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+
+![ITU logo](2dfa6ac3edfe874f68aa0cbccaa42322_img.jpg)
+
+The logo of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) features the letters 'ITU' in a bold, sans-serif font, superimposed on a stylized globe with intersecting lines.
+
+ITU logo
+
+INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION
+
+**ITU-T**
+
+**L.1**
+
+TELECOMMUNICATION  
+STANDARDIZATION SECTOR  
+OF ITU
+
+**CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND  
+PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS  
+OF OUTSIDE PLANTS**
+
+---
+
+**CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND  
+PROTECTION OF TELECOMMUNICATION  
+CABLES IN PUBLIC NETWORKS**
+
+**ITU-T Recommendation L.1**
+
+(Extract from the *Blue Book*)
+
+---
+
+# NOTES
+
+1 ITU-T Recommendation L.1 was published in Volume IX of the *Blue Book*. This file is an extract from the *Blue Book*. While the presentation and layout of the text might be slightly different from the *Blue Book* version, the contents of the file are identical to the *Blue Book* version and copyright conditions remain unchanged (see below).
+
+2 In this Recommendation, the expression "Administration" is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency.
+
+## Recommendation L.1
+
+## CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF TELECOMMUNICATION CABLES IN PUBLIC NETWORKS
+
+(Melbourne, 1988)
+
+The CCITT,
+
+*considering*
+
+- (a) that the location of faults on underground cables and the repair of these faults can entail great expense,
+- (b) that the interruptions to service likely to be caused by the occurrence of these faults must be avoided with the greatest care,
+- (c) that the occurrence of these faults, other than by outside factors, is mainly determined by the construction, installation and protective measures applied,
+
+*unanimously recommends*
+
+that, when selecting and installing cables, Administrations will find it in their interest to comply with the CCITT manual *Outside plant technologies for public networks*.
+
+This manual replaces the CCITT *Recommendations concerning the construction, installation and protection of telecommunication cables in public networks*, ITU, Geneva, revision 1974, amendments and additions 1977 and 1986. The manual consists of the following five parts:
+
+- Part I: Basic information about the construction of telecommunication cables
+- Part II: Installations and assemblage of telecommunication cables and their supporting structure
+- Part III: Pressurization of telecommunication cables
+- Part IV-A: Protection of telecommunication cables and associated hardware against corrosion
+- Part IV-B: Protection of telecommunication cables supports and underground structure against other hazards
+- Part V: Fault location and repair of telecommunication cables.

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+
+
+**ITU-T**
+
+TELECOMMUNICATION  
+STANDARDIZATION SECTOR  
+OF ITU
+
+**L.1000**
+
+(07/2019)
+
+SERIES L: ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE  
+CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY;  
+CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION  
+OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE  
+PLANT
+
+---
+
+**Universal power adapter and charger solution  
+for mobile terminals and other hand-held ICT  
+devices**
+
+Recommendation ITU-T L.1000
+
+# ITU-T L-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS
+
+## **ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY; CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE PLANT**
+
+|                                                        |             |
+|--------------------------------------------------------|-------------|
+| <b>OPTICAL FIBRE CABLES</b>                            |             |
+| Cable structure and characteristics                    | L.100-L.124 |
+| Cable evaluation                                       | L.125-L.149 |
+| Guidance and installation technique                    | L.150-L.199 |
+| <b>OPTICAL INFRASTRUCTURES</b>                         |             |
+| Infrastructure including node elements (except cables) | L.200-L.249 |
+| General aspects and network design                     | L.250-L.299 |
+| <b>MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION</b>                       |             |
+| Optical fibre cable maintenance                        | L.300-L.329 |
+| Infrastructure maintenance                             | L.330-L.349 |
+| Operation support and infrastructure management        | L.350-L.379 |
+| Disaster management                                    | L.380-L.399 |
+| <b>PASSIVE OPTICAL DEVICES</b>                         | L.400-L.429 |
+| <b>MARINIZED TERRESTRIAL CABLES</b>                    | L.430-L.449 |
+
+*For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations.*
+
+# Recommendation ITU-T L.1000
+
+## Universal power adapter and charger solution for mobile terminals and other hand-held ICT devices
+
+## Summary
+
+Recommendation ITU-T L.1000 provides high level requirements for a universal power adapter and charger solution that will reduce the number of power adapters and chargers produced and recycled by widening their application to more devices and increasing their lifetime.
+
+The solution also aims to reduce energy consumption. The longer life cycle and possibility of avoiding device duplication reduces the demand on raw materials and waste.
+
+The universal power adapter and charger solution is designed to serve the vast majority of mobile terminals and other ICT devices.
+
+## History
+
+| Edition | Recommendation | Approval   | Study Group | Unique ID*                                                                |
+|---------|----------------|------------|-------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| 1.0     | ITU-T L.1000   | 2010-03-09 | 5           | <a href="http://handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/10689">11.1002/1000/10689</a> |
+| 2.0     | ITU-T L.1000   | 2011-06-13 | 5           | <a href="http://handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11348">11.1002/1000/11348</a> |
+| 3.0     | ITU-T L.1000   | 2019-07-14 | 5           | <a href="http://handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/13961">11.1002/1000/13961</a> |
+
+## Keywords
+
+Charger, ecodesign, energy-efficiency, power adapter, universal charger solution.
+
+---
+
+\* To access the Recommendation, type the URL <http://handle.itu.int/> in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendation's unique ID. For example, <http://handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11830-en>.
+
+## FOREWORD
+
+The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis.
+
+The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics.
+
+The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1.
+
+In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-T's purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC.
+
+## NOTE
+
+In this Recommendation, the expression "Administration" is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency.
+
+Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words "shall" or some other obligatory language such as "must" and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party.
+
+## INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
+
+ITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendation development process.
+
+As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at <http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/>.
+
+© ITU 2019
+
+All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU.
+
+## Table of Contents
+
+|                                                                             | Page |
+|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|
+| 1 Scope.....                                                                | 1    |
+| 2 References.....                                                           | 1    |
+| 3 Definitions .....                                                         | 2    |
+| 3.1 Terms defined in this Recommendation.....                               | 2    |
+| 4 Abbreviations and acronyms .....                                          | 3    |
+| 5 Basic configuration of universal power adapter and charger solution ..... | 3    |
+| 6 General requirements.....                                                 | 3    |
+| 6.1 Power adapter interface .....                                           | 3    |
+| 6.2 Energy efficiency requirements.....                                     | 3    |
+| 6.3 Safety requirements .....                                               | 4    |
+| 6.4 EMC requirements.....                                                   | 4    |
+| 6.5 Resistibility requirements.....                                         | 4    |
+| 6.6 Eco-environmental specification .....                                   | 4    |
+| Annex A – Universal charger solution for mobile terminals .....             | 7    |
+| A.1 Basic target configuration.....                                         | 7    |
+| A.2 Universal charger solution and cable .....                              | 8    |
+| A.3 Compatibility aspects .....                                             | 10   |
+| A.4 Charger solution safety.....                                            | 10   |
+| A.5 Additional EMC DC output characteristics.....                           | 10   |
+| Bibliography.....                                                           | 11   |
+
+## Introduction
+
+This Recommendation defines the requirements of a universal charger solution for mobile terminals and other hand-held ICT devices. Further study is required to extend the solution to other ICT devices.
+
+This Recommendation also takes into consideration energy efficiency, emissions reduction and the use of scarce and raw materials. In 2011, it has been estimated that the widespread adoption of a universal charger solution for mobile phones will result in a 50 per cent reduction in standby energy consumption and approximately 14 million tons of greenhouse gas emissions each year. The universal power adapter and charger solution will be more convenient and simpler to use for consumers who will be able to charge their mobile phones from any available universal mobile charger and use the same power adapter for many future handsets, thus eliminating up to 50 000 tons of duplicate power adapters and chargers.
+
+It is noted that the environmental impact of any universal charger solution should be considered over the entire life cycle and that the transition towards a universal charger solution does not aim to replace existing chargers immediately; this is because, according to the 2018 ITU-D Measuring the Information Society Report – Volume 1 (<https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/misr2018.aspx>), there are around 8 billion mobile-cellular subscriptions in the world.
+
+The GSMA report [b-GSMA] states that in 2017 only 66% of world population had a mobile phone. This data shows that there is a large margin for growth in the number of devices in the coming years and, therefore, in the number of chargers.
+
+This Recommendation was drafted with support from and in consideration of activity in other SDOs and other types of organizations.
+
+This Recommendation is designed to ensure the universal charger solution operates within recognized current and voltage safety parameters by adopting existing mobile terminal technologies such as computer USB output or recharging solutions in cars. Battery safety and lifetime issues have been considered in the drafting of this Recommendation.
+
+# Recommendation ITU-T L.1000
+
+## Universal power adapter and charger solution for mobile terminals and other hand-held ICT devices
+
+# 1 Scope
+
+This Recommendation describes the general requirements for a universal power adapter and charger solution for mobile terminals (any terminal able to connect to a mobile network) and other hand-held ICT devices (e.g., camera, wireless earphone, smartwatch and wearables) compliant with the electrical current limits set out in Annex A.
+
+This Recommendation includes basic configurations and general requirements for the power adapter and charger interface, energy efficiency, safety, electromagnetic compatibility, resistibility, and eco-environmental specifications.
+
+# 2 References
+
+The following ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and other references are subject to revision; users of this Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and other references listed below. A list of the currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published. The reference to a document within this Recommendation does not give it, as a stand-alone document, the status of a Recommendation.
+
+- [ITU-T K.21] Recommendation ITU-T K.21 (2019), *Resistibility of telecommunication equipment installed in customer premises to overvoltages and overcurrents.*
+- [ITU-T K.66] Recommendation ITU-T K.66 (2011), *Protection of customer premises from overvoltages.*
+- [ITU-T K.74] Recommendation ITU-T K.74 (2015), *EMC, resistibility and safety requirements for home network devices.*
+- ITU-T K.136] Recommendation ITU-T K.136 (2018), *Electromagnetic compatibility requirements for radio telecommunication equipment.*
+- [ITU-T K.137] Recommendation ITU-T K.137 (2018), *Electromagnetic compatibility requirements and measurement methods for wireline telecommunication network equipment.*
+- [ITU-T L.1010] Recommendation ITU-T L.1010 (2014), *Green battery solutions for mobile phones and other hand-held information and communication technology devices.*
+- [ITU-T L.1015] Recommendation ITU-T L.1015 (2019), *Criteria for evaluation of the environmental impact of mobile phones.*
+- [ITU-T L.1020] Recommendation ITU-T L.1020 (2018), *Circular economy: Guide for operators and suppliers on approaches to migrate towards circular ICT goods and networks.*
+- [CISPR 32] IEC, CISPR Publication 32: 2015, *Electromagnetic compatibility of multimedia equipment – Emission requirements.*
+- [CISPR 35] IEC, CISPR Publication 35: 2016, *Electromagnetic compatibility of multimedia equipment – Immunity requirements.*
+
+- [IEC 60950-1] IEC 60950-1:2005, *Information technology equipment – Safety – Part 1: General requirements.*
+- [IEC 62368-1] IEC 62368-1:2018, *Audio/video, information and communication technology equipment – Part 1: Safety requirements.*
+- [IEC 62430] IEC 62430:2009, *Environmentally conscious design for electrical and electronic products.*
+- [IEC 62680-1-1] IEC 62680-1-1:2015, *Universal Serial Bus interfaces for data and power – Part 1-1: Common components – USB Battery Charging Specification, Revision 1.2.*
+- [IEC 62680-1-2] IEC 62680-1-2:2018, *Universal serial bus interfaces for data and power – Part 1-2: Common components – USB Power Delivery specification.*
+- [IEC 62680-1-3] IEC 62680-1-3:2018, *Universal serial bus interfaces for data and power – Part 1-3: Universal Serial Bus interfaces – Common components – USB Type-C™ Cable and Connector Specification.*
+- [IEC 62680-2-1] IEC 62680-2-1:2015, *Universal serial bus interfaces for data and power – Part 2-1: Universal Serial Bus Specification, Revision 2.0.*
+- [IEC 62684] IEC 62684:2018, *Interoperability specifications of common external power supply (EPS) for use with data-enabled mobile phones.*
+- [IEEE 1680] IEEE 1680-2009, *IEEE Standard for Environmental Assessment of Electronic Products.*
+- [IEEE 1725] IEEE 1725-2006, *Standard for Rechargeable Batteries for Cellular Telephones.*
+- [EN 301 489-34] ETSI EN 301 489-34 (2010), *Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum matters (ERM); Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standard for audio equipment and services; Part 34: specific conditions for External Power Supply (EPS) for mobile phones.*
+- [ISO 14040] ISO 14040 (2006), *Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Principles and framework.*
+- [ISO 14044] ISO 14044 (2006), *Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Requirements and guidelines.*
+
+# 3 Definitions
+
+## 3.1 Terms defined in this Recommendation
+
+This Recommendation defines the following terms:
+
+- 3.1.1 charger:** A common term used to describe the power adapter for the mobile terminal or other hand-held ICT devices used to apply power to the battery.
+- 3.1.2 detachable cable:** A detachable cable connects the power adapter to the mobile terminal or other hand-held ICT devices for powering through two connectors, one on the charger side and one on the mobile terminal or other hand-held ICT devices side.
+- 3.1.3 power adapter:** The equipment that converts mains AC power voltage at the input to low DC power voltage at the output, or the equipment which transfers DC power supply, e.g., car voltage to another low voltage of DC power output.
+- 3.1.4 universal charger solution:** Overall initiative that defines a unified charger solution for different mobile terminals and other hand-held ICT devices.
+
+# 4 Abbreviations and acronyms
+
+This Recommendation uses the following abbreviations and acronyms:
+
+|      |                                          |
+|------|------------------------------------------|
+| DC   | Direct Current                           |
+| GHG  | Green House Gas emission                 |
+| ICT  | Information and Communication Technology |
+| LVDC | Low Voltage Direct Current               |
+| OMTP | Open Mobile Terminal Platform            |
+| PDA  | Personal Digital Assistant               |
+| SCCP | Short Chain Chlorinated Paraffins        |
+| USB  | Universal Serial Bus                     |
+
+# 5 Basic configuration of universal power adapter and charger solution
+
+The basic target configuration of a universal charger solution consists of:
+
+- 1) a power adapter (charger of the mobile terminal), other ICT device for charging (which can also be used for data transfer), or renewable energy power supply (e.g. solar, wind);
+- 2) a detachable cable (used for charging or data transfer) or optionally a captive cable (used for charging only) depending on market demand;
+- 3) a mobile terminal, or other hand-held ICT device.
+
+NOTE – Wireless charger to be considered for future work.
+
+# 6 General requirements
+
+## 6.1 Power adapter interface
+
+The power adapter is required to provide an output DC voltage and DC current.
+
+NOTE – A dedicated specification for mobile terminals is shown in Annex A.
+
+## 6.2 Energy efficiency requirements
+
+Documents such as [b-DOE], [b-IEA], [b-CUI] provide information on energy efficiency and no load latest requirements and industry feasibility.
+
+#### 6.2.1 No-load power consumption
+
+The no-load power consumption of the power adapter should be as low as practicable. It is expected that the industry will aim for a figure as close to zero as possible. If practicable, the power adapter should indicate to the customer its no load condition.
+
+It is expected that industry will aim for power adapters and chargers to enter a shut-down mode to minimize power consumption when the unit is either removed from the supply or when the battery is fully charged, thereby ensuring significant energy savings.
+
+NOTE – A dedicated specification for mobile terminals is shown in Annex A.
+
+#### 6.2.2 Power efficiency with load
+
+It is expected that industry will aim to minimize the power dissipated in the power adapter whilst powering the load device. An example of an evaluation of battery charging efficiency is given in Annex A.
+
+NOTE – A dedicated specification for mobile terminals is shown in Annex A.
+
+#### **6.2.3 Renewable energy sources for chargers and mobile phones and related ICT devices**
+
+Mobile terminals powered by renewable energy sources could provide mobile connectivity to about one billion people across the globe that do not have access to electricity [b-IEA Energy]. Solar and wind power have the advantage of being more sustainable and better for the environment than the electricity grid which currently uses fossil fuel in its mix of energy sources.
+
+It is therefore recommended that power adapters and chargers, mobile terminals and other ICT devices be designed to make maximum use of available renewable energy sources.
+
+NOTE 1 – This can be of considerable interest for the requirements of some developing countries, e.g., solar, wind power.
+
+As an example, power adapter and charger interfaces would need to be designed so that they do not stress the batteries inside the mobile terminal or other ICT device by providing too much current when solar and wind power input is also taking place. High temperature stresses on the ICT device caused by sun exposure should also be avoided.
+
+NOTE 2 – In the future, this Recommendation may be updated to use additional renewable energy sources.
+
+This is, and will be, of particular importance in order to have the possibility of fast recharge from anywhere, as autonomy may not be sufficient with more intensive use and with the imminent 5G broadband.
+
+### **6.3 Safety requirements**
+
+The power adapter must be a limited power source in accordance with clause 2.5 of [IEC 60950-1], and comply with the safety requirements of [IEC 60950-1] and [ITU-T K.74]. National regulations override the content of this Recommendation.
+
+The power adapter requires a safety circuit in order to prevent excessive heating and leakage current or a fire ignition in fault conditions.
+
+The power adapter and detachable cable require sufficient endurance so as not to be easily damaged during normal use. The detachable cable is required to comply with the electrical current specification of the power adapter.
+
+Safety aspects of different possible combinations of adapters and detachable cables should be addressed in compliance with the charger unit. The power adapter and detachable cable are required not to harm the human body by heat generation, leakage of electricity, fire ignition, etc., during normal/abnormal usage.
+
+## **6.4 EMC requirements**
+
+Universal chargers, in accordance with the definition of this Recommendation, should comply with emission requirements described in [CISPR 32]. They should also comply with the immunity requirements described in [CISPR 35], [ITU-T K.74], [ITU-T K.136] and [ITU-T K.137]. National regulations override the content of this Recommendation.
+
+### **6.5 Resistibility requirements**
+
+The resistibility requirements in [ITU-T K.21] and [ITU-T K.66] should be applied.
+
+### **6.6 Eco-environmental specification**
+
+Environmental criteria are gaining importance in all aspects of electronic design.
+
+Circular economy aspect needs to be considered during the design of universal adapter, based on the guidance on circular economy for ICT contained in [ITU-T L.1020].
+
+A life cycle assessment (LCA) should be established in compliance with [ISO 14040] and [ISO 14044], noting the requirements of the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (1992) [b-Basel Conv].
+
+The universal charger should be compliant with [IEC 62430].
+
+#### 6.6.1 Ecodesign
+
+Ecodesign has increased in importance due to full life cycle environmental impact considerations (GHG emissions and waste material). Eco certification is currently under development but there is currently no specific ecodesign for adapters or chargers, therefore some basic principles are contained in [IEEE 1680] and in [b-BC MPPI].
+
+Some criteria on eco-specification can be found in [ITU-T L.1015].
+
+##### 6.6.1.1 Ecodesign criteria for electronics
+
+Environmental design criteria for electronic goods should cover the key areas of more environmentally sound materials, provisions for reuse and ease of recycling.
+
+It is recommended that due consideration be given to the environmental performance categories listed below:
+
+- a) Environmentally sensitive materials:
+  - comply with regulations, which restrict the usage of sensitive materials, e.g., cadmium, mercury, lead, hexavalent chromium, and selected brominated flame retardants, hB;
+  - eliminate short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCP) used as flame retardants and plasticizers;
+  - eliminate paints and coatings that are incompatible with recycling or reuse;
+  - for recycling purposes, identify environmentally sensitive components and hazardous materials.
+- b) Environmental impact:
+  - minimize size (less materials and components);
+  - user guidance – e.g., unplug charger reminder.
+- c) Packaging:
+
+The ICT sector as a whole will be reviewing various improvements concerning packaging to decrease waste and landfill.
+
+  - recyclable packaging materials;
+  - separable packing materials;
+  - packaging 90 per cent recyclable and plastics labelled;
+  - design for end of life;
+  - declaration of recycled content.
+
+#### 6.6.2 Lifetime
+
+The expected lifetime of the power adapter element of a universal power adapter and charger solution should be designed so that it is of sufficient duration to deliver waste reduction through extended normal use.
+
+The initial value for the lifetime parameter should be set at 5 years to match the ecodesign objective of the universal charger solution for mobile devices including electronics, enclosure, cables and plugs. Further studies are required to analyse the effects of various parameters (e.g., temperature, use) on this value and to set values for other ICT products in the next step.
+
+Product longevity/life cycle extension topics are covered below:
+
+- availability of additional longer life warranty;
+- spare or replacement parts should be made available for five years as well as information on how to obtain the parts.
+
+# Annex A
+
+## Universal charger solution for mobile terminals
+
+(This annex forms an integral part of this Recommendation.)
+
+## A.1 Basic target configuration
+
+The basic target configuration of a universal charger solution for mobile terminals consists of:
+
+- 1) a power adapter (charger of the mobile terminal), other ICT device for charging (which can also be used for data transfer), or renewable energy power supply (e.g., solar, wind);
+- 2) a highly recommended solution of detachable cable (used for charging or data transfer) which enables the friendly use on different powering output ports, (reuse) or a non-recommended alternative solution of captive cable (used for charging only), depending on market demand;
+- 3) a mobile terminal.
+
+![Diagram illustrating the basic elements of more general charging solutions. It shows two power sources (Power adapter or renewable energy source, and Other ICT device) connected to USB standard-A receptacles. These are connected via USB-A detachable cables to mobile terminals. The cables have USB standard-A connectors on the power source side and either USB Micro-B plugs or USB type C connectors on the mobile terminal side. An adapter option is shown for the USB Micro-B plug. The mobile terminals have USB micro-B receptacles or specific receptacles, or USB type C receptacles.](ddc7460821484f1ae2835c67955c554c_img.jpg)
+
+The diagram illustrates the basic elements of more general charging solutions. On the left, two power sources are shown: a 'Power adapter or renewable energy source' and an 'Other ICT device', both connected to a 'USB standard-A receptacle'. Red arrows indicate the flow of power from these sources to the central part of the diagram. In the center, two 'USB-A detachable cable' units are shown. The top cable has a 'USB standard-A' connector on the left and a 'USB Micro-B plug' on the right. The bottom cable has a 'USB standard-A' connector on the left and a 'USB type C' connector on the right. A small inset shows a 'USB Micro-B plug with adapter option' that can convert to USB type C. Blue dashed vertical lines separate the power sources from the cables and the cables from the mobile terminals. On the right, two 'Mobile terminal' boxes are shown. The top terminal has a 'USB micro-B receptacle or specific receptacle\*' and the bottom terminal has a 'USB type C receptacle'. Arrows indicate the connection of the cables to these receptacles. The label 'L.1000(19)\_FA.1' is at the bottom right.
+
+Diagram illustrating the basic elements of more general charging solutions. It shows two power sources (Power adapter or renewable energy source, and Other ICT device) connected to USB standard-A receptacles. These are connected via USB-A detachable cables to mobile terminals. The cables have USB standard-A connectors on the power source side and either USB Micro-B plugs or USB type C connectors on the mobile terminal side. An adapter option is shown for the USB Micro-B plug. The mobile terminals have USB micro-B receptacles or specific receptacles, or USB type C receptacles.
+
+Figure A.1 – Basic elements of more general charging solutions
+
+![Diagram illustrating the basic elements of charging solutions using a USB-C detachable cable. The diagram is divided into three vertical sections by dashed lines. The left section shows a 'Power adapter or renewable energy source' connected to a 'USB standard-A receptacle' and an 'Other ICT device' connected to a 'USB type C receptacle*'. The middle section, titled 'USB-C detachable cable solution', shows a 'USB type C cable' with 'USB type C plugs on both ends of the cable' and a '(USB-C adapter option)'. The right section shows a 'Mobile terminal' connected to a 'USB micro-B receptacle or specific receptacle* or USB type C receptacle', which is then connected to another 'Mobile terminal'. The diagram is labeled 'L.1000(19)_FA.2' at the bottom right.](4801720824e4b5e2361a5564f91cfb70_img.jpg)
+
+Diagram illustrating the basic elements of charging solutions using a USB-C detachable cable. The diagram is divided into three vertical sections by dashed lines. The left section shows a 'Power adapter or renewable energy source' connected to a 'USB standard-A receptacle' and an 'Other ICT device' connected to a 'USB type C receptacle\*'. The middle section, titled 'USB-C detachable cable solution', shows a 'USB type C cable' with 'USB type C plugs on both ends of the cable' and a '(USB-C adapter option)'. The right section shows a 'Mobile terminal' connected to a 'USB micro-B receptacle or specific receptacle\* or USB type C receptacle', which is then connected to another 'Mobile terminal'. The diagram is labeled 'L.1000(19)\_FA.2' at the bottom right.
+
+\* In the case of a specific connector on the mobile terminal, the adapter between micro USB plug and the device receptacles is not represented on the figure
+
+**Figure A.2 – Basic elements of charging solutions using USB-C detachable cable**
+
+The use of a three-element configuration can expand the application of a universal charger.
+
+Firstly, it unifies the power adapter and charger output port into one type USB Standard-A [IEC 62680-2-1] or USB Type C [IEC 62680-1-3], which enables different types of mobile terminals to share unified types of power adapter and charger.
+
+The USB Standard-A [IEC 62680-2-1] and USB Type C [IEC 62680-1-3] or Micro-B [b-USB Cables] can be used for both powering and data transfer purposes. This means the mobile terminal can be supplied with a single cable to both charge the mobile terminal and transfer data (e.g., data transfer for software update, or images and videos with terminals having this capability) which reduces e-waste and improves user experience.
+
+Secondly, the application of the power adapter and charger can be expanded to other hand-held ICT devices. For instance, it can act as the power supply for portable or household small electric equipment.
+
+It also contributes to the reduction of e-waste, environmental protection, resource conservation and cost reduction.
+
+## A.2 Universal charger solution and cable
+
+The maximum environmental benefit will only be achieved by making a transition towards a single universal charging solution which is flexible and easy to use for the widest possible range of mobile phones and other hand-held ICT devices: the target solution.
+
+The target date for the full implementation of the target solution is 3 years from the date of publication of this Recommendation.
+
+#### A.2.1 Target solution
+
+This solution is introduced with the following characteristics:
+
+- A highly recommended option of detachable cable with a USB Std-A connector [IEC 62680-2-1] on the charger side to a USB Micro-B or a USB type-C plug connector
+
+[b-USB Cables] or a detachable cable with USB type C connectors [IEC 62680-1-3] at both end.
+
+- A non-recommended option, depending on market demand, of captive cable terminating in a USB connector (Micro-B type or type C).
+- A plug adapter may be used as option for connecting from a USB type C receptacle/plug to any specific connector. Examples of specific connectors are listed in Figure A.2. A plug adapter can also be the cable itself. In that case the USB-C voltage and current management protocol may not be used.
+- A rated charging current in the range 750 mA (preferably 1000 mA) to 3000 mA.
+- No-load power consumption of the power adapter below 0.03 W.
+- These requirements are designed to maximise the re-use of the most impactful aspect of a charging solution, namely, the external power supply and enable a market where it is no longer necessary to sell a new power supply with every new ICT device.
+
+#### **A.2.2 Transitional solution for compatibility with an existing device**
+
+Trying to address this large range of requirements in the near term with one universal charger solution is not immediately achievable, therefore this Recommendation also defines the specific requirements for the transition to the target solution where appropriate to specific market or customer needs.
+
+This solution has the following characteristics:
+
+- Detachable cable with USB standard A connector to any specific connector or optional captive cable terminating in a specific connector.
+- A plug adapter to support USB type C connector can be supplied if customers want to use a USB type C connector embedded mobile terminal with the existing charger from the transitional solution. This is covering the most common case based on the Recommendation ITU-T L.1000 initial version that has resulted in UPA with USB standard A charger output and standard detachable cable with USB Micro-B output that will need a plug adapter to be used with a mobile having a USB type C receptacle.
+- A rated charging current in the range 750 mA to 2000 mA.
+
+No-load power consumption of the power adapter shall be below 0.03 W.
+
+#### **A.2.3 Common features**
+
+The AC input of the power adapter should accept a range of AC nominal voltage between 100 V and 240 V and a nominal frequency of 50 Hz and 60 Hz.
+
+The universal charger is required to provide by default an output DC voltage of  $5.0\text{ V} \pm 5\%$ .
+
+For universal charger with USB type C [IEC 62680-1-3], other output voltage shall be controlled through USB type C applicable control protocol defined in [IEC 62680-1-2] in order to deliver defined voltage and current values with defined accuracies.
+
+The USB Std-A receptacle of the universal charger should be durable enough to match the expected lifetime of the universal charger, a good example of this is a ruggedized type.
+
+The diameter/length/material of the detachable cable should be designed to be compatible with the maximum output current.
+
+The cable assembly voltage drop at 5 V nominal voltage input and at 750 mA current should be lower than 125 mV (maximum drop across the power pair, from pin to pin).
+
+The average charging efficiency of the power adapter in active mode should be higher than the value that is calculated as follows:
+
+- When the rated output current is below 550 mA, average efficiency  $\geq 0.0626 \cdot \ln(P_{no}) + 0.622$ .
+- When the rated output current is equal to or higher than 550 mA, average efficiency  $\geq 0.0750 \cdot \ln(P_{no}) + 0.561$ .
+
+$P_{no}$  is the output power of the power adapter in active mode.
+
+## A.3 Compatibility aspects
+
+The compatibility aspects of the different possible combinations of adapters, detachable cables and the mobile terminals to be charged should be considered.
+
+In Figure A.1, in the case where a detachable cable has a Standard-A USB and a specific connector which is not a USB connector, the detachable cable should conform to the requirements of each relevant interface.
+
+The universal charger defined in this Recommendation is required to be compliant with [IEC 62680-2-1] and [IEC 62680-1-1] (minimum output current of 500 mA and maximum output current of 3000 mA).
+
+[b-IEC 63002] is an international standard for common charging interoperability of mobile devices. [b-IEC 63002] builds on the global adoption of USB technologies for smartphone and small-device charging and data interoperability and leverage the latest USB Type-C™ and USB-PD technologies ([IEC 62680-1-3] and [IEC 62680-1-2]) to enable charging interoperability across a broader range of mobile product categories. [b-IEC 63002] provides specifications and guidelines for charging interoperability to improve re-usability and longevity of adapters and devices, safety, power savings and other aspects important for end-user satisfaction. Additionally, charging use cases without power adapters can also be supported). [b-IEC 63002] does not take the approach of specifying "universal" or common product adapters because of open issues associated with arbitrary combinations and limitations. Instead, the standard focuses on interoperability specifications in order to support global industry in developing interoperable charging solutions that meet regulatory compliance.
+
+Mobile terminals shall adapt to a rated charging current range from 750 mA to 2000 mA, ensuring that chargers compliant with this Recommendation are used.
+
+## A.4 Charger solution safety
+
+Charging system safety as well as battery safety is handled in existing standards. At minimum, [IEEE 1725] establishes criteria for design analysis for quality and reliability of rechargeable Li-Ion and Li-Ion polymer batteries for mobile terminal applications. Also included in the standard are battery pack electrical and mechanical construction, packaging technologies, pack and cell level charge and discharge controls, and overall system considerations. National regulations override the content of this Recommendation.
+
+## A.5 Additional EMC DC output characteristics
+
+The values for common mode noise and ripple voltage are equivalent to those defined by IEC in the EMC chapter of [IEC 62684] with testing method as defined by regional standardisation bodies e.g., [EN 301 489-34] for Europe. National regulations override the content of this Recommendation.
+
+# Bibliography
+
+- [b-IEC 63002] IEC 63002:2016, *Identification and communication interoperability method for external power supplies used with portable computing devices*.
+- [b-Basel Conv.] Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (1992), Article 4, paragraph 2.
+- [b-BC MPPI] Basel Convention-Mobile Phone Partnership Initiative (2010), *Guidance document on the environmentally sound management of used and end-of-life mobile phones*.
+- [b-CUI] Example of industrial adapter manufacturer efficiency level selection with explained DOE level  
+<<http://www.cui.com/efficiency-standards>>.
+- [b-DOE] Efficiency level (I to IV) defined by DOE reference document.  
+<[https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/02/f7/eps\\_ecs\\_final\\_rule.pdf](https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/02/f7/eps_ecs_final_rule.pdf)>
+- [b-EC code] EC (2009), *Code of Conduct on Energy Efficiency of External Power Supplies*, Version 4.
+- [b-GSMA] GSMA Mobile Economy 2018 report available at  
+<<https://www.gsma.com/mobileeconomy/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/The-Mobile-Economy-Global-2018.pdf> >
+- [b-IEA Energy] World Energy Outlook 2018 available at  
+<<https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2018/october/population-without-access-to-electricity-falls-below-1-billion.html>>
+- [b-OMTP] OMTP (2009), *Common Charging and Local Data Connectivity*, V1.0.
+- [b-USB Cables] USB-IF (2007), *Micro-USB Cables and Connectors Specification V1.01*.
+- [b-USB CONNECT] USB-IF (2007), *Universal Serial Bus Cables and Connectors Class Document V2.0*.
+
+
+
+
+
+## SERIES OF ITU-T RECOMMENDATIONS
+
+|                 |                                                                                                                                                                  |
+|-----------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Series A        | Organization of the work of ITU-T                                                                                                                                |
+| Series D        | Tariff and accounting principles and international telecommunication/ICT economic and policy issues                                                              |
+| Series E        | Overall network operation, telephone service, service operation and human factors                                                                                |
+| Series F        | Non-telephone telecommunication services                                                                                                                         |
+| Series G        | Transmission systems and media, digital systems and networks                                                                                                     |
+| Series H        | Audiovisual and multimedia systems                                                                                                                               |
+| Series I        | Integrated services digital network                                                                                                                              |
+| Series J        | Cable networks and transmission of television, sound programme and other multimedia signals                                                                      |
+| Series K        | Protection against interference                                                                                                                                  |
+| <b>Series L</b> | <b>Environment and ICTs, climate change, e-waste, energy efficiency; construction, installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant</b> |
+| Series M        | Telecommunication management, including TMN and network maintenance                                                                                              |
+| Series N        | Maintenance: international sound programme and television transmission circuits                                                                                  |
+| Series O        | Specifications of measuring equipment                                                                                                                            |
+| Series P        | Telephone transmission quality, telephone installations, local line networks                                                                                     |
+| Series Q        | Switching and signalling, and associated measurements and tests                                                                                                  |
+| Series R        | Telegraph transmission                                                                                                                                           |
+| Series S        | Telegraph services terminal equipment                                                                                                                            |
+| Series T        | Terminals for telematic services                                                                                                                                 |
+| Series U        | Telegraph switching                                                                                                                                              |
+| Series V        | Data communication over the telephone network                                                                                                                    |
+| Series X        | Data networks, open system communications and security                                                                                                           |
+| Series Y        | Global information infrastructure, Internet protocol aspects, next-generation networks, Internet of Things and smart cities                                      |
+| Series Z        | Languages and general software aspects for telecommunication systems                                                                                             |

