english_sentences,chinese_sentences
"Harmonics have an impact on the voltage and current output and can be reduced using isolation transformers, line reactors, redesign of power systems and harmonic filters",谐波会对电压和电流输出产生影响，可以通过隔离变压器、线圈反应器、重新设计电力系统和谐波滤波器来减少。
The concept of switch mode power supply (SMPS) is explained below using a DC to DC converter,通过使用直流至直流转换器，下面解释了开关模式电源供应器（SMPS）的概念。
 It integrates an isolated gate using FET (Field effect transistor) to obtain a control input,它使用场效应晶体管（FET）集成了一个隔离门，以获得控制输入。
Power factor (k) is defined as the ratio of the real power (in kW) to the reactive power (in kVAr),"""功率因数(k)被定义为实际功率(以千瓦为单位)与无功功率(以千乏为单位)的比率"""
The above power converters will be explained in the next chapters in this tutorial,以上的功率转换器将在本教程的下一章节中进行解释。
The operation principle of a transformer relies on Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction,变压器的工作原理依赖于法拉第电磁感应定律。
The waveforms below are for a half bridge converter also known as a push-pull,下面的波形是半桥变换器，也被称为推挽。
This refers to a device that alters energy from one level to another through a process known as electromagnetic induction,这指的是一种通过所谓的电磁感应过程将能量从一个水平改变到另一个水平的设备。
" Therefore, waveform average value is given by",因此，波形平均值由...给出。
"Just like the single-phase converter, there are no instantaneous commutations due to the presence of the source inductances",就像单相变流器一样，由于源电感的存在，没有瞬时的换相。
A resonant inverter has numerous configurations and thus it is categorized into two groups −,"谐振逆变器有许多配置，因此被分为两组 −"""
"Hence, in the interval 0 ≤ D ≤ 0",因此，在间隔0 ≤ D ≤ 0.
 The response of the reactive power system is dictated by voltage control in dynamic conditions,在动态条件下，无功功率系统的响应受电压控制所支配。
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) is a type of transistor used to switch electronic signals,"""金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管（MOSFET）是一种用于切换电子信号的晶体管类型"""
A modified sinusoidal PWM waveform is used for power control and optimization of the power factor,使用修改后的正弦脉宽调制波形进行功率控制和功率因数优化。
 The diagram below shows a buck-boost chopper,下面的图表显示了升降式斩波器。
The sinusoidal PWM waveform is obtained by comparing the desired modulated waveform with a triangular waveform of high frequency,正弦PWM波形是通过将期望的调制波形与高频三角波形进行比较而获得的。
A phase controlled converter converts AC to DC energy (line commutated),一个相控变流器将交流能量转换为直流能量（线路换相）
 A better coordination of reactive power sources is required to simplify the control of the firing angles,需要更好地协调无功功率源，以简化调节发射角度的控制。
" Since these two main terminals are usually interconnected via short circuit, only three terminals are visible in electrical diagrams",由于这两个主要终端通常通过短路相连，所以在电气图中只能看到三个终端。
 Current sensors are critical in converters such that the information in parallel or multiphase converters is easily shared,"""当前传感器在转换器中至关重要，使得并联或多相转换器中的信息可以轻松共享"""
A three-phase inverter converts a DC input into a three-phase AC output,一个三相逆变器将直流输入转换成三相交流输出。
TRIACs are normally used in applications that do not require very high power because they exhibit non-symmetrical switching in their operation,TRIACs通常用于不需要非常高功率的应用，因为它们在操作中表现出非对称的开关。
" In the case of phase control, the thyristors are employed as switches to establish a connection from the AC input supply to the load circuit during each input cycle",在相位控制的情况下，晶闸管被用作开关，以在每个输入周期期间从交流输入电源建立与负载电路的连接。
"The concept of electromagnetism is widely used in technology and it is applied in motors, generators and electric bells",电磁学的概念在技术中被广泛应用，应用在电动机、发电机和电铃中。
 This explained clearly in the diagram below,这在下面的图表中清晰地解释。
 The inverter switches each has a ratio of 50% and switching occurs after every T/6 of the time T (60° angle interval),逆变器开关每个都有50%的比例，并且在每个时间T的T/6之后发生切换（60°角间隔）。
Controllers are devices that receive electronic signals transferred from a measured variable in a process and compare the value obtained with a set point of control,控制器是接收过程中测量变量传输的电子信号并将获得的数值与控制设定点进行比较的设备。
 There are various resonant switch converters −,有各种谐振开关变换器−
Equating equations (i) and (ii) gives,将方程(i)和方程(ii)相等得到
A power electronic switching device is a combination of active switchable power semiconductor drivers that have been integrated into one,一个功率电子开关器件是一种将多个主动可切换功率半导体驱动器集成到一个器件中的组合。
 It operates by combining and eliminating higher frequency half cycles from AC input,它通过组合和消除交流输入中的较高频率半周期来运行。
 This is shown by the waveform below,这可以通过下面的波形来展示。
"To ensure power factor is improved without causing harmonic distortion, the conventional capacitors should not be used",为了在不引起谐波失真的情况下提高功率因数，不应使用传统电容器。
" It contains a load and a power switch, which performs the direct conversion",它包含一个负载和一个电源开关，可以实现直接转换。
" In addition, it has three junctions labeled as J1, J2 and J3 and three terminals(anode, cathode and a gate)",此外，它有三个被标记为J1、J2和J3的交界处和三个端子（阳极、阴极和门）。
" As a result, a pulsating waveform of the load current is obtained",因此，获得了负载电流的脉动波形。
The insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is a semiconductor device with three terminals and is used mainly as an electronic switch,绝缘栅双极型晶体管（IGBT）是一种具有三个端子的半导体器件，主要用作电子开关。
" However, if the switch is turned on for a number of times, a harmonic profile that is improved waveform is obtained",然而，如果开关被打开多次，将获得一个改善波形的谐波轮廓。
Halving the pulse width gives −,将脉冲宽度减半得到 -
The chopping frequency (f),"""切割频率（f）"""
SVM refers to a method of algorithm used to control the PWM,"""SVM指的是一种用于控制PWM的算法方法"""
A silicon controlled rectifier or semiconductor-controlled rectifier is a four-layer solidstate current-controlling device,一個硅控制整流器或半導體控制整流器是一個四層固態電流控制裝置。
The rewritten transport factor is given by −,"""重新调整后的运输因素为 -"""
"The total collector current is given by the electron diffusion current (IE,n), less the base recombination current",总集电极电流由电子扩散电流（IE，n）减去基极复合电流给出。
 The simplest form of an inductor is a coil or a wire in loop form where the inductance is directly proportional to the number of loops in the wire,电感器的最简单形式是一个线圈或一个环形线圈，其中电感与线圈中的环数成正比。
 It is known as a bipolar transistor since its operation requires two types of charge carriers (holes and electrons),它被称为双极晶体管，因为它的运作需要两种载流子（空穴和电子）。
"A 2-phase pulse converter, also known as a level 2 pulse width modulator (PWM) generator, is used to generate pulses for pulse width modulation converters that are carrier based",一个双相脉冲变换器，也被称为二级脉宽调制器（PWM）发生器，用于为基于载波的脉宽调制变换器产生脉冲。
The measure of resistance in a given circuit is given by −,在给定电路中的电阻测量由-确定。
Three-phase to three-phase − This type of cycloconverter is majorly used in AC machine systems that are operating on three phase induction and synchronous machines,三相到三相-这种类型的变频器主要用于在三相感应和同步机上运行的交流机系统中。
The overlap during commutation reduces the DC output voltage and the angle of extinction   resulting in failed commutation when  is close to 180°,在换向期间的重叠减少了直流输出电压和消光角，当 θ 接近180°时，导致换向失败。
 Its voltage ratio that is output to input voltage is limited,它的输出电压与输入电压之间的电压比是有限制的
 This is followed by the OFF state during the last half cycle so as to disconnect the load from the source voltage,这是在最后半个周期期间跟随的OFF状态，以将负载与源电压断开连接。
Resonant switch converters refers to converters that have inductor and capacitor (L-C) networks and whose current and voltage waveforms vary in a sinusoidal manner during each period of switching,"""谐振开关变换器是指具有电感和电容（L-C）网络的变换器，其电流和电压波形在每个开关周期内呈正弦变化"""
"In a converter, there are two basic methods of control used to vary the output voltage",在一个变换器中，有两种基本的控制方法用于改变输出电压。
"When the chopper is OFF, polarity reversal and discharging occurs at the inductor",当斩波器关闭时，电感器发生极性反转和放电。
 and Sub − Substrate,“和基板-底物”
 The level of electrical energy stored in a capacitor is called capacitance and is measured in farads (F),电容器中储存的电能水平称为电容量，并以法拉德（F）为单位衡量。
 It contains two switches and each of its capacitors has a voltage output equal to  ,它包含两个开关，每个电容器的电压输出都相等。
ON state (conducting mode) − An SCR is brought to this state either by increasing the potential difference between the anode and cathode above the avalanche voltage or by applying a positive signal at the gate,"""ON状态（导通模式）- 通过增加阳极和阴极之间的电位差超过雪崩电压或在栅极上施加正信号，可以将SCR带入这种状态"""
"At some interval, all the four thyristors will be conducting",在某个间隔时间内，所有四个晶闸管都将导通。
"While the switch is at its OFF state, current freewheels via the diode and drops in an exponential manner",当开关处于关闭状态时，电流通过二极管自由滑行，并以指数方式下降。
Where R − resistance,“阻力R在哪里”
"When an IGBT is used as controlled switch in a static state, its current and voltage ratings equal to that of BJT",当IGBT在静态状态下用作可控开关时，其电流和电压额定值等于BJT的额定值。
 The downside to matrix converters is that they lack bilateral switches that are fully controlled and able to operate at high frequencies,矩阵变流器的缺点是它们缺乏双向开关，无法完全控制并在高频率下运行。
The figure below shows the circuit diagram for an SMPS,下图显示了一个开关电源的电路图。
"When a BJT is biased in the forward active mode, the total emitter current is obtained by adding the electron diffusion current , the hole diffusion current and the baseemitter current",当一个BJT处于前向有源模式时，总发射极电流是通过将电子扩散电流、空穴扩散电流和基极-发射极电流相加得到的。
"The IGBT is used in medium to ultra-high power applications, for example traction motor",IGBT被用于中等到超高功率的应用中，例如牵引电机。
" In addition, resistances R/2 is between the neutral and the positive end while resistance R is between the neutral and the negative terminal",此外，电阻 R/2 位于中性端和正极之间，而电阻 R 位于中性端和负极之间。
 Its three arms are normally delayed by an angle of 120° so as to generate a three-phase AC supply,它的三个臂通常被延迟120°角度，以产生三相交流供电。
 It is a good resource to help them gain knowledge on electronics and circuits as applied in power electronics,这是一个很好的资源，可以帮助他们在功率电子学中获得有关电子和电路的知识。
" Therefore, for it to give the required AC output voltage, it has to do a selection of the voltage input segments by applying line (natural) commutation",因此，为了提供所需的交流输出电压，它必须通过应用线路（自然）换相来选择电压输入段。
A battery charger also known as a recharger utilizes electric current to store energy in a secondary cell,一个蓄电池充电器，又称为再次充电器，利用电流将能量储存在二次电池中。
 This is achieved (possible in a rectifier),这是实现的（在整流器中可能）
This inverter circuit converts DC to AC,这个逆变器电路将直流电转换为交流电。
 This is true because a cycloconverter is an AC- AC converter that is phase controlled,这是正确的，因为环形变流器是一个相位控制的交流-交流变流器。
A power electronic system converts electrical energy from one form to another and ensures the following is achieved −,一个电力电子系统将电能从一种形式转换为另一种形式，并确保实现以下目标 -
The basic integral control cycle is sinusoidal in nature,基本的积分控制循环是正弦波的。
"During half part of the cycle, the thyristor switch is turned ON to enable the voltage input to appear across the load",在循环的一半时间内，晶闸管开关打开，使得电压输入出现在负载上。
" Immediately the SCR starts to conduct, gate voltage is no longer needed to maintain the ON state and is, therefore, switched off by −",立即，晶闸管开始导通，不再需要门极电压来维持导通状态，因此通过 - 关闭。
"For simplicity, VCE is assumed to be zero",为简单起见，假设VCE为零。
The current and voltage waveforms are given below −,以下是电流和电压波形 -
 This implies that the voltage drop (I2R) across the bipolar for a particular switching operation is very low,这意味着对于特定的开关操作，双极管上的电压降（I2R）非常低。
" Actually, an SMPS does not dissipate any power",实际上，开关电源不会消耗任何功率。
" This ensures contacts are made in all the regions that are base, collector and emitter",这确保了在基地、集电极和发射极的所有区域都建立了联系。
" It is characterized by fast switching and high efficiency, which makes it a necessary component in modern appliances such as lamp ballasts, electric cars and variable frequency drives (VFDs)",它以快速切换和高效率为特点，这使得它成为现代家电中不可或缺的组件，如灯管镇流器、电动汽车和变频驱动器（VFDs）.
This is also known as a buck-boost converter,这也被称为升降压转换器。
 It is used in applications utilizing high power,它用于利用高功率的应用程序。
"Harmonics in a cycloconverter are mainly affected by methods of control, overlap effect, the number of pulses in a given cycle, operation mode and mode of conduction",在交流变直流变换器中，谐波主要受控制方法、重叠效应、给定周期内的脉冲数量、操作模式和导通模式的影响。
" Similar to other power devices, the TRIAC is manufactured from silicon",与其他功率器件类似，TRIAC是由硅制造的。
5  and input DC voltage of 50V,输入50V的直流电压。
 Simultaneous ON states could result in the DC supply shorting,同时处于开启状态可能导致直流电源短路。
The acronym TRIAC stands for Triode for Alternating Current,TRIAC 这个缩写代表的是三极管交流电。
 This ensures less energy is wasted,这确保了更少的能源被浪费。
 One farad is the same as one coulomb per unit volt given by 1 C/V,一个法拉德等于每单位伏特的库仑数，即1 C/V。
"Choppers are mostly applied in electric cars, conversion of wind and solar energy, and DC motor regulators",直升机主要应用于电动汽车、风能和太阳能的转换，以及直流电机调节器。
 The transport factor ( ) approaches one if the collector current is almost equivalent to the emitter current,运输因子（）接近于1，如果集电极电流几乎等同于发射极电流。
 J2 reaches its breakdown avalanche value and starts to conduct,J2 达到其击穿雪崩值并开始导通
 It resembles two thyristors placed back to back,它看起来像是两个晶闸管背对背放置。
(  is the rectifier losses and   the resistance),"""(是整流器损耗和电阻)"""
" Thus, the 3-pulse converter acts as an inverter and a rectifier",因此，3脉冲变换器既可作为逆变器，又可作为整流器。
"Substituting the values, we get",替换这些值，我们得到
 Inverters with PWM are able to operate at high voltage output,带有PWM的逆变器能够在高电压输出下运行。
"In this tutorial, we will focus on Resonant DC to DC converters",在这个教程中，我们将专注于谐振式直流至直流转换器。
A chopper uses high speed to connect and disconnect from a source load,一台切割机利用高速连接和断开源负载。
The line voltages are given as follows,"""线电压如下"""
"When a BJT is biased in the forward active mode, the total emitter current is obtained by adding the electron diffusion current (IE,n), the hole diffusion current (IE, p) and the baseemitter current","当一个BJT被正向有源模式偏置时，总发射极电流是通过添加电子扩散电流(IE,n)、空穴扩散电流(IE,p)和基极-发射极电流得到的。"
Each two-quadrant converter is a controlled DC source in series with a diode,每个二象限变流器都是一个与二极管串联的可控直流电源。
Drive applications have rotating parts such as motors,驱动应用程序具有旋转部件，如电机。
" As a result, the output voltage reduces as the load current reduces",因此，随着负载电流的减少，输出电压也会减少。
" When the gate is at zero (VGB) the device is usually ON, therefore, it functions as a load resistor for given logic circuits",当门极为零伏（VGB）时，该器件通常为打开状态，因此，它在给定逻辑电路中作为负载电阻器件。
 Using a unipolar modulation leads to smooth AC waveforms while the bipolar modulation results in less varying voltage,使用单极调制会产生平滑的交流波形，而双极调制会导致电压变化较小。
It is summarized in the table below −,它在下表中总结如下−
A capacitor refers to an electrical device that has two conducting materials (also known as plates) separated by an insulator known as a dielectric,电容器是指一个电气设备，它由两个导体材料（也称为板）通过一个绝缘体（称为介质）分隔而成。
" When the thyristors T1, T2 and T3 are replaced by diodes D1, D2 and D3, conduction will begin at angle 30° in respect to the phase voltages uan, ubn and ucn respectively",当晶闸管T1、T2和T3被二极管D1、D2和D3替换时，分别相对于相电压uan、ubn和ucn，导通将在30°角开始。
" Regardless of whether the voltage of the signal is smaller or larger than that of the carrier waveform, the resulting output voltage of the DC bus is either negative or positive",无论信号的电压是大于还是小于载波波形的电压，直流母线的输出电压都会是负数或正数。
The voltage output is given by −,该电压输出由-给出。
"When a positive voltage is applied to the base contact relative to the collector and emitter, the base-collector voltage as well as base-emitter voltage becomes positive",当相对于集电极和发射极，施加一个正电压到基极接触时，基-集电极电压以及基-发射极电压都变为正值。
When the chopper is ON −,当直升机开启时−
SCRs are mainly used in electronic devices that require control of high voltage and power,"""SCRs 主要用于需要控制高电压和功率的电子设备"""
 For the BJT calculate the following −,对于BJT，计算以下内容 -
The average voltage output (Vo) in a step up chopper is greater than the voltage input (Vs),在步进升压斩波器中，平均输出电压（Vo）大于输入电压（Vs）。
Electronic filters are also used to carry out processing of signals to remove undesired frequencies,电子滤波器也被用来进行信号处理，以消除不需要的频率。
"In a DC to DC converter, the value of the current varies between the maximum as well as the minimum level for continuous voltage",在直流至直流转换器中，电流的值在连续电压的最大和最小水平之间变化。
A single-phase AC controller (voltage controller) is used to vary the value of the alternating voltage after it has been applied to a load circuit,在将交流电压施加到负载电路之后，会使用单相交流控制器（电压控制器）来改变交流电压的数值。
An inverter refers to a power electronic device that converts power in DC form to AC form at the required frequency and voltage output,逆变器是指一种功率电子设备，它将直流形式的电力转换为所需频率和电压输出的交流形式。
 It makes it possible to increase or reduce the voltage input level,它使增加或减少电压输入电平成为可能。
" As a result, the electronic switch able to achieve a low and continuous surge of power",因此，该电子开关能够实现低而持续的功率突增。
 The structure of a PNP bipolar transistor is shown below,PNP双极晶体管的结构如下图所示。
 It shows the components of a Power Electronic system and how they are interlinked,它显示了功率电子系统的组成部分以及它们之间的相互联系。
The above equation gives,上面的方程给出
 The earliest time a thyristor is triggered into conduction is at 30° in reference to the phase voltage,晶闸管导通的最早时间是相位电压为30°时。
