ryan that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23539 | 5ad14ada645df0001a2d15cf | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan (2001) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court. The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education. Jeffr... | What was the non-central point of the rulings of the Supreme Court's rulings? | What was the non-central point of the rulings of the Supreme Court's rulings? | [
"What was the non-central point of the rulings of the Supreme Court's rulings?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23540 | 5ad14ada645df0001a2d15d0 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan (2001) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court. The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education. Jeffr... | What was later not banned in public education? | What was later not banned in public education? | [
"What was later not banned in public education?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23541 | 5ad14ada645df0001a2d15d1 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan (2001) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court. The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education. Jeffr... | How many propositions make up the separationist position on the Non-Establishment Clause? | How many propositions make up the separationist position on the Non-Establishment Clause? | [
" How many propositions make up the separationist position on the Non-Establishment Clause?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23542 | 5731dd32e17f3d14004224b9 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported ... | What position do Jeffries and Ryan argue was the reason for support from a coalition of separationists? | What position do Jeffries and Ryan argue was the reason for support from a coalition of separationists? | [
"What position do Jeffries and Ryan argue was the reason for support from a coalition of separationists?"
] | {
"text": [
"no-aid"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23543 | 5731dd32e17f3d14004224ba | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported ... | What type of secularism came to dominate American public life? | What type of secularism came to dominate American public life? | [
"What type of secularism came to dominate American public life?"
] | {
"text": [
"pervasive"
],
"answer_start": [
125
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23544 | 5731dd32e17f3d14004224bb | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported ... | Who supported the ban against government aid to religious schools before 1970? | Who supported the ban against government aid to religious schools before 1970? | [
"Who supported the ban against government aid to religious schools before 1970?"
] | {
"text": [
"most Protestants (and most Jews)"
],
"answer_start": [
335
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23545 | 5731dd32e17f3d14004224bc | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported ... | What diminished after 1980? | What diminished after 1980? | [
"What diminished after 1980?"
] | {
"text": [
"anti-Catholic sentiment"
],
"answer_start": [
468
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23546 | 5731dd32e17f3d14004224bd | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported ... | What is opposed today by members of many Protestant faiths? | What is opposed today by members of many Protestant faiths? | [
"What is opposed today by members of many Protestant faiths?"
] | {
"text": [
"strict separationism"
],
"answer_start": [
810
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23547 | 5ad14b17645df0001a2d15e0 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported ... | What position do Jeffries and Ryan argue wasn't the reason for support from a coalition of separationists? | What position do Jeffries and Ryan argue wasn't the reason for support from a coalition of separationists? | [
"What position do Jeffries and Ryan argue wasn't the reason for support from a coalition of separationists?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23548 | 5ad14b17645df0001a2d15e1 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported ... | What type of secularism came to dominate Non-American public life? | What type of secularism came to dominate Non-American public life? | [
" What type of secularism came to dominate Non-American public life?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23549 | 5ad14b17645df0001a2d15e2 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported ... | Who supported the unban against government aid to religious schools before 1970? | Who supported the unban against government aid to religious schools before 1970? | [
"Who supported the unban against government aid to religious schools before 1970?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23550 | 5ad14b17645df0001a2d15e3 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported ... | What diminished after 1981? | What diminished after 1981? | [
" What diminished after 1981?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23551 | 5ad14b17645df0001a2d15e4 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported ... | What is opposed today by members of no Protestant faiths? | What is opposed today by members of no Protestant faiths? | [
" What is opposed today by members of no Protestant faiths?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23552 | 5731ddefb9d445190005e5d7 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understa... | What do critics of the concept of separation of church and state argue it's untethered to? | What do critics of the concept of separation of church and state argue it's untethered to? | [
"What do critics of the concept of separation of church and state argue it's untethered to?"
] | {
"text": [
"anything in the text of the constitution"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23553 | 5731ddefb9d445190005e5d8 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understa... | What is the profession of Philip Hamburger? | What is the profession of Philip Hamburger? | [
"What is the profession of Philip Hamburger?"
] | {
"text": [
"professor"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23554 | 5731ddefb9d445190005e5d9 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understa... | What school is Philip Hamburger associated with? | What school is Philip Hamburger associated with? | [
"What school is Philip Hamburger associated with?"
] | {
"text": [
"Columbia Law school"
],
"answer_start": [
247
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23555 | 5731ddefb9d445190005e5da | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understa... | What does Hamburger feel the modern concept of separation of church and state is rooted in? | What does Hamburger feel the modern concept of separation of church and state is rooted in? | [
"What does Hamburger feel the modern concept of separation of church and state is rooted in?"