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+
+
+**ITU-T**
+
+TELECOMMUNICATION  
+STANDARDIZATION SECTOR  
+OF ITU
+
+**L.1002**
+
+(10/2016)
+
+SERIES L: ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE  
+CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY;  
+CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION  
+OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE  
+PLANT
+
+---
+
+**External universal power adapter solutions for  
+portable information and communication  
+technology devices**
+
+Recommendation ITU-T L.1002
+
+# ITU-T L-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS
+
+## **ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY; CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE PLANT**
+
+## **OPTICAL FIBRE CABLES**
+
+|                                     |             |
+|-------------------------------------|-------------|
+| Cable structure and characteristics | L.100–L.124 |
+| Cable evaluation                    | L.125–L.149 |
+| Guidance and installation technique | L.150–L.199 |
+
+## **OPTICAL INFRASTRUCTURES**
+
+|                                                       |             |
+|-------------------------------------------------------|-------------|
+| Infrastructure including node element (except cables) | L.200–L.249 |
+| General aspects and network design                    | L.250–L.299 |
+
+## **MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION**
+
+|                                                 |             |
+|-------------------------------------------------|-------------|
+| Optical fibre cable maintenance                 | L.300–L.329 |
+| Infrastructure maintenance                      | L.330–L.349 |
+| Operation support and infrastructure management | L.350–L.379 |
+| Disaster management                             | L.380–L.399 |
+
+## **PASSIVE OPTICAL DEVICES**
+
+|  |             |
+|--|-------------|
+|  | L.400–L.429 |
+|--|-------------|
+
+## **MARINIZED TERRESTRIAL CABLES**
+
+|  |             |
+|--|-------------|
+|  | L.430–L.449 |
+|--|-------------|
+
+*For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations.*
+
+# Recommendation ITU-T L.1002
+
+# External universal power adapter solutions for portable information and communication technology devices
+
+## Summary
+
+Recommendation ITU-T L.1002 defines the requirements, and provides guidelines on the environmental aspects, of universal power adapter solutions (UPA) designed for use with portable information and communication technology (ICT) devices. It is complementary to Recommendations ITU-T L.1000 and ITU-T L.1001 and aims to cover the widest possible range of ICT devices for portable use within identified voltage and power ranges. It firstly describes basic configurations of UPAs, consisting of a power adapter block with a detachable input cable and a detachable output cable to the ICT device. Then, it defines different general recommendations for UPAs and their interfaces, including cables, connectors, voltage, current, ripple noise, energy efficiency, no-load power, safety, electromagnetic compatibility, resistibility and eco-environmental specifications. All the recommendations have been set with the aim to reduce e-waste and increase usability.
+
+## History
+
+| Edition | Recommendation | Approval   | Study Group | Unique ID*                                                                |
+|---------|----------------|------------|-------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| 1.0     | ITU-T L.1002   | 2016-10-14 | 5           | <a href="http://handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/12131">11.1002/1000/12131</a> |
+
+## Keywords
+
+Ecodesign, energy efficiency, power adapter, power supply.
+
+---
+
+\* To access the Recommendation, type the URL <http://handle.itu.int/> in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendation's unique ID. For example, <http://handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11830-en>.
+
+## FOREWORD
+
+The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis.
+
+The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics.
+
+The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1.
+
+In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-T's purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC.
+
+## NOTE
+
+In this Recommendation, the expression "Administration" is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency.
+
+Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words "shall" or some other obligatory language such as "must" and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party.
+
+## INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
+
+ITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendation development process.
+
+As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at <http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/>.
+
+© ITU 2017
+
+All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU.
+
+## Table of Contents
+
+|      |                                                                                                                                          | Page |
+|------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|
+| 1    | Scope.....                                                                                                                               | 1    |
+| 2    | References.....                                                                                                                          | 1    |
+| 3    | Definitions .....                                                                                                                        | 3    |
+| 3.1  | Terms defined elsewhere .....                                                                                                            | 3    |
+| 3.2  | Terms defined in this Recommendation .....                                                                                               | 3    |
+| 4    | Abbreviations and acronyms .....                                                                                                         | 3    |
+| 5    | Conventions .....                                                                                                                        | 4    |
+| 6    | Universal power adapter solutions.....                                                                                                   | 4    |
+| 6.1  | Basic configuration.....                                                                                                                 | 5    |
+| 6.2  | ICT devices usage with UPAs .....                                                                                                        | 6    |
+| 6.3  | Compatibility with powered ICT equipment.....                                                                                            | 7    |
+| 7    | General requirements.....                                                                                                                | 8    |
+| 7.1  | Power adapter interface .....                                                                                                            | 8    |
+| 7.2  | Energy efficiency requirements.....                                                                                                      | 11   |
+| 7.3  | Safety and environmental requirements .....                                                                                              | 12   |
+| 7.4  | EMC requirements.....                                                                                                                    | 12   |
+| 7.5  | Resistibility requirements .....                                                                                                         | 12   |
+| 7.6  | Eco-environmental specification .....                                                                                                    | 13   |
+| 7.7  | Other requirements .....                                                                                                                 | 13   |
+|      | Annex A – DC output characteristics .....                                                                                                | 14   |
+|      | Appendix I – Trends and solutions to reduce the UPA category and adapt to DC voltage interfaces for renewable energy and batteries ..... | 16   |
+|      | Appendix II – Efficiency trends in some regions .....                                                                                    | 18   |
+| II.1 | Europe.....                                                                                                                              | 18   |
+| II.2 | China.....                                                                                                                               | 19   |
+|      | Appendix III – Possible evolution of DC connectors .....                                                                                 | 21   |
+|      | Appendix IV – Areas for further development .....                                                                                        | 22   |
+|      | Bibliography.....                                                                                                                        | 23   |
+
+## Introduction
+
+This Recommendation<sup>1</sup> defines the requirements, and provides guidelines on the environmental aspects, of universal power adapter solutions (UPA) designed for use with portable information and communication technology (ICT) devices. It also takes into consideration energy efficiency, emissions reduction and the use of scarce and raw materials.
+
+Power supplies are a contributory factor to the increasing electricity consumption of households in Europe [b-CLASP]. The impact assessment for the ecodesign regulation on external power supplies calculated an increase in energy consumption from about 7.3 TWh in 2010 to about 7.5 TWh in 2020 (business as usual scenario). According to [b-EPS CoC] savings are expected to be 1.04 TWh in 2020. Only a part of these external power supplies (EPSs) would be UPAs used with portable ICT devices.
+
+Considering [b-IEA] on standby mode consumption, given the average of 0.3 W to 0.5 W in no-load consumption of EPS, with a new value of 0.1 W savings would be in the order of some TWh/year/billion for portable UPAs following the requirement of this Recommendation.
+
+The best approach for UPAs is to achieve several objectives: convenience for consumers to power their portable ICT devices from any available UPA or from other common interfaces through a detachable cable; while ensuring consumer safety, device protection and system reliability.
+
+The direct current (DC) detachable cable has the same replacement possibility as for the alternating current (AC) detachable cable reducing a lot of e-waste as the common failure mode is the same, and the rupture of the wire at the output of the adapter case, due to frequent cable rolling. Detachable cable solutions can enable the sharing of power adapters among the existing and future ICT portable devices where such a solution is adopted. This will enable a market opportunity to reduce the number of duplicate portable power adapters.
+
+It is noted that the environmental impact of any universal power adapter solution should be considered over its entire life cycle and that the transition towards universal power adapter solutions does not aim to replace the existing adapters immediately, as billions of them are currently in use and billions of external power adapters are being introduced for new devices or to replace old ones. Any universal power adapter solution is expected to be time limited as continual development provides a more efficient solution to meet the requirements for future innovative products. Solutions focused on common charging interoperability can avoid longevity limitations associated with universal power adapter solutions. (see the section on [IEC 63002] in Appendix I). This Recommendation focuses on universal power adapter solutions that operate within identified current and voltage ranges of common mobile product categories in market.
+
+It should be noted that lifetime, safety, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and environmental issues have been considered in the drafting of this Recommendation.
+
+Appendix IV identifies future work that is needed to address arbitrary combinations.
+
+---
+
+<sup>1</sup> The United States of America requested that the following be appended to this Recommendation:
+
+NOTE 1 – This Recommendation is intended to not conflict with or supersede existing regulatory requirements and international/regional/national standards.
+
+NOTE 2 – Hold-up time is not a requirement needed for UPAs for mobile devices which have internal battery systems. [CISPR 22 Class B] compliance is inherently met when a battery is installed.
+
+NOTE 3 – For lifetime requirements, further studies on the test conditions and test methods are required to analyse the effects of various parameters (e.g., temperature, use).
+
+NOTE 4 – [b-IEC TS 62700] recognizes that UPA-side barrel connectors are not internationally standardized and current and future market trends for detachable/captive cables need further consideration.
+
+It is important to propose a low voltage DC interface to directly power ICT devices, especially for emerging countries that show fast mobile and Internet development despite the absence of a reliable AC grid. Considering the rapid increase of the cost of fossil fuel used in engine generators and the reduction of the cost of renewable energy sources, this kind of energy solution is developing fast and is among the main enablers of ICT deployment in such regions. The use of DC is much more efficient and increases the overall reliability as it allows removing the DC/AC inverters and insulated AC/DC adapters. A simple (and low cost) detachable cable could then be sufficient to power ICT devices. In some cases, only a DC/DC converter with very high efficiency would be used to adapt voltage, e.g., 12 V or 24 V to 5 V. This solution is also considered in developed countries for home DC networks (see appendices I and V of [ITU-T L.1001]).
+
+
+
+# Recommendation ITU-T L.1002
+
+## External universal power adapter solutions for portable information and communication technology devices
+
+# 1 Scope
+
+This Recommendation defines the requirements, and provides guidelines on the environmental aspects, of universal power adapter solutions (UPA) designed for use with portable information and communication technology ICT (ICT) devices.
+
+UPAs covered by this Recommendation are those that are used with the devices with voltage and power levels identified in clause 7.1.1.
+
+This Recommendation does not cover UPAs defined in [ITU-T L.1000] and [ITU-T L.1001].
+
+This Recommendation provides requirements and guidelines for energy efficiency and no load power. It aims to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to optimize the use of scarce and raw materials and to enable a long product lifetime to reduce e-waste generation.
+
+The considered UPA does not provide any charge control for rechargeable batteries.
+
+The load full charging function in the portable device, if present, is not within the scope of this Recommendation.
+
+This Recommendation describes basic configurations and general requirements for UPAs and their interfaces, including cables, connectors, voltage, current, ripple, noise, energy efficiency, safety, electromagnetic compatibility, resistibility and eco-environmental specifications.
+
+Market issues associated with: counterfeit products or untested combinations of ICT devices and UPAs are not within the scope of this Recommendation.
+
+# 2 References
+
+The following ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and other references are subject to revision; users of this Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and other references listed below. A list of the currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published. The reference to a document within this Recommendation does not give it, as a stand-alone document, the status of a Recommendation.
+
+- [ITU-T K.21] Recommendation ITU-T K.21 (2015), *Resistibility of telecommunication equipment installed in customer premises to overvoltages and overcurrents*.
+- [ITU-T K.44] Recommendation ITU-T K.44 (2016), *Resistibility tests for telecommunication equipment exposed to overvoltages and overcurrents – Basic Recommendation*.
+- [ITU-T K.74] Recommendation ITU-T K.74 (2015), *EMC, resistibility and safety requirements for home network devices*.
+- [ITU-T K.85] Recommendation ITU-T K.85 (2011), *Requirements for the mitigation of lightning effects on home networks installed in customer premises*.
+- [ITU-T L.1000] Recommendation ITU-T L.1000 (2011), *Universal power adapter and charger solution for mobile terminals and other handheld ICT devices*.
+- [ITU-T L.1001] Recommendation ITU-T L.1001 (2012), *External universal power adapter solutions for stationary information and communication technology devices*.
+
+- [ITU-T L.1200] Recommendation ITU-T L.1200 (2012), *Direct current power feeding interface up to 400 V at the input to telecommunication and ICT equipment.*
+- [ITU-T L.1410] Recommendations ITU-T L.1410 (2014), *Methodology for environmental life cycle assessments of information and communication technology goods, networks and services.*
+- [EN 50563] CENELEC EN 50563 (2011), *External A.C. – D.C. and A.C. – A.C. power supplies – Determination of no-load power and average efficiency of active modes.*
+- [IEC 60038] IEC 60038 (2009), *IEC standard voltages.*
+- [IEC 60068-2-38] IEC 60068-2-38 (2009), *Environmental testing – Part 2-38: Tests – Test Z/AD: Composite temperature/humidity cyclic test.*
+- [IEC 60320-1] IEC 60320-1 (2015), *Appliance couplers for household and similar general purposes – Part 1: General requirements.*
+- [IEC 60335-1] IEC 60335-1 (2010), *Household and similar electrical appliances – Safety – Part 1: General requirements.*
+- [IEC 60950-1] IEC 60950-1 (2005), *Information technology equipment – Safety – Part 1: General requirements.*
+- [IEC 61000-3-2] IEC 61000-3-2 (2014), *Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 3-2: Limits – Limits for harmonic current emissions (equipment input current  $\leq 16$  A per phase).*
+- [IEC 61000-4-11] IEC 61000-4-11 (2004), *Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-11: Testing and measurement techniques – Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations immunity tests.*
+- [IEC 62282-5-1] IEC 62282-5 (2012), *Fuel cell technologies – Part 5-1: Portable fuel cell power systems – Safety.*
+- [IEC 62301] IEC 62301 (2011), *Household electrical appliances – Measurement of standby power.*
+- [IEC 62368-1] IEC 62368-1 (2014-02), *Audio/video, information and communication technology equipment – Part 1: Safety requirements.*
+- [IEC 62680-1-2] IEC 62680-1-2 (2016), *Universal serial bus interfaces for data and power – Part 1-2: Common components – USB Power Delivery specification.*
+- [IEC 62680-1-3] IEC 62680-1-3 (2016), *Universal serial bus interfaces for data and power – Part 1-3: Universal Serial Bus interfaces – Common components – USB Type-C™ Cable and Connector Specification.*
+- [IEC 62680-2-1] IEC 62680-2-1 (2015), *Universal serial bus interfaces for data and power – Part 2-1: Universal Serial Bus Specification, Revision 2.0.*
+- [IEC 62684] IEC 62684 (2011), *Interoperability specifications of common external power supply (EPS) for use with data-enabled mobile telephones.*
+- [IEC 63002] IEC 63002 (2016), *Identification and communication interoperability method for external power supplies used with portable computing devices.*
+- [IEC-CISPR 22] IEC-CISPR 22 (2008), *Information technology equipment – Radio disturbance characteristics – Limits and methods of measurement.*
+- [IEC-CISPR 24] IEC-CISPR 24 (2010), *Information technology equipment – Immunity characteristics – Limits and methods of measurement.*
+
+# 3 Definitions
+
+### 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere
+
+This Recommendation uses the following terms defined elsewhere:
+
+**3.1.1 safety extra-low voltage circuit:** Secondary circuit that is so designed and protected that under normal operating conditions and single fault conditions, its voltages do not exceed a safe value. ([IEC 62282-5-1]).
+
+NOTE 1 to entry – For commercial, industrial and telecommunication applications, the SELV voltage limits provided in [IEC 60950-1] are applicable. For household applications, the SELV voltage limits in [IEC 60335-1] (2010) shall be used.
+
+NOTE 2 to entry – The limit values of voltages under normal operating conditions and single fault conditions (see 1.4.14 of [IEC 60950-1]) are specified in 2.2 of [IEC 60950-1]. See Table 1A of [IEC 60950-1].
+
+NOTE 3 to entry – This definition of a SELV circuit differs from the term "SELV system" as used in [IEC 61140].
+
+**3.1.2 functional earthing:** Earthing of a point in equipment or in a system, which is necessary for a purpose other than Safety ([IEC 60950-1]).
+
+### 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation
+
+This Recommendation defines the following terms:
+
+**3.2.1 captive cable:** A cable integral to the universal power adapter (UPA).
+
+**3.2.2 detachable alternating current (AC) cable:** A detachable cable used to connect the power adapter to the alternating current (AC) mains for powering through two connectors, one on the universal power adapter (UPA) side and the other on the AC mains side.
+
+**3.2.3 detachable direct current (DC) cable:** A detachable direct current (DC) cable connects the power adapter to the information and communication technology (ICT) device for powering through two connectors, one on the universal power adapter (UPA) side and the other on the ICT device side.
+
+**3.2.4 hiccup mode:** Hiccup mode is a power supply overcurrent protection mode which stops power output followed by trying to restart the power supply intermittently.
+
+**3.2.5 power adapter:** A device that converts the mains alternating current (AC) power voltage at the input to the low direct current (DC) power voltage at the output, or one that converts DC power source, e.g., from photo voltaic source to another low voltage DC power output.
+
+**3.2.6 power adapter block:** A block that includes a power adapter.
+
+**3.2.7 universal power adapter solutions:** External power adapters that are designed to provide power to different information and communication technology (ICT) devices.
+
+**3.2.8 safety extra-low voltage (SELV) DC:** A DC voltage in a circuit respecting the condition defined for a safety extra-low voltage circuit.
+
+# 4 Abbreviations and acronyms
+
+This Recommendation uses the following abbreviations and acronyms:
+
+AC            Alternating Current
+
+CoC          Code of Conduct
+
+|      |                                          |
+|------|------------------------------------------|
+| DC   | Direct Current                           |
+| EMC  | Electromagnetic Compatibility            |
+| EPS  | External Power Supply                    |
+| EUT  | Equipment Under Test                     |
+| GHG  | Greenhouse Gas emission                  |
+| HF   | High Frequency                           |
+| ICT  | Information and Communication Technology |
+| IT   | Information Technology                   |
+| I-V  | Current-Voltage                          |
+| MTBF | Mean Time Between Failure                |
+| OEM  | Original Equipment Manufacturer          |
+| PoE  | Power over Ethernet                      |
+| PoL  | Power over Line                          |
+| p-p  | peak to peak                             |
+| PV   | Photo Voltaic                            |
+| SELV | Safety Extra-Low Voltage                 |
+| TV   | Television                               |
+| UPA  | Universal Power Adapter                  |
+| USB  | Universal Serial Bus                     |
+| XML  | extensible Markup Language               |
+
+# 5 Conventions
+
+None.
+
+# 6 Universal power adapter solutions
+
+A UPA is an external power adapter that interfaces with the low voltage input of an ICT device by converting the alternating current (AC) mains voltage to a low direct current (DC) voltage output.
+
+A UPA is applicable to portable ICT devices at home/office where normal operation, including device internal battery recharge, requires a connection to a household (e.g., residential household) distribution where it may happen that the earth connection is of poor quality.
+
+The UPAs considered in this Recommendation will be able to power portable ICT devices that are able to operate while being disconnected from the grid using power from their internal battery and when connected to a wide range of power grids with different voltage and quality.
+
+Furthermore, UPAs have enough power to allow device use while recharging the internal device battery.
+
+The portable ICT devices considered are in a power range above the power range covered by [ITU-T L.1000] for mobile devices.
+
+For user comfort and to reduce the number of UPAs and consequent e-waste, these devices includes portable computers and their portable peripherals, hubs, projectors, printers, scanners, loudspeakers, screens, additional battery packs, etc.
+
+They may also include any equipment which has a power interface covered by this Recommendation i.e., portable television (TV), video images and their battery chargers, etc.
+
+A UPA is applicable to portable ICT devices at home/office where normal operation, including device internal battery recharge, requires a connection to AC.
+
+This Recommendation is complementary to [ITU-T L.1000] and [ITU-T L.1001] and aims to cover the widest possible range of UPAs for ICT devices for portable use within the defined voltage and power ranges. It should not ignore a wide variability of power distribution and source types found in different countries. DC power solutions are considered for the same reasons as in [ITU-T L.1000]. The safety extra-low voltage (SELV) DC interface brings user comfort through universality and also reduces e-waste through cable replacement possibility. DC interface allows a highly efficient, reliable, simple and safe solution for using small solar energy systems without AC inverters in emerging countries. This also covers other SELV DC sources compliant with this Recommendation that could be found in transportation means: cars, buses, trains, planes, etc. An optional input compliance to up to 400 V DC [ITU-T L.1200] is proposed to maximize the efficiency and use of UPAs in locations where these interface are used (telecom/data centres, green buildings, DC micro-grids).
+
+Guidance on other aspects not covered by this Recommendation, when UPAs are used for powering portable computers, can be found in [b-IEC TS 62700]. [b-IEC TS 62700] is not a completed international standard and describes areas requiring further consideration.
+
+## 6.1 Basic configuration
+
+Figure 1 describes the basic configuration of universal power adapter (UPA) solutions used for portable devices. The basic UPA configuration consists of a UPA with a detachable input cable (captive input can be a mains plug integrated in the adapter housing) and a detachable output cable to the ICT device.
+
+A detachable DC cable is required for UPAs as the DC cable is generally the weakest point of the portable UPA and the main point of failure. Adapters which have captive cables, in case of failure of the latter, require all the rest of the equipment and in particular its active part, to be discarded, adding up unnecessary e-waste and cost for the users. Furthermore, the detachable cable enables more reuse and an increased lifetime which is the main aim of this Recommendation.
+
+For higher power categories (above 60 W), adapters designed and tested with end-products may optionally use captive cables if needed to support system-level robustness and technical performance requirements. Nevertheless, detachable cables are strongly recommended for these categories.
+
+NOTE – Where captive cables are used, care has to be taken to minimize the chances of failure described above. The cables and connecting sleeve have to be particularly resistant to frequent winding/unwinding by the user.
+
+For UPA power classes, e.g., those used for portable computer, new multi-output solutions are spreading into the market. Such solutions may offer a USB Type-A connector in addition to the main UPA output power interface (which also may be a USB Type-C™ connector). A UPA that offers USB Type-C receptacles as specified in [IEC 63002], [IEC 62680-1-2] and [IEC 62680-1-3] can serve the needs of charging devices in the power range of [ITU-T L.1000] as well as the needs of devices in the power range of this Recommendation.
+
+UPAs which intend to support USB type C specifications will follow the technical requirements and recommendations that are specified by [IEC 62680-1-2], [IEC 62680-1-3] and [IEC 63002].
+
+This improves user comfort as a vast majority of users have multiple portable devices. This feature reduces the need for users to have multiple different power adapters, which directly saves materials, and indirectly is more user friendly as it avoids the need for an additional AC socket or AC strip
+
+installation. In addition, this can save energy as the power efficiency of a higher power UPA is often higher than the efficiency of a smaller one, and the no-load power with a single UPA is reduced.
+
+![Figure 1 – Basic UPA configurations and connection options. The diagram shows two configurations. The top configuration shows a 'Detachable input cable for AC grid or integrated plug in the UPA housing' connected to a 'UPA power adapter block'. The 'UPA output connector' is connected to a 'Detachable output cable', which is then connected to an 'ICT device'. The bottom configuration shows a 'Detachable output cable' connected to an 'ICT device' via a 'Connector adapter if required'.](b9ecbc3baefab13719e000faa6e0c7eb_img.jpg)
+
+The diagram illustrates two basic UPA configurations. In the top configuration, a detachable input cable for an AC grid or an integrated plug in the UPA housing is connected to a UPA power adapter block. The UPA output connector is connected to a detachable output cable, which is then connected to an ICT device. In the bottom configuration, a detachable output cable is connected to an ICT device via a connector adapter if required.
+
+Figure 1 – Basic UPA configurations and connection options. The diagram shows two configurations. The top configuration shows a 'Detachable input cable for AC grid or integrated plug in the UPA housing' connected to a 'UPA power adapter block'. The 'UPA output connector' is connected to a 'Detachable output cable', which is then connected to an 'ICT device'. The bottom configuration shows a 'Detachable output cable' connected to an 'ICT device' via a 'Connector adapter if required'.
+
+**Figure 1 – Basic UPA configurations and connection options**
+
+Each UPA configuration can use an optional connector adapter between the cable connector and the input of the device (Figure 1).
+
+All UPA configurations are shown in this Recommendation with a power adapter block.
+
+NOTE 1 – To allow more flexibility and reduce the number of different UPA categories, an identification pin could be used to identify the UPA capabilities (typically its maximum current) (see Figure 1). However, market interoperability issues will occur without common methods for identification and communication of capabilities. These issues can be mitigated for external adapters and device combinations that in future will adopt the IEC interoperability standards [IEC62680-1-2], [IEC 62680-1-3] and [IEC 63002] based on USB type C.
+
+NOTE 2 – Appendix I contains information on using SELV DC directly from renewable energy small systems to power ICT devices through detachable cables and on possible UPA input compliance with [ITU-T L.1200] up to 400 V DC interface, which may increase universality in the future.
+
+### 6.2 ICT devices usage with UPAs
+
+The portable ICT devices that may adopt UPAs are those defined in clause 6.
+
+No overlap with [ITU-T L.1000] is expected as only ICT devices requiring higher input power than the power range covered by [ITU-T L.1000] for mobile and hand-held devices are to be covered.
+
+Among the considered portable ICT devices are those able to operate while being disconnected from the grid using power from their internal battery. All equipment has to be able to operate when connected to a wide range of power grids with different voltages and quality and with any quality of earth connection.
+
+The charging control function is not part of UPAs.
+
+UPAs could power other ICT devices that have similar power requirements if their power input characteristics are compatible with one of the categories defined in this Recommendation.
+
+ICT devices that are used with power adapters compliant with [ITU-T L.1000] are not covered in this Recommendation but UPAs defined in this Recommendation can have [ITU-T L.1000] power outputs.
+
+UPAs allow ICTs to have a direct connection to SELV DC by using the detachable DC cable for enabling the highest efficiency, the safest and the simplest use in emerging countries using small solar energy solutions. This also covers other SELV DC source compliance with this Recommendation as there is a trend to extend USB 5 V plugs to higher than 5 V DC. This
+
+Recommendation does not permit proprietary means for negotiating voltages above 5 V DC as IEC [IEC 62680-1-2], [IEC 62680-1-3] and [IEC 63002] provide standardized mechanisms with appropriate robustness and safety.
+
+NOTE 1 – The basic functions of UPAs are:
+
+- a) UPAs can power different ICT devices.
+- b) UPAs that are designed with fixed output voltage are (see Table 1) available for ICT devices whose rated power is less than the capacity of UPA (Figure 2).
+
+![Diagram illustrating the power compatibility function of UPAs with fixed output voltage. It shows three UPAs (85W 20V, 60W 20V, 45W 20V) connected to three devices (Device A 80W, Device B 60W, Device C 35W). Arrows indicate that the 85W UPA can power all three devices, the 60W UPA can power Device B and Device C, and the 45W UPA can power Device C.](7efae06af3af43ffe5d4b956a679cf54_img.jpg)
+
+```
+graph LR; UPA1[85W 20V] --> DeviceA[Device A 80W]; UPA1 --> DeviceB[Device B 60W]; UPA1 --> DeviceC[Device C 35W]; UPA2[60W 20V] --> DeviceB; UPA2 --> DeviceC; UPA3[45W 20V] --> DeviceC;
+```
+
+L.1002(16)\_F02
+
+Diagram illustrating the power compatibility function of UPAs with fixed output voltage. It shows three UPAs (85W 20V, 60W 20V, 45W 20V) connected to three devices (Device A 80W, Device B 60W, Device C 35W). Arrows indicate that the 85W UPA can power all three devices, the 60W UPA can power Device B and Device C, and the 45W UPA can power Device C.
+
+**Figure 2 – Power compatibility function of UPAs with fixed output voltage (example based on 20 V UPAs)**
+
+NOTE 2 – In order to optimize efficiency, it is recommended that UPAs that have fixed output voltages and power ratings be matched with the same power rated ICT devices.
+
+Improper combinations of UPAs with ICT devices (for example use of 60 W ICT with 40 W UPA) can result in incompatibility or reduced performance. Adopters of this Recommendation should be aware of these and provide appropriate information to users to avoid any risk of damage on ICT devices.
+
+UPAs that implement [IEC 62680-1-2], [IEC 62680-1-3] and [IEC 63002] support a UPA interface with multiple output voltages capability and a negotiation mechanism for providing an appropriate voltage to the ICT device, and a negotiation mechanism that allows an ICT device to negotiate a power contract with a UPA with a lower rating than that of the device. This allows the user to trade off the UPA rating against the charging time.
+
+## 6.3 Compatibility with powered ICT equipment
+
+Taking into consideration the ICT power rating, the correct UPA must be selected to comply with applicable electrical safety standards and codes (see [IEC 60950-1], [IEC 62368-1]).
+
+NOTE – If the UPA complies with the Limited Power Sources defined in [IEC 60950-1] and/or [IEC 62368-1], the ICT does not need to implement active input overcurrent protection. However, if the ICT device's power source is undetermined, it is recommended that the ICT device incorporates overcurrent protection or an appropriate fire enclosure. The ICT device shall comply with the requirements of [IEC 60950-1] and/or [IEC 62368-1].
+
+While UPAs can sense its own short-circuit or failure condition, it cannot sense a malfunction of the ICT device except the ones leading to an overcurrent condition.
+
+An overcurrent condition of UPAs shall comply with the requirements of [IEC 60950-1]. Otherwise, it is recommended that overcurrent be set to be to at least 130% of the rated current, with a minimum time duration of 15 ms.
+
+# 7 General requirements
+
+### 7.1 Power adapter interface
+
+#### 7.1.1 Voltage/current definitions
+
+The power interface in 5 V for portable devices shall be compliant to the USB specification in [IEC 62680-2-1], [IEC 62680-1-2], [IEC 62680-1-3] and [IEC 63002], as appropriate.
+
+Table 1 recommends the UPA categories based on their output power interface (voltage, current and power) for different types of ICT products designed for portable use. Each category is defined with examples of the ICT device types. Table 1 reflects the most common categories available on the market.
+
+UPAs shall be designed considering that after switch-on of the source, the output voltage shall respect the value covered under Table 1, within 3 s maximum, under all load conditions.
+
+The hold-up time shall be stated as more than 10 ms at the minimum AC working voltage following the [IEC 63002] and [61000-4-11] requirement and test methodology.
+
+UPAs compliant with [IEC 63002] should follow the guidance for hold-up time as specified in [IEC 63002] clause 4.3.3 and Annex D.5.
+
+Guidance on other aspects of Table 1 UPAs not covered by this Recommendation can be found in [b-IEC TS 62700], paragraph 4 (Electrical specifications).
+
+UPAs which intend to support USB Type-C specifications shall follow the power technical requirements and recommendations as specified in [IEC 62680-1-2], [IEC 62680-1-3] and [IEC 63002].
+
+**Table 1 – Recommended categories of UPAs**
+
+| Category | Example of ICT device types                                        | Voltage [V] | Current [A] | Power [W] |
+|----------|--------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------|-------------|-----------|
+| Small 1  | 5 V mobile and handheld device not covered by [ITU-T L.1000] scope | 5           | 1.5 to 3    | 7.5 to 15 |
+| Small 2  | Netbooks, tablets                                                  | 12          | 2.5         | 30        |
+| Small 3  | Thin notebooks                                                     | 20          | 2.25        | 45        |
+| Medium   | Low-end laptops                                                    | 20          | 3           | 60        |
+| Big      | High-end laptops                                                   | 20          | 4.25        | 85        |
+
+NOTE 1 – The trend of lower energy consumption in ICT devices is leading to lower UPA power requirements and in view of this a possible reduction of categories.
+
+NOTE 2 – 20 V nominal is consistent with 18-21 V ICT devices inputs.
+
+NOTE 3 – The example of ICT device types listed in column 2 are just explanatory examples, the device type can have UPAs of different categories.
+
+Industry is evolving very fast to develop new solutions. If future developed UPAs are not included in the classes defined in Table 1, such UPAs shall respect the requirements of this Recommendation as far as the applicable points are concerned.
+
+#### 7.1.2 Output DC plug and connectors
+
+The DC connector types at the interface between the UPA and ICT devices are selected between those widely used in the portable computer market. It is recommended for the interface to implement [IEC 62680-1-2], [IEC 62680-1-3] and [IEC 63002] the USB type C connector, to support broad reusability and interoperability.
+
+For fixed output voltage UPAs a third wire for signalling in addition to power wires could be used to guarantee optimal matching and performance adaptation between the power source and ICT devices. It should be used only if required to adapt the power and avoid instability. See possible considerations in clause 5 of [b-IEC TS 62700].
+
+#### 7.1.3 DC cables
+
+The cable fire resistance shall comply with the requirements of [IEC 60950-1] and chapter 6 tests 3.2 and 3.3 as referred to in [b-ITU-T L.1005].
+
+The length of the DC cable should preferably be higher than 1.7 m for 12 V and 20 V categories.
+
+NOTE 1 – This minimum length based on ergonomic design is recommended to allow the adapter to lay on the floor with a horizontal AC cable to the wall socket and allow connection to the device without a risky diagonal cable but with a horizontal section of cable to the rear of the device, and then a vertical section from the table to the adapter laying on the floor. It is common to find a DC cable about 2 m long and AC cable about 1 m long on an ergonomically designed adapter from major manufacturers. In addition, the detachable AC and DC cables can be chosen to match some specific user requirements.
+
+The voltage loss at the maximum current shall be lower than 0.75 V.
+
+NOTE 2 – This voltage loss is defined by USB specifications for 5 V output.
+
+To avoid excessive use of resources (copper), the DC cable of the higher current UPA categories could be limited in length. The DC cable extension options are possible in case of specific requirements.
+
+Care has to be taken when there is no electronic method for identifying the rated current of the cable in order to prevent the user from configuring a system using a lower current-rated cable between a higher rated UPA and a higher rated ICT device.
+
+##### UPA side
+
+The connector on the UPA side shall be either:
+
+- a) For 12 V UPA – barrel connector – internal diameter 1.95 mm, external diameter 4.95 mm  
+For 20 V UPA – barrel connector – internal diameter 3.3 mm, external diameter 5.5 mm and having a third pin. An example of this connector is in clause 6.1 of [b-IEC TS 62700].
+
+Or
+
+- b) a connector that is compliant with USB type C defined in [IEC 62680-1-2], [IEC 62680-1-3] and [IEC 63002].
+
+NOTE 1 – For point a) national regulations may override the choice of the connectors defined above.
+
+NOTE 2 – Such UPA connectors may be suitable for use with ICT devices including devices that do not require specific identification and pin.
+
+NOTE 3 – UPAs which intend to support USB specifications shall follow the technical connector requirements as specified in [IEC 62680-x].
+
+##### Device side
+
+The recommended connectors on the device side are the same as those on the UPA side. A detachable cable equipped with an additional interchange for widely adopted existing connectors is acceptable. This will allow broad and easy introduction of UPAs while allowing ICT equipment developers sufficient time to make a transition on their product towards the target solution.
+
+NOTE – IEC has published [b-IEC TS 62700] which contains guidance for the definition of device connectors and the issues of the device electrical parameters (voltage, current, power requirement signals).
+
+#### 7.1.4 UPA input interfaces
+
+The UPA input interface shall be in line with [IEC 60038], which defines international AC voltages and frequencies on low voltage AC grids.
+
+#### 7.1.5 AC connector at UPA side
+
+For UPAs which have detachable AC cables, the AC connector (at the input of the power adapter block) shall comply with [IEC 60320-1] types C6, C8 and C14.
+
+#### 7.1.6 DC output power interface characteristics
+
+Table 1 UPAs shall provide an output DC voltage and DC current with the main characteristics given in Table 2.
+
+**Table 2 – DC output power interface characteristics**
+
+|                                 |                                |                                   |
+|---------------------------------|--------------------------------|-----------------------------------|
+| Power characteristics interface | Voltage regulation             | Within $\pm 5\%$ at rated voltage |
+|                                 | Ripple voltage                 | Within 4% p-p at rated voltage    |
+|                                 | Drooping characteristic        | See Annex A                       |
+|                                 | Inrush current characteristics |                                   |
+|                                 | Start-up characteristics       |                                   |
+
+The rated voltage for Table 1 UPAs is 12 V and 20 V, as defined in Table 1.
+
+The output DC voltage characteristics that shall be respected are given in Annex A.
+
+#### 7.1.7 Ripple and noise voltage measurement
+
+The ripple voltage and noise standard values shall be set within 4% of rated voltage, measured p-p (i.e., 200 mVp-p at 5 V and 480 mVp-p at 12 V). The measurement of ripple shall be carried out using clause 6.3 of [IEC 62684].
+
+The UPA should be connected to the AC mains via an insulation transformer in order to minimize the influence of noise voltage from the AC mains. The output voltage of the DC output plug is measured with an oscilloscope with an aluminium electrolytic capacitor connected to the DC output terminal. The target values of ripple voltage and ripple noise voltage are shown in Table 2. The test circuit is presented in Figure 3.
+
+For a basic test of UPA for stationary ICT use, one single value of 47  $\mu\text{F}$  might be used, independently of the value of the current.
+
+A 0.1  $\mu\text{F}$  ceramic capacitor in parallel with the electrolytic capacitor ensures that impedance remains low in the high frequency range.
+
+The ripple voltage test shall be done at 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% load and the bandwidth of the oscilloscope is set at over 20 MHz.
+
+NOTE – To ensure a maximum relevance of the ripple test, it is recommended to use an aluminium electrolytic capacitor representing the input capacitance of the powered device.
+
+![Figure 3 – Measurement method test circuit diagram. The diagram shows an AC mains connection to an insulation transformer, which is connected to the AC V in of a UPA (EUT). The DC V out of the UPA is connected to a DC output plug. A twisted pair cable, 30 cm in length, connects the DC output plug to a load R (non-induction resistance that can flow rated current). A voltage probe is connected to the load R. The voltage probe is connected to a measurement device (Digital oscilloscope). The measurement device is connected to an insulation transformer, which is connected to the AC mains. An aluminium electrolytic capacitor with HF capacitor in parallel (see values in the Recommendation) is connected to the DC output plug.](1320668e9151c5144f7e3696ae57e07f_img.jpg)
+
+Figure 3 – Measurement method test circuit diagram. The diagram shows an AC mains connection to an insulation transformer, which is connected to the AC V in of a UPA (EUT). The DC V out of the UPA is connected to a DC output plug. A twisted pair cable, 30 cm in length, connects the DC output plug to a load R (non-induction resistance that can flow rated current). A voltage probe is connected to the load R. The voltage probe is connected to a measurement device (Digital oscilloscope). The measurement device is connected to an insulation transformer, which is connected to the AC mains. An aluminium electrolytic capacitor with HF capacitor in parallel (see values in the Recommendation) is connected to the DC output plug.
+
+**Figure 3 – Measurement method test circuit**
+
+### 7.2 Energy efficiency requirements
+
+#### 7.2.1 No-load power consumption
+
+The test shall be made in accordance with [IEC 62301] but with the AC and DC cables provided with the product [EN 50563].
+
+Detailed values of no-load power consumption below 0.1 W (smaller UPAs) or 0.21 W (larger UPAs), depending on the rated power of the adapter are given in Table 3.
+
+#### 7.2.2 Power efficiency
+
+The test shall be done in accordance with [EN 50563] with the AC and DC cables provided with UPA.
+
+The efficiency requirements of UPAs are given in Table 3.
+
+The efficiency of UPAs is defined for loads from 10% to 100% and measured at 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%.
+
+The mean value has been calculated for each power category as the average of the efficiency measurements are made at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% loads.
+
+For USB Type-C UPAs, the efficiency is measured at the voltage that supports the adapter rating (i.e., the highest voltage level supported). Where the UPAs support lower voltages, the efficiencies at the corresponding lower power rating should not be worse than 90% of the efficiency required for that power value.
+
+Modern ICTs are being designed to dynamically optimize their energy performance. Their consumption is increasingly variable and related to the dynamic behaviour (e.g., service, bit rate, etc.). UPAs will then experience loads in all the output power range. The requirement is then defined also for a 10% load condition to obtain satisfactory performances when the load is in the lower range.
+
+With a load in the range of 25%-100%, the UPA efficiency shall not be lower than the value required at 25% load.
+
+**Table 3 – No-load power and efficiency requirements of the adapter block in for UPAs solutions covered under Table 1**
+
+| Category | Voltage | Current | Power | Target solution   |                                                   |                                 |
+|----------|---------|---------|-------|-------------------|---------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------|
+|          |         |         |       | No-load power (W) | Average efficiency at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% load | Proposed Efficiency at 10% load |
+| Small 1  | 5 V     | 3 A     | 15 W  | 0.1               | 81.4%                                             | 71.4%                           |
+| Small 2  | 12 V    | 2.5 A   | 30 W  | 0.1               | 86.9%                                             | 76.9%                           |
+| Small 3  | 20 V    | 2.25 A  | 45 W  | 0.1               | 87.7%                                             | 77.7%                           |
+| Medium   | 20 V    | 3 A     | 60 W  | 0.21              | 88%                                               | 78%                             |
+| Big      | 20 V    | 4.25 A  | 85 W  | 0.21              | 88%                                               | 78%                             |
+
+NOTE – The proposed values on energy efficiency at 10% load are under consideration for future development, and these values are not mandatory for this version of this Recommendation.
+
+The no-load target values recommended will become applicable three years after the official publication of this Recommendation. In the transitional period, targets for Small 1, Small 2 and Small 3 are set to 0.15 W and targets for Medium, Medium and Big are set to 0.25 W.
+
+The no-load consumption and efficiency could reach even stricter targets as technical solutions appearing in the market show this as being feasible (see Appendix II).
+
+The power factor of UPA defined by the current harmonic levels shall comply with [IEC 61000-3-2].
+
+NOTE – The measurement at 10% load is made using the same method as for the other loads 25% to 100%.
+
+### **7.3 Safety and environmental requirements**
+
+#### **7.3.1 Safety requirements**
+
+UPAs, in accordance with the definition of this Recommendation, must comply with product safety requirements of the applicable IEC product safety standard [IEC 60950-1] / [IEC 62368-1] and [ITU-T K.74].
+
+All UPAs, including those utilizing functional ground, should fulfil the Class II equipment requirements of [IEC 60950-1]. All UPAs should be compliant with standards and regulations for battery-equipped loads. It is noted that some regulators may classify a UPA with functional ground as a Class I device due to connection with protective earth at the building wall outlet connection.
+
+Class II equipment implementation is considered because the safety ground on the grid socket is not always available. In many countries the safety grounding is not even compulsory within the electrical wiring in homes. Furthermore, it is common practice when travelling abroad to use power socket adapters that have no ground pins or insulated ground pins.
+
+Class I constructions should be considered as suitable for use in markets with provisioned ground.
+
+A UPA equipped with a ground pin is considered to be in line with this Recommendation if the ground pin is a functional earthing point and from a safety point of view the UPA respects the Class II requirement of [IEC 60950-1].
+
+Where national regulations exist, they override the content of this Recommendation.
+
+#### **7.3.2 Environmental tests**
+
+In addition to safety, functional tests or lifetime testing (see also clause 7.6.2) should follow [IEC 60068-2-38], which provides a composite test procedure, primarily intended for component type specimens, to determine, in an accelerated manner, the resistance of specimens to the deteriorative effects of high temperature/humidity and cold conditions. Furthermore, [IEC 60950-1] defines a temperature test but not the simulation of the transport and package failure.
+
+### **7.4 EMC requirements**
+
+UPAs, in accordance with the definition of this Recommendation, should comply with emission requirements described in [IEC-CISPR 22]. They should also comply with the immunity requirements described in [IEC-CISPR 24] and [ITU-T K.74]. The transition from [IEC-CISPR 22] to [IEC-CISPR 32] should be respected.
+
+According to the regulations of some countries, UPAs need to be tested and certified for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) together with the ICT devices with which they are intended to be used.
+
+Where national regulations exist, they override the content of this Recommendation.
+
+### **7.5 Resistibility requirements**
+
+Resistibility tests and levels are given in [ITU-T K.44] and [ITU-T K.21].
+
+The UPA resistibility requirements shall be in line with the basic test level.
+
+Where the basic resistibility requirements are not sufficient due to environmental conditions, national regulations, economic and technical considerations, installation standards or grade of service requirements, network operators may request the enhanced or special resistibility requirements.
+
+Guidance on the applicability of enhanced test levels and special levels is given in [ITU-T K.85].
+
+### **7.6 Eco-environmental specification**
+
+#### **7.6.1 Ecodesign**
+
+Ecodesign shall follow the general requirements of clause 6.6 of [ITU-T L.1000].
+
+The environmental impact assessment of UPAs should be based upon [ITU-T L.1410].
+
+##### **7.6.1.1 Eco-environmental requirements**
+
+External power supplies represent a very significant percentage of the whole weight and material used for ICTs (estimated to be 10%-20%). As they share the majority of the solutions and materials, they are much more likely to be standardized than other ICTs. It is important to set requirements to materials and end-of-life compatibility to minimize their impact on the environment.
+
+##### **7.6.1.2 Ecodesign criteria for electronics**
+
+The requirement stated in clause 6.6.1.1 of [ITU-T L.1000] shall apply with the following modifications:
+
+Further to what is stated in [ITU-T L.1000] and to minimize unnecessary use of resources, emissions and production of e-waste, it is considered important to define in future also weight limits for each UPA class.
+
+For UPAs of all categories with enhanced resistibility to overvoltage higher than 2.5 kV, the weight may be higher than the limit for UPAs without enhanced resistibility.
+
+#### **7.6.2 Lifetime**
+
+This requirement is intended to be applied to the AC/DC part of UPAs only including all electronic circuits (cables and plugs are excluded).
+
+The initial value for lifetime parameters should be set at 5 years of continuous active use, i.e., when operating at a maximum average output power at a 25°C average temperature and under any conditions of humidity (not condensing), and for a lifetime of 3 years of elevated ambient temperature continuous active use, i.e., when operating at a maximum average output power at a 35°C average temperature.
+
+### **7.7 Other requirements**
+
+Examples of further requirements, found in [b-IEC TS 62700], are intended to be guidance complementing this Recommendation. These requirements for example, refer to output short circuit requirements, performance requirements (brownout and recovery, maximum open circuit voltage, overshoot at turn-on, turn-off), temperature and humidity in storage, transport and use phase.
+
+It is noted that two-pronged pins allow much higher compatibility between countries (e.g., in Europe there are seven different AC grounded configurations, but only two non-grounded configurations).
+
+## Annex A
+
+### DC output characteristics
+
+(This annex forms an integral part of this Recommendation.)
+
+Figure A.1 indicates possible voltage and current operating ranges of UPAs.
+
+The DC output voltage is measured at the output connector of the DC cable.
+
+For DC output characteristics, the following information should be clearly stated in a test report: DC current-voltage curve (I-V curve), points A, B, C and D indicated in Figure A.1 and classes and type of overcurrent mode operation defined in Table A.1.
+
+Overcurrent mode should be chosen from Table A.1.
+
+If "constant power mode" is chosen, it is strongly recommended to combine it with the "hiccup mode" in order to prevent hazardous operation.
+
+The output voltage of UPAs should stay within the limits defined in Figure A.1 (nominal voltage  $\pm 5\%$ ) under a load of 0% to 100% of the rated power. This does not cover fast dynamic changes.
+
+![Figure A.1: Voltage-current operating area graph. The y-axis is 'Output voltage X 100 (%)' from 0.0 to 1.4. The x-axis is 'Output current X 100 %' from 0.0 to 1.0. The graph shows a constant voltage region from 0 to 1.0 current, with a +/- 5% tolerance band. At 1.0 current, the voltage drops to a constant minimum voltage region (Point B). Point A is at (1.0, Max Voltage). Point C is at (0, Min Voltage). Point D is at (0, 0). A dashed line indicates the 'Range for overcurrent protection design' between the Max and Min voltage lines. A note indicates variability from temperature and manufacturing tolerance.](fbfbbc91a80a21fc8d0ff7ba9e5865e3_img.jpg)
+
+The graph shows the operating area for a UPA. The y-axis represents 'Output voltage X 100 (%)' ranging from 0.0 to 1.4. The x-axis represents 'Output current X 100 %' ranging from 0.0 to 1.0. A solid blue line represents the output voltage, which is constant at a nominal value (1.0) from 0.0 to 1.0 current, with a  $\pm 5\%$  tolerance band. At 1.0 current, the voltage drops to a constant minimum voltage (Point B) until the current reaches its maximum value. Point A is at the top right corner (1.0 current, Max Voltage). Point C is at the inflection point (0 current, Min Voltage). Point D is at the origin (0 current, 0 voltage). A dashed line indicates the 'Range for overcurrent protection design' between the Max and Min voltage lines. A note indicates variability from temperature and manufacturing tolerance. The label 'L.1002(16)\_FA.1' is in the bottom right corner.
+
+Figure A.1: Voltage-current operating area graph. The y-axis is 'Output voltage X 100 (%)' from 0.0 to 1.4. The x-axis is 'Output current X 100 %' from 0.0 to 1.0. The graph shows a constant voltage region from 0 to 1.0 current, with a +/- 5% tolerance band. At 1.0 current, the voltage drops to a constant minimum voltage region (Point B). Point A is at (1.0, Max Voltage). Point C is at (0, Min Voltage). Point D is at (0, 0). A dashed line indicates the 'Range for overcurrent protection design' between the Max and Min voltage lines. A note indicates variability from temperature and manufacturing tolerance.
+
+Figure A.1 – Voltage-current operating area
+
+Figure A.1 shows the points that should be clearly determined in the output I-V curves, i.e., the limited current characteristics as follows:
+
+- Point A: maximum output current at maximum output voltage. This is used to design the protection coordination between a UPA and the ICT equipment.
+- Point B: minimum output voltage at maximum output current. This is used to design the ICT equipment and to avoid its "lock-out" in its starting sequence. This defines the power supplied to the fault point inside the ICT equipment.
+- Point C: inflection point. This is also used to avoid "lock-out" in the starting sequence of the equipment.
+- Point D: convergence point. This is also used to avoid "lock-out" in the starting sequence of the equipment.
+
+The voltages corresponding to points B and C in Figure A.1 are not intended to be prescriptive.
+
+**Table A.1 – Classes of overcurrent mode**
+
+| No. | Type of overcurrent mode operation |
+|-----|------------------------------------|
+| 1   | Constant current mode operation    |
+| 2   | Foldback current mode operation    |
+| 3   | Cut-off mode operation             |
+| 4   | Constant power mode operation      |
+| 5   | Hiccup mode operation              |
+| 6   | Combination from class1 to class5  |
+
+### Explanation of "lock out"
+
+The DC output current and voltage characteristics of UPAs should be coordinated with the load curve of equipment. If the I-V curve of the UPA crosses the load curve of the equipment during equipment start-up, UPAs might not start the equipment. In general, this is called "lock out". The equipment designer should design load characteristics avoiding "lock out". The designer requires the information for points A, B, C and D in Figure A.1 to avoid "lock out" and design the load characteristics of the equipment.
+
+![Figure A.2: 'Lock out' mechanism graph. The y-axis is Output voltage [V] and the x-axis is Output current, load current [A]. A solid blue line represents the I-V curve of the UPA, which starts at a high voltage and drops to zero as current increases. A dashed red line represents the Load curve of equipment (Non-linear load), which starts at the origin and increases. The starting sequence is indicated by a red arrow pointing from the origin along the load curve. The lock out point is marked with a red dot at the intersection of the two curves.](50fecd0e7c9bf4ebf321d8367d42cc94_img.jpg)
+
+Figure A.2: 'Lock out' mechanism graph. The y-axis is Output voltage [V] and the x-axis is Output current, load current [A]. A solid blue line represents the I-V curve of the UPA, which starts at a high voltage and drops to zero as current increases. A dashed red line represents the Load curve of equipment (Non-linear load), which starts at the origin and increases. The starting sequence is indicated by a red arrow pointing from the origin along the load curve. The lock out point is marked with a red dot at the intersection of the two curves.
+
+**Figure A.2 – "Lock out" mechanism**
+
+NOTE – The following guidance is provided to ensure ICT device compatibility with UPAs:
+
+- The ICT device should have overcurrent protection against internal short circuits, e.g., a fuse.
+- The formula expressing the relation between a UPA and ICT device power is as follows:  
+Maximum output current or power of a UPA > Normal operation current or power of ICT device.
+- The maximum current of a UPA should be able to activate the overcurrent protection (e.g., blow the fuse) inside the ICT device when the current of a UPA exceeds the rated value of the overcurrent protection.
+- The load characteristic of the ICT equipment at start-up and operation should be within the range of the output current versus the output voltage curve of a UPA.
+- The dynamic load characteristics of the ICT device at start-up and operation should be within the dynamic load characteristics of a UPA.
+- When starting up the ICT device, the load characteristic of the ICT device should avoid "lock-out".
+
+## Appendix I
+
+### Trends and solutions to reduce the UPA category and adapt to DC voltage interfaces for renewable energy and batteries
+
+(This appendix does not form an integral part of this Recommendation.)
+
+Some trends can help to reduce the category of UPAs. This reduction can be attributed to device and energy efficiency optimization with DC power distributions in homes, buildings and transportation, simplified use of renewable energy and back-up batteries and simple or standardized solution of voltage auto-setting solutions.
+
+### Next generation common charging interoperability solutions based on USB technologies
+
+[IEC 63002] is an international standard for the common charging interoperability of mobile devices. [IEC 63002] will build on the global adoption of USB technologies for smartphone and small-device charging and data interoperability and leverage the latest USB Type-C™ and USB-PD technologies ([IEC 62680-1-3] and [IEC 62680-1-2]) to enable charging interoperability across a broader range of mobile product categories. [IEC 63002] provides specifications and guidelines for charging interoperability to improve reusability and longevity of adapters and devices, safety, power savings and other aspects important for end-user satisfaction. Additionally, charging use cases without power adapters can also be supported). [IEC 63002] does not take the approach of specifying "universal" or common product adapters because of open issues associated with arbitrary combinations and limitations. Instead the standard focuses on interoperability specifications in order to support the global industry in developing interoperable charging solutions that meet regulatory compliance.
+
+### Trends to DC voltage standards
+
+Mobile and hand-held terminals are using 5 V [ITU-T L.1000], homes/building terminals (boxes, switches, modems) are using 5 V or 12 V, e.g., Emerge Alliance has specified a 24 V DC ceiling distribution in offices.
+
+New trends in battery voltage and distribution in cars, home storage for photovoltaic (PV) systems, and power over Ethernet (PoE) seem to converge to a voltage of about 48V to reduce losses in the long distribution wires. Devices are then efficiently powered by power over line (PoL) converters.
+
+The high power distribution at the home or building level is moving to increase to up to a 400 V DC power feeding interface for the highly efficient use of renewable energy and energy storage. In ICT buildings (telecom centres or data centres or business buildings) the up to 400 V DC interface is specified in [ITU-T L.1200] for servers and telecom or IT network equipment.
+
+For a more detailed understanding, the home/building DC distribution trends can be found in Appendix I of [ITU-T L.1001].
+
+The up to 400 V DC plugs and wall sockets [b-IEC 62735-1] for the DC input detachable cable are under standardization in IEC TC 23B.
+
+### Solar power for powering ICT devices
+
+Use of renewable energy (e.g., solar) as a source of energy should follow the general requirements of clause 6.2.3 of [ITU-T L.1000].
+
+For solar power in countries where the grid is not available or is of poor quality, the following possibilities exist:
+
+- The solar energy system provides the AC power and the UPA can be used without change.
+- The solar energy system provides the DC power with an electrical interface compatible with UPAs.
+
+NOTE 1 – DC power with an up to 400 V interface [ITU-T L.1200] could be used in the range of 260-400 V in a solar energy system without an inverter.
+
+NOTE 2 – Where national regulations exist, they override the content of this Recommendation.
+
+## Appendix II
+
+### Efficiency trends in some regions
+
+(This appendix does not form an integral part of this Recommendation.)
+
+### II.1 Europe
+
+The European Code of Conduct (CoC) on external power supplies (EPS) is a voluntary measure that aims at defining quality targets that are more challenging than a business-as-usual scenario, but which are still achievable.
+
+The main targets contained in the [b-CoC EPS] are shown in Tables II.1, 2 and 3.
+
+**Table II.1 – Targets no-load power consumption**
+
+| Rated output power ( $P_{no}$ )                    | No-load power consumption |              |
+|----------------------------------------------------|---------------------------|--------------|
+|                                                    | January 2014              | January 2016 |
+| $> 0.3 \text{ W}$ and $< 49 \text{ W}$             | 0.150 W                   | 0.075 W      |
+| $> 49 \text{ W}$ and $< 250 \text{ W}$             | 0.250 W                   | 0.150 W      |
+| Mobile handheld battery driven and $< 8 \text{ W}$ | 0.075 W                   | 0.075 W      |
+
+**Table II.2 – Energy-efficiency criteria for active mode for UPAs excluding external UPAs**
+
+| Rated output power ( $P_{no}$ ) | Minimum four point average efficiency in active mode |                                                                 | Minimum efficiency in active mode at 10% load of full rated output current |                                                                 |
+|---------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------|
+|                                 | January 2014                                         | January 2016                                                    | January 2014                                                               | January 2016                                                    |
+| $0.3 \leq W \leq 1$             | $\geq 0.500 \times P_{no} + 0.146$                   | $\geq 0.500 \times P_{no} + 0.169$                              | $\geq 0.500 \times P_{no} + 0.046$                                         | $\geq 0.500 \times P_{no} + 0.060$                              |
+| $1 < W \leq 49$                 | $\geq 0.0626 \times \ln(P_{no}) + 0.646$             | $\geq 0.071 \times \ln(P_{no}) - 0.00115 \times P_{no} + 0.670$ | $\geq 0.0626 \times \ln(P_{no}) + 0.546$                                   | $\geq 0.071 \times \ln(P_{no}) - 0.00115 \times P_{no} + 0.570$ |
+| $49 < W \leq 250$               | $\geq 0.890$                                         | $\geq 0.890$                                                    | $\geq 0.790$                                                               | $\geq 0.790$                                                    |
+
+"ln" refers to the natural logarithm. Efficiencies to be expressed in decimal form: an efficiency of 0.88 in decimal form corresponds to the more familiar value of 88% when expressed as a percentage.
+
+**Table II.3 – Energy-efficiency criteria for active mode for UPAs**
+
+| Rated output power ( $P_{no}$ ) | Minimum four point average efficiency in active mode |                                                                 | Minimum efficiency in active mode at 10% load of full rated output current |                                                                  |
+|---------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|
+|                                 | January 2014                                         | January 2016                                                    | January 2014                                                               | January 2016                                                     |
+| $0.3 \leq W \leq 1$             | $\geq 0.500 \times P_{no} + 0.086$                   | $\geq 0.517 \times P_{no} + 0.091$                              | $\geq 0.500 \times P_{no}$                                                 | $\geq 0.517 \times P_{no}$                                       |
+| $1 < W \leq 49$                 | $\geq 0.0755 \times \ln(P_{no}) + 0.586$             | $\geq 0.0834 \times \ln(P_{no}) - 0.0011 \times P_{no} + 0.609$ | $\geq 0.072 \times \ln(P_{no}) + 0.500$                                    | $\geq 0.0834 \times \ln(P_{no}) - 0.00127 \times P_{no} + 0.518$ |
+| $49 < W \leq 250$               | $\geq 0.880$                                         | $\geq 0.880$                                                    | $\geq 0.780$                                                               | $\geq 0.780$                                                     |
+
+"ln" refers to the natural logarithm. Efficiencies to be expressed in decimal form: an efficiency of 0.88 in decimal form corresponds to the more familiar value of 88% when expressed as a percentage.
+
+#### European Commission regulations
+
+Article 6 of the European Commission (EC) Regulation No 278/2009 of 6 April 2009 refers to the following indicative benchmarks:
+
+##### a) No-load condition
+
+The lowest available no-load condition power consumption of external power supplies can be approximated by:
+
+$$0.1 \text{ W or less, for } P_o \leq 90 \text{ W}$$
+
+##### b) Average active efficiency
+
+The best available active average efficiency of external power supplies according to the most recent available data (status January 2008) can be approximated by:
+
+$$0.090 \ln P_o + 0.680, \text{ for } 1.0 \text{ W} \leq P_o \leq 10.0 \text{ W, i.e., } \eta > 82\% \text{ above } 5 \text{ W}$$
+
+$$\text{And } \eta = 89\% \text{ for } P_o > 10.0 \text{ W}$$
+
+### II.2 China
+
+- 1) For single voltage external AC-DC and AC-AC power supplies: Whilst this document was in draft form, the implemented and published standard in China was [b-GB 20943-2007]. However, revision work on the standard began in 2011. The minimum allowable and evaluating values of average efficiency and no-load power have been improved. A comparison between [b-GB 20943-2007] and [b-GB 20943-2013] is reported in Table II.4, Table II.5, Table II.6 and Table II.7:
+
+**Table II.4 – Minimum allowable values of average efficiency**
+
+| 2013 edition                   |                                   | 2007 edition                   |                                    |
+|--------------------------------|-----------------------------------|--------------------------------|------------------------------------|
+| Output rated power ( $P_o$ ) W | Minimum average efficiency        | Output rated power ( $P_o$ ) W | Minimum average efficiency         |
+| $0 < P_o < 1$                  | $\geq 0.5 \times P_o$             | $0 < P_o < 1$                  | $\geq 0.39 \times P_o$             |
+| $1 \leq P_o \leq 51$           | $\geq 0.09 \times \ln P_o + 0.55$ | $1 \leq P_o < 49$              | $\geq 0.107 \times \ln P_o + 0.39$ |
+| $51 < P_o \leq 250$            | $\geq 0.85$                       | $49 \leq P_o \leq 250$         | $\geq 0.82$                        |
+
+**Table II.5 – Maximum allowable values of no-load power**
+
+| 2013 edition                   |                                     | 2007 edition                   |                                     |
+|--------------------------------|-------------------------------------|--------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
+| Output rated power ( $P_o$ ) W | Maximum active power with no load W | Output rated power ( $P_o$ ) W | Maximum active power with no load W |
+| $0 < P_o \leq 250$             | 0.5                                 | $0 < P_o \leq 10$              | 0.75                                |
+|                                |                                     | $10 < P_o \leq 250$            | 1.0                                 |
+
+**Table II.6 – Evaluation of average efficiency values**
+
+| 2013 edition                   |                    |                                       | 2007 edition                   |                                   |
+|--------------------------------|--------------------|---------------------------------------|--------------------------------|-----------------------------------|
+| Output rated power ( $P_o$ ) W | Product type       | Minimum average efficiency            | Output rated power ( $P_o$ ) W | Minimum average efficiency        |
+| $0 < P_o \leq 1$               | Standard models    | $\geq 0.480 \times P_o + 0.140$       | $0 < P_o < 1$                  | $\geq 0.49 \times P_o$            |
+|                                | Low-voltage models | $\geq 0.497 \times P_o + 0.067$       |                                |                                   |
+| $1 < P_o \leq 49$              | Standard models    | $\geq 0.0626 \times \ln(P_o) + 0.622$ | $1 \leq P_o < 49$              | $\geq 0.09 \times \ln P_o + 0.49$ |
+|                                | Low-voltage models | $\geq 0.0750 \times \ln(P_o) + 0.561$ |                                |                                   |
+| $49 < P_o \leq 250$            | Standard models    | $\geq 0.870$                          | $49 \leq P_o \leq 250$         | $\geq 0.84$                       |
+|                                | Low-voltage models | $\geq 0.860$                          |                                |                                   |
+
+**Table II.7 – Evaluating values of no load power**
+
+| 2013 edition                   |                                     | 2007 edition                   |                                     |
+|--------------------------------|-------------------------------------|--------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
+| Output rated power ( $P_o$ ) W | Maximum active power with no load W | Output rated power ( $P_o$ ) W | Maximum active power with no load W |
+| $0 < P_o \leq 10$              | AC-AC:0.5                           | $0 < P_o \leq 10$              | 0.5                                 |
+|                                | AC-DC:0.3                           |                                |                                     |
+| $10 < P_o \leq 250$            | 0.5                                 | $10 < P_o \leq 250$            | 0.75                                |
+
+2) The power adapter of mobile telecommunication terminals have to be compliant with [b-YD/T 1591], the adapter for output rated voltage is 5 V and output rated power less than 12.5 W. The average efficiency and no-load power requirement is as follows:
+
+- Average efficiency
+
+For a rated output current less than 550 mA,
+
+$$\text{Average efficiency} \geq 0.0626 \cdot \ln(P_{no}) + 0.622$$
+
+For a rated output current not less than 550 mA,
+
+$$\text{Average efficiency} \geq 0.0750 \cdot \ln(P_{no}) + 0.561$$
+
+- No-load power  $< 150$  mW.
+
+## Appendix III
+
+## Possible evolution of DC connectors
+
+(This appendix does not form an integral part of this Recommendation.)
+
+This appendix contains information on the possible future evolution of DC connectors.
+
+![A black multi-pin barrel connector with five pins visible on the front face.](67f9de2f1a2e5acf0d35a9adbcbd2d22_img.jpg)
+
+A black, multi-pin barrel connector. The connector has a cylindrical body with a threaded end. The front face shows five pins arranged in a circular pattern. The pins are metallic and have a small recessed center.
+
+A black multi-pin barrel connector with five pins visible on the front face.
+
+**Figure III.1 – Example of multi-pin barrel connector**
+
+DIN connectors could be a choice of connector as they are already used in medical power adapters.
+
+NOTE – In case other barrel connector types are needed, power jack barrel connectors that are able to work at 30 V DC and 7.5 A are available with a protective level (IP code) of IP 68 as defined in [b-IEC 60529]. Some are compliant with [b-JEITA RC-5320A].
+
+A future target for connectors could be a principle of a simple multi-pin possibly flat connector with one pin for each voltage among the 12 V, 16 V, 20 V and 24 V with a single return pin, each pin being designed for 5 A rated (see example on Figure III.1).
+
+The chosen connectors should comply with [b-IEC 60664-1] that defines an operating voltage and the creepage distance and air-gap conditions. The UPA output connector standards used in this appendix should be preferred when proposing the same power interface in cars and other means of transportation, to connect to the DC detachable cable.
+
+NOTE – It is recommended that an anti-arcing solution for higher current range be used, e.g., > 3 A (a connector lock by magnet or position click), or any solution avoiding operations with too small metal surface contact and very small air-gaps (e.g., arc blow magnet, spring to mechanically extended air gap etc.).
+
+## Appendix IV
+
+## Areas for further development
+
+(This appendix does not form an integral part of this Recommendation.)
+
+Notebook computers are historically designed to meet unique market requirements and specific purposes. Each AC adapter is paired accordingly with a targeted notebook. Specific combinations of original equipment manufacturer (OEM) supplied AC adapters and notebook computers are then tested and certified as a system in compliance with most existing regulations and standards.
+
+This approach is mandated by current certification and conformity assessment schemes affecting the end product, but it also has the added benefit of reducing the use of poorly designed adapters; it promotes consumer satisfaction, safety and product reliability. Combinations of AC adapters and notebook computers that have not undergone this testing and certification process may present functional and regulatory compliance problems in areas including safety and EMC. This affects the end product and, therefore, the end user.
+
+Moreover, failures in the field can reasonably be expected to lead to performance, warranty and liability issues that will impact the end product brand. This subject is for further study and development.
+
+The open issues identified in [IEC TS 62700] Annexes A, C, D, E should be considered.
+
+## Bibliography
+
+- [b-ITU-T L.1005] Recommendation ITU-T L.1005 (2014), *Test suites for assessment of the universal charger solution*.
+- [b-CLASP] CLASP Report (2013), *Estimating potential additional energy savings from upcoming revisions to existing regulations under the ecodesign and energy labelling directives*, pp. 18-20.
+- [b-CoC EPS] Code of Conduct (2013), *Energy Efficiency of External Power Supplies Version 5*.
+- [b-Emerge Alliance] Emerge Alliance, <<http://www.emergealliance.org/Standard/SystemGraphics.aspx>>
+- [b-GB 20943-2007] GB 20943-2007, *Minimum Allowable Values of Energy Efficiency and Evaluating Values of Energy Conservation of Single Voltage External AC-DC and AC-AC Power Supplies*.
+- [b-GB 20943-2013] GB 20943-2013 (2013), *Minimum allowable values of energy efficiency and evaluating values of energy conservation for single voltage external AC-DC and AC-AC power supplies*.
+- [b-IEA] IEA (2012), *Benchmarking of the standby power performance of domestic appliances*.
+- [b-IEC 60529] IEC 60529 ed. 2.2 (2013), *Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)*.
+- [b-IEC 60664-1] IEC 60664 (2007), *Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage systems – Part 1: Principles, requirements and tests*.
+- [b-IEC 61140] IEC 61140 (2016) RLV, *Protection against electric shock - Common aspects for installation and equipment*.
+- [b-IEC 62735-1] IEC TS 62735-1 (2015), *Direct current (DC) plugs and socket-outlets for information and communication technology (ICT) equipment installed in data centres and telecom central offices - Part 1: Plug and socket-outlet system for 2,6 kW*.
+- [b-IEC TS 62700] IEC TS 62700 (2014), *DC power supply for notebook computers*.
+- [b-JEITA RC-5320A] JEITA RC 5320A (1992), *Plugs and jacks for coupling an external (unified polarity type)*.
+- [b-YD/T 1591] YD/T 1591 (2006), *Technical Requirement and Test Method of Charger and Interface for Mobile Telecommunication Terminal equipment*.
+
+
+
+
+
+## SERIES OF ITU-T RECOMMENDATIONS
+
+|                 |                                                                                                                                                                  |
+|-----------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Series A        | Organization of the work of ITU-T                                                                                                                                |
+| Series D        | Tariff and accounting principles and international telecommunication/ICT economic and policy issues                                                              |
+| Series E        | Overall network operation, telephone service, service operation and human factors                                                                                |
+| Series F        | Non-telephone telecommunication services                                                                                                                         |
+| Series G        | Transmission systems and media, digital systems and networks                                                                                                     |
+| Series H        | Audiovisual and multimedia systems                                                                                                                               |
+| Series I        | Integrated services digital network                                                                                                                              |
+| Series J        | Cable networks and transmission of television, sound programme and other multimedia signals                                                                      |
+| Series K        | Protection against interference                                                                                                                                  |
+| <b>Series L</b> | <b>Environment and ICTs, climate change, e-waste, energy efficiency; construction, installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant</b> |
+| Series M        | Telecommunication management, including TMN and network maintenance                                                                                              |
+| Series N        | Maintenance: international sound programme and television transmission circuits                                                                                  |
+| Series O        | Specifications of measuring equipment                                                                                                                            |
+| Series P        | Telephone transmission quality, telephone installations, local line networks                                                                                     |
+| Series Q        | Switching and signalling, and associated measurements and tests                                                                                                  |
+| Series R        | Telegraph transmission                                                                                                                                           |
+| Series S        | Telegraph services terminal equipment                                                                                                                            |
+| Series T        | Terminals for telematic services                                                                                                                                 |
+| Series U        | Telegraph switching                                                                                                                                              |
+| Series V        | Data communication over the telephone network                                                                                                                    |
+| Series X        | Data networks, open system communications and security                                                                                                           |
+| Series Y        | Global information infrastructure, Internet protocol aspects, next-generation networks, Internet of Things and smart cities                                      |
+| Series Z        | Languages and general software aspects for telecommunication systems                                                                                             |