 This is shown in the diagram below,这在下面的图表中显示。
 In unipolar modulation each of the two arms is independently controlled,在单极调制中，两个臂中的每一个都是独立控制的。
" Therefore, the voltage drop across the DC load is a combination of line voltage VL from the three-phase source",因此，直流负载上的电压降是三相电源的线电压VL的组合。
 The terminal C on the load is in a condition called floating state,负载上的C端子处于一种称为浮动状态的状态。
"In this mode of conduction, every device is in conduction state for 180° where they are switched ON at 60° intervals",在这种传导方式下，每个设备在传导状态持续180°，它们在60°间隔处被打开。
 Calculate the chopping frequency,计算切割频率
 They are analog circuits and exist in either active or passive state,它们是模拟电路，存在于主动或被动状态中。
"A (BJT) emits a current of 1mA, and has emitter efficiency of 0","""一个(BJT) 发射出1mA的电流，并且具有0的发射效率"""
" Therefore, the collector and base current are positive when a positive current meets the collector or base contact",因此，当正电流遇到集电极或基极接触时，集电极和基极电流是正的。
A resistor is a device in which the flow of an electric current is restricted resulting in an energy conversion,电阻是一种设备，通过限制电流的流动而导致能量转换。
" However, their switching speeds are low",然而，它们的切换速度很慢。
Current Source Inverter (CSI) − A current source inverter is supplied with a variable current from a DC source that has high impedance,"""Current Source Inverter (CSI) - 从具有高阻抗的直流电源提供可变电流的电流源逆变器"""
 Power factor controllers are mainly in industrial equipment to minimize reactive power generated by fluorescent lighting and electric motors,功率因数控制器主要用于工业设备，以减少荧光灯和电动机产生的无功功率。
"For commutation to fail, the following limiting condition should be satisfied",对于通行失败，应满足以下限制条件。
"Power factor control, also known as correction of power factor, is the process of reducing the amount of reactive power",功率因数控制，也被称为功率因数校正，是减少无功功率量的过程。
The sinusoidal amplitude is given as Am and that of the carrier triangle is give as Ac,正弦振幅给定为Am，载波三角波的振幅给定为Ac。
"IGBTs are also used in power electronic devices such as converters, inverters and other appliances where the need for solid state switching is necessary",IGBTs还被用于功率电子设备，如变流器、逆变器和其他需要固态开关的设备。
"It is important to note that more the number of pulses, the greater the utilization of the converter",重要的是要注意，脉冲数量越多，转换器的利用率就越高。
The above type of harmonic filter is referred to as a single tuned filter,上述类型的谐波滤波器被称为单调谐滤波器。
" Instead, filters (combination of capacitors and reactors) for harmonic suppression are used",相反，用于抑制谐波的滤波器（电容器和电抗器的组合）被使用。
" During each cycle, the switch is turned on or off once",在每个周期中，开关被打开或关闭一次。
" In addition, the need to use commutation circuits is not necessary because it utilizes natural commutation",此外，由于它利用自然换相，所以不需要使用换相电路。
 A second reference input signal is generated internally through a shift in initial reference point by 180°,第二个参考输入信号是通过将初始参考点向180°移动而在内部生成的。
" From the power triangle (which comprises reactive, true and apparent power), the reactive power is at right angle (90°) to the true power and is used to energize the magnetic field",从功率三角形（包括无功、有功和视在功率），无功功率与有功功率成直角（90°），用于激发磁场。
" As a result, Junctions J1 and J3 are in forward bias while J2 is in reverse bias",因此，J1和J3结为正向偏置，而J2结为反向偏置。
994 and a depletion layer recombination factor is 0,"""994和耗尽层复合因子为0"""
 Time ratio control can be achieved in two ways −,时间比例控制可以通过两种方式实现 -
 The pole voltages in a three phase inverter are equal to the pole voltages in single phase half bridge inverter,三相逆变器中的极压等于单相半桥逆变器中的极压。
"A periodic waveform that has frequency, which is a multiple integral of the fundamental power with frequency of 60Hz is known as a harmonic",一个具有频率的周期波形，其频率是60Hz的基本功率的多重积分，被称为谐波。
"When there is no source inductance, commutation will occur at T3 and T4",当没有源电感时，换向将发生在T3和T4。
 This makes it necessary to have power factor controllers in electronic devices,这使得在电子设备中必须有功率因数控制器。
 This conducting interval is called the overlap interval ( ),这个指导间隔被称为重叠间隔（）
Equating  i from ON state to  i from OFF state gives −,将ON状态下的i与OFF状态下的i进行等同处理，得到−
 This leads to eight switching vectors where two are zero and six are active vectors for switching,这导致八个切换矢量，其中两个为零，六个为切换活跃的矢量。
"Where, D − Drain",在哪里，D - 排水口
There are three methods of matrix converter control −,有三种矩阵变换器控制方法 -
A single phase half bridge inverter has a resistance of 2,一个单相半桥逆变器的电阻为2。
" Consequently, the major attractive feature in a power electronic switch is its capability to dissipate low or almost no power",因此，功率电子开关的主要吸引力在于其能够散发低功率或几乎没有功率。
 It is possible to view a TRIAC in terms of two thyristors,可以将TRIAC视为两个晶闸管。
 It is rewritten as follows −,它被重写如下−
" In addition, the input current and output voltage waveforms change significantly",此外，输入电流和输出电压波形发生显著变化。
"At the rated speed, the regenerative braking in the reverse direction,",在额定速度下，逆向再生制动。
The difference between an SMPS and a linear supply of power is that the former keeps switching ON and OFF during low dissipation and uses less time during high dissipation regions,开关电源和线性电源的区别在于前者在低耗散时保持开关开关，而在高耗散区域使用更少的时间。
" The switches S1 and S4, the switches S2 and S5 and switches S3 and S6 complement each other",开关S1和S4，开关S2和S5以及开关S3和S6互为补充。
Its operation is explained using three thyristors and three diodes,它的运行是通过三个晶闩管和三个二极管来解释的。
" As a result, TRIACs are used in motor controls, light residential light dimmers and small electric fans to control speed",因此，TRIACs被用于电机控制、轻型住宅调光器和小型电风扇以控制速度。
"When the triggering angle   is controlled, the RMS value of the voltage on the load is also controlled",当控制触发角时，负载上的电压有效值也受控制。
 The voltage output needed is 450V,所需的电压输出为450V。
" When the input signal is removed, the IGBT is turned OFF",当输入信号被移除时，IGBT将被关闭。
" In this tutorial, we will consider the five main types",在本教程中，我们将考虑五种主要类型。
" It is therefore, most suitable for applications that demand a fixed output such as induction heating and flourescent lighting",因此，最适合需要固定输出的应用程序，如感应加热和荧光灯。
" For example, when electricity flows through a light bulb, the electricity is converted into a different form of energy such as heat and/or light",例如，当电流通过灯泡时，电力会转化为另一种形式的能量，比如热能和/或光能。
"In order to control a device with a single-phase full bridge (2 arms), it is necessary to apply unipolar or bipolar pulse width modulation",为了控制一个带有单相全桥（2臂）的设备，需要使用单极或双极脉冲宽度调制。
There are many types of battery chargers,有很多种类型的电池充电器。
" Therefore, at any instant only two devices are conducting because each device conducts at only 120°",因此，任何时刻只有两个设备在导通，因为每个设备只在120°导通。
" For example, diodes 3 and 6 cannot be ON at the same time",例如，二极管3和6不能同时处于开启状态。
" In a dual converter, two converters are linked together back to back",在双向变频器中，两个变频器背靠背连接在一起。
 The most desirable power electronic system is one whose efficiency and reliability is 100%,最理想的电力电子系统是那种效率和可靠性都达到100%的系统。
The waveform below is a sinusoidal wave produced by a multiple PWM,下面的波形是由多路PWM产生的正弦波。
 It utilizes digital algorithms to correlate and compare functions,它利用数字算法来相关和比较功能。
" As much as it is possible to use thyristors to function as TRIAC, it is not cost efficient for operations that require low power",尽管可以使用晶闸管作为三角波发挥作用，但对于需要低功率的操作来说，这并不具备成本效益。
Inductive chargers − Uses electromagnetic induction to charge the battery,感应式充电器 - 使用电磁感应来充电电池
" In addition, the inductance depends on the type of material in the wire and the radius of the loop",此外，电感取决于导线中的材料类型和线圈的半径。
"In time ratio control, a constant k given by   is varied",在时间比例控制中，给定的常数k会发生变化。
Equation (i) gives −,方程（i）给出了-
 The forward blocking action of the IGBT is similar to that of a MOSFET,IGBT的正向阻断动作类似于MOSFET。
 The load is given a constant voltage supply (VOUT) that is obtained from a primary source of voltage supply VIN,负载得到一个来自主要电压源VIN的恒定电压供应（VOUT）。
 The current gain ( ) thus becomes greater than one,此时的电流增益 ( ) 就会大于1。
" For sinusoidal PWM, the modulating index m is given by Am/Ac",对于正弦脉宽调制，调制指数m由Am/Ac给出。
" By controlling VOUT through varying IS and ensuring RS is kept constant, a considerable amount of power is lost in the converter",通过通过改变IS控制VOUT并确保RS保持恒定，转换器中会损失相当数量的功率。
VAp and VAs are the primary and secondary power ratings of the transformer,"""VAp和VAs是变压器的主要和次要功率等级"""
"The conventional signs of the currents for the emitter, base and collector are denoted by IE, IB and IC respectively",发射极、基极和集电极的常规电流符号分别表示为IE、IB和IC。
"The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce and explain the main concepts in Power Electronics, which include Power Semi-Conductor Devices, Phase-Controlled Converters, DC to DC Converter, Inverters and AC to AC Converters",这个教程的目的是介绍和解释功率电子学中的主要概念，包括功率半导体器件、相控制变流器、直流到直流变换器、逆变器和交流到交流变换器。
Dual converters are mainly found in variable speed drives (VFDs),双向变流器主要用于变频器（VFDs）中。
 The current gain  thus becomes greater than one,因此，电流增益大于1。
 It is usually small in size because its switching frequency is high,由于其开关频率高，它通常体积较小。
"Power Electronics refers to an interdisciplinary subject within electrical engineering that deals with the design, control and conversion of power in its electric form","""功率电子是电气工程领域中的一个跨学科学科，涉及电力在电气形式下的设计、控制和转换"""
This is given by the ratio of the collector current and the emitter current,这是由集电极电流和发射极电流的比值给出的。
 It is important to note that the voltage ratings of forward and reverse blocking are equal,重要的是要注意，正向和反向阻断的电压额定值是相等的。
 It is calculated as follows −,"""它的计算方法如下 -"""
Fast chargers − Uses control circuitry to charger the battery rapidly and in the process prevent the battery cells from damage,快速充电器 - 使用控制电路快速充电电池，并在过程中防止电池单元受损。
TOFF – time interval when chopper is OFF,TOFF - 旋转翼停止工作时的时间间隔
 It provides an alternative to PWM voltage rectifier (double sided),它提供了PWM电压整流器（双面）的替代方案。
 It uses electric field to store electric energy,它使用电场来储存电能。
" In the presence of source inductance, change of polarity and commutation does not occur instantaneously",在存在源电感的情况下，极性的改变和换相不会瞬间发生。
 The inclusion of phase-controlled thyristors in the converter ensures that a variable DC output voltage is obtained,在变流器中加入相控晶闸管可确保获得可变的直流输出电压。
" Taking the source inductances into consideration, the effects (qualitative) on the converter performance is the same as in a single phase converter",考虑到源电感，对变换器性能的影响（定性上）和单相变换器一样。
 This process is known as AC-AC conversion,这个过程被称为AC-AC转换。
Where FD is free-wheel diode,FD是自由轮二极管。
 The figure given below shows how a power electronic switch system works,下面给出的图表显示了电力电子开关系统的工作原理。
Decreasing the current flow through it to the lowest value called holding current,将通过它的电流降至最低值，称为保持电流。
Take a look at the following block diagram,请看下面的方块图。
" When the current goes beyond the maximum point, the chopper goes OFF",当电流超过最大值时，斩波器关闭。
 The figure below shows a harmonic filter,下图显示了一个谐波滤波器。
It is the most common device in circuits that are both digital and analogue,在数字和模拟电路中，这是最常见的设备。
"This give the average voltage output as,",这会给出平均电压输出为。
"Power switching devices are normally selected based on the rating at which they handle power, that is, the product of their current and voltage rating instead of their power dissipation rate",功率开关器件通常是根据其处理功率的额定值而选择的，即它们的电流和电压额定值的乘积，而不是它们的功率消耗速率。
 It is assumed that −,假定-
Intelligent chargers − Used to charge a battery that contains a chip that communicates with the smart charger,智能充电器 - 用于给带有芯片的电池充电，该芯片可以与智能充电器通信。
" In addition, the emitter current is positive when current leaves the emitter contact",此外，当电流离开发射极接触时，发射极电流为正。
The circuit diagram for a TRIAC is shown below,TRIAC的电路图如下所示。
" For example, in a doorbell, the electromagnetic component attracts a clapper that hits the bell and causes it to ring",例如，在门铃中，电磁元件会吸引一个撞击铃铛并使其响起的铜片。
 A schematic diagram that shows how power electronics is used in air conditioners is shown below,下面显示了一个示意图，展示了电力电子在空调中的应用。
 The transport factor approaches one if the collector current is almost equivalent to the emitter current,如果集电极电流几乎等于发射极电流，则传输因子接近于1。
" It is mainly used in electric traction, AC motors having variable speed and induction heating",它主要用于电动牵引，具有可变速度和感应加热的交流电机。
" If the reference input signal is more than the carrier, the pulse equals to 1 for the upper device and 0 for the lower device",如果参考输入信号大于载波信号，则上部设备的脉冲等于1，下部设备的脉冲等于0。
"When two or more sequence control stages are connected, it is possible to have an improvement in power factor and further reduction in THD (total harmonic distortion)",当连接两个或更多的序列控制级时，可以提高功率因数并进一步减少THD（总谐波失真）。
 This results in a square waveform,这导致一个方波形态。
" In other words, it is used in the conversion of fixed-frequency and fixed-voltage AC power into variable DC voltage output",换句话说，它用于将固定频率和固定电压的交流电能转换为可变直流电压输出。
IGBT requires only a small voltage to maintain conduction in the device unlike in BJT,IGBT 只需较小的电压来维持器件的导通状态，与 BJT 不同。
There are two types of single phase inverters − full bridge inverter and half bridge inverter,有两种类型的单相逆变器-全桥逆变器和半桥逆变器。
 This is disadvantageous for applications utilizing high power as it causes electromagnetic interference,这对于利用高功率的应用程序是不利的，因为它会引起电磁干扰。
 This block controls switching devices for control purposes like IGBTs and FETs that exist in three types of converters namely −,这个模块控制着用于控制目的的开关设备，如存在于三种类型的转换器中的IGBT和FET。
" It proves that the output voltage will always be more than the voltage input and hence, it boosts up or increases the voltage level",它证明输出电压将始终大于输入电压，因此，它能提升或增加电压水平。
Using a transistor placed across the junction,使用横跨结的晶体管
" However, doping a PNPN junction is dependent on the SCR application",然而，对PNPN结进行掺杂取决于SCR的应用。
 This explains why the output frequency is lower than the frequency input,这就解释了为什么输出频率低于输入频率。
"Consider a three-phase 3-pulse converter, where each of the thyristor is in conduction mode during the third of the supply cycle",考虑一个三相3脉冲变流器，在供电周期的三分之一期间，每个晶闸管都处于导通模式。
The external circuit of the above diagram is usually held at a high potential relative to the control unit,以上图中的外部电路通常被保持在相对于控制单元的高电位。
" In addition, the lack of DC links ensures it has a compact design",此外，缺乏直流链接确保了它具有紧凑的设计。
 This means that a reactor between the converters is not needed,这意味着在转换器之间不需要反应堆。
" Thus, T3 and T4 do not commutate as soon as T1 and T2 are switched ON",因此，当T1和T2打开时，T3和T4不会立即启动。
A cycloconverter can achieve frequency conversion in one stage and ensures that voltage and the frequencies are controllable,一个环形变流器可以在一步内实现频率转换，并确保电压和频率是可控的。
The multiple PWM has numerous outputs that are not the same in value but the time period over which they are produced is constant for all outputs,多PWM具有众多输出，这些输出的数值不同，但它们产生的时间段对于所有输出都是恒定的。
 A quality factor Q of this filter is defined as quality factor of its reactance (XL) at Q (tuning frequency) where Q is given by (nXL/R),该滤波器的品质因数Q被定义为在Q（调谐频率）处的电抗（XL）的品质因数，其中Q由（nXL/R）给出。
" As indicated below, the TRIAC has a six areas namely","如下所示，TRIAC有六个区域，分别是"""
Simple chargers − Operates by supplying a constant DC power source into the battery being charged,简单的充电器 - 通过向正在充电的电池供应恒定的直流电源来运行
It is important to determine the performance parameters for different converters whose topologies can be single phase or multi-phase,重要的是确定不同转换器的性能参数，其拓扑可以是单相或多相。
 The chopper is switched ON when the current reaches the minimum level,当电流达到最低水平时，切割机被打开。
" In this converter, the number of pulses is twice that of phases, that is",在这个转换器中，脉冲的数量是相位的两倍，也就是说。
"The new voltage output, on condition that the operation is at constant frequency after the halving the pulse width",在脉冲宽度减半后，只要操作在恒定频率下，新的电压输出。
" The dielectric materials, which serve the same purpose as air include wood, glass, and plastic",介电材料，与空气具有相同的作用，包括木材、玻璃和塑料。
"The MOSFET’s body is normally connected to the terminal of the source(S), which results in three-terminal device similar to other field effect transistors (FET)",MOSFET的主体通常连接到源（S）的端子上，这导致了类似于其他场效应晶体管的三端器件。
" As a result, this feature of the reactive power converter is increasingly being applied in modern converters using HVDC",因此，这种无功功率转换器的特性越来越多地应用于使用HVDC的现代变流器中。
" Consequently, for better control of voltage, the converter bus is connected to a reactive power source",因此，为了更好地控制电压，变流器母线与无功电源相连。
 Its value ranges from 0 to 1,它的值范围从0到1
 It achieves this by closing and opening the switches in the right sequence,它通过按照正确顺序关闭和打开开关来实现这一目标。
 It is nothing but three single phase inverters put across the same DC source,这只是三个单相逆变器连接在同一个直流电源上。
"Its ability to turn on and off, rapidly, makes it applicable in amplifiers to process complex wave-patterns with pulse width modulation",它能够快速地开启和关闭，使得它适用于放大器中处理复杂波形的脉宽调制。
" The period of time for which the power switch stays ON or OFF is referred to as the chopper’s ON and OFF state times, respectively",开关保持打开或关闭的时间段分别称为斩波器的打开和关闭状态时间。