] | {
"text": [
"American anti-Catholicism"
],
"answer_start": [
465
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23556 | 5731ddefb9d445190005e5db | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understa... | What are state constitutional amendments relating to separation of church and state known as? | What are state constitutional amendments relating to separation of church and state known as? | [
"What are state constitutional amendments relating to separation of church and state known as?"
] | {
"text": [
"Blaine Amendments"
],
"answer_start": [
712
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23557 | 5ad14b54645df0001a2d15fc | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understa... | What do critics of the concept of separation of church and state argue it's tethered to? | What do critics of the concept of separation of church and state argue it's tethered to? | [
"What do critics of the concept of separation of church and state argue it's tethered to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23558 | 5ad14b54645df0001a2d15fd | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understa... | What isn't the profession of Philip Hamburger? | What isn't the profession of Philip Hamburger? | [
" What isn't the profession of Philip Hamburger?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23559 | 5ad14b54645df0001a2d15fe | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understa... | What school is Philip Hamburger disassociated with? | What school is Philip Hamburger disassociated with? | [
" What school is Philip Hamburger disassociated with?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23560 | 5ad14b54645df0001a2d15ff | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understa... | What does Hamburger feel the modern concept of separation of church and state is not rooted in? | What does Hamburger feel the modern concept of separation of church and state is not rooted in? | [
"What does Hamburger feel the modern concept of separation of church and state is not rooted in?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23561 | 5ad14b54645df0001a2d1600 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understa... | What are state constitutional amendments relating to separation of church and state never known as? | What are state constitutional amendments relating to separation of church and state never known as? | [
"What are state constitutional amendments relating to separation of church and state never known as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23562 | 5731dee2e17f3d14004224cd | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | J. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; "The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle. Champions of religious libert... | Who is the Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee? | Who is the Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee? | [
"Who is the Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee?"
] | {
"text": [
"J. Brent Walker"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23563 | 5731dee2e17f3d14004224ce | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | J. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; "The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle. Champions of religious libert... | What does Walker feel does not impugn the validity of the principle of separation of church and state? | What does Walker feel does not impugn the validity of the principle of separation of church and state? | [
"What does Walker feel does not impugn the validity of the principle of separation of church and state?"
] | {
"text": [
"supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23564 | 5731dee2e17f3d14004224cf | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | J. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; "The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle. Champions of religious libert... | Who have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having nothing to do with a desire for a secular culture? | Who have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having nothing to do with a desire for a secular culture? | [
"Who have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having nothing to do with a desire for a secular culture?"
] | {
"text": [
"Champions of religious liberty"
],
"answer_start": [
291
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23565 | 5731dee2e17f3d14004224d0 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | J. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; "The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle. Champions of religious libert... | Separationists opposed the Catholic church when it sought to do what? | Separationists opposed the Catholic church when it sought to do what? | [
"Separationists opposed the Catholic church when it sought to do what?"
] | {
"text": [
"tap into the public till to support its parochial schools"
],
"answer_start": [
542
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23566 | 5731dee2e17f3d14004224d1 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | J. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; "The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle. Champions of religious libert... | What does a principled debate on the issues not support a charge of? | What does a principled debate on the issues not support a charge of? | [
"What does a principled debate on the issues not support a charge of?"
] | {
"text": [
"religious bigotry"
],
"answer_start": [
733
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23567 | 5ad14baa645df0001a2d161a | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | J. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; "The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle. Champions of religious libert... | Who is the former Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee? | Who is the former Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee? | [
" Who is the former Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23568 | 5ad14baa645df0001a2d161b | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | J. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; "The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle. Champions of religious libert... | What does Walker feel does impugn the validity of the principle of separation of church and state? | What does Walker feel does impugn the validity of the principle of separation of church and state? | [
"What does Walker feel does impugn the validity of the principle of separation of church and state?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23569 | 5ad14baa645df0001a2d161c | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | J. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; "The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle. Champions of religious libert... | Who have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having everything to do with a desire for a secular culture? | Who have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having everything to do with a desire for a secular culture? | [
" Who have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having everything to do with a desire for a secular culture?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23570 | 5ad14baa645df0001a2d161d | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | J. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; "The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle. Champions of religious libert... | Separationists agreed with the Catholic church when it sought to do what? | Separationists agreed with the Catholic church when it sought to do what? | [
"Separationists agreed with the Catholic church when it sought to do what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23571 | 5ad14baa645df0001a2d161e | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | J. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; "The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle. Champions of religious libert... | What does a principled debate on the issues support a charge of? | What does a principled debate on the issues support a charge of? | [
"What does a principled debate on the issues support a charge of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23572 | 5731df48e99e3014001e6378 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Steven Waldman notes that; "The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart." "Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners," writ... | What did evangelicals want to keep apart? | What did evangelicals want to keep apart? | [
"What did evangelicals want to keep apart?"