marked/L/T-REC-L.1005-201402-I_PDF-E/raw.md

@@ -0,0 +1,443 @@
+
+
+**ITU-T**
+
+TELECOMMUNICATION  
+STANDARDIZATION SECTOR  
+OF ITU
+
+**L.1005**
+
+(02/2014)
+
+SERIES L: CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND  
+PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS  
+OF OUTSIDE PLANT
+
+---
+
+**Test suites for assessment of the universal  
+charger solution**
+
+Recommendation ITU-T L.1005
+
+
+
+# Recommendation ITU-T L.1005
+
+## Test suites for assessment of the universal charger solution
+
+## Summary
+
+Recommendation ITU-T L.1005 considers the creation of specific test suites to assess certain functional aspects of the: energy efficiency, interworking, safety and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of the universal charger solution (UCS). Such testing is required to guarantee a minimum quality level of the UCS in conformance with the target basic configuration of the UCS and charger described in Recommendation ITU-T L.1000.
+
+## History
+
+| Edition | Recommendation | Approval   | Study Group | Unique ID*                                                                |
+|---------|----------------|------------|-------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| 1.0     | ITU-T L.1005   | 2014-02-13 | 5           | <a href="http://handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/12132">11.1002/1000/12132</a> |
+
+## Keywords
+
+Conformance, EMC, safety, UCS.
+
+---
+
+\* To access the Recommendation, type the URL <http://handle.itu.int/> in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendation's unique ID. For example, <http://handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11830-en>.
+
+## FOREWORD
+
+The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis.
+
+The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics.
+
+The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1.
+
+In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-T's purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC.
+
+## NOTE
+
+In this Recommendation, the expression "Administration" is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency.
+
+Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words "shall" or some other obligatory language such as "must" and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party.
+
+## INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
+
+ITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendation development process.
+
+As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at <http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/>.
+
+© ITU 2014
+
+All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU.
+
+## Table of Contents
+
+|                                                                                 | Page |
+|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|
+| 1 Scope .....                                                                   | 1    |
+| 2 References.....                                                               | 1    |
+| 3 Definitions .....                                                             | 2    |
+| 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere .....                                               | 2    |
+| 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation.....                                   | 3    |
+| 4 Abbreviations and acronyms .....                                              | 3    |
+| 5 ITU-T L.1000 conformance testing .....                                        | 3    |
+| 6 Conformance testing for safety.....                                           | 5    |
+| 7 Conformance testing for EMC.....                                              | 6    |
+| 8 Conformance testing for resistibility .....                                   | 7    |
+| Appendix I – Guidance on application of some requirement to UCS .....           | 8    |
+| I.1 Clarification of voltage drop caused by the detachable cable .....          | 8    |
+| I.2 Guidance on common mode noise and switching frequency components.....       | 8    |
+| I.3 AC voltage frequency component .....                                        | 8    |
+| I.4 Occupied bandwidth.....                                                     | 8    |
+| I.5 Maximum amount of slew.....                                                 | 8    |
+| I.6 Required reliability of receptacles and plugs contained in [IEC 62684]..... | 9    |
+| I.7 Assessment of common mode noise pulses.....                                 | 9    |
+| Bibliography.....                                                               | 13   |
+
+
+
+# Recommendation ITU-T L.1005
+
+## Test suites for assessment of the universal charger solution
+
+# 1 Scope
+
+This Recommendation describes the general test suites applicable to the universal charger solution (UCS) defined in [ITU-T L.1000].
+
+It establishes a test list necessary to assess the UCS with respect to the requirements described in [ITU-T L.1000].
+
+With regard to electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and safety aspects, additional requirements to those listed in [ITU-T L.1000] shall be necessary for a product to be available for use by the general public.
+
+## 2 References
+
+The following ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and other references are subject to revision; users of this Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and other references listed below. A list of the currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published. The reference to a document within this Recommendation does not give it, as a stand-alone document, the status of a Recommendation.
+
+- [ITU-T K.21] Recommendation ITU-T K.21 (2011), *Resistibility of telecommunication equipment installed in customer premises to overvoltages and overcurrents.*
+- [ITU-T K.44] Recommendation ITU-T K.44 (2012), *Resistibility tests for telecommunication equipment exposed to overvoltages and overcurrents – Basic Recommendation.*
+- [ITU-T L.1000] Recommendation ITU-T L.1000 (2011), *Universal power adapter and charger solution for mobile terminals and other hand-held ICT devices.*
+- [EN 50563] CENELEC EN 50563:2011, *External a.c. – d.c. and a.c. – a.c. power supplies – Determination of no-load power and average efficiency of active modes.*  
+<<http://www.cenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=104:105:0>>
+- [ETSI EN 301 489-34] ETSI EN 301 489-34 (2013), *Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) standard for radio equipment and services; Part 34: Specific conditions for External Power Supply (EPS) for mobile phones.*
+- [IEC 60331-23] IEC 60331-23 (1999), *Tests for electric cables under fire conditions – Circuit integrity – Part 23: Procedures and requirements – Electric data cables.*
+- [IEC 60332-1-1] IEC 60332-1-1 (2004), *Tests on electric and optical fibre cables under fire conditions – Part 1-1: Test for vertical flame propagation for a single insulated wire or cable – Apparatus.*
+- [IEC 60754-1] IEC 60754-1 (2011), *Test on gases evolved during combustion of materials from cables – Part 1: Determination of the halogen acid gas content.*
+
+- [IEC 60754-2] IEC 60754-2 (2011), *Test on gases evolved during combustion of materials from cables – Part 2: Determination of acidity (by pH measurement) and conductivity.*
+- [IEC 60950-1] IEC 60950-1 (2005), *Information technology equipment – Safety – Part 1: General requirements.*
+- [IEC 61000-3-2] IEC 61000-3-2 (2010), *Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 3-2: Limits – Limits for harmonic current emissions (equipment input current up to and including 16 A per phase).*
+- [IEC 61000-3-3] IEC 61000-3-3 (2013), *Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 3-3: Limits – Limitation of voltage changes, voltage fluctuations and flicker in public low-voltage supply systems, for equipment with rated current up to and including 16 A per phase and not subject to conditional connection.*
+- [IEC 61000-4-2] IEC 61000-4-2 (2008), *Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-2: Testing and measurement techniques – Electrostatic discharge immunity test.*
+- [IEC 61000-4-3] IEC 61000-4-3 (2010), *Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-3: Testing and measurement techniques – Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test.*
+- [IEC 61000-4-4] IEC 61000-4-4 (2012), *Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-4: Testing and measurement techniques – Electrical fast transient/burst immunity test.*
+- [IEC 61000-4-5] IEC 61000-4-5 (2005), *Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-5: Testing and measurement techniques – Surge immunity test.*
+- [IEC 61000-4-6] IEC 61000-4-6 (2013), *Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-6: Testing and measurement techniques – Immunity to conducted disturbances, induced by radio-frequency fields.*
+- [IEC 61000-4-11] IEC 61000-4-11 (2004), *Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-11: Testing and measurement techniques – Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations immunity tests.*
+- [IEC 62430] IEC 62430 (2009), *Environmentally conscious design for electrical and electronic products.*
+- [IEC 62684] IEC 62684 (2011), *Interoperability specifications of common external power supply (EPS) for use with data-enabled mobile telephones.*
+- [IEC CISPR 22] IEC CISPR 22 (2008): *Information technology equipment – Radio disturbance characteristics – Limits and methods of measurement.*
+
+# 3 Definitions
+
+### 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere
+
+This Recommendation uses the following terms defined elsewhere:
+
+**3.1.1 charger** [ITU-T L.1000]: A common term used to describe the power adapter for the mobile terminal or other hand-held ICT devices used to apply power to the battery.
+
+**3.1.2 detachable cable** [ITU-T L.1000]: A detachable cable connects the power adapter to the mobile terminal or other hand-held ICT device for powering through two connectors, one on the charger side and one on the side of the mobile terminal or other hand-held ICT device.
+
+**3.1.3 power adapter** [ITU-T L.1000]: The equipment that converts mains AC power voltage at the input to low DC power voltage at the output, or the equipment which transfers DC power supply, e.g., car voltage to another low voltage of DC power output.
+
+**3.1.4 universal charger solution** [ITU-T L.1000]: Overall initiative that defines the charger solution for different mobile terminals and other hand-held ICT devices.
+
+## **3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation**
+
+This Recommendation defines the following term:
+
+**3.2.1 test suite:** A list of tests necessary to validate a universal charger solution.
+
+# **4 Abbreviations and acronyms**
+
+This Recommendation uses the following abbreviations and acronyms:
+
+|      |                                      |
+|------|--------------------------------------|
+| AC   | Alternating Current                  |
+| DC   | Direct Current                       |
+| EMC  | Electromagnetic Compatibility        |
+| ESD  | Electrostatic Discharge              |
+| LISN | Line Impedance Stabilization Network |
+| MOU  | Mutual of understanding              |
+| RF   | Radio Frequency                      |
+| UCS  | Universal Charger Solution           |
+| USB  | Universal Serial Bus                 |
+
+# **5 ITU-T L.1000 conformance testing**
+
+This part of the Recommendation defines the test to determine whether a universal charger solution (UCS) meets the conformance requirements described in [ITU-T L.1000].
+
+The need to establish a common test suite for the UCS is derived from the necessity to establish a common modality to assess product quality and to provide a regulatory guide on which product testing could be based for market surveillance purposes.
+
+- Table 5-1 provides a list of tests on energy efficiency that are necessary to check conformance of the UCS with requirements described in [ITU-T L.1000].
+- Table 5-2 provides a list of DC tests that are necessary to check conformance of the UCS with requirements described in [ITU-T L.1000].
+
+**Table 5-1 – Test suites for energy efficiency assessment**
+
+| Test # | Test type                            | Description                    | Requirement                        | Test reference |
+|--------|--------------------------------------|--------------------------------|------------------------------------|----------------|
+| 1.     | <b>Energy efficiency requirement</b> |                                |                                    |                |
+| 1.1.   | No load                              | No-load power consumption test | See clause B.2.1 of [ITU-T L.1000] | [EN 50563]     |
+| 1.2.   | Energy Efficiency                    | Energy efficiency conversion   | See clause B.2.3 of [ITU-T L.1000] | [EN 50563]     |
+
+**Table 5-2 – Test suites for DC output characteristic evaluation**
+
+| Test # | Test type         | Description                                | Requirement                                                                                                                                                             | Test reference |
+|--------|-------------------|--------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------|
+| 2.     | <b>DC output</b>  |                                            |                                                                                                                                                                         |                |
+| 2.1.   | Voltage           | DC output voltage                          | 5.0 V $\pm$ 5% – See clause B.2.3 of [ITU-T L.1000]                                                                                                                     |                |
+| 2.2.   | Current           | DC output current                          | 750 mA to 1500 – See clause B.2.3 of [ITU-T L.1000]                                                                                                                     |                |
+| 2.3.   | USB               | USB interface conformance                  | USB Specification V2.0 [b-USB Spec]<br>USB Battery Charging Specification V1.1 [b-USB Battery] (minimum output current of 500 mA and maximum output current of 1500 mA) | [IEC 62684]    |
+| 2.4.   | Common mode noise | Limitation of common mode noise on DC port | See section 5.4 of [IEC 62684]                                                                                                                                          | [IEC 62684]    |
+| 2.5.   | Ripple            | Limitation of ripple DC port               | 80 mV peak-to-peak measured at 20 MHz bandwidth                                                                                                                         | [IEC 62684]    |
+
+# 6 Conformance testing for safety
+
+This part of the Recommendation defines the test to determine whether a UCS is in conformance with safety requirements.
+
+Table 6-1 does not provide an exhaustive list of applicable tests.
+
+The UCS shall be designed in line with [IEC 60950-1].
+
+**Table 6-1 – Test suites for assessment of safety conformance**
+
+| Test # | Test type       | Description                                           | Requirement                                                                                                          | Test reference                 |
+|--------|-----------------|-------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------|
+| 3.     | <b>Safety</b>   |                                                       |                                                                                                                      |                                |
+| 3.1.   | General         | General – Safety requirement                          | The power adapter must be a limited power source in accordance with section 2.5 of [IEC 60950-1]                     | [IEC 60950-1]                  |
+| 3.2.   | Fire resistance | Risk – Ignition reduction and fire propagation of UCS | The power adapter construction and functionality shall be in accordance with section 4.7 of [IEC 60950-1]            | [IEC 60950-1]                  |
+| 3.3.   | Fire resistance | Fire propagation of detachable cable                  | Plastic material V1<br>No fire propagation in accordance with [IEC 60332-1-1]<br>Fire resistance: see [IEC 60331-23] | [IEC 60332-1]                  |
+| 3.4.   | Fire resistance | Fumes – Emanation                                     | [IEC 60754-1] (amount of halogen acid gas) and [IEC 60754-2] (acidity of gases evolved during combustion)            | [IEC 60754-1]<br>[IEC 60754-2] |
+
+## 7 Conformance testing for EMC
+
+This part of the Recommendation defines the test for a UCS to be in conformance with EMC requirements.
+
+Table 7-1 reports the DC test list necessary to check UCS conformance with EMC requirements.
+
+**Table 7-1 – EMC test suites**
+
+| Test # | Test type                                  | Description                                                               | Requirement                                                                                                 | Test reference                             |
+|--------|--------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|
+| 4.     | <b>Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)</b> |                                                                           |                                                                                                             |                                            |
+| 4.1.   | Radiated emission                          | Radiated emission from UCS enclosure                                      | [IEC CISPR 22] class B                                                                                      | [ETSI EN 301 489-34]<br>[IEC CISPR 22]     |
+| 4.2.   | DC conducted emission                      | Conducted emission on UCS DC line                                         | [IEC CISPR 22] class B                                                                                      | [ETSI EN 301 489-34]<br>[IEC CISPR 22]     |
+| 4.3.   | AC conducted emission                      | Conducted emission on UCS AC line                                         | [IEC CISPR 22] class B                                                                                      | [ETSI EN 301 489-34]<br>[IEC CISPR 22]     |
+| 4.4.   | Harmonic                                   | Limitation of harmonics current                                           | The requirements contained in [IEC 61000-3-2/A1] relevant to harmonic current emission apply for equipment. | [IEC 61000-3-2]/A1<br>[ETSI EN 301 489-34] |
+| 4.5.   | Voltage fluctuations and flicker           | Voltage fluctuations and flicker                                          | The requirements contained in [IEC 61000-3-3] relevant to voltage fluctuations and flicker apply.           | [IEC 61000-3-3]<br>[ETSI EN 301 489-34]    |
+| 4.6.   | Radiated immunity                          | RF electromagnetic field (80 MHz to 1 000 MHz and 1 400 MHz to 2 700 MHz) | 3 V/m<br>For some specific frequency the test level is 10 V/m, see [ETSI EN 301 489-34]                     | [ETSI EN 301 489-34]<br>[IEC 61000-4-3]    |
+| 4.7.   | ESD                                        | Electrostatic discharge enclosure and DC power output port                | 4 kV contact discharge<br>8 kV air discharge.                                                               | [ETSI EN 301 489-34]<br>[IEC 61000-4-2]    |
+| 4.8.   | Fast transients                            | Fast transients common mode DC and AC power ports applicable              | DC port 0.5 kV open circuit voltage<br>AC port 1 kV open circuit voltage                                    | [ETSI EN 301 489-34]<br>[IEC 61000-4-4]    |
+| 4.9.   | Radio frequency (RF) common                | RF common mode 0.15 MHz to 80 MHz DC and AC power port                    | Level 2 3 Vrms                                                                                              | [ETSI EN 301 489-34]<br>[IEC 61000-4-6]    |
+
+**Table 7-1 – EMC test suites**
+
+| Test # | Test type                      | Description                                                     | Requirement                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         | Test reference                           |
+|--------|--------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------|
+|        | mode                           |                                                                 |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     |                                          |
+| 4.10.  | Voltage dips and interruptions | Voltage dips and interruptions<br>AC mains power input          | voltage dip: 0% residual voltage<br>for 0.5 cycle;<br>voltage dip: 0% residual voltage<br>for 1 cycle;<br>voltage dip: 70% residual voltage for<br>25 cycles (at 50 Hz);<br>voltage interruption: 0% residual voltage<br>for 250 cycles (at 50 Hz). | [ETSI EN 301 489-34]<br>[IEC 61000-4-11] |
+| 4.11.  | Surges                         | Surges, line-to-line and line-to-ground<br>AC mains power input | 2 kV line to ground, and 1 kV line to<br>line                                                                                                                                                                                                       | [ETSI EN 301 489-34]<br>[IEC 61000-4-5]  |
+
+# 8 Conformance testing for resistibility
+
+This part of the Recommendation defines the test for a UCS to be in conformance with resistibility requirements.
+
+Table 8-1 reports the resistibility test list necessary to check UCS conformance.
+
+**Table 8-1 – Resistibility test suites**
+
+| Test # | Test type                            | Description                            | Requirement                                                       | Test reference |
+|--------|--------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------|
+| 5.     | <b>Electromagnetic compatibility</b> |                                        |                                                                   |                |
+| 5.1.   | Lightning                            | Inherent, transverse and port-to-earth | [ITU-T K.21] Table 5 basic test level<br>Uc(max) = 2.5 kV R = 0 Ω | [ITU-T K.44]   |
+
+## Appendix I
+
+## Guidance on application of some requirement to UCS
+
+(This appendix does not form an integral part of this Recommendation.)
+
+This appendix reports guidance on the application of some requirement of UCS.
+
+The text of this appendix is based on the applicable points of [b-MOU Annex III].
+
+### I.1 Clarification of voltage drop caused by the detachable cable
+
+The requirement allows for standard USB cable assemblies to be used and is identical to the requirements of the cable assembly voltage drop specified in Table 3-1 of [b-USB Connect].
+
+### I.2 Guidance on common mode noise and switching frequency components
+
+This part of the appendix reports guidance on the application of the requirement on common mode noise contained in section 6.2 of [IEC 62684].
+
+These requirements are exempted as the MoU signatories have not identified a testing method giving repeatable and reproducible results across test facilities for these common mode noise requirements.
+
+Based on the outcome of the work and the requirements of the touch screen technology used by the mobile industry, it is expected that a proposal to revise the common mode noise specification will be submitted in future.
+
+To avoid interoperability problems with the common chargers in the market, the following assessment for common mode noise is recommended:
+
+- 1) Common mode noise is assessed based on pulses longer than 250 ns and by visual inspection of the whole AC period (see clause I.7).
+- 2) The visual inspection may be aided by applying additional filtering (see clause I.7 for details).
+- 3) A LISN may be used as impedance stabilizer and to filter noise from the AC main voltage source.
+
+Based on the requirements of the touch screen display technology used in mobile devices, uninterrupted function of the touch screen during charging can be expected for chargers where the above measured levels are below 2 Vpp. Chargers with levels up to 3 Vpp can cause interruption in the function of touch screen on certain manufacturer devices.
+
+### I.3 AC voltage frequency component
+
+The requirement contained in [IEC 62684] bullet d of point 5.4 "switching frequency component" can be exempted.
+
+### I.4 Occupied bandwidth
+
+The requirement contained in [IEC 62684] bullet e of point 5.4 "switching frequency component" can be exempted.
+
+### I.5 Maximum amount of slew
+
+The requirement contained in [IEC 62684] bullet f of point 5.4 "switching frequency component" can be exempted.
+
+### I.6 Required reliability of receptacles and plugs contained in [IEC 62684]
+
+Implementation of the USB Standard-A and Micro-B connectors may be subject to market availability of connectors classified as ruggedized.
+
+### I.7 Assessment of common mode noise pulses
+
+The measurement is subdivided in different points depending on noise pulse duration. Figures I.1 and I.2 report examples of the measurement.
+
+![Oscilloscope screenshot showing a common mode noise measurement. The screen displays two waveforms: a high-frequency ringing signal (labeled 'This ring can be ignored because period is less than 250ns') and a lower-frequency noise pulse (labeled 'MAIN BODY OF CMN PULSE ≥250ns'). The 'HF CMN Value' is indicated. A data table at the bottom provides statistical measurements for both waveforms.](239211fa511b4ffa685b54b5132ec927_img.jpg)
+
+This ring can be ignored because period is less than 250ns
+
+HF CMN Value
+
+MAIN BODY OF CMN PULSE  $\geq 250\text{ns}$
+
+|             | Value   | Mean   | Min    | Max    | Std Dev |
+|-------------|---------|--------|--------|--------|---------|
+| ② Peak-Peak | 640.0mV | 630.1m | 560.3m | 640.3m | 28.21m  |
+| ① Peak-Peak | 1.840 V | 1.755  | 1.600  | 1.920  | 136.0m  |
+
+2.00 $\mu\text{s}$  2.50GS/s 23 Mar 2011  
+14.9812ms 1M points 11:20:48
+
+Oscilloscope screenshot showing a common mode noise measurement. The screen displays two waveforms: a high-frequency ringing signal (labeled 'This ring can be ignored because period is less than 250ns') and a lower-frequency noise pulse (labeled 'MAIN BODY OF CMN PULSE ≥250ns'). The 'HF CMN Value' is indicated. A data table at the bottom provides statistical measurements for both waveforms.
+
+Figure I.1 – Example of noise measurement in which ringing of less than 250 ns is ignored during the common mode noise measurement
+
+![Oscilloscope screenshot showing two waveforms, 'a' and 'b', on a grid. Waveform 'a' is a high-frequency oscillation. Waveform 'b' is a lower-frequency signal with a transient. A vertical grey shaded region highlights a transient on waveform 'b'. Text overlay 'this ring is less than 250ns' with an arrow points to this transient. The top right corner shows measurements: 12.498ms, -2.83 V, 12.498ms, -2.41 V, Δ560.00ns, Δ420mV. The bottom section shows settings: 500mV/div, 2.00 V/div, 2.00μs, 2.50GS/s, 12.5000ms, 1M points, 0.00 V. A measurement table at the bottom lists: 1 Peak-Peak 1.04 V, 1.04, 1.04, 1.04, 0.00; 2 Frequency 1.000GHz, Low resolution. The date and time are 29 Mar 2011 11:26:56.](ad29805cd4f64ad2828e14feb66de664_img.jpg)
+
+Oscilloscope screenshot showing two waveforms, 'a' and 'b', on a grid. Waveform 'a' is a high-frequency oscillation. Waveform 'b' is a lower-frequency signal with a transient. A vertical grey shaded region highlights a transient on waveform 'b'. Text overlay 'this ring is less than 250ns' with an arrow points to this transient. The top right corner shows measurements: 12.498ms, -2.83 V, 12.498ms, -2.41 V, Δ560.00ns, Δ420mV. The bottom section shows settings: 500mV/div, 2.00 V/div, 2.00μs, 2.50GS/s, 12.5000ms, 1M points, 0.00 V. A measurement table at the bottom lists: 1 Peak-Peak 1.04 V, 1.04, 1.04, 1.04, 0.00; 2 Frequency 1.000GHz, Low resolution. The date and time are 29 Mar 2011 11:26:56.
+
+**Figure I.2 – Example of noise measurement with transient**
+
+Figure I.2 reports a case in which the transient is part of the main body of the common mode noise pulse, its amplitude is disregarded in the over-all common mode noise pulse measurement since the transients width is less than 250 ns.
+
+#### **I.7.1 Noise pulse duration greater than 250 ms**
+
+If the main body of the common mode noise pulse or any part of its constituent noise (ring, transient over/undershoot, etc.) is greater than 250 ns, then its amplitude shall be considered, excluding any component of the waveform less than 250 ns (see Figure I.1).
+
+#### **I.7.2 Noise pulse duration shorter than 250 ms**
+
+If the main body of the common mode noise pulse or any part of its constituent noise is less than 250 ns, then no amplitude measurement is required.
+
+![Figure I.3: Oscilloscope screenshot showing a common mode noise component. The main body of the pulse is highlighted with a dashed red line. Annotations include: 'This ring is less than 250 ns', 'Main body of the CMN pulse.', 'Main CMN pulse amplitude measured.', and 'This portion of the transient is greater than 250 ns, so it is included in the CMN pulse amplitude measurement.' A measurement box shows: 9.4096ms (a) 2.18 V, 9.4103ms (b) 1.14 V, Δ640.00ns Δ1.04 V. The file name L.1005(14)_FI.3 is at the bottom right.](1d529a819ad929684331c55eed6673bb_img.jpg)
+
+Figure I.3: Oscilloscope screenshot showing a common mode noise component. The main body of the pulse is highlighted with a dashed red line. Annotations include: 'This ring is less than 250 ns', 'Main body of the CMN pulse.', 'Main CMN pulse amplitude measured.', and 'This portion of the transient is greater than 250 ns, so it is included in the CMN pulse amplitude measurement.' A measurement box shows: 9.4096ms (a) 2.18 V, 9.4103ms (b) 1.14 V, Δ640.00ns Δ1.04 V. The file name L.1005(14)\_FI.3 is at the bottom right.
+
+**Figure I.3 – Common mode noise component**
+
+Figure I.3 dissects the waveform shown in the figure into its constituent components. The main body of the common mode noise pulse is highlighted with a dashed red line. It is this portion of the pulse that would be included in the common mode noise measurement.
+
+Figure I.4 reports the low frequency AC noise and the common mode noise component (yellow plot). This waveform shows that the highest amplitude common mode noise pulse can be located anywhere between 0 and 360 degrees of the AC mains period.
+
+![Figure I.4: Oscilloscope screenshot showing a detail of common mode noise. Annotations include: 'Worst_Case_P' (pointing to several peaks), 'Zero_rising_crossing', and 'Zero_falling_crossing'. A measurement box shows: 14.0ms (a) -2.60 V, 9.09ms (b) 2.20 V, Δ4.91ms Δ4.80 V. The file name L.1005(14)_FI.4 is at the bottom right.](fdcfba1180dc160c7d539c5fb2a6c1e6_img.jpg)
+
+Figure I.4: Oscilloscope screenshot showing a detail of common mode noise. Annotations include: 'Worst\_Case\_P' (pointing to several peaks), 'Zero\_rising\_crossing', and 'Zero\_falling\_crossing'. A measurement box shows: 14.0ms (a) -2.60 V, 9.09ms (b) 2.20 V, Δ4.91ms Δ4.80 V. The file name L.1005(14)\_FI.4 is at the bottom right.
+
+**Figure I.4 – Detail of common mode noise**
+
+#### I.7.3 Connections of the LISN
+
+A LISN is typically employed, *inter alia*, to measure conducted emissions from the AC input ports of electronic equipment. [b-CISPR 16-2-1] could be used for the test method for conducted emissions from the AC mains power input ports of ITU-T L.1000-compliant UCS. In turn, [b-CISPR 16-2-1] requires the use of artificial mains networks, also known as line impedance stabilization networks (LISNs), specified in [b-CISPR 16-1-2].
+
+In this context, the LISN:
+
+- a) presents a defined impedance (typically 50 Ω), from live to earth and from neutral to earth, to the mains input port under test
+
+- b) removes incoming (high frequency) noise from the local mains environment using a low pass filter
+- c) provides signals for mains input port conducted emissions measurement from a high frequency output.
+
+During the common mode measurement at the DC output of an UCS, it is recommended also to employ a [b-CISPR 16-1-2] compliant LISN (V-type). However its high frequency output is not used. The LISN simply prevents noise present on the mains network from appearing at the input of, and presents 50  $\Omega$  impedance to the charger. Because this 50  $\Omega$  resistance appears in series with the far larger 10 M $\Omega$  oscilloscope probe resistance, the LISN does not significantly reduce the measured common mode noise amplitude.
+
+The LISN allows either the live or neutral charger input to be bonded to earth via a 50  $\Omega$  impedance, or to the terminated HF output, which normally presents a 50  $\Omega$  impedance via the measurement instrument. High frequency noise on the mains inputs is blocked by the HF filter. The unused HF output is terminated to 50  $\Omega$ . The charger input sees a 50 Hz AC voltage source having 50  $\Omega$  output impedance.
+
+Upstream of the LISN an optional safety transformer – ideally shielded – provides extra attenuation of mains-borne high frequency noise.
+
+The LISN causes a high current to flow in the earth connection. For safety and measurement accuracy reasons the LISN earth connection must be reliably bonded to the earth connection of the incoming mains supply.
+
+The LISN, charger, test load and other components are arranged according to the principles of [b-CISPR 16-2-1], as amended by the requirements of section 6.2 of [IEC 62684].
+
+[b-CISPR 16-2-1] requires a vertical and/or horizontal measurement ground reference plane measuring at least 2 m  $\times$  2 m. It is recommended to employ both of these planes, bonded together. The LISN is connected to either axis of the measurement ground reference plane, either directly to the LISN case, or with a conductor that is as short as possible. A shielded chamber is not required by [b-CISPR 16-2-1].
+
+#### I.7.4 Filter details
+
+The Guide on Implementation of Requirements of the Common EPS includes the recommendation to measure the common mode noise pulse generated by high frequency switching, whilst not considering any ring or component faster than 250 ns. The proposed method employs visual inspection and interpretation of ringing and other high frequency components.
+
+Applying an appropriate band pass filter to the common-mode noise signal monitored by the sampling probe could be a more consistent way to select the signals of interest, and to reject these high frequency signals. For example, rejecting components faster than 250 ns might correspond to a filter having a high cut-off frequency of 4 MHz.
+
+Such a band pass filter also allows an appropriate low cut-off frequency to be applied. An appropriate band pass filter may therefore be one having a lower cut-off frequency below the switching frequency and an upper cut-off frequency of 4 MHz. Cut-off frequencies are typically defined as those at which the output of the circuit is  $-3$  dB of the nominal pass band value.
+
+Such filter can be implemented equivalently in hardware, software or as a PC interfaced to the oscilloscope, offering a wide range of filter options.
+
+## Bibliography
+
+- [b-CISPR 16-1-2] IEC CISPR 16-1-2 ed. 1.2 (2006), *Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods – Part 1-2: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – Coupling devices for conducted disturbance measurements.*
+- [b-CISPR 16-2-1] IEC CISPR 16-2-1 ed. 2.2 (2013), *Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods – Part 2-1: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity – Conducted disturbance measurements.*
+- [b-MOU] MoU regarding Harmonisation of a Charging Capability for Mobile Phones. 5 June 2009  
+([http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/rtte/files/chargers/chargers\\_mou\\_en.pdf](http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/rtte/files/chargers/chargers_mou_en.pdf))
+- [b-MOU Annex III] Annex III to MoU regarding Harmonisation of a Charging Capability for Mobile Phones, June 5th, 2009  
+[http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/rtte/files/chargers/chargers-annex-iii-guide-on-implementation-of-requirements\\_en.pdf](http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/rtte/files/chargers/chargers-annex-iii-guide-on-implementation-of-requirements_en.pdf)
+- [b-USB Battery] USB-IF (2009), *Battery Charging Specification V1.1.*
+- [b-USB Cables] USB-IF (2007), *Micro-USB Cables and Connectors Specification V1.01.*
+- [b-USB Connect] USB-IF (2007), *Universal Serial Bus Cables and Connectors Class Document V2.0.*
+- [b-USB Spec] USB-IF (2000), *Universal Serial Bus Specification V2.0.*  
+(<http://www.usb.org/developers/docs>)
+
+
+
+
+
+## SERIES OF ITU-T RECOMMENDATIONS
+
+|                 |                                                                                                |
+|-----------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Series A        | Organization of the work of ITU-T                                                              |
+| Series D        | General tariff principles                                                                      |
+| Series E        | Overall network operation, telephone service, service operation and human factors              |
+| Series F        | Non-telephone telecommunication services                                                       |
+| Series G        | Transmission systems and media, digital systems and networks                                   |
+| Series H        | Audiovisual and multimedia systems                                                             |
+| Series I        | Integrated services digital network                                                            |
+| Series J        | Cable networks and transmission of television, sound programme and other multimedia signals    |
+| Series K        | Protection against interference                                                                |
+| <b>Series L</b> | <b>Construction, installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant</b> |
+| Series M        | Telecommunication management, including TMN and network maintenance                            |
+| Series N        | Maintenance: international sound programme and television transmission circuits                |
+| Series O        | Specifications of measuring equipment                                                          |
+| Series P        | Terminals and subjective and objective assessment methods                                      |
+| Series Q        | Switching and signalling                                                                       |
+| Series R        | Telegraph transmission                                                                         |
+| Series S        | Telegraph services terminal equipment                                                          |
+| Series T        | Terminals for telematic services                                                               |
+| Series U        | Telegraph switching                                                                            |
+| Series V        | Data communication over the telephone network                                                  |
+| Series X        | Data networks, open system communications and security                                         |
+| Series Y        | Global information infrastructure, Internet protocol aspects and next-generation networks      |
+| Series Z        | Languages and general software aspects for telecommunication systems                           |

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+
+
+**ITU-T**
+
+TELECOMMUNICATION  
+STANDARDIZATION SECTOR  
+OF ITU
+
+**L.1006**
+
+(12/2016)
+
+SERIES L: ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE  
+CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY;  
+CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION  
+OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE  
+PLANT
+
+---
+
+**Test suites for assessment of the external  
+universal power adapter solutions for stationary  
+information and communication technology  
+devices**
+
+Recommendation ITU-T L.1006
+
+# ITU-T L-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS
+
+## **ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY; CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE PLANT**
+
+|                                                       |             |
+|-------------------------------------------------------|-------------|
+| <b>OPTICAL FIBRE CABLES</b>                           |             |
+| Cable structure and characteristics                   | L.100–L.124 |
+| Cable evaluation                                      | L.125–L.149 |
+| Guidance and installation technique                   | L.150–L.199 |
+| <b>OPTICAL INFRASTRUCTURES</b>                        |             |
+| Infrastructure including node element (except cables) | L.200–L.249 |
+| General aspects and network design                    | L.250–L.299 |
+| <b>MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION</b>                      |             |
+| Optical fibre cable maintenance                       | L.300–L.329 |
+| Infrastructure maintenance                            | L.330–L.349 |
+| Operation support and infrastructure management       | L.350–L.379 |
+| Disaster management                                   | L.380–L.399 |
+| <b>PASSIVE OPTICAL DEVICES</b>                        | L.400–L.429 |
+| <b>MARINIZED TERRESTRIAL CABLES</b>                   | L.430–L.449 |
+
+*For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations.*
+
+## Recommendation ITU-T L.1006
+
+# Test suites for assessment of the external universal power adapter solutions for stationary information and communication technology devices
+
+## Summary
+
+Recommendation ITU-T L.1006 describes the general test suites applicable to the universal power adapter solution (UPA) designed for ICT devices for stationary (non-portable) use defined in Recommendation ITU-T L.1001. It considers the creation of specific test suites to assess certain functional aspects of the energy efficiency, interworking, safety and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of universal power adapter solution (UPA) designed for ICT devices for stationary (non-portable) use. Such testing is required to guarantee a minimum quality level of the universal charging solution (UCS) in conformance with the target basic configuration of UPA described in Recommendation ITU-T L.1001. With regard to electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and safety aspects, additional requirements to those listed in Recommendation ITU-T L.1001 are necessary for a product to be available for use by the general public.
+
+## History
+
+| Edition | Recommendation | Approval   | Study Group | Unique ID*                                                                                 |
+|---------|----------------|------------|-------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| 1.0     | ITU-T L.1006   | 2016-12-14 | 5           | <a href="http://www.itu.int/publications/record/11.1002/1000/13142">11.1002/1000/13142</a> |
+
+## Keywords
+
+Conformance, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), safety, universal power adapter (UPA).
+
+---
+
+\* To access the Recommendation, type the URL <http://handle.itu.int/> in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendation's unique ID. For example <http://handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11830-en>.
+
+## FOREWORD
+
+The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis.
+
+The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics.
+
+The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1.
+
+In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-T's purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC.
+
+## NOTE
+
+In this Recommendation, the expression "Administration" is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency.
+
+Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words "shall" or some other obligatory language such as "must" and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party.
+
+## INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
+
+ITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendation development process.
+
+As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at <http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/>.
+
+© ITU 2017
+
+All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU.
+
+## Table of Contents
+
+|                                               | Page |
+|-----------------------------------------------|------|
+| 1 Scope.....                                  | 1    |
+| 2 Reference .....                             | 1    |
+| 3 Definition.....                             | 2    |
+| 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere .....             | 2    |
+| 4 Abbreviations and acronyms .....            | 2    |
+| 5 ITU-T L.1001 conformance testing.....       | 3    |
+| 6 Conformance testing for safety.....         | 5    |
+| 7 Conformance testing for EMC.....            | 5    |
+| 8 Conformance testing for resistibility ..... | 7    |
+
+
+
+## Recommendation ITU-T L.1006
+
+## Test suites for assessment of the external universal power adapter solutions for stationary information and communication technology devices
+
+## 1 Scope
+
+This Recommendation describes the general test suites applicable to the universal power adapter solution (UPA) designed for ICT devices for stationary (non-portable) use defined in [ITU-T L.1001].
+
+It establishes a test list necessary to assess the universal power adapter solution (UPA) designed for ICT devices for stationary (non-portable) use in [ITU-T L.1001].
+
+With regard to electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and safety aspects, additional requirements to those listed in [ITU-T L.1001] are necessary for a product to be available for use by the general public.
+
+## 2 Reference
+
+The following ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and other references are subject to revision; users of this Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and other references listed below. A list of the currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published. The reference to a document within this Recommendation does not give it, as a standalone document, the status of a Recommendation.
+
+- [ITU-T K.21] Recommendation ITU-T K.21 (2016), *Resistibility of telecommunication equipment installed in customer premises to overvoltages and overcurrents*.
+- [ITU-T K.44] Recommendation ITU-T K.44 (2016), *Resistibility tests for telecommunication equipment exposed to overvoltages and overcurrents – Basic Recommendation*.
+- [ITU-T L.1001] Recommendation ITU-T L.1001 (2012), *External universal power adapter solutions for stationary information and communication technology devices*.
+- [ITU-T L.1005] Recommendation ITU-T L.1005 (2014), *Test suites for assessment of the universal charger solution*.
+- [IEC CISPR 22] Recommendation IEC CISPR 22 (2008), *Information technology equipment – Radio disturbance characteristics – Limits and methods of measurement*.
+- [IEC 60331-23] Recommendation IEC 60331-23 (1999), *Tests for electric cables under fire conditions – Circuit integrity – Part 23: Procedures and requirements – Electric data cables*.
+- [IEC 60332-1-1] Recommendation IEC 60332-1-1 (2004), *Tests on electric and optical fibre cables under fire conditions – Part 1-1: Test for vertical flame propagation for a single insulated wire or cable – Apparatus*.
+- [IEC 60754-1] Recommendation IEC 60754-1 (2011), *Test on gases evolved during combustion of materials from cables – Part 1: Determination of the halogen acid gas content*.
+- [IEC 60754-2] Recommendation IEC 60754-2 (2011), *Test on gases evolved during combustion of materials from cables – Part 2: Determination of acidity (by pH measurement) and conductivity*.
+
+- [IEC 60950-1] Recommendation IEC 60950-1 (2005), *Information technology equipment – Safety ��� Part 1: General requirements.*
+- [IEC 61000-3-2] Recommendation IEC 61000-3-2 (2014), *Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 3-2: Limits – Limits for harmonic current emissions (equipment input current up to and including 16 A per phase).*
+- [IEC 61000-3-3] Recommendation IEC 61000-3-3 (2013), *Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 3-3: Limits – Limitation of voltage changes, voltage fluctuations and flicker in public low-voltage supply systems, for equipment with rated current up to and including 16 A per phase and not subject to conditional connection.*
+- [IEC 61000-4-2] Recommendation IEC 61000-4-2 (2008), *Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-2: Testing and measurement techniques – Electrostatic discharge immunity test.*
+- [IEC 61000-4-3] Recommendation IEC 61000-4-3 (2010), *Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-3: Testing and measurement techniques – Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test.*
+- [IEC 61000-4-4] Recommendation IEC 61000-4-4 (2012), *Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-4: Testing and measurement techniques – Electrical fast transient/burst immunity test.*
+- [IEC 61000-4-5] Recommendation IEC 61000-4-5 (2014), *Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-5: Testing and measurement techniques – Surge immunity test.*
+- [IEC 61000-4-6] Recommendation IEC 61000-4-6 (2013), *Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-6: Testing and measurement techniques – Immunity to conducted disturbances, induced by radio-frequency fields.*
+- [IEC 61000-4-11] Recommendation IEC 61000-4-11 (2004), *Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-11: Testing and measurement techniques – Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations immunity tests.*
+- [IEC 62684] Recommendation IEC 62684 (2011), *Interoperability specifications of common external power supply (EPS) for use with data-enabled mobile telephones.*
+
+## 3 Definition
+
+### 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere
+
+This Recommendation uses the following terms defined elsewhere:
+
+- 3.1.1 test suite** [ITU-T L.1005]: A list of tests necessary to validate a universal charger solution.
+- 3.1.2 power adapter** [ITU-T L.1000]: A device that converts mains AC power voltage at the input to low DC power voltage at the output or which converts DC power source, e.g., from Photo Voltaic source to another low voltage DC power output.
+- 3.1.3 power adapter block** [ITU-T L.1000]: A block which includes a power adapter.
+- 3.1.4 universal power adapter solution** [ITU-T L.1000]: Family of universal power adapters (UPAs) that defines the power supply solution for different ICT devices.
+
+## 4 Abbreviations and acronyms
+
+This Recommendation uses the following abbreviations and acronyms:
+
+AC            Alternating Current
+
+|     |                               |
+|-----|-------------------------------|
+| DC  | Direct Current                |
+| EMC | Electromagnetic Compatibility |
+| ESD | Electrostatic Discharge       |
+| RF  | Radio Frequency               |
+| UCS | Universal Charging Solution   |
+| UPA | Universal Power adapter       |
+
+## **5 ITU-T L.1001 conformance testing**
+
+This part of the Recommendation defines the test to determine whether a UPA meets the conformance requirements described in [ITU-T L.1001].
+
+The need to establish a common test suite for the UPA is derived from the necessity to establish a common modality to assess product quality and to provide a regulatory guide on which product testing could be based for market surveillance purposes.
+
+- Table 5-1 provides a list of tests on energy efficiency that are necessary to check conformance of the UPA with requirements described in [ITU-T L.1001].
+- Table 5-2 provides a list of DC tests that are necessary to check conformance of the UPA with requirements described in [ITU-T L.1001].
+
+**Table 5-1 - Test suites for energy efficiency assessment**
+
+| Test # | Test type                            | Description                    | Requirement                | Test reference |
+|--------|--------------------------------------|--------------------------------|----------------------------|----------------|
+| 1.     | <b>Energy efficiency requirement</b> |                                |                            |                |
+| 1.1.   | No load                              | No load power consumption test | See [ITU-T L.1001] Table 3 |                |
+| 1.2.   | Energy Efficiency                    | Energy efficiency conversion   | See [ITU-T L.1001] Table 3 |                |
+
+**Table 5-2 - Test suites for DC output characteristic evaluation**
+
+| Test # | Test type         | Description                                | Requirement                                                         | Test reference |
+|--------|-------------------|--------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------|
+| 2.     | <b>DC output</b>  |                                            |                                                                     |                |
+| 2.1.   | Voltage           | DC output voltage                          | See [ITU-T L.1001] Table 1                                          |                |
+| 2.2.   | Current           | DC output current                          | See [ITU-T L.1001] Table 3                                          |                |
+| 2.3.   | Output connector  | Output DC plug and connectors              | See [ITU-T L.1001] clause 7.1.2                                     |                |
+| 2.4.   | Common mode noise | Limitation of common mode noise on DC port | See [IEC 62684] clause 5.4                                          | [ITU-T L.1001] |
+| 2.5.   | Ripple            | Limitation of ripple DC port               | 2% of rated voltage (i.e., 100 mVp-p at 5 V and 240 mVp-p at 12 V). | [ITU-T L.1001] |
+
+## 6 Conformance testing for safety
+
+This part of the Recommendation defines the test to determine whether a UPA is in conformance with safety requirements.
+
+Table 6-1 does not provide an exhaustive list of applicable tests.
+
+The UPA shall be designed in line with [IEC 60950-1].
+
+**Table 6-1 - Test suites for assessment of safety conformance**
+
+| Test # | Test type       | Description                                           | Requirement                                                                                                          | Test reference                 |
+|--------|-----------------|-------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------|
+| 3.     | <b>Safety</b>   |                                                       |                                                                                                                      |                                |
+| 3.1.   | General         | General – Safety requirement                          | The power adapter must be a limited power source in accordance with clause 2.5 of [IEC 60950-1]                      | [IEC 60950-1]                  |
+| 3.2.   | Fire resistance | Risk – Ignition reduction and fire propagation of UPA | The power adapter construction and functionality shall be in accordance with clause 4.7 of [IEC 60950-1]             | [IEC 60950-1]                  |
+| 3.3.   | Fire resistance | Fire propagation of detachable cable                  | Plastic material V1<br>No fire propagation in accordance with [IEC 60332-1-1]<br>Fire resistance: see [IEC 60331-23] | [IEC 60332-1]                  |
+| 3.4.   | Fire resistance | Fumes – Emanation                                     | [IEC 60754-1] (amount of halogen acid gas) and [IEC 60754-2] (acidity of gases evolved during combustion)            | [IEC 60754-1]<br>[IEC 60754-2] |
+
+## 7 Conformance testing for EMC
+
+This part of the Recommendation defines the test for a UPA to be in conformance with EMC requirements.
+
+Table 7-1 reports the DC test list necessary to check UPA conformance with EMC requirements.
+
+**Table 7-1 – EMC test suites**
+
+| Test # | Test type                                  | Description                                                                  | Requirement                                                                                                 | Test reference     |
+|--------|--------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------|
+| 4.     | <b>Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)</b> |                                                                              |                                                                                                             |                    |
+| 4.1.   | Radiated emission                          | Radiated emission from UPA enclosure                                         | [IEC CISPR 22] class B                                                                                      | [IEC CISPR 22]     |
+| 4.2.   | DC conducted emission                      | Conducted emission on UPA DC line                                            | [IEC CISPR 22] class B                                                                                      | [IEC CISPR 22]     |
+| 4.3.   | AC conducted emission                      | Conducted emission on UPA AC line                                            | [IEC CISPR 22] class B                                                                                      | [IEC CISPR 22]     |
+| 4.4.   | Harmonic                                   | Limitation of harmonics current                                              | The requirements contained in [IEC 61000-3-2/A1] relevant to harmonic current emission apply for equipment. | [IEC 61000-3-2]/A1 |
+| 4.5.   | Voltage fluctuations and flicker           | Voltage fluctuations and flicker                                             | The requirements contained in [IEC 61000-3-3] relevant to voltage fluctuations and flicker apply.           | [IEC 61000-3-3]    |
+| 4.6.   | Radiated immunity                          | RF electromagnetic field<br>(80 MHz to 1,000 MHz and 1,400 MHz to 2,700 MHz) | 3 V/m<br>For some specific frequency the test level is 10 V/m see [EN 301 489-34]                           | [IEC 61000-4-3]    |
+| 4.7.   | ESD                                        | Electrostatic discharge enclosure and DC power output port                   | 4 kV contact discharge<br>8 kV air discharge.                                                               | [IEC 61000-4-2]    |
+| 4.8.   | Fast transients                            | Fast transients common mode DC and AC power ports applicable                 | DC port 0.5 kV open circuit voltage<br>AC port 1 kV open circuit voltage                                    | [IEC 61000-4-4]    |
+| 4.9.   | Radio frequency (RF) common mode           | RF common mode 0.15 MHz to 80 MHz DC and AC power port                       | Level 2 3 Vrms                                                                                              | [IEC 61000-4-6]    |
+
+**Table 7-1 – EMC test suites**
+
+| Test # | Test type                      | Description                                                     | Requirement                                                                                                                                                                                                                             | Test reference   |
+|--------|--------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------|
+| 4.10.  | Voltage dips and interruptions | Voltage dips and interruptions<br>AC mains power input          | voltage dip: 0% residual voltage for 0.5 cycle;<br>voltage dip: 0% residual voltage for 1 cycle;<br>voltage dip: 70% residual voltage for 25 cycles (at 50 Hz);<br>voltage interruption: 0% residual voltage for 250 cycles (at 50 Hz). | [IEC 61000-4-11] |
+| 4.11.  | Surges                         | Surges, line-to-line and line-to-ground<br>AC mains power input | 2 kV line to ground, and 1 kV line to line                                                                                                                                                                                              | [IEC 61000-4-5]  |
+
+## 8 Conformance testing for resistibility
+
+This part of the Recommendation defines the test for a UPA to be in conformance with resistibility requirements.
+
+Table 8-1 reports the resistibility test list necessary to check UPA conformance.
+
+**Table 8-1 - Resistibility test suites**
+
+| Test # | Test type                            | Description                            | Requirement                                                        | Test reference |
+|--------|--------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------|
+| 5.     | <b>Electromagnetic compatibility</b> |                                        |                                                                    |                |
+| 5.1.   | Lightning                            | Inherent, transverse and port-to-earth | [ITU-T K.21] Table 5 basic test level<br>Uc (max) = 2.5 kV R = 0 Ω | [ITU-T K.44]   |
+
+NOTE – Where the basic resistibility requirements are not sufficient due to environmental conditions, national regulations, economic and technical considerations, installation standards or grade of service requirements, network operators may request the enhanced or special resistibility requirements. Guidance on the applicability of enhanced test levels and special levels is given in [ITU-T K.85]
+
+
+
+
+
+## SERIES OF ITU-T RECOMMENDATIONS
+
+|                 |                                                                                                                                                                  |
+|-----------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Series A        | Organization of the work of ITU-T                                                                                                                                |
+| Series D        | Tariff and accounting principles and international telecommunication/ICT economic and policy issues                                                              |
+| Series E        | Overall network operation, telephone service, service operation and human factors                                                                                |
+| Series F        | Non-telephone telecommunication services                                                                                                                         |
+| Series G        | Transmission systems and media, digital systems and networks                                                                                                     |
+| Series H        | Audiovisual and multimedia systems                                                                                                                               |
+| Series I        | Integrated services digital network                                                                                                                              |
+| Series J        | Cable networks and transmission of television, sound programme and other multimedia signals                                                                      |
+| Series K        | Protection against interference                                                                                                                                  |
+| <b>Series L</b> | <b>Environment and ICTs, climate change, e-waste, energy efficiency; construction, installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant</b> |
+| Series M        | Telecommunication management, including TMN and network maintenance                                                                                              |
+| Series N        | Maintenance: international sound programme and television transmission circuits                                                                                  |
+| Series O        | Specifications of measuring equipment                                                                                                                            |
+| Series P        | Telephone transmission quality, telephone installations, local line networks                                                                                     |
+| Series Q        | Switching and signalling, and associated measurements and tests                                                                                                  |
+| Series R        | Telegraph transmission                                                                                                                                           |
+| Series S        | Telegraph services terminal equipment                                                                                                                            |
+| Series T        | Terminals for telematic services                                                                                                                                 |
+| Series U        | Telegraph switching                                                                                                                                              |
+| Series V        | Data communication over the telephone network                                                                                                                    |
+| Series X        | Data networks, open system communications and security                                                                                                           |
+| Series Y        | Global information infrastructure, Internet protocol aspects, next-generation networks, Internet of Things and smart cities                                      |
+| Series Z        | Languages and general software aspects for telecommunication systems                                                                                             |

marked/L/T-REC-L.1007-201612-I_PDF-E/raw.md

@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+
+
+**ITU-T**
+
+TELECOMMUNICATION  
+STANDARDIZATION SECTOR  
+OF ITU
+
+**L.1007**
+
+(12/2016)
+
+SERIES L: ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE  
+CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY;  
+CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION  
+OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE  
+PLANT
+
+---
+
+**Test suites for assessment of the external  
+universal power adapter solutions for portable  
+information and communication technology  
+devices**
+
+Recommendation ITU-T L.1007
+
+# ITU-T L-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS
+
+## **ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY; CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE PLANT**
+
+|                                                       |             |
+|-------------------------------------------------------|-------------|
+| <b>OPTICAL FIBRE CABLES</b>                           |             |
+| Cable structure and characteristics                   | L.100–L.124 |
+| Cable evaluation                                      | L.125–L.149 |
+| Guidance and installation technique                   | L.150–L.199 |
+| <b>OPTICAL INFRASTRUCTURES</b>                        |             |
+| Infrastructure including node element (except cables) | L.200–L.249 |
+| General aspects and network design                    | L.250–L.299 |
+| <b>MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION</b>                      |             |
+| Optical fibre cable maintenance                       | L.300–L.329 |
+| Infrastructure maintenance                            | L.330–L.349 |
+| Operation support and infrastructure management       | L.350–L.379 |
+| Disaster management                                   | L.380–L.399 |
+| <b>PASSIVE OPTICAL DEVICES</b>                        | L.400–L.429 |
+| <b>MARINIZED TERRESTRIAL CABLES</b>                   | L.430–L.449 |
+
+*For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations.*
+
+# Recommendation ITU-T L.1007
+
+## Test suites for assessment of the external universal power adapter solutions for portable information and communication technology devices
+
+## Summary
+
+Recommendation ITU-T L.1007 considers the creation of specific test suites to assess certain functional aspects of the: energy efficiency, interworking, safety and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of the universal power adapter (UPA) solution designed for information and communication technology (ICT) devices for portable use. Such testing is required to guarantee a minimum quality level of the UPA in conformance with the target basic configuration of the UPA described in Recommendation ITU-T L.1002.
+
+## History
+
+| Edition | Recommendation | Approval   | Study Group | Unique ID*                                                                |
+|---------|----------------|------------|-------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| 1.0     | ITU-T L.1007   | 2016-12-14 | 5           | <a href="http://handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/13143">11.1002/1000/13143</a> |
+
+## Keywords
+
+Conformance, EMC, safety, UPA.
+
+---
+
+\* To access the Recommendation, type the URL <http://handle.itu.int/> in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendation's unique ID. For example, <http://handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11830-en>.
+
+## FOREWORD
+
+The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis.
+
+The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics.
+
+The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1.
+
+In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-T's purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC.
+
+## NOTE
+
+In this Recommendation, the expression "Administration" is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency.
+
+Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words "shall" or some other obligatory language such as "must" and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party.
+
+## INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
+
+ITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendation development process.
+
+As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at <http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/>.
+
+© ITU 2017
+
+All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU.
+
+## Table of Contents
+
+|                                               | Page |
+|-----------------------------------------------|------|
+| 1 Scope.....                                  | 1    |
+| 2 Reference .....                             | 1    |
+| 3 Definitions .....                           | 3    |
+| 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere .....             | 3    |
+| 4 Abbreviations and acronyms .....            | 3    |
+| 5 ITU-T L.1002 conformance testing .....      | 3    |
+| 6 Conformance testing for safety.....         | 5    |
+| 7 Conformance testing for EMC.....            | 5    |
+| 8 Conformance testing for resistibility ..... | 7    |
+| Bibliography.....                             | 8    |
+
+
+
+## Recommendation ITU-T L.1007
+
+## Test suites for assessment of the external universal power adapter solutions for portable information and communication technology devices
+
+## 1 Scope
+
+This Recommendation describes the general test suites applicable to the universal power adapter (UPA) solution designed for information and communication technology (ICT) devices for portable use specified in [ITU-T L.1002].
+
+This Recommendation establishes a test list necessary to assess the universal power adapter (UPA) solution designed for ICT devices for portable use in [ITU-T L.1002]
+
+With regard to electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and safety aspects, additional requirements to those listed in [ITU-T L.1002] are necessary for a product to be available for use by the general public.
+
+## 2 Reference
+
+The following ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and other references are subject to revision; users of this Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and other references listed below. A list of the currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published. The reference to a document within this Recommendation does not give it, as a stand-alone document, the status of a Recommendation.
+
+- [ITU-T K.21] Recommendation ITU-T K.21 (2016), *Resistibility of telecommunication equipment installed in customer premises to overvoltages and overcurrents*.
+- [ITU-T K.44] Recommendation ITU-T K.44 (2016), *Resistibility tests for telecommunication equipment exposed to overvoltages and overcurrents – Basic Recommendation*.
+- [ITU-T L.1002] Recommendation ITU-T L.1002 (2016), *External universal power adapter solutions for portable information and communication technology devices*.
+- [IEC 60331-23] IEC 60331-23:1999, *Tests for electric cables under fire conditions – Circuit integrity – Part 23: Procedures and requirements – Electric data cables*.
+- [IEC 60332-1-1] IEC 60332-1-1:2004+AMD1:2015, *Tests on electric and optical fibre cables under fire conditions – Part 1-1: Test for vertical flame propagation for a single insulated wire or cable – Apparatus*.
+- [IEC 60754-1] IEC 60754-1:2011, *Test on gases evolved during combustion of materials from cables – Part 1: Determination of the halogen acid gas content*.
+- [IEC 60754-2] IEC 60754-2:2011, *Test on gases evolved during combustion of materials from cables – Part 2: Determination of acidity (by pH measurement) and conductivity*.
+- [IEC 60950-1] IEC 60950-1:2005+Amd1:2009+Amd2:2013, *Information technology equipment – Safety – Part 1: General requirements*.
+- [IEC 61000-3-2] IEC 61000-3-2:2014, *Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 3-2: Limits – Limits for harmonic current emissions (equipment input current  $\leq 16$  A per phase)*.
+
+- [IEC 61000-3-3] IEC 61000-3-3:2013, *Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 3-3: Limits – Limitation of voltage changes, voltage fluctuations and flicker in public low-voltage supply systems, for equipment with rated current  $\leq 16$  A per phase and not subject to conditional connection.*
+- [IEC 61000-4-2] IEC 61000-4-2:2008, *Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-2: Testing and measurement techniques – Electrostatic discharge immunity test.*
+- [IEC 61000-4-3] IEC 61000-4-3:2006+Amd1:2007+Amd2:2010, *Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-3: Testing and measurement techniques – Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test.*
+- [IEC 61000-4-4] IEC 61000-4-4:2012, *Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-4: Testing and measurement techniques – Electrical fast transient/burst immunity test.*
+- [IEC 61000-4-5] IEC 61000-4-5 (2014), *Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-5: Testing and measurement techniques – Surge immunity test.*
+- [IEC 61000-4-6] IEC 61000-4-6:2013, *Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-6: Testing and measurement techniques – Immunity to conducted disturbances, induced by radio-frequency fields.*
+- [IEC 61000-4-11] IEC 61000-4-11:2004, *Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-11: Testing and measurement techniques – Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations immunity tests.*
+- [IEC 62301] IEC 62301:2011, *Household electrical appliances – Measurement of standby power.*
+- [IEC 62680-1-2] IEC 62680-1-2:2016, *Universal serial bus interfaces for data and power – Part 1-2: Common components – USB Power Delivery specification.*
+- [IEC 62680-1-3] IEC 62680-1-3:2016, *Universal serial bus interfaces for data and power – Part 1-3: Universal Serial Bus interfaces – Common components – USB Type-C™ cable and connector specification.*
+- [IEC 62684] IEC 62684:2011, *Interoperability specifications of common external power supply (EPS) for use with data-enabled mobile telephones.*
+- [IEC 63002] IEC 63002:2016, *Identification and communication interoperability method for external power supplies used with portable computing devices.*
+- [IEC CISPR 22] IEC CISPR 22:2008, *Information technology equipment – Radio disturbance characteristics – Limits and methods of measurement.*
+- [EN 50563] EN 50563:2011+A1:2013, *External A.C. – D.C. and A.C. – A.C. power supplies – Determination of no-load power and average efficiency of active modes.*
+- [EN 301 489-34] ETSI EN 301 489-34 V2.1.0 (2016), *ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) standard for radio equipment and services; Part 34: Specific conditions for External Power Supply (EPS) for mobile phones; Harmonised Standard covering the essential requirements of article 3.1b of the Directive 2014/53/EU and the essential requirements of article 6 of the Directive 2014/30/EU*
+
+## 3 Definitions
+
+### 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere
+
+This Recommendation uses the following terms defined elsewhere:
+
+**3.1.1 power adapter** [b-ITU-T L.1000]: The equipment that converts mains AC power voltage at the input to low DC power voltage at the output, or the equipment which transfers DC power supply, e.g., car voltage to another low voltage DC power output.
+
+**3.1.2 power adapter block** [b-ITU-T L.1001]: A block which includes a power adapter.
+
+**3.1.3 test suite** [b-ITU-T L.1005]: A list of tests necessary to validate a universal charger solution.
+
+**3.1.4 universal power adapter solution** [b-ITU-T L.1001]: Family of universal power adapters (UPAs) that defines the power supply solution for different ICT devices.
+
+## 4 Abbreviations and acronyms
+
+This Recommendation uses the following abbreviations and acronyms:
+
+|     |                                          |
+|-----|------------------------------------------|
+| AC  | Alternating Current                      |
+| DC  | Direct Current                           |
+| EMC | Electromagnetic Compatibility            |
+| ESD | Electrostatic Discharge                  |
+| ICT | Information and Communication Technology |
+| RF  | Radiofrequency                           |
+| UPA | Universal Power Adapter                  |
+| USB | Universal Serial Bus                     |
+
+## 5 ITU-T L.1002 conformance testing
+
+This clause specifies the test to determine whether a UPA meets the conformance requirements described in [ITU-T L.1002].
+
+The need to establish a common test suite for the UPA is derived from the necessity to establish a common modality to assess product quality and to provide a regulatory guide on which product testing could be based for market surveillance purposes.
+
+- Table 5-1 provides a list of tests on energy efficiency that are necessary to check conformance of the UPA with requirements described in [ITU-T L.1002].
+- Table 5-2 provides a list of direct current (DC) tests that are necessary to check conformance of the UPA with requirements described in [ITU-T L.1002].
+
+**Table 5-1 – Test suites for energy efficiency assessment**
+
+| Test # | Test type                            | Description                    | Requirement                   | Test reference |
+|--------|--------------------------------------|--------------------------------|-------------------------------|----------------|
+| 1      | <b>Energy efficiency requirement</b> |                                |                               |                |
+| 1.1    | No load                              | No-load power consumption test | See Table 3 of [ITU-T L.1002] | [IEC 62301]    |
+| 1.2    | Energy Efficiency                    | Energy efficiency conversion   | See Table 3 of [ITU-T L.1002] | [EN 50563]     |
+
+**Table 5-2 – Test suites for direct current output characteristic evaluation**
+
+| Test # | Test type         | Description                                | Requirement                                                                                                                                                                                                                | Test reference                  |
+|--------|-------------------|--------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------|
+| 2      | <b>DC output</b>  |                                            |                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |                                 |
+| 2.1    | Voltage           | DC output voltage                          | See Table 1 of [ITU-T L.1002]<br>UPAs which intend to support USB Type-C specifications shall follow the power technical requirements and recommendations as specified in [IEC 62680-1-2], [IEC 62680-1-3] and [IEC 63002] |                                 |
+| 2.2    | Current           | DC output current                          | See Table 1 of [ITU-T L.1002]<br>UPAs which intend to support USB Type-C specifications shall follow the power technical requirements and recommendations as specified in [IEC 62680-1-3] and [IEC 63002]                  |                                 |
+| 2.3    | Output connector  | Output DC plug and connectors              | USB Type-C [IEC62680-1-3]                                                                                                                                                                                                  | [IEC 62680-1-3] and [IEC 63002] |
+| 2.4    | Common mode noise | Limitation of common mode noise on DC port | See clause 5.4 of [IEC 62684]                                                                                                                                                                                              | [IEC 62684]                     |
+| 2.5    | Ripple            | Limitation of ripple DC port               | 4% Of rated voltage, measured p-p (i.e., 200 mVp-p at 5 V and 480 mVp-p at 12V)                                                                                                                                            | [IEC 62684]<br>[ITU-T L.1002]   |
+
+# 6 Conformance testing for safety
+
+This clause specifies the test to determine whether a UPA is in conformance with safety requirements.
+
+A company responsible for the design or production or commercialization of the UPA needs to declare for which combination of portable devices the UPA is planned to be used and tested.
+
+Use of the UPA in an untested configuration could cause some degradation of functionality.
+
+Table 6-1 does not provide an exhaustive list of applicable tests.
+
+The UPA shall be designed in line with [IEC 60950-1].
+
+**Table 6-1 – Test suites for assessment of safety conformance**
+
+| Test # | Test type       | Description                                           | Requirement                                                                                                          | Test reference                 |
+|--------|-----------------|-------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------|
+| 3      | <b>Safety</b>   |                                                       |                                                                                                                      |                                |
+| 3.1    | General         | General – Safety requirement                          | The power adapter shall be a limited power source in accordance with clause 2.5 of [IEC 60950-1]                     | [IEC 60950-1]                  |
+| 3.2    | Fire resistance | Risk – Ignition reduction and fire propagation of UPA | The power adapter construction and functionality shall be in accordance with clause 4.7 of [IEC 60950-1]             | [IEC 60950-1]                  |
+| 3.3    | Fire resistance | Fire propagation of detachable cable                  | Plastic material V1<br>No fire propagation in accordance with [IEC 60332-1-1]<br>Fire resistance: see [IEC 60331-23] | [IEC 60332-1]                  |
+| 3.4    | Fire resistance | Fumes – Emanation                                     | [IEC 60754-1] (amount of halogen acid gas) and [IEC60754-2] (acidity of gases evolved during combustion)             | [IEC 60754-1]<br>[IEC 60754-2] |
+
+## 7 Conformance testing for EMC
+
+This clause specifies the test for a UPA to be in conformance with EMC requirements.
+
+A company responsible for the design or production or commercialization of the UPA needs to declare for which combination of portable devices the UPA is planned to be used and tested.
+
+Use of the UPA in an untested configuration could cause some degradation of functionality.
+
+Table 7-1 reports the DC test list necessary to check UPA conformance with EMC requirements.
+
+**Table 7-1 – EMC test suites**
+
+| Test # | Test type                                   | Description                                                                                | Requirement                                                                                                   | Test reference       |
+|--------|---------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------|
+| 4      | <b>Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)</b>  |                                                                                            |                                                                                                               |                      |
+| 4.1    | Radiated emission                           | Radiated emission from UPA enclosure                                                       | [IEC CISPR 22]class B                                                                                         | [IEC CISPR 22]       |
+| 4.2    | DC conducted emission                       | Conducted emission on UPA DC line                                                          | [IEC CISPR 22]class B                                                                                         | [IEC CISPR 22]       |
+| 4.3    | Alternating current (AC) conducted emission | Conducted emission on UPA AC line                                                          | [IEC CISPR 22]class B                                                                                         | [IEC CISPR 22]       |
+| 4.4    | Harmonic                                    | Limitation of harmonics current                                                            | The requirements contained in [IEC 61000-3-2:AMD1] relevant to harmonic current emission apply for equipment. | [IEC 61000-3-2]:AMD1 |
+| 4.5    | Voltage fluctuations and flicker            | Voltage fluctuations and flicker                                                           | The requirements contained in [IEC 61000-3-3] relevant to voltage fluctuations and flicker apply.             | [IEC 61000-3-3]      |
+| 4.6    | Radiated immunity                           | Radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic field (80 MHz to 1 000 MHz and 1 400 MHz to 2 700 MHz) | 3 V/m<br>For some specific frequency the test level is 10 V/m see [EN 301 489-34]                             | [IEC 61000-4-3]      |
+| 4.7    | Electrostatic discharge (ESD)               | Electrostatic discharge enclosure and DC power output port                                 | 4 kV contact discharge<br>8 kV air discharge.                                                                 | [IEC 61000-4-2]      |
+| 4.8    | Fast transients                             | Fast transients common mode DC and AC power ports applicable                               | DC port 0.5 kV open circuit voltage<br>AC port 1 kV open circuit voltage                                      | [IEC 61000-4-4]      |
+| 4.9    | RF common mode                              | RF common mode 0.15 MHz to 80 MHz DC and AC power port                                     | Level 2 3 $V_{rms}$                                                                                           | [IEC 61000-4-6]      |
+
+**Table 7-1 – EMC test suites**
+
+| Test # | Test type                      | Description                                                     | Requirement                                                                                                                                                                                                                             | Test reference   |
+|--------|--------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------|
+| 4.10   | Voltage dips and interruptions | Voltage dips and interruptions<br>AC mains power input          | Voltage dip: 0% residual voltage for 0.5 cycle;<br>Voltage dip: 0% residual voltage for 1 cycle;<br>Voltage dip: 70% residual voltage for 25 cycles (at 50 Hz);<br>Voltage interruption: 0% residual voltage for 250 cycles (at 50 Hz). | [IEC 61000-4-11] |
+| 4.11   | Surges                         | Surges, line-to-line and line-to-ground<br>AC mains power input | 2 kV line to ground, and 1 kV line to line                                                                                                                                                                                              | [IEC 61000-4-5]  |
+
+# 8 Conformance testing for resistibility
+
+This clause specifies the test for a UPA to be in conformance with resistibility requirements.
+
+Table 8-1 reports the resistibility test list necessary to check UPA conformance.
+
+**Table 8-1 – Resistibility test suites**
+
+| Test # | Test type                            | Description                            | Requirement                                                                                | Test reference |
+|--------|--------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------|
+| 5      | <b>Electromagnetic compatibility</b> |                                        |                                                                                            |                |
+| 5.1    | Lightning,                           | Inherent, transverse and port-to-earth | Basic test level in Table 5 of [ITU-T K.21]<br>$U_{c(max)} = 2.5 \text{ kV}; R = 0 \Omega$ | [ITU-T K.44]   |
+
+NOTE – Where the basic resistibility requirements are not sufficient due to environmental conditions, national regulations, economic and technical considerations, installation standards or grade of service requirements, network operators may request the enhanced or special resistibility requirements. Guidance on the applicability of enhanced test levels and special levels is given in [b-ITU-T K.85].
+
+## Bibliography
+
+- [b-ITU-T K.85] Recommendation ITU-T K.85 (2011), *Requirements for the mitigation of lightning effects on home networks installed in customer premises.*
+- [b-ITU-T L.1000] Recommendation ITU-T L.1000 (2011), *Universal power adapter and charger solution for mobile terminals and other hand-held ICT devices.*
+- [b-ITU-T L.1001] Recommendation ITU-T L.1001 (2012), *External universal power adapter solutions for stationary information and communication technology devices.*
+- [b-ITU-T L.1005] Recommendation ITU-T L.1005 (2014), *Test suites for assessment of the universal charger solution.*
+
+
+
+## SERIES OF ITU-T RECOMMENDATIONS
+
+|                 |                                                                                                                                                                  |
+|-----------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Series A        | Organization of the work of ITU-T                                                                                                                                |
+| Series D        | Tariff and accounting principles and international telecommunication/ICT economic and policy issues                                                              |
+| Series E        | Overall network operation, telephone service, service operation and human factors                                                                                |
+| Series F        | Non-telephone telecommunication services                                                                                                                         |
+| Series G        | Transmission systems and media, digital systems and networks                                                                                                     |
+| Series H        | Audiovisual and multimedia systems                                                                                                                               |
+| Series I        | Integrated services digital network                                                                                                                              |
+| Series J        | Cable networks and transmission of television, sound programme and other multimedia signals                                                                      |
+| Series K        | Protection against interference                                                                                                                                  |
+| <b>Series L</b> | <b>Environment and ICTs, climate change, e-waste, energy efficiency; construction, installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant</b> |
+| Series M        | Telecommunication management, including TMN and network maintenance                                                                                              |
+| Series N        | Maintenance: international sound programme and television transmission circuits                                                                                  |
+| Series O        | Specifications of measuring equipment                                                                                                                            |
+| Series P        | Telephone transmission quality, telephone installations, local line networks                                                                                     |
+| Series Q        | Switching and signalling, and associated measurements and tests                                                                                                  |
+| Series R        | Telegraph transmission                                                                                                                                           |
+| Series S        | Telegraph services terminal equipment                                                                                                                            |
+| Series T        | Terminals for telematic services                                                                                                                                 |
+| Series U        | Telegraph switching                                                                                                                                              |
+| Series V        | Data communication over the telephone network                                                                                                                    |
+| Series X        | Data networks, open system communications and security                                                                                                           |
+| Series Y        | Global information infrastructure, Internet protocol aspects, next-generation networks, Internet of Things and smart cities                                      |
+| Series Z        | Languages and general software aspects for telecommunication systems                                                                                             |