 It has four terminals namely,"它有四个终端，分别是"""
The figure below shows a six-pulse bridge controlled converter connected to a three-phase source,下面的图显示了一个连接到三相电源的六脉冲桥控变流器。
 A fixed DC voltage is applied intermittently to the source load by continuously triggering the power switch ON/OFF,一个固定的直流电压通过持续触发电源开关的开/关来间歇性地施加到源负载上。
 They are widely used in light dimmers because they allow both halves of the AC cycle to be utilized,它们在调光器中被广泛使用，因为它们允许利用交流周期的两个半部分。
The operation of the TRIAC is based on the thyristor,TRIAC的操作基于晶闸管。
" When the switching frequency is varied, the stored energy can be varied for each cycle and hence the voltage output is varied",当开关频率变化时，每个周期的存储能量也会变化，因此电压输出也会变化。
Matrix converters are characterized by sinusoidal waveforms that show the input and output switching frequencies,矩阵变换器的特点是正弦波形，显示输入和输出的开关频率。
"8 and above, it is said to be using power efficiently",8及以上，据说是高效使用能源。
A cycloconverter refers to a frequency changer that can to change AC power from one frequency to AC power at another frequency,一个环流变频器指的是一种可以将交流电从一种频率变为另一种频率的频率变换器。
 Bipolars are available with high current and voltage,双极管具有高电流和高电压。
The terminal A on the load is connected to the positive end while the terminal B is connected to the negative end of the source,负载上的A端连接到正极，而B端连接到负极。
Variable output − DC voltage output,可变输出 - 直流电压输出
 The input voltage is halved as indicated in the waveform,输入电压被减半，如波形所示。
Diffusion of electrons occur from the emitter to the base while diffusion of holes originates from the base to the emitter,电子从发射极扩散到基极，而空穴的扩散则起源于基极到发射极。
Base converter voltage is given by −,进制转换器的电压由 - 给出。
 The main concept is to shift current delayed on the grid to the voltage grid by modifying the PWM converter,主要概念是通过修改PWM变换器将当前在电网上延迟的电流转移到电压网格上。
"5 ≤ D ≤ 1, output voltage varies in the range VS ≤ VO ≤ ∞ and we get step up or Boost operation",5 ≤ D ≤ 1，输出电压在范围VS ≤ VO ≤ ∞变化，并进行升压或提升操作。
 When the gate is at zero (VGB) the device is usually OFF and can be switched ON by ensuring the gate voltage is higher than the source voltage,当栅压为零（VGB）时，设备通常处于关闭状态，可以通过确保栅极电压高于源极电压来打开。
The two types of inverters above have two modes of conduction − 180° mode of conduction and 120° mode of conduction,以上的两种逆变器有两种导通模式 - 180°导通模式和120°导通模式。
" The moment the load current drops to zero, the thyristor switches OFF as a result of line (natural) commutation",当负载电流降到零时，晶闸管将因为线（自然）换向而关闭。
 The figure below shows a configuration of a step up chopper,下面的图显示了一个步进升压斩波器的配置。
The various symbols of a capacitor are given in the table below,电容器的各种符号列在下表中。
" For example, a battery charger with a rating of C/10 would give a charging capacity in 10 hours while one rated 3C would charge a battery in 20 minutes",例如，一个额定为C/10的电池充电器在10小时内可以提供充电能力，而一个额定为3C的充电器可以在20分钟内给电池充电。
The AC input voltage that goes into a converter is normally at fixed RMS (root mean square) and fixed frequency,输入交流电压通常是固定的有效值和固定的频率。
" The electric field is developed when the capacitor is connected to a battery, thus making positive electric charges accumulate on one plate and negative electric charges on the other plate",当电容器连接到电池时，电场就会产生，从而使得正电荷在一板上积累，负电荷在另一板上积累。
" Below this value, the resistance of J1 is significantly high and is thus said to be in the off state",在这个数值以下，J1的电阻显著增高，因此被认为处于断开状态。
 These materials help in the process of winding the inductor,这些材料有助于绕线电感器的过程。
A dual converter is an ideal one (gives pure DC output) at its terminals,双向变流器在其端子上是一个理想的（提供纯直流输出）
 SMPS takes power from the main power lines and transfers it to a load,SMPS 从主电源线上获取电能并将其传递给负载。
"In an SCR, the intrinsic semiconductor is silicon to which the required dopants are infused",在SCR中，本征半导体是硅，需要的掺杂剂被注入其中。
Integral cycle controllers are converters with the ability to perform direct switching without losses,积分循环控制器是具有直接开关能力而无损失的转换器。
Diodes D1 and D2 show the unidirectional flow of current,二极管D1和D2显示了电流的单向流动。
 Immediately thyristors T1 and T2 are switched ON,立即，晶闸管T1和T2被打开。
" For every positive input voltage, chopping occurs and voltage is reduced",对于每一个正的输入电压，都会发生切割并且电压会减小。
 It has four layers of semiconductors that form two structures namely,"它有四层半导体，形成两种结构，即"""
 It creates AC waveforms that drive AC motors at various speeds,它创建交流波形，驱动交流电机以不同速度运转。
 L − length of wire,"""导线的长度L"""
A matrix converter is defined as a converter with a single stage of conversion,矩阵变换器被定义为具有单个变换阶段的变换器。
Depletion state − This requires the gate-source voltage (VGB) to switch the component OFF,耗尽状态 - 这需要门源电压（VGB）来关闭元件。
 The resistance of an element is measured in ohms,一个元素的电阻以欧姆为单位测量。
"The size of an SMPS is smaller and very light, compared to a normal linear supply power device of the same size and shape",开关电源的尺寸比同样尺寸和形状的普通线性电源设备更小更轻。
"5, output voltage varies in the range 0 ≤ VO < VS and we get step down or Buck operation",5，输出电压变化在范围0 ≤ VO < VS，我们得到降压或降压操作。
The charging rate is defined as the rate of charging or discharging a battery and is equal to the battery capacity in one hour,充电速率被定义为充电或放电电池的速率，并等于一小时内的电池容量。
" The shape of the windings (donut shape) as well as ferromagnetic substances, for example, iron increase the total inductance",风扇装置的形状（甜甜圈形状）以及铁等铁磁物质会增加总感应。
 A system that converts electric energy to an electric load through a control circuit is known as a Power Electronic System,一个通过控制电路将电能转换为电载荷的系统被称为功率电子系统。
" In addition, the fewer the number of pulses the lesser the utilization of the converter",此外，脉冲数量越少，转换器的利用率就越低。
P − Number of rectifiers,"""P - 整流器数量"""
The above explains how a BJT can produce current amplification,上述解释了BJT如何产生电流放大。
Reactive power sources are used to vary capacitors in static systems,反应功率源被用来改变静态系统中的电容器。
 They are obtained as follows −,它们是这样获得的 -
There are two types of cycloconverters−,有两种类型的环型变流器−
"The total collector current is given by the electron diffusion current (IE,n), less the base recombination current(Ir,B)",总集电流由电子扩散电流（IE，n）减去基极复合电流（Ir，B）确定。
 four N-type regions and two P-type regions,四个N型区域和两个P型区域
"Sensors are used to determine current, which constantly varies to provide feedback for purposes of control",传感器被用来确定当前，它不断变化以提供控制反馈。
" Therefore, the firing angle   is measured initially at 30° in reference to the phase voltage corresponding to it",因此，最初以30°的角度参考相应的相电压来测量发射角。
 The RMS voltage occurring at the fundamental frequency,基波频率下的有效值电压
" Furthermore, to obtain a voltage drop across the load, two diodes must be at positioned at opposite legs of the bridge",此外，为了在负载上获得电压降，两个二极管必须放置在桥的相对两侧。
"In high voltage direct current (HVDC) converters, the stations are line commutated",在高压直流（HVDC）变流器中，各个站点都是线路换相的。
This tutorial is meant for novice readers,这个教程是为初学者读者设计的。
Cycloconverters are further classified into three categories −,功率轉換器進一步分為三類 -
Current gain is given by −,"""Current gain is given by −"" translates to ""电流增益由−给出"" in Chinese."
"For further analysis, the transport factor ( ) is rewritten as a product of the emitter efficiency ( E) the base transport factor ( T) and the recombination factor of the depletion layer ( r)",为进一步分析，传输因子（）被重写为发射器效率（E）、基础传输因子（T）和耗尽层复合因子（r）的乘积。
" The IGBT is a unidirectional device, that is, it can only switch ON in the forward direction",IGBT 是一个单向器件，即它只能在正向方向上导通。
" In large IGBT, it is possible to handle high current in the range of hundred amperes and blocking voltages of up to 6kv",在大型IGBT中，可以处理高达数百安培的电流和高达6千伏的阻断电压。
" Using the same converter configuration, it is possible to combine two bridges of the six-pulse to obtain a twelve or more pulses converter",使用相同的换流器配置，可以将两个六脉冲桥并联以获得一个十二脉冲或更多脉冲的换流器。
" Compared to the regular transistor, a MOSFET needs low current (less than one mill-ampere) to switch ON",与常规晶体管相比，MOSFET需要较低电流（小于一毫安培）才能开启。
"The following is a summary of the discussed emitter efficiency, base transport factor and depletion layer recombination factor",以下是讨论的发射器效率、基础传输因子和耗尽层复合因子的摘要。
Vo is given by −,Vo是由-给出的。
" In this technique, the chopper (switch in a DC to DC converter) is switched ON and then OFF to ensure that current is kept constant between the upper and lower limits",在这种技术中，切割器（直流到直流变换器中的开关）被打开然后关闭，以确保电流在上下限之间保持恒定。
" Here, the switching device and the resonanting component are connected in series to each other",这里，开关装置和谐振元件相互串联连接。
"A major problem with cycloconverters is that when it is operating at small currents, there are inefficiencies created with firing delay",一个主要问题是，当交流变频器在小电流下运行时，会因为触发延迟而产生效率低下。
" In addition, the voltage in the thyristors is controlled by controlling the firing angle",此外，晶闸管中的电压是通过控制触发角来控制的。
" Furthermore, the phase voltages are equal to the load voltages as shown below",此外，如下所示，相电压等于负载电压。
 Sensing current makes it possible to achieve a smooth and accurate converter function,感应电流使得实现平稳精确的转换器功能成为可能。
A resonant inverter is an electrical inverter whose operation is based on oscillation of resonant current,一个谐振逆变器是一种电力逆变器，其操作基于谐振电流的振荡。
 The diagram below shows the parallel system of a converter,下面的示意图显示了一个转换器的并联系统。
"Depending on the voltage output, choppers are classified as −",根据输出电压不同，斩波器可分为−
" In addition, the switches complement each other, that is, if one is switched ON the other one goes OFF",此外，这些开关互补，也就是说，如果一个打开，另一个就会关闭。
Reverse blocking  − This compensates the drop in forward voltage,反向阻塞 - 这样可以补偿正向电压的下降。
Evaluating equation (iii) and (iv) gives −,评估方程（iii）和（iv）得到-
" For example, a computer while ensuring the voltage and current characteristics are converted",举例来说，一台电脑在确保电压和电流特性转换的情况下。
" Current starts to flow once the thyristor has been switched ON, that is, at a point  t=  to point  t= ","""一旦晶闸管被打开，电流就开始流动，即在 t= 时刻到 t= 时刻。"""
" For loading devices with N-type depletion, 3V is the threshold voltage where the device is switched OFF by switching the gate at negative 3V",对于具有N型耗尽的加载设备，3V是开关门极在负3V时关闭设备的阈值电压。
 Power transfer within a cycloconverter occurs in two directions (bidirectional),在循环变频器中，功率传输是双向的。
" It is difficult to avoid complex mathematics at some places, although we have tried to keep it at a minimum level",在一些地方很难避免复杂的数学，尽管我们已经尽量将其保持在最低水平。
" On the contrary, MOSFETs have high switching speeds although they are expensive",相反，尽管MOSFET价格昂贵，但它们具有高开关速度。
 This will lead the input polarity to change instantaneously,这将导致输入极性瞬间改变。
Motion powered charger − Makes use of human motion to charge a battery,动力充电器 - 利用人体运动来充电电池
 The charging process is determined by the type and size of the battery,充电过程取决于电池的类型和大小。
For a step down chopper the voltage output is always less than the voltage input,对于降压斩波器来说，电压输出始终小于电压输入。
"In a simple source voltage inverter, the switches can be turned ON and OFF as needed",在简单的源电压逆变器中，开关可以根据需要打开和关闭。
"The sum of the base current IB is obtained by adding the hole diffusion current (IE, p), base recombination current  and the base-emitter recombination current of the depletion layer ","基极电流IB的总和是通过将空穴扩散电流（IE, p）、基复合电流和耗尽层的基极发射极复合电流相加获得的。"
" For the period 0° − 60° the points S1, S5 and S6 are in conduction mode",在0°至60°的时间段内，点S1、S5和S6处于导通模式。
 The law states that the rate of change of the flux linking with respect to time is directly related to the EMF induced in a conductor,法律规定，磁通随时间变化的速率与导体中感应的电动势直接相关。
" However, this assumption is not justified since source impedance is normally inductive with a negligible resistive element",然而，这种假设是不合理的，因为源阻抗通常是具有可忽略电阻元件的感性的。
"The current can only flow in one direction through the thyristor, which is similar to inverter mode of functioning where power flows from the DC side to the AC side",晶闸管中的电流只能单向流动，类似于逆变器工作模式，其中电力从直流侧流向交流侧。
" The width of quasi-neutral of the emitter, base and collector are indicated above as WE’, WB’ and WC’",发射极、基极和集电极准中性区的宽度分别标记为WE'、WB'和WC'。
A Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) is a transistor whose operation depends on the contact made by two semicondutors,双极晶体管（BJT）是一种晶体管，其操作取决于两个半导体之间的接触。
"When commutation is not available, two diodes will conduct at any particular time",当无开关可用时，两个二极管会在任何特定时间导通。
 A little difference between the two converters causes a great zero sequence in circulating current,两个变流器之间的细微差异会导致很大的循环电流零序。
" Once the electrons reach the base-collector depleted region, they are swept through the region by an electric field",一旦电子到达基础-集电极耗尽区域，它们将被电场席卷穿过该区域。
 It is expressed as,"它被表达为"""
A BJT has two P-N junctions connected back to back and sharing a common region B (base),一個BJT有兩個背靠背連接並共用一個共同區域B（基極）的PN結。
 The resulting current waves are not influenced by the load,产生的电流波不受负载影响。
 The resistance of an element is measured in ohms ( ),一个元素的电阻以欧姆为单位进行测量。
The equations expressing reactive power as a function of active power are given in terms of unit quantities,表示无功功率与有功功率的方程是以单位量为基础给出的。
 Calculate the following −,计算以下内容−
" Therefore, integral cycle circuits achieve switching at zero voltage without requiring a resonant circuit",因此，积分循环电路可以在没有需要谐振电路的情况下在零电压下实现开关。
 This method can be used either when the ON time T is constant or when the frequency (f=1/T),这种方法可以在ON时间T恒定时或频率(f=1/T)时使用。
"In this mode of conduction, each electronic device is in a conduction state for 120°",在这种导电模式下，每个电子设备都处于导电状态120°。
 Peak current and average current,"""峰值电流和平均电流"""
Enhancement state − The gate-source voltage (VGB) is required in this state to switch the component ON,强化状态 - 在这种状态下，需要门源电压(VGB)来打开元件。
"For further analysis, the transport factor  is rewritten as a product of the emitter efficiency  the base transport factor  and the recombination factor of the depletion layer ",为了进一步分析，传输因子被重新定义为发射效率、基础传输因子和耗尽层复合因子的乘积。
"MOSFET has a thin layer of silicon dioxide, which acts as the plate of a capacitor",MOSFET有一层薄薄的二氧化硅，起到电容器的板的作用。
A single-phase AC voltage converter has the following details −,单相交流电压转换器具有以下细节 -
"Considering a dual converter operating without circulating current, the AC current is barred from flowing by controlled firing pulses",考虑到双向变流器在没有循环电流的情况下运行，交流电流被控制的触发脉冲阻挡。
There are a number of power converters that utilize natural commutation,有许多利用自然换相的功率转换器。
" thus, no current leaks into the gate",因此，没有电流泄漏到闸门里。
 The main characteristics of the switch are determined by internal correlation of functions and interactions of its integrated system,开关的主要特征是由其内部功能相关性和集成系统的相互作用决定的。
 The bidirectional switches make it possible to have a controllable power factor input,双向开关使得可控功率因数输入成为可能。
The TRIAC Structure is regarded as a DIAC having an extra gate contact incorporated to ensure device control,TRIAC结构被视为具有额外门触点的DIAC，以确保器件控制。
Tutorials Point is a leading Ed Tech company striving to provide the best learning material on technical and non-technical subjects,Tutorials Point 是一家领先的教育科技公司，致力于提供技术和非技术主题的最佳学习材料。
The load voltages are gives as follows,负载电压如下给出
"The frequency is constant thus,",频率是固定的。
 The terminals A and C of the load are connected to the source at its positive point,负载的 A 和 C 端子连接到源的正极点。
VL – Load voltage,VL - 负载电压
"The BJT shown above consists of two diodes connected back to back, resulting in the depletion of the regions called quasi-neutral",上面显示的BJT由两个二极管背对背连接而成，导致被称为准中性的区域的耗尽。
This type of inverter is the basic building block of a full bridge inverter,这种类型的逆变器是全桥逆变器的基本构建模块。
 Therefore it is expected that the readers are comfortable with mathematical equations,因此预期读者对数学方程感到舒适。
The amplification of an IGBT is computed by the ratio of its output signal to its input signal,IGBT的放大倍数是通过输出信号与输入信号的比率计算得出的。
 IGBT combines the characteristics of MOSFETs and BJTs to attain high current and low saturation voltage capacity respectively,IGBT（绝缘栅双极晶体管）结合了MOSFET和BJT的特性，分别达到高电流和低饱和电压容量。
" Consequently, the process of fabricating the silicon leads to the production of cheaper devices",因此，制造硅的过程导致了更便宜设备的生产。
 The direction of the current is anti-clockwise with respect to that of the voltage system,电流的方向是相对于电压系统逆时针方向。
" At the same time, it delivers a high current load of more than 50 Amperes",同时，它提供超过50安培的高电流负载。
The diagram given below shows a single-phase matrix converter,下面给出的图示显示了一个单相矩阵变换器。
" The controllers are normally, turned ON of OFF during half cycles where the voltage input is at zero since only the full or half cycles are utilized",控制器通常在电压输入为零的半个周期内打开或关闭，因为只有全周期或半周期被利用。
" Current starts to flow once the thyristor has been switched ON, that is, at a point to point",一旦晶闸管被打开，电流就开始流动，也就是从一个点到另一个点。
 A constant positive potential difference across the gate and the emitter maintains the IGBT in the ON state,一个恒定的正电位差跨越栅极和发射极，使IGBT保持在导通状态。
A step up chopper has an input voltage of 150V,一个升压斩波器的输入电压为150V。