] | {
"text": [
"the spiritual and secular worlds"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23573 | 5731df48e99e3014001e6379 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Steven Waldman notes that; "The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart." "Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners," writ... | What did religious freedom result from? | What did religious freedom result from? | [
"What did religious freedom result from?"
] | {
"text": [
"an alliance of unlikely partners"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23574 | 5731df48e99e3014001e637a | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Steven Waldman notes that; "The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart." "Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners," writ... | What profession does Frank Lambert have? | What profession does Frank Lambert have? | [
"What profession does Frank Lambert have?"
] | {
"text": [
"historian"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23575 | 5731df48e99e3014001e637b | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Steven Waldman notes that; "The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart." "Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners," writ... | What is the name of Lambert's book? | What is the name of Lambert's book? | [
"What is the name of Lambert's book?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America"
],
"answer_start": [
363
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23576 | 5731df48e99e3014001e637c | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Steven Waldman notes that; "The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart." "Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners," writ... | What did Deists and skeptics join together to fight for? | What did Deists and skeptics join together to fight for? | [
"What did Deists and skeptics join together to fight for?"
] | {
"text": [
"a complete separation of church and state"
],
"answer_start": [
578
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23577 | 5ad14c25645df0001a2d1638 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Steven Waldman notes that; "The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart." "Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners," writ... | What didn't evangelicals want to keep apart? | What didn't evangelicals want to keep apart? | [
" What didn't evangelicals want to keep apart?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23578 | 5ad14c25645df0001a2d1639 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Steven Waldman notes that; "The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart." "Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners," writ... | What didn't religious freedom result from? | What didn't religious freedom result from? | [
" What didn't religious freedom result from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23579 | 5ad14c25645df0001a2d163a | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Steven Waldman notes that; "The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart." "Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners," writ... | What profession doesn't Frank Lambert have? | What profession doesn't Frank Lambert have? | [
" What profession doesn't Frank Lambert have?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23580 | 5ad14c25645df0001a2d163b | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Steven Waldman notes that; "The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart." "Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners," writ... | What is the name of Mambert's book? | What is the name of Mambert's book? | [
" What is the name of Mambert's book?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23581 | 5ad14c25645df0001a2d163c | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Steven Waldman notes that; "The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart." "Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners," writ... | What did Deists and skeptics join together to fight against? | What did Deists and skeptics join together to fight against? | [
" What did Deists and skeptics join together to fight against?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23582 | 5731e0ad0fdd8d15006c65eb | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States, this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States. He used the term "Civil Religion" to describe the specific relation be... | What does Bellah say the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in? | What does Bellah say the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in? | [
"What does Bellah say the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in?"
] | {
"text": [
"constitution of the United States"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23583 | 5731e0ad0fdd8d15006c65ec | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States, this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States. He used the term "Civil Religion" to describe the specific relation be... | What does Bellah use the term "civil religion' to describe? | What does Bellah use the term "civil religion' to describe? | [
"What does Bellah use the term \"civil religion' to describe?"
] | {
"text": [
"the specific relation between politics and religion"
],
"answer_start": [
296
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23584 | 5731e0ad0fdd8d15006c65ed | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States, this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States. He used the term "Civil Religion" to describe the specific relation be... | Whose speech does Bellah's 1967 article analyze? | Whose speech does Bellah's 1967 article analyze? | [
"Whose speech does Bellah's 1967 article analyze?"
] | {
"text": [
"John F. Kennedy"
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23585 | 5731e0ad0fdd8d15006c65ee | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States, this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States. He used the term "Civil Religion" to describe the specific relation be... | What word does Bellah ask how a President is justified to use? | What word does Bellah ask how a President is justified to use? | [
"What word does Bellah ask how a President is justified to use?"
] | {
"text": [
"God"
],
"answer_start": [
534
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23586 | 5731e0ad0fdd8d15006c65ef | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States, this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States. He used the term "Civil Religion" to describe the specific relation be... | What has the separation of church and state failed to deny the political realm of? | What has the separation of church and state failed to deny the political realm of? | [
"What has the separation of church and state failed to deny the political realm of?"