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+
+
+International Telecommunication Union
+
+**ITU-T**
+
+TELECOMMUNICATION  
+STANDARDIZATION SECTOR  
+OF ITU
+
+**L.1010**
+
+(02/2014)
+
+SERIES L: CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND  
+PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF  
+OUTSIDE PLANT
+
+---
+
+**Green battery solutions for mobile phones and  
+other hand-held information and communication  
+technology devices**
+
+Recommendation ITU-T L.1010
+
+ITU-T
+
+![ITU logo: A globe with a red lightning bolt and the text 'ITU International Telecommunication Union'.](84a1d09fb489061482111515543b60dc_img.jpg)
+
+The logo of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is located in the bottom right corner. It features a blue globe with a red lightning bolt striking across it. To the right of the globe, the text "ITU" is written in a bold, blue font, and below it, "International Telecommunication Union" is written in a smaller, blue font.
+
+ITU logo: A globe with a red lightning bolt and the text 'ITU International Telecommunication Union'.
+
+
+
+# Recommendation ITU-T L.1010
+
+# Green battery solutions for mobile phones and other hand-held information and communication technology devices
+
+## Summary
+
+Recommendation ITU-T L.1010 defines a minimum set of parameters necessary to identify green battery solutions that should be considered by developers/manufacturers to reduce the future environmental impact of battery use. The provision of so-called green batteries is to extend the lifetime of handsets, reduce global resources consumption and preserve the environment.
+
+The compliance in terms of supporting green information and communication technology (ICT) efforts will be considered including the use of scarce resources, recycling and reuse. The existing environmental schemes available in different regions and international standards will be considered.
+
+## History
+
+| Edition | Recommendation | Approval   | Study Group | Unique ID*                                                                |
+|---------|----------------|------------|-------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| 1.0     | ITU-T L.1010   | 2014-02-13 | 5           | <a href="http://handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/12133">11.1002/1000/12133</a> |
+
+## Keywords
+
+Ecodesign label, energy density, green batteries, lifetime, recycling.
+
+---
+
+\* To access the Recommendation, type the URL <http://handle.itu.int/> in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendation's unique ID. For example, <http://handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11830-en>.
+
+## FOREWORD
+
+The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis.
+
+The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics.
+
+The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1.
+
+In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-T's purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC.
+
+## NOTE
+
+In this Recommendation, the expression "Administration" is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency.
+
+Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words "shall" or some other obligatory language such as "must" and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party.
+
+## INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
+
+ITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendation development process.
+
+As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at <http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/>.
+
+© ITU 2014
+
+All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU.
+
+## Table of Contents
+
+|                                                                                                 | Page |
+|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|
+| 1 Scope.....                                                                                    | 1    |
+| 2 References.....                                                                               | 1    |
+| 3 Definitions .....                                                                             | 1    |
+| 4 Abbreviations and acronyms .....                                                              | 2    |
+| 5 General requirements.....                                                                     | 2    |
+| 6 Ecodesign guidelines .....                                                                    | 2    |
+| 6.1 Eco-label.....                                                                              | 2    |
+| 6.2 Environmental compliance .....                                                              | 3    |
+| 7 Safety .....                                                                                  | 3    |
+| 8 Lifetime requirement (reliability) .....                                                      | 3    |
+| Appendix I – National/regional regulations on substance use and battery rules .....             | 4    |
+| Appendix II – Proposed charge/discharge cycle conditions for lithium-ion battery chemistry..... | 5    |
+| Appendix III – Counterfeit batteries .....                                                      | 6    |
+| Appendix IV – Recycling criteria suggestions .....                                              | 7    |
+| IV.1 General requirements.....                                                                  | 7    |
+| Appendix V – National standards on green batteries.....                                         | 8    |
+| Bibliography.....                                                                               | 9    |
+
+# Introduction
+
+This Recommendation defines the requirements for utilizing existing standards that help to reduce the amount of e-waste material introduced into the environment over the service lifetime (including calendar life, number of cycles, thermal environment, etc.) of a battery relative to the service life of the portable electronic devices in which they are designed for use.
+
+In some countries, there is a demand to extend lifetime of handsets using replaceable green batteries to reduce global resources consumptions and preserve environment.
+
+Many companies are globally specialized in collection and reuse of mobile phones and other ICT products. These companies typically source new batteries from the manufacturer or other suppliers in order to meet consumer demand for such products. This model of refurbishment and re-use should contribute to reduce global resources consumptions and preserve environment.
+
+When considering e-waste resulting from batteries, the battery itself as well as the entire life cycle from manufacturing and materials to usage and disposal should be considered. One of the most sensitive parameters of this life cycle is the number of charge/discharge cycles, mainly how many times a battery can be charged and discharged for a given amount of capacity. The number of charge/discharge cycle is important because lower quality batteries tend to generate a significantly greater quantity of e-waste in the environment. This is because lower quality batteries tend to have lower numbers of charge/discharge cycles available, and therefore must be replaced more frequently.
+
+This Recommendation includes environmental considerations in the upstream supply chain, reliability and ecological design ("ecodesign") guidelines to help ensure longer lasting batteries with a reduced environmental impact over the entire life cycle, without compromising product safety.
+
+# Green battery solutions for mobile phones and other hand-held information and communication technology devices
+
+# 1 Scope
+
+This Recommendation describes the general requirements for green battery solutions for mobile phones, and other terminals able to connect to a mobile network and other hand-held information and communication technology (ICT) devices.
+
+This Recommendation applies to all battery chemistries utilised within the product described.
+
+This Recommendation aims at identifying green battery solutions. Some of the aspects considered include: environmental compliance, safety and reliability, lifetime, and ecodesign.
+
+Physical characteristics definitions are outside the scope of this Recommendation.
+
+## 2 References
+
+The following ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and other references are subject to revision; users of this Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and other references listed below. A list of the currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published. The reference to a document within this Recommendation does not give it, as a stand-alone document, the status of a Recommendation.
+
+- [ITU-T L.1410] Recommendation ITU-T L.1410 (2012), *Methodology for the assessment of the environmental impact of information and communication technology goods, networks and services*.
+- [IEC60950-1] IEC60950-1 Ed.2.2 (2013), *Information technology equipment – Safety – Part 1: General requirements*.
+- [IEC 61960] IEC 61960 Ed.2.0 (2011), *Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline and other non-acid electrolytes – Secondary lithium cells and batteries for portable applications*.
+
+# 3 Definitions
+
+This Recommendation defines the following terms:
+
+- 3.1 battery:** This is a common term to designate a two or more terminal devices consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy.
+- 3.2 battery cell:** It consists of an anode, cathode, separator and electrolyte.
+- 3.3 battery pack:** It consists of one or more battery cells and interconnections which provide connectivity between cells. In secondary batteries, battery packs can include semiconductor components such as temperature sensors and Zener diodes.
+- 3.4 counterfeit battery:** A battery that is not easily distinguishable from a genuine battery. It is usually purchased in an after-market, and it is possible that it is not equipped with protective devices necessary for the respect of the safety standard applicable to the battery.
+- 3.5 green battery:** A battery that has improved environmental performance compared to the previous generation of battery.
+- 3.6 lithium-ion batteries:** A battery containing lithium-ion polymer or other lithium-ion chemistry.
+- 3.7 secondary battery:** A rechargeable battery.
+
+# 4 Abbreviations and acronyms
+
+This Recommendation uses the following abbreviations and acronyms:
+
+|       |                                                                    |
+|-------|--------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| DoD   | Depth of Discharge                                                 |
+| ICT   | Information and Communication Technology                           |
+| Pb    | Lead                                                               |
+| PBB   | Poly Brominated Biphenyls                                          |
+| PBDE  | Poly Brominated DiphenylEthers                                     |
+| PTC   | Positive Temperature Coefficient resistor                          |
+| REACH | Registration, Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances |
+| RoHS  | Restrictions of Hazardous Substances                               |
+
+# 5 General requirements
+
+Each generation of battery (e.g., in mobile phones and other small consumer products) has typically less environmental impact than the previous generation due to changes in the material compositions, different chemical composition, increased capacity, smaller design footprint, etc. It is not possible to specify that a single design of battery is 'green'. The term can only be used in 'relative' terms compared to the previous generation of battery design, and not in an absolute sense.
+
+Parameters to be considered shall include:
+
+- Increased capacity, hence longer time between charges (for a given use pattern).
+- Reduced, or eliminated hazardous material content.
+- Incorporation of ecodesign principles.
+- The lifetime of battery as number of charge/discharge cycles.
+
+Such environmental enhancements must not compromise environmental compliance, product safety or reliability.
+
+Administrations need to control the end of life of batteries in order not to pollute the environment
+
+# 6 Ecodesign guidelines
+
+Ecodesign is a broad area. In general, ecodesign takes into account the design of products to minimize the environmental impact in the total life cycle, from raw material, manufacturing, distribution, use in the end product to disposal and recycling. International directives or standards exist that address some aspects that could be considered for ecodesign. For example, many countries already have legislation and/or policy in place to manage battery recycling at end of life. Such schemes include:
+
+- European battery directive [b-EU 2006/66/EC]
+- North America: Rechargeable battery recycling corporation (RBRC) recycle scheme
+- Japan: Portable rechargeable battery recycling centre (JBRC) and mobile recycle network (MRN)
+
+A detailed analysis of the environmental impact of a battery should be conducted in line with [ITU-T L.1410].
+
+## 6.1 Eco-label
+
+There are existing requirements for battery marking in order to reduce their environmental impact, including material content and 'recycling symbols'. Thus, there is no need for additional marking on the batteries.
+
+Eco-labels, as well as other regulatory certification marks, can often be easily copied by producers of counterfeit and substandard batteries; therefore, such labels do not prevent such batteries from being produced or placed on the market.
+
+## **6.2 Environmental compliance**
+
+A 'green battery' has undergone significant changes to minimize environmentally hazardous materials to below defined thresholds. Hazardous materials include but are not limited to lead (Pb), which has been a key material in microelectronic components and telecommunication equipment over many years.
+
+A 'green battery' has a list of banned and/or restricted materials with material content and disclosure thresholds based upon the weight percentage of similar homogeneous material in the component.
+
+The present requirements of restricted substances established by national regulations must be met by the green battery pack electronics (excluding battery chemistry).
+
+Green battery solutions shall:
+
+- not contain toxic materials,
+- not pollute the environment during the production process,
+- not exceed 0.1% as maximum concentration values tolerated by weight in homogeneous materials of the following materials: lead, mercury, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), and the maximum concentration values of cadmium tolerated by weight in homogeneous materials shall not exceed 0.01%.
+
+A list of some existing regulations is shown in Appendix I.
+
+# **7 Safety**
+
+Considering the large amount of lithium-ion batteries already in the field, while there have been a small number of incidents reported, their seriousness highlights some safety concerns. As the energy density continues to increase, more attention should be placed on product safety. In addition to ensuring safe operation, batteries need to be reliable, which means they have to be able to perform routinely under stated design conditions for an extended period of time.
+
+Green battery solutions shall have protective measures; the design of the battery shall prevent electric shock hazards, heat related hazards, mechanical hazards and the impact on the environment.
+
+Using green batteries in mobile phones and other hand-held ICT equipment should meet the requirements of the international safety standard [IEC 60950-1]; when necessary, the battery shall be randomly tested with the ICT terminal to check for safety conformance.
+
+The safety system of the green battery shall not only consider the safety of the battery in isolation (single element) but also the safety of the complete battery system and related cell phones.
+
+The green battery safety shall meet the requirements of international standards e.g., [b-IEC 62133] as well as be in conformance with country or regional battery safety standards.
+
+Transportation of lithium-ion batteries, such as transportation by air, shall follow the relevant available rules stipulated in the United Nations manual of test and criteria, chapter 38.3 [b-UN Manual of test].
+
+# **8 Lifetime requirement (reliability)**
+
+The lifetime of the battery is calculated in 'cycles'. The period of the cycle includes a charging and discharging process.
+
+As mentioned previously, long-lasting secondary batteries are able to withstand a large number of charge/discharge cycles without losing significant storage capacity after each cycle. A green battery shall withstand a minimum of 500 charge/discharge cycles (100% depth of discharge (DoD)) and retain at least 80% of its initial capacity specified by the manufacturer as described e.g., in [IEC 61960] with less than 10% cell/pack swelling.
+
+Appendix II describes proposed charge/discharge cycle conditions for lithium ion battery chemistry to estimate the battery lifetime.
+
+## Appendix I
+
+## National/regional regulations on substance use and battery rules
+
+(This appendix does not form an integral part of this Recommendation.)
+
+The following are some rules on restricted substance use:
+
+- The European directive for restrictions of hazardous substances (RoHS), [b-2011/65/EU], on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (also known as the 'EU RoHS directive recast'),
+- China Management Methods – Administrative measures on the control of pollution caused by electronic information products [b-China],
+- Korea RoHS – The act for recycling of electrical and electronic equipment and eutomobiles, Bill number 176319 [b-Korea].
+
+Other applicable battery rules:
+
+- The European Union's battery directive. [b-2006/66/EC]  
+The registration, authorization and restriction of chemical substances methodology (REACH) [b-EU EC 1907/2006]. The REACH methodology is intended to be used to determine if substances are hazardous, to evaluate the hazards and to determine the suitability of alternative (environmentally safer/greener) substances. In principle, once the REACH methodology has been applied, material restrictions should only be invoked through the implementation of the EU RoHS directive.
+
+## Appendix II
+
+## **Proposed charge/discharge cycle conditions for lithium-ion battery chemistry**
+
+(This appendix does not form an integral part of this Recommendation.)
+
+This appendix reports a test methodology to verify the battery lifetime.
+
+The test methodology is composed by the following steps, all conducted at room temperature.
+
+### **i) Measure fresh capacity using the method described in [IEC 61960]**
+
+- A) Charge as defined by manufacturer.
+- B) Perform discharge as defined by the manufacturer.
+- C) Record fresh capacity following in [IEC 61960] test.
+
+### **ii) Perform 500 charge and discharge cycles**
+
+- A) Charge as per manufacturer specifications.
+- B) Perform Discharge as per manufacturer specifications.
+- C) Repeat to 500 cycles. Measure IEC capacity at 300 and 500 cycles.
+
+### **iii) Compliance**
+
+- IEC capacity after 500 cycles charge and discharge shall exceed 80% of fresh IEC capacity.
+
+## Appendix III
+
+## Counterfeit batteries
+
+(This appendix does not form an integral part of this Recommendation.)
+
+Safety can also be compromised if the end user uses a counterfeit or substandard battery. Such batteries are typically of a low quality.
+
+Some of the attributes that a low quality battery could show:
+
+- Poor cycle life, rapid capacity degradation and/or high swelling;
+- Poor cell manufacturing quality processes which could result in inconsistent capacity and/or particle contamination;
+- Poor cell safety, risk of fire or explosion due to a poor assembly process or cell design where safety design is compromised;
+- Poor battery pack safety due to faulty or non-existent temperature sensors and/or over current/short circuit protection.
+
+As a result, counterfeit and substandard batteries can be hazardous, and fail prematurely. Premature failure typically generates an increased environmental impact.
+
+For this reason, these batteries are not necessarily a better value due to their reduced lifespan, and may pose increased safety and environmental impacts.
+
+Therefore, it is important that administrations/regulators impose sufficient controls on counterfeit and substandard batteries, in order to ensure that only batteries meeting the required product safety and quality standards are placed on the market.
+
+## Appendix IV
+
+## Recycling criteria suggestions
+
+(This appendix does not form an integral part of this Recommendation.)
+
+### IV.1 General requirements
+
+The recycling activity should respect the rules/regulations that are in force in the country.
+
+Some national/regional regulations require end users to affix a special mark/label on the battery to identify the item for suitability of recycling process, and/or to encourage end users not to recycle waste batteries and not to dispose of them in household waste.
+
+The battery should be marked to identify the principle battery chemistry (e.g., 'lithium-ion battery').
+
+#### IV.1.1 Collection
+
+The collection of waste lithium-ion batteries should address the issue of safety. The container should be equipped with the necessary safety measures.
+
+#### IV.1.2 Transportation
+
+During packing and transportation of wasted lithium-ion batteries, the structural integrity and safety should be guaranteed. Any broken or smashed wasted batteries are not acceptable in order to prevent pollution of harmful elements in the waste battery.
+
+The container used to store and ship the wasted batteries should be designed according to the features of the batteries. They should not be easy to damage or deform. The material used should prevent leakage and diffusion of harmful elements; a logo used to identify the container is needed; the container should be equipped with safety measures and the transportation operator should establish an emergency plan in accordance with national legislation (e.g., health and safety law).
+
+#### IV.1.3 Storage
+
+Waste batteries should not be stacked in open areas; the waste batteries should be kept away from hot environments.
+
+The container used as a storage facility should be corrosion resistant, overpressure resistant, hermetic, fireproof, explosion proof, electrically insulated, heat-insulated and should be intact. In the process of storage, the wasted lithium-ion battery should not be dismantled, rolled or undergo any other crushing operation, and should ensure the enclosure integrity of the wasted lithium-ion battery to guarantee safety.
+
+#### IV.1.4 Disposal
+
+Disassembly of the battery: The battery can be dismantled as encapsulation materials, protective circuit boards, wires, tabs, positive temperature coefficient (PTC) resistors, lithium-ion battery cells, etc., and be disposed according to respective characteristics.
+
+## **Appendix V**
+
+## **National standards on green batteries**
+
+(This appendix does not form an integral part of this Recommendation.)
+
+This Recommendation should be considered by administrations during the development of national standards on batteries.
+
+## Bibliography
+
+- [b-2009/125/EC] Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-related products (recast).
+- [b-2011/65/EU] European Union Directive 2011/65/EU on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (the 'EU RoHS Directive Recast').
+- [b-China] China Management Methods – Administrative Measures on the Control of Pollution Caused by Electronic Information Products.
+- [b-EU EC 1907/2006] Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No. 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC.
+- [b-EU 2006/66/EC] Directive 2006/66/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 September 2006 on batteries and accumulators and waste batteries and accumulators and repealing Directive 91/157/EEC.
+- [b-IATA ] IATA 2013 (2012), *Lithium Battery Guidance Document-2013*, October.
+- [b-IEC 62133] IEC 62133 Ed. 2.0 (2012), *Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline other non-acid electrolytes – Safety requirements for portable sealed secondary cells, and for batteries made from them, for use in portable applications*.
+- [b-IEC 62281] IEC 62281 Ed. 2.0 (2012), *Safety of Primary and Secondary Lithium Cells and Batteries during Transport*.
+- [b-IEEE 1625] IEEE 1625-2008, *IEEE Standard for Rechargeable Batteries for Multi-Cell Mobile Computing Devices*.
+- [b-IEEE 1725] IEEE 1725-2011, *IEEE Standard for Rechargeable Batteries for Cellular Telephones*.
+- [b-JIS C8714] JIS C8714, *Safety Tests for Portable Lithium-Ion Secondary Cells and Batteries for Use in Portable Electronic Applications*.
+- [b-Korea] Korea RoHS – *The Act for Resource Recycling of Electrical and Electronic Equipment and Automobiles*, Bill number 176319.
+- [b-UL 1642] UL 1642 (2012), *Standard for Lithium Batteries*.
+- [b-UN Manual of test] United Nations Manual of Tests and Criteria (2011): chapter 38.3: *Lithium metal and lithium ion batteries rev5 Amendment 1*.
+
+
+
+
+
+## SERIES OF ITU-T RECOMMENDATIONS
+
+|                 |                                                                                                |
+|-----------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Series A        | Organization of the work of ITU-T                                                              |
+| Series D        | General tariff principles                                                                      |
+| Series E        | Overall network operation, telephone service, service operation and human factors              |
+| Series F        | Non-telephone telecommunication services                                                       |
+| Series G        | Transmission systems and media, digital systems and networks                                   |
+| Series H        | Audiovisual and multimedia systems                                                             |
+| Series I        | Integrated services digital network                                                            |
+| Series J        | Cable networks and transmission of television, sound programme and other multimedia signals    |
+| Series K        | Protection against interference                                                                |
+| <b>Series L</b> | <b>Construction, installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant</b> |
+| Series M        | Telecommunication management, including TMN and network maintenance                            |
+| Series N        | Maintenance: international sound programme and television transmission circuits                |
+| Series O        | Specifications of measuring equipment                                                          |
+| Series P        | Terminals and subjective and objective assessment methods                                      |
+| Series Q        | Switching and signalling                                                                       |
+| Series R        | Telegraph transmission                                                                         |
+| Series S        | Telegraph services terminal equipment                                                          |
+| Series T        | Terminals for telematic services                                                               |
+| Series U        | Telegraph switching                                                                            |
+| Series V        | Data communication over the telephone network                                                  |
+| Series X        | Data networks, open system communications and security                                         |
+| Series Y        | Global information infrastructure, Internet protocol aspects and next-generation networks      |
+| Series Z        | Languages and general software aspects for telecommunication systems                           |

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+
+
+# Recommendation **ITU-T L.1011 (09/2025)**
+
+SERIES L: Environment and ICTs, climate change, e-waste, energy efficiency; construction, installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant
+
+E-waste and circular economy
+
+## **Guidelines for the durability assessment of lithium-ion batteries**
+
+![ITU logo](0538daaa5583c23e17db3a12f2281a55_img.jpg)
+
+ITU logo
+
+## ITU-T L-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS
+
+### **Environment and ICTs, climate change, e-waste, energy efficiency; construction, installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant**
+
+|                                                        |                      |
+|--------------------------------------------------------|----------------------|
+| OPTICAL FIBRE CABLES                                   | L.100-L.199          |
+| Cable structure and characteristics                    | L.100-L.124          |
+| Cable evaluation                                       | L.125-L.149          |
+| Guidance and installation technique                    | L.150-L.199          |
+| OPTICAL INFRASTRUCTURES                                | L.200-L.299          |
+| Infrastructure including node elements (except cables) | L.200-L.249          |
+| General aspects and network design                     | L.250-L.299          |
+| MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION                              | L.300-L.399          |
+| Optical fibre cable maintenance                        | L.300-L.329          |
+| Infrastructure maintenance                             | L.330-L.349          |
+| Operation support and infrastructure management        | L.350-L.379          |
+| Disaster management                                    | L.380-L.399          |
+| PASSIVE OPTICAL DEVICES                                | L.400-L.429          |
+| MARINIZED TERRESTRIAL CABLES                           | L.430-L.449          |
+| <b>E-WASTE AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY</b>                    | <b>L.1000-L.1199</b> |
+| POWER FEEDING AND ENERGY STORAGE                       | L.1200-L.1299        |
+| ENERGY EFFICIENCY, SMART ENERGY AND GREEN DATA CENTRES | L.1300-L.1399        |
+| ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES OF ICTS AND CO2 TRAJECTORIES  | L.1400-L.1499        |
+| ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE                           | L.1500-L.1599        |
+| CIRCULAR AND SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES        | L.1600-L.1699        |
+| LOW COST SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE                    | L.1700-L.1799        |
+
+*For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations.*
+
+# Recommendation ITU-T L.1011
+
+# **Guidelines for the durability assessment of lithium-ion batteries**
+
+## **Summary**
+
+Recommendation ITU-T L.1011 describes the importance of improving the durability of lithium-ion batteries at different stages of the product life cycle. Durability assessment methods for lithium-ion batteries are given, including specific suggestions for improving durability in different evaluation dimensions. Finally, through the development of product durability evaluation indicators and grading, this Recommendation provides specific guidance references for users to assess the durability of lithium-ion batteries.
+
+## **History<sup>\*</sup>**
+
+| Edition | Recommendation | Approval   | Study Group | Unique ID          |
+|---------|----------------|------------|-------------|--------------------|
+| 1.0     | ITU-T L.1011   | 2025-09-22 | 5           | 11.1002/1000/16408 |
+
+## **Keywords**
+
+Durability assessment, lithium-ion battery.
+
+---
+
+<sup>\*</sup> To access the Recommendation, type the URL <https://handle.itu.int/> in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendation's unique ID.
+
+## FOREWORD
+
+The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, and information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis.
+
+The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics.
+
+The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1.
+
+In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-T's purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC.
+
+### NOTE
+
+In this Recommendation, the expression "Administration" is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency.
+
+Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words "shall" or some other obligatory language such as "must" and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party.
+
+## INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
+
+ITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendation development process.
+
+As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents/software copyrights, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the appropriate ITU-T databases available via the ITU-T website at <https://www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/>.
+
+© ITU 2025
+
+All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU.
+
+## Table of Contents
+
+|                                                                 | Page |
+|-----------------------------------------------------------------|------|
+| 1 Scope.....                                                    | 1    |
+| 2 References.....                                               | 1    |
+| 3 Definitions .....                                             | 1    |
+| 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere .....                               | 1    |
+| 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation.....                   | 2    |
+| 4 Abbreviations and acronyms .....                              | 2    |
+| 5 Conventions .....                                             | 2    |
+| 6 Introduction.....                                             | 2    |
+| 7 Features of lithium-ion batteries .....                       | 3    |
+| 8 Improving the durability of lithium-ion batteries .....       | 3    |
+| 8.1 Design stage.....                                           | 3    |
+| 8.2 Manufacturing stage .....                                   | 3    |
+| 8.3 Use stage.....                                              | 4    |
+| 8.4 Recycling stage.....                                        | 4    |
+| 9 Durability assessment methods for lithium-ion batteries ..... | 4    |
+| 9.1 Durability analysis.....                                    | 4    |
+| 9.2 Durability evaluation dimensions.....                       | 5    |
+| 10 Indicators for durability assessment .....                   | 8    |
+| 10.1 Evaluation indicators .....                                | 8    |
+| 10.2 Level assessment .....                                     | 10   |
+| 11 Documenting the assessment of durability .....               | 10   |
+| Bibliography.....                                               | 11   |
+
+
+
+# Recommendation ITU-T L.1011
+
+## Guidelines for the durability assessment of lithium-ion batteries
+
+## 1 Scope
+
+This Recommendation focuses on establishing guidelines for the durability assessment of lithium-ion batteries. This involves improving the durability of lithium-ion batteries at different stages of the product life cycle, and includes durability evaluation methods and specific suggestions for improving durability in different evaluation dimensions. Evaluation indicators and grading are also proposed.
+
+## 2 References
+
+The following ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and other references are subject to revision; users of this Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and other references listed below. A list of the currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published. The reference to a document within this Recommendation does not give it, as a standalone document, the status of a Recommendation.
+
+[[ITU-T L.1023](#)] Recommendation ITU-T L.1023 (2023), *Assessment method for circularity performance scoring*.
+
+[[ITU-T L.1035](#)] Recommendation ITU-T L.1035 (2022), *Sustainable management of batteries*.
+
+[EN 45552] EN 45552:2020, *General method for the assessment of the durability of energy-related products*.
+
+[EN 45553] EN 45553:2020, *General method for the assessment of the ability to remanufacture energy-related products*.
+
+## 3 Definitions
+
+### 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere
+
+This Recommendation uses the following terms defined elsewhere:
+
+**3.1.1 disassembly** [b-ITU-T L.1022]: Process whereby a product is taken apart in such a way that it could subsequently be reassembled and made operational.
+
+**3.1.2 durability** [b-ITU-T L.1022]: Ability <of a part or a product> to function as required, under defined conditions of use, maintenance and repair, until a limiting state is reached.
+
+NOTE 1 – The degree to which maintenance and repair are within scope of durability will vary by product or product group.
+
+NOTE 2 – The final limiting state has to be defined by the user of [EN 45552].
+
+**3.1.3 life cycle** [b-ITU-T L.1410]: Consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system, from raw material acquisition or generation from natural resources to final disposal.
+
+**3.1.4 lithium-ion battery** [b-IEC 60050-482]: Secondary battery with an organic solvent electrolyte and positive and negative electrodes which utilize an intercalation compound in which lithium is stored.
+
+NOTE – A lithium-ion battery does not contain lithium metal.
+
+**3.1.5 reliability** [EN 45552]: Probability that a product functions as required under given conditions, including maintenance, for a given duration without limiting event.
+
+NOTE 1 – The intended function(s) and given conditions are described in the information for use provided with the product.
+
+NOTE 2 – Duration can be expressed in units appropriate to the part or product concerned, e.g., calendar time, operating cycles, distance run, etc. The units should always be clearly stated.
+
+**3.1.6 remanufacturing** [EN 45553]: Industrial process which produces a product from used products or used parts where at least one change is made which influences the safety, original performance, purpose or type of the product.
+
+**3.1.7 repair** [b-ITU-T L.1022]: Process of restoring a faulty product to a condition where it can fulfil its intended use.
+
+**3.1.8 service life** [b-IEC 60050-482]: Total period of useful life of a cell or a battery in operation.
+
+NOTE – For secondary cells and batteries, the service life may be expressed in time, number of charge/discharge cycles, or capacity in ampere hours (Ah).
+
+### 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation
+
+None.
+
+## 4 Abbreviations and acronyms
+
+This Recommendation uses the following abbreviations and acronyms:
+
+|       |                                                |
+|-------|------------------------------------------------|
+| DFMEA | Design Failure Mode and Effects Analysis       |
+| FMEA  | Failure Mode and Effects Analysis              |
+| FMECA | Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis |
+| ICT   | Information and Communication Technology       |
+| LMT   | Light Mobility Transport                       |
+| PFMEA | Process Failure Modes and Effects Analysis     |
+
+## 5 Conventions
+
+None.
+
+## 6 Introduction
+
+From mobile phones that people cannot live without every day to energy storage power supplies and power batteries for smart cars, lithium-ion batteries are widely used in the information and communication technology (ICT) field and other industries as important product accessories. At present, the situation with global climate change and carbon emission reduction is severe. Improving the durability of the product will be more beneficial to the environment.
+
+The idea is that improving the durability of lithium-ion batteries should run through the entire life cycle of the product, from the extraction of raw materials, the batching of positive and negative electrodes and coating, to the use of producing equipment and the environmental control of factories. In improving the durability of lithium-ion batteries, where and how the batteries are used, how they are recycled and how they are reused as electrochemical products should be considered.
+
+For business, batteries are electrochemical energy products. There is a safety risk of fire and explosion due to its electrochemical properties. This also means that companies must ensure product safety while improving product performance. Improving durability requires comprehensive consideration of performance parameters (e.g., increasing the energy density of lithium-ion batteries may lead to a decrease in the safety of these batteries).
+
+When using lithium-ion batteries, users should use them correctly, according to the manufacturer's recommended methods, to avoid unintended abuse of the batteries. At the end of the service life of the lithium-ion battery, it should be handed over to a qualified enterprise to recycle the product. [ITU-T L.1035] provides guidance on the sustainable management of batteries used in ICT equipment and the environmentally responsible management of waste batteries from ICT products, including waste prevention, minimization, recycling, recovery and final disposal.
+
+## 7 Features of lithium-ion batteries
+
+A lithium-ion battery is a secondary battery (rechargeable battery) that mainly relies on the movement of lithium-ions through the separator between the positive and negative electrodes to work, as shown in Figure 1.
+
+![A 3D perspective diagram of a battery cell showing three stacked rectangular layers labeled Anode (top), Separator (middle), and Cathode (bottom). The stack is positioned within a 3D coordinate system with a vertical Z-axis, a horizontal X-axis to the right, and a diagonal Y-axis pointing down and left. The reference code L.1011(25) is printed to the right of the diagram.](c37fe03d7cad74ad675a0eb16aa43821_img.jpg)
+
+A 3D perspective diagram of a battery cell showing three stacked rectangular layers labeled Anode (top), Separator (middle), and Cathode (bottom). The stack is positioned within a 3D coordinate system with a vertical Z-axis, a horizontal X-axis to the right, and a diagonal Y-axis pointing down and left. The reference code L.1011(25) is printed to the right of the diagram.
+
+**Figure 1 – Electrodes and separator [b-IEEE 1725]**
+
+Lithium-ion batteries consist of any number of lithium-ion cells, associated electronics, battery packaging and connector(s). Some lithium-ion batteries also have battery management systems, especially in industrial application.
+
+Lithium-ion batteries have high energy density, high average output voltage, small self-discharge and no memory effect. However, the chemical characteristics of lithium-ion batteries are active and special attention should be paid to safety in use. Lithium-ion batteries have become one of the most widely used types of secondary batteries in the world.
+
+## 8 Improving the durability of lithium-ion batteries
+
+### 8.1 Design stage
+
+In the design stage of lithium-ion batteries, enterprises should increase the awareness of product durability. Before manufacturing, product design is the source of improving product durability. Once mass-produced as a finished product, the product's performance has been fixed. It is better to improve durability in the earlier stage.
+
+### 8.2 Manufacturing stage
+
+The durability of a product is closely related to the manufacturing stage of the product, from product process control and factory engineering management, including product finalization, to mass production of finished products, for service life, reliability, electromagnetic compatibility performance, environmental adaptability, and interoperability with terminals that use batteries. At
+
+this stage, enterprises have many opportunities to analyse and verify the durability of the products and provide better solutions.
+
+### 8.3 Use stage
+
+When the lithium-ion battery enters the stage of use, the product is already formed. During use, it should be used correctly, in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. To improve the durability of the use stage, users must first avoid potential safety hazards. Due to the chemical characteristics of lithium-ion batteries, enough attention must be paid to their safety. Once the lithium-ion battery has a safety problem, it will directly lead to the end of the life of the product. Second, the performance degradation must be slowed down. The performance degradation of lithium-ion batteries in normal use is inevitable. To improve durability at this stage, users need to use the batteries in the right way and develop good battery maintenance habits. Non-user replaceable batteries should be replaced or repaired by professionals.
+
+### 8.4 Recycling stage
+
+A complete recycling system should be established, involving the efficient recycling and reuse of energy products. The ability to remanufacture can be assessed with reference to the standard [EN 45553].
+
+## 9 Durability assessment methods for lithium-ion batteries
+
+### 9.1 Durability analysis
+
+Durability analysis should take into account the different performance dimensions of the product, i.e., consider it comprehensively, from different characteristics and perspectives. The use terminal and usage scenarios of lithium-ion batteries also affect their durability.
+
+The concept of reliability can be introduced into the durability analysis process. Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), failure mode, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA), process failure modes and effects analysis (PFMEA), design failure mode and effects analysis (DFMEA) or equivalent analysis may be employed to identify failure modes, failure mechanisms, failure locations and the components involved in the failure of each analysis function, to assess reliability. The durability analysis can comprehensively consider the applicable environmental and operating conditions and performance parameters. If feasible, the value and location of the parameters should be determined; for the dimension of durability evaluation, appropriate damage models and acceleration coefficients can be used to determine the parameters of each evaluation dimension. For the general method for the assessment, the standard [EN 45552] can be referred to. Table 1 summarizes the goal of durability assessment and provides examples of some tools.
+
+**Table 1 – Durability assessment goal and tool examples**
+
+| Goal                                                                           | Tool examples                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
+|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Improving the durability of lithium-ion batteries through testing and analysis | Damage modelling as well as durability calculations ([b-IEC 60605-4], [b-IEC 61709], [b-IEC 60300-3-5], [b-IEC 62308]).<br>Accelerated testing ([b-IEC 62506], [b-IEC 60605-1]).<br>Failure mode analysis: FMEA, FMECA, PFMEA, DFMEA.<br>Reliability and durability analysis ([EN 45552]). |
+
+### 9.2 Durability evaluation dimensions
+
+#### 9.2.1 Service life
+
+As an important influence factor in the evaluation of the durability of lithium-ion batteries, the service life can be studied as a quantitative parameter. There are many types of materials used in lithium-ion batteries (e.g., lithium cobaltate, lithium-ion phosphate and ternary materials). Different materials and different electrochemical properties lead to different service life. Lithium-ion batteries should have different service life according to different application areas (if necessary, according to different product categories in different application areas). Products achieving a higher service life, which serves as an important indicator for assessing durability, should be encouraged.
+
+NOTE – Some international standards are given for different application areas.
+
+Lithium-ion batteries for industrial applications: battery 0.5ItA charge/discharge, after 500 complete cycles, the battery capacity is not less than 60% of the rated capacity [b-IEC 62620].
+
+Portable lithium-ion battery: battery 0.5ItA charge/discharge, 400 cycles of cell, 300 cycles of battery, discharge capacity is not less than 60% of the rated capacity [b-IEC 61960-3].
+
+The company can establish its own internal standards for its products based on meeting international standards, such as Huawei base station energy storage battery product internal test standard: 35 °C 0.5C/0.5C 1 000 cycles, the remaining capacity is not less than 70% of the initial capacity.
+
+Summarize the application characteristics for the lithium-ion battery used. Analyse the effect of voltage, current, temperature and other parameters on the health and cycles of the battery, especially the effect of chemistry current and high and low temperature conditions on battery capacity. It is also possible to compare the situation between different materials. Aggregate the structural damage of high temperature, high current, high voltage and other conditions on material stability. Based on the stresses, such as charge/discharge current, ambient temperature and humidity as parameters in the use of lithium-ion batteries, the damage life model of lithium-ion batteries is constructed. The cycle test of lithium-ion batteries is a kind of accelerated aging test. It is an important basis for constructing the damage model.
+
+Service life is an important evaluation dimension of lithium-ion battery durability. For an ideal battery, the volume balance does not change during the cycle and the initial capacity in each cycle should be a certain value. However, in practice, the situation is much more complicated. Any side reaction that can generate or consume lithium ions can cause a change in the capacity balance of the battery and, once the capacity balance of the battery is changed, the change is irreversible and can accumulate over multiple cycles, having a serious impact on the cycling performance of the battery, and thus affecting its durability.
+
+There are many factors that affect the service life of lithium-ion batteries and companies should analyse the mechanism of the capacity decline of the product characteristics for their own lithium-ion battery. From different perspectives, such as material selection, formulation of ingredients, manufacturing process, manufacturing environment, performance development and improvement, targeted measures are taken to slow down the trend of lithium-ion battery capacity decline and improve the service life of lithium-ion batteries. Thus, the durability of lithium-ion batteries is improved.
+
+#### 9.2.2 Environmental adaptability
+
+Environmental adaptability can be assessed with battery-operated equipment through product environmental standards.
+
+The environmental adaptability of a lithium-ion battery is the ability to achieve all of its intended functions and performance without damage under the various environmental influences it may encounter during its life cycle. The ability of a lithium-ion battery to adapt to its environment directly affects its durability. This is an important part of the durability assessment.
+
+Any lithium-ion battery product is used, transported and stored in a certain environment and under certain environmental conditions. Therefore, no situation can be separated from the influence of the environment. These environments include temperature, humidity, electromagnetic environment, electrostatic environment, shock and vibration. When assessing the adaptability, the state of the lithium-ion battery product and the impact of different environments should be fully considered. See Figure 2.
+
+![Diagram showing the interaction between product status and environment. Two tables are connected by a double-headed arrow. The left table lists 'Status' with 'Working status', 'Storage condition', 'Transport process', and a blank row. The right table lists 'Environment' with 'Vibration', 'Shock', 'Drops', 'Temperature', 'Humidity', 'Electromagnetic environment', 'Static electricity', 'Crush', and a blank row.](007b053fe94a8348f75128a584503fd0_img.jpg)
+
+| Status            |
+|-------------------|
+| Working status    |
+| Storage condition |
+| Transport process |
+|                   |
+
+➠
+
+| Environment                 |
+|-----------------------------|
+| Vibration                   |
+| Shock                       |
+| Drops                       |
+| Temperature                 |
+| Humidity                    |
+| Electromagnetic environment |
+| Static electricity          |
+| Crush                       |
+|                             |
+
+L.1011(25)
+
+Diagram showing the interaction between product status and environment. Two tables are connected by a double-headed arrow. The left table lists 'Status' with 'Working status', 'Storage condition', 'Transport process', and a blank row. The right table lists 'Environment' with 'Vibration', 'Shock', 'Drops', 'Temperature', 'Humidity', 'Electromagnetic environment', 'Static electricity', 'Crush', and a blank row.
+
+**Figure 2 – The interaction between the product state and the environment**
+
+The source of the level of environmental adaptability of a company's products is the environmental test design. The design should have various protective measures for the product. The simulation tests of extreme environments are used to find ways to improve the durability of the product. The minimum requirements should meet the environmental adaptability standards corresponding to the product.
+
+There are many degrees of impact of various environmental conditions on the performance and reliability of lithium-ion batteries. (For example, lithium-ion batteries are less affected by humidity than by temperature). In terms of severity, under the influence of various environmental conditions, there are the following degrees: mild case – resulting in product performance degradation and parameter drift; moderate case – resulting in product material corrosion, structural changes and component degradation; severe case – safety is reduced, even directly causing fire, explosions and other hazards. All of these can be used as influencing factors in the environmental adaptation part of the product when constructing the model analysis.
+
+#### 9.2.3 Battery safety protection
+
+Battery safety protection is a fundamental dimension of battery durability evaluation. In the event of a safety issue with the product, it will directly lead to the termination of the durability of the product. In order to examine the basic quality of lithium-ion battery products, various countries and regions have developed safety standards for lithium-ion batteries and even introduced regulatory requirements. Lithium-ion batteries must meet the safety standards of the corresponding sales destination countries and regions, to ensure their safe use. Redundant protection of battery safety, higher safety standards of companies for their own products, and complementary interoperability safety requirements with products that use batteries can all be used as higher evaluation dimensions.
+
+#### **9.2.4 Evaluation of battery maintainability**
+
+Battery maintainability includes the process of restoring a defective/faulty battery pack/system or part of a battery pack/system to a condition that is capable of meeting its intended use (including taking apart tools, troubleshooting and fault recovery methods). The higher the repairability of the battery and module, the higher the durability of the battery.
+
+An assessment of the maintainability of a battery's key metrics could focus on the degree of availability of maintenance infrastructure, and consumables and wear-out parts that are expected to be replaced periodically by the battery product.
+
+Some countries and regions internationally have incorporated regulations for battery maintainability. The European Union's new battery law requires that, for light mobility transport (LMT) batteries (covering scooters and e-bike batteries), end users must be able to easily remove all such batteries. In addition, independent service centres (not necessarily associated with the manufacturer) must be able to replace batteries. Manufacturers will need to provide a service manual for each battery. They also need to guarantee that spare parts will be available for 10 years from the last time the battery was placed on the market.
+
+Companies should pay attention to the maintainability of batteries, to improve their durability. Enterprises should improve the maintainability management of lithium-ion battery products and prepare user manuals or maintenance manuals containing guidance on repairing; a list of common fault alarms; and the content of the diagnosis and recovery procedures. The above-mentioned content should be made public. Companies should facilitate parts supply, provide quality training to their personnel and enhance the durability of products by improving maintainability.
+
+#### **9.2.5 Battery management system and key information management**
+
+The battery management system should have the ability to intelligently manage and maintain individual battery cells. It is an important tool for preventing over-charging and over-discharging of the battery, extending the life of the battery, and monitoring battery information. The battery management system manages the status of the battery in real time and can effectively extend the durability of the battery, by providing timely warnings of problems and timely investigation and maintenance.
+
+Companies should emphasize the intelligence, reliability and maintainability of the battery management system. The availability of software and firmware updates and upgrades in the battery management system can be used as an evaluation parameter for this dimension. Enterprises should update and upgrade software and firmware in a timely manner, and improve the management efficiency and stability of the battery management system.
+
+Key information management should focus on the integrity, disclosure and sharing of basic battery information. From 18 February 2027, the use of battery passports will be promoted in EU regulations and more information about batteries will be entered into an online database.
+
+Companies should consider the management of key information about batteries as a fundamental dimension of battery durability as well as basic safety protection.
+
+Battery chemistry, the use of standard chemistry categories, quantities of key materials, battery specifications, disassembly or exploded views, a technical maintenance manual with warnings to guide the detailed disassembly of the product, a list of necessary disassembly procedures and test equipment, a description of the software and data formats used (computer language/software architecture), details of the battery structure, etc. should all be transparently available when necessary. The user manual should be readily available.
+
+## 10 Indicators for durability assessment
+
+### 10.1 Evaluation indicators
+
+The evaluation indicators for lithium-ion batteries include service life, environmental adaptability, battery safety protection, battery maintainability, battery management system and key information management, as detailed in Table 2. The section on durability assessment in [ITU-T L.1023] provides references for this section.
+
+NOTE – Lithium-ion battery products have different types and different usage scenarios, and their relevance to the evaluation indicators and the degree of importance of the indicators to them are also different. Users can choose the corresponding evaluation indicators according to the actual products.
+
+**Table 2 – Guidance for each indicator**
+
+| <b>Evaluation indicator</b>                              | <b>Hints to defining the criteria for the indicator</b>                                                               | <b>Level assessment (A, B, C, D)</b>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                |
+|----------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Battery management system and key information management | Software and firmware updates and upgrades availability.<br>Transparent access to key battery information management. | A – Software and firmware updates and upgrades availability can be categorized as long-term (class A, i.e., for a duration of time that reflects the expected maximum useful life of the product, cf. [b-EN 45554]). Transparent access to key battery information management.                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
+|                                                          |                                                                                                                       | B – Software and firmware updates and upgrades availability can be categorized as mid-term (class B, i.e., for a duration of time that reflects the expected average useful life of the product, cf. [b-EN 45554]). Transparent access to key battery information management.                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
+|                                                          |                                                                                                                       | C – Software and firmware updates and upgrades availability can be categorized as short-term (class C, i.e., available during a period of two years after the time of sale of the product, cf. [b-EN 45554]). Transparent access to key battery information management.                                                                                                                                                                                                             |
+|                                                          |                                                                                                                       | D – No information on the duration of availability (class D, cf. [b-EN 45554]) is provided on software and firmware updates and upgrades availability. Key battery information management is not transparently available.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           |
+| Battery safety protection                                | Basic battery safety and safety upgrades                                                                              | A – Compliance with international standards [b-IEC 62133-2] [b-IEC 62619] or [b-UN38.3] and national standards for battery products and meets the safety requirements for interoperability with products using batteries. Meanwhile, it meets the higher safety standards proposed by the enterprise and has safety redundancy design. After a certain service life of the battery, it still meets the safety test indicators set by the enterprise.                                |
+|                                                          |                                                                                                                       | B – Compliance with international standards [b-IEC 62133-2], [b-IEC 62619] or [b-UN38.3] and national standards for battery products and meets the safety requirements for interoperability with products using batteries. Meanwhile, it meets the higher safety standards proposed by the enterprise and has safety redundancy design. However, after a certain service life, the battery has not been verified or does not meet the safety test indicators set by the enterprise. |
+|                                                          |                                                                                                                       | C – Compliance with international standards [b-IEC 62133-2] [b-IEC 62619] or [b-UN38.3] and national standards for battery products and meets the safety requirements for interoperability with products using batteries. However, the enterprise has not formulated enterprise standards for higher safety requirements and, after a certain service life of the battery, the enterprise has not formulated safety test indicators to verify safety.                               |
+|                                                          |                                                                                                                       | D – The products cannot pass international standards [b-IEC 62133-2] [b-IEC 62619] or [b-UN38.3] or national standards.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |
+
+**Table 2 – Guidance for each indicator**
+
+| Evaluation indicator               | Hints to defining the criteria for the indicator                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                | Level assessment (A, B, C, D)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+|------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Battery maintainability            | <p>Availability of consumables and wear-out parts expected to be replaced periodically.</p> <p>Availability of maintenance infrastructure.</p>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  | <p>A – Consumables and wear-out parts expected to be replaced periodically can be categorized as publicly available (class A in [b-EN 45554]) or as available to independent maintenance service providers (class B in [b-EN 45554]).</p>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
+|                                    |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 | <p>B – Consumables and wear-out parts expected to be replaced periodically can be categorized as available to manufacturer-authorized maintenance service providers (class C in [b-EN 45554]).</p>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               |
+|                                    |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 | <p>C – Consumables and wear-out parts expected to be replaced periodically can be categorized as available to the manufacturer only (class D in [b-EN 45554]).</p>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               |
+|                                    |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 | <p>D – Consumables and wear-out parts expected to be replaced periodically can be categorized as not available (class E in [b-EN 45554]).<br/>No maintenance infrastructure is offered by the manufacturer.</p>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
+| Battery environmental adaptability | <p>Examples of standards which can be considered (to be assessed depending on the type of battery-operated equipment and the environment in which the product is intended to be used).</p> <p>ETSI EN 300 019-x-y series; for environmental requirements (temperature, humidity, rain, mechanical, etc.).</p> <p>IEC 60721-3-X series for environmental requirements (temperature, humidity, rain, mechanical, etc.).</p> <p>[b-ETSI ES 201 468] or [b-ITU-T K.20], [b-ITU-T K.21], [b-ITU-T K.44] and [b-ITU-T K.45] for robustness to electromagnetic voltage transients.</p> | <p>A – The product's design features have better characteristics than the minimum requirements for the environmental class in which the product is intended to be used, and comply with the enhanced requirements (example: a product intended to be used in non-weather protected locations and satisfies the requirements of class 4.1E (extended severity level) of [b-EN 300 019-1-4], instead of class 4.1 (minimum severity level), and complies with the enhanced requirements of [b-ITU-T K.20], [b-ITU-T K.21] and [b-ITU-T K.45]).</p> |
+|                                    |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 | <p>B – The product's design features' characteristics comply with the minimum requirements for the environmental class in which the product is intended to be used (example: a product intended to be used in non-weather protected locations and satisfies the requirements of class 4.1 of [b-EN 300 019-1-4] and complies with the basic requirements of [b-ITU-T K.20], [b-ITU-T K.21] and [b-ITU-T K.45]).</p>                                                                                                                              |
+|                                    |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 | <p>C – The product's design features' characteristics comply with most of the minimum requirements for the environmental class in which the product is intended to be used (example: a product intended to be used in non-weather protected locations and satisfies the requirements of class 4.1 of [b-EN 300 019-1-4] but does not comply with the basic resistibility requirements of [b-ITU-T K.20], [b-ITU-T K.21] and [b-ITU-T K.45]).</p>                                                                                                 |
+|                                    |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 | <p>D – The product's design features' characteristics do not comply with several of the minimum requirements for the environmental class in which the product is intended to be used (example: a product intended to be used in non-weather protected locations and does not satisfy the chemical active substances (corrosion) requirements of any class of [b-EN 300 019-1-4] and does not comply with the basic resistibility requirements of [b-ITU-T K.20], [b-ITU-T K.21] and [b-ITU-T K.45]).</p>                                         |
+
+**Table 2 – Guidance for each indicator**
+
+| <b>Evaluation indicator</b> | <b>Hints to defining the criteria for the indicator</b> | <b>Level assessment (A, B, C, D)</b>                                                             |
+|-----------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Battery service life        | Batteries for portable ICT goods<br>[b-IEC 61960-3]     | A – For Li: battery pack is chargeable to >80% of its original design capacity after 300 cycles. |
+|                             |                                                         | B – For Li: battery pack is chargeable to >70% of its original design capacity after 300 cycles. |
+|                             |                                                         | C – For Li: battery pack is chargeable to >60% of its original design capacity after 300 cycles. |
+|                             |                                                         | D – For Li: battery pack is chargeable to <60% of its original design capacity after 300 cycles. |
+|                             | Batteries for industrial ICT goods<br>[b-IEC 62620]     | A – For Li: battery pack is chargeable to >80% of its original design capacity after 500 cycles. |
+|                             |                                                         | B – For Li: battery pack is chargeable to >70% of its original design capacity after 500 cycles. |
+|                             |                                                         | C – For Li: battery pack is chargeable to >60% of its original design capacity after 500 cycles. |
+|                             |                                                         | D – For Li: battery pack is chargeable to <60% of its original design capacity after 500 cycles. |
+
+### **10.2 Level assessment**
+
+Durability is categorized into grades A, B, C, and D, according to the degree of compliance of the lithium-ion battery product with the evaluation indicators. The interpretation of the grades is shown in Table 3:
+
+**Table 3 – Interpretation of the grades**
+
+| <b>Level assessment</b> | <b>Interpretation</b> |
+|-------------------------|-----------------------|
+| A                       | Excellent             |
+| B                       | Good                  |
+| C                       | Pass                  |
+| D                       | Fail                  |
+
+## **11 Documenting the assessment of durability**
+
+The assessment of the durability of lithium-ion batteries shall be documented. The need to report topic-related content to the different target audiences shall be assessed. Special care shall be taken to demonstrate the correlation between information on the results of the assessment and the input data and assumptions used. Depending on the specific target audience to whom the information will be reported, correspondingly desired content can be selected.
+
+## Bibliography
+
+- [b-ITU-T K.20] Recommendation ITU-T K.20 (2022), *Resistibility of telecommunication equipment installed in a telecommunication centre to overvoltages and overcurrents.*
+- [b-ITU-T K.21] Recommendation ITU-T K.21 (2022), *Resistibility of telecommunication equipment installed in customer premises to overvoltages and overcurrents.*
+- [b-ITU-T K.44] Recommendation ITU-T K.44 (2019), *Resistibility tests for telecommunication equipment exposed to overvoltages and overcurrents – Basic Recommendation.*
+- [b-ITU-T K.45] Recommendation ITU-T K.45 (2022), *Resistibility of telecommunication equipment installed in the access and trunk networks to overvoltages and overcurrents.*
+- [b-ITU-T L.1022] Recommendation ITU-T L.1022 (2019), *Circular economy: Definitions and concepts for material efficiency for information and communication technology.*
+- [b-ITU-T L.1410] Recommendation ITU-T L.1410 (2014), *Methodology for environmental life cycle assessments of information and communication technology goods, networks and services.*
+- [b-EN 45554] EN 45554 (2020), *General methods for the assessment of the ability to repair, reuse and upgrade energy-related products.*
+- [b-EN 300 019-1-4] ETSI EN 300 019-1-4 (2014), *Environmental Engineering (EE); Environmental conditions and environmental tests for telecommunications equipment; Part 1-4: Classification of environmental conditions; Stationary use at non-weather protected locations.*
+- [b-ETSI ES 201 468] ETSI ES 201 468 (2000), *Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Additional ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) requirements for telecommunications equipment for enhanced availability of service in specific applications.*
+- [b-IEC 60050-482] IEC 60050-482:2004, *International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Chapter 482: Primary and secondary cells and batteries.*
+- [b-IEC 60300-3-5] IEC 60300-3-5:2001, *Dependability management – Part 3-5: Application guide – Reliability test conditions and statistical test principles.*
+- [b-IEC 60605-1] IEC 60605-1:2018, *Equipment reliability testing – Part 1: General requirements, IEC Standard 60605-1, 4th Edition.*
+- [b-IEC 60605-4] IEC 60605-4:2001, *Equipment reliability testing – Part 4: Statistical procedures for exponential distribution – Point estimates, confidence intervals, prediction intervals and tolerance intervals.*
+- [b-IEC 61709] IEC 61709:2017, *Electric components – Reliability – Reference conditions for failure rates and stress models for conversion.*
+- [b-IEC 61960-3] IEC 61960-3:2017, *Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes – Secondary lithium cells and batteries for portable applications – Part 3: Prismatic and cylindrical lithium secondary cells and batteries made from them.*
+
+- [b-IEC 62133-2] IEC 62133-2:2017, *Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes – Safety requirements for portable sealed secondary cells, and for batteries made from them, for use in portable applications – Part 2: Lithium systems.*
+- [b-IEC 62308] IEC 62308:2006, *Equipment reliability – Reliability assessment methods.*
+- [b-IEC 62506] IEC 62506:2013, *Methods for product accelerated testing.*
+- [b-IEC 62619] IEC 62619:2022, *Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes – Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries, for use in industrial applications.*
+- [b-IEC 62620] IEC 62620:2014, *Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes – Secondary lithium cells and batteries for use in industrial applications.*
+- [b-IEEE 1725] IEEE 1725 (2021), *IEEE Standard for Rechargeable Batteries for Mobile Phones.*
+- [b-UN38.3] United Nations (UN), *UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, Part III, Subsection 38.3 (2023), Lithium metal and lithium ion batteries – Test requirements and criteria for transport safety.*
+
+
+
+## SERIES OF ITU-T RECOMMENDATIONS
+
+|                 |                                                                                                                                                                  |
+|-----------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Series A        | Organization of the work of ITU-T                                                                                                                                |
+| Series D        | Tariff and accounting principles and international telecommunication/ICT economic and policy issues                                                              |
+| Series E        | Overall network operation, telephone service, service operation and human factors                                                                                |
+| Series F        | Non-telephone telecommunication services                                                                                                                         |
+| Series G        | Transmission systems and media, digital systems and networks                                                                                                     |
+| Series H        | Audiovisual and multimedia systems                                                                                                                               |
+| Series I        | Integrated services digital network                                                                                                                              |
+| Series J        | Cable networks and transmission of television, sound programme and other multimedia signals                                                                      |
+| Series K        | Protection against interference                                                                                                                                  |
+| <b>Series L</b> | <b>Environment and ICTs, climate change, e-waste, energy efficiency; construction, installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant</b> |
+| Series M        | Telecommunication management, including TMN and network maintenance                                                                                              |
+| Series N        | Maintenance: international sound programme and television transmission circuits                                                                                  |
+| Series O        | Specifications of measuring equipment                                                                                                                            |
+| Series P        | Telephone transmission quality, telephone installations, local line networks                                                                                     |
+| Series Q        | Switching and signalling, and associated measurements and tests                                                                                                  |
+| Series R        | Telegraph transmission                                                                                                                                           |
+| Series S        | Telegraph services terminal equipment                                                                                                                            |
+| Series T        | Terminals for telematic services                                                                                                                                 |
+| Series U        | Telegraph switching                                                                                                                                              |
+| Series V        | Data communication over the telephone network                                                                                                                    |
+| Series X        | Data networks, open system communications and security                                                                                                           |
+| Series Y        | Global information infrastructure, Internet protocol aspects, next-generation networks, Internet of Things and smart cities                                      |
+| Series Z        | Languages and general software aspects for telecommunication systems                                                                                             |