 The value of VOUT is regulated by varying resistor in series (RS) or the current source connected in shunt (IS),VOUT的值是通过改变串联电阻（RS）或并联连接的电流源（IS）来调节的。
The amount of energy that an inductor can store is known as inductance,电感器可以存储的能量量被称为电感。
V0 (average voltage output) is positive when chopper is switched ON and negative when the chopper is OFF  as shown in the waveform below,"""当斩波器开启时，V0（平均输出电压）为正，当斩波器关闭时，则为负，如下图所示的波形"""
Power electronics is extensively used in air conditioners to control elements such as compressors,"""功率电子学在空调中被广泛用于控制压缩机等元件"""
 This makes them applicable in medium and high AC power operations such as motor control function,这使得它们适用于中高交流电功率操作，如电机控制功能。
 It is ideal for operation utilizing AC power for switching purposes since it can control current flow for both halves in an alternating current cycle,由于它可以控制交流周期中两半的电流流动，因此使用交流电源进行开关操作是理想的。
" In conventional BJTs, the degree of gain ( ) is equal to the ratio of its output current to the input current",在传统的BJT中，增益的程度（）等于其输出电流与输入电流的比率。
 It is most suitable for a delta connection in a load because it results in a six-step type of waveform across any of its phases,这种连接在负载中最适合三角连接，因为它在任何相位上都产生了六步类型的波形。
 Different types of batteries have different tolerance levels to overcharging,不同类型的电池对过充有不同的耐受水平。
 Almost anyone with a basic knowledge of electronics can make the most of this tutorial,几乎任何有基础电子知识的人都可以充分利用这个教程。
 A magnet placed between two springs is moved up and down by human motion thus charging the battery,一个磁铁被放置在两个弹簧之间，通过人的运动上下移动，从而给电池充电。
"Three-phase to single-phase − This cycloconverter operates in four quadrants that is (+V, +I) and (−V, −I) being the rectification modes and (+V, −I) and (−V, +I) being the inversion modes",三相变单相−这种换流器在四个象限中运行，即（+V，+I）和（-V，-I）为整流模式，（+V，-I）和（-V，+I）为反转模式。
 A thyristor is also placed between the load and the constant source of AC voltage,一个晶闸管也被放置在负载和交流电压恒定源之间。
"Given a certain number of turns and radius size, only the air core can result in the least inductance",鉴于一定数量的线圈匝数和半径大小，只有空心线圈才能产生最小的感应电感。
" source (S), Drain (D), Gate (G) and Body (B)","""源（S），漏（D），栅（G）和体（B）"""
This type of inverter yields a sinusoidal waveform at very high frequencies in the range of 20kHz-100kHz,这种类型的逆变器在20kHz-100kHz的非常高频率范围内产生正弦波形。
" If one converter is operating the other one is disabled, no current passes through it",如果一个转换器正在运行，另一个就会被禁用，电流就不会通过它。
"The anode connects to the P-type, cathode to the N-type and the gate to the P-type as shown below",阳极连接到P型，阴极连接到N型，栅极连接到P型，如下所示。
Step Up cycloconverter − These types use natural commutation and give an output at higher frequency than that of the input,升压逆变器 - 这些类型使用自然换相，并且输出频率高于输入频率。
IGBT is switched ON or OFF based on whether its gate terminal has been activated or deactivated,IGBT是根据其栅极端子是否被激活或停用来进行开关。
" Unlike SCR, TRIAC is bi-directional while SCR is bi-directional",与晶闸管不同，双向晶闸管是双向的，而晶闸管是单向的。
It contains four bi-directional switches with each switch having the ability to conduct in both forward blocking and reverse voltage,它包含四个双向开关，每个开关都具有在正向阻断和反向电压下导通的能力。
 An n-stage sequence control converter has n windings in the transformer secondary part with each rated es/n (the source voltage),一个n级序列控制变换器在变压器的二次部分有n匝，每个额定es/n（源电压）。
Single phase to single-phase − This type of cycloconverter has two full wave converters connected back to back,单相到单相 - 这种型号的变频器有两个全波整流器背靠背连接。
Linear circuit elements refer to the components in an electrical circuit that exhibit a linear relationship between the current input and the voltage output,线性电路元件指的是电路中的组件，其电流输入和电压输出之间呈线性关系。
"This utilizes moving and/or rotating mechanical parts such as welding, heating, cooling, and electro-plating and DC power",这利用了移动和/或旋转的机械部件，如焊接、加热、冷却、电镀和直流电源。
A transformer has three main parts −,"一个变压器有三个主要部分 −"""
 The time period for modulation is given by T,调制的时间段由T给出。
"To get a better understanding of linear circuit elements, an analysis of resistor elements is necessary",为了更好地理解线性电路元件，需要对电阻元件进行分析。
The diagram below shows a simple integral cycle controller,下面的图表显示了一个简单的积分循环控制器。
" The terminals A, B and C are the output terminals of the bridge that are connected to the three-phase delta or star connection of the load","A, B和C端子是桥的输出端子，连接到负载的三相三角形或星形连接。"
 Inductive transmitters are used to support the required potential difference between the two interfaces,感应式发射器用于支持两个界面之间所需的电位差。
" Examples include compressors, pumps, conveyer belts and air conditioning systems",例子包括压缩机、泵、输送带和空调系统。
This is given by the ratio of the collector current to the base current,这是由集电极电流与基极电流的比值给出的。
" Consequently, there is an improvement in the efficiency of power as well as optimization in power factor",因此，功率效率得到提高，功率因数也得到优化。
"The sum of the base current IB is obtained by adding the hole diffusion current (IE, p), base recombination current (Ir,B) and the base-emitter recombination current of the depletion layer (Ir,d)","基极电流IB的总和是通过加上空穴扩散电流（IE，p），基复合电流（Ir,B）和耗尽层基极电流（Ir,d）来获得的。"
Inductors are electronic devices that use magnetic field to store electric energy,电感器是利用磁场来存储电能的电子器件。
The difference between a capacitor and a battery is that a capacitor stores electrical energy while a battery stores chemical energy and releases the energy at a slow rate,电容器和电池的区别在于，电容器存储电能，而电池存储化学能并以较慢的速率释放能量。
"Fixed Input − Voltage, frequency and AC power",固定输入 - 电压，频率和交流电源
The switches are under control to ensure that no two switches in the same leg are ON at the same time,开关处于控制之下，以确保同一支路中没有两个开关同时处于打开状态。
" A TRIAC is a semiconductor device with three terminals that control the flow of current, thus the name Triac",一个三端子晶体管（TRIAC）是一种半导体器件，用于控制电流的流动，因此得名Triac。
" The triggering angle   is therefore, defined as the value of  t at which the thyristor switches ON",因此，触发角度被定义为晶闸管开启的 t 值。
 It is measured in Henry (H),它以亨利（H）为单位测量。
Source inductance effect on a converter is analyzed in the following two ways,源感应对变换器的影响通过以下两种方式进行分析。
The figure below shows a circuit for a three phase inverter,下面的图显示了一个三相逆变器的电路。
" As a result of the natural features of the circuit, the current passing through the switching device drops to zero",由于电路的自然特性，通过开关装置的电流下降至零。
" It can act as a switch, amplifier or oscillator",它可以充当开关、放大器或振荡器。
 and A − cross-sectional area of wire,和 A - 电线的横截面积
The operation of a balanced star connected load is explained in the diagram below,平衡星形连接负载的操作在下面的图表中有解释。
Where the above are defined as −,以上定义为 -
" It uses a pulse wave in rectangular/square form that results in a variable average waveform value f(t), after its pulse width has been modulated",它使用矩形/正方形形式的脉冲波，经过脉冲宽度调制后得到一个可变的平均波形值f(t)。
"Substituting the values, we get,","""代入数值后，我们得到,"""
 This implies that the initial current of the valve can only be delayed in reference a zero value of the converter bus voltage in AC form,这意味着阀门的初始电流只能在以交流形式的变流器母线电压的零值为参考下延迟。
" This means current flows from the collector to the emitter unlike in MOSFETs, which are bi-directional",这意味着电流从集电极流向发射极，与MOSFETs不同，它是双向的。
 This diagram shows the conversion of source frequency from a factor of three to one,这个图表展示了源频率从三倍到一倍的转换。
 An SCR is diagramatically represented as shown below,一个SCR如下图所示进行图示表示。
Power Electronics refers to the process of controlling the flow of current and voltage and converting it to a form that is suitable for user loads,"""功率电子是指控制电流和电压流动，并将其转换为适合用户负载的形式的过程"""
 The recharging process may be achieved by connecting it to a constant voltage or constant current source,重新充电的过程可以通过将其连接到恒压或恒流源来实现。
PWM is a technique that is used to reduce the overall harmonic distortion (THD) in a load current,PWM 是一种技术，用于减少负载电流中的整体谐波失真（THD）。
 The process directly converts AC to AC without having to perform the intermediate processes of AC to DC then DC to AC,该过程直接将交流电转换为交流电，无需执行交流电到直流电再到交流电的中间过程。
" The name ""silicon controlled rectifier"" is General Electric's trade name for a type of thyristor","""“硅控整流器”是通用电气公司对一种晶闸管的专有商标名称"""
"When the current on the primary side of the transformer is varied, a varied magnetic flux is created on its core, which spreads out to the secondary windings of the transformer in form of magnetic fields",当变压器的初级侧电流变化时，其铁芯上产生了不同的磁通量，以磁场的形式传播到变压器的次级绕组。
 This is due to the fact that a low doped region in P1 is needed,这是因为P1中需要一个低掺杂区。
 The constant k is called duty ratio,常数k被称为占空比。
"When two AC converters are placed parallel to each other, the zero sequence way is created",当两个交流变流器平行放置在一起时，零序通路被创建。
 Holes constitute the dominant charge carriers in P-type semiconductors while electrons are the main charge bearers in N-type semiconductors,在P型半导体中，空穴是主要的载流子，而在N型半导体中，电子是主要的载流子。
A battery charger is specified in terms of its charging rate C,充电器的规格是以其充电速率C来确定。
 It facilitates the switching function in AC electrical components and systems,它促进了交流电气元件和系统的切换功能。
"When the chopper is switched OFF, the inductor’s polarity reverses and this causes it to discharge through the diode and the load",当直流电源被关闭时，电感的极性会反转，导致其通过二极管和负载放电。
 It has four different operating states which are based on which switches are closed,它有四种不同的运行状态，这些状态是基于哪些开关被关闭的。
Applications of Power Electronics are classified into two types − Static Applications and Drive Applications,"""功率电子的应用可分为两种类型- 静态应用和驱动应用"""
"Applying the Kirchhoff’s current law, it is found that the base current is given by the difference between the emitter current and the collector current",应用基尔霍夫电流定律，发现基极电流等于发射极电流和集电极电流之差。
  The current passes through the free-wheel diode and the inductor to the load,电流通过自由轮二极管和电感器流向负载。
Step Down cycloconverter − This type uses forced commutation and results in an output with a frequency lower than that of the input,降压交流变频器 - 这种类型采用强迫换相，并且输出频率低于输入频率。
"OFF state (forward blocking mode) − Here the anode is assigned a positive voltage, the gate is assigned a zero voltage (disconnected) and the cathode is assigned a negative voltage",OFF状态（正向阻止模式）- 在这里，阳极被分配为正电压，栅极被分配为零电压（断开连接），而阴极被分配为负电压。
TON – time interval when chopper is ON,TON - 由刀片开启时的时间间隔
" Furthermore, operations are only smooth at frequencies that are not equal half frequency input values",此外，操作仅在频率不等于输入值的一半频率时才能顺利进行。
" As a result, this makes them more efficient in power usage",因此，这使它们在功率使用方面更有效率。
Harmonics are characterized by the pulse that represent the number of rectifiers used in a given circuit,谐波是由表示在给定电路中使用的整流器数量的脉冲所表征的。
 It utilizes bidirectional controlled switch to achieve automatic conversion of power from AC to AC,它利用双向控制开关来实现交流到交流的自动转换。
" On the contrary, the isolated gate in IGBT makes it easier to drive BJT charges and hence less power is required",相反，IGBT中的孤立门使得驱动BJT电荷更容易，因此需要更少的功率。
 The terminal B is connected to the source at its negative point,终端B与其负极连接到源端。
 The isolation of the controlling gate raises the resistance of the MOSFET to extremely high levels (almost infinite),控制门的孤立提高了MOSFET的电阻至极高水平（几乎无限）。
"When energy is stored in the electrical field of a capacitor, the process is called charging, and when energy is removed, the process is called discharging",当能量储存在电容器的电场中时，这个过程被称为充电，而当能量被移除时，这个过程被称为放电。
 It is usually used to raise or lower AC voltages in applications utilizing electric power,通常用于在利用电力的应用中提高或降低交流电压。
Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) − The voltage source inverter has stiff DC source voltage that is the DC voltage has limited or zero impedance at the inverter input terminals,"""电压源逆变器（VSI）- 电压源逆变器具有坚硬的直流电源电压，即逆变器输入端的直流电压具有有限或零阻抗"""
IGBT has a very low value of ON state resistance (RON) than a MOSFET,IGBT的导通状态电阻（RON）值比MOSFET要低得多。
"Thus, peak-to-peak current load is given by,",因此，峰值电流负载由以下给出，
"When the bipolar PWM is applied, the state of the lower switching device in the second single phase full bridge is similar to the upper switch in the first single phase full bridge device",当应用双极性PWM时，第二个单相全桥中下开关器件的状态类似于第一个单相全桥中的上开关器件。
 Total harmonic distortion (THD) on the other hand refers to the total contribution of all the harmonic current frequencies,另一方面，总谐波失真（THD）是指所有谐波电流频率的总贡献。
" Whereas, in the interval 0","""而在间隔0"""
 Examples of elements with linear circuits include −,"具有线性电路的元件示例包括−"""
The gate terminal is barred from the primary current pathway,大门终端被阻隔在主电流通道之外。
The target of this tutorial is electrical engineering students,这个教程的目标是电气工程学生。
 This ensures that the converter carrying the load current conducts while the other converter is blocked,这确保了负载电流通过的转换器在另一个转换器被阻挡时进行导通。
The root mean square alternating voltage is regulated by changing the thyristor triggering angle,通过改变晶闸管的触发角来调节均方根交流电压。
 These electrons form the collector current,这些电子形成了集电极电流。
The above equation shows that Vo can be varied from VS to infinity,以上方程表明Vo可以从VS变化到无穷。
An SMPS (switched mode power supply) refers to an electronic device that uses a switching regulator for the purpose of converting electrical power in an efficient manner,SMPS（开关模式电源）是指一种电子设备，它使用开关调节器来高效地转换电力。
MOSFETs exist in two main forms −,MOSFET存在两种主要形式−
 It does this by utilizing level-two topology,它通过利用二层拓扑结构来实现这一点。
Source inductance has a significant impact on the converter performance because its presence alters the output voltage of the converter,源电感对变换器性能有重要影响，因为它的存在会改变变换器的输出电压。
 This is made possible by altering the phase angle at which the thyristors are triggered,通过改变晶闸管触发的相位角，这是可能的。
Inverters are classified into two main categories −,逆变器分为两大类−
 Incorporating a PFC ensures the power factor ranges from 0,将PFC纳入电路可确保功率因数在0到1之间。
 The base transport factor is 0,基础运输因素为0。
 The power electronic device used in this case is called a power factor controller (PFC),在这种情况下使用的功率电子设备被称为功率因数控制器（PFC）。
"When operating unstable AC systems, problems tend to arise because of unstable voltage and overvoltage surges",在运行不稳定的交流系统时，由于电压不稳定和过电压浮动，问题往往会出现。
" The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce and explain the main concepts in Power Electronics, which include Power Semi-Conductor Devices, Phase-Controlled Converters, DC to DC Converter, Inverters and AC to AC Converters",这个教程的目的是介绍和解释电力电子中的主要概念，包括功率半导体器件、相控变流器、直流到直流变换器、逆变器和交流到交流变换器。
" In conventional BJTs, the degree of gain is equal to the ratio of its output current to the input current",在传统BJTs中，增益程度等于其输出电流与输入电流的比率。
The reference input signal in a 2-pulse converter is compared to a carrier,在2脉冲变换器中，参考输入信号与载波进行比较。
" In the case of a three-phase inverter having DC supply power, its three main legs at the output are connected to a 3-phase motor",对于具有直流供电的三相逆变器，其输出的三个主要支路连接到三相电动机。
"An SCR conducts when a gate pulse is applied to it, just like a diode",当一个门脉冲被施加到它时，SCR会导通，就像二极管一样。
 If a device has a power factor of 0,"如果一个设备的功率因数为0"""
"Where n − is an integer 1, 2, 3, 4…",n-是一个整数1、2、3、4...。
Vs – Source voltage,"""Vs - 源电压"""
" Although reactive power does not have a real value in electronic equipment, the bill for electricity comprises real and reactive power costs",尽管在电子设备中无功功率没有真实价值，电费包括有功和无功功率成本。
" Given, that the thyristor has a conducting time of 150 seconds",鉴于晶闸管的导通时间为150秒
"During the input supply half cycle, the thyristor is in forward bias and is switched ON via the application of sufficient gate pulse (trigger)",在输入电源的半个周期内，晶闸管处于正向偏置状态，并通过施加足够的门脉冲（触发）而打开。
The analysis of most converters is usually simplified under ideal conditions (no source impedance),大多数转换器的分析通常在理想条件下简化（没有源阻抗）。
 The operation of a dual converter is explained using the diagram below,双向变流器的操作使用下面的图表进行解释。
  This is called a denial of service or DoS attack,这被称为拒绝服务或DoS攻击。
" This typically involves setting up a lab with the smart grid devices, applications etc",这通常涉及设置一个实验室，配备智能电网设备、应用程序等。
" At the domestic level, appliances with a degree of energy storage or thermal mass (such as refrigerators, heat banks,  and heat pumps) will be well placed to 'play' the market and seek to minimise energy cost by adapting demand to the lower-cost energy support periods",在国内层面，具有一定能量储存或热量质量（例如冰箱、热能库和热泵）的家电将能够很好地“玩弄”市场，并通过调整需求适应价格较低的能源支持时期来寻求降低能源成本。
"  A smart grid may warn all individual television sets, or another larger customer, to reduce the load temporarily  (to allow time to start up a larger generator) or continuously (in the case of limited resources)",智能电网可以警告所有单个电视机，或其他更大的客户，暂时减少负载（以便有时间启动更大的发电机）或持续减少（在资源有限的情况下）。
 They develop complex distribution systems to meet the more decentralized power generation due to microgrids,他们开发复杂的分配系统，以满足由微网引起的更加分散的发电。
" instead of joining them into a single input, and lastly, the dependence of the type on specific input variables","""而不是将它们合并为单个输入，最后，类型对特定输入变量的依赖"""
 This one-way flow of information is expensive,这种单向信息流动是昂贵的.