] | {
"text": [
"a religious dimension"
],
"answer_start": [
636
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23587 | 5ad14c5d645df0001a2d164c | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States, this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States. He used the term "Civil Religion" to describe the specific relation be... | What does Bellah say the separation of church and state is not grounded firmly in? | What does Bellah say the separation of church and state is not grounded firmly in? | [
"What does Bellah say the separation of church and state is not grounded firmly in?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23588 | 5ad14c5d645df0001a2d164d | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States, this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States. He used the term "Civil Religion" to describe the specific relation be... | What doesn't Bellah use the term "civil religion' to describe? | What doesn't Bellah use the term "civil religion' to describe? | [
" What doesn't Bellah use the term \"civil religion' to describe?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23589 | 5ad14c5d645df0001a2d164e | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States, this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States. He used the term "Civil Religion" to describe the specific relation be... | Whose speech does Bellah's 1977 article analyze? | Whose speech does Bellah's 1977 article analyze? | [
" Whose speech does Bellah's 1977 article analyze?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23590 | 5ad14c5d645df0001a2d164f | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States, this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States. He used the term "Civil Religion" to describe the specific relation be... | What word does Bellah ask how a President is justified to not use? | What word does Bellah ask how a President is justified to not use? | [
" What word does Bellah ask how a President is justified to not use?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23591 | 5ad14c5d645df0001a2d1650 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States, this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States. He used the term "Civil Religion" to describe the specific relation be... | What has the separation of church and state failed to approve the political realm of? | What has the separation of church and state failed to approve the political realm of? | [
"What has the separation of church and state failed to approve the political realm of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23592 | 5731e1420fdd8d15006c65f5 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state—no state-run or state-established church—is good for both the church and the state, allowing a variety of religions to flourish. Speaking at the Toronto-based Center for New Religions, Wood said th... | Who has argued the United States is a model for the world in separation of church and state is a good thing? | Who has argued the United States is a model for the world in separation of church and state is a good thing? | [
"Who has argued the United States is a model for the world in separation of church and state is a good thing?"
] | {
"text": [
"Robert S. Wood"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23593 | 5731e1420fdd8d15006c65f6 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state—no state-run or state-established church—is good for both the church and the state, allowing a variety of religions to flourish. Speaking at the Toronto-based Center for New Religions, Wood said th... | What does having no state-run or state-established allow a variety of religions to do? | What does having no state-run or state-established allow a variety of religions to do? | [
"What does having no state-run or state-established allow a variety of religions to do?"
] | {
"text": [
"flourish"
],
"answer_start": [
242
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23594 | 5731e1420fdd8d15006c65f7 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state—no state-run or state-established church—is good for both the church and the state, allowing a variety of religions to flourish. Speaking at the Toronto-based Center for New Religions, Wood said th... | Where is the Center for New Religions located? | Where is the Center for New Religions located? | [
"Where is the Center for New Religions located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Toronto"
],
"answer_start": [
268
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23595 | 5731e1420fdd8d15006c65f8 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state—no state-run or state-established church—is good for both the church and the state, allowing a variety of religions to flourish. Speaking at the Toronto-based Center for New Religions, Wood said th... | What does Wood believe the U.S. operates on? | What does Wood believe the U.S. operates on? | [
"What does Wood believe the U.S. operates on?"
] | {
"text": [
"a sort of civic religion"
],
"answer_start": [
542
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23596 | 5731e1420fdd8d15006c65f9 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state—no state-run or state-established church—is good for both the church and the state, allowing a variety of religions to flourish. Speaking at the Toronto-based Center for New Religions, Wood said th... | What does Wood call the approach of allowing individuals the freedom to decide what they want to believe? | What does Wood call the approach of allowing individuals the freedom to decide what they want to believe? | [
"What does Wood call the approach of allowing individuals the freedom to decide what they want to believe?"
] | {
"text": [
"genius of religious sentiment in the United States"
],
"answer_start": [
807
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23597 | 5ad14c96645df0001a2d1660 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state—no state-run or state-established church—is good for both the church and the state, allowing a variety of religions to flourish. Speaking at the Toronto-based Center for New Religions, Wood said th... | Who hasn't argued the United States is a model for the world in separation of church and state is a good thing? | Who hasn't argued the United States is a model for the world in separation of church and state is a good thing? | [
"Who hasn't argued the United States is a model for the world in separation of church and state is a good thing?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23598 | 5ad14c96645df0001a2d1661 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state—no state-run or state-established church—is good for both the church and the state, allowing a variety of religions to flourish. Speaking at the Toronto-based Center for New Religions, Wood said th... | What does having no state-run or state-established allow a variety of non-religions to do? | What does having no state-run or state-established allow a variety of non-religions to do? | [
"What does having no state-run or state-established allow a variety of non-religions to do?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23599 | 5ad14c96645df0001a2d1662 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state—no state-run or state-established church—is good for both the church and the state, allowing a variety of religions to flourish. Speaking at the Toronto-based Center for New Religions, Wood said th... | Where did the Center for New Religions leave? | Where did the Center for New Religions leave? | [
" Where did the Center for New Religions leave?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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