marked/L/T-REC-L.1015-201905-I_PDF-E/raw.md

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+
+
+**ITU-T**
+
+TELECOMMUNICATION  
+STANDARDIZATION SECTOR  
+OF ITU
+
+**L.1015**
+
+(01/2019)
+
+SERIES L: ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE  
+CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY;  
+CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION  
+OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE  
+PLANT
+
+# --- **Criteria for evaluation of the environmental impact of mobile phones**
+
+Recommendation ITU-T L.1015
+
+## ITU-T L-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS
+
+## **ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY; CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE PLANT**
+
+### **OPTICAL FIBRE CABLES**
+
+|                                     |             |
+|-------------------------------------|-------------|
+| Cable structure and characteristics | L.100-L.124 |
+| Cable evaluation                    | L.125-L.149 |
+| Guidance and installation technique | L.150-L.199 |
+
+### **OPTICAL INFRASTRUCTURES**
+
+|                                                        |             |
+|--------------------------------------------------------|-------------|
+| Infrastructure including node elements (except cables) | L.200-L.249 |
+| General aspects and network design                     | L.250-L.299 |
+
+## **MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION**
+
+|                                                 |             |
+|-------------------------------------------------|-------------|
+| Optical fibre cable maintenance                 | L.300-L.329 |
+| Infrastructure maintenance                      | L.330-L.349 |
+| Operation support and infrastructure management | L.350-L.379 |
+| Disaster management                             | L.380-L.399 |
+
+## **PASSIVE OPTICAL DEVICES**
+
+|                         |             |
+|-------------------------|-------------|
+| PASSIVE OPTICAL DEVICES | L.400-L.429 |
+|-------------------------|-------------|
+
+## **MARINIZED TERRESTRIAL CABLES**
+
+|                              |             |
+|------------------------------|-------------|
+| MARINIZED TERRESTRIAL CABLES | L.430-L.449 |
+|------------------------------|-------------|
+
+*For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations.*
+
+# Recommendation ITU-T L.1015
+
+# Criteria for evaluation of the environmental impact of mobile phones
+
+## Summary
+
+Recommendation ITU-T L.1015 focuses on the criteria to be used for evaluation of the environmental impact of mobile phones. It considers all life cycle stages of mobile phones such as the design, production, use and end-of-life management. The Recommendation also defines a minimum level of environmental performance.
+
+Within the constraints of technology and affordability, sustainability should be considered for: materials; energy use; durability, upgrade and repair operations; end of life management; packaging, corporate practice; manufacturing and operations.
+
+## History
+
+| Edition | Recommendation | Approval   | Study Group | Unique ID*                                                                |
+|---------|----------------|------------|-------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| 1.0     | ITU-T L.1015   | 2019-01-12 | 5           | <a href="http://handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/13719">11.1002/1000/13719</a> |
+
+## Keywords
+
+Environmental impact, life cycle, mobile phones.
+
+---
+
+\* To access the Recommendation, type the URL <http://handle.itu.int/> in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendation's unique ID. For example, <http://handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11830-en>.
+
+## FOREWORD
+
+The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis.
+
+The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics.
+
+The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1.
+
+In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-T's purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC.
+
+## NOTE
+
+In this Recommendation, the expression "Administration" is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency.
+
+Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words "shall" or some other obligatory language such as "must" and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party.
+
+## INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
+
+ITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendation development process.
+
+As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at <http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/>.
+
+© ITU 2019
+
+All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU.
+
+## Table of Contents
+
+|     |                                                                                         | Page |
+|-----|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|
+| 1   | Scope.....                                                                              | 1    |
+| 2   | References.....                                                                         | 1    |
+| 3   | Definitions .....                                                                       | 1    |
+| 3.1 | Terms defined elsewhere .....                                                           | 1    |
+| 3.2 | Terms defined in this Recommendation.....                                               | 2    |
+| 4   | Abbreviations and acronyms .....                                                        | 2    |
+| 5   | Conventions .....                                                                       | 3    |
+| 6   | Eco criteria.....                                                                       | 3    |
+| 6.1 | Materials .....                                                                         | 3    |
+| 6.2 | Energy use requirements .....                                                           | 4    |
+| 6.3 | Substance restrictions in the mobile phone's battery .....                              | 5    |
+| 6.4 | End-of-life management.....                                                             | 5    |
+| 6.5 | Packaging and printed material .....                                                    | 6    |
+| 6.6 | Corporate practices .....                                                               | 7    |
+| 6.7 | Manufacturing and operations .....                                                      | 8    |
+| 7   | Transboundary movements of used and end-of-life mobile phones.....                      | 8    |
+|     | Appendix I – Simplified life cycle assessments.....                                     | 10   |
+| I.1 | Functional unit.....                                                                    | 11   |
+| I.2 | Pre-final assembly: Raw material acquisition and part production – Final assembly ..... | 12   |
+| I.3 | Distribution.....                                                                       | 13   |
+| I.4 | Use.....                                                                                | 13   |
+| I.5 | End-of-life treatment (EoLT) .....                                                      | 13   |
+|     | Appendix II – Transboundary movement of used and waste mobile phones .....              | 17   |
+|     | Bibliography.....                                                                       | 18   |
+
+## Introduction
+
+It has recently been estimated that around 2.3 billion mobile phones are sold every year [b-Andrae, 2015]. Mobile phones are products with high speed of innovation and high usage intensity and the adopted technologies are often changing very quickly. To promote a more sustainable society, the information and communication technology (ICT) industry has recognized that there is a need to provide relevant mobile phone information that will enable consumers to make more informed purchasing decisions, especially with regard to environmental performance.
+
+Manufacturers and network operators have been reporting for several years the sustainability credentials of mobile phones based on consumer needs, corporate sustainability initiatives or environmental footprint assessments, amongst others. However, inconsistencies among approaches cause confusion and make comparisons difficult, wasting time and resources for both operators and manufacturers when collecting and providing similar data.
+
+ITU-T developed a Supplement in 2016 containing eco-specifications and rating criteria for mobile phone eco-rating programmes [b-ITU-T L.Suppl.32]. The Supplement delivers useful information to end users on the environmental performance of mobile phones within the framework of existing eco-rating programmes, and complements previous published papers such as [b-UL 110, 2012]. UL later published, in 2017, a second edition [b-UL 110, 2017], which presents some differences and additional requirements. To provide criteria for the evaluation of the environmental impact of a mobile phone and to minimize its burden on the environment, ITU-T intends to develop a new Recommendation based on [b-ITU-T L.Suppl.32], which takes into account all the previous work carried out by its responsible study group (ITU-T SG5).
+
+This Recommendation aims to help to reduce detrimental effects on the environment by delivering useful information to end users on the environmental performance of mobile phones. The Recommendation, complements the work represented in [b-UL 110, 2017] and [b-ITU-T L Suppl. 32], but is based mostly on life cycle assessment principles and eco design features.
+
+This Recommendation provides a reference for manufactures to enhance environmental performance at a global level.
+
+## Recommendation ITU-T L.1015
+
+# Criteria for evaluation of the environmental impact of mobile phones
+
+# 1 Scope
+
+This Recommendation proposes criteria to be used when evaluating the environmental impact of mobile phones.
+
+The Recommendation provides a reference for manufacturers to enhance environmental performance at a global level. It does not include eco-rating, scoring, eco-labelling or a life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. Appendix I describes three scenarios using simplified LCA methodologies to support clause 6.4.2, but does not provide a LCA methodology in itself.
+
+The Recommendation establishes the criteria to be used for the evaluation of the environmental impact of mobile phones considering all life cycle stages such as the design, production, use and end of user management of mobile phones.
+
+Within the constraints of technology and affordability, sustainability should be considered for: materials; energy use; durability, upgrade, refurbish ("aesthetical" maintenance) and repair operations ("corrective" maintenance); end of life management; packaging; corporate practice; manufacturing and operations.
+
+# 2 References
+
+The following ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and other references are subject to revision; users of this Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and other references listed below. A list of the currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published. The reference to a document within this Recommendation does not give it, as a stand-alone document, the status of a Recommendation.
+
+[ITU-T L.1000] Recommendation ITU-T L.1000 (2011), *Universal power adapter and charger solution for mobile terminals and other hand-held ICT devices*.
+
+[ITU-T L.1410] Recommendation ITU-T L.1410 (2014), *Methodology for environmental life cycle assessments of information and communication technology goods, networks and services*.
+
+# 3 Definitions
+
+## 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere
+
+This Recommendation uses the following terms defined elsewhere:
+
+**3.1.1 mobile phone** [b-UL 110, 2017]: A wireless handheld device that is designed to send and receive transmissions through a cellular radiotelephone service including only the device itself and packaging or accessories. Slates/tablets are excluded from this definition.
+
+**3.1.2 accessories** [b-UL 110, 2017]: Components used external to the mobile phone, such as cables and external power supplies, shipped in box with the mobile phone, not including the mobile phone. Printed materials and packaging are excluded.
+
+**3.1.3 packaging** [b-UL 110, 2017]: A container enclosing the product along with any required protective materials designed to contain and protect from the point of manufacture to the point of sale. The packaging includes any individual assembled parts of the packaging such as, but not limited
+
+to, any interior or exterior blocking, bracing, cushioning, weatherproofing, exterior strapping, coatings, closures, inks, labels, bags, and films. The packaging does not include additional protective packaging used when transporting to a customer or reseller nor does it include printed information such as warranties and user guides.
+
+**3.1.4 homogeneous material** [b-ITU-T L.Suppl.32]: A material of uniform composition throughout or a material, consisting of a combination of materials, that cannot be disjointed or separated into different materials by mechanical actions such as unscrewing, cutting, crushing, grinding and abrasive processes.
+
+## **3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation**
+
+This Recommendation defines the following terms:
+
+**3.2.1 durability:** The ability to function as required, under defined conditions of use, maintenance and repair, until a final limiting state is reached.
+
+NOTE 1 – The degree to which maintenance and repair are within scope of durability can vary.
+
+NOTE 2 – The final limiting state has to be defined by the user of this Recommendation.
+
+NOTE 3 – This is an adapted version of a draft definition developed by CEN-CENELEC TC10 WG2.
+
+**3.2.2 reliability:** The probability that a product functions as required under given conditions, including maintenance, for a given duration without failure.
+
+NOTE 1 – The intended function(s) and given conditions are described in the user instructions provided with the product.
+
+NOTE 2 – Duration can be expressed in units appropriate to the part or product concerned, e.g., calendar time, operating cycles, distance run, etc., and the units should always be clearly stated.
+
+NOTE 3 – This is an adapted version of a draft definition developed by CEN-CENELEC TC10 WG2.
+
+**3.2.3 upgradeability** (based on [b-ISO 14021]): The design of a product that allows that relevant parts can be separately upgraded or replaced without having to replace the entire product.
+
+**3.2.4 upgrade** (based on [b-IEC 62075]): The process to enhance the functionality or capacity of a product.
+
+# **4 Abbreviations and acronyms**
+
+This Recommendation uses the following abbreviations and acronyms:
+
+|         |                                        |
+|---------|----------------------------------------|
+| BBP     | Benzyl Butyl Phthalate                 |
+| CDP     | Carbon Disclosure Project              |
+| CERFLOR | Certificação Florestal                 |
+| CS      | Corporate Sustainability               |
+| DBP     | DiButyl Phthalate                      |
+| DEHP    | bis (2-EthylHexyl) Phthalate           |
+| DIBP    | Diisobutyl Phthalate                   |
+| EAIEP   | European Average Impact Electric Power |
+| EoL     | End of Life                            |
+| EoLT    | End of Life Treatment                  |
+| FA      | Final Assembly                         |
+| FSC     | Forest Stewardship Council             |
+
+|       |                                                                      |
+|-------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| GB    | Gigabyte                                                             |
+| LCA   | Life Cycle Assessment                                                |
+| LCD   | Liquid Crystal Display                                               |
+| PCB   | Printed Circuit Board                                                |
+| MCCP  | Medium Chain Chlorinated Paraffin                                    |
+| MP    | Mega Pixel                                                           |
+| PCF   | Product Carbon Footprint                                             |
+| PEF   | Product Environmental Footprint                                      |
+| PEFC  | Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification                |
+| PFOA  | Perfluoro Octanic Acids                                              |
+| PFOS  | Perfluoro Octane Sulfonates                                          |
+| PVC   | Polyvinyl Chloride                                                   |
+| RAM   | Random Access Memory                                                 |
+| REACH | Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals |
+| RoHS  | Restriction of Hazardous Substances                                  |
+| SCCP  | Short Chain Chlorinated Paraffin                                     |
+| SFI   | Sustainable Forestry Initiative                                      |
+| SVHC  | Substances of Very High Concern                                      |
+| WEEE  | Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment                            |
+
+# 5 Conventions
+
+None.
+
+# 6 Eco criteria
+
+## 6.1 Materials
+
+#### 6.1.1 Material restrictions
+
+Information on material restrictions should be publicly posted, listing mobile phones that meet the requirements of the current European Union (EU) Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive provisions and its amendments (including applicable exclusions and exemptions). Technical documentation, as required in Article 7(b) of the European Union RoHS Directive, can be generated in accordance with [b-IEC 63000:2016] or through product testing. Testing should utilize [b-IEC 62321]. Other applicable chemical analysis methods may be employed, provided that adequate performance can be demonstrated for the analyses.
+
+#### 6.1.2 Compliance with the EU REACH Regulation
+
+The manufacturer shall provide any evidence to show that the mobile phones are in accordance with Article 33 disclosure requirements for substances of very high concern (SVHC) under the European registration, evaluation, authorization and restriction of chemicals (REACH) regulation and the restrictions under Annex XVII.
+
+#### 6.1.3 Low halogen electronics
+
+Non-metal and non-ceramic homogeneous materials in the mobile phone's printed circuit board and accessories (including earphones, cables and adapters when supplied together with the mobile phone) shall not contain more than 900 ppm chlorine, 900 ppm bromine and a maximum combined total of chlorine and bromine of 1,500 ppm by weight. The manufacturer shall provide evidence to show that the mobile phone's printed circuit board and accessories meet these requirements.
+
+#### 6.1.4 Restrictions of DEHP, DBP, BBP and DIBP
+
+DEHP, DBP, BBP and DIBP shall not exceed 1,000 ppm by weight in homogeneous plastic materials used in the mobile phones. Technical documentation, as required in Article 7(b) of the EU RoHS Directive, can be generated in accordance with [b-IEC 63000:2016] or through product testing. Testing should utilize [b-IEC 62321-8:2017]. Other applicable chemical analysis methods may be employed, provided that adequate performance can be demonstrated for the analyses and matrices of interest.
+
+#### 6.1.5 Recycled and bio-based plastic content
+
+Indications should be publicly posted, listing whether the mobile phone contains post-consumer recycled and/or bio-based plastic.
+
+The content shall be indicated as a percentage of total plastic (by weight) in the product. Indication of post-consumer recycled and bio-based plastic content shall be given separately. The following parts may be excluded from the calculation: printed circuit boards, labels, cables, connectors, electronic components, electrostatic discharge components, electromagnetic interference components, films, coatings and adhesives.
+
+#### 6.1.6 Problematic compounds
+
+The manufacturer shall specify whether the following compounds are absent (<0.1 wt% of homogeneous materials) in the mobile phone:
+
+- All chlorinated polymers including polyvinyl chloride (PVC), PVC blends and chloroprene rubbers e.g., [CAS 9002-86-2 +].
+- Short chain (SCCPs) and medium chain (MCCPs) chlorinated paraffins e.g., [CAS 85535-84-8] and [CAS 85535-85-9].
+- Antimony trioxide where used in conjunction with flame retardants [CAS 1309-64-4].
+- Other Antimony compounds e.g., [CAS 545386-98-9], [CAS 139598-41-7], [CAS 127153-81-5], [CAS 126426-74-2], [CAS 89899-81-0] and [CAS 77824-44-3].
+- Nickel (where used in surface parts in contact with the skin) [CAS 7440-02-0].
+- Other chlorinated and halogenated hydrocarbons e.g., [CAS 115-96-8].
+- Brominated/Halogenated flame retardants e.g., [CAS 3296-90-0], [CAS 96-13-9], [CAS 3194-55-6] and [CAS 201-236-9].
+- Phthalates e.g., [CAS 85-68-7], [CAS 117-81-7], [CAS 84-74-2], [CAS 84-69-5] and [CAS 84-66-2].
+- Perfluoro octane sulfonates (PFOS) and Perfluoro octanic acids (PFOA) (maximum combined concentration value 10ppm) e.g., [CAS 335-67-1].
+- Perchlorates (e.g., as used in batteries) e.g., [CAS 14797-73-0] Benzene and compounds (e.g., Hexachlorobenzene) e.g., [CAS 71-43-2], [CAS 118-74-1].
+
+### 6.2 Energy use requirements
+
+The external power supply shall meet the minimum requirements of [ITU-T L.1000].
+
+### **6.3 Substance restrictions in the mobile phone's battery**
+
+Each battery cell contained in the mobile phone shall, at a cell level, contain no more than 20 ppm cadmium and 5 ppm mercury as required by the EU Battery Directive 2013/56/EU.
+
+### **6.4 End-of-life management**
+
+#### **6.4.1 Producers' responsibility at end of life of the mobile phone**
+
+Recycling of mobile phones reduces the environmental burden of extracting virgin materials and supports the aim of a circular economy. Manufacturers should promote the design and production of mobile phones in view of facilitating dismantling and recovery of the phone, its components and materials. Manufacturers shall not apply any design measures or manufacturing processes that prevent treatment, unless such features or processes present overriding advantages, for example, with regard to the protection of the environment and/or safety requirements.
+
+Mobile phone design shall at least facilitate disassembly for removal of components requiring special treatment prior to recycling. This should cover at least the materials and components listed in Annex VII of the EU WEEE Directive. Mobile phone manufacturers shall provide, upon request, instructions to recyclers on how to remove components that require separate treatments. The mobile phone manufacturers, who additionally would like to measure the recyclability rate of the mobile phone at hand, can do that according to [b-IEC TR 62635:2012]. Alternative methodologies can be found in [b-PR EN 45555].
+
+#### **6.4.2 Durability and reliability of the mobile phone**
+
+As shown in Appendix I, Figures I.1 to I.4, durability is of high importance when reducing the overall environmental impact of mobile phones.
+
+Design for reliability means to design products with high resistance to wear and tear without breaking down and to operate – according to high expected performance – throughout a specified period without failure.
+
+Therefore the manufacturer shall, as a minimum, provide information on the following reliability related performance indicators of the mobile phone:
+
+- Minimum expected life cycle of the battery measured according to [b-IEC 61960-3].
+- Degree of protection against water ingress provided by the enclosure of the mobile phone measured according to [b-IEC 60529].
+
+Furthermore the manufacturer shall:
+
+- Inform the user of the phone of measures to be taken to maximize battery performance and avoid damage to the battery.
+- Enable the user of the phone to check the actual health of the battery in order to determine whether it needs replacement.
+- Inform the user about negative impacts of software upgrades on the performance of the mobile phone, if any.
+
+#### **6.4.3 Upgradeability of the mobile phone**
+
+Upgrading in principle may involve the hardware, software or the service that accompanies the phone. However due to rapid technological development of interdependent technologies employed in a small form factor, the updating of individual hardware components of mobile phones is technically very challenging. Since the introduction of smartphones, functionality of mobile phones to a large degree is determined by software applications as well as cloud services. Consequently, the availability of updates for the software, as well as related manufacturer services, has become the most important factor to ensure upgradeability.
+
+The upgradeability of a mobile phone shall therefore be assessed in terms of a minimum time period during which the manufacturer ensures software support for the operating system of the mobile phone as well as access of the mobile phone to cloud services offered by the manufacturer.
+
+#### **6.4.4 Repair of the mobile phone**
+
+Repairing a mobile phone extends its useful life. This is another way of reducing overall product environmental impact. Posting repair information online, or otherwise providing public information regarding repair services, including repair contact details, allows customers to utilize appropriate repair services.
+
+Manufacturers shall provide repair services through a programme that may include the use of manufacturer-authorized professionals, and which must be provided to customers in the markets where the manufacturer retails the mobile phone, at least for the duration of the warranty.
+
+Manufacturers shall provide repair and disassembly information to contract and/or certified repair service providers. This may include step-by-step disassembly instructions, exploded diagram of parts and compatibility charts, product specification, maintenance procedures, or troubleshooting information.
+
+Some phone parts, especially the battery, front and end casings, display and main printed circuit board (PCB) will have different degrees of disassemblability, which shall be assessed by the manufacturer.
+
+#### **6.4.5 Take-back programme**
+
+Manufacturers shall provide a take-back programme for mobile phones either directly or through a contracted third-party. Information about this programme should be publicly posted.
+
+Compliance with the legal requirements should be satisfied in jurisdictions where the existing legislation prevents manufacturers from providing their own take-back programme, but establishes other programmes.
+
+Primary recyclers selected in such programmes should have a certification to an environmental management system [b-ISO 14001:2015], [b-EMAS, 2009] (or similar) and a recycler specific certification comparable to [b-EN 50625].
+
+#### **6.4.6 Recycled content**
+
+The manufacturer shall be able to specify the recycled content of gold, aluminium and steel in the mobile phone. In order to determine the recycled content, [b-EN 45557] can be applied accordingly.
+
+### **6.5 Packaging and printed material**
+
+#### **6.5.1 Restriction of heavy metal in packaging**
+
+The sum of the concentrations of lead, cadmium, mercury and hexavalent chromium in any packaging component shall not exceed 100 ppm by weight, with the exception of packaging components that qualify for the recycled content exemption.
+
+Indications should also be publicly posted, listing whether elemental chlorine has been used as a bleaching agent to bleach fibres used in the product packaging. Inks are exempted. Recycled fibres that may have been previously bleached with chlorine are acceptable, if not bleached again after the recycling process.
+
+#### **6.5.2 Sustainably sourced fibre packaging and printed content**
+
+Indications shall be publicly posted if virgin materials – used in the point of sale packaging and accompanying printed content (instruction manual, warranty documents, etc.) – have been sourced from certified sources. Acknowledged certificates are those issued by Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) or a national forest certification system endorsed by PEFC (e.g., SFI, CSA-SFM, CERFLOR).
+
+#### **6.5.3 Recycled content**
+
+Indications should be publicly posted, listing whether the point of sale packaging contains recycled content in fibre and plastic packaging. Recycled content shall be calculated as a percentage of the total mass for each material.
+
+#### **6.5.4 Single-use plastic packaging**
+
+The manufacturer shall indicate if a strategy to eliminate single-use plastic packaging is adopted.
+
+#### **6.5.5 Product packaging minimization**
+
+It is expected that manufacturers will minimize the total volume and weight of the package to the minimum adequate amount to maintain the necessary level of safety, hygiene and acceptance for the packed product and for the consumer [b-CEN EN 13428:2004].
+
+#### **6.5.6 Packaging material**
+
+Materials used in the packaging that are greater than 25 g should be separable into recyclable streams. Recyclability of packaging materials can only be achieved domestically (the route that most of the mobile phone packaging will go down) if it can be easily separated into its constituent materials (see criterion 4.7.2.1.1 in [IEEE 1680.1-2018]).
+
+#### **6.5.7 Plastic packaging marking**
+
+Plastic packaging should be marked according to [b-ISO 11469] and [b-ISO 1043] or country specific marking.
+
+It is a good practice that total plastic materials be marked accordingly for parts weighing more than 25 g. A recyclable item of packaging that is not marked as such may still not get recycled.
+
+#### **6.5.8 Printing inks**
+
+The manufacturer shall be able to specify whether the printing inks used on their printed materials originate in non-petroleum-based sources or not.
+
+#### **6.5.9 Manuals**
+
+The manufacturer shall be able to specify whether – when not enforced by applicable regulation (e.g., safety legal regulation) – the mobile phone is sold without a physical manual (either paper or on a CD). Unless required by regulation, the mobile phone should come without a printed user manual.
+
+Manuals add weight and volume to packaging. Excluding texts required under regulatory safety or other legal constraints, it is expected that the reference package does not include any physical manual. This requirement does not apply to separately printed material regarding the warranty, regulatory or safety information, a quick-start guide or equivalent which only provides essential information necessary for the mobile phone to be used for the first time.
+
+### **6.6 Corporate practices**
+
+#### **6.6.1 Corporate sustainability reporting**
+
+The manufacturer shall publish a corporate sustainability (CS) report or equivalent information, on at least every other year. Standards and/or frameworks for reporting and/or third-party assurance may include, but are not limited to the Global Reporting Initiative Sustainability Reporting Standards [b-GRI Standards] that are in effect at the time, or their equivalent (e.g., Electronic Industry Citizenship Coalition (EICC), Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB), [b-AA1000] and [b-AICPA AT 101], third party verification standards accepted by Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) as listed on the CDP website, and Sustainability Assessment Framework (SASF)). The information shall be made publicly available on the manufacturer's website.
+
+### **6.7 Manufacturing and operations**
+
+#### **6.7.1 Manufacturing facilities environmental management systems**
+
+The manufacturing facilities used in the final assembly of the mobile phone (manufacturer owned and contract facilities) shall be third-party certified according to either [b-ISO 14001:2015], or the European Union Eco-Management and Audit Scheme [b-EMAS].
+
+#### **6.7.2 Reduction of fluorinated greenhouse gas emissions from LCD display manufacturing**
+
+More than 75% of the manufacturing liquid crystal display (LCD) for the use in mobile phones (either by annual cost, part number, or volume purchased or sold) should be done under conditions that reduce, recover or destroy fluorinated greenhouse gases of at least 90% of the total volume used in manufacturing and ancillary operations. This can be done through optimization processes, abatement technology, gas recycling or other methods. Chemicals covered are CF<sub>4</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>F<sub>6</sub>, C-C<sub>4</sub>F<sub>8</sub>, C<sub>4</sub>F<sub>8</sub>O, CHF<sub>3</sub>, NF<sub>3</sub> and SF<sub>6</sub>.
+
+#### **6.7.3 Chemicals not used as cleaning solvent during manufacturing**
+
+Hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), 1,1,1-trichloroethane (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3</sub>Cl<sub>3</sub>), trichloroethylene (C<sub>2</sub>HCl<sub>3</sub>) two (CH<sub>3</sub>CHCl<sub>2</sub>), Dichloroethane (CHCl<sub>3</sub>), 1-bromopropane (C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>7</sub>Br), n-hexane (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>14</sub>), Toluene (C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>8</sub>), dimethylbenzene (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub> (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>) shall not be used as cleaning solvents during the manufacturing process of mobile phones and the circuit board. The manufacturer shall provide evidence to show the mobile phones meet this requirement.
+
+#### **6.7.4 Conflict minerals**
+
+The manufacturer shall indicate if within the supply chain conflict minerals have been used for the production of the mobile phone. If so, the manufacturer should disclose use and source of these minerals [SEC rules or OECD Guidance].
+
+Further, information on developing and implementing a comprehensive conflict minerals management system is available in [b-ITU-T L.Suppl. 21].
+
+#### **6.7.5 Life cycle assessment (LCA)**
+
+The manufacturer shall assess the life cycle environmental impacts related to the specific service or product.
+
+In case the manufacturer provides life cycle assessment (LCA)/product carbon footprint studies, those shall be fully compliant with an international standard (for example, [b-GHG Product Protocol], [b-ISO 14040], [b- ISO 14044], [b-PEF Guide], [b-ITU-T L.1410] and/or [b-ETSI ES 203 199]).
+
+Manufacturers are encouraged to provide externally verified results of the LCA/ PEF/ PCF, and make them available to the public.
+
+#### **6.7.6 Functionalities**
+
+The manufacturer shall be able to indicate whether the mobile phone has functionalities to replace other devices, which the user would need additionally.
+
+# **7 Transboundary movements of used and end-of-life mobile phones**
+
+If manufacturers collect mobile phones at their end-of-life and do not send them for treatment in the country of collection, they shall comply with the requirements of transboundary waste shipments such as the Basel Convention.
+
+Appendix II provides further information intended for regulatory agencies and authorities, manufacturers, network operators repair, refurbishment and recycling facilities and any organizations involved as follows:
+
+- on the export or import of mobile phones for re-use;
+- on the transboundary movement of used mobile phones suitable for re-use, possibly after repair, failure analysis, refurbishment or upgrading in the importing country;
+- on the transboundary movements of end-of-life mobile phones destined for material recovery and recycling or final disposal.
+
+# Appendix I
+
+### Simplified life cycle assessments
+
+(The appendix does not form an integral part of the Recommendation.)
+
+The following paragraphs outline three simplified life cycle assessments (LCAs) investigating the potential environmental impact related to reliability, refurbishment and the collection rate of end-of-life (EoL) strategies of new generic smartphones<sup>1</sup>. The LCAs are performed in a streamlined manner in partial compliance with the requirements outlined for LCAs of ICT Goods in [ITU-T L.1410]. More details of the practical simulations done within the LCA tool to perform the three LCAs can be found in [b-Andrae2].
+
+The *first* scenario (S1) assumes that the user buys a phone (with a 4 Ah 3.82 V = 15.28 Wh battery) and uses it for four years after which it is kept at the buyer's home or collected for metal and energy recovery.
+
+The *second* scenario (S2) assumes that the user buys a phone (with a 2 Ah 3.82 V = 7.64 Wh battery) and uses it for one year after which it is collected and refurbished (new battery) or kept at the buyer's home. All batteries in the collected phones can be replaced. The refurbished phone is used for three years and then sent for metal and energy recovery. Whenever the phone is not collected in the second scenario it is replaced by a new phone. Consequently, when the collection rate is 100% the difference between the first and second scenario is the extra battery needed in the second. However, when the collection rate is 5%,  $3 \times 0.95 = 2.85$  extra life cycles are added. In those life cycles neither metal recycling nor a second refurbishment is included, only hoarding after one-year use.
+
+The *third* scenario (S3) assumes that the user buys a phone (with a 4 Ah 3.82 V = 15.28 Wh battery) and uses it for one year after which it is hoarded, and the then user buys a new one each year within a three year period. The phone is not collected, reused or recycled.
+
+The possible benefit of the first scenario is strongly dependent on collection rate. A complete collection rate enhances the refurbishing benefits.
+
+Table I.1 shows some of the major assumptions done in the LCAs.
+
+**Table I.1 – Scenarios for the smartphone headset lifecycle**
+
+| Scenario 1 (S1)                                                                  | Scenario 2 (S2)                                                                 | Scenario 3 (S3)                                                                  |
+|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Production of phone with 15.28 Wh battery cradle-to-gate, 14 kg and 9.6 g Sb-eq. | Production of phone with 7.64 Wh battery cradle-to-gate, 13 kg and 8.2 g Sb-eq. | Production of phone with 15.28 Wh battery cradle-to-gate, 14 kg and 9.6 g Sb-eq. |
+| 15.28 Wh Battery impact 1.62 kg CO <sub>2</sub> e, 2.72 g Sb-eq.                 | 7.64 Wh Battery impact 0.76 kg CO <sub>2</sub> e, 1.27 g Sb-eq.                 | 15.28 Wh Battery impact 1.62 kg CO <sub>2</sub> e, 2.72 g Sb-eq.                 |
+| Airplane distribution                                                            | Airplane distribution                                                           | Airplane distribution                                                            |
+
+<sup>1</sup> In this appendix, the term smart phone is used synonymously with mobile phones because the article referred to uses the term smart phone.
+
+**Table I.1 – Scenarios for the smartphone headset lifecycle**
+
+| Scenario 1 (S1)                                                                                                          | Scenario 2 (S2)                                                                                                                                                                                       | Scenario 3 (S3)              |
+|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------|
+| European average impact electric power (EAIEP) {500 gCO <sub>2</sub> e/kWh and 0.03 g Sb-eq./kWh} for Use                | EAIEP for Use and Reuse                                                                                                                                                                               | EAIEP for Use                |
+| No reuse, 5% or 100% collection. Then recycling of Al, Au, Ag, Cu, Co. Incineration of packaging materials and plastics. | 5% or 100% collection. 5% or 100% disassembly and battery change. 5% or 100% reuse 3 years. Then, according to S1, recycling of Al, Au, Ag, Cu, Co. Incineration of packaging materials and plastics. | Neither collection nor reuse |
+
+### I.1 Functional unit
+
+The functional unit (f.u.) chosen here is rather simplistic: *"3G/4G access for 1 hour daily calling and enable use of a 1440 × 2560 pixels video player for 2 hours web browsing and 4 hours video watching daily for 4 years."* The reference lifetime is four years. This simplicity fits the objective of screening attributional LCA of smartphones in order to indicate which EoL strategy could be better than others.
+
+Table I.2 shows how the functional unit is determined.
+
+**Table I.2 – Functional unit determination for smartphone**
+
+| Functional unit constituents | 15.28 Wh battery smartphone                                                          | 7.64 Wh battery smartphone                                                           |
+|------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| What?                        | Provide wireless access to one smartphone.                                           | Provide wireless access to one smartphone.                                           |
+| When?                        | 2018                                                                                 | 2018                                                                                 |
+| How much?                    | 1 hours 3G calling, 2 hours web browsing and 4 hours video watching per day.         | 1 hours 3G calling, 2 hours web browsing and 4 hours video watching per day.         |
+| How long?                    | For 4 years.                                                                         | For 4 years.                                                                         |
+| How well?                    | 1440 × 2560 pixels resolution (499 pixels per inch as pixel density) at 3G/4G speed. | 1440 × 2560 pixels resolution (499 pixels per inch as pixel density) at 3G/4G speed. |
+
+**Table I.2 – Functional unit determination for smartphone**
+
+| <b>Functional unit constituents</b> | <b>15.28 Wh battery smartphone</b>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        | <b>7.64 Wh battery smartphone</b>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
+|-------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Reference flow                      | <p>1 Smartphone with its primary packaging and charger.</p> <p>One smartphone device (64 Gigabyte (GB) storage, 5.9 inch screen size, 20 Mega Pixel (MP) Video Recorder, 4 GB Random Access Memory (RAM), 4,000 mAh battery capacity</p> <p>Environmental impact/[Resolution (pixel density)×Storage (GB)×Display size (inches)×Video recorder (MP)×RAM (GB)×Battery capacity (mAh)×Lifetime (years)]</p> | <p>1 Smartphone with its primary packaging and charger.</p> <p>One smartphone device (64 GB storage, 5.9 inch screen size, 20 MP Video Recorder, 4 GB Random RAM, 2,000 mAh battery capacity</p> <p>Environmental impact/[Resolution (pixel density)×Storage (GB)×Display size (inches)×Video recorder (MP)×RAM (GB)× Battery capacity (mAh)×Lifetime (years)]</p> |
+| Functional unit                     | <p>3G/4G access for 1 hour daily calling and enable use of a 1440×2560 pixels video player for 2 hours web browsing and 4 hours video watching daily for 4 years.</p>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     | <p>3G/4G access for 1 hour daily calling and enable use of a 1440×2560 pixels video player for 2 hours web browsing and 4 hours video watching daily for 4 years.</p>                                                                                                                                                                                              |
+
+The difference between the phones is the size and capacity of the batteries within. The 7.64 Wh battery is assumed to lead to a faster replacement of the battery and/or the entire phone, compared to the 15.28 Wh battery.
+
+#### *System boundaries*
+
+The studied product system only considers the smartphone share of the hardware needed to provide the functions expressed in Table 2. Networks and data centres – that might be necessary to fulfil the function of the smartphones – are excluded.
+
+### **I.2 Pre-final assembly: Raw material acquisition and part production – Final assembly**
+
+The pre-final assembly considers mechanical parts (plastics, screws, etc.) and electronics seen from a cradle-to-gate viewpoint. For screening LCAs and the purpose of this research, secondary LCI data are enough. The masses and material contents of each part are identified from bill-of-materials lists. The total mass of the generic smartphone and its packaging materials are ≈340 grams and ≈260 grams,
+
+respectively. The 7.64 Wh battery phone has a smaller total mass than the 15.28 Wh battery phone. Final assembly (FA) impacts are assumed equal for all phones. No support activities – such as product development – are included.
+
+### I.3 Distribution
+
+For S1–S3 the distribution assumes 1000 km transportation by truck from FA to the airport, and then 9500 km by air, and then 1000 km by truck from the airport to final use.
+
+### I.4 Use
+
+The electricity consumption of a smartphone is generally related to the power use of different viewing modes. This implies that the range for the power consumption could be wide.
+
+The calculation of the lifetime electricity used is performed according to Equation I-1.
+
+$$USE = ABCD \times \frac{1}{E} \times \frac{F}{G} \quad (I-1)$$
+
+Where:
+
+USE = Lifetime Wh electricity use of a smartphone
+
+$A$  = Battery capacity [Ah], 4 for S1, and 2 for S2
+
+$B$  = Voltage [V]
+
+$C$  = Lifetime of smartphone [years]
+
+$D$  = 365 [days per year]
+
+$E$  = energy efficiency of the power adapter [%]
+
+$F$  = 24 [hours per day]
+
+$G$  = time between having to fully charge the battery if doing 1 hour 3G calls, 2 hours webbrowsing and 4 hour video playing [hours].  $G$  is measured by <sup>d</sup>a third-party organization.
+
+Inserting values into Equation 1 { $A=4$  Ah,  $B=3.82$  V,  $C=4$  years,  $E=78\%$ ,  $G=39$  hours for S1, and 31 hours for S2} →
+
+{for S1}:
+
+$$USE = 4 \times 3.82 \times 4 \times 365 \times \frac{1}{78\%} \times \frac{24}{39} \sim 17600Wh \quad (I-2)$$
+
+{for S2}:
+
+$$USE = 2 \times 3.82 \times 1 \times 365 \times \frac{1}{78\%} \times \frac{24}{31} \sim 2770Wh + \{\text{reuse}\} 2 \times 3.82 \times 3 \times 365 \times \frac{1}{78\%} \times \frac{24}{31} \sim 8300Wh \quad (I-3)$$
+
+{for S3}:
+
+$$USE = 4 \times 3.82 \times 1 \times 365 \times \frac{1}{78\%} \times \frac{24}{39} \sim 4400Wh \quad (I-4)$$
+
+During 4 years S3 requires four times 4400 Wh, i.e., the total same amount as S1.
+
+The proposed approach – for estimating lifetime electricity in the use stage – seems fair as all factors are measurable including  $G$ . The difficulty might lie in deciding the normal behaviour scenario. Notwithstanding,  $G$  will scale equal for all smartphones independent of  $G$  settings.
+
+No maintenance is included.
+
+### I.5 End-of-life treatment (EoLT)
+
+For the end-of-life treatment (EoLT), simplified disposal scenarios are set up featuring shares for waste and reuse scenarios.
+
+S1: The disposal scenario refers to the assembly of a smartphone with a 15.28 Wh battery. The waste scenarios are metal and energy recovery (5% or 100%) or hoarding (95% or 0%). Metal and energy recovery assumes that the entire product is transported 1000 km by truck to metal recovery and/or incineration. Recycling of some valuable metals, e.g., Au, is modelled by the 50/50 allocation approach. EAIEP is assumed to be avoided as electric power could be recovered as a by-product of plastics waste incineration.
+
+S2: The disposal scenario refers to the assembly of a smartphone with a 7.64 Wh battery. The process used is "Reuse of smartphone 3 years" (clause I.4), the waste scenario is hoarding, and the disassembly is smartphone disassembly.
+
+S3: The disposal scenario refers to the assembly of a smartphone with a 15.28 Wh battery. The waste scenario is hoarding.
+
+As shown in Figures I.1 to I.4, the most effective way of reducing the overall environmental impact of a new smart phone – at least as far as GWP100 and ADP for current relatively low collection rates – is to strive for maximum hardware quality – and reliability – and therefore reach a high durability (S1). However, if the collection rate is 100%, refurbishing (S2) might be more beneficial than S1 for GWP100.
+
+![Horizontal bar chart titled 'Indicative effect of lifetime, battery replacement, hoarding and reuse - low collection rate - on climate change midpoint score'. The chart compares three scenarios (S1, S2, S3) across life cycle stages: Production, Distribution, Use, Recycling (AI, AU, Ag, Co), Refurbish battery burdens, Use after refurbish, Extra phone production and use, and TOTAL. The x-axis shows kg CO2 equivalents/4 years from -50.00 to 100.00. S3 (green) has the highest total score (90), while S1 (red) has the lowest (29).](f85bf99d372e735d228361bf4d3cf7e6_img.jpg)
+
+**Indicative effect of lifetime, battery replacement, hoarding and reuse - low collection rate - on climate change midpoint score**
+
+| Life cycle stage               | S1: 4 years life use (video intense, 39 hours between full charges), 15.28 Wh battery, 5% collected, which are recycled | S2: 4 year life use (video intense, 31 hours between full charges), 7.64 Wh battery, 5% collected, battery replaced, refurbished phone reused 3 years | S3: 4 years life use (video intense, 39 hours between full charges), 15.28 Wh battery, 0% collected, 100% hoarding |
+|--------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Production                     | 13                                                                                                                      | 14                                                                                                                                                    | 56                                                                                                                 |
+| Distribution                   | 6.2                                                                                                                     | 6.5                                                                                                                                                   | 14                                                                                                                 |
+| Use                            | 1.4                                                                                                                     | 8.6                                                                                                                                                   | 8.6                                                                                                                |
+| Recycling AI AU Ag Co          | 0                                                                                                                       | 0                                                                                                                                                     | 0                                                                                                                  |
+| Refurbish battery burdens      | 0                                                                                                                       | 0                                                                                                                                                     | 0                                                                                                                  |
+| Use after refurbish            | 0                                                                                                                       | 0                                                                                                                                                     | 0                                                                                                                  |
+| Extra phone production and use | 0                                                                                                                       | 59                                                                                                                                                    | 0                                                                                                                  |
+| <b>TOTAL</b>                   | <b>29</b>                                                                                                               | <b>79</b>                                                                                                                                             | <b>90</b>                                                                                                          |
+
+kg CO<sub>2</sub> equivalents/4 years
+
+Horizontal bar chart titled 'Indicative effect of lifetime, battery replacement, hoarding and reuse - low collection rate - on climate change midpoint score'. The chart compares three scenarios (S1, S2, S3) across life cycle stages: Production, Distribution, Use, Recycling (AI, AU, Ag, Co), Refurbish battery burdens, Use after refurbish, Extra phone production and use, and TOTAL. The x-axis shows kg CO2 equivalents/4 years from -50.00 to 100.00. S3 (green) has the highest total score (90), while S1 (red) has the lowest (29).
+
+L.1015(19)\_FI.1
+
+**Figure I.1 – Indicative effect on GWP100 score of durability of mobile phones for a low collection rate**
+
+![Horizontal bar chart showing the indicative effect of lifetime, battery replacement, hoarding and reuse on climate change midpoint score (kg CO2 equivalents/4 years) for three scenarios (S1, S2, S3) across various life cycle stages.](5ed9189841659dfb01f809b8e3b21f74_img.jpg)
+
+**Indicative effect of lifetime, battery replacement, hoarding and reuse - maximum collection rate - on climate change midpoint score**
+
+| Life cycle stage               | S3 (kg CO <sub>2</sub> equivalents/4 years) | S1 (kg CO <sub>2</sub> equivalents/4 years) | S2 (kg CO <sub>2</sub> equivalents/4 years) |
+|--------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
+| TOTAL                          | 90                                          | 28                                          | 26                                          |
+| Extra phone production and use | 0                                           | 0                                           | 0                                           |
+| Use after refurbish            | 0                                           | 0                                           | 4.1                                         |
+| Refurbish battery burdens      | 0                                           | 0                                           | 0.9                                         |
+| Recycling Al/Au/Ag/Co          | 0                                           | -0.66                                       | 0                                           |
+| Use                            | 8.62                                        | 1.4                                         | 1.4                                         |
+| Distribution                   | 26                                          | 6.5                                         | 6.2                                         |
+| Production                     | 56                                          | 14                                          | 13                                          |
+
+kg CO<sub>2</sub> equivalents/4 years
+
+L.1015(19)\_Fl.2
+
+Horizontal bar chart showing the indicative effect of lifetime, battery replacement, hoarding and reuse on climate change midpoint score (kg CO2 equivalents/4 years) for three scenarios (S1, S2, S3) across various life cycle stages.
+
+**Figure I.2 – Indicative effect on GWP100 score of durability of mobile phones for maximum collection rate**
+
+![Horizontal bar chart showing the indicative effect of lifetime, battery replacement, hoarding and reuse on resource depletion midpoint (grams Sb-equivalents/4 years) for three scenarios (S1, S2, S3) across various life cycle stages.](2a77eb32ef4c4d8a5c1758a53a908336_img.jpg)
+
+**Indicative effect of lifetime, battery replacement, hoarding and reuse - low collection rate - on resource depletion midpoint**
+
+| Life cycle stage               | S3 (grams Sb-equivalents/4 years) | S1 (grams Sb-equivalents/4 years) | S2 (grams Sb-equivalents/4 years) |
+|--------------------------------|-----------------------------------|-----------------------------------|-----------------------------------|
+| TOTAL                          | 33                                | 8.6                               | 26                                |
+| Extra phone production and use | 0                                 | 0                                 | 19                                |
+| Use after refurbish            | 0                                 | 0                                 | 0                                 |
+| Refurbish battery burdens      | 0.06                              | 0                                 | 0                                 |
+| Recycling Al/Au/Ag/Co          | 0                                 | 0                                 | 0                                 |
+| Use                            | 0.52                              | 0.52                              | 0.52                              |
+| Distribution                   | 0                                 | 0                                 | 0                                 |
+| Production                     | 33                                | 8.2                               | 6.8                               |
+
+grams Sb-equivalents/4 years
+
+L.1015(19)\_Fl.3
+
+Horizontal bar chart showing the indicative effect of lifetime, battery replacement, hoarding and reuse on resource depletion midpoint (grams Sb-equivalents/4 years) for three scenarios (S1, S2, S3) across various life cycle stages.
+
+**Figure I.3 – Indicative effect on ADP score of durability of mobile phones for a low collection rate**
+
+![Horizontal bar chart showing life cycle stages for three phone scenarios (S1, S2, S3) in grams Sb-equivalents/4 years. The chart compares production, distribution, use, and recycling impacts across different usage and collection models.](60e9207be66a64332619bb4b667fe67b_img.jpg)
+
+**Indicative effect of lifetime, battery replacement, hoarding and reuse - maximum collection rate - on resource depletion midpoint**
+
+**Life cycle stage**
+
+**grams Sb-equivalents/4 years**
+
+**Legend:**
+
+- S3:** 4 year life use (video intense, 39 hours between full charges), 15.28 Wh battery, 0% collected, which are 100% hoarded
+- S1:** 4 year life use (video intense, 39 hours between full charges), 15.28 Wh battery, 100% collected, which are recycled
+- S2:** 4 year life use (video intense, 31 hours between full charges), 7.64 Wh battery, 100% collected, battery replaced after 1 year, refurbished phone reused 3 years
+
+| Life cycle stage                        | S1 (Red) | S2 (Blue) | S3 (Green) |
+|-----------------------------------------|----------|-----------|------------|
+| TOTAL                                   | 6.1      | 7.1       | 33         |
+| Extra phone production and use          |          |           |            |
+| Use after refurbish                     |          |           |            |
+| Refurbish battery burdens a new battery |          | 1.3       |            |
+| Recycling Al Au Ag Co                   | -2.6     |           |            |
+| Use                                     | 0.52     |           |            |
+| Distribution                            |          |           |            |
+| Production                              | 8.2      | 6.8       | 33         |
+
+L.1015(19)\_FI.4
+
+Horizontal bar chart showing life cycle stages for three phone scenarios (S1, S2, S3) in grams Sb-equivalents/4 years. The chart compares production, distribution, use, and recycling impacts across different usage and collection models.
+
+**Figure I.4 – Indicative effect on ADP score of durability of mobile phones for maximum collection rate**
+
+## Appendix II
+
+## Transboundary movement of used and waste mobile phones
+
+(The appendix does not form an integral part of this Recommendation.)
+
+The type of transboundary movement procedure to be applied depends on the condition of the collected mobile phones after evaluation and/or testing and labelling and on national legislation. The Basel Convention transboundary movement control procedure should be implemented for end-of-life mobile phones destined for material recovery and recycling (Annex IV B operations) or final disposal (Annex IV A operations), where the end-of-life mobile phones contain Annex I constituents, unless it can be demonstrated that these end-of-life mobile phones are not hazardous using Annex III characteristics. [b-MPPI Guidance Document].
+
+To determine what is and what is not covered under the Basel Convention, the Convention defines the "wastes" to be covered in Article 2.1 of the Convention, and stipulates that wastes are substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of national law. The Convention then defines disposal by reference to a set of technical annexes. The term disposal includes recovery, recycling operations as well as final disposal operations. In addition, every Party may determine, by its own national legislation, to define additional substances and objects as wastes and hazardous wastes.
+
+If, following Article 2.1 of the Basel Convention or national legislation, at least one of the Parties involved in a transboundary movement has determined that used mobile phones destined for direct reuse or destined repair, refurbishment or failure analysis in the importing country are classified as hazardous wastes, then the Basel Convention control procedure would then apply where such waste mobile phones are hazardous wastes, in accordance:
+
+- with Article 1.1 (a) and contain Annex I constituents, unless it cannot be demonstrated that these used mobile phones are not hazardous, using Annex III characteristics or,
+- with Article 1.1 (b) and are considered hazardous wastes by the national legislation of one of the Parties involved in the transboundary movement.
+
+However, if, following Article 2.1 of the Basel Convention and national legislation, none of the Parties involved in a transboundary movement have determined that used mobile phones destined for direct reuse or destined for failure analysis, repair or refurbishment in the importing country are classified as wastes, the Basel Convention control procedure will not apply. In such circumstances, the exporter should follow the procedure described in the Basel Convention Technical Guidelines on transboundary movements of e-wastes [b-Basel E-waste TGs] and ensure that mobile phones destined for direct reuse are accompanied by functionality tests and a reuse destination in the receiving country is assured, among others. For mobile phones that are destined for failure analysis, repair or refurbishment, the shipment should be accompanied by relevant documentation, including a contract for the failure analysis, repair or refurbishment operations in the importing country, among others.
+
+## Bibliography
+
+- [b-ITU-T L.1410] Recommendation ITU-T L.1410 (2014), *Methodology for environmental life cycle assessments of information and communication technology goods, networks and services.*
+- [b-ITU-T L.Suppl.21] Supplement 21 to ITU-T L-series Recommendations (2016), *Implementation guidance for small- and medium-sized enterprises on information and communication technology supply chain due diligence concerning conflict minerals.*
+- [b-ITU-T L.Suppl.32] Supplement 32 to ITU-T L-series Recommendations (2016), *Supplement for eco-specifications and rating criteria for mobile phones eco-rating programmes.*  
+<<http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-L.Sup32-201610-I>>
+- [b-ETSI ES 203 199] ETSI ES 203 199 V1.3.1 (2015), *Environmental Engineering (EE); Methodology for environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) goods, networks and services.*
+- [b-IEC 60529] IEC 60529:2001, *Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code).*
+- [b-IEC 61960-3] IEC 61960-3:2017, *Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes – Secondary lithium cells and batteries for portable applications – Part 3: Prismatic and cylindrical lithium secondary cells and batteries made from them.*
+- [b-IEC 62075] IEC 62075:2012, *Audio/video, information and communication technology equipment – Environmentally conscious design.*
+- [b-IEC 62321] IEC 62321:Series - *Determination of certain substances in electrotechnical products.*
+- [b-IEC TR 62635] IEC TR 62635:2012, *Guidelines for end-of-life information provided by manufacturers and recyclers and for recyclability rate calculation of electrical and electronic equipment.*
+- [b-IEC 63000] IEC 63000:2016, *Technical documentation for the assessment of electrical and electronic products with respect to the restriction of hazardous substances.*
+- [b-IEEE 1680.1] IEEE 1680.1-2018, *IEEE Standard for Environmental and Social Responsibility Assessment of Computers and Displays.*
+- [b-ISO 1043-1] ISO 1043-1:2011, *Plastics – Symbols and abbreviated terms.*
+- [b-ISO 11469] ISO 11469:2016, *Plastics – generic identification and marking of plastics products.*
+- [b-ISO 14001] ISO 14001:2015, *Environmental management systems – Requirements with guidance for use.*
+- [b-ISO 14021] ISO 14021:2016, *Environmental labels and declarations – Self-declared environmental claims (Type II environmental labelling).*
+
+|                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |
+|----------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| [b-ISO 14040]                    | ISO 14040:2006, <i>Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Principles and framework</i> .                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
+| [b-ISO 14044]                    | ISO 14044:2006, <i>Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Requirements and guidelines</i> .                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     |
+| [b-AA 1000]                      | AccountAbility AA1000 Series of Standards.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
+| [b-AICPA AT 101]                 | American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Section 10119SA09Oral.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
+| [b-Andrae]                       | Andrae, A.S.G., Edler, T., (2015), <i>On global electricity usage of communication technology: Trends to 2030</i> . Challenges. 6, 117-157.<br>< <a href="http://www.mdpi.com/2078-1547/6/1/117">http://www.mdpi.com/2078-1547/6/1/117</a> >                                                                                                                                                                |
+| [b-Andrae]                       | Andrae, A.S.G. (2018), <i>Collection rate and reliability are the main sustainability determinants of current fast-paced, small, and short-lived ICT products</i> . WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development 14, 531-540.<br>< <a href="http://www.wseas.org/multimedia/journals/environment/2018/b125115-097.pdf">http://www.wseas.org/multimedia/journals/environment/2018/b125115-097.pdf</a> > |
+| [b-Basel E-waste TGs, 2015)]     | Technical Guidelines on transboundary movements of e-waste in particular on the distinction between waste and non-waste under the Basel Convention.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |
+| [b-CEN EN 13428]                 | CEN – 13428 (2004), <i>Packaging – Requirements specific to manufacturing and composition – prevention by source reduction</i> .                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |
+| [b-EMAS, 2009]                   | EC Regulation 1221/2009 <i>on the voluntary participation by organisations in a Community eco-management and audit scheme (EMAS)</i> .                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
+| [b-EN 45557]                     | EN 45557:2018, <i>General method for assessing the proportion of recycled material content energy-related products</i> .                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| [b-EN 50625]                     | EN 50625 Collection, <i>Logistics and Treatment Requirements for WEEE</i> .                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [b-GRI Standards]                | Global Reporting Initiative Sustainability Reporting Standards.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |
+| [b-GHG Protocol]                 | Greenhouse Gas Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard, 2015.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
+| [b-MPPI Guidance Document, 2012] | Mobile Phone Partnership Initiative. Guidance Document on the Environmentally Sound Management of Used and End-of-Life Mobile Phones.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
+| [b-PEF Guide]                    | Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) Guide, European Commission.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           |
+| [b-PR EN 45555]                  | PR EN 45555:2018, <i>General methods for assessing the recyclability and recoverability of energy related products</i> .                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| [b-UL110, 2012]                  | UL 110, Standard for Sustainability for Mobile Phones. 1st ed. March 24, 2012.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
+| [b-UL110, 2017]                  | UL 110, Standard for Sustainability for Mobile Phones. 2nd ed. March 24, 2017.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
+
+
+
+
+
+## SERIES OF ITU-T RECOMMENDATIONS
+
+|                 |                                                                                                                                                                  |
+|-----------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Series A        | Organization of the work of ITU-T                                                                                                                                |
+| Series D        | Tariff and accounting principles and international telecommunication/ICT economic and policy issues                                                              |
+| Series E        | Overall network operation, telephone service, service operation and human factors                                                                                |
+| Series F        | Non-telephone telecommunication services                                                                                                                         |
+| Series G        | Transmission systems and media, digital systems and networks                                                                                                     |
+| Series H        | Audiovisual and multimedia systems                                                                                                                               |
+| Series I        | Integrated services digital network                                                                                                                              |
+| Series J        | Cable networks and transmission of television, sound programme and other multimedia signals                                                                      |
+| Series K        | Protection against interference                                                                                                                                  |
+| <b>Series L</b> | <b>Environment and ICTs, climate change, e-waste, energy efficiency; construction, installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant</b> |
+| Series M        | Telecommunication management, including TMN and network maintenance                                                                                              |
+| Series N        | Maintenance: international sound programme and television transmission circuits                                                                                  |
+| Series O        | Specifications of measuring equipment                                                                                                                            |
+| Series P        | Telephone transmission quality, telephone installations, local line networks                                                                                     |
+| Series Q        | Switching and signalling, and associated measurements and tests                                                                                                  |
+| Series R        | Telegraph transmission                                                                                                                                           |
+| Series S        | Telegraph services terminal equipment                                                                                                                            |
+| Series T        | Terminals for telematic services                                                                                                                                 |
+| Series U        | Telegraph switching                                                                                                                                              |
+| Series V        | Data communication over the telephone network                                                                                                                    |
+| Series X        | Data networks, open system communications and security                                                                                                           |
+| Series Y        | Global information infrastructure, Internet protocol aspects, next-generation networks, Internet of Things and smart cities                                      |
+| Series Z        | Languages and general software aspects for telecommunication systems                                                                                             |