 Some such measures include recoding of control system algorithms to make them more able to resist and recover from cyberattacks or preventive techniques that allow more efficient detection of unusual or unauthorized changes to data,一些措施包括重新编码控制系统算法，使其更能抵抗和从网络攻击中恢复，或者采用预防技术，使数据异常或未经授权的更改更容易有效地检测。
  The Department of Energy has also identified both attack resistance and self-healing as major keys to ensuring that today's smart grid is future-proof,能源部还确定了攻击抵抗力和自愈能力作为确保当今智能电网未来可持续的主要关键。
" (2) Dynamic optimization of grid operations and resources, with full cyber-security",（2）对电网运营和资源的动态优化，保障完整的网络安全。
"  However, the performances and reliability of microgrids strongly depend on the continuous interaction between power generation, storage and load requirements",然而，微电网的性能和可靠性强烈依赖于电力发电、储存和负载需求之间的持续互动。
 This is an extension of the dual-tariff energy pricing mentioned above,这是上述双重电价能源定价的延伸。
 The group has also spun out a 2030,这个团体也制定了一个2030计划。
" For example, if a popular television program starts, millions of televisions will start to draw current instantly",例如，如果一部热门电视节目开始播放，数百万台电视机将立即开始吸取电流。
" The utilities attempt to meet the demand and succeed or fail to varying degrees (brownouts, rolling blackout, uncontrolled blackout)",公用事业公司努力满足需求，并在不同程度上成功或失败（电压下降、滚动停电、无控制停电）
 Additionally is the increase in data collection bringing many new possibilities for technology companies as deploying transmission grid sensors at a user level and balancing system reserves,此外，数据收集的增加为技术公司带来了许多新的可能性，例如在用户级部署传输网格传感器和平衡系统储备。
  Cybercriminals have infiltrated the U,网络罪犯已经渗透进U。
 Given the success of the smart grids in the U,鉴于智能电网在U 取得的成功
"Hydro One, in Ontario, Canada is in the midst of a large-scale Smart Grid initiative, deploying a standards-compliant communications infrastructure from Trilliant",安大略省加拿大的Hydro One正在进行一项大规模的智能电网倡议，部署Trilliant的符合标准的通信基础设施。
 Concerns chiefly center around the communications technology at the heart of the smart grid,主要关注的问题主要集中在智能电网核心的通信技术上。
" and new regulatory, institutional, and market frameworks","""和新的监管、机构和市场框架"""
"The smart grid allows for systematic communication between suppliers (their energy price) and consumers (their willingness-to-pay), and permits both the suppliers and the consumers to be more flexible and sophisticated in their operational strategies",智能电网允许供应商（其能源价格）和消费者（其支付意愿）之间进行系统沟通，并使供应商和消费者在其运营策略上更加灵活和复杂。
"Wind and solar power are variable renewable energy sources that aren't as consistent as base load energy and a combined cycle hydrogen power plant could help renewables by capturing excess energy, with electrolysis, when they produce to much and fill the gaps with that energy when they aren't producing as much",风能和太阳能是可变的可再生能源，不像基础负载能源那样稳定，而联合循环氢能发电厂可以通过电解来捕获多余的能源，从而帮助可再生能源，当它们产生过多能源时，填补能源不足的时候。
The bulk of smart grid technologies are already used in other applications such as manufacturing and telecommunications and are being adapted for use in grid operations,智能电网技术的大部分已经被用在其他应用中，比如制造业和电信业，并且正在被调整以用于电网运营。
" A technology competition identified this model regions to carry out research and development activities with the main objective to create an ""Internet of Energy","一项技术竞赛确定了这些模型区域，进行研究和开发活动的主要目标是创建""能源互联网""。"
"The smart grid is an enhancement of the 20th century electrical grid, using two-way communications and distributed so-called intelligent devices",智能电网是对20世纪电网的增强，使用双向通信和分布式所谓的智能设备。
 The IEEE P2030 group expects to deliver early 2011 an overarching set of guidelines on smart grid interfaces,IEEE P2030小组希望在2011年初提供关于智能电网接口的总体指导方针。
A smart grid includes a variety of operation and energy measures,一个智能电网包括各种运营和能源措施。
 The new guidelines will cover areas including batteries and supercapacitors as well as flywheels,新的指导方针将涵盖包括电池、超级电容器以及飞轮在内的领域。
" Without any incentive to install them, power suppliers don't",没有任何激励去安装它们，供电商就不会。
"The earliest, and one of the largest, example of a smart grid is the Italian system installed by Enel S",最早、也是最大的一个智能电网示例是由意大利Enel S安装的系统。
"  There is also concern on the security of the infrastructure, primarily that involving communications technology",对基础设施安全的担忧也主要涉及通信技术。
Metering of electricity consumption was necessary on a per-user basis in order to allow appropriate billing according to the (highly variable) level of consumption of different users,为了根据不同用户的用电量进行适当的计费，需要对每个用户进行电力消耗的计量。
 Here is a selection of the types of analyses that have appeared in recent years,这里是最近几年出现的分析类型的选择。
"""It is the policy of the United States to support the modernization of the Nation's electricity transmission and distribution system to maintain a reliable and secure electricity infrastructure that can meet future demand growth and to achieve each of the following, which together characterize a Smart Grid",美国的政策是支持国家电力输电和配电系统的现代化，以维护可靠和安全的电力基础设施，以满足未来需求增长，并实现以下每一项，这些共同构成智能电网。
" This process is necessary to support major systems such as demand-response wide-area measurement and control, storage and transportation of electricity, and the automation of electric distribution",这个过程是必要的，以支持主要系统，如需求响应广域测量和控制、电力的存储和输送，以及电力分配的自动化。
"Since the early 21st century, opportunities to take advantage of improvements in electronic communication technology to resolve the limitations and costs of the electrical grid have become apparent",自21世纪初以来，利用电子通信技术的改进来解决电网的限制和成本的机会变得明显。
A utility task group within LonMark International deals with smart grid related issues,一个在LonMark International内部的实用任务小组处理智能电网相关的问题。
" Title XIII of this bill provides a description, with ten characteristics, that can be considered a definition for Smart Grid, as follows",这项法案的第十三部分提供了一个包含十个特征的描述，可以被视为智能电网的定义，如下所示。
"The December 2015 Ukraine power grid cyberattack, the first recorded of its kind, disrupted services to nearly a quarter of a million people by bringing substations offline",2015年12月的乌克兰电网网络攻击，这是有记录以来的第一次，通过使变电站脱机，中断了近25万人的服务。
" It has also reduced the need for ""truck rolls"" to scout and troubleshoot faults, resulting in an estimated reduction of 630,000 truck driving miles, and 4","它还减少了对“卡车行驶”来侦察和排除故障的需求，从而估计减少了63万英里的卡车行驶里程和4"""
 Early forms of such demand side management technologies were dynamic demand aware devices that passively sensed the load on the grid by monitoring changes in the power supply frequency,这种需求端管理技术的早期形式是动态需求感知设备，通过 passively 感知电网负载，通过监测电源频率的变化。
" Providers of SCADA control systems for grids have intentionally designed proprietary hardware, protocols and software so that they cannot inter-operate with other systems in order to tie its customers to the vendor",供应智能监控系统的供应商故意设计专有硬件、协议和软件，以使其无法与其他系统互操作，从而将客户绑定在供应商身上。
 This includes both immediate consequences as well as second- and third-order cascading effects on parallel systems,这包括对并行系统的直接后果以及二级和三级级联效应。
" The other top states were Illinois, Texas, Maryland, Oregon, Arizona, the District of Columbia, New York, Nevada and Delaware",其他排名靠前的州分别是伊利诺伊州、得克萨斯州、马里兰州、俄勒冈州、亚利桑那州、哥伦比亚特区、纽约州、内华达州和特拉华州。
" Numerous contributions to the overall improvement of the efficiency of energy infrastructure are anticipated from the deployment of smart grid technology, in particular including demand-side management",预计智能电网技术的部署将为能源基础设施效率的整体提高做出许多贡献，特别是包括需求侧管理。
  A hybrid offering combining renewable energy sources with storing energy sources as coal and gas is showing the hybrid offering of a microgrid serving alone,一个混合方案，将可再生能源与煤炭和天然气等储能源结合在一起，正在展示一个独立服务的微网的混合方案。
" Once this step is completed, some suggest that it makes sense to then complete an analysis of the potential consequences of the aforementioned failures or shortcomings",一旦完成了这一步，有人建议随后对上述失败或缺陷的潜在后果进行分析是有意义的。
" The smart grid software dynamically updates energy supply and demand in 5 minute intervals, deciding whether to pull energy from the battery or from the panels and when to store it in the hot water heaters",智能电网软件动态更新能源供需，每5分钟决定是从电池还是太阳能电板中提取能源，并何时将其存储在热水器中。
"As customers can choose their electricity suppliers, depending on their different tariff methods, the focus of transportation costs will be increased",由于客户可以根据不同的电价方式选择他们的电力供应商，运输成本的重点将会增加。
  Stricter regulations for producing traditional energy resources from the government increases the difficulty of stay in business and increases the pressure on traditional energy companies to make the shift to renewable energy sources,政府对传统能源资源生产实施更严格的监管增加了企业经营的困难，并增加了传统能源公司转向可再生能源的压力。
"The protection system of a smart grid provides grid reliability analysis, failure protection, and security and privacy protection services",智能电网的保护系统提供电网可靠性分析、故障保护以及安全和隐私保护服务。
A smart grid would allow the power industry to observe and control parts of the system at higher resolution in time and space,一个智能电网可以让电力行业以更高的时间和空间分辨率观察和控制系统的部分。
Network Simulators are used to simulate/emulate network communication effects,网络模拟器用于模拟/仿真网络通信效果。
" These platforms, communications and control networks enables UCLA-led projects within the area to be tested in partnership with two local utilities, SCE and LADWP",这些平台、通信和控制网络使得由加州大学洛杉矶分校主导的项目可以与两家当地公用事业公司SCE和LADWP合作进行测试。
" It involves about 60,000 metered customers, and contains many key functions of the future smart grid","涉及约60,000个计量客户，并包含未来智能电网的许多关键功能。"
" electrical system developed by the electric utility industry, equipment manufacturers, information technology providers, federal and state government agencies, interest groups, universities, and national laboratories",电力公共事业部门、设备制造商、信息技术提供商、联邦和州政府机构、利益集团、大学和国家实验室共同开发的电力系统。
" Current network infrastructure is not built to allow for many distributed feed-in points, and typically even if some feed-in is allowed at the local (distribution) level, the transmission-level infrastructure cannot accommodate it",当前的网络基础设施并没有建立起允许多个分布式反馈点的机制，通常即使在本地（分销）级别允许一些反馈，传输级基础设施也无法容纳它。
" Cyber intrusions can be used as portions of a larger offensive, military or otherwise",网络入侵可以作为更大的进攻行动的一部分，无论是军事还是其他方面。
 They can also launch integrity attacks which corrupt information being transmitted along the system as well as desynchronization attacks which affect when such information is delivered to the appropriate location,他们还可以发起破坏完整性的攻击，这种攻击会损坏沿系统传输的信息，以及发起使信息传递到适当位置的时机不同步的攻击。
In the so-called E-Energy projects several German utilities are creating first nucleolus in six independent model regions,在所谓的E-Energy项目中，几家德国公用事业公司正在六个独立的示范区创建第一个核心。
" The rapidly falling costs point to a major change from the centralised grid topology to one that is highly distributed, with power being both generated and consumed right at the limits of the grid",成本迅速下降表明中央化电网拓扑结构将发生重大变化，转向高度分布式的结构，电力在电网边界被同时发电和消耗。
" Department of Energy (DOE), the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), utilities, consumers, researchers, and other grid stakeholders to modernize and integrate the U",能源部（DOE），国家能源技术实验室（NETL），公用事业公司，消费者，研究人员和其他电网利益相关者，以现代化和整合U。
" An example of the last case would be given the type of day, whether its weekday or weekend, that wouldn't have much of an effect on Hospital grids, but it'd be a big factor in resident housing grids' load profile",最后一种情况的一个例子是，根据日期的类型，无论是工作日还是周末，这对医院电网的影响不大，但对居民住房电网的负荷配置是一个重要因素。
 With the segments set to benefit the most will be smart metering hardware sellers and makers of software used to transmit and organize the massive amount of data collected by meters,设定获益最大的领域将是智能计量硬件销售商和软件制造商，他们用来传输和组织由计量器收集的海量数据。
A similar solution has been constructed for constrained SCADA networks,相似的解决方案已经为受限的SCADA网络构建。
"Although there are specific and proven smart grid technologies in use, smart grid is an aggregate term for a set of related technologies on which a specification is generally agreed, rather than a name for a specific technology",尽管有特定且经过验证的智能电网技术被应用，但智能电网是一个总称，涵盖了一系列相关技术，对这些技术一般是有共识的规范，而不是特定技术的名称。
 This pilot program was the first such project in France,这个试点项目是法国第一个类似的项目。
Grid 2030 – Grid 2030 is a joint vision statement for the U,"""网格2030 - 网格2030是U的联合愿景声明"""
  A total of over $9 billion in Public/Private funds were invested as part of this program,这个项目总共投入了超过90亿美元的公共/私人资金。
 Department of Energy to promote and enable interoperability among the many entities that interact with the nation's electric power system,能源部促进并实现与国家电力系统互操作的多个实体之间的互通。
 test beds and demonstration projects,测试床和示范项目
"In the 21st century, some developing countries like China, India, and Brazil were seen as pioneers of smart grid deployment",在21世纪，一些发展中国家如中国、印度和巴西被视为智能电网部署的先驱。
"Some experts argue that the first step to increasing the cyber defenses of the smart electric grid is completing a comprehensive risk analysis of existing infrastructure, including research of software, hardware, and communication processes",一些专家认为，提高智能电网的网络防御的第一步是完成对现有基础设施的全面风险分析，包括对软件、硬件和通信过程的研究。
"Before a utility installs an advanced metering system, or any type of smart system, it must make a business case for the investment",在公用事业安装高级计量系统或任何类型的智能系统之前，必须为此投资做出商业论证。
   People with knowledge of electronics can devise interference devices to cause the smart meter to report lower than actual usage,具有电子知识的人可以设计干扰设备，使智能电表报告的用量低于实际用量。
" non-linear, dynamic, discrete, or  random","""非线性，动态，离散或随机"""
 of Energy's Smart Grid Program funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009,由2009年美国复苏和再投资法案资助的能源部智能电网计划
" Ideally, the communications infrastructure will not only support near-term applications, but unanticipated applications that will arise in the future",理想情况下，通信基础设施不仅能支持近期应用，还能支持未来出现的意想不到的应用。
"  Similarly, the same technology can be employed to make it appear that the energy the consumer is using is being used by another customer, increasing their bill",同样，可以利用相同的技术使消费者所使用的能源看起来像是被另一位顾客所使用，从而增加他们的账单。
"A smart grid precisely limits electrical power down to the residential level, network small-scale distributed energy generation and storage devices, communicate information on operating status and needs, collect information on prices and grid conditions, and move the grid beyond central control to a collaborative network",一个智能电网将电力精确限制到居民级别，连接小规模分布式能源发电和储能设备，传递运行状态和需求信息，收集价格和电网状况信息，并将电网从中央控制推进到一个协作网络。
" (1) Increased use of digital information and controls technology to improve reliability, security, and efficiency of the electric grid",(1) 增加数字信息和控制技术的使用，以提高电网的可靠性、安全性和效率。
IEC TC 57 has created a family of international standards that can be used as part of the smart grid,IEC TC 57已经建立了一系列国际标准，可作为智能电网的一部分使用。
" In the traditional grid, the failure rate can only be reduced at the cost of more standby generators",在传统的电网中，只能通过增加备用发电机的成本来降低故障率。
"GridWorks – A DOE OE program focused on improving the reliability of the electric system through modernizing key grid components such as cables and conductors, substations and protective systems, and power electronics","""GridWorks - 一个专注于通过现代化关键电网组件如电缆和导线、变电站和保护系统以及功率电子元件来提高电力系统可靠性的DOE OE项目"""
Pelqim Spahiu and Ian R,"""Pelqim Spahiu 和 Ian R"""
"Boulder, Colorado, completed the first phase of its smart grid project in August 2008",博尔德，科罗拉多州，在2008年8月完成了其智能电网项目的第一阶段。
" Roll-out of smart grid technology also implies a fundamental re-engineering of the electricity services industry, although typical usage of the term is focused on the technical infrastructure",智能电网技术的推广也意味着对电力服务行业的基本重新设计，尽管该术语的典型用法集中在技术基础设施上。
   Technology companies are disrupting the traditional energy market players in several ways,科技公司以多种方式打破传统能源市场的规则。
"  As such, the U",由此，U
", the Energy Policy Act of 2005 and Title XIII of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 are providing funding to encourage smart grid development",“2005年的能源政策法案和2007年的独立能源与安全法案第十三章提供资金以鼓励智能电网的发展”
" The architecture also provides a living laboratory for assessing devices, systems, and technology",这些建筑也为评估设备、系统和技术提供了一个活生生的实验室。
 It does this through synchro-phasor requirements that are gathered by PMUs,它通过由PMUs收集的同步相位要求来实现这一点。
The smart grid market in China is estimated to be  61,中国的智能电网市场估计为61。
"  Where opposition to smart meters is encountered, they are often marketed as ""smart grid"" which connects smart grid to smart meters in the eyes of opponents",当遇到对智能电表的反对意见时，它们通常被宣传为“智能电网”，这将智能电网与智能电表联系起来，使反对者看到它们的关联。
"Instead of trying to compete against IT companies in their expertise, both utilities and DSO's can try to create alliances with IT companies to create good solutions together","""与其试图在专业领域与IT公司竞争，公用事业公司和DSO都可以尝试与IT公司建立联盟，共同创造出好的解决方案"""
" By the late 1960s, the electricity grid reached the overwhelming majority of the population of developed countries, with only outlying regional areas remaining 'off-grid'",到了20世纪60年代末，电网已经覆盖了发达国家绝大多数人口，只有一些偏远地区仍然处于“脱网”状态。
" Generators with greater flexibility will be able to sell energy strategically for maximum profit, whereas inflexible generators such as base-load steam turbines and wind turbines will receive a varying tariff based on the level of demand and the status of the other generators currently operating",具有更大灵活性的发电机将能够战略性地出售能源以获取最大利润，而像基本负荷蒸汽轮机和风力涡轮机这样缺乏灵活性的发电机将根据需求水平和当前运行的其他发电机的状态收到不同的电费费率。
" Additionally, residents can manage their energy consumption easier and more effectively with the connection to smart meters",此外，居民可以通过连接智能电表更轻松、更有效地管理他们的能源消耗。
" (4) Development and incorporation of demand response, demand-side resources, and energy-efficiency resources",(4) 发展和整合需求响应、需求侧资源和能效资源。
7 kW  were installed on five houses and a battery with a storage capacity of 15 kWh was installed on one house,在五栋房屋上安装了7千瓦的设备，并在一栋房屋上安装了一个存储容量为15千瓦时的电池。
" The Telegestore project is widely regarded as the first commercial scale use of smart grid technology to the home, and delivers annual savings of 500 million euro at a project cost of 2",""" Telegestore 项目被广泛认为是智能电网技术在家庭中首次商业规模应用，项目成本为2亿欧元，每年节省5亿欧元。"""
The worldwide power loss including theft is estimated at two-hundred billion dollars annually,全球范围内包括盗窃在内的电力损失每年估计为两千亿美元。
", the world market is expected to grow at a faster rate, surging from  171","""预计全球市场将以更快的速度增长，从171"""
 Six houses store excess solar energy in their hot water heaters,六个房子在他们的热水器中储存多余的太阳能。
" the last 10% of generating capacity may be required as little as 1% of the time, and brownouts and outages can be costly to consumers",发电能力的最后10%可能只需要1%的时间，并且停电和断电对消费者来说可能是昂贵的。
One application of ANNs is in demand forecasting,人工神经网络的一个应用是需求预测。
" The overall effect is a signal that awards energy efficiency, and energy consumption that is sensitive to the time-varying limitations of the supply",整体效果是一个表明节能的信号，并且对供应时间变化限制敏感的能源消耗。
" When businesses and consumers see a direct economic benefit of using energy at off-peak times, the theory is that they will include the energy cost of operation into their consumer device and building construction decisions and hence become more energy efficient",当企业和消费者看到在非高峰时段使用能源带来直接经济利益时，理论认为他们将把运营的能源成本包括在消费设备和建筑构建决策中，因此变得更加节能。
 Examples would be a utility reducing the usage of a group of electric vehicle charging stations or shifting temperature set points of air conditioners in a city,例子包括一家公用事业公司减少一组电动汽车充电站的使用量或在城市中改变空调的温度设定点。
 See § Deployments and attempted deployments below,请参见“部署和尝试部署”下面的部分
 This could mean making trade-offs such as cycling on/off air conditioners or running dishwashers at 9 pm instead of 5 pm,这可能意味着进行一些权衡，比如轮流开关空调或者在晚上9点而不是下午5点运行洗碗机。
" Rapid fluctuations in distributed generation, such as due to cloudy or gusty weather, present significant challenges to power engineers who need to ensure stable power levels through varying the output of the more controllable generators such as gas turbines and hydroelectric generators",分布式发电的快速波动，比如由于多云或刮风等原因，给需要通过调节燃气轮机和水电发电机等更可控发电机的输出来确保稳定电力水平的电力工程师带来了重大挑战。
 The State Grid Corp,国家电网公司 (Guójiā diànwǎng gōngsī)
" SMERC also developed a demand response (DR) test bed that comprises a Control Center, Demand Response Automation Server (DRAS), Home-Area-Network (HAN), Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), and photovoltaic (PV) panels",SMERC还开发了一个需求响应（DR）测试平台，包括控制中心、需求响应自动化服务器（DRAS）、家庭区域网络（HAN）、电池储能系统（BESS）和光伏电池板（PV）。
"  These systems rely on sensors which gather information from the field and then deliver it to control centers, where algorithms automate analysis and decision-making processes",这些系统依赖传感器从现场收集信息，然后将信息传送到控制中心，在那里算法自动化分析和决策过程。
 Funds have also been allocated to develop more robust energy control technologies,还有资金被分配用于开发更强大的能源控制技术。
" It currently manages 200,000 devices real-time (smart meters, smart thermostats, and sensors across its service area), and expects to be supporting 500,000 devices real-time in 2009 servicing 1 million consumers and 43,000 businesses",它目前实时管理着20万台设备（智能电表、智能恒温器和传感器遍布其服务区），预计在2009年支持50万台设备实时服务100万消费者和4.3万家企业。
 This project to install an intelligent energy grid places Portugal and EDP at the cutting edge of technological innovation and service provision in Europe,这个安装智能能源网络的项目将葡萄牙和EDP置于欧洲技术创新和服务提供的最前沿。
" If smart grids are deployed fully across the US, the country expects to save USD 130 billion annually",如果智能电网在整个美国得到充分部署，该国预计每年可节省1300亿美元。
 simulation and analysis tools,模拟和分析工具
" This is dependent on weather conditions, type of day, random events, incidents, etc",这取决于天气条件、日期类型、随机事件、事故等。
" In some areas, the supply of electricity, especially at peak times, could not keep up with this demand, resulting in poor power quality including blackouts, power cuts, and brownouts",在一些地区，电力供应，尤其是在高峰时段，无法满足需求，导致电力质量不佳，包括停电、断电和电压不稳。
 These constraints have since been remedied with the creation of a fast-signing and verification technology and buffering-free data processing,这些限制已经通过创建快速签名和验证技术以及无缓冲数据处理得到了解决。
"One of the first attempted deployments of ""smart grid"" technologies in the United States was rejected in 2009 by electricity regulators in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, a US state",美国第一次尝试部署“智能电网”技术是在2009年被美国马萨诸塞州的电力监管机构拒绝的。
"Towards the end of the 20th century, electricity demand patterns were established",在20世纪末期，电力需求模式已经确立。
" Because of limited data collection and processing capability during the period of growth of the grid, fixed-tariff arrangements were commonly put in place, as well as dual-tariff arrangements where night-time power was charged at a lower rate than daytime power",由于在电网发展阶段数据收集和处理能力有限，固定电价安排普遍实行，同时还有夜间电力费用低于白天电力费用的双重电价安排。
" This involves applying a Hash-Based Message Authentication Code to byte streams, converting the random-error detection available on legacy systems to a mechanism that guarantees data authenticity",这涉及将哈希消息认证代码应用于字节流，将遗留系统上可用的随机错误检测转换为保证数据真实性的机制。
 HECO will give customers incentives for reducing power consumption within 10 minutes of a notice,HECO将在10分钟内通知客户减少用电量，并提供激励措施。
A 2003 United States Department of Energy study calculated that internal modernization of US grids with smart grid capabilities would save between 46 and 117 billion dollars over the next 20 years if implemented within a few years of the study,2003年美国能源部的一项研究计算出，如果在研究进行几年后实施，美国电网内部现代化并具备智能电网功能，将在未来20年内节省460至1170亿美元。
Pacific Northwest Smart Grid Demonstration Project,太平洋西北智能电网示范项目
"  Aside from computer infiltration, there are also concerns that computer malware like Stuxnet, which targeted SCADA systems which are widely used in industry, could be used to attack a smart grid network",除了计算机渗透之外，人们还担心像Stuxnet这样的计算机恶意软件可能被用来攻击广泛用于工业的SCADA系统。
NIST has included ITU-T G,NIST已经包括ITU-T G
The Kuramoto model is a well-studied system,"""蔵本模型是一个研究充分的系统"""
 Siting of hydroelectric dams in mountain areas also strongly influenced the structure of the emerging grid,水电站在山区的选址也极大地影响了新兴电网的结构。
" It would allow management of the grid on all time scales from high-frequency switching devices on a microsecond scale, to wind and solar output variations on a minute scale, to the future effects of the carbon emissions generated by power production on a decade scale",这将使得能够在所有时间尺度上管理电网，从微秒级的高频开关设备，到分钟级的风能和太阳能输出变化，再到十年级的电力生产产生的碳排放的未来影响。
"Solar Cities - In Australia, the Solar Cities programme included close collaboration with energy companies to trial smart meters, peak and off-peak pricing, remote switching and related efforts",太阳城市 - 在澳大利亚，太阳城市计划与能源公司密切合作，试行智能电表、高峰和低谷定价、远程开关等相关工作。
 The project is a collaboration of E,这个项目是E的合作。
 Technological limitations on metering no longer force peak power prices to be averaged out and passed on to all consumers equally,技术限制对计量不再强制使峰值功率价格平均化并平均分配给所有消费者。
"  According to an article in the Boston Globe, Northeast Utilities' Western Massachusetts Electric Co",根据波士顿环球报的一篇文章，东北公用事业公司的西马萨诸塞电力公司
" By the end of 2010, the system will serve 1",到2010年底，系统将服务1
" addition of the digital layer, which is the essence of the smart grid",数字层的添加，这是智能电网的本质。
 Here the goal is to develop a winning strategy,这里的目标是制定一个获胜的策略。
 The metering capabilities of the 1960s grid meant technological limitations on the degree to which price signals could be propagated through the system,1960年代电网的计量能力意味着技术限制了价格信号在系统中传播的程度。
" The smart grid is estimated to have reduced power outages by an average of 60%, saving the city about 60 million dollars annually",智能电网估计平均减少了60%的停电，每年为城市节省约6000万美元。
" The objective is to enable utilities to better predict their needs, and in some cases involve consumers in a time-of-use tariff",这个目标是使公用事业公司能够更好地预测他们的需求，并在某些情况下让消费者参与时段电价。
 This means that each utility will take a different path to creating their smart grid and that different utilities will create smart grids at different adoption rates,这意味着每个公用事业公司将采取不同的道路来创建他们的智能电网，并且不同的公用事业公司将以不同的采纳速度创建智能电网。
"  The smart grid's backbone fiber-optic system was also used to provide the first gigabit-speed internet connection to residential customers in the US through the Fiber to the Home initiative, and now speeds of up to 10 gigabits per second are available to residents",智能电网的骨干纤维光系统也用于通过家庭光纤倡议为美国居民提供第一个千兆速度的互联网连接，现在居民可获得高达每秒10千兆的速度。
 Bush in December 2007,2007年12月的布什
One of the largest deployment programs in the world to-date is the U,目前全球最大的部署计划之一是U。
"Smart Grid Energy Research Center (SMERC) - Located at University of California, Los Angeles dedicated its efforts to large-scale testing of its smart EV charging network technology",智能电网能源研究中心(SMERC) - 位于加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校，致力于对其智能电动汽车充电网络技术进行大规模测试。
" For non-linear loads though, the load profile isn't smooth and as predictable, resulting in higher uncertainty and less accuracy using the traditional Artificial Intelligence models",对于非线性负载，负载曲线不平滑且不可预测，导致使用传统人工智能模型时的不确定性更高，准确性更低。
"Demand response support allows generators and loads to interact in an automated fashion in real-time, coordinating demand to flatten spikes",需求响应支持允许发电机和负载以自动化方式实时互动，协调需求以平稳化高峰。
"In the US, the city of Austin, Texas, has been working on building its smart grid since 2003, when its utility first replaced 1/3 of its manual meters with smart meters that communicate via a wireless mesh network",在美国，得克萨斯州奥斯汀市自2003年起就开始建设智能电网，当时其公用事业首次将1/3的手动电表更换为通过无线网格网络进行通信的智能电表。
" A smart grid employs innovative products and services together with intelligent monitoring, control, communication, and self-healing technologies in order to",一个智能电网利用创新产品和服务，以及智能监控、控制、通信和自愈技术，以达到愈。
"   Transformers which increase the voltage of electricity created at power plants for long-distance travel, transmission lines themselves, and distribution lines which deliver the electricity to its consumers are particularly susceptible",变压器可以使发电厂产生的电压升高，以便进行长距离输电，输电线路本身以及将电力输送给用户的配电线路特别容易受到影响。
4 million grant to Honeywell to implement the program using the OpenADR standard,给Honeywell提供400万美元的资助，以实施使用OpenADR标准的项目。
 Some factors that ANNs consider when developing these sort of models,"人工神经网络在开发这种模型时考虑的一些因素"""
" (9) Development of standards for communication and interoperability of appliances and equipment connected to the electric grid, including the infrastructure serving the grid",(9) 发展用于电网连接的电器和设备之间通信和互操作性的标准，包括为电网提供服务的基础设施。
The smart grid represents the full suite of current and proposed responses to the challenges of electricity supply,智能电网代表了目前和拟议中的对电力供应挑战的完整套解决方案。
" In general, information flows one way, from the users and the loads they control back to the utilities",通常情况下，信息是单向流动的，从用户和他们控制的负载返回给公用事业公司。
"   An example of a utility changing business model to produce more renewable energy is the Norwegian-based company, Equinor, which was a state-owned oil company which now are heavily investing in renewable energy",一个改变商业模式以生产更多可再生能源的实用公司的例子是挪威公司Equinor，它曾是一家国有石油公司，现在大力投资于可再生能源。
"  Additionally, even if utilities want to fully comply, they may find that it is too expensive to do so",此外，即使公用事业公司想要完全遵守，他们可能会发现这样做太昂贵了。
GridWise – A DOE OE program focused on developing information technology to modernize the U,GridWise - 一个美国能源部的项目，专注于开发信息技术以实现现代化。
" It will be possible to control and manage the state of the entire electricity distribution grid at any given instant, allowing suppliers and energy services companies to use this technological platform to offer consumers information and added-value energy products and services",在任何时刻都有可能控制和管理整个电力配电网络的状态，使供应商和能源服务公司能够利用这一技术平台向消费者提供信息和增值能源产品和服务。
" Although the total load is the sum of many individual choices of the clients, the overall load is not necessarily stable or slow varying",虽然总负载是客户的许多个人选择的总和，但总负载不一定稳定或变化缓慢。
" However, this created a new problem",然而，这产生了一个新问题。
"As wind power continues to gain popularity, it becomes a necessary ingredient in realistic power grid studies",随着风力发电继续普及，它已成为现实电网研究中必不可少的要素。
 smart grid will cost up to  2 trillion in customer benefits over that time,智能电网在此期间将花费高达2万亿美元的客户利益。
Electricity theft also represents a major challenge when providing reliable electrical service in developing countries,电力盗窃在发展中国家提供可靠电力服务时也是一个重大挑战。
"The generation of renewable energy can often be connected at the distribution level, instead of the transmission grids,  which means that DSO's can manage the flows and distribute power locally",可再生能源的产生通常可以在配电水平上连接，而不是在输电网上，这意味着配电公司可以管理电流并在当地分配电力。
" (5) Deployment of 'smart' technologies (real-time, automated, interactive technologies that optimize the physical operation of appliances and consumer devices) for metering, communications concerning grid operations and status, and distribution automation",部署“智能”技术（实时、自动化、互动技术，优化电器和消费者设备的物理操作）用于计量、与电网运营和状态有关的通信，以及配电自动化。
  These standards will be referred by NIST to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC),这些标准将被NIST提交给联邦能源监管委员会（FERC）。
1 effort drafting guidelines for integrating electric vehicles into the smart grid,为将电动车纳入智能电网制定指导方针的努力。
" Research is mainly focused on three systems of a smart grid – the infrastructure system, the management system, and the protection system",研究主要集中在智能电网的三个系统上-基础设施系统、管理系统和保护系统。
" and business process transformation, necessary to capitalize on the investments in smart technology",并进行业务流程转型，以充分利用对智能技术的投资。
3 million customers in the province of Ontario,安大略省有三百万客户。
 Twenty-three houses in the Ker Pissot neighborhood and surrounding areas were interconnected with a microgrid that was automated as a smart grid with software from Engie,柯尔皮索特社区及周边地区的二十三栋房屋被连接成了一个微网格，该微网格被自动化为一个智能电网，使用了安吉集团的软件。
" - This project is a demonstration across five Pacific Northwest states-Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming",这个项目是在五个西北太平洋州-爱达荷州、蒙大拿州、俄勒冈州、华盛顿州和怀俄明州进行的示范。
" ""The 30-plus page report from the GridWise Alliance, which represents stakeholders that design, build and operate the electric grid, takes a deep dive into grid modernization efforts across the country and ranks them by state",“代表设计、建造和运营电网利益相关者的GridWise联盟发布的30多页报告深入研究了全国范围内的电网现代化工作，并按州进行排名。”
 The increased efficiency and reliability of the smart grid is expected to save consumers money and help reduce CO2 emissions,智能电网的效率和可靠性提高，预计可以帮助消费者节省钱并减少二氧化碳排放。
"Although multiple routes are touted as a feature of the smart grid, the old grid also featured multiple routes",尽管多条路径被吹捧为智能电网的一项特色，但旧电网也具有多条路径。
" Devices such as industrial and domestic air conditioners, refrigerators, and heaters adjusted their duty cycle to avoid activation during times the grid was suffering a peak condition","""诸如工业和家用空调、冰箱和加热器等设备会调整它们的工作循环，以避免在电网处于高峰状态时启动。"""
"   The goal is to keep the system in balance, or to maintain phase synchronization (also known as phase locking)",目标是保持系统平衡，或者维持相位同步（也称为相位锁定）。
 Integration of the new grid information is one of the key issues in the design of smart grids,"""新网格信息的整合是智能电网设计中的关键问题之一"""
" This is undoubtedly a massive boon for energy providers, but also raises some significant security issues",这无疑是对能源供应商的巨大福利，但也带来了一些重大安全问题。
" Increasingly, electricity was depended on for industry, heating, communication, lighting, and entertainment, and consumers demanded ever-higher levels of reliability",越来越多地，工业、供暖、通信、照明和娱乐都依赖于电力，消费者要求更高水平的可靠性。
 Regulatory or legislative actions can also drive utilities to implement pieces of a smart grid puzzle,"""监管或立法行动也可以促使公用事业公司实施智能电网拼图的部分。"""
" Initial power lines in the grid were built using a radial model, later connectivity was guaranteed via multiple routes, referred to as a network structure",电网中最初的输电线路是采用径向模型建造的，后来通过多条路线来保证连通性，这被称为网络结构。
"The first alternating current power grid system was installed in 1886 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts",第一个交流电力网格系统于1886年安装在马萨诸塞州的大巴林顿。
  Two-way flows of electricity and information could improve the delivery network,双向的电力和信息流动可以改善交付网络。
OpenADR is an open-source smart grid communications standard used for demand response applications,OpenADR 是一种开源的智能电网通信标准，用于需求响应应用。
" Non-uniform oscillators also help to model different technologies, different types of power generators, patterns of consumption, and so on","""非均匀振荡器还有助于模拟不同的技术、不同类型的发电机、消费模式等等"""
"The earliest deployments of smart grids include the Italian system Telegestore (2005), the mesh network of Austin, Texas (since 2003), and the smart grid in Boulder, Colorado (2008)",最早部署智能电网的包括意大利的Telegestore系统（2005年）、德克萨斯州奥斯汀的网状网络（自2003年以来）、以及科罗拉多州博尔德的智能电网（2008年）。
"Demand response can be provided by commercial, residential loads, and industrial loads",需求响应可以提供商业、住宅负荷和工业负荷。
Transmission substations utilize one-time signature authentication technologies and one-way hash chain constructs,输电变电站利用一次性签名认证技术和单向哈希链构建。
 (HECO) is implementing a two-year pilot project to test the ability of an ADR program to respond to the intermittence of wind power,(HECO) 正在实施为期两年的试点项目，以测试ADR方案对风电间歇性的响应能力。
2 represents an extension of the work aimed at utility storage systems for transmission and distribution networks,2代表的是旨在为输电和配电网络提供实用存储系统的工作延伸。
  A smart grid aims to manage these situations,一个智能电网的目标是管理这些情况。
"Latency of the data flow is a major concern, with some early smart meter architectures allowing actually as long as 24 hours delay in receiving the data, preventing any possible reaction by either supplying or demanding devices",数据流的延迟是一个主要问题，一些早期的智能电表架构实际上允许长达24小时的延迟接收数据，从而阻止供应或需求设备做出任何可能的反应。