marked/L/T-REC-L.1016-202202-I_PDF-E/raw.md

@@ -0,0 +1,501 @@
+
+
+**ITU-T**
+
+TELECOMMUNICATION  
+STANDARDIZATION SECTOR  
+OF ITU
+
+**L.1016**
+
+(02/2022)
+
+SERIES L: ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE  
+CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY;  
+CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION  
+OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE  
+PLANT
+
+E-waste and circular economy
+
+---
+
+**Method for evaluation of the environmental,  
+health and safety performance of true wireless  
+stereo headphones**
+
+Recommendation ITU-T L.1016
+
+# ITU-T L-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS
+
+## ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY; CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE PLANT
+
+|                                                        |                      |
+|--------------------------------------------------------|----------------------|
+| OPTICAL FIBRE CABLES                                   |                      |
+| Cable structure and characteristics                    | L.100–L.124          |
+| Cable evaluation                                       | L.125–L.149          |
+| Guidance and installation technique                    | L.150–L.199          |
+| OPTICAL INFRASTRUCTURES                                |                      |
+| Infrastructure including node elements (except cables) | L.200–L.249          |
+| General aspects and network design                     | L.250–L.299          |
+| MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION                              |                      |
+| Optical fibre cable maintenance                        | L.300–L.329          |
+| Infrastructure maintenance                             | L.330–L.349          |
+| Operation support and infrastructure management        | L.350–L.379          |
+| Disaster management                                    | L.380–L.399          |
+| PASSIVE OPTICAL DEVICES                                | L.400–L.429          |
+| MARINIZED TERRESTRIAL CABLES                           | L.430–L.449          |
+| <b>E-WASTE AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY</b>                    | <b>L.1000–L.1199</b> |
+| POWER FEEDING AND ENERGY STORAGE                       | L.1200–L.1299        |
+| ENERGY EFFICIENCY, SMART ENERGY AND GREEN DATA CENTRES | L.1300–L.1399        |
+| ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES OF ICTS AND CO2 TRAJECTORIES  | L.1400–L.1499        |
+| ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE                           | L.1500–L.1599        |
+| LOW COST SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE                    | L.1700–L.1799        |
+
+For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations.
+
+## Recommendation ITU-T L.1016
+
+## Method for evaluation of the environmental, health and safety performance of true wireless stereo headphones
+
+## Summary
+
+In recent years, more and more headphones belonging to the group of true wireless stereo (TWS) products have become commercially available. In 2019, sales of TWS earbuds surpassed the sales of (non-TWS) wireless earphones.
+
+The advent of true wireless stereo headphones raises the question on their performance in terms of health and safety of the user. There is a close link between the health/safety of the user and substances used in true wireless stereo headphones.
+
+The concept of products with minimal substances of concern and the phasing out of harmful substances for non-essential uses is one of the key aspects in the *European Sustainable Chemicals Strategy*, which is an important building block towards the goal of zero-pollution, essential for a circular economy. While the idea of non-essential uses is somewhat new in EU legislative initiatives, it originates from the 1978 *US Toxic Substances Control Act* and was taken up by other countries such as Canada. The concept was finally enshrined in the *Montreal Protocol*, designed to protect the ozone layer. As more and more countries recognize the importance of a circular economy to combat climate change, the notion of products with minimal substances of concern is gaining relevance.
+
+With increasing relevance, the need for a method to compare the environmental, health and safety performance of TWS products is rising. Recommendation ITU-T L.1016 aims to establish a standardized methodology to evaluate a score of the aforementioned aspects.
+
+## History
+
+| Edition | Recommendation | Approval   | Study Group | Unique ID*                                                                |
+|---------|----------------|------------|-------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| 1.0     | ITU-T L.1016   | 2022-02-13 | 5           | <a href="http://handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/14847">11.1002/1000/14847</a> |
+
+## Keywords
+
+Environment, health, safety, true wireless stereo.
+
+---
+
+\* To access the Recommendation, type the URL <http://handle.itu.int/> in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendation's unique ID. For example, <http://handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11830-en>.
+
+## FOREWORD
+
+The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis.
+
+The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics.
+
+The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1.
+
+In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-T's purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC.
+
+### NOTE
+
+In this Recommendation, the expression "Administration" is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency.
+
+Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words "shall" or some other obligatory language such as "must" and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party.
+
+## INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
+
+ITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendation development process.
+
+As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents/software copyrights, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the appropriate ITU-T databases available via the ITU-T website at <http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/>.
+
+© ITU 2022
+
+All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU.
+
+## Table of Contents
+
+|                                               | Page |
+|-----------------------------------------------|------|
+| 1 Scope .....                                 | 1    |
+| 2 References.....                             | 1    |
+| 3 Definitions .....                           | 2    |
+| 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere .....             | 2    |
+| 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation..... | 2    |
+| 4 Abbreviations and acronyms .....            | 2    |
+| 5 Conventions .....                           | 3    |
+| 6 Methodology.....                            | 3    |
+| 7 Criteria .....                              | 4    |
+| 7.1 Mandatory criteria .....                  | 4    |
+| 7.2 Voluntary criteria.....                   | 7    |
+| Annex A – Wearing comfort test .....          | 13   |
+| Bibliography.....                             | 14   |
+
+
+
+## Recommendation ITU-T L.1016
+
+## Method for evaluation of the environmental, health and safety performance of true wireless stereo headphones
+
+## 1 Scope
+
+The objective of this Recommendation is to provide a standardized method to evaluate the performance of true wireless stereo headphones with regards to compliance with existing environment, health and safety regulations and standards.
+
+Furthermore, this Recommendation suggests a method to evaluate an aggregate score, reflecting the overall performance and compliance.
+
+This Recommendation evaluates the following attributes:
+
+- Substance health risk
+- Hearing health risk
+- Ergonomics
+- Radio frequency (RF) radiation safety
+- Battery safety
+
+This Recommendation is applicable to true wireless stereo (TWS) headphones such as smart earphones, including headphones and necklace headphones.
+
+## 2 References
+
+The following ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and other references are subject to revision; users of this Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and other references listed below. A list of the currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published. The reference to a document within this Recommendation does not give it, as a stand-alone document, the status of a Recommendation.
+
+- [ITU-T H.870] Recommendation ITU-T H.870 (2018), *Guidelines for safe listening devices/systems*.
+- [ITU-T K.91] Recommendation ITU-T K.91 (2022), *Guidance for assessment, evaluation and monitoring of human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields*.
+- [IEC 61249-2-21] IEC 61249-2-21:2003, *Materials for printed boards and other interconnecting structures – Part 2-21: Reinforced base materials, clad and unclad – Non-halogenated epoxide woven E-glass reinforced laminated sheets of defined flammability (vertical burning test), copper-clad*.
+- [IEC 62479] IEC 62479:2010, *Assessment of the compliance of low-power electronic and electrical equipment with the basic restrictions related to human exposure to electromagnetic fields (10 MHz to 300 GHz)*.
+
+|                       |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
+|-----------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| [IEC 62133]           | IEC/EN 62133:2017, <i>Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes –Safety requirements for portable sealed secondary cells, and for batteries made from them, for use in portable applications.</i>                                                                             |
+| [IEC 62209-3]         | IEC/EN 62209-3:2019, <i>Measurement procedure for the assessment of specific absorption rate of human exposure to radio frequency fields from hand-held and body-mounted wireless communication devices - Part 3: Vector measurement-based systems (Frequency range of 600 MHz to 6 GHz).</i>                        |
+| [IEC 62368-1]         | IEC 62368-1:2018, <i>Audio/video, information, and communication technology equipment – Part 1: Safety requirements.</i>                                                                                                                                                                                             |
+| [IEC/IEEE 62209-1528] | IEC/IEEE/EN 62209-1528:2020, <i>Measurement procedure for the assessment of specific absorption rate of human exposure to radio frequency fields from hand-held and body-mounted wireless communication devices – Part 1528: Human models, instrumentation, and procedures (Frequency range of 4 MHz to 10 GHz).</i> |
+| [ISO 21067-1]         | ISO 21067-1:2016, <i>Packaging – Vocabulary – Part 1: General terms.</i>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |
+
+## 3 Definitions
+
+### 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere
+
+This Recommendation uses the following terms defined elsewhere:
+
+**3.1.1 product** [b-ETSI TR 103 679]: Good or service.
+
+**3.1.2 packaging** [ISO 21067-1]: To be used for the containment, protection, handling, delivery, storage, transport and presentation of goods, from raw materials to processed goods, from the producer to the user or consumer, including processor, assembler or other intermediary.
+
+**3.1.3 substance** [b-GHS]: Chemical element and its compounds in the natural state or obtained by any manufacturing process, including any additive necessary to preserve its stability and any impurity deriving from the process used, but excluding any solvent which may be separated without affecting the stability of the declarable substance or changing its composition.
+
+### 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation
+
+This Recommendation defines the following term:
+
+**3.2.1 true wireless stereo (TWS) headphones:** True wireless stereo headphones are traditional headphones with a built-in intelligent wireless transmission mode, for example Bluetooth, and connected to mobile terminals, such as smartphones. Smart headphones can implement various external application functions.
+
+## 4 Abbreviations and acronyms
+
+This Recommendation uses the following abbreviations and acronyms:
+
+|      |                      |
+|------|----------------------|
+| BaA  | Benz(a)Anthracene    |
+| BaP  | Benzo(a)Pyrene       |
+| BbFA | Benzo(b)Fluoranthene |
+| BeP  | Benzo(e)Pyrene       |
+
+|       |                                                                                               |
+|-------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| BjFA  | Benzo(j)Fluoranthene                                                                          |
+| BkFA  | Benzo(k)Fluoranthene                                                                          |
+| CHR   | Chrysene                                                                                      |
+| DBAhA | Dibenz(a,h)Anthracene                                                                         |
+| ECF   | Elemental Chlorine-Free                                                                       |
+| EPS   | Expanded Polystyrene                                                                          |
+| FSC   | Forest Stewardship Council                                                                    |
+| HBCD  | Hexabromocyclododecane                                                                        |
+| PAHs  | Polycyclic-Aromatic Hydrocarbons                                                              |
+| PCS   | Process Chlorine free                                                                         |
+| PEFC  | Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification                                         |
+| PFOA  | Perfluorooctanoic Acid                                                                        |
+| PFOS  | Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid                                                                  |
+| PPB   | Parts Per Billion                                                                             |
+| PPM   | Parts Per Million                                                                             |
+| PVC   | Polyvinyl Chloride                                                                            |
+| REACH | Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals                          |
+| RF    | Radio Frequency                                                                               |
+| RoHS  | Restriction of the use of certain Hazardous Substances in electrical and electronic equipment |
+| SAR   | Specific Absorption Rate                                                                      |
+| SCCP  | Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins                                                             |
+| SVHCs | Substances of Very High Concern                                                               |
+| TCF   | Total Chlorine Free                                                                           |
+| TWS   | True Wireless Stereo                                                                          |
+
+## 5 Conventions
+
+None.
+
+## 6 Methodology
+
+The performance of true wireless stereo (TWS) headphones in terms of health and safety can be comprehensively evaluated by five aspects: substance health risk, hearing health risk, ergonomics, radio frequency (RF) radiation exposure and battery safety. Each aspect is classified into mandatory criteria and voluntary criteria.
+
+The overall performance is evaluated by determining the score based on the voluntary criteria listed in clause 7. In any case, the requirements of the mandatory criteria have to be fulfilled. A voluntary requirement not met results in 0 points in the respective criterion.
+
+The overall performance can be distinguished in three levels, level 1, level 2, and level 3 (Table 1), with level 1 being the highest performance level. The rules for evaluating the levels are as follows:
+
+Level 1: All mandatory criteria are met. The total score of voluntary criteria is 80 points or higher.
+
+Level 2: All mandatory criteria are met. The total score of voluntary criteria is equal to or above 50 points and below 80 points.
+
+Level 3: All mandatory requirements are met. The total score of voluntary criteria is below 50 points.
+
+If a product does not achieve 100% of the mandatory criteria, it cannot be rated any level.
+
+**Table 1 – Evaluation requirements for TWS headphones**
+
+| Evaluation level | Evaluation level requirements         |                                   |
+|------------------|---------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|
+|                  | Compliance rate to mandatory criteria | Total score of voluntary criteria |
+| Level 1          | 100%                                  | $> 80$                            |
+| Level 2          | 100%                                  | $80 > X \geq 50$                  |
+| Level 3          | 100%                                  | $50 > X$                          |
+
+## 7 Criteria
+
+### 7.1 Mandatory criteria
+
+#### 7.1.1 Substance health risk
+
+Table 2 lists the requirements for the evaluation of the mandatory criteria of TWS headphones in terms of substance health risks.
+
+**Table 2 – Substance health risk evaluation indicators for TWS headphones**
+
+| No. | Evaluation indicator           | Evaluation indicator requirements                                                                  |                                                  | Requirement type | Score | Evaluation method                                      |
+|-----|--------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|------------------|-------|--------------------------------------------------------|
+|     |                                | Reference value                                                                                    | Reference                                        |                  |       |                                                        |
+| 1   | RoHS compliance                | The TWS headphones shall meet the EU RoHS and China RoHS limit requirements.                       | [b-EU2011/65]<br>[b-EU2015/863]<br>[b-GB/T26572] | Mandatory        | N/A   | Check test report                                      |
+| 2   | SCCP limitation                | SCCP content shall be $< 0.15\%$                                                                   | [b-EU2019/1021]                                  | Mandatory        | N/A   | Check test report or product material composition data |
+| 3   | HBCD limitation                | HBCD content shall be $< 0.01\%$                                                                   | [b-EU2019/1021]                                  | Mandatory        | N/A   | Check test report or product material composition data |
+| 4   | Hexavalent chromium limitation | Hexavalent chromium content in leather materials in direct contact with skin shall be $< 0.0003\%$ | [b-EU2006/1907]                                  | Mandatory        | N/A   | Check test report                                      |
+
+**Table 2 – Substance health risk evaluation indicators for TWS headphones**
+
+| No. | Evaluation indicator           | Evaluation indicator requirements                                                                                    |                                 | Requirement type | Score | Evaluation method                                        |
+|-----|--------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------|------------------|-------|----------------------------------------------------------|
+|     |                                | Reference value                                                                                                      | Reference                       |                  |       |                                                          |
+| 5   | Nickel release limitation      | Nickel release from metal parts in direct contact with skin for long periods shall be < 0.5 µg/cm <sup>2</sup> /week | [b-EU2006/1907]                 | Mandatory        | N/A   | Check test report                                        |
+| 6   | Azo dyes limitation            | Leather/textile material azo dye content shall be < 30 ppm                                                           | [b-EU2006/1907]                 | Mandatory        | N/A   | Check test report                                        |
+| 7   | Formaldehyde limitation        | Formaldehyde content in leather/textile materials shall be < 75 ppm                                                  | [b-EU2006/1907]                 | Mandatory        | N/A   | Check test report                                        |
+| 8   | Dimethyl fumarate limitation   | Dimethyl fumarate in leather/textile materials shall be < 0.1 ppm                                                    | [b-EU2006/1907]                 | Mandatory        | N/A   | Check test report                                        |
+| 9   | PFOS/PFOA limitation           | PFOS content in leather/textile materials shall be < 1 µg/m <sup>2</sup> ; PFOA content shall be < 25 PPB            | [b-EU2006/1907]                 | Mandatory        | N/A   | Check test report                                        |
+| 10  | Battery directive compliance   | In batteries, Hg content shall be ≤ 0.0005%; Cd content shall be ≤ 0.002%; Pb content shall be ≤ 0.004%.             | [b-EU2006/66] and [b-EU2013/56] | Mandatory        | N/A   | Check test report or product material composition data   |
+| 11  | Packaging directive compliance | The sum of lead, cadmium, mercury, and hexavalent chromium in the packaging material shall not exceed 100 ppm.       | [b-EU1994/62]                   | Mandatory        | N/A   | Check test report or packaging material composition data |
+
+#### 7.1.2 Hearing health risk
+
+Table 3 lists the requirements for the evaluation of the mandatory criteria of TWS headphones in terms of hearing health risk.
+
+**Table 3 – Hearing health risk evaluation indicators of TWS headphones**
+
+| No. | Evaluation indicator          | Evaluation indicator requirements                     |                                | Requirement type | Score | Evaluation method |
+|-----|-------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------|------------------|-------|-------------------|
+|     |                               | Reference value                                       | Reference                      |                  |       |                   |
+| 1   | Maximum weekly sound exposure | Maximum weekly sound exposure ≤ 1.6 Pa <sup>2</sup> h | [IEC 62368-1]<br>[ITU-T H.870] | Mandatory        | N/A   | Check test report |
+
+#### 7.1.3 Ergonomics
+
+There are no mandatory requirements in terms of ergonomics for TWS headphones.
+
+#### 7.1.4 RF radiation exposure
+
+Table 4 lists the requirements for the evaluation of the mandatory criteria of TWS headphones in terms of RF radiation exposure.
+
+**Table 4 – RF radiation exposure evaluation indexes of TWS headphones**
+
+| No. | Evaluation indicator           | Evaluation indicator requirements                                                         |                                                        | Requirement type | Score | Evaluation method |
+|-----|--------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|------------------|-------|-------------------|
+|     |                                | Reference value                                                                           | Reference                                              |                  |       |                   |
+| 1   | Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) | Head SAR shall be < SAR limit (2.0 W/kg)<br>NOTE – limit may vary in different countries. | [IEC/IEEE 62209-1528]<br>[IEC 62209-3]<br>[ITU-T K.91] | Mandatory        | N/A   | Check test report |
+
+#### 7.1.5 Battery safety
+
+Table 5 lists the requirements for the evaluation of the mandatory criteria of TWS headphones in terms of battery safety.
+
+NOTE – Battery test can be conducted on the battery itself before the product is assembled.
+
+**Table 5 – Battery safety evaluation indexes of TWS headphones**
+
+| No. | Evaluation indicator           | Evaluation indicator requirements                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |               | Requirement type | Score | Evaluation method |
+|-----|--------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------|------------------|-------|-------------------|
+|     |                                | Reference value                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              | Reference     |                  |       |                   |
+| 1   | Plane extrusion requirements   | After the electrochemical cell test, no explosion or fire shall occur.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       | [IEC 62133]   | Mandatory        | N/A   | Check test report |
+| 2   | Safety protection requirements | 1. During the battery safety protection verification test, the charging voltage and current of the battery shall not exceed the maximum voltage and current specified in the specifications.<br>2. Charging test under abnormal temperature:<br>(1) Charging of the battery shall be stopped when the electrochemical cell temperature exceeds the maximum charging temperature.<br>(2) When the electrochemical cell temperature is lower than the minimum charging temperature, the battery charging circuit shall limit the current to the value specified in the battery specifications. | [IEC 62368-1] | Mandatory        | N/A   | Check test report |
+
+**Table 5 – Battery safety evaluation indexes of TWS headphones**
+
+| No. | Evaluation indicator                      | Evaluation indicator requirements                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |               | Requirement type | Score | Evaluation method |
+|-----|-------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------|------------------|-------|-------------------|
+|     |                                           | Reference value                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      | Reference     |                  |       |                   |
+| 3   | Overcharge and overdischarge requirements | During the electrochemical cell test, no explosion, fire, or electrolyte leakage shall occur.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        | [IEC 62368-1] | Mandatory        | N/A   | Check test report |
+| 4   | Drop requirements                         | During the battery drop test:<br>(1) The battery shall not explode, leak, or catch fire.<br>(2) Disconnect the battery and test the open-circuit voltage 24 hours later. The voltage difference between the open-circuit voltage and the open-circuit voltage of the battery that has not been dropped shall not exceed 5%.<br>NOTE – The charging and discharging functions can be disabled after the product is dropped, but the battery is not allowed to explode, fire, or leak. | [IEC 62368-1] | Mandatory        | N/A   | Check test report |
+| 5   | 130-degree thermal shock                  | During the battery test, no fire or explosion shall occur.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           | [IEC 62133]   | Mandatory        | N/A   | Check test report |
+
+### 7.2 Voluntary criteria
+
+#### 7.2.1 Substance health risk
+
+Table 6 lists the requirements for the evaluation of the voluntary criteria of TWS headphones in terms of substance health risks.
+
+**Table 6 – Substance health risks evaluation indicators for TWS headphones**
+
+| No. | Evaluation indicator   | Evaluation indicator requirements                                                                                                    |                  | Requirement type | Score | Evaluation method                                      |
+|-----|------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------|------------------|-------|--------------------------------------------------------|
+|     |                        | Reference value                                                                                                                      | Reference        |                  |       |                                                        |
+| 1   | Low halogen limitation | The halogen content of the entire product shall meet the following requirements: Br < 900 ppm, Cl < 900 ppm, and Cl + Br < 1500 ppm. | [IEC 61249-2-21] | Voluntary        | 4     | Check test report or product material composition data |
+
+**Table 6 – Substance health risks evaluation indicators for TWS headphones**
+
+| No. | Evaluation indicator                                     | Evaluation indicator requirements                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |                                    | Requirement type | Score | Evaluation method                                                                          |
+|-----|----------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------|------------------|-------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+|     |                                                          | Reference value                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               | Reference                          |                  |       |                                                                                            |
+| 2   | Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons limitation              | The PAH content in contactable plastics, coatings or rubber components shall meet the following requirement: a total of (BaP; BeP; BaA; BbFA; BjFA; BkFA; CHR; DBAhA; Benzo [g, h, i] perylene; Indeno [1, 2, 3-cd] pyrene) < 0.5 ppm; Naphthalene < 2 ppm; 15 PAHs < 10 ppm. | [b-AfPS]                           | Voluntary        | 4     | Check test report                                                                          |
+| 3   | Antimony and its compounds limitation                    | Antimony and its compounds shall constitute less than 0.1% of the mass of the entire product. Exemptions from this requirement: glass and ceramic materials.                                                                                                                  | This Recommendation                | Voluntary        | 3     | Check test report or product material composition data                                     |
+| 4   | Beryllium and its compounds limitation                   | The content of beryllium and its compounds in the entire product shall be less than 0.1%.                                                                                                                                                                                     | This Recommendation                | Voluntary        | 3     | Check test report or product material composition data                                     |
+| 5   | Phthalate limitation                                     | The content of each phthalate in the entire product shall be less than 1000 ppm.                                                                                                                                                                                              | This Recommendation                | Voluntary        | 4     | Check test report or product material composition data                                     |
+| 6   | PVC restrictions                                         | PVC plastics shall not be used in the entire products.                                                                                                                                                                                                                        | This Recommendation                | Voluntary        | 4     | Check the material composition data of the product.                                        |
+| 7   | REACH Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC) restriction | Any SVHC, according to EU REACH, shall be less than 0.1% in an article. Applicable exemptions from the requirement: RoHS exemptions B <sub>2</sub> O <sub>3</sub> exemptions in glass/ceramics                                                                                | [b-EU2006/66], This Recommendation | Voluntary        | 5     | Check the material composition data of the product.                                        |
+| 8   | Collecting information about product material components | A dedicated database shall be available for information on the product material composition based on substance and material information obtained in the supply chain<br>NOTE – The tracked material composition of the entire product, by mass, needs to reach at least 90%.  | This Recommendation                | Voluntary        | 5     | Screenshots of product data collection from the database and the material composition data |
+
+**Table 6 – Substance health risks evaluation indicators for TWS headphones**
+
+| No. | Evaluation indicator                | Evaluation indicator requirements                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |                                 | Requirement type | Score | Evaluation method                                                                                                                                            |
+|-----|-------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------|------------------|-------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+|     |                                     | Reference value                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     | Reference                       |                  |       |                                                                                                                                                              |
+| 9   | Packing requirements                | The use of EPS materials shall be prohibited in sales packaging.                                                                                                                                                                                                                    | This Recommendation             | Voluntary        | 2     | Check the packing list of all materials or check the product packaging on site.                                                                              |
+| 10  |                                     | The paper used in packaging shall be made of either:<br>100% FSC, FSC Mix, or PEFC certified paper or recycled paper or a combination thereof                                                                                                                                       | This Recommendation             | Voluntary        | 2     | Check the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certificate or manufacturer's statement of recycled paper.                                                        |
+| 11  |                                     | Elemental chlorine shall not have been applied to the gift box, or manual packaging paper for bleaching.<br>This can be achieved by the absence of bleaching, or by ensuring bleaching is elemental chlorine-free (ECF), total chlorine free (TCF), or process chlorine free (PCF). | This Recommendation             | Voluntary        | 2     | Check the manufacturer's statement.                                                                                                                          |
+| 12  |                                     | All plastic packaging components with a $\geq 50 \text{ cm}^2$ surface area, or equal to 25g or higher shall be labelled, excluding tape, plastic wraps, labels, inks, coatings, and adhesives.                                                                                     | [b-GB/T18455] or [b-ASTM/D7611] | Voluntary        | 1     | Check the labels of the packaging plastic materials on site.                                                                                                 |
+| 13  | Antibacterial material requirements | The weight of the plastic packaging, including plastic roll film, plastic bag, and plastic tray; and excluding inks, coatings, and adhesives; shall be less than 4%.                                                                                                                | This Recommendation             | Voluntary        | 4     | Check the product package on site, check the weight statement of the plastic film on the gift box surface, or check the packaging material composition data. |
+| 14  |                                     | Antibacterial rate of glucose bacterium aureus shall be $\geq 90\%$ – applicable to refurbished products only                                                                                                                                                                       | This Recommendation             | Voluntary        | 5     | Check test report                                                                                                                                            |
+| 15  |                                     | Material of the component in contact with the human ear shall meet the following requirement:<br>E. coli antibacterial rate $\geq 90\%$ – applicable to refurbished products only                                                                                                   | This Recommendation             | Voluntary        | 5     | Check test report                                                                                                                                            |
+
+#### 7.2.2 Hearing health risk
+
+Table 7 lists the requirements for the evaluation of the voluntary criteria of TWS headphones in terms of hearing health risks.
+
+**Table 7 – Health evaluation indicators of TWS headphones**
+
+| No. | Evaluation indicator                                      | Evaluation indicator requirements                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           |                     | Requirement type | Score | Evaluation method                             |
+|-----|-----------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------|------------------|-------|-----------------------------------------------|
+|     |                                                           | Reference value                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             | Reference           |                  |       |                                               |
+| 1   | Sound safety sign requirements                            | <p>The product appearance, package, or user manual shall have sound safety labels.</p> <p>The labels shall include the following elements:</p> <ul style="list-style-type: none"> <li>– Icon <img alt="Warning triangle icon with sound waves" data-bbox="518 604 566 649" src="d1415b08b038e9b93961806679c8ffa3_img.jpg"/></li> <li>– "Excessive sound pressure" or equivalent description.</li> <li>– "Risk of hearing impairment" or equivalent description</li> <li>– "Do not use under excessive sound pressure for extended periods of time" or equivalent description</li> </ul>                                                     | [IEC 62368-1]       | Voluntary        | 1     | Check the product packaging and instructions. |
+| 2   | Security warning requirements for ambient sound shielding | <p>The product appearance, package, or user manual shall have the following safety warning:</p> <p>"Do not use this machine when walking, driving, cycling, or doing work that requires attention to external sounds, otherwise accidents may occur" or equivalent description</p>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          | This Recommendation | Voluntary        | 1     | Check the product packaging and instructions. |
+| 3   | Auditory dose statistics and prompts                      | <p>1. The headphones shall have a system to track the audio dose during the use and display the status of the audio exposure of the headphones (displayed on the mobile phone)</p> <p>2. When the user exceeds 100% of the weekly allowable amount of audio exposure, the headphones shall provide warnings and action prompts related to hearing risks.</p> <p>3. When the exposure exceeds maximum weekly sound exposure <math>\leq 1.6 \text{ Pa}^2\text{h}</math>, the headphones shall provide a warning and action reminder of the risk of hearing.</p> <p>NOTE – Requirements 1-3 shall be fulfilled to achieve the score of 10.</p> | This Recommendation | Voluntary        | 10    | Check the headphones or provide screenshots.  |
+
+#### 7.2.3 Ergonomics
+
+Table 8 lists the requirements for the evaluation of the voluntary criteria of TWS headphones in terms of ergonomics.
+
+**Table 8 – Ergonomics evaluation indicators for TWS headphones**
+
+| No. | Evaluation indicator            | Evaluation indicator Requirements                                                                                                         |                     | Requirement type | Score | Evaluation method                                                  |
+|-----|---------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------|------------------|-------|--------------------------------------------------------------------|
+|     |                                 | Reference value                                                                                                                           | Reference           |                  |       |                                                                    |
+| 1   | Short-term wearing comfort rate | Comfort rate of short-term wear according to Annex A:<br>≥ 9: 5 points<br>≥ 7: 4 points<br>≥ 6: 3 points<br>≥ 5: 2 points<br>< 5: 1 point | This Recommendation | Voluntary        | 1-5   | Organize panel tests to check or check test reports. (see Annex A) |
+| 2   | Long-term wearing comfort rate  | Comfort rate of long-term wear according to Annex A:<br>≥ 9: 5 points<br>≥ 7: 4 points<br>≥ 6: 3 points<br>≥ 5: 2 points<br>< 5: 1 point  | This Recommendation | Voluntary        | 1-5   | Organize panel tests to check or check test reports (see Annex A)  |
+
+#### 7.2.4 RF radiation exposure
+
+Table 9 lists the requirements for the evaluation of the voluntary criteria of TWS headphones in terms of RF radiation exposure.
+
+**Table 9 – RF radiation exposure evaluation indexes of TWS headphones**
+
+| No. | Evaluation indicator | Evaluation indicator requirements                                     |             | Requirement type | Score | Evaluation method |
+|-----|----------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------|------------------|-------|-------------------|
+|     |                      | Reference value                                                       | Reference   |                  |       |                   |
+| 1   | SAR                  | TWS headphones shall comply with low power exclusion standard (20 mW) | [IEC 62479] | Voluntary        | 10    | Check test report |
+
+#### 7.2.5 Battery safety
+
+Table 10 lists the requirements for the evaluation of the voluntary criteria of TWS headphones in terms of battery safety.
+
+**Table 10 – Battery safety evaluation indicators for TWS headphones**
+
+| No. | Evaluation indicator         | Evaluation indicator requirements                                                                       |               | Requirement type | Score | Evaluation method |
+|-----|------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------|------------------|-------|-------------------|
+|     |                              | Reference value                                                                                         | Reference     |                  |       |                   |
+| 1   | Needle puncture requirements | During test, no hazardous situation shall occur.<br>NOTE – Hazardous situation means fire or explosion. | [b-GB/T31485] | Voluntary        | 10    | Check test report |
+| 2   | 140-degree thermal shock     | During test, no hazardous situation shall occur.<br>NOTE – Hazardous situation means fire or explosion. | [b-GB/T18287] | Voluntary        | 5     | Check test report |
+
+## Annex A
+
+### Wearing comfort test
+
+(This annex forms an integral part of this Recommendation.)
+
+The wearing comfort test (clause 7.2.3) shall be conducted as a panel test.
+
+The panel shall consist of 30 individuals, 15 men and 15 women.
+
+#### Test procedure
+
+The test is divided into a test for short-term wearing comfort and a test for long-term wearing comfort. The short-term wearing comfort test shall last for 10 minutes, the test for long-term wearing comfort shall last for 60 minutes.
+
+The test shall be conducted in a laboratory with  $25 \pm 5^\circ\text{C}$ . The best fitting ear-plug or ear-pad size is individually chosen for each panellist.
+
+The panellists wear the TWS headphones for 10 or 60 minutes respectively and shall rate the comfort level on a scale of 0-10, where:
+
+0 = very uncomfortable
+
+1-2 = uncomfortable
+
+3-4 = rather uncomfortable
+
+5 = neutral
+
+6-7 = rather comfortable
+
+8-9 = comfortable
+
+10 = very comfortable
+
+For the evaluation in clause 7.2.3, the score is averaged.
+
+## Bibliography
+
+- [b-ETSI TR 103 679] ETSI TR 103 679 V1.1.1 (2019), *Environmental Engineering (EE); Explore the challenges of developing product group-specific Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules (PEFCRs) for smartphones*.
+- [b-AfPS] AfPS GS 2019:01, *PAK Testing and assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the awarding of GS Marks*.
+- [b-ASTM/D7611] ASTM D7611, *Standard Practice for Coding Plastic Manufactured Articles for Resin Identification*.
+- [b-EU1994/62] European Parliament and Council Directive 94/62/EC of 20 December 1994 on packaging and packaging waste.
+- [b-EU2006/66] Directive 2006/66/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 September 2006 on batteries and accumulators and waste batteries and accumulators and repealing Directive 91/157/EEC.
+- [b-EU2006/1907] Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH).
+- [b-EU2011/65] Directive 2011/65/EU OF the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2011 on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment.
+- [b-EU2013/56] Directive 2013/56/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 November 2013 amending Directive 2006/66/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on batteries and accumulators and waste batteries and accumulators as regards the placing on the market of portable batteries and accumulators containing cadmium intended for use in cordless power tools, and of button cells with low mercury content, and repealing Commission Decision 2009/603/EC.
+- [b-EU2015/863] Commission Delegated Directive (EU) 2015/863 of 31 March 2015 amending Annex II to Directive 2011/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the list of restricted substances.
+- [b-EU2019/1021] Regulation (EU) 2019/1021 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on persistent organic pollutants.
+- [b-GB/T18287] GB/T 18287-2013 General specification of lithium-ion cells and batteries for mobile phone.
+- [b-GB/T18455] GB/T 18455-2010, *Package recycling marking*.
+- [b-GB/T26572] GB/T 26572, *Limitation requirements for restricted substances in electronic and electrical products*.
+- [b-GB/T31485] GB/T 31485-2015, *Safety requirements and test methods for traction battery of electric vehicle*.
+- [b-GHS] *Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling* (2017).
+
+
+
+## SERIES OF ITU-T RECOMMENDATIONS
+
+|                 |                                                                                                                                                                  |
+|-----------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Series A        | Organization of the work of ITU-T                                                                                                                                |
+| Series D        | Tariff and accounting principles and international telecommunication/ICT economic and policy issues                                                              |
+| Series E        | Overall network operation, telephone service, service operation and human factors                                                                                |
+| Series F        | Non-telephone telecommunication services                                                                                                                         |
+| Series G        | Transmission systems and media, digital systems and networks                                                                                                     |
+| Series H        | Audiovisual and multimedia systems                                                                                                                               |
+| Series I        | Integrated services digital network                                                                                                                              |
+| Series J        | Cable networks and transmission of television, sound programme and other multimedia signals                                                                      |
+| Series K        | Protection against interference                                                                                                                                  |
+| <b>Series L</b> | <b>Environment and ICTs, climate change, e-waste, energy efficiency; construction, installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant</b> |
+| Series M        | Telecommunication management, including TMN and network maintenance                                                                                              |
+| Series N        | Maintenance: international sound programme and television transmission circuits                                                                                  |
+| Series O        | Specifications of measuring equipment                                                                                                                            |
+| Series P        | Telephone transmission quality, telephone installations, local line networks                                                                                     |
+| Series Q        | Switching and signalling, and associated measurements and tests                                                                                                  |
+| Series R        | Telegraph transmission                                                                                                                                           |
+| Series S        | Telegraph services terminal equipment                                                                                                                            |
+| Series T        | Terminals for telematic services                                                                                                                                 |
+| Series U        | Telegraph switching                                                                                                                                              |
+| Series V        | Data communication over the telephone network                                                                                                                    |
+| Series X        | Data networks, open system communications and security                                                                                                           |
+| Series Y        | Global information infrastructure, Internet protocol aspects, next-generation networks, Internet of Things and smart cities                                      |
+| Series Z        | Languages and general software aspects for telecommunication systems                                                                                             |

marked/L/T-REC-L.1025-202507-I_PDF-E/raw.md

@@ -0,0 +1,399 @@
+
+
+# Recommendation
+
+## **ITU-T L.1025 (07/2025)**
+
+SERIES L: Environment and ICTs, climate change, e-waste, energy efficiency; construction, installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant
+
+E-waste and circular economy
+
+---
+
+**Assessment of material efficiency of information and communication technology network infrastructure goods – Server and data storage product secure data deletion functionality**
+
+![ITU logo](84a1d09fb489061482111515543b60dc_img.jpg)
+
+The logo of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is located in the bottom right corner. It features a blue globe with white lines representing latitude and longitude, and the letters 'ITU' in a bold, blue, sans-serif font overlaid on the globe.
+
+ITU logo
+
+## ITU-T L-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS
+
+### **Environment and ICTs, climate change, e-waste, energy efficiency; construction, installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant**
+
+|                                                        |                      |
+|--------------------------------------------------------|----------------------|
+| OPTICAL FIBRE CABLES                                   | L.100-L.199          |
+| Cable structure and characteristics                    | L.100-L.124          |
+| Cable evaluation                                       | L.125-L.149          |
+| Guidance and installation technique                    | L.150-L.199          |
+| OPTICAL INFRASTRUCTURES                                | L.200-L.299          |
+| Infrastructure including node elements (except cables) | L.200-L.249          |
+| General aspects and network design                     | L.250-L.299          |
+| MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION                              | L.300-L.399          |
+| Optical fibre cable maintenance                        | L.300-L.329          |
+| Infrastructure maintenance                             | L.330-L.349          |
+| Operation support and infrastructure management        | L.350-L.379          |
+| Disaster management                                    | L.380-L.399          |
+| PASSIVE OPTICAL DEVICES                                | L.400-L.429          |
+| MARINIZED TERRESTRIAL CABLES                           | L.430-L.449          |
+| <b>E-WASTE AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY</b>                    | <b>L.1000-L.1199</b> |
+| POWER FEEDING AND ENERGY STORAGE                       | L.1200-L.1299        |
+| ENERGY EFFICIENCY, SMART ENERGY AND GREEN DATA CENTRES | L.1300-L.1399        |
+| ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES OF ICTS AND CO2 TRAJECTORIES  | L.1400-L.1499        |
+| ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE                           | L.1500-L.1599        |
+| CIRCULAR AND SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES        | L.1600-L.1699        |
+| LOW COST SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE                    | L.1700-L.1799        |
+
+*For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations.*
+
+## Recommendation ITU-T L.1025
+
+### Assessment of material efficiency of information and communication technology network infrastructure goods – Server and data storage product secure data deletion functionality
+
+## Summary
+
+Recommendation ITU-T L.1025 addresses the requirements on secure data deletion. It aims to give a valid and compliant method to assess if this specific requirement on data deletion has been met.
+
+## History \*
+
+| Edition | Recommendation | Approval   | Study Group | Unique ID          |
+|---------|----------------|------------|-------------|--------------------|
+| 1.0     | ITU-T L.1025   | 2025-07-29 | 5           | 11.1002/1000/16410 |
+
+## Keywords
+
+Circular economy, data deletion, ICT network infrastructure goods, server and data storage products.
+
+---
+
+\* To access the Recommendation, type the URL <https://handle.itu.int/> in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendation's unique ID.
+
+## FOREWORD
+
+The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, and information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis.
+
+The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics.
+
+The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1.
+
+In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-T's purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC.
+
+### NOTE
+
+In this Recommendation, the expression "Administration" is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency.
+
+Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words "shall" or some other obligatory language such as "must" and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party.
+
+## INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
+
+ITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendation development process.
+
+As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents/software copyrights, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the appropriate ITU-T databases available via the ITU-T website at <https://www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/>.
+
+© ITU 2025
+
+All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU.
+
+## Table of Contents
+
+|                                                                                                   | Page |
+|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|
+| 1 Scope.....                                                                                      | 1    |
+| 2 References.....                                                                                 | 1    |
+| 3 Definitions .....                                                                               | 2    |
+| 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere .....                                                                 | 2    |
+| 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation.....                                                     | 3    |
+| 4 Abbreviations and acronyms .....                                                                | 4    |
+| 5 Conventions .....                                                                               | 4    |
+| 6 Assessment of the secure data deletion functionality for servers and data storage products..... | 4    |
+| 6.1 Provision of functionality to perform secure data deletion .....                              | 4    |
+| 6.2 Data exclusions from data deletion provision .....                                            | 5    |
+| 6.3 Registration.....                                                                             | 5    |
+| 7 Assessment of the secure data deletion functionality for servers and data storage products..... | 5    |
+| 7.1 Means of end-user verification of the effectiveness of the deletion method..                  | 5    |
+| 7.2 Record of data deletion.....                                                                  | 6    |
+| 8 Assessment of data deletion documentation and functionality.....                                | 6    |
+| 8.1 Means of assessment .....                                                                     | 6    |
+| 8.2 Verification of secure data deletion documentation.....                                       | 6    |
+| Bibliography.....                                                                                 | 8    |
+
+## **Introduction**
+
+This Recommendation addresses the requirements on secure data deletion. It aims to give a valid and compliant method to assess if this specific requirement on data deletion has been met.
+
+This Recommendation was developed jointly by the Environmental Engineering Technical Committee (TC EE) of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and ITU-T Study Group 5 and published by ITU and ETSI as Recommendation ITU-T L.1025 (the present document) and ETSI EN 303 800-2, which are technically equivalent.
+
+## Recommendation ITU-T L.1025
+
+## Assessment of material efficiency of information and communication technology network infrastructure goods – Server and data storage product secure data deletion functionality
+
+# 1 Scope
+
+This Recommendation specifies a method for the verification of compliance with the requirements on the secure data deletion functionality for:
+
+- 1) servers; and
+- 2) data storage equipment.
+
+This Recommendation covers demonstration of compliance with the data deletion requirements:
+
+- instructions on how to use the functionality;
+- the techniques used; and
+- the supported secure data deletion standard(s), if applicable.
+
+The following products are out of the scope of this Recommendation:
+
+- servers intended for embedded applications;
+- servers classified as small-scale servers in terms of Regulation (EU) No 617/2013 [b-reg.617];
+- servers with more than four processor sockets;
+- server appliances;
+- large servers;
+- fully fault-tolerant servers;
+- network servers;
+- small data storage products;
+- large data storage products;
+- servers or data storage products which, in addition, are used in means of transport for persons or goods;
+
+NOTE – See Directive 2009/125/EC [b-dir.125].
+
+- data storage devices that are not included in the product placed on the market by the manufacturer, their authorized representatives or importer, and are not included in modifications or updates provided or specified by the manufacturer, their authorized representatives or importer.
+
+# 2 References
+
+The following ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and other references are subject to revision; users of this Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and other references listed below. A list of the currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published. The reference to a document within this Recommendation does not give it, as a standalone document, the status of a Recommendation.
+
+- [[EN 303 800-5](#)] ETSI EN 303 800-5, *Environmental Engineering (EE); Assessment of material efficiency of ICT network infrastructure goods (circular economy); Part 5: Server and data storage product disassembly and disassembly instruction.*
+- [[IEEE 2883](#)] IEEE 2883™-2022, *IEEE Standard for Sanitizing Storage.*
+
+# 3 Definitions
+
+## 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere
+
+This Recommendation uses the following terms defined elsewhere:
+
+**3.1.1 clear** [IEEE 2883]: Sanitize using logical techniques on user data on all addressable storage locations for protection against simple non-invasive data recovery techniques using the same host interface available to the user.
+
+**3.1.2 cryptographic erase** [IEEE 2883]: Method of sanitization in which the encryption key for the encrypted target data is sanitized, making recovery of the decrypted target data infeasible using state-of-the-art laboratory techniques.
+
+**3.1.3 data storage device** [b-reg.424]: A device providing non-volatile data storage, with the exception of aggregating storage elements such as subsystems of redundant arrays of independent disks, robotic tape libraries, filers, and file servers and storage devices which are not directly accessible by end-user application programs, and are instead employed as a form of internal cache.
+
+**3.1.4 destruct** [IEEE 2883]: Sanitize using physical techniques that make recovery of target data infeasible using state-of-the-art laboratory techniques and results in the subsequent inability to use the storage media for storage.
+
+**3.1.5 data storage product** [b-reg.424]: A fully-functional storage system that supplies data storage services to clients and devices attached directly or through a network. Components and subsystems that are an integral part of the data storage product architecture (e.g., to provide internal communications between controllers and disks) are considered to be part of the data storage product. In contrast, parts that are normally associated with a storage environment at the data centre level (e.g., devices required for operation of an external storage area network) are not considered to be part of the data storage product. A data storage product may be composed of integrated storage controllers, data storage devices, embedded network elements, software, and other devices.
+
+**3.1.6 embedded application** [b-reg.424]: A software application that permanently resides in an industrial or consumer device, typically stored in a non-volatile memory such as read-only memory or flash memory.
+
+**3.1.7 fully fault tolerant server** [b-reg.424]: A server that is designed with complete hardware redundancy (to simultaneously and repetitively run a single workload for continuous availability in mission critical applications), in which every computing component is replicated between two nodes running identical and concurrent workloads (i.e., if one node fails or needs repair, the second node can run the workload alone to avoid downtime).
+
+**3.1.8 large data storage product** [b-reg.424]: A high end or mainframe data storage product that supports more than 400 data storage devices in its maximum configuration and with the following required attributes: no single point of failure, non-disruptive serviceability and integrated storage controller.
+
+**3.1.9 large server** [b-reg.424]: A resilient server which is shipped as a pre-integrated/pre-tested system housed in one or more full frame racks and that includes a high connectivity input/output subsystem with a minimum of 32 dedicated input/output slots.
+
+**3.1.10 manufacturer** [b-notice-C272]: Any natural or legal person who manufactures a product or has a product designed or manufactured, and places it on the market under their own name or trademark.
+
+**3.1.11 multi-node server** [b-reg.424]: A server that is designed with two or more independent server nodes that share a single enclosure and one or more power supply units. In a multi-node server, power is distributed to all nodes through shared power supply units. Server nodes in a multi-node server are not designed to be hot-swappable.
+
+**3.1.12 network server** [b-reg.424]: A network product which contains the same components as a server in addition to more than 11 network ports with a total line rate throughput of 12 Gb/s or more, the capability to dynamically reconfigure ports and speed and support for a virtualized network environment through a software defined network.
+
+**3.1.13 online data storage product** [b-reg.424]: A data storage product designed for online, random-access of data, accessible in a random or sequential pattern, with a maximum time to first data of less than 80 milliseconds.
+
+**3.1.14 purge** [IEEE 2883]: Sanitize using logical techniques or physical techniques that make recovery of target data infeasible using state-of-the-art laboratory techniques, but that preserves the storage media and the storage device in a potentially reusable state.
+
+**3.1.15 resilient server** [b-reg.424]: A server designed with extensive reliability, availability, serviceability and scalability features integrated in the micro architecture of the system, central processing unit (CPU) and chipset.
+
+**3.1.16 server** [b-reg.424]: A computing product that provides services and manages networked resources for client devices, such as desktop computers, notebook computers, desktop thin clients, internet protocol telephones, smartphones, tablets, tele-communication, automated systems or other servers, primarily accessed via network connections, and not through direct user input devices, such as a keyboard or a mouse and with the following characteristics:
+
+- a) it is designed to support server operating systems (OS) and/or hypervisors, and targeted to run user-installed enterprise applications;
+- b) it supports error-correcting code and/or buffered memory (including both buffered dual inline memory modules and buffered on board configurations);
+- c) all processors have access to shared system memory and are independently visible to a single OS or hypervisor.
+
+**3.1.17 server appliance** [b-reg.424]: A server that is not intended to execute user-supplied software, delivers services through one or more networks, is typically managed through a web or command line interface and is bundled with a pre-installed OS and application software that is used to perform a dedicated function or set of tightly coupled functions.
+
+**3.1.18 server with more than four processor sockets** [b-reg.424]: A server containing more than four interfaces designed for the installation of a processor. For multi-node servers, this term refers to a server having more than four processor sockets in each server node.
+
+**3.1.19 small data storage product** [b-reg.424]: A data storage product containing a maximum of three data storage devices.
+
+## **3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation**
+
+This Recommendation defines the following terms:
+
+**3.2.1 data sanitization:** Process of deliberately and irreversibly deleting or destroying any data stored in memory on a device, to render it unrecoverable.
+
+**3.2.2 full verification:** Process of validating each area of memory to ensure the success of a data sanitization attempt.
+
+**3.2.3 overwriting:** Process of replacing old data with new data.
+
+**3.2.4 responsible entity:** Entity employing the responsible person.
+
+**3.2.5 responsible person:** Person or entity responsible for data sanitization on a server or data storage product.
+
+# 4 Abbreviations and acronyms
+
+This Recommendation uses the following abbreviations and acronyms:
+
+|      |                          |
+|------|--------------------------|
+| CPU  | Central Processing Unit  |
+| GUI  | Graphical User Interface |
+| HDD  | Hard Disk Drive          |
+| MAC  | Media Access Control     |
+| NAND | Not AND                  |
+| OS   | Operating Systems        |
+| PID  | Product Identification   |
+| SKU  | Stock Keeping Unit       |
+| SSD  | Solid State Drive        |
+| UI   | User Interface           |
+
+# 5 Conventions
+
+None.
+
+# 6 Assessment of the secure data deletion functionality for servers and data storage products
+
+## 6.1 Provision of functionality to perform secure data deletion
+
+### 6.1.1 Availability of functionality
+
+Server and data storage products shall provide a data deletion function.
+
+In the event of the server or data storage equipment end user wishing to perform secure data deletion, it shall be possible to perform data sanitization on all data storage devices that may contain end-user data.
+
+The data controller shall decide on the minimum appropriate method of data deletion.
+
+### 6.1.2 Availability of clear or purge method
+
+Server or data storage equipment end users shall be provided with the ability and information on how to apply the clear method or purge method of sanitization.
+
+### 6.1.3 Availability of destruct method and additional methods
+
+The server or data storage equipment end user shall also have the ability and information on how to apply additional or alternate methods of data deletion. This may include the destruct method.
+
+It shall, in addition, be possible to disassemble, according to [EN 303 800-5], the data storage devices from the server or data storage equipment, so that the devices can be destroyed in cases of highly
+
+sensitive data or where data storage devices may have developed a fault that prevents data deletion. Where faults are detected in the data deletion process, a warning shall be presented that the data deletion may not have been successful on the device.
+
+NOTE – The destruct method does not enable reuse of the device.
+
+### **6.1.4 Returning server or data storage equipment to usable state**
+
+After completing data deletion using a method described in clause 6.1.2, means should be provided to return the data storage devices to a usable state.
+
+## **6.2 Data exclusions from data deletion provision**
+
+In order to allow for device reuse, the following data types should not be deleted in a standard data deletion process:
+
+- Essential product data, including software and firmware required for the functioning of the server or data storage equipment.
+
+NOTE 1 – Examples include media access control (MAC) address, hard drive size or format, firmware contained in modules, etc.
+
+- Product data required for regulatory or legal compliance.
+
+NOTE 2 – Examples include permitted frequency bands by country for Wi-Fi modules, soft copies of certification marks and texts (e.g., CE, FCC, CCC, and e-labelling), etc.
+
+Where the above data is deleted, the user should be provided with a function to reinstate it.
+
+## **6.3 Registration**
+
+In the case of information being made available to the target group of independent repair service providers/operators, the manufacturers or their authorized representatives and importers:
+
+- may request the third party to qualify that it is dealing with maintenance, repair, reuse, recycling and upgrading of servers;
+- may require registration by the interested third party on a website.
+
+NOTE – This target group includes any self-employed professional, as well as any legally established organization, providing services dealing with maintenance, repair, reuse, recycling and upgrading of servers (including brokers, spare parts repairers, spare parts manufacturers, recyclers and third-party maintenance).
+
+Manufacturers – or their authorized representatives and importers – are able to reject the application based, for example, on the following conditions:
+
+- If the third party is on the counterfeit watchlist, if the third party is located in a country under embargo, or if the third party has been convicted of counterfeiting in the past.
+- If the third party is a direct or potential competitor.
+
+The rejected third party needs to be informed of the reasons for rejection.
+
+# **7 Assessment of the secure data deletion functionality for servers and data storage products**
+
+## **7.1 Means of end-user verification of the effectiveness of the deletion method**
+
+For equipment in a state where data has been deleted and data deletion has been verified, means shall be provided to confirm all traces of data have been erased from the server or data storage device. If it is found that data is still recorded on the server or data storage device, this will be notified to the end user via a symbol or message and the verification status updated.
+
+Server or data storage equipment end users shall be provided with information and functionality to verify successful data deletion, as appropriate, depending on the data deletion method:
+
+- by physical inspection, as defined in [IEEE 2883]; or
+- using full verification, as defined in [IEEE 2883] where it is possible; or
+- using verification for media-based cryptographic erase, as defined in [IEEE 2883], where it is not possible to use full verification.
+
+Where data deletion cannot be verified according to the above, then an alternate method acceptable to the end user may be offered. Otherwise, the destruct method, as defined in clause 6.1.3 shall be available for data deletion.
+
+## 7.2 Record of data deletion
+
+Results of the verification shall be recorded. The record for each data deletion operation on servers and data storage equipment shall include:
+
+- The responsible person, responsible entity.
+- Date of data deletion.
+- Warnings or errors detected during the data deletion process.
+- Provision for the responsible person for data deletion to record remedial action for errors and warnings.
+
+If the record is held on the server or data storage product, it shall be considered under the exclusions listed in clause 6.2.
+
+Optionally, the media can be marked to indicate that the data deletion function has been performed and no additional data has been placed on it.
+
+# 8 Assessment of data deletion documentation and functionality
+
+## 8.1 Means of assessment
+
+Verification of the secure data deletion functionality for servers and data storage products shall be ensured via provision of the following documentation regarding the secure data deletion functionality:
+
+- information on the availability of secure data deletion functionality;
+- instructions on how to implement the data deletion functionality and the supported secure data deletion standard(s) if applicable;
+- information, as described in clause 7.2, on the availability of a method for the end user to evaluate the effectiveness of data deletion functionality.
+
+## 8.2 Verification of secure data deletion documentation
+
+### 8.2.1 Information on secure data deletion functionality
+
+Table 1 shows the means by which the conditions and requirements of the present document can be verified. Documentation provided with the product shall contain at least the following information:
+
+**Table 1 – Verification approach**
+
+| Product           | Memory type       | Deletion method/techniques/<br>tool available | Instructions on<br>how to use<br>deletion<br>functionality | End-user<br>verification method<br>for effectiveness of<br>deletion | GUI/UI<br>availability |
+|-------------------|-------------------|-----------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------|
+| E.g., SKU,<br>PID | E.g., SSD,<br>HDD | E.g., clear, purge,<br>destruct               | E.g., command<br>line sequence                             | E.g., read-back check                                               | E.g., Yes/No           |
+
+If a storage device has multiple types of storage media, such as magnetic and Not AND (NAND), then the method of sanitization shall be specified for each storage media type. More information on media type-specific sanitization methods is available in [IEEE 2883].
+
+# Bibliography
+
+- [b-EN 303 800-2] ETSI EN 303 800-2 (2025), *Environmental Engineering (EE); Assessment of material efficiency of ICT network infrastructure goods (circular economy); Part 2: Server and data storage product secure data deletion functionality.*
+- [b-dir.125] *Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-related products (recast).*
+- [b-notice-C272] European Commission Notice 2016/C 272/01 (2016), *The 'Blue Guide' on the implementation of EU products rules.*
+- [b-reg.424] *Commission Regulation (EU) 2019/424 of 15 March 2019 laying down ecodesign requirements for servers and data storage products pursuant to Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and amending Commission Regulation (EU) No 617/2013.*
+- [b-reg.617] *Commission Regulation (EU) No 617/2013 of 26 June 2013 implementing Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to ecodesign requirements for computers and computer servers.*
+
+
+
+## SERIES OF ITU-T RECOMMENDATIONS
+
+|                 |                                                                                                                                                                  |
+|-----------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Series A        | Organization of the work of ITU-T                                                                                                                                |
+| Series D        | Tariff and accounting principles and international telecommunication/ICT economic and policy issues                                                              |
+| Series E        | Overall network operation, telephone service, service operation and human factors                                                                                |
+| Series F        | Non-telephone telecommunication services                                                                                                                         |
+| Series G        | Transmission systems and media, digital systems and networks                                                                                                     |
+| Series H        | Audiovisual and multimedia systems                                                                                                                               |
+| Series I        | Integrated services digital network                                                                                                                              |
+| Series J        | Cable networks and transmission of television, sound programme and other multimedia signals                                                                      |
+| Series K        | Protection against interference                                                                                                                                  |
+| <b>Series L</b> | <b>Environment and ICTs, climate change, e-waste, energy efficiency; construction, installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant</b> |
+| Series M        | Telecommunication management, including TMN and network maintenance                                                                                              |
+| Series N        | Maintenance: international sound programme and television transmission circuits                                                                                  |
+| Series O        | Specifications of measuring equipment                                                                                                                            |
+| Series P        | Telephone transmission quality, telephone installations, local line networks                                                                                     |
+| Series Q        | Switching and signalling, and associated measurements and tests                                                                                                  |
+| Series R        | Telegraph transmission                                                                                                                                           |
+| Series S        | Telegraph services terminal equipment                                                                                                                            |
+| Series T        | Terminals for telematic services                                                                                                                                 |
+| Series U        | Telegraph switching                                                                                                                                              |
+| Series V        | Data communication over the telephone network                                                                                                                    |
+| Series X        | Data networks, open system communications and security                                                                                                           |
+| Series Y        | Global information infrastructure, Internet protocol aspects, next-generation networks, Internet of Things and smart cities                                      |
+| Series Z        | Languages and general software aspects for telecommunication systems                                                                                             |

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+
+
+# Recommendation
+
+## **ITU-T L.1028 (11/2024)**
+
+SERIES L: Environment and ICTs, climate change, e-waste, energy efficiency; construction, installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant
+
+E-waste and circular economy
+
+---
+
+### **Evaluating the global-warming-potential impact of extending the operating lifetime of information and communication technology equipment**
+
+![ITU logo](84a1d09fb489061482111515543b60dc_img.jpg)
+
+The logo of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is located in the bottom right corner. It features the letters "ITU" in a bold, blue, sans-serif font, superimposed on a stylized globe icon with intersecting lines.
+
+ITU logo
+
+## ITU-T L-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS
+
+## **Environment and ICTs, climate change, e-waste, energy efficiency; construction, installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant**
+
+|                                                        |                      |
+|--------------------------------------------------------|----------------------|
+| OPTICAL FIBRE CABLES                                   | L.100-L.199          |
+| Cable structure and characteristics                    | L.100-L.124          |
+| Cable evaluation                                       | L.125-L.149          |
+| Guidance and installation technique                    | L.150-L.199          |
+| OPTICAL INFRASTRUCTURES                                | L.200-L.299          |
+| Infrastructure including node elements (except cables) | L.200-L.249          |
+| General aspects and network design                     | L.250-L.299          |
+| MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION                              | L.300-L.399          |
+| Optical fibre cable maintenance                        | L.300-L.329          |
+| Infrastructure maintenance                             | L.330-L.349          |
+| Operation support and infrastructure management        | L.350-L.379          |
+| Disaster management                                    | L.380-L.399          |
+| PASSIVE OPTICAL DEVICES                                | L.400-L.429          |
+| MARINIZED TERRESTRIAL CABLES                           | L.430-L.449          |
+| <b>E-WASTE AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY</b>                    | <b>L.1000-L.1199</b> |
+| POWER FEEDING AND ENERGY STORAGE                       | L.1200-L.1299        |
+| ENERGY EFFICIENCY, SMART ENERGY AND GREEN DATA CENTRES | L.1300-L.1399        |
+| ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES OF ICTS AND CO2 TRAJECTORIES  | L.1400-L.1499        |
+| ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE                           | L.1500-L.1599        |
+| CIRCULAR AND SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES        | L.1600-L.1699        |
+| LOW COST SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE                    | L.1700-L.1799        |
+
+*For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations.*
+
+# Recommendation ITU-T L.1028
+
+### Evaluating the global-warming-potential impact of extending the operating lifetime of information and communication technology equipment
+
+## Summary
+
+Recommendation ITU-T L.1028 defines the ratio  $UER_{10}$  as an indicator for impact of information and communication technology equipment operating-lifetime extension on the resulting global-warming potential (GWP).  $UER_{10}$  can help the practitioner to estimate the relative significance of use-stage greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions versus embodied emissions of a product over its lifetime.
+
+## History\*
+
+| Edition | Recommendation | Approval   | Study Group | Unique ID          |
+|---------|----------------|------------|-------------|--------------------|
+| 1.0     | ITU-T L.1028   | 2024-11-06 | 5           | 11.1002/1000/15994 |
+
+## Keywords
+
+Energy efficiency, GWP, operating-lifetime extension.
+
+---
+
+\* To access the Recommendation, type the URL <https://handle.itu.int/> in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendation's unique ID.
+
+## FOREWORD
+
+The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, and information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis.
+
+The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics.
+
+The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1.
+
+In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-T's purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC.
+
+## NOTE
+
+In this Recommendation, the expression "Administration" is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency.
+
+Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words "shall" or some other obligatory language such as "must" and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party.
+
+## INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
+
+ITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendation development process.
+
+As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents/software copyrights, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the appropriate ITU-T databases available via the ITU-T website at <https://www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/>.
+
+© ITU 2025
+
+All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU.
+
+## Table of Contents
+
+|                                                                                                | Page |
+|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|
+| 1 Scope .....                                                                                  | 1    |
+| 2 References.....                                                                              | 1    |
+| 3 Definitions .....                                                                            | 1    |
+| 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere .....                                                              | 1    |
+| 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation.....                                                  | 2    |
+| 4 Abbreviations and acronyms .....                                                             | 3    |
+| 5 Conventions .....                                                                            | 3    |
+| 6 Introduction to ICT equipment lifetime extension .....                                       | 3    |
+| 7 The methodology to calculate and interpret the <i>UER<sub>10</sub></i> indicator.....        | 4    |
+| 7.1 Calculation of <i>UER<sub>10</sub></i> .....                                               | 4    |
+| 7.2 Interpretation .....                                                                       | 5    |
+| 7.3 Data quality requirements.....                                                             | 6    |
+| 7.4 Advantages and limitations of <i>UER<sub>10</sub></i> in contrast to comparative LCA ..... | 7    |
+| Appendix I – Assessing lifetime extension impact by comparative LCA .....                      | 8    |
+| Appendix II – Examples of <i>UER<sub>10</sub></i> applications .....                           | 9    |
+| Appendix III – Emission factors .....                                                          | 10   |
+| Appendix IV – Derivation of <i>UER<sub>10</sub></i> thresholds .....                           | 11   |
+| Bibliography.....                                                                              | 12   |
+
+# Introduction
+
+Currently, the global ICT sector has two major areas of environmental impact. These impacts are raw-material consumption and the associated generation of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) [b-ITU-WEE Forum], and the increase in energy consumption and the associated potential increase in global-warming potential (GWP) [b-Grobe-1], respectively. Raw-material consumption is a challenge since some materials relevant to ICT are becoming scarce [b-EU-1] and recycling efficiencies are still limited [b-van Shaik].
+
+It has been argued that a transition to a circular economy (CE) can reduce WEEE and improve material efficiency of products in order to avoid critical raw-material unavailability [b-Vanegas]. The main concept of CE is value retention, including concepts such as repair, reuse, refurbishment and recycling that together lead to increased product longevity [b-Reikea].
+
+However, for certain ICT equipment, considerable use-phase or operating-lifetime extension, e.g., through refurbishment, may lead to increased total-lifetime GWP impact because of the use-phase impact, as has been pointed out in [b-NGMN] and [b-Andrae]. This can be true, e.g., for ICT equipment that is operated in a 24/7 always-on mode. The related products then can show strong use-phase dominance in lifecycle assessments (LCA) [b-Grobe-2].
+
+LCA, e.g., [b-ITU-T L.1410], [b-ITU-T L.Sup.5], is the most well defined and widely used tool currently available to calculate the lifetime environmental impact of ICT goods, network and services, including the impact of ICT equipment operating-lifetime extension. Comparative LCA study can be used to assess ICT equipment operating-lifetime extension impact against the alternative scenarios to evaluate whether ICT operating-lifetime extension results in negative or positive outcome (see Appendix I for further information).
+
+However, neither LCA, classification figures on CE, e.g., [b-ITU-T L.Sup.28], [b-ETSI TR 103 476] nor guidelines on Telecommunication Energy Efficiency Ratings (TEER), e.g., [b-ICTEGC] provide a simple yet solid metric that answers if ICT equipment should be given operating-lifetime extension or should be taken out of service in order to minimize resulting total-lifetime GWP impact. [b-Gro2022] proposed an indicator,  $UER_{10}$ , that can be used to approximate the GWP impact of operating-lifetime extension for different equipment classes, given that feasible data on the development of applicable electricity emission factors and the energy efficiency of the respective product are available.
+
+The focus of this Recommendation is the  $UER_{10}$  indicator by which the impact of lifetime extension on GWP can be evaluated.  $UER_{10}$  gives an indication about the potential lifetime extension impact based on use-stage GHG emissions and embodied emissions. This can be used by equipment manufacturers and hardware designers for guiding ecodesign.
+
+$UER_{10}$  can be used as indicator for the do-no-significant-harm (DNSH) principle of the EU Taxonomy Regulation [b-EU-2]. This is true for operating-lifetime-extension activities that are claimed as taxonomy-aligned circular-economy activities. In this case, it must be shown that the respective circular-economy activity does not violate the other taxonomy regulation environmental objectives. Related to the climate-change-mitigation objective, this can be done using  $UER_{10}$  in cases where it indicates that the operating-lifetime extension does not lead to more GHG emissions.
+
+The main limitations of the  $UER_{10}$  indicator are discussed in clause 7.4.
+
+## Evaluating the global-warming-potential impact of extending the operating lifetime of information and communication technology equipment
+
+# 1 Scope
+
+The indicator  $UER_{10}$ , "ratio of use-phase emissions during 10 years over embodied emissions", as defined in this Recommendation, is applicable to all ICT equipment.
+
+$UER_{10}$  provides the ratio of use-stage GHG emissions versus embodied emissions as an indication of lifetime extension potential. It does not consider other LCA midpoint categories as input.
+
+The indicator as described herein does not include operating-lifetime-extension actions within the 10-years period, which is used for the ratio  $UER_{10}$ , if these actions change the power consumption of the ICT equipment under consideration.
+
+A 10-years period is used for the ratio  $UER_{10}$ . This period is independent from any average operating lifetime of the ICT equipment under consideration. The indicator does not consider whether any effects do not allow an operating lifetime of 10 years. It also does not consider whether the average operating lifetime of the equipment under consideration deviates significantly and, in particular, whether within the 10 years one or several replacements would typically happen. Especially with small input values, the practitioner needs to be careful since the output of the indicator can be highly sensitive to variation in the input values.
+
+This Recommendation does not replace LCA and the comparative LCA assessments, e.g., [b-ITU-T L.1410]. LCA assessments are the most widely used and the best available methodology for the detailed lifecycle environmental impact assessment of ICT equipment and for assessing the impact of operating-lifetime extension of ICT equipment. This Recommendation uses LCA data (e.g., embodied GWP and use-stage GWP data of an item of equipment) as an input for quick approximation to provide a simple indicator. Clause 6.3 provides the advantages and limitations of the  $UER_{10}$  methodology compared with comparative analysis based on LCA. Moreover, this Recommendation does not provide an indication or calculation of the optimum operating lifetime of said equipment (given an optimum operating lifetime with regard to minimizing the resulting GWP exists).
+
+# 2 References
+
+The following ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and other references are subject to revision; users of this Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and other references listed below. A list of the currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published. The reference to a document within this Recommendation does not give it, as a stand-alone document, the status of a Recommendation.
+
+None.
+
+# 3 Definitions
+
+## 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere
+
+This Recommendation uses the following terms defined elsewhere:
+
+**3.1.1 circular economy** [b-ITU-T L.1023]: A circular economy is restorative and regenerative by design, and aims to keep products, components, and materials at their highest utility and value at all
+
+times while reducing waste streams. A concept that distinguishes between technical and biological cycles, the circular economy is a continuous, positive development cycle. It preserves and enhances natural capital, optimises resource yields, and minimises system risks by managing finite stocks and renewable flows, while reducing waste streams.
+
+**3.1.2 embodied emissions** [b-ITU-T L.1410]: The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the following lifecycle stages: raw material acquisition, production and end-of-life treatment, i.e., all lifecycle stages other than the use stage.
+
+NOTE – Each lifecycle includes transportation as a generic process as described in [b-ITU-T L.1410]. The  $UER_{10}$  indicator does not yet include the end-of-life treatment stage emissions of embodied emissions.
+
+**3.1.3 emission factor** [b-ITU-T L.1430]: A factor linking GHG emissions to a level of activity or a certain quantity of inputs, products or services (e.g., tonnes of fuel consumed or units of a product).
+
+NOTE – An electricity emission factor is commonly expressed as tonnes of  $CO_2e$  per MWh. For example, an electricity emission factor of 1.3 means 1.3 tonnes of  $CO_2e$  is emitted by consuming 1 MWh of electricity.
+
+**3.1.4 energy efficiency** [b-ITU-T L.1390]: The ratio or other quantitative relationship between an output of performance, service, goods or energy, and an input of energy.
+
+NOTE – An example of an energy-efficiency metric is [bits/s]/W.
+
+**3.1.5 extended operating lifetime** [b-ITU-T L.1410]: The aggregated duration of the actual use periods of the first lifecycle and possible consecutive lifecycles.
+
+**3.1.6 lifetime** [b-ITU-T L.1410]: A duration that may correspond to the commercial lifetime, operating lifetime, extended operating lifetime or depreciation lifetime.
+
+**3.1.7 operating lifetime** [b-ITU-T L.1410]: The duration of the actual use period (consisting of both active and non-active periods) for the first user.
+
+NOTE 1 – Storage time is not included in the operating lifetime.
+
+NOTE 2 – According to [b-ITU-T L.1410], the operating lifetime shall be based on information on actual product use if available, e.g., statistics for similar product systems or information on commercial lifetime, and should model real operating lifetime as closely as possible. In that respect, operating lifetime means average operating lifetime.
+
+**3.1.8 refurbishment** [b-ITU-T L.1023]: Industrial process which produces a product from used products without any changes influencing safety, original performance, purpose or type of the product.
+
+NOTE 1 – New and/or used parts can be used during refurbishment.
+
+NOTE 2 – The definition is based on [b-ETSI EN 303 808].
+
+**3.1.9 remanufacturing** [b-ITU-T L.1023]: Industrial process which produces a product from used products or used parts where at least one change is made which influences the safety, original performance, purpose or type of the product.
+
+NOTE 1 – The product created by the remanufacturing process may be considered a new product when placing on the market.
+
+NOTE 2 – The definition is based on [b-ETSI EN 303 808].
+
+**3.1.10 repair** [b-ITU-T L.1022]: Process of returning a faulty product to a condition where it can fulfil its intended use.
+
+## **3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation**
+
+This Recommendation defines the following term:
+
+**3.2.1  $UER_{10}$** : The ratio of global warming potential (GWP) caused by 10 years of typical usage of a given instance of ICT equipment to the embodied GWP of said equipment.
+
+# 4 Abbreviations and acronyms
+
+This Recommendation uses the following abbreviations and acronyms:
+
+|                          |                                                          |
+|--------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|
+| CE                       | Circular Economy                                         |
+| CMOS                     | Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor                  |
+| DNSH                     | Do No Significant Harm                                   |
+| DWDM                     | Dense Wavelength-Domain Multiplexing                     |
+| EF                       | Emission Factor                                          |
+| EoLT                     | End-of-Life Treatment                                    |
+| GHG                      | Greenhouse gas                                           |
+| GWP                      | Global Warming Potential                                 |
+| ICT                      | Information and Communication Technology                 |
+| LCA                      | Lifecycle Assessment                                     |
+| OTDR                     | Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer                        |
+| PC                       | average Power Consumption                                |
+| RAM                      | Random-Access Memory                                     |
+| RE                       | Renewable Energy                                         |
+| SSD                      | Solid-State Disk                                         |
+| TEER                     | Telecommunication Energy-Efficiency Rating               |
+| <i>UER</i> <sub>10</sub> | Use-phase-over-Embodied-emissions Ratio for 10 years use |
+| WEEE                     | Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment                |
+
+# 5 Conventions
+
+None.
+
+# 6 Introduction to ICT equipment lifetime extension
+
+In the digital age, where technology evolves at an exponential rate, the decision about operating-lifetime extension and when to replace information and communication technology (ICT) equipment is a critical one, as it has profound implications for environmental sustainability, resource utilization and economic efficiency. The fate of ICT equipment at its initial end of use necessitates an intricate and multifaceted approach: accounting for circular economy (CE) and e-waste generation, upgradeability of existing products (which can often be achieved through software updates), enhancing operating functionality and energy efficiency, possibility of swapping or upgrading modules within the ICT equipment to extended life spans and improved efficiency and, furthermore, financial feasibility of refurbishment versus recycling.
+
+From a GWP impact perspective, there can be a situation (that differs by product and scenario) in which it makes more sense to replace an existing product with a newer, more energy-efficient product. In contrast, there might be a situation where energy-efficiency gains are minor, and the benefits of circularity are more prevailing even from a GHG emissions reduction perspective. In other cases, a customer may prefer to continue using the exact ICT equipment model for some business reason. Therefore, additional detailed analysis, e.g., according to [b-ITU-T L.1410] or of economic impacts, is required to understand the impact of operating-lifetime extension against the alternative in which operating-lifetime extension is not exercised.
+
+There are several factors that are relevant to assessing impact and deciding actions at the end of the use of ICT equipment. The following factors need to be considered in order to provide representative analysis:
+
+- Embodied emissions, energy use and actual energy-efficiency gain of current equipment as well as the successor equipment. The equipment replacement decision should be based on comparing current equipment with successor equipment.
+- ICT equipment has different features and therefore generalization or simplification might be challenging covering several of those equipment-specific aspects. These aspects should be considered with proper boundary setting, functional unit and/or input parameters.
+- Telecom service providers are in varying stages of adopting renewable energy sources for their operations. This may have impact on their ICT equipment replacement strategies. Therefore, primary data for the emissions factors should be prioritized where available.
+- In some situation, refurbishment and reuse can be a viable alternative regardless, particularly when the refurbished ICT equipment aligns with the customer's specific business model, available resources, and market/end-customer needs.
+- It is important to consider the actual operating lifetime and end-of-life-treatment (EoLT) scenarios and their contribution.
+- In addition to the above parameters, other factors such as available resources, e-waste, CE, environmental impacts other than GWP, financial feasibility, available resources and waste reduction impact the operating-lifetime extension decision.
+
+The value of the ability to assess the impacts of ICT equipment lifetime extension is undeniable. This Recommendation focuses on estimating the Global Warming Potential of ICT equipment operating-lifetime extension to be used as an indicator of the GHG emissions of ICT goods operating-lifetime extension. The result of the assessment may guide equipment designers in their choices at design time to reduce the lifecycle environmental impact and such assessment may be informative for long-term academic studies when for example estimating the impact of the ICT equipment lifetime extension trend in ICT industry. Deriving the optimum lifetime requires additional calculation and further considerations which are outside the scope of  $UER_{10}$  (e.g., economic analysis and/or comparative LCA could be applied; see Appendix I). A nuanced approach is essential, considering factors such as circularity, upgradeability, individual circumstances of service providers, equipment-specific aspects and the diverse needs of end customers.
+
+# 7 The methodology to calculate and interpret the $UER_{10}$ indicator
+
+## 7.1 Calculation of $UER_{10}$
+
+$UER_{10}$  – as expressed in this Recommendation – is an indicator to assess whether the GWP would increase or decrease if the ICT-equipment operating lifetime were extended. It is defined as:
+
+$$UER_{10} := \frac{GWP_{U10} \text{ of 10 years use phase}}{\text{Embodied GWP for one piece of initial ICT equipment}} \quad (1)$$
+
+NOTE – Remanufacturing is not included in the 10 years period.
+
+Here, the 10-years use-phase GWP,  $GWP_{U10}$ , is given by:
+
+$$GWP_{U10} [\text{kgCO}_2\text{e}] = PC [W] \cdot \frac{24 \left[ \frac{\text{hours}}{\text{day}} \right] \cdot 365.25 [\text{days}]}{1000} \cdot \sum_{\text{Year } i=1}^{10} EF_i \left[ \frac{\text{kgCO}_2\text{e}}{\text{kWh}} \right] \quad (2)$$
+
+where  $PC$  is the average power consumption, and  $EF_i$  are the emission factors of the electricity used in the respective year. The  $EF_i$  depend on time (following climate actions, they should decrease year over year). The average power consumption depends on the use mode or utilization.
+
+The use-phase-over-embodied-GWP ratio  $UER_{10}$  is defined as the ratio of 10-years use-phase GWP and the embodied GWP according to LCA. 10 years of use are considered to allow averaging of the evolving emission factors,  $EF_i$ .
+
+For the indicator  $UER_{10}$ , the threshold values and interpretations listed in Table 1 can be stated.
+
+**Table 1 – Thresholds of the  $UER_{10}$  indicator and related interpretation**
+
+| Electricity type                                                                                                                            | $UER_{10}$ threshold   | Indication interpretation                                                                                        |
+|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| 1. Electricity emission factor developing from 0.4 kgCO <sub>2</sub> e/kWh to 0.2 kgCO <sub>2</sub> e/kWh, see Figure III.1 in Appendix III | $UER_{10} \approx 2.5$ | $UER_{10} > 2.7$ : operating-lifetime extension may lead to increased total-lifetime GWP                         |
+|                                                                                                                                             |                        | $2.7 > UER_{10} > 2.3$ : perform more detailed analysis                                                          |
+|                                                                                                                                             |                        | $UER_{10} < 2.3$ : equipment can be given operating-lifetime extension w/o negative impact on total-lifetime GWP |
+| 2. Renewable energy with emission factor <0.1 kgCO <sub>2</sub> e/kWh, see Eq. (III-1) in Appendix III                                      | $UER_{10} \approx 1.0$ | $UER_{10} > 1.1$ : operating-lifetime extension may lead to increased total-lifetime GWP                         |
+|                                                                                                                                             |                        | $1.1 > UER_{10} > 0.9$ : perform more detailed analysis                                                          |
+|                                                                                                                                             |                        | $UER_{10} < 0.9$ : equipment can be given operating-lifetime extension w/o negative impact on total-lifetime GWP |
+
+The threshold values are the values of  $UER_{10}$  where the two scenarios of giving operating-lifetime extension and replacing ICT equipment by more efficient successor equipment yield approximately the same total GWP. The threshold value depends on electricity emission factor and hence, electricity type.
+
+If the actual value of  $UER_{10}$  is higher than the threshold values in Table 1, operating-lifetime extension of the respective equipment may lead to increased total-lifetime GWP. If the actual value of  $UER_{10}$  is lower than the threshold value, the respective equipment can be given an operating-lifetime extension. If the actual value of  $UER_{10}$  is in the range of the threshold value as indicated, more detailed analyses are recommended.
+
+The recommendation to extend or not to extend the equipment operating lifetime is the stronger, the further the actual value of  $UER_{10}$  deviates from the threshold.
+
+## 7.2 Interpretation
+
+The indicator  $UER_{10}$  can take values that are near to the threshold values listed in Table 1. In these cases, the two scenarios, replacement versus no replacement, yield similar resulting GWP. Then, the interpretation of the indicator result also depends on the average operating lifetime of the ICT equipment under consideration.
+
+If the average operating lifetime of the equipment under consideration is significantly *shorter* than the 10-years  $UER_{10}$  period of Eq. (1), then  $UER_{10}$  results below the respective thresholds give an even stronger indication that operating lifetime can and should be extended.  $UER_{10}$  results near the threshold can still be interpreted as an indication towards operating-lifetime extension. If the  $UER_{10}$  result is *clearly* above the threshold, the recommendation per Table 1 is also still true. This means that for an average operating lifetime of the equipment under consideration significantly shorter than the 10-years  $UER_{10}$  period of Eq. (1), the  $UER_{10}$  results that require more detailed analysis move from *near and around* the threshold to (near and) *above* the threshold.
+
+If the average operating lifetime of the equipment under consideration is significantly *longer* than the 10-years  $UER_{10}$  period of Eq. (1), this changes the interpretation of  $UER_{10}$  results. Now, the indication
+
+of results above the threshold (lifetime extension may have negative effects) becomes even stronger. The indication of results *clearly* below the threshold (lifetime extension may not increase total GWP) remain valid. The range of  $UER_{10}$  results that may be analysed in more detail moves from *near and around* the threshold to (near and) *below* the threshold.
+
+NOTE – Although the average lifetime of most ICT equipment vary,  $UER_{10}$  is applicable to all.
+
+Similar considerations are true for actual electricity emission factors (EFs) that deviate from the two ranges stated in Table 1.
+
+For EF  $> 0.4 \text{ kgCO}_2\text{e/kWh}$ , the  $UER_{10}$  threshold moves further up (above 2.5). With EF increasing towards the maximum for coal-generated electricity, the threshold moves into the range of 5-6. The area where more detailed calculations shall be done moves accordingly.
+
+For emission factors  $0.1 \text{ kgCO}_2\text{e/kWh} < EF < 0.2 \text{ kgCO}_2\text{e/kWh}$ , the threshold moves into the range between 1.0 and 2.5 (threshold closer to 1.0 if the EF is closer to  $0.1 \text{ kgCO}_2\text{e/kWh}$ , and threshold closer to 2.5 if the EF is closer to  $0.2 \text{ kgCO}_2\text{e/kWh}$ , respectively). The area where more detailed calculations shall be done moves accordingly. The impact of average operating lifetime is similar to that described above.
+
+Sensitivity analysis needs to be discussed together with the  $UER_{10}$  interpretation. The indicator value can be highly sensitive to small changes in the input values whenever either of the input values is small. In such cases, the documentation should include example(s) of the impacts of small changes in the input values and their impact to the indicator output. For example, the outcome of  $UER_{10}$  may be significantly different for two identical products which both have low embodied emissions with different values, while their use-stage emissions may be identical. Therefore, if  $UER_{10}$  is used as an indicator, then it should be followed by an assessment to evaluate the actual impact of lifetime extension versus alternative scenarios when making actual product decisions. It should be noted that at the time of writing this Recommendation, manufacturers are decarbonizing their processes throughout the supply chain, which increases the chances of potential issues related to low embodied emissions values.
+
+Because of the nature of the  $UER_{10}$  indicator, it is likely that the result of the assessment is integrated into a larger report, while a separate standalone report is unlikely. Either way, the documentation shall contain:
+
+- $UER_{10}$  ratio;
+- Interpretation of the result, including discussion on sensitivity analysis;
+- Use-stage emissions value applied in the calculation;
+- Embodied emissions value applied in the calculation;
+- What emission factor values were used and what was their source;
+- Information about the LCA-study source from which the input data was taken.
+
+## 7.3 Data quality requirements
+
+Primary data for the emission factor applicable to the use stage should be used. If this is not known, EFs per Appendix III can be used.
+
+Primary data for the emission factor applicable to the lifecycle stages belonging to embodied emissions should be considered.
+
+In general, data used should reduce bias and uncertainty as far as practicable by using the best quality data achievable. Also, data that is more specific with respect to time, geography and technology takes precedence over data which is less specific. Consequently, primary data is generally preferred to secondary data and explorative data – equipment-specific primary data (e.g., embodied emissions, energy consumption, EFs) shall be prioritized and used when it is achievable. For secondary data use,
+
+estimates and data that are not the most up-to-date or are sourced from non-public sources, a justification and explanation shall be provided in the reporting.
+
+When applicable, data quality requirements from clause 6.2.5 of [b-ITU-T L.1410] or [b-ISO 14040] and [b-ISO 14044] clause 4.2.3.6 should be followed.
+
+## **7.4 Advantages and limitations of $UER_{10}$ in contrast to comparative LCA**
+
+The requirement and usefulness of different methodologies is case dependent, and each methodology has its own advantages and limitations. The following clause discusses the advantages and limitations of comparative LCA analysis (see Appendix I) and  $UER_{10}$ .
+
+### **Comparative analysis based on LCA for indicator calculation**
+
+#### **Advantages**
+
+- Considers full lifecycle(s), supports multiple end-of-life scenarios.
+- Possibility of assessing both first order effects and second order effects.
+- Potentially high accuracy when primary data is used.
+- Allows cut-off with identical data in the two scenarios.
+
+##### **Limitations**
+
+- Complex, requires resources and effort.
+
+### **$UER_{10}$ equation for indicator calculation**
+
+##### **Advantages**
+
+- Indicator may be used in long-term studies, projection and suggestion for ICT sector GWP following future EFs and energy-efficiency development.
+- Simplified assessment in terms of resource and effort needed.
+
+##### **Limitations**
+
+- Since  $UER_{10}$  looks 10 years into the future, GWP embedded in the successor equipment and future development of the energy efficiency can only be estimated. The result might therefore not be fully accurate.
+- Environmental impact categories other than GWP, such as resource depletion, are not considered.
+- EoLT is not considered.
+- $UER_{10}$  is not intended to be used in comparative assessments.
+- The indicator may be highly sensitive to small variations in the input values, especially when the input values are small. See sensitivity analysis discussion in clause 7.2.
+
+## Appendix I
+
+## Assessing lifetime extension impact by comparative LCA
+
+(This appendix does not form an integral part of this Recommendation.)
+
+Part II of [b-ITU-T L.1410] provides a framework and guidance for performing a comparative analysis based on LCA results of an ICT equipment, networks and services product system, and a reference product system. Comparative LCA can be used to assess ICT equipment operating-lifetime-extension impact against the alternative where it is not exercised.
+
+The environmental impact of ICT equipment with an extended operating lifetime shall be compared to the corresponding setup with new ICT equipment (where existing ICT equipment is replaced with new ICT equipment with combined operating lifetime equal to the extended operating lifetime) to evaluate the difference in environmental impact. This impact difference can be used to evaluate whether ICT operating-lifetime extension results in negative or positive outcome compared with the scenario when operating-lifetime extension is not exercised (for, e.g., replacement with new ICT equipment).
+
+To ensure the relevancy and representativeness of the result of comparative LCAs, the scope of the LCA study shall be defined in such a way that the two systems can be compared. Both systems shall be assessed using the same functional unit and equivalent methodological considerations, such as performance, system boundary, data quality, allocation procedures and cut-off rules. Any differences between systems regarding these parameters shall be identified and reported.
+
+See Part II of [b-ITU-T L.1410] for more information about comparative LCA.
+
+The comparative LCA assessment should consider at the minimum the following:
+
+- General description of comparative analysis;
+- Need for comparative analysis;
+- Target systems for comparative analysis;
+- Principles of comparisons between systems (comparative analysis);
+- Procedures of comparisons between systems (comparative analysis).
+
+# Appendix II
+
+## Examples of *UER<sub>10</sub>* applications
+
+(This appendix does not form an integral part of this Recommendation.)
+
+Table II.1 shows examples of *UER<sub>10</sub>* results for different samples of ICT equipment.
+
+**Table II.1 – Examples of the *UER<sub>10</sub>* metric and their interpretation**
+
+| ICT equipment                                                                                                                                                           | <i>UER<sub>10</sub></i>                                           | Interpretation                                                                      |
+|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| 1. Coherent 200/400 Gbit/s DWDM transport equipment (6 stackable tuneable DWDM channels with flexible modulation and Baud rate, use mode is 24/7 always-on) [b-Grobe-2] | ~27 for grid-mix electricity<br>~3.5 for renewable electricity    | Operating-lifetime extension may lead to increased total-lifetime GWP               |
+| 2. Server (2 × Intel Xeon, 28 TB SSDs, 384 GB RAM, 100% load: 10% of the time, 50% load: 35%, 10% load: 30%, idle mode: 25%)                                            | ~1.94 for grid-mix electricity<br>~0.32 for renewable electricity | Can be given operating-lifetime extension w/o negative impact on total-lifetime GWP |
+| 3. Fibre-infrastructure monitoring device (shared OTDR for up to 64 fibres, use mode 24/7 always-on) [b-Grobe-2]                                                        | ~1.69 for grid-mix electricity<br>~0.22 for renewable electricity |                                                                                     |
+| 4. Flat-screen monitor (58 W power consumption in active state, < 0.1 W in standby mode, daily usage of 2.5 hours)                                                      | ~0.73 for grid-mix electricity<br>~0.09 for renewable electricity |                                                                                     |
+
+In Table II.2, relevant parameters for the ICT equipment examples are summarized.
+
+**Table II.2 – Parameters of the ICT equipment examples**
+
+|                   | Coherent DWDM               | High-end server                                                                                              | Network OTDR            | Flat-screen monitor                                               |
+|-------------------|-----------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Power consumption | 990 W per six DWDM channels | 308 W average, for utilization as stated below                                                               | 10 W                    | 6.1 W average, for utilization as stated below (58 W in on-state) |
+| Use mode          | 24/7 always on              | 100% load: 10% of the time, 50% load: 35% of the time, 10% load: 30% of the time, idle mode: 25% of the time | 24/7 always on          | 2.5 h/day                                                         |
+| Average lifetime  | <8 years                    | 4 years                                                                                                      | >10 years               | ~8 years                                                          |
+| Embodied GWP      | 1.0 tCO <sub>2</sub> e      | 4.3 tCO <sub>2</sub> e                                                                                       | 160 kgCO <sub>2</sub> e | 226 kgCO <sub>2</sub> e                                           |
+
+The average lifetime is the lifetime as specified by vendors or seen, on average, in the networks, data centres or at customer premises, respectively. Independent from any average-lifetime specification, 10 years shall be used for the calculation of the indicator *UER<sub>10</sub>*.
+
+## Appendix III
+
+## Emission factors
+
+(This appendix does not form an integral part of this Recommendation.)
+
+*UER<sub>10</sub>* does depend on the applicable emission factors (EFs). Due to the fact that EFs for grid-mix (i.e., average) electricity and renewable energy develop differently, *UER<sub>10</sub>* cannot be normalized to the emission factor. Instead, it must be considered for different EFs separately. Moreover, since potentially long future periods are considered, the development of the average electricity EFs should be extrapolated into the future.
+
+For globally averaged emission factors (EFs), the values shown in Figure III.1 can be used. These EF are interpolated from values found in [b-ITU-T L.1470]. They develop towards 100% renewable energy (RE) in 2050, which is in line with requirements from the Paris Agreement.
+
+![Line graph showing SBT emission factors (ITU-T L.1470 (2020)), linearly interpolated from 2020 to 2050. The y-axis is Emission factor [kgCO2e/kWh] ranging from 0.0 to 0.4. The x-axis shows years from 2020 to 2050. The line starts at approximately 0.36 kgCO2e/kWh in 2020, drops to about 0.16 kgCO2e/kWh in 2030, and continues to decrease linearly to 0.0 kgCO2e/kWh in 2050.](fc857414626a8d94d132e12d9afe52a4_img.jpg)
+
+SBT emission factors (ITU-T L.1470 (2020)), linearly interpolated
+
+| Year | Emission factor [kgCO <sub>2</sub> e/kWh] |
+|------|-------------------------------------------|
+| 2020 | 0.36                                      |
+| 2025 | 0.26                                      |
+| 2030 | 0.16                                      |
+| 2035 | 0.12                                      |
+| 2040 | 0.08                                      |
+| 2045 | 0.04                                      |
+| 2050 | 0.00                                      |
+
+L.1028(24)
+
+Line graph showing SBT emission factors (ITU-T L.1470 (2020)), linearly interpolated from 2020 to 2050. The y-axis is Emission factor [kgCO2e/kWh] ranging from 0.0 to 0.4. The x-axis shows years from 2020 to 2050. The line starts at approximately 0.36 kgCO2e/kWh in 2020, drops to about 0.16 kgCO2e/kWh in 2030, and continues to decrease linearly to 0.0 kgCO2e/kWh in 2050.
+
+**Figure III.1 – Interpolation of ICT emission factors according to [b-ITU-T L.1470]**
+
+The interpolated EFs can be used for long-term GWP calculation.
+
+In addition to the interpolated EF of Figure III.1, 100% RE can be considered, e.g., for ICT network operators that already run their entire network with 100% RE.
+
+Then, a *non-zero* emission factor of
+
+$$EF_{RE} = 0.04 \text{ kgCO}_2\text{e/kWh} \quad (\text{III-1})$$
+
+for RE can be used [b-IPCC]. For calculations with RE only, this emission factor stays constant over time. The RE emission factor considers complete lifecycle electricity emissions. It is an average over a range of differences in technology, local resource conditions and methodological approaches for assessment and is in line with the IPCC AR5.
+
+## Appendix IV
+
+## Derivation of $UER_{10}$ thresholds
+
+(This appendix does not form an integral part of this Recommendation.)
+
+Here, the  $UER_{10}$  thresholds stated in Table 1 are calculated. This is done by fixing the embodied GWP or the use-phase power consumption and varying the other of the two parameters to the value where the two scenarios (replacement, no replacement) yield the same GWP. For replacement scenarios, embodied GWP of successor generations is considered. For these embodied emissions, forward-looking secondary data may be used.
+
+The crossover  $UER_{10}$  then is the ratio of the two resulting parameters per Eq. (1).
+
+In the left part of Figure IV.1, this crossover is shown as a function of  $UER_{10}$  for the case of interpolated emission factors (EFs) per Figure III.1. The crossover time shows hyperbolic character. Below  $UER_{10} \approx 2$ , there is no crossover any more and it moves towards infinite duration. For  $UER_{10} > 20$ , the crossover is within the first year.
+
+NOTE – So far, no values  $UER_{10} > 30$  have been found when using the interpolated EF.
+
+The crossover calculation is repeated for 100% renewable energy (RE). The result is shown in the right part of Figure IV.1. Even when using 100% RE, the principle characteristic does not change. This holds for small non-zero EFs for RE.
+
+The  $UER_{10}$  thresholds are the  $UER_{10}$  values where the crossover time is 10 years.
+
+For the extrapolated EFs of Figure III.1, a value of
+
+$$UER_{10} \text{ Crossover} \approx 2.5$$
+
+results. For the case of running the equipment with 100% renewable energy (RE), a value of
+
+$$UER_{10} \text{ Crossover} \approx 1.0$$
+
+results.
+
+![Figure IV.1: Two line graphs showing Crossover time [Years] as a function of UER10. The left graph is for 'Interpolated emission factors' and the right graph is for '100% renewable energy'.](38f59dafa78bf91b21094afd436ead19_img.jpg)
+
+The figure consists of two side-by-side line graphs. Both have 'Crossover [Years]' on the y-axis and ' $UER_{10}$ ' on the x-axis. The left graph, titled 'Interpolated emission factors', has a y-axis ranging from 0 to 16 and an x-axis ranging from 0 to 28. The curve starts at a high crossover time for low  $UER_{10}$  and decreases rapidly, approaching the x-axis as  $UER_{10}$  increases. The right graph, titled '100% renewable energy', has a y-axis ranging from 0 to 40 and an x-axis ranging from 0 to 7. This curve also shows a hyperbolic decrease, starting at a high crossover time for low  $UER_{10}$  and approaching the x-axis as  $UER_{10}$  increases. Both graphs show that the crossover time decreases as  $UER_{10}$  increases, with the crossover time being significantly higher for the 100% renewable energy scenario at low  $UER_{10}$  values.
+
+Figure IV.1: Two line graphs showing Crossover time [Years] as a function of UER10. The left graph is for 'Interpolated emission factors' and the right graph is for '100% renewable energy'.
+
+**Figure IV.1 – Crossover time for replacement scenarios for emission factors interpolated up to 2050 according to Figure III.1 as a function of the  $UER_{10}$  (left). Crossover time for replacement scenarios for  $EF_{RE} = 0.04 \text{ kgCO}_2\text{e/kWh}$  for 100% renewable energy as a function of the  $UER_{10}$  (right)**
+
+# Bibliography
+
+- [b-ITU-T L.1022] Recommendation ITU-T L.1022 (2019), *Circular economy: Definitions and concepts for material efficiency for information and communication technology*. <https://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=13962>
+- [b-ITU-T L.1023] Recommendation ITU-T L.1023 (2023), *Assessment method for circularity performance scoring*. <https://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=15605>
+- [b-ITU-T L.1390] Recommendation ITU-T L.1390 (2022), *Energy saving technologies and best practices for 5G radio access network (RAN) equipment*. <https://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=15029>
+- [b-ITU-T L.1410] Recommendation ITU-T L.1410 (2024), *Methodology for environmental life cycle assessments of information and communication technology goods, networks and services*. [www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-L.1410-201412-I](http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-L.1410-201412-I)
+- [b-ITU-T L.1430] Recommendation ITU-T L.1430 (2013), *Methodology for assessment of the environmental impact of information and communication technology greenhouse gas and energy projects*. <https://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=11904>
+- [b-ITU-T L.1470] Recommendation ITU-T L.1470 (2020), *Greenhouse gas emissions trajectories for the information and communication technology sector compatible with the UNFCCC Paris Agreement*. <https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-L.1470>
+- [b-ITU-T L.Sup.5] L.Sup.5 (2014), *Life-cycle management of ICT goods*. [www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-L.Sup5-201412-I](http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-L.Sup5-201412-I)
+- [b-ITU-T L.Sup28] L.Sup28 (2016), *Circular economy in information and communication technology; definition of approaches, concepts and metrics*. [www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-L.Sup28-201610-I](http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-L.Sup28-201610-I)
+- [b-ETSI-TR 103 476] ETSI TR 103 476 (V1.1.1):2018, *Environmental Engineering (EE); Circular Economy (CE) in Information and Communication Technology (ICT); Definition of approaches, concepts and classification figures*.
+- [b-ISO 14040] ISO 14040, *Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Principles and framework*.
+- [b-ISO 14044] ISO 14044, *Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Requirements and guidelines*.
+- [b-Andrae] Andrae, A.S.G. (2023), *From an Environmental Viewpoint Large ICT Networks Infrastructure Equipment must not be Reused*, *WSEAS Trans. Env. Dev.*, Vol. 19, 375–382. DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.34. [https://wseas.com/journals/ead/2023/a685115-006\(2023\).pdf](https://wseas.com/journals/ead/2023/a685115-006(2023).pdf)
+- [b-ICTEGC] ICT Ecology Guideline Council (2024), *Ecology Guideline for the ICT Industry*, Version 10.1. [https://www.tca.or.jp/information/pdf/ecoguideline/guideline\\_eng\\_10\\_1.pdf](https://www.tca.or.jp/information/pdf/ecoguideline/guideline_eng_10_1.pdf)
+- [b-EU-1] European Union, (2020), *Study on the EU's list of Critical Raw Materials, Final Report*. <https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/c0d5292a-ee54-11ea-991b-01aa75ed71a1/language-en>
+- [b-EU-2] Regulation (EU) 2020/852 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 June 2020 on the establishment of a framework to facilitate sustainable investment, and amending Regulation (EU) 2019/2088. <https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32020R0852&from=EN>
+
+- [b-Grobe-1] Grobe, K., and Jansen, S. (2020), *Limits to exponential Internet Growth*, Electronics Goes Green 2020+, online conference, September.  
+[https://online.electronicsgoesgreen.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Proceedings\\_EGG2020\\_v2.pdf](https://online.electronicsgoesgreen.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Proceedings_EGG2020_v2.pdf)
+- [b-Grobe-2] Grobe, K. (2022), *Energy Efficiency Limits to ICT Equipment Lifetime*, 23. VDE ITG Workshop Photonische Netze, Leipzig, Germany.  
+<https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9861848>
+- [b-ITU–WEE Forum] ITU, WEEE Forum (2020), *Internet Waste*.
+- [b-IPCC] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2014), *Climate Change, Mitigation of Climate Change, Working Group III Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Chapter 7, Energy Systems*, pp. 538.
+- [b-NGMN Alliance] NGMN Alliance (2021), *Green Future Networks Network Equipment Eco-Design and End to End Service Footprint*, Version 1.0.  
+[https://www.ngmn.org/wp-content/uploads/210719-NGMN\\_Green-future-Networks\\_Eco-design-v1.0.pdf](https://www.ngmn.org/wp-content/uploads/210719-NGMN_Green-future-Networks_Eco-design-v1.0.pdf)
+- [b-Reikea] Reikea, D., Vermeulena, W.J.V., Witjes, S. (2018), *The circular economy: New or Refurbished as CE 3.0? – Exploring Controversies in the Conceptualization of the Circular Economy through a Focus on History and Resource Value Retention Options*, Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Vol. 135, 246-264. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.08.027>
+- [b-van Schaik] van Schaik, A. and Reuter, M.A. (2014), *Product Centric Design for Recycling: Predicting Recycling Rates An Example on LED Lamp Recycling*, CARE Innovation 2014, Vienna.
+- [b-Vanegas] P. Vanegas et al. (2018), *Ease of disassembly of products to support circular economy strategies*, Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Vol. 135, pp. 323-334. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.06.022>
+
+
+
+
+
+## SERIES OF ITU-T RECOMMENDATIONS
+
+|                 |                                                                                                                                                                  |
+|-----------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Series A        | Organization of the work of ITU-T                                                                                                                                |
+| Series D        | Tariff and accounting principles and international telecommunication/ICT economic and policy issues                                                              |
+| Series E        | Overall network operation, telephone service, service operation and human factors                                                                                |
+| Series F        | Non-telephone telecommunication services                                                                                                                         |
+| Series G        | Transmission systems and media, digital systems and networks                                                                                                     |
+| Series H        | Audiovisual and multimedia systems                                                                                                                               |
+| Series I        | Integrated services digital network                                                                                                                              |
+| Series J        | Cable networks and transmission of television, sound programme and other multimedia signals                                                                      |
+| Series K        | Protection against interference                                                                                                                                  |
+| <b>Series L</b> | <b>Environment and ICTs, climate change, e-waste, energy efficiency; construction, installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant</b> |
+| Series M        | Telecommunication management, including TMN and network maintenance                                                                                              |
+| Series N        | Maintenance: international sound programme and television transmission circuits                                                                                  |
+| Series O        | Specifications of measuring equipment                                                                                                                            |
+| Series P        | Telephone transmission quality, telephone installations, local line networks                                                                                     |
+| Series Q        | Switching and signalling, and associated measurements and tests                                                                                                  |
+| Series R        | Telegraph transmission                                                                                                                                           |
+| Series S        | Telegraph services terminal equipment                                                                                                                            |
+| Series T        | Terminals for telematic services                                                                                                                                 |
+| Series U        | Telegraph switching                                                                                                                                              |
+| Series V        | Data communication over the telephone network                                                                                                                    |
+| Series X        | Data networks, open system communications and security                                                                                                           |
+| Series Y        | Global information infrastructure, Internet protocol aspects, next-generation networks, Internet of Things and smart cities                                      |
+| Series Z        | Languages and general software aspects for telecommunication systems                                                                                             |