"While modernization of electrical grids into smart grids allows for optimization of everyday processes, a smart grid, being online, can be vulnerable to cyberattacks",尽管电网现代化为智能电网可以优化日常流程，但智能电网作为在线系统，容易受到网络攻击的威胁。
" These technologies are installed within the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power and Southern California Edison territory as a network of EV chargers, battery energy storage systems, solar panels, DC fast charger, and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) units",这些技术安装在洛杉矶水电部门和南加州爱迪生区域内，作为电动汽车充电桩、电池储能系统、太阳能电池板、直流快速充电器和车辆对网格（V2G）单元的网络。
"  Smart meters add continuous communications so that monitoring can be done in real-time, and can be used as a gateway to demand response-aware devices and ""smart sockets"" in the home",智能电表增加连续通信功能，可以实时监测，并可用作需求响应感知设备和家庭中的“智能插座”的网关。
" Some components, like the power system stabilizers (PSS)   installed on generators are very expensive, require complex integration in the grid's control system, are needed only during emergencies, and are only effective if other suppliers on the network have them",一些组件，比如安装在发电机上的电力系统稳定器（PSS）非常昂贵，需要在电网控制系统中进行复杂集成，仅在紧急情况下需要，并且只有在网络上其他供应商也具有它们时才有效。
"In the Netherlands a large-scale project (>5000 connections, >20 partners) was initiated to demonstrate integrated smart grids technologies, services and business cases",在荷兰，启动了一个大规模项目（>5000个连接，>20个合作伙伴），以展示综合智能电网技术、服务和商业案例。
"Power stations were located strategically to be close to fossil fuel reserves (either the mines or wells themselves or else close to rail, road, or port supply lines)",发电站被战略地布置在靠近化石燃料储备的地方（可以是矿山或油井本身，也可以是靠近铁路、公路或港口供应线）。
"In 2009, the US Department of Energy awarded an  11","在2009年，美国能源部授予了一个11"""
" Beginning in 2000, Italy's Telegestore Project was the first to network large numbers (27 million) of homes using smart meters connected via low bandwidth power line communication",从2000年开始，意大利的Telegestore项目是第一个通过低带宽电力线通信连接智能电表，将大量（2700万）住宅组成网络的项目。
" In the 1980s, automatic meter reading was used for monitoring loads from large customers and evolved into the Advanced Metering Infrastructure of the 1990s, whose meters could store how electricity was used at different times of the day",在上世纪80年代，自动抄表技术被用于监测大客户的用电负荷，并在上世纪90年代发展成先进的计量基础设施，其电表能够存储一天中不同时间电力的使用方式。
" Finally, growing concern over terrorist attacks in some countries has led to calls for a more robust energy grid that is less dependent on centralised power stations that were perceived to be potential attack targets",最后，对一些国家发生的恐怖袭击日益增长的关注导致呼吁建立更加强大的能源网络，减少对被认为是潜在攻击目标的中央发电站的依赖。
" Off-line storage, wind variability, supply, demand, pricing, and other factors can be modelled as a mathematical game","""离线存储、风力变化、供应、需求、定价和其他因素可以被建模为数学游戏"""
Modern Grid Initiative (MGI) is a collaborative effort between the U,现代电网倡议（MGI）是U之间的协作努力。
"   However, some commentators have suggested that the benefits that could be realized from Smart Grid standardization could be threatened by a growing number of patents that cover Smart Grid architecture and technologies",然而，一些评论家已经建议，智能电网标准化所能实现的好处可能会受到涵盖智能电网架构和技术的专利数量不断增加的威胁。
"  This work has begun, and the first standards have already been selected for inclusion in NIST's Smart Grid catalog",这项工作已经开始，第一个标准已经被选中纳入NIST的智能电网目录中。
"  According to the Boston Globe, the plan ""unfairly targeted low-income customers and circumvented Massachusetts laws meant to help struggling consumers keep the lights on""",根据波士顿环球报报道，这项计划“不公平地针对低收入客户，并绕过了旨在帮助陷入困境的消费者保持照明的马萨诸塞州法律”。
" Finally, risk mitigation solutions, which may include simple remediation of infrastructure inadequacies or novel strategies, can be deployed to address the situation",最后，可以部署风险缓解解决方案，这些解决方案可能包括基础设施不足的简单补救措施或新颖的策略，以解决这种情况。
"  Insurance company Lloyd's of London has already modeled the outcome of a cyberattack on the Eastern Interconnection, which has the potential to impact 15 states, put 93 million people in the dark, and cost the country's economy anywhere from  1 trillion in various damages",伦敦劳埃德保险公司已经对东部互联网的网络攻击结果进行了建模，这可能会影响15个州，使9300万人陷入黑暗，并使该国经济受到各种损失，损失高达1万亿美元。
"IEEE P2030 is an IEEE project developing a ""Draft Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability of Energy Technology and Information Technology Operation with the Electric Power System (EPS), and End-Use Applications and Loads""",IEEE P2030 是一个IEEE项目，旨在开发一个有关能源技术和信息技术与电力系统（EPS）、终端应用和负荷互操作性的“智能电网指南（Draft Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability）”。
" The initiative won the ""Best AMR Initiative in North America"" award from the Utility Planning Network",该倡议赢得了Utility Planning Network颁发的“北美最佳AMR倡议”奖项。
"  Indifference from the IT companies, both DSO's and utilities can use their market experience to give consumers energy-use advice and efficiency upgrades to create excellent customer service","""IT公司的不關心，DSO和公用事業可以利用他們的市場經驗為消費者提供節能建議和效率升級，以創造出色的客戶服務。"""
 The CIM provides for common semantics to be used for turning data into information,CIM 提供了用于将数据转化为信息的公共语义。
" Department of Energy (DOE) as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Smart Grid Investment Grant and Demonstrations Program funded special consumer behavior studies to examine the acceptance, retention, and response of consumers subscribed to time-based utility rate programs Archived 2015-03-18 at the Wayback Machine that involve advanced metering infrastructure and customer systems such as in-home displays and programmable communicating thermostats",美国能源部（DOE）作为美国复苏和再投资法案智能电网投资补助和示范计划的一部分，资助了特别的消费者行为研究，以探讨订阅基于时间的公用事业费率计划的消费者的接受、保留和响应，这些计划涉及先进的计量基础设施和客户系统，如家庭显示器和可编程通信恒温器。
" Department of Energy has prioritized research and development to decrease the electric grid's vulnerability to cyberattacks, citing them as an ""imminent danger"" in its 2017 Quadrennial Energy Review",能源部已将研究和开发工作优先级提高，以减少电网对网络攻击的脆弱性，将其列为其2017年四年一次能源审查中的“迫在眉睫的危险”。
" Dominant forms such as wind power and solar power are highly variable, and so the need for more sophisticated control systems became apparent, to facilitate the connection of sources to the otherwise highly controllable grid",主导形式，如风力和太阳能，变化很大，因此需要更复杂的控制系统变得明显，以便连接到本来就高度可控的电网。
 Electric utilities now find themselves making three classes of transformations,电力公用事业现在发现自己正在进行三类转型。
DSO's can focus on creating good customer engagement strategies to create loyalty and trust towards the customer,DSO可以专注于制定良好的客户参与策略，以建立客户忠诚度和信任。
"A common element to most definitions is the application of digital processing and communications to the power grid, making data flow and information management central to the smart grid",大多数定义中共同的元素是将数字处理和通信应用于电网，使数据流和信息管理成为智能电网的核心。
" classification of load profiles of different customer classes based on the consumption of electricity, increased responsiveness of demand to predict real time electricity prices as compared to conventional grids, the need to input past demand as different components, such as peak load, base load, valley load, average load, etc",根据不同客户类别的用电量，对负载剖面进行分类，增加需求的灵活性，以预测实时电价，与传统电网相比，需要将过去的需求输入为不同组成部分，如峰值负荷、基础负荷、谷值负荷、平均负荷等。
"was strong stakeholder consensus""",是强有力的利益相关者共识。
1 defines necessary guidelines and principles,1 定义了必要的准则和原则
 The total amount of power demanded by the users can have a very wide probability distribution which requires spare generating plants in standby mode to respond to the rapidly changing power usage,用户需求的总电力量可能有非常广泛的概率分布，需要备用发电厂处于待机模式，以响应快速变化的电力使用。
" Eliminating the fraction of demand that occurs in these spikes eliminates the cost of adding reserve generators, cuts wear and tear and extends the life of equipment, and allows users to cut their energy bills by telling low priority devices to use energy only when it is cheapest",消除在这些高峰期发生的需求分数可以消除增加备用发电机的成本，减少磨损和延长设备的使用寿命，并允许用户通过告诉低优先级设备仅在电价最便宜时使用能源来减少能源账单。
" Using mathematical prediction algorithms it is possible to predict how many standby generators need to be used, to reach a certain failure rate",使用数学预测算法可以预测需要使用多少备用发电机，以达到特定的故障率。
  Electronic power conditioning and control of the production and distribution of electricity are important aspects of the smart grid,“电子电力调节和控制生产和分配电力是智能电网的重要方面。”
Monitoring and synchronization of wide-area networks were revolutionized in the early 1990s when the Bonneville Power Administration expanded its smart grid research with prototype sensors that are capable of very rapid analysis of anomalies in electricity quality over very large geographic areas,20世纪90年代初，随着邦尼维尔电力管理局扩大智能电网研究，对广域网进行监控和同步的技术得到了革命性的改进，该机构开发出了能够对电力质量异常进行快速分析的原型传感器，在很大的地理区域内实现了电力质量的监测和同步。
" It could have an immediate effect on transportation infrastructure, as traffic lights and other routing mechanisms as well as ventilation equipment for underground roadways is reliant on electricity",它可能会对交通基础设施产生直接影响，因为交通灯和其他路由机制以及地下道路的通风设备都依赖于电力。
" In order for grids to operate economically and reliably, demand forecasting is essential, because it is used to predict the amount of power that will be consumed by the load",为了使电网在经济和可靠地运作，需求预测至关重要，因为它被用来预测负荷消耗的电力数量。
" Grid frequency could be used to communicate load information without the need of an additional telecommunication network, but it would not support economic bargaining or quantification of contributions",电网频率可以用来传递负载信息，而无需额外的电信网络，但它不支持经济交易或贡献量的量化。
"  In 2015, the World Economic Forum reported a transformational investment of more than  300 billion per year) to modernize, expand, and decentralize the electricity infrastructure with technical innovation as key to the transformation",在2015年，世界经济论坛报告称，每年有超过3000亿美元的变革性投资用于现代化、扩展和分散电力基础设施，技术创新是变革的关键。
 Hawaii has a goal to obtain 70 percent of its power from renewable sources by 2030,夏威夷的目标是到2030年从可再生能源中获得70％的电力。
"Next-generation transmission and distribution infrastructure will be better able to handle possible bidirectional energy flows, allowing for distributed generation such as from photovoltaic panels on building roofs, but also charging to/from the batteries of electric cars, wind turbines, pumped hydroelectric power, the use of fuel cells, and other sources",下一代输电和配电基础设施将更好地处理可能的双向能源流，允许分布式发电，比如建筑物屋顶上的光伏板，同时也可以为电动汽车、风力发电机、抽水蓄能电站、燃料电池和其他能源的电池充电和放电。
" These decisions are sent back to the field, where existing equipment execute them",这些决定被送回到现场，现有的设备执行它们。
"hn is standard for high-speed communications over power lines, phone lines and coaxial cables","""hn 是用于通过电力线、电话线和同轴电缆进行高速通信的标准"""
  The technology in microgrids makes energy consumption cheaper for households than buying from utilities,微电网技术使家庭的能源消耗比从公用事业购买更便宜。
" The GWAC provides industry guidance and tools to articulate the goal of interoperability across the electric system, identify the concepts and architectures needed to make interoperability possible, and develop actionable steps to facilitate the inter operation of the systems, devices, and institutions that encompass the nation's electric system",GWAC提供行业指导和工具，以阐明跨电力系统互操作性的目标，确定实现互操作性所需的概念和体系结构，并制定可操作的步骤，促进涵盖全国电力系统的系统、设备和机构之间的互操作。
 The model has also been used to describe the synchronization patterns in the blinking of fireflies,这个模型也被用来描述萤火虫眨眼的同步模式。
 MultiSpeak has a robust set of integration definitions that supports nearly all of the software interfaces necessary for a distribution utility or for the distribution portion of a vertically integrated utility,MultiSpeak拥有一个强大的集成定义集，支持几乎所有分配公用事业或垂直一体化公用事业的软件接口。
"Other solutions include utilizing transmission substations, constrained SCADA networks, policy based data sharing, and attestation for constrained smart meters",其他解决方案包括利用传输变电站、受限SCADA网络、基于政策的数据共享和受限智能电表的证明。
"hn as one of the ""Standards Identified for Implementation"" for the Smart Grid ""for which it believed there",作为智能电网“实施标准”之一，hn相信其中。
"The damage from a well-executed, sizable cyberattack could be extensive and long-lasting",一场执行得当、规模可观的网络攻击可能会造成广泛且长期的损害。
GridWise Architecture Council (GWAC) was formed by the U,"""GridWise Architecture Council (GWAC) 是由 U 成立的"""
" One of the biggest issues with attestation for constrained smart meters is that in order to prevent energy theft, and similar attacks, cyber security providers have to make sure that the devices' software is authentic",受限智能电表认证面临的最大问题之一是，为了防止能源盗窃和类似攻击，网络安全提供商必须确保设备软件是真实的。
Electricity theft is a concern in the U,电力盗窃是U中的一个问题。
 MultiSpeak integration is defined using extensible markup language (XML) and web services,"""MultiSpeak 集成是使用可扩展标记语言（XML）和网络服务定义的"""
 and eliminating or containing failures such as widespread power grid cascading failures,"""并消除或遏制诸如广泛电力网级联故障之类的故障"""
"""A Smart Grid is an electricity network that can cost efficiently integrate the behaviour and actions of all users connected to it – generators, consumers and those that do both – in order to ensure economically efficient, sustainable power system with low losses and high levels of quality and security of supply and safety",智能电网是一个电力网络，可以以成本效益的方式整合所有连接到它的用户的行为和行动 - 发电机、消费者以及两者兼顾的人 - 以确保经济高效、可持续的电力系统，降低损耗，提高供电质量和安全性和安全性。
"The smart grid makes use of technologies such as state estimation,  that improve fault detection and allow self-healing of the network without the intervention of technicians",智能电网利用诸如状态估计等技术，提高故障检测能力，并且在无需技术人员干预的情况下实现网络的自愈。
"  As well as these industrial modernization benefits, smart grid features could expand energy efficiency beyond the grid into the home by coordinating low priority home devices such as water heaters so that their use of power takes advantage of the most desirable energy sources",除了这些工业现代化的好处外，智能电网功能还可以将能源效率扩展到家庭之外，通过协调低优先级家用设备（如热水器），使它们的用电能够利用最理想的能源。
"  One of the key capabilities of this connectivity is the ability to remotely switch off power supplies, enabling utilities to quickly and easily cease or modify supplies to customers who default on payment",这种连接的关键能力之一是远程关闭电源供应的能力，使公用事业能够快速轻松地停止或修改对未付款的客户供应。
"ON, Viessmann, gridX and hydrogenious together with the RWTH Aachen University","""ON、Viessmann、gridX和hydrogenious与亚琛工业大学一起"""
"Numerous contributions to the overall improvement of the efficiency of energy infrastructure are anticipated from the deployment of smart grid technology, in particular including demand-side management, for example turning off air conditioners during short-term spikes in electricity price, reducing the voltage when possible on distribution lines Archived 2013-06-27 at the Wayback Machine through Voltage/VAR Optimization (VVO), eliminating truck-rolls for meter reading, and reducing truck-rolls by improved outage management using data from Advanced Metering Infrastructure systems",预计通过部署智能电网技术，特别是包括需求侧管理在内，将为能源基础设施的整体效率改善做出大量贡献，例如在电价短期飙升时关闭空调，尽可能降低配电线路的电压，通过电压/无功优化（VVO）来消除抄表的车辆巡逻，利用先进计量基础设施系统的数据改进停电管理，从而减少车辆巡逻。
 Evans in their study introduced the concept of a substation based smart protection and hybrid Inspection Unit,埃文斯在他们的研究中引入了基于变电站的智能保护和混合巡检单位的概念。
 The French utility company Engie did this by buying the service provider Ecova and OpTerra Energy Services,法国公用事业公司Engie通过收购服务提供商Ecova和OpTerra能源服务公司来实现这一目标。
"Under the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA), NIST is charged with overseeing the identification and selection of hundreds of standards that will be required to implement the Smart Grid in the U",根据2007年《能源独立与安全法案》(EISA)，NIST负责监督数百项标准的识别和选择，以实施智能电网。
" The relatively low utilisation of these peaking generators (commonly, gas turbines were used due to their relatively lower capital cost and faster start-up times), together with the necessary redundancy in the electricity grid, resulting in high costs to the electricity companies, which were passed on in the form of increased tariffs",这些峰值发电机的利用率相对较低（通常使用燃气轮机由于其相对较低的资本成本和更快的启动时间），加上电网必要的冗余，导致电力公司成本高昂，这些成本通过提高电费形式转嫁给用户。
7 million pounds of carbon emissions,7百万磅的碳排放
 Nuclear power plants were sited for the availability of cooling water,核电站的选址是考虑到冷却水的可用性。
" These standards include IEC 61850 which is an architecture for substation automation, and IEC 61970/61968 – the Common Information Model (CIM)",这些标准包括IEC 61850，这是一个用于变电站自动化的架构，以及IEC 61970/61968 - 公共信息模型（CIM）。
  Policy in the United States is described in 42 U,"""美国的政策被描述在42 U"""
"  Technologies included Advanced Metering Infrastructure, including over 65 million Advanced ""Smart"" Meters, Customer Interface Systems, Distribution & Substation Automation, Volt/VAR Optimization Systems, over 1,000 Synchrophasors, Dynamic Line Rating, Cyber Security Projects, Advanced Distribution Management Systems, Energy Storage Systems, and Renewable Energy Integration Projects",技术包括先进的计量基础设施，包括超过6500万个先进的“智能”电表，客户界面系统，配电和变电站自动化，电压/无功优化系统，超过1000个同步相量计，动态线路评级，网络安全项目，先进的配电管理系统，能量存储系统和可再生能源整合项目。
 These are in addition to their primary functions of eliminating the need for human meter reading and measuring the time-of-use of electricity,这些功能是在消除人工抄表和测量用电时间的基本功能之外的。
Smart grid policy is organized in Europe as Smart Grid European Technology Platform,智能电网政策在欧洲以智能电网欧洲技术平台的形式组织。
 There is also support for vehicle-to-grid,还支持车辆对电网。
  It is thought that consumers and businesses will tend to consume less during high-demand periods if it is possible for consumers and consumer devices to be aware of the high price premium for using electricity at peak periods,据认为，如果消费者和企业能够意识到在高峰时段使用电力的高价格溢价，消费者和企业在高需求时期会倾向于消费更少。
4 billion by 2015,到2015年为止有40亿