marked/L/T-REC-L.103-202408-I_PDF-E/raw.md

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+
+
+# Recommendation**ITU-T L.103 (08/2024)**
+
+SERIES L: Environment and ICTs, climate change, e-waste, energy efficiency; construction, installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant
+
+Optical fibre cables – Cable structure and characteristics
+
+---
+
+## **Optical fibre cables for indoor applications**
+
+![ITU logo](0538daaa5583c23e17db3a12f2281a55_img.jpg)
+
+The logo of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is located in the bottom right corner. It features a blue circular emblem with a stylized globe and the letters 'ITU' in white.
+
+ITU logo
+
+## ITU-T L-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS
+
+## **Environment and ICTs, climate change, e-waste, energy efficiency; construction, installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant**
+
+|                                                        |                    |
+|--------------------------------------------------------|--------------------|
+| OPTICAL FIBRE CABLES                                   | L.100-L.199        |
+| <b>Cable structure and characteristics</b>             | <b>L.100-L.124</b> |
+| Cable evaluation                                       | L.125-L.149        |
+| Guidance and installation technique                    | L.150-L.199        |
+| OPTICAL INFRASTRUCTURES                                | L.200-L.299        |
+| MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION                              | L.300-L.399        |
+| PASSIVE OPTICAL DEVICES                                | L.400-L.429        |
+| MARINIZED TERRESTRIAL CABLES                           | L.430-L.449        |
+| E-WASTE AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY                           | L.1000-L.1199      |
+| POWER FEEDING AND ENERGY STORAGE                       | L.1200-L.1299      |
+| ENERGY EFFICIENCY, SMART ENERGY AND GREEN DATA CENTRES | L.1300-L.1399      |
+| ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES OF ICTS AND CO2 TRAJECTORIES  | L.1400-L.1499      |
+| ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE                           | L.1500-L.1599      |
+| CIRCULAR AND SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES        | L.1600-L.1699      |
+| LOW COST SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE                    | L.1700-L.1799      |
+
+*For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations.*
+
+# Recommendation ITU-T L.103Optical fibre cables for indoor applications
+
+## Summary
+
+Recommendation ITU-T L.103 describes characteristics, construction and test methods for optical fibre cables for indoor applications. In order for an optical fibre to perform appropriately, characteristics that a cable should have been described. Also, the method of determining whether the cable has the required characteristics is described. Required conditions may differ according to the installation environment; detailed test conditions need to be agreed upon between the user and manufacturer for the environment where a cable is to be used.
+
+## History \*
+
+| Edition | Recommendation                 | Approval   | Study Group | Unique ID          |
+|---------|--------------------------------|------------|-------------|--------------------|
+| 1.0     | ITU-T L.59                     | 2004-09-06 | 6           | 11.1002/1000/7381  |
+| 2.0     | ITU-T L.103/L.59               | 2008-01-08 | 6           | 11.1002/1000/9325  |
+| 2.1     | ITU-T L.103/L.59 (2008) Amd. 1 | 2015-07-03 | 15          | 11.1002/1000/12578 |
+| 3.0     | ITU-T L.103                    | 2016-04-13 | 15          | 11.1002/1000/12835 |
+| 4.0     | ITU-T L.103                    | 2024-08-29 | 15          | 11.1002/1000/16039 |
+
+## Keywords
+
+Cable structure, cable testing, indoor cabling, optical fibre cable.
+
+---
+
+\* To access the Recommendation, type the URL <https://handle.itu.int/> in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendation's unique ID.
+
+## FOREWORD
+
+The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, and information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis.
+
+The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics.
+
+The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1.
+
+In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-T's purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC.
+
+## NOTE
+
+In this Recommendation, the expression "Administration" is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency.
+
+Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words "shall" or some other obligatory language such as "must" and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party.
+
+## INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
+
+ITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendation development process.
+
+As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents/software copyrights, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the appropriate ITU-T databases available via the ITU-T website at <http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/>.
+
+© ITU 2024
+
+All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU.
+
+## Table of Contents
+
+|                                                                                  | Page |
+|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|
+| 1 Scope .....                                                                    | 1    |
+| 2 References.....                                                                | 1    |
+| 3 Definitions .....                                                              | 3    |
+| 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere .....                                                | 3    |
+| 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation.....                                    | 3    |
+| 4 Abbreviations and acronyms .....                                               | 3    |
+| 5 Conventions .....                                                              | 4    |
+| 6 Characteristics of optical fibres and cables .....                             | 4    |
+| 6.1 Optical fibre characteristics.....                                           | 4    |
+| 6.2 Mechanical characteristics.....                                              | 5    |
+| 6.3 Environmental characteristics .....                                          | 6    |
+| 6.4 Fire safety .....                                                            | 7    |
+| 6.5 Electrical characteristics.....                                              | 7    |
+| 7 Cable construction .....                                                       | 7    |
+| 7.1 Fibre coatings .....                                                         | 7    |
+| 7.2 Cable element .....                                                          | 8    |
+| 7.3 Sheath .....                                                                 | 11   |
+| 7.4 Identification of cable.....                                                 | 12   |
+| 7.5 Cable sealing .....                                                          | 12   |
+| Annex A – Test methods.....                                                      | 13   |
+| A.1 Test criteria.....                                                           | 15   |
+| A.2 Test methods for cable elements .....                                        | 16   |
+| A.3 Test methods for mechanical characteristics of the cable .....               | 18   |
+| A.4 Test methods for environmental characteristics .....                         | 20   |
+| A.5 Test methods for electrical characteristics .....                            | 22   |
+| A.6 Test methods for fire safety .....                                           | 22   |
+| Appendix I – Overview of IEC specifications for indoor optical fibre cable ..... | 24   |
+| Bibliography.....                                                                | 25   |
+
+
+
+# Recommendation ITU-T L.103
+
+## Optical fibre cables for indoor applications
+
+# 1 Scope
+
+This Recommendation:
+
+- Applies to single-mode optical fibre cables to be used for telecommunication networks within buildings.
+- Specifies the mechanical and environmental characteristics of the optical fibre cables concerned. The optical fibre dimensional and transmission characteristics, together with their test methods, should comply with one or more of [ITU-T G.652], [ITU-T G.657] and [IEC 60793-2-50].
+- Considers the fundamental aspects related to optical fibre cables from the mechanical and environmental points of view;
+- Refers to the technical specifications of [IEC 60794-2] series as applicable to the concerned optical fibre cables.
+- Recommends performance criteria for those tests that are relevant to the indoor application space.
+
+# 2 References
+
+The following ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and other references are subject to revision; users of this Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and other references listed below. A list of the currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published. The reference to a document within this Recommendation does not give it, as a stand-alone document, the status of a Recommendation.
+
+- [ITU-T G.650.1] Recommendation ITU-T G.650.1 (2024), *Definitions and test methods for linear, deterministic attributes of single-mode fibre and cable*.
+- [ITU-T G.650.2] Recommendation ITU-T G.650.2 (2015), *Definitions and test methods for statistical and non-linear related attributes of single-mode fibre and cable*.
+- [ITU-T G.652] Recommendation ITU-T G.652 (2024), *Characteristics of a single-mode optical fibre and cable*.
+- [ITU-T G.657] Recommendation ITU-T G.657 (2024), *Characteristics of a bending-loss insensitive single-mode optical fibre and cable*.
+- [IEC 60304] IEC 60304:1982, *Standard colours for insulation for low-frequency cables and wires*.
+- [IEC 60331-25] IEC 60331-25:1999, *Tests for electric cables under fire conditions – Circuit integrity – Part 25: Procedures and requirements – Optical fibre cables*.
+- [IEC 60332-1-1] IEC 60332-1-1:2004 + AMD1:2015, *Tests for electric and optical fibre cables under fire conditions – Part 1-1: Test for vertical flame propagation for a single insulated wire or cable – Apparatus*.
+- [IEC 60332-1-2] IEC 60332-1-2:2004, *Tests on electric and optical fibre cables under fire conditions – Part 1-2: Test for vertical flame propagation for a single insulated wire or cable – Procedure for 1 kW pre-mixed flame*.
+
+- [IEC 60332-3-24] IEC 60332-3-24:2000, *Tests on electric cables under fire conditions – Part 3-24: Test for vertical flame spread of vertically-mounted bunched wires or cables – Category C.*
+- [IEC 60332-3-25] IEC 60332-3-25:2000 + AMD1:2008, *Tests on electric cables under fire conditions – Part 3-25: Test for vertical flame spread of vertically-mounted bunched wires or cables – Category D.*
+- [IEC 60754-1] IEC 60754-1:2011, *Test on gases evolved during combustion of materials from cables – Part 1: Determination of the halogen acid gas content.*
+- [IEC 60754-2] IEC 60754-2:2011, *Test on gases evolved during combustion of materials from cables – Part 2: Determination of acidity (by pH measurement) and conductivity.*
+- [IEC 60793-1-21] IEC 60793-1-21:2001, *Optical fibres – Part 1-21: Measurement methods and test procedures – Coating geometry.*
+- [IEC 60793-1-32] IEC 60793-1-32:2010, *Optical fibres – Part 1-32: Measurement methods and test procedures – Coating strippability.*
+- [IEC 60793-1-40] IEC 60793-1-40:2019, *Optical fibres – Part 1-40: Attenuation measurement methods.*
+- [IEC 60793-2-50] IEC 60793-2-50:2018, *Optical fibres – Part 2-50: Product specifications – Sectional specification for class B single-mode fibres.*
+- [IEC 60794-1-1] IEC 60794-1-1 (2023), *Optical fibre cables – Part 1-1: Generic specification – General.*
+- [IEC 60794-1-2] IEC 60794-1-2:2013, *Optical fibre cables – Part 1-2: Generic specification – Cross reference table for optical cable test procedures.*
+- [IEC 60794-1-21] IEC 60794-1-21:2020, *Optical fibre cables – Part 1-21: Generic specification – Basic optical cable test procedures – Mechanical Test Methods.*
+- [IEC 60794-1-22] IEC 60794-1-22:2017, *Optical fibre cables – Part 1-22: Generic specification – Basic optical cable test procedures – Environmental test methods.*
+- [IEC 60794-1-23] IEC 60794-1-23:2012, *Optical fibre cables – Part 1-23: Generic specification – Basic optical cable test procedures – Cable elements test methods.*
+- [IEC 60794-1-31] IEC 60794-1-31:2021, *Optical fibre cables – Part 1-31: Generic specification – Optical cable elements – Optical fibre ribbon.*
+- [IEC 60794-1-219] IEC 60794-1-219:2021, *Optical fibre cables – Part 1-219: Generic specification – Basic optical cable test procedures – Material compatibility test, Method F19.*
+- [IEC 60794-1-403] IEC 60794-1-403:2021, *Optical fibre cables – Part 1-403: Generic specification – Basic optical cable test procedures – Electrical test methods – Electrical continuity test of cable metallic elements, method H3.*
+- [IEC 60794-2] IEC 60794-2:2017, *Optical fibre cables – Part 2: Indoor cables – Sectional specification.*
+- [IEC 60794-2-10] IEC 60794-2-10:2023, *Optical fibre cables – Part 2-10: Indoor optical fibre cables – Family specification for simplex and duplex cables.*
+
+- [IEC 60794-2-11] IEC 60794-2-11:2019, *Optical fibre cables – Part 2-11: Indoor cables – Detailed specification for simplex and duplex cables for use in premises cabling.*
+- [IEC 60794-2-20] IEC 60794-2-20:2013, *Optical fibre cables – Part 2-20: Indoor cables – Family specification for multi-fibre optical cables.*
+- [IEC 60794-2-21] IEC 60794-2-21:2019, *Optical fibre cables – Part 2-21: Indoor cables – Detailed specification for multi-fibre optical distribution cables for use in premises cabling.*
+- [IEC 60794-2-30] IEC 60794-2-30: 2019, *Optical fibre cables – Part 2-30: Indoor cables – Family specification for optical fibre ribbon cables for use in terminated cable assemblies.*
+- [IEC 60794-2-31] IEC 60794-2-31: 2019, *Optical fibre cables – Part 2-31: Indoor cables – Detailed specification for optical fibre ribbon cables for use in premises cabling.*
+- [IEC 60794-2-50] IEC 60794-2-50: 2023, *Optical fibre cables – Part 2-50: Indoor cables – Family specification for simplex and duplex cables for use in terminated cable assemblies.*
+- [IEC 60811-202] IEC 60811-202: 2012, *Electric and optical fibre cables – Test methods for non-metallic materials – Part 202: General tests – Measurement of thickness of non-metallic sheath.*
+- [IEC 60811-203] IEC 60811-203: 2012, *Electric and optical fibre cables – Test methods for non-metallic materials – Part 203: General tests – Measurement of overall dimensions.*
+- [IEC 61034-1] IEC 61034-1: 2005 + AMD1: 2013, *Measurement of smoke density of cables burning under defined conditions – Part 1: Test apparatus.*
+- [IEC 61034-2] IEC 61034-2: 2005 + AMD1: 2013, *Measurement of smoke density of cables burning under defined conditions – Part 2: Test procedure and requirements.*
+- [IEC 61196-1-313] IEC 61196-1-313:2009, *Coaxial communication cables – Part 1-313: Mechanical test methods – Adhesion of dielectric and sheath.*
+
+# 3 Definitions
+
+### 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere
+
+For the purpose of this Recommendation, the definitions given in [ITU-T G.650.1], [ITU-T G.650.2], [b-ITU-T G.650.3], and [IEC 60794-1-1] apply.
+
+Other terms used, particularly in referencing IEC test procedures and specifications, are per [IEC 60794-1-1] and other IEC specifications specifically referenced.
+
+### 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation
+
+None.
+
+## 4 Abbreviations and acronyms
+
+This Recommendation uses the following abbreviations and acronyms:
+
+DS Detailed Specification
+
+|    |                               |
+|----|-------------------------------|
+| OD | Outer Diameter                |
+| SZ | reverse oscillating stranding |
+
+# 5 Conventions
+
+None.
+
+# 6 Characteristics of optical fibres and cables
+
+### 6.1 Optical fibre characteristics
+
+The following optical fibre types should be considered for use in cables of this Recommendation, based on agreement between manufacturers and customers. Single-mode optical fibres should be used as described in [ITU-T G.652], [ITU-T G.657] and [IEC 60793-2-50], depending upon users' environmental conditions and technical requirements. The corresponding IEC fibre category designations are shown in Appendix V of [b-ITU-T G Suppl.40].
+
+#### 6.1.1 Transmission characteristics
+
+The typical transmission characteristics for each type of optical fibre are described in their respective Recommendation. Unless specified by the users of this specific Recommendation, those values are applied for a cabled optical fibre.
+
+The maximum point discontinuity at the operating wavelength(s) for fibres should be in accordance with [IEC 60794-1-1].
+
+#### 6.1.2 Fibre microbending loss
+
+Severe bending of an optical fibre, involving local axial displacement of a few micrometres over short distances caused by localized lateral forces along its length, is called microbending. This may be caused in cabled fibres by manufacturing and installation strains, as well as dimensional variations of cable materials due to temperature changes during operation.
+
+Microbending can cause an increase in optical loss. In order to reduce microbending loss, stresses randomly applied to a fibre along its axis should be minimized during the incorporation of the fibres into the cable, as well as during and after cable installation.
+
+#### 6.1.3 Fibre macrobending loss
+
+Macrobending is the curvature of an optical fibre resulting after cable manufacturing and installation.
+
+Macrobending may cause an increase in optical loss. Optical loss increases if the bending radius is too small. The optical loss caused by macrobending typically increases as the bending radius is reduced.
+
+NOTE – ITU-T G.657 optical fibres are optimized for reduced macrobending loss.
+
+#### 6.1.4 Fibre dimensions
+
+Mode-field diameter and cladding diameter are defined by the ITU-T G.65x-series Recommendations.
+
+The overall fibre dimensions and related characteristics such as non-circularity and concentricity are important in the performance of cabled fibre and in the splicing and connectorization of fibres. Accordingly, [IEC 60793-2-50] specifies critical values and measurement methods. The range of fibre outer coating diameter should be in accordance with [IEC 60793-2-50].
+
+### 6.2 Mechanical characteristics
+
+#### 6.2.1 Evaluation of mechanical characteristics
+
+Cable mechanical characteristics should be evaluated using the test methods and requirements of the [IEC 60794-2] series, and applicable recommendations in clause A.3.
+
+#### 6.2.2 Tensile strength
+
+Optical fibre cable is subject to short-term load during manufacture and installation, and may be affected by continuous static loading or cyclic load during operation (e.g., temperature variation). Changes in the tension of the cable due to the variety of factors encountered during the service life of the cable can cause differential movement of the cable components. This effect should be considered in the cable design. Excessive cable tensile loading may increase optical loss and may cause increased residual strain in the fibre if the cable cannot relax. When a cable is subjected to permanent loading during its operational life, the fibre should not experience strain beyond values that adversely affect fibre reliability (see clause A.3.1). To avoid these issues, the maximum tensile strength determined by the cable construction, especially the design of the strength member, should not be exceeded.
+
+#### 6.2.3 Bending
+
+Under the dynamic conditions encountered during installation, optical fibre is subject to strain from both cable tension and bending. The strength elements in the cable and the installation bend diameter must be selected to limit this combined dynamic strain. Routing and storage may result in permanent bends after installation. Any fibre bend radius remaining after cable installation should be large enough to limit the macrobending loss or long-term strain limiting the lifetime of the fibre.
+
+Minimum bending diameter is an important parameter for the physical integrity of the sheath, for fibre strain limitation and for fibre attenuation performance due to macrobending loss. Cables with smaller core structures can be bent to relatively smaller bend diameters than cables with larger core structures.
+
+The standard minimum bending diameters for cables should be declared by the manufacturer. Cable bending diameters are defined as:
+
+- Residual (installed):  $20 \times$  cable outer diameter (OD) or  $30 \times$  cable OD;
+- Loaded condition (during installation):  $40 \times$  cable OD.
+
+For very small cables such as microduct cables, manufacturers may specify a fixed cable minimum bending diameter that is independent of the cable outer diameter. It should also be noted that the minimum bending diameter changes depending on the cable structure, such as the design and configuration of the strength members.
+
+NOTE – Some cable tests and specifications declare bending criteria in terms of radius of the apparatus or sheave. Care should be taken to avoid incorrect testing.
+
+#### 6.2.4 Crush
+
+The cable may be subject to crush and impact during both installation and operational life.
+
+Characteristically, a crushing incident involves a relatively short length of the cable. The crushing may be short-term, such as during installation, or may be long-term as over the operational life of the cable.
+
+Cable is constructed to isolate the optical fibres from external compressive forces. The construction and dimensions of the cable affect the resistance of the cable to performance degradation due to crushing.
+
+Crushing may damage the physical integrity of the cable or may increase the optical loss (either temporarily or permanently). Excessive stress may lead to fibre fracture.
+
+#### **6.2.5 Bending under tension (flexing)**
+
+Under the dynamic conditions encountered during installation and operation, a cable may be subject to bending under tension (flexing). The bending under tension test should be performed according to clause A.3.3. After the test, there should be no fibre breakage.
+
+#### **6.2.6 Impact**
+
+A cable may be subject to impact during both installation and operational life.
+
+Although in either case the impact is a transient event, still it could result in cable performance deformation and affect the cable over its operational life.
+
+Cable is constructed to isolate the optical fibres from external compressive forces. The construction and dimensions of the cable affect the resistance of the cable to performance degradation due to impact.
+
+Impact may damage the physical integrity of the cable or may increase the optical loss (either temporarily or permanently). Excessive stress may lead to fibre fracture.
+
+Characteristically, impact could cause visible cracks, splits, tears or other openings on the surface of the cable jacket.
+
+#### **6.2.7 Torsion**
+
+Under the dynamic conditions encountered during installation and operation, a cable may be subject to torsion. This may be under tension during installation and the torsion may remain after the installation is complete. The torsion may be due to coiling of the cable during installation and will often remain over the operational life of the cable. Torsion may result in optical loss of the fibres and/or damage to the sheath including splitting of the sheath. The cable should be sufficiently robust to resist twisting, and its design should accommodate a reasonable number of cable twists per unit length without an increase in optical loss and/or damage to the sheath.
+
+Characteristically, torsion could cause visible cracks, splits, tears or other openings on the surface of the cable jacket.
+
+#### **6.2.8 Kinking**
+
+A cable may be subject to kinking during installation.
+
+#### **6.2.9 Repeated bending**
+
+A cable may be subject to repeated bending during installation.
+
+#### **6.2.10 Coefficient of friction**
+
+A cable may be subject to a coefficient of friction between cables or between the cable and duct during installation.
+
+### **6.3 Environmental characteristics**
+
+#### **6.3.1 Evaluation of environmental characteristics**
+
+Cable environmental characteristics should be evaluated using the test methods and requirements of the [IEC 60794-2] series, and applicable discussion in clause A.4.
+
+Environmental conditions for indoor cables may not be as severe as those for outdoor cables. However, if environmental conditions are not defined, it is recommended that the same requirements as those for outdoor cables apply.
+
+#### 6.3.2 Temperature variations
+
+During their operational lifetime, cables may be subject to severe temperature variations. In these conditions, the increase of attenuation of the fibres should not exceed the specified limits.
+
+Cable elements can potentially have different thermal expansion coefficients that can cause differing dimensional changes among the cable elements. This can cause attenuation increases of the optical fibres due to microbending or macrobending effects. Therefore, testing of cables at temperature extremes is recommended.
+
+The ranges of temperature variations are shown in Table 1 (those values are described in [IEC 60794-2-20] as codes A and C), unless there is a different agreement between the manufacturer and user.
+
+**Table 1 – Temperature variations of optical fibre cable**
+
+| Grade code | Temperature range (°C)      |                              | Recommended deployment configuration                          |
+|------------|-----------------------------|------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
+|            | Lower temperature ( $T_A$ ) | Higher temperature ( $T_B$ ) |                                                               |
+| A          | -20                         | +60                          | Vertical installation                                         |
+| C          | 0                           | +50                          | Horizontal installation and cabling between optical equipment |
+
+### 6.4 Fire safety
+
+In buildings and houses, fire safety presents two major issues. Firstly, cables and cable elements should be difficult to burn. In another words, cables and cable elements should have flame-retardant characteristics. Secondly, cables and cable elements should not generate toxic gases and smoke when burning. Requirements for fire performance may differ in each country. Optical cables for indoor applications should meet regulations on fire safety as adopted in each country or by telecommunication operators. The following should be considered if no fire safety specifications are provided and selected according to the application: [IEC 60331-25], [IEC 60332-1-2], [IEC 60332-3-24], [IEC 60332-3-25], [IEC 60754-1], [IEC 60754-2], [IEC 61034-1] and [IEC 61034-2].
+
+### 6.5 Electrical characteristics
+
+#### 6.5.1 Electrical continuity
+
+All metallic elements used in the cable should be electrically continuous. The resistivity of the metallic members should be checked if specified. The reference test method is found in [IEC 60794-1-403].
+
+# 7 Cable construction
+
+### 7.1 Fibre coatings
+
+#### 7.1.1 Primary coating
+
+Silica fibre itself has intrinsically high strength, but its strength is reduced by surface flaws. A primary coating must therefore be applied immediately after drawing the fibre to size.
+
+The optical fibre should be proof tested. In order to guarantee long-term reliability under service conditions, the proof-test strain may be specified, taking into account the permissible strain and required lifetime. Agreed upon fibre strain in testing and service are discussed in clause A.3.1.
+
+NOTE 1 – The optical fibres should be proof tested with a strain equivalent to 1% or as agreed between customer and manufacturer.
+
+In order to prepare the fibre for splicing, it should be possible to remove the primary coating without damage to the fibre and without the use of materials or methods considered to be hazardous or dangerous.
+
+The composition of the primary coating, coloured if required, should be considered in relation to any requirements of local light-injection and detection equipment used in conjunction with fibre-jointing methods.
+
+NOTE 2 – Further study is required to advise on suitable testing methods for local light-injection and detection.
+
+Primary-coated fibres should comply with relevant optical fibre specifications in [IEC 60793-2-50].
+
+#### **7.1.2 Fibre buffer (secondary coating)**
+
+A secondary coating, termed a buffer, may be applied directly over the fibre primary coating for a variety of reasons. This is not to be confused with a buffer tube, which is discussed in clause 7.2.4.
+
+Buffers may use single or multiple materials. The buffer may be a tight buffer, intimately in contact with the primary coating, or a semi-tight buffer, in contact with the primary coating but intended for removal without damaging the primary coating.
+
+NOTE – When a fibre buffer is used, it may be difficult to use local light-injection and detection equipment associated with fibre-jointing methods.
+
+#### **7.1.3 Fibre identification**
+
+Fibre should be easily identified by its colour, tracer, marker, position within the cable core or a combination of these. If a colouring method is used, the colours should be clearly distinguishable and have good colour performance properties, also in the presence of other materials, during the lifetime of the cable.
+
+The need for fibre identification extends to the fibre units (ribbons, slots, buffer tubes, bundles, microbundles, etc.). Unit identification may include colours, printed marks, position in the core or other appropriate means.
+
+Guidance may be found in [b-IEC TR 63194].
+
+#### **7.1.4 Strippability of coating**
+
+The primary and secondary coatings should be easy to remove and should not hinder splicing, or fitting of fibre to optical connectors.
+
+### **7.2 Cable element**
+
+The make-up of the cable core – in particular the number of fibres, their method of protection and identification, the location of strength members and metallic wires or pairs, if required – should be clearly defined.
+
+#### **7.2.1 Fibre bundle**
+
+Grouping of optical fibres into bundled units is a common method of organizing and identifying fibres within cable cores. Such bundles are commonly assembled using spirally-applied threads or tapes, often colour-coded, to assist in fibre identification. Other methods following this intent may be used. Such bundles may reside in slotted core (see clause 7.2.3), buffer tubes (see clause 7.2.4), micro-modules (see clause 7.2.5) or other core structures.
+
+#### **7.2.2 Fibre ribbon**
+
+Optical fibre ribbons should conform to [IEC 60794-1-31].
+
+Optical fibre ribbons consist of optical fibres aligned in a row. Optical fibre ribbons are divided into types, based on the method used to bind optical fibres. Common types are the edge-bonded type, the encapsulated type and the partially-bonded type. These are shown in Figures 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
+
+In the case of the edge-bonded type, optical fibres are bound by adhesive material located between the optical fibres. In the encapsulated type, optical fibres are bound by coating material covering the entire ribbon structure. In either of these basic types, the partially-bonded configuration may be used to accomplish additional flexibility in the transverse direction. This allows the ribbon to be rolled and accommodated in small core structures.
+
+The fibres of optical fibre ribbons in the as-manufactured configuration should be parallel and not crossed. Optical fibre ribbons should be capable of mass splicing. Each ribbon in a cable should be identified by a printed legend or unique colour (see also clause 7.1.3).
+
+![Cross-section of a typical edge-bonded ribbon](0e240e8e4783e664047fbdb5fbd0989f_img.jpg)
+
+The diagram shows two possible cross-sectional views of an edge-bonded optical fibre ribbon. Each view consists of four circular optical fibres arranged in a horizontal row. The fibres are connected at their top and bottom outer edges by a single, continuous black adhesive layer. The word "or" is placed between the two views. Below the second view is the label "L.103(16)\_F01".
+
+Cross-section of a typical edge-bonded ribbon
+
+**Figure 1 – Cross-section of a typical edge-bonded ribbon**
+
+![Cross-section of a typical encapsulated ribbon](be217a121b8cc1b82eb1598749372865_img.jpg)
+
+The diagram shows a cross-sectional view of an encapsulated optical fibre ribbon. It consists of four circular optical fibres arranged in a horizontal row, all of which are completely surrounded by a single, solid black coating that encapsulates the entire group. Below the diagram is the label "L.103(16)\_F02".
+
+Cross-section of a typical encapsulated ribbon
+
+**Figure 2 – Cross-section of a typical encapsulated ribbon**
+
+![Example of a typical partially-bonded ribbon](0a5acc4b370bb711096e04f25b8b3feb_img.jpg)
+
+The diagram shows a perspective view of a partially-bonded optical fibre ribbon. It consists of four optical fibres arranged in a row. The top two fibres are shown with arrows pointing to their top surfaces, labeled "Not bonded". The bottom two fibres are shown with arrows pointing to their bottom surfaces, labeled "Bonded". This indicates that the fibres are bonded only at their bottom edges. Below the diagram is the label "L.103(16)\_F03".
+
+Example of a typical partially-bonded ribbon
+
+**Figure 3 – Example of a typical partially-bonded ribbon**
+
+#### 7.2.3 Slotted core
+
+In order to avoid direct pressure from the outside of the cable, optical fibres or ribbon fibres may be located in slots. Usually, slots are provided in a helical or reverse oscillation stranding (SZ) method configuration on a cylindrical rod. The slotted core usually contains a strength member (metallic or non-metallic). The strength member should adhere tightly to the slotted core in order to obtain temperature stability and avoid separation from it when a pulling force is applied during installation. Water-blocking material may be contained in the slots.
+
+![Figure 4: Cross-section of a slotted core structure cable. The diagram shows a circular cable with a thick outer sheath. Inside, there is a central core with 11 slots, numbered 1 through 11. Each slot contains a 'Ribbon' of optical fibers. A 'Slotted core' is indicated by an arrow pointing to the central area. A 'Strength member (Tension member)' is shown as a small black dot within one of the slots. The label 'Sheath' points to the outer boundary. A reference code 'L.103(24)' is at the bottom.](b8d3d85b1575ec6abdcf1bd9ce438701_img.jpg)
+
+Figure 4: Cross-section of a slotted core structure cable. The diagram shows a circular cable with a thick outer sheath. Inside, there is a central core with 11 slots, numbered 1 through 11. Each slot contains a 'Ribbon' of optical fibers. A 'Slotted core' is indicated by an arrow pointing to the central area. A 'Strength member (Tension member)' is shown as a small black dot within one of the slots. The label 'Sheath' points to the outer boundary. A reference code 'L.103(24)' is at the bottom.
+
+**Figure 4 – Example of a slotted core structure cable**
+
+#### 7.2.4 Tube (buffer tube)
+
+A tube construction, commonly of polymeric materials, is frequently used to protect and gathering, optical fibres, fibre bundles and/or fibre ribbons. The essential feature of the tube is sufficient space inside the tube to isolate fibres, fibre bundles or ribbons from external stress. The tubes are commonly made of polymer materials. Cable designs incorporating loose tubes are the most widely deployed cables, offering an optimized package for handling and robustness. The tubes may be stranded around the other tubes or the central strength member. Such core structures minimize strain and mid-span access may be easier if the SZ method is utilized. Central tube designs may also be used. Water-blocking material may be contained in the tube, if required.
+
+![Figure 5: Cross-section of a loose tube cable construction. The diagram shows a circular cable with a thick outer sheath (jacket). Inside, there is a central strength member (a small black dot). Surrounding the center are five loose tubes (buffer tubes), each containing multiple optical fibres (represented by colored dots). The tubes are held in place by a 'Water blocking/binding tape/strength member' (a yellow ring). A 'Ripcord' is indicated by a small black dot on the inner sheath. 'Water blocking material' is shown as a grey area between the tubes. The label 'Outer sheath (Jacket)' points to the outer boundary. A reference code 'L.103(24)' is at the bottom.](9d5d3616a843e8063fdc3613055aaef8_img.jpg)
+
+Figure 5: Cross-section of a loose tube cable construction. The diagram shows a circular cable with a thick outer sheath (jacket). Inside, there is a central strength member (a small black dot). Surrounding the center are five loose tubes (buffer tubes), each containing multiple optical fibres (represented by colored dots). The tubes are held in place by a 'Water blocking/binding tape/strength member' (a yellow ring). A 'Ripcord' is indicated by a small black dot on the inner sheath. 'Water blocking material' is shown as a grey area between the tubes. The label 'Outer sheath (Jacket)' points to the outer boundary. A reference code 'L.103(24)' is at the bottom.
+
+**Figure 5 – Example of a loose tube cable construction**
+
+#### 7.2.5 Micromodule
+
+A micromodule is a thin-walled tubing unit (typically smaller than the tube described in clause 7.2.4). These flexible modules have bending radii similar to those of unbundled fibre and are easy to strip without a tool for easy splice preparation and midspan access. They have no shape memory and may be directly used in an enclosure up to the splicing tray. Water-blocking material may be contained in the micro-module, if required. Micromodules may be used within buffer tubes or slots. A typical micro-module is shown in Figure 6.
+
+![Cross-section diagram of primary coated fibres protected by a micromodule. It shows a central cluster of 12 green circular fibres surrounded by a white filling compound, all enclosed within a thick blue outer wall labeled 'Thin and low modulus wall tubing'. Labels with leader lines point to the 'Thin and low modulus wall tubing', a 'Fibre', and the 'Filling compound or dry filling solution'. A small code 'L.103(24)' is at the bottom right.](ac852a162572ca8a8c8478c49b571af5_img.jpg)
+
+Cross-section diagram of primary coated fibres protected by a micromodule. It shows a central cluster of 12 green circular fibres surrounded by a white filling compound, all enclosed within a thick blue outer wall labeled 'Thin and low modulus wall tubing'. Labels with leader lines point to the 'Thin and low modulus wall tubing', a 'Fibre', and the 'Filling compound or dry filling solution'. A small code 'L.103(24)' is at the bottom right.
+
+**Figure 6 – Example of primary coated fibres protected by micromodule**
+
+#### 7.2.6 Ruggedized fibre
+
+When required for particular applications, further protection for a buffered fibre (see clause 7.1.2) may be provided by surrounding one or more such fibres with an assembly of strength elements, typically non-metallic, and an appropriate jacket material. Such assemblies are small in size and typically reside in the cable core. Such ruggedization may be appropriate for break-out/fan-out cable constructions.
+
+![Two cross-section diagrams of ruggedized fibre structures. The left diagram shows a single fibre with a green core, a white buffer layer, a blue aramid yarn layer, and an outer blue sheath. The right diagram shows two such fibres joined together at their sheaths. Labels with leader lines point to the 'Buffered fibre', 'Aramid yarn', and 'Sheath' in both diagrams. A small code 'L.103(24)' is at the bottom right.](41245ac07db266bea228735b9e8c8b73_img.jpg)
+
+Two cross-section diagrams of ruggedized fibre structures. The left diagram shows a single fibre with a green core, a white buffer layer, a blue aramid yarn layer, and an outer blue sheath. The right diagram shows two such fibres joined together at their sheaths. Labels with leader lines point to the 'Buffered fibre', 'Aramid yarn', and 'Sheath' in both diagrams. A small code 'L.103(24)' is at the bottom right.
+
+**Figure 7 – Examples of ruggedized fibre structure**
+
+#### 7.2.7 Strength member
+
+The cable should be designed with sufficient strength members to meet installation and service conditions so that fibres are not subject to strain levels in excess of the values (see clause A.3.1) or as agreed upon between customer and manufacturer.
+
+Strength members mainly serve to limit tensile strain, but may also serve to limit compressive strain as in temperature changes. The strength members may be located within the core or in the sheath layers, or both. The strength member(s) may be either metallic or non-metallic.
+
+In case of the use of metallic strength members, care should be taken to avoid hydrogen generation effects (see clause 6.3.3).
+
+If the cable is required to be installed by pushing into conduits, appropriately rigid strength members may be optionally adopted that are suitable for long distance installation with the resistance to buckling and flexibility for passing through conduit bends.
+
+### 7.3 Sheath
+
+The cable core should be covered with a sheath or sheaths suitable for the relevant environmental and mechanical conditions associated with storage, installation and operation. The sheath may be of a composite construction and may include strength members. The selection of the sheath material to optimize the friction forces between the cable sheath and duct should also be considered.
+
+Sheath considerations for optical fibre cables are generally the same as for metallic conductor cables. Consideration should also be given to the amount of hydrogen generated from a metallic moisture barrier (see clause 6.3.2).
+
+Selection of sheath material is one of many important issues to be considered in order to satisfy fire safety requirements. Polyethylene is widely used as a cable sheath material; however, it may not be suitable for indoor cables from the viewpoint of fire safety.
+
+If the cable is required to be installed by pushing into conduits, a low friction sheath may optionally be adopted, which has both a low coefficient of friction between cables and conduits or other cables and appropriate cable performance, e.g., with regard to fire safety and ageing.
+
+### **7.4 Identification of cable**
+
+It is recommended that a visual identification of optical fibre cables be provided: this can be done by visibly marking the outer sheath. Marking of cable length should be included in cable marking. For identifying cables, embossing, sintering or imprinting, or hot foil, ink-jet or laser printing can be used by agreement between the user and manufacturer.
+
+### **7.5 Cable sealing**
+
+It is recommended that an optical fibre cable should be provided with cable end-sealing and protection during cable delivery and storage, as is common for metallic cables. If splicing components have been factory installed, they should be adequately protected. Pulling devices can be fitted to the end of the cable if required.
+
+## Annex A
+
+### Test methods
+
+(This annex forms an integral part of this Recommendation.)
+
+The tests are described according to [IEC 60794-2] series and the clauses below should be carried out for indoor fibre cables. The attribute values stated herein should be used to assess conformance in the tests. It is not intended that all tests should be carried out; see the [IEC 60794-2] series for guidance. See [IEC 60794-2] regarding the frequency of testing; this should be agreed upon between the manufacturer and customer.
+
+The test methods, performance and test criteria are summarized in Tables A.1 to A.5.
+
+**Table A.1 – Optical fibre and cable elements test conditions**
+
+| Characteristic                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     | Clause | Test <sup>1</sup> | Value <sup>1, 2, 3</sup>                         | Note                |
+|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------|---------------------|
+| Attenuation coefficient                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            | A.1.3  | [IEC 60793-1-40]  | See Note 4                                       |                     |
+| No changes in attenuation                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          | A.1.3  | –                 | As specified in Note 5                           | Per [IEC 60794-1-1] |
+| No changes in fibre strain                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         | A.1.3  | As applicable     | As specified in Note 5                           | P [IEC 60794-1-1]   |
+| Ambient temperature                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                | A.1.4  | As applicable     | Standard ambient and expanded ambient, see A.1.4 | P [IEC 60794-1-2]   |
+| Other temperatures                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 | A.1.5  | As applicable     | within $\pm 5$ °C of the specified value         |                     |
+| Note 1 – Tests are IEC unless otherwise specified. Letter/number tests are per the [IEC 60794-1-2] series unless otherwise specified.<br>Note 2 – "as agreed" means per agreement between the manufacturer and the customer.<br>Note 3 – Reference to the L.100 invoking clause implies criteria not detailed in [IEC 60794-2] series or the test method and is overly complex for this table.<br>Note 4 – Cabled fibre attenuation coefficient is specified in corresponding ITU-T G.65x series Recommendation.<br>Note 5 – No changes in attenuation/strain are related to test uncertainty per [IEC 60794-1-1]. |        |                   |                                                  |                     |
+
+**Table A.2 – Optical fibre and cable element characteristics**
+
+| Characteristic              | Clause  | Test <sup>1</sup>                         | Value <sup>1, 2, 3</sup> | Note                 |
+|-----------------------------|---------|-------------------------------------------|--------------------------|----------------------|
+| Fibre dimensions            | A.2.1.1 | [IEC 60793-1-21]                          | Per [IEC 60793-2-50]     | Per [IEC 60793-2-50] |
+| Fibre coating strippability | A.2.1.2 | [IEC 60793-1-32]                          | Per [IEC 60794-2] series |                      |
+| Material compatibility      | A.2.1.3 | [IEC 60794-1-219]                         | [IEC 60794-1-219]        |                      |
+| Fibre buffers dimensions    | A.2.3.1 | [IEC 60793-1-21]<br>or<br>[IEC 60811-203] | Per [IEC 60794-2] or DS  |                      |
+| Buffer strippability        | A.2.3.2 | E5C of<br>[IEC 60794-1-21]                | See A.2.3.2              |                      |
+| Buffer tube dimensions      | A.2.4.1 | [IEC 60811-202]<br>and<br>[IEC 60811-203] | Per DS or as agreed      |                      |
+
+**Table A.2 – Optical fibre and cable element characteristics**
+
+| Characteristic       | Clause  | Test <sup>1</sup>                           | Value <sup>1, 2, 3</sup>    | Note |
+|----------------------|---------|---------------------------------------------|-----------------------------|------|
+| Tube kink            | A.2.4.2 | G7 of [IEC 60794-1-23]                      | per [IEC 60794-2] series    |      |
+| Fibre ribbons        |         |                                             |                             |      |
+| Ribbon dimensions    | A.2.5.1 | [IEC 60794-1-31]                            | Table 1 of [IEC 60794-1-31] |      |
+| Fibre separability   | A.2.5.2 | [IEC 60794-1-31]                            | [IEC 60794-1-31]            |      |
+| Ribbon strippability | A.2.5.3 | [IEC 60794-1-31]<br>and<br>[IEC 60793-1-32] | [IEC 60794-1-31]            |      |
+
+Note 1 – Tests are IEC unless otherwise specified. Letter/number tests are per the [IEC 60794-1-2] series unless otherwise specified.
+
+Note 2 – "as agreed" means per agreement between the manufacturer and the customer.
+
+Note 3 – Reference to the L.103 invoking clause implies criteria not detailed in [IEC 60794-2] series or the test method and is overly complex for this table.
+
+**Table A.3 – Mechanical characteristics**
+
+| Characteristic          | Clause | Test <sup>1</sup>                     | Value <sup>1, 2, 3, 4</sup>                                         | Note                                                                       |
+|-------------------------|--------|---------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Tensile strength        | A.3.1  | E1 of [IEC 60794-1-21]                | Per [IEC 60794-2] series                                            | Per [IEC 60794-2-xx]                                                       |
+| Bending                 | A.3.2  | E11 of [IEC 60794-1-21]               | Per [IEC 60794-2] series                                            | E11A or E11B of [IEC 60794-1-21]                                           |
+| Bending under tension   | A.3.3  | E18A, Procedure 2 of [IEC 60794-1-21] | Per [IEC 60794-2] series                                            |                                                                            |
+| Repeated bending (flex) | A.3.4  | E6 of [IEC 60794-1-21]                | Per [IEC 60794-2] series<br>No change in attenuation after the test |                                                                            |
+| Crush                   | A.3.5  | E3A of [IEC 60794-1-21]               | Per [IEC 60794-2] series                                            | Plate/plate crush                                                          |
+| Impact                  | A.3.6  | E4 of [IEC 60794-1-21]                | Per [IEC 60794-2] series                                            |                                                                            |
+| Torsion                 | A.3.7  | E7 of [IEC 60794-1-21]                | Per [IEC 60794-2] series                                            |                                                                            |
+| Abrasion, cable print   | A.3.8  | E2A, Method 2 of [IEC 60794-1-21]     | Per [IEC 60794-2] series                                            | Jacket abrasion not tested                                                 |
+| Cable kinking           | A.3.9  | E10 of [IEC 60794-1-21]               | Per [IEC 60794-2] series                                            | Not in [IEC 60794-2] series                                                |
+| Coefficient of friction | A.3.10 | E30 or E34 of [IEC 60794-1-21]        | as agreed                                                           | E30 and E34 can be applied to round-type and flat-type cables respectively |
+
+Note 1 – Tests are IEC unless otherwise specified. Letter/number tests are per the [IEC 60794-1-2] series unless otherwise specified.
+
+Note 2 – "as agreed" means per agreement between the manufacturer and the customer.
+
+Note 3 – Reference to the L.103 invoking clause implies criteria not detailed in [IEC 60794-2] series or the test method and overly complex for this table.
+
+Note 4 – Relevant document [IEC 60794-2] series should be referred by deciding the corresponding cable type.
+
+**Table A.4 – Environmental characteristics**
+
+| Characteristic         | Clause | Test <sup>1</sup>      | Value <sup>1, 2, 3</sup> | Note                             |
+|------------------------|--------|------------------------|--------------------------|----------------------------------|
+| Temperature cycling    | A.4.1  | F1 of [IEC 60794-1-22] | See clause 6.3.2         |                                  |
+| Nuclear radiation      | A.4.13 | F7 of [IEC 60794-1-22] | See A.4.13               | Not usually required             |
+| Cable sheath adherence | A.4.14 | [IEC 61196-1-313]      | See A.4.14               | For flooded-armour constructions |
+| Electrical continuity  | A.4.15 | [IEC 60794-1-403]      | As agreed, see A 4.15    | For cable with metallic elements |
+
+Note 1 – Tests are IEC unless otherwise specified. Letter/number tests are per the [IEC 60794-1-2] series unless otherwise specified.  
+Note 2 – "as agreed" means per agreement between the manufacturer and the customer.  
+Note 3 – Reference to the L.103 invoking clause implies criteria not detailed in [IEC 60794-2] series or the test method and is overly complex for this table.
+
+**Table A.5 – Cable construction**
+
+| Characteristic   | Clause  | Test <sup>1</sup>                   | Value <sup>1, 2, 3</sup>                         | Note |
+|------------------|---------|-------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|------|
+| Dimensions       | A.2.6.1 | [IEC 60811-202] and [IEC 60811-203] | As agreed                                        |      |
+| Cable OD         | A.2.6.2 | [IEC 60811-203]                     | Stated by manufacturer, per [IEC 60794-2] series |      |
+| Sheath thickness | A.2.6.3 | [IEC 60811-203]                     | Per [IEC 60794-2] series or as agreed            |      |
+
+Note 1 – Tests are IEC unless otherwise specified. Letter/number tests are per the [IEC 60794-1-2] series unless otherwise specified.  
+Note 2 – "as agreed" means per agreement between the manufacturer and the customer.  
+Note 3 – Reference to the L.103 invoking clause implies criteria not detailed in [IEC 60794-2] series or the test method and is overly complex for this table.
+
+### A.1 Test criteria
+
+#### A.1.1 Tensile strength
+
+Testing for criteria involving cable tensile strength should be carried out using the tensile rating of clause 6.2.2.
+
+#### A.1.2 Temperature test values
+
+Testing for criteria involving defined temperature extremes should be considered to be carried out using the temperature ranges. Some tests may specify specific test temperatures different from the standard temperature ranges.
+
+#### A.1.3 Attenuation coefficient and changes (no change and allowable change) in attenuation or strain in cable testing
+
+Unless otherwise specified, testing for attenuation requirements should be carried out at 1550 nm for all single-mode fibres.
+
+Unless otherwise specified, changes in attenuation should be calculated with respect to the attenuation values before the start of the test. In most cases, this measurement should be at ambient temperature (see clause A.1.4).
+
+Unless otherwise specified, for tests with attenuation requirements the attenuation increase or decrease at the completion of the test should be no change.
+
+Unless otherwise specified, the defined values for "no change" should be per [IEC 60794-1-1], which are:
+
+- single-mode, attenuation change  $\leq 0.05$  dB at 1550 nm;
+- single-mode, attenuation coefficient change  $\leq 0.05$  dB/km at 1550 nm;
+- all types, no change in fibre strain  $\leq 0.05\%$ .
+
+#### A.1.4 Ambient temperatures for cable testing
+
+The ambient temperatures for cable testing should be according to [IEC 60794-1-2] as shown in Table A.6. All testing should use the expanded ambient criteria unless disallowed by the test procedure or as agreed.
+
+**Table A.6 – Ambient temperature, relative humidity and atmospheric pressure**
+
+| Condition            | Standard ambient                           | Expanded ambient                            |
+|----------------------|--------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
+| Temperature          | $23^{\circ}\text{C} \pm 5^{\circ}\text{C}$ | $25^{\circ}\text{C} \pm 15^{\circ}\text{C}$ |
+| Relative humidity    | 20% to 70%                                 | 5% to 95%                                   |
+| Atmospheric pressure | Site ambient                               | Site ambient                                |
+
+#### A.1.5 Temperature precision at extremes
+
+The temperature value at test temperatures other than ambient should be within  $\pm 5^{\circ}\text{C}$  of the specified values (see clause 6.3.2 and clause A.1.4).
+
+### A.2 Test methods for cable elements
+
+#### A.2.1 Tests applicable to optical fibres
+
+In this clause, optical fibre test methods for assessing fibres and test methods related to splicing and other joining methods are described. Mechanical and optical characteristics test methods for optical fibres are described in [ITU-T G.650.1] and [ITU-T G.650.2] and in the [IEC 60793-1-xx] fibre test methods series.
+
+##### A.2.1.1 Dimensions
+
+For measuring the primary coating diameter, method [IEC 60793-1-21] should be used.
+
+The measured dimensions for cabled fibre should be per [IEC 60793-2-50] or as agreed between customer and manufacturer.
+
+##### A.2.1.2 Coating strippability
+
+For measuring the strippability of primary or secondary fibre coatings, method [IEC 60793-1-32] should be used. The strip force should be in accordance with [IEC 60793-2-50].
+
+##### A.2.1.3 Compatibility with filling materials
+
+When fibres come into contact with a filling material used for waterproofing, the stability of the fibre coating and the filling material should be examined by tests after accelerated ageing.
+
+The compatibility of optical fibres and buffers with a filling material should be tested per [IEC 60794-1-219].
+
+Dimensional stability and coating transmissivity should be examined by the test method as agreed between the customer and manufacturer.
+
+#### A.2.2 Tests applicable to fibre units
+
+##### A.2.2.1 Colour coding of fibre
+
+There is no international standard on fibre colour coding. The fibre colouring should comply with the detail specification, which may reflect national or regional norms. See [b-IEC TR 63194] for guidance.
+
+Colours used should comply with [IEC 60304].
+
+##### A.2.2.2 Fibre and unit identification
+
+Fibre and unit identification should also comply with the detail specification, which may reflect national or regional norms. See [b-IEC TR 63194] for guidance.
+
+Colours used should comply with [IEC 60304].
+
+#### A.2.3 Tests applicable to buffered optical fibres
+
+##### A.2.3.1 Dimensions
+
+The outer diameter of all types of fibre secondary coatings (buffers) should comply with [IEC 60794-3] or with the DS. The diameter tolerance should comply with [IEC 60794-2].
+
+Measurements should be performed using [IEC 60793-1-21] or [IEC 60811-203].
+
+##### A.2.3.2 Buffer strippability
+
+Buffers should be strippable in a manner consistent with their intended method of connectorization or splicing.
+
+Buffers should be capable of being stripped using the parameters as shown in Table A.7. Stripping methods and measurements should be performed according to [IEC 60794-1-21] method E5C.
+
+**Table A.7 – Strip lengths and forces for buffer strippability test**
+
+| Buffer type                 | Material stripped                           | Strip length       | Strip force   |
+|-----------------------------|---------------------------------------------|--------------------|---------------|
+| Tight                       | Remove buffer and primary coating as a unit | 15 mm $\pm$ 1.5 mm | 1.3 N to 13 N |
+| Semi-tight                  | Remove buffer, primary coating intact       | 15 mm $\pm$ 1.5 mm | < 13 N        |
+| Easily-removable semi-tight | Remove buffer, primary coating intact       | 150 mm             | as agreed     |
+
+#### A.2.4 Tests applicable to buffer tubes
+
+##### A.2.4.1 Dimensions
+
+Buffer tube dimensions should be according to the DS or as agreed between manufacturer and customer.
+
+For measuring buffer tubes the methods of [IEC 60811-202] and [IEC 60811-203] should be used.
+
+##### A.2.4.2 Tube kinking
+
+Tube kinking characteristics and testing should be according to [IEC 60794-2] series.
+
+For measuring kinking characteristics of tubes, [IEC 60794-1-23] method G7 should be used.
+
+#### **A.2.5 Tests applicable to ribbons**
+
+##### **A.2.5.1 Dimensions**
+
+Fibre ribbon dimensions should be according to [IEC 60794-1-31], Table 1. Ribbon dimensions should be measured according to [IEC 60794-1-31].
+
+##### **A.2.5.2 Separability of individual fibres from a ribbon**
+
+Separability of individual fibres from a ribbon should be according to [IEC 60794-1-31].
+
+##### **A.2.5.3 Strippability**
+
+Strippability of ribbons, as a whole or in units, should be according to [IEC 60794-1-31] and as follows.
+
+At least 25 mm of the matrix and the fibres' protective coatings should be removable with commercially available stripping tools from aged and unaged ribbons. There should be no fibre breakage. Any remaining coating residue should be readily removable using isopropyl alcohol wipes. Ribbon ageing is under study. Stripping force should be measured using [IEC 60793-1-32] as applicable to the multiple fibres in a ribbon.
+
+#### **A.2.6 Cable element measurements**
+
+##### **A.2.6.1 Dimensions**
+
+Dimensions for other tubes, slotted core, micromodules, other ruggedized fibres, strength members, jackets or other cable elements should be as agreed between the manufacturer and customer.
+
+Measurement of these cable elements should use methods [IEC 60811-202] and [IEC 60811-203], as applicable.
+
+##### **A.2.6.2 Cable diameter**
+
+The cable outer diameter should not exceed the maximum stated by the manufacturer in accordance with the [IEC 60794-2] series.
+
+The measurement should be in accordance with [IEC 60811-203].
+
+##### **A.2.6.3 Sheath thickness**
+
+The sheath thickness of indoor cable should be in accordance with the [IEC 60794-2] series, or as alternatively agreed between the manufacturer and customer.
+
+Measurement should be in accordance with [IEC 60811-203].
+
+### **A.3 Test methods for mechanical characteristics of the cable**
+
+This clause recommends appropriate tests and test methods for verifying the mechanical characteristics of indoor cables.
+
+Performance and acceptance criteria and testing should comply with [IEC 60794-2] and the clauses below. Testing should be done according to [IEC 60794-1-21] and its subordinate specifications.
+
+In many cases, visual examination of an indoor cable during or after testing is appropriate.
+
+Visual examination of cables should be done using normal or normal corrected vision. Examination using magnification is needed. This provides the most effective combination of enlargement and depth-of-field.
+
+#### **A.3.1 Tensile strength**
+
+This test method applies to indoor cables installed under all environmental conditions. Measurements are made to examine the behaviour of the fibre attenuation and fibre strain as a function of the load on a cable during installation and during its lifetime.
+
+The cable should perform in accordance with the [IEC 60794-2] series.
+
+The test should be carried out in accordance with [IEC 60794-1-21] method E1.
+
+There should be no damage to the sheath or cable elements under visual examination.
+
+#### **A.3.2 Bending**
+
+This test method applies to indoor cables installed under all environmental conditions.
+
+The purpose of this test is to determine the ability of optical fibre cables to withstand coiling or bending around a pulley, simulated by a test mandrel.
+
+The cable should perform in accordance with the [IEC 60794-2] series.
+
+This test should be carried out in accordance with [IEC 60794-1-21] method E11. The bending diameter should be according to clause 6.2.3. The mandrel or sheave diameter should be  $\pm 10\%$  of the specified value.
+
+#### **A.3.3 Bending under tension**
+
+This test method applies to indoor cables installed under all environmental conditions.
+
+The purpose of this test is to determine the ability of an optical fibre cable to withstand bending around rollers or bows during installation, when a specified load is applied.
+
+The cables should perform in accordance with [IEC60794-2-xx], and be tested in accordance with [IEC 60794-1-21] method E18A, procedure 2.
+
+#### **A.3.4 Repeated bending**
+
+This test method applies to indoor cables installed under all environmental conditions.
+
+The purpose of this test is to evaluate the ability of optical fibre cables to undergo the repeated bending associated with normal handling and service.
+
+The cable should perform in accordance with [IEC 60794-2] series, and be tested in accordance with [IEC 60794-1-21] method E6.
+
+#### **A.3.5 Crush**
+
+This test method applies to indoor cables installed under all environmental conditions.
+
+The appropriate test method for most terrestrial cables is the plate-plate crush method.
+
+The cable should perform in accordance with [IEC 60794-2] series, and be tested in accordance with [IEC 60794-1-21] method E3A.
+
+#### **A.3.6 Impact**
+
+This test method applies to indoor cables installed under all environmental conditions.
+
+The purpose of this test is to evaluate the ability of optical fibre cables to survive impacts associated with normal installation and handling.
+
+The cable should perform in accordance with [IEC 60794-2] series, and be tested in accordance with [IEC 60794-1-21] method E4.
+
+#### **A.3.7 Torsion**
+
+This test method applies to indoor cables installed under all environmental conditions.
+
+The purpose of this test is to evaluate the ability of optical fibre cables to accommodate the torsion associated with normal installation and handling.
+
+The cable should perform in accordance with [IEC 60794-2] series, and be tested in accordance with [IEC 60794-1-21] method E7.
+
+#### **A.3.8 Abrasion of cable printing**
+
+This test method applies to indoor cables installed under all environmental conditions.
+
+The purpose of this test is to evaluate the permanence of cable printing.
+
+The cable should perform in accordance with [IEC 60794-2] series, and be tested in accordance with [IEC 60794-1-21] method E2A, Method 2. This method tests the print using the felt pad method.
+
+After the test, the cable printing should still be legible.
+
+#### **A.3.9 Kinking**
+
+This test method applies to indoor cables installed under all environmental conditions.
+
+The purpose of this test is to evaluate the ability of optical fibre cables to undergo normal handling without kinking.
+
+This test should be carried out in accordance with [IEC 60794-1-21] method E10. The test criteria should be:
+
+- Test 1 sample;
+- Perform the test at ambient temperature.
+
+The cable should not kink at a loop diameter greater than the cable minimum bend diameter (see clause 6.2.3). There should be no attenuation requirement.
+
+#### **A.3.10 Coefficient of friction**
+
+This test method applies to all types of indoor cables for indoor application when it is necessary to consider the friction between cables or between cables and ducts.
+
+This test should be carried out in accordance with [IEC 60794-1-21] method E30 and method E34. Method 30 and 34 can be applied to evaluate the dynamic coefficient of friction for round-type and flat-type cables. The criteria of the coefficient of friction should be agreed between customers and suppliers.
+
+### **A.4 Test methods for environmental characteristics**
+
+This clause recommends the appropriate tests and test methods for verifying the environmental characteristics of indoor cables.
+
+Performance and acceptance criteria and testing should comply with [IEC 60794-2] and the clauses below. Testing should be done according to [IEC 60794-1-2] and its subordinate specifications.
+
+Appropriate temperature ranges are shown in clause 6.3.2, Table 1. Unless other temperature ranges are specified for particular applications, the values in Table 1 should be used.
+
+#### **A.4.1 Temperature cycling**
+
+This test method applies to indoor cables installed under all environmental conditions.
+
+Testing is carried out by temperature cycling to determine the stability of the attenuation of a cable due to temperature changes, which may occur during operation.
+
+The cable should perform in accordance with [IEC 60794-2] series, and be tested in accordance with [IEC 60794-1-2] method F1 at the operational temperature per clause 6.3.2, Table 1. These
+
+temperatures are  $T_{A2}$  and  $T_{B2}$  of method F1. Other temperature values or intermediate values in method F1 should be as agreed between the manufacturer and customer.
+
+Attenuation changes at all temperatures should be calculated as deviations from the value at the initial measurement at ambient temperature.
+
+There should be no change in attenuation at ambient temperature after the test.
+
+#### **A.4.2 Nuclear radiation**
+
+This test method assesses the suitability of optical fibre cables to be exposed to nuclear radiation.
+
+This test should be carried out in accordance with [IEC 60794-1-22] method F7.
+
+#### **A.4.3 Cable sheath adherence**
+
+This test applies to indoor cables installed under all environmental conditions. A range of installation techniques can apply a frictional force to the outer jacket, which may cause the jacket to slip with respect to the underlying cable – either in tension or compression.
+
+The test is applicable to cables in which the jacket is not adhesively bonded to the underlying cable structure. Generally, these are dielectric or metallic cables without strength members in the jacket or armoured cables, all with flooding compound applied over the inner structure or the shield or armour. Cables which are not water blocked are also subject to this test. Cables using a bonded armour construction are not tested due to the inherently high longitudinal bond strength of such constructions.
+
+The test measures the resistance of the cable sheath components (shield or armour and the overlaying jacket) to separation, one from another, by measuring the force required to pull the cable core and metallic covering out of the jacket.
+
+Cables should be tested according to [IEC 61196-1-313] or following the intent, as modified below. The test should be at expanded ambient temperature per clause A.1.4.
+
+##### **A.4.3.1 Test procedure**
+
+In using the terminology of the referenced test method, the "conductor" or "outer conductor" should be the core assembly without the jacket. The "dielectric" or "sheath" should be the cable jacket.
+
+The tested specimen should be of sufficient length to provide the test length of  $300 \text{ mm} \pm 15 \text{ mm}$ , per Figure A.1, and the prepared length of core and jacket. The prepared lengths of core and split jacket should be a length convenient for testing, generally about 100 mm each. The test may also be performed using the test plate of the referenced test rather than preparing the jacket.
+
+The test should be performed per [IEC 61196-1-313], as shown in Figure A.1, for illustration.
+
+![Diagram of the sheath adherence test apparatus and sample. A cable sample is shown with its outer sheath peeled back at an angle. The inner core is held by a knurled mandrel at the top, and a force F is applied upwards. The bottom of the cable sample is held by a clamp, and a force F is applied downwards. The length of the cable sample between the mandrel and the clamp is labeled as 300 mm (12 inches). The diagram is labeled L.103(24).](cce1f4715971176232d2f8cf7b80acf7_img.jpg)
+
+Diagram of the sheath adherence test apparatus and sample. A cable sample is shown with its outer sheath peeled back at an angle. The inner core is held by a knurled mandrel at the top, and a force F is applied upwards. The bottom of the cable sample is held by a clamp, and a force F is applied downwards. The length of the cable sample between the mandrel and the clamp is labeled as 300 mm (12 inches). The diagram is labeled L.103(24).
+
+**Figure A.1 – Sheath adherence test apparatus and sample**
+
+##### A.4.3.2 Requirements
+
+The sheath adherence should have a value greater than 14 N/mm of the circumference of the inner surface of the jacket. That circumference is most conveniently measured as the outer circumference of the armour, shield or underlying cable structure.
+
+### A.5 Test methods for electrical characteristics
+
+#### A.5.1 Electrical continuity
+
+The electrical continuity test is to verify that cable metallic elements are electrically continuous throughout the cable. This test is important for bonding and grounding, toning for location and other related system issues. Typically, the test should check continuity and should carry no resistance or conductivity requirement. The metallic elements may be tested individually or may be tested as a total group. Since this latter criterion is frequently the case, all elements are to be measured as a group unless specified otherwise.
+
+The test should be performed per [IEC 60794-1-403]. All metallic elements on the test should be electrically continuous.
+
+### A.6 Test methods for fire safety
+
+This clause recommends the appropriate tests and test methods for verifying the fire safety characteristics of optical fibre cables.
+
+#### A.6.1 Flame-retardant characteristics
+
+This test should be carried out in accordance with [IEC 60332-1-1], [IEC 60332-3-24] or [IEC 60332-3-25] unless there is a different agreement between the manufacturer and customer.
+
+#### A.6.2 Toxic gases characteristics
+
+This test should be carried out in accordance with [IEC 60754-1] or [IEC 60754-2] unless there is a different agreement between the manufacturer and customer.
+
+#### **A.6.3 Smoke characteristics**
+
+This test should be carried out in accordance with [IEC 61034-1] or [IEC 61034-2] unless there is a different agreement between the manufacturer and customer.
+
+NOTE – The item of fire safety should be considered according also to the national regulation of different countries.
+
+## Appendix I
+
+### Overview of IEC specifications for indoor optical fibre cable
+
+(This appendix does not form an integral part of this Recommendation.)
+
+This appendix is intended to provide an overview of the specifications of indoor optical fibre cables defined in the IEC system. The complete IEC optical fibre cable specification structure is also described in [b-ITU-T G-Suppl.40].
+
+The IEC optical fibre cable structure specification is hierarchical, with the different levels being identified with numeric suffixes of different levels of detail. These are:
+
+- Generic: The general framework.
+- Sectional: Attributes for a broad category of applications, e.g., indoor or outdoor.
+- Family: Attributes and values or ranges of values for different constructions, e.g., simplex/duplex or ribbon.
+- Product: Detailed requirements specific to particular applications, e.g., specific cable attenuation coefficients or multimode fibre bandwidth or temperature ranges.
+
+In addition to the generic specification, [IEC 60794-1-1], and test methods, [IEC 60794-1-2x] series, the relevant specifications for indoor cables are:
+
+- IEC 60794-2 (2017), *Optical fibre cables – Part 2: Indoor cables – Sectional specification.*
+- IEC 60794-2-10 (2023), *Optical fibre cables – Part 2-10: Indoor optical fibre cables – Family specification for simplex and duplex cables.*
+- IEC 60794-2-20 (2013), *Optical fibre cables – Part 2-20: Indoor cables – Family specification for multi-fibre optical cables.*
+- IEC 60794-2-30 (2019), *Optical fibre cables – Part 2-30: Indoor cables – Family specification for ribbon cables.*
+- IEC 60794-2-50 (2023), *Optical fibre cables – Part 2-50: Indoor cables – Family specification for simplex and duplex cables for use in terminated cable assemblies.*
+
+The family specifications call out the attribute and values for the different main types of constructions. For some attributes, a number of value ranges may be listed, taking into account that not all of the specific applications or different regions may need the same values. The product specification level of the hierarchy is intended to provide specific values for specific applications.
+
+The following product specifications are intended to define the product requirements specific to [b-ISO/IEC 11801]. Cables according to these IEC product specifications may be used for guidance for indoor cables for general application.
+
+- IEC 60794-2-11 (2020), *Optical fibre cables – Part 2-11: Indoor optical fibre cables – Detailed specification for simplex and duplex cables for use in premises cabling.*
+- IEC 60794-2-21 (2019), *Optical fibre cables – Part 2-21: Indoor optical fibre cables – Detailed specification for multi-fibre optical distribution cables for use in premises cabling.*
+- IEC 60794-2-31 (2019), *Optical fibre cables – Part 2-31: Indoor cables – Detailed specification for optical fibre ribbon cables for use in premises cabling.*
+- These documents also refer to the following fibre specifications:
+  - IEC 60793-2-10 (2019), *Optical fibres – Part 2-10: Product specifications – Sectional specification for category A1 multimode fibres.*
+  - IEC 60793-2-50 (2018), *Optical fibres – Part 2-50: Product specifications – Sectional specification for class B single-mode fibres.*
+
+## Bibliography
+
+- [b-ITU-T G.650.3] Recommendation ITU-T G.650.3 (2017), *Test methods for installed single-mode optical fibre cable links.*
+- [b-ITU-T G Suppl.40] ITU-T G-series Recommendations – Supplement 40 (2024), *Optical fibre and cable Recommendation and standards guideline.*
+- [b-IEC 60793-2] IEC 60793-2:2019, *Optical fibres – Part 2: Product specifications – General.*
+- [b-IEC TR 63194] IEC TR 63194:2019, *Guidance on colour coding of optical fibre cables.*
+- [b-ISO/IEC 11801] ISO/IEC 11801:2017, *Information technology – Generic cabling for customer premises.*
+
+
+
+
+
+## SERIES OF ITU-T RECOMMENDATIONS
+
+|          |                                                                                                                                                                  |
+|----------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Series A | Organization of the work of ITU-T                                                                                                                                |
+| Series D | Tariff and accounting principles and international telecommunication/ICT economic and policy issues                                                              |
+| Series E | Overall network operation, telephone service, service operation and human factors                                                                                |
+| Series F | Non-telephone telecommunication services                                                                                                                         |
+| Series G | Transmission systems and media, digital systems and networks                                                                                                     |
+| Series H | Audiovisual and multimedia systems                                                                                                                               |
+| Series I | Integrated services digital network                                                                                                                              |
+| Series J | Cable networks and transmission of television, sound programme and other multimedia signals                                                                      |
+| Series K | Protection against interference                                                                                                                                  |
+| Series L | <b>Environment and ICTs, climate change, e-waste, energy efficiency; construction, installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant</b> |
+| Series M | Telecommunication management, including TMN and network maintenance                                                                                              |
+| Series N | Maintenance: international sound programme and television transmission circuits                                                                                  |
+| Series O | Specifications of measuring equipment                                                                                                                            |
+| Series P | Telephone transmission quality, telephone installations, local line networks                                                                                     |
+| Series Q | Switching and signalling, and associated measurements and tests                                                                                                  |
+| Series R | Telegraph transmission                                                                                                                                           |
+| Series S | Telegraph services terminal equipment                                                                                                                            |
+| Series T | Terminals for telematic services                                                                                                                                 |
+| Series U | Telegraph switching                                                                                                                                              |
+| Series V | Data communication over the telephone network                                                                                                                    |
+| Series X | Data networks, open system communications and security                                                                                                           |
+| Series Y | Global information infrastructure, Internet protocol aspects, next-generation networks, Internet of Things and smart cities                                      |
+| Series Z | Languages and general software aspects for telecommunication systems                                                                                             |