" Deployment of power-line interrupters (1170 units) was completed in April 2012, and deployment of smart meters (172,079 units) was completed in 2013","""电力线中断器（1170台）的部署在2012年4月完成，智能电表（172,079台）的部署在2013年完成"""
"   If patents that cover standardized Smart Grid elements are not revealed until technology is broadly distributed throughout the network (""locked-in""), significant disruption could occur when patent holders seek to collect unanticipated rents from large segments of the market",如果覆盖标准化智能电网元素的专利直到技术在整个网络中广泛分布才被揭示（“被锁定”），当专利持有人试图从市场的大部分收取意外租金时，可能会发生重大的中断。
" if the current flow or related effects across the network exceed the limits of any particular network element, it could fail, and the current would be shunted to other network elements, which eventually may fail also, causing a domino effect",如果网络中的电流流动或相关效应超过任何特定网络元素的限制，它可能会失败，并且电流会被转移到其他网络元素，最终可能导致其也失败，引发连锁效应。
" Much of the work that has been going on in electric grid modernization, especially substation and distribution automation, is now included in the general concept of the smart grid",许多关于电网现代化的工作，特别是变电站和配电自动化方面，现在都被包括在智能电网的总体概念中。
" Finally, fossil fuel-fired power stations were initially very polluting and were sited as far as economically possible from population centres once electricity distribution networks permitted it",最后，化石燃料发电站最初非常污染，并且一旦电力分配网络允许，它们被安置在尽可能远离人口中心的地方。
" In a smart grid, the load reduction by even a small portion of the clients may eliminate the problem",在智能电网中，即使是一小部分客户的负荷减少也可能消除问题。
" The IntelliGrid Consortium is a public/private partnership that integrates and optimizes global research efforts, funds technology R&D, works to integrate technologies, and disseminates technical information",“智能电网联盟是一个公私合作伙伴关系，整合和优化全球研究成果，资助技术研发，致力于整合技术，并传播技术信息。”
"In the 20th century, local grids grew over time and were eventually interconnected for economic and reliability reasons",在20世纪，随着时间的推移，当地的电网逐渐壮大，并最终为了经济和可靠性的原因而相互连接。
 Various capabilities result from the deeply integrated use of digital technology with power grids,各种能力是由数字技术与电网深度整合使用而产生的。
" In a recent brainstorming session,  the power grid was considered within the context of optimal control, ecology, human cognition, glassy dynamics, information theory, microphysics of clouds, and many others",在最近的头脑风暴会议中，电网被考虑在最优控制、生态学、人类认知、玻璃动力学、信息理论、云微物理等多个背景下。
The total load connected to the power grid can vary significantly over time,连接到电网的总负载可能会随时间显著变化。
"  Power from photovoltaic cells (and to lesser extent wind turbines) has also, significantly, called into question the imperative for large, centralised power stations",光伏电池（以及较小程度上的风力涡轮机）产生的电力，显著地对大型集中式发电站的必要性提出了质疑。
"  This plan was rejected by regulators as it ""eroded important protections for low-income customers against shutoffs""",这个计划被监管机构拒绝了，因为它“削弱了对低收入客户防止断电的重要保护”。
" improvement of infrastructure, called the strong grid in China",基础设施的改善，在中国被称为强网。
 Its starting point is the California OpenADR standard,它的起点是加利福尼亚OpenADR标准。
 electric grid before on numerous occasions,"""在许多次之前的电网"""
 These new solutions pave the way of new entrants that were traditionally not related to the energy grid,这些新解决方案为传统上与能源网络无关的新进入者铺平了道路。
 It can also cause an hours-long outage in a small radius,这也可能会导致小范围内长达几小时的停电。
" By the 1960s, the electric grids of developed countries had become very large, mature, and highly interconnected, with thousands of 'central' generation power stations delivering power to major load centres via high capacity power lines which were then branched and divided to provide power to smaller industrial and domestic users over the entire supply area",到了1960年代，发达国家的电网已经变得非常庞大、成熟和高度互联，成千上万的“中央”发电站通过高容量的电力线路将电力输送到主要负荷中心，然后再分支和划分以向整个供电区域的较小工业和家庭用户提供电力。
"Currently, power grid systems have varying degrees of communication within control systems for their high-value assets, such as in generating plants, transmission lines, substations, and major energy users",目前，电力网格系统在其高价值资产（如发电厂、输电线路、变电站和主要能源用户）的控制系统中具有不同程度的通信。
" House of Representatives Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings, and Emergency Management, the electric grid has already seen a sizable number of cyber intrusions, with two in every five aiming to incapacitate it",众议院经济发展、公共建筑和紧急管理小组委员会表示，电网已经受到相当数量的网络入侵，其中有五分之二的入侵旨在使其瘫痪。
"There is a growing trend towards the use of TCP/IP technology as a common communication platform for smart meter applications, so that utilities can deploy multiple communication systems, while using IP technology as a common management platform",有一个越来越流行的趋势，即将TCP/IP技术作为智能电表应用的常见通信平台，以便公用事业公司可以部署多个通信系统，同时使用IP技术作为常见管理平台。
" The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power, even without the addition of energy storage",智能电网的改进灵活性允许更高比例的高度变化的可再生能源，如太阳能和风能，即使没有能源储存的增加。
"Classic grids were designed for a one-way flow of electricity, but if a local sub-network generates more power than it is consuming, the reverse flow can raise safety and reliability issues","""经典电网是为电力的单向流设计的，但如果当地的分布式电网产生比其消耗更多的电力，逆向流可能会引发安全和可靠性问题"""
 The motivation for dual-tariff arrangements was the lower night-time demand,双重收费安排的动机是夜间需求较低。
 This brings new opportunity for DSO's to expand their market by selling energy directly to the consumer,这为DSO有机会通过直接向消费者出售能源来扩大市场。
" (3) Deployment and integration of distributed resources and generation, including renewable resources",(3) 部署和整合分布式资源和发电，包括可再生资源
  Most utilities find it difficult to justify installing a communications infrastructure for a single application (e,大多数公用事业公司发现很难为单一应用程序安装通信基础设施（e）。
In November 2017 the non-profit GridWise Alliance along with Clean Edge Inc,在2017年11月，非营利性组织GridWise Alliance与Clean Edge Inc共同...
" One incapacitated substation could take from nine days to over a year to repair, depending on the nature of the attack",一个瘫痪的变电站修复时间可能需要从九天到一年以上，具体时间取决于攻击的性质。
", a clean energy group, released rankings for all 50 states in their efforts to modernize the electric grid",“一个清洁能源团体发布了对所有50个州在现代化电网方面努力的排名”
 The total cost of replacing it with a smart grid is estimated to be more than USD 4 trillion,用智能电网替换的总成本估计超过4万亿美元。
  The National Electric Delivery Technologies Roadmap is the implementation document for the Grid 2030 vision,"""国家电力传输技术路线图是实施2030年电网愿景的文件。"""
" Dual tariffs made possible the use of low-cost night-time electrical power in applications such as the maintaining of 'heat banks' which served to 'smooth out' the daily demand, and reduce the number of turbines that needed to be turned off overnight, thereby improving the utilisation and profitability of the generation and transmission facilities",双重电价制度使得低成本的夜间电力得以应用在热能库的维持等方面，从而平滑每日需求，减少需要在夜间关闭的涡轮机数量，进而提高发电和输电设施的利用率和盈利能力。
  Reports from all individual utility programs as well as overall impact reports will be completed by the second quarter of 2015,所有独立实用程序的报告以及整体影响报告将于2015年第二季度完成。
"Concerns with smart grid technology mostly focus on smart meters, items enabled by them, and general security issues",对智能电网技术的关注主要集中在智能电表、由其启用的设备和一般安全问题上。
 Electric power systems can be classified in multiple different ways,电力系统可以以多种不同的方式分类。
"To reduce demand during the high-cost peak usage periods, communications and metering technologies inform smart devices in the home and business when energy demand is high and track how much electricity is used and when it is used",为了在高成本高峰用电时期减少需求，通信和计量技术会通知家庭和企业中的智能设备，何时需求高，跟踪用电量和用电时间。
" The GridWise Alliance is a consortium of public and private electricity sector stakeholders, providing a forum for idea exchanges, cooperative efforts, and meetings with policy makers at federal and state levels",GridWise联盟是一个由公共和私人电力部门利益相关者组成的联合体，为在联邦和州级别与政策制定者进行想法交流、合作努力和会议提供一个平台。
 The GWAC members are a balanced and respected team representing the many constituencies of the electricity supply chain and users,GWAC成员是一个平衡和受尊重的团队，代表了电力供应链和用户的许多利益相关者。
"  Hackers have the potential to disrupt these automated control systems, severing the channels which allow generated electricity to be utilized",黑客有可能破坏这些自动控制系统，切断允许利用发电的通道。
 The Roadmap outlines the key issues and challenges for modernizing the grid and suggests paths that government and industry can take to build America's future electric delivery system,"""这份路线图概述了现代化电网的关键问题和挑战，并提出了政府和行业可以采取的路径，以建设美国未来的电力输送系统"""
 They are generally studied within the framework of complex systems,它们通常在复杂系统的框架内进行研究。
 (8) Provision to consumers of timely information and control options,向消费者提供及时信息和控制选项。
" Traditionally, to respond to a rapid increase in power consumption, faster than the start-up time of a large generator, some spare generators are put on a dissipative standby mode",传统上，为了响应电力消耗的快速增加，比大型发电机的启动时间更快，一些备用发电机被置于耗散待机模式。
" Because a smart grid has a large number of access points, like smart meters, defending all of its weak points can prove difficult",由于智能电网有大量的接入点，如智能电表，防御所有的弱点可能会很困难。
   The Council on Foreign Relations has noted that states are most likely to be the perpetrators of such an attack as they have access to the resources to carry one out despite the high level of difficulty of doing so,外交关系委员会指出，各国最有可能是此类袭击的肇事者，因为他们可以获得资源来执行这样的行动，尽管执行起来很困难。
 with the virtual network being provided by the network simulator,通过网络模拟器提供的虚拟网络
" The program's focus includes coordinating efforts on high temperature superconducting systems, transmission reliability technologies, electric distribution technologies, energy storage devices, and GridWise systems",该计划的重点包括协调高温超导系统、输电可靠性技术、电力配电技术、能量存储设备和GridWise系统的工作。
" Smart grids could also monitor/control residential devices that are noncritical during periods of peak power consumption, and return their function during nonpeak hours","""智能电网还可以监控/控制在高峰用电时期非关键的住宅设备，并在非高峰时段恢复其功能"""
Île d'Yeu began a 2-year pilot program in Spring of 2020,"""Île d'Yeu在2020年春季开始了为期2年的试点项目"""
" In parallel, growing concerns over environmental damage from fossil-fired power stations have led to a desire to use large amounts of renewable energy",与此同时，对化石燃料发电站造成的环境破坏日益增长的担忧导致人们希望大量使用可再生能源。
The IEEE has created a standard to support synchrophasors – C37,IEEE已经创建了一个标准来支持同步相量- C37。
" Because of this, a utility must typically identify several applications that will use the same communications infrastructure – for example, reading a meter, monitoring power quality, remote connection and disconnection of customers, enabling demand response, etc",因此，一家公用事业通常必须确定几个将使用相同通信基础设施的应用程序，例如，读取计量表、监控电力质量、远程连接和断开客户、启用需求响应等。
"  For example, Alcoa's Warrick Operation is participating in MISO as a qualified Demand Response Resource,  and the Trimet Aluminium uses its smelter as a short-term mega-battery",例如，阿尔科亚的沃里克工厂参与MISO作为合格的需求响应资源，而特里梅特铝业利用其冶炼厂作为短期超大型电池。
 where the smart meters being deployed use RF technology to communicate with the electricity transmission network,部署的智能电表使用射频技术与电力传输网络进行通信。
That definition was used in the European Commission Communication (2011) 202,该定义被用于欧洲委员会的通信（2011）202。
 Honeywell is developing a demand response pilot and feasibility study for China with the State Grid Corp,霍尼韦尔正在与国家电网公司合作，为中国开展需求响应试点和可行性研究。
"Smart grid technologies emerged from earlier attempts at using electronic control, metering, and monitoring",智能电网技术源自早期尝试使用电子控制、计量和监测技术。
 domestic heating and air-conditioning led to daily peaks in demand that were met by an array of 'peaking power generators' that would only be turned on for short periods each day,国内供暖和空调导致每天需求量的高峰，这些需求量由一系列的“峰值发电机”来满足，这些发电机每天只会开启短暂的时间。
" Some HAN designers favor decoupling control functions from the meter, out of concern of future mismatches with new standards and technologies available from the fast moving business segment of home electronic devices",一些HAN设计师倾向于将控制功能与仪表分离，担心将来可能会与家用电子设备快速发展的商业领域中新的标准和技术不匹配。
 (6) Integration of 'smart' appliances and consumer devices,"""（6）智能家电和消费者设备的整合"""
" Some of the benefits of such a modernized electricity network include the ability to reduce power consumption at the consumer side during peak hours, called demand side management",这种现代化电力网络的一些好处包括在高峰时段减少消费者端的用电量，称为需求侧管理。
"This program consisted of Investment Grants (matching), Demonstration Projects, Consumer Acceptance Studies, and Workforce Education Programs",这个计划包括投资补助（配套）、示范项目、消费者接受研究和劳动力教育项目。
"Attestation for constrained smart meters faces a slightly different challenge, however",“受限智能电表的证明面临着一个略有不同的挑战，然而”
"  At that time, the grid was a centralized unidirectional system of electric power transmission, electricity distribution, and demand-driven control",那时，电网是一个集中的单向系统，用于电力传输、电力分配和需求驱动控制。
 The culmination of this work was the first operational Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS) in 2000,这项工作的巅峰是2000年首个运行的广域测量系统（WAMS）。
" Several utilities have applied IntelliGrid architecture including Southern California Edison, Long Island Power Authority, Salt River Project, and TXU Electric Delivery",几家公用事业公司已应用IntelliGrid架构，包括南加州爱迪生、长岛电力管理局、盐河项目和TXU电能交付。
"The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power, even without the addition of energy storage",智能电网的灵活性提高了，可以更好地渗透高度变化的可再生能源，比如太阳能和风能，甚至不需要额外增加能源储存设备。
" Strategies to account for human error which can compromise systems include educating those who work in the field to be wary of strange USB drives, which can introduce malware if inserted, even if just to check their contents",防范人为错误的策略包括对从事该领域工作的人进行教育，提醒他们警惕陌生的USB驱动器，即使只是检查其内容，也可能导致恶意软件的感染。
"  This includes Advanced Metering Infrastructure systems which, when used with various software can be used to detect power theft and by process of elimination, detect where equipment failures have taken place",这包括高级计量基础设施系统，当与各种软件一起使用时，可以用来检测电力盗窃，并通过排除法检测设备故障发生的地点。
"  Some experiments used the term broadband over power lines (BPL), while others used wireless technologies such as mesh networking promoted for more reliable connections to disparate devices in the home as well as supporting metering of other utilities such as gas and water",一些实验使用了“宽带电力线路（BPL）”一词，而其他人则使用了无线技术，如网状网络，用于更可靠地连接家庭中不同的设备，并支持对其他公用事业如燃气和水的计量。
 A dynamic system apportions the energy provided by the solar panels and stored in the battery and hot water heaters to the system of 23 houses,一个动态系统将太阳能板提供的能量和储存在电池和热水器中的能量分配给23所房屋的系统。
" In January 2016, EPB became the first major power distribution system to earn Performance Excellence in Electricity Renewal (PEER) certification",在2016年1月，EPB成为第一个获得电力更新绩效卓越（PEER）认证的主要电力配电系统。
" DOE's Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE) sponsors the initiative, which builds upon Grid 2030 and the National Electricity Delivery Technologies Roadmap and is aligned with other programs such as GridWise and GridWorks",美国能源部的电力输送和能源可靠性办公室（OE）赞助这项计划，该计划基于Grid 2030和国家电力输送技术路线图，并与GridWise和GridWorks等其他项目保持一致。
 It also gives utility companies the ability to reduce consumption by communicating to devices directly in order to prevent system overloads,它还可以让水电公司通过直接与设备通讯的方式来减少消耗，以防止系统超负荷。
  Some security experts warn that this type of event is easily scalable to grids elsewhere,一些安全专家警告称，这种事件很容易扩展到其他地方的网络。
"Part of the IEEE Smart Grid Initiative,  IEEE 2030","""IEEE 2030 是IEEE智能电网计划的一部分"""
" To combat this problem, an architecture for constrained smart networks has been created and implemented at a low level in the embedded system",为了解决这个问题，在嵌入式系统中已经创建并实施了一种用于受限智能网络的架构。
" large coal-, gas- and oil-fired power stations in the 1 GW (1000 MW) to 3 GW scale are still found to be cost-effective, due to efficiency-boosting features that can be cost-effective only when the stations become very large",1至3吉瓦规模的大型燃煤、燃气和燃油发电站仍然被发现具有成本效益，这是因为只有当发电站变得非常大时，才能实现提高效率的功能。
"  Most electricity generation, transmission, and distribution facilities and equipment are owned by private stakeholders, further complicating the task of assessing adherence to such standards",大多数发电、输电和配电设施和设备都由私营利益相关者拥有，进一步复杂化了评估其遵守这些标准的任务。
" A less expensive communication mechanism is proposed  using a form of ""dynamic demand management"" where devices shave peaks by shifting their loads in reaction to grid frequency",提出一种更便宜的通信机制，使用一种“动态需求管理”的形式，设备通过根据电网频率的变化来调整负荷，从而削峰。
Many different concepts have been used to model intelligent power grids,许多不同的概念已经被用来建模智能电网。
" According to IEEE Security and Privacy Magazine, the smart grid will require that people develop and use large computer and communication infrastructure that supports a greater degree of situational awareness and that allows for more specific command and control operations",根据IEEE安全与隐私杂志的报道，智能电网将需要人们开发和使用大型计算机和通信基础设施，以支持更高程度的态势感知，并允许进行更具体的指挥和控制操作。
" The GridWise Architecture Council Interoperability Context Setting Framework, V 1",“GridWise体系结构委员会互操作性上下文设置框架，版本1”
Policy-based data sharing utilizes GPS-clock-synchronized-fine-grain power grid measurements to provide increased grid stability and reliability,政策基础的数据共享利用GPS时钟同步的精细化电网测量数据，提高电网稳定性和可靠性。
" Because of the diverse range of factors, there are numerous competing taxonomies and no agreement on a universal definition",由于多种因素的存在，存在着众多相互竞争的分类法，关于普遍定义没有达成一致。
"The first official definition of Smart Grid was provided by the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA-2007), which was approved by the US Congress in January 2007, and signed to law by President George W",智能电网的第一个官方定义是由2007年的《能源独立与安全法案》（EISA-2007）提供的，该法案于2007年1月获得美国国会批准，并由乔治·W总统签署生效。
  A 2019 study from International Energy Agency  estimates that the current (depreciated) value of the US electric grid is more than USD 1 trillion,国际能源机构的2019年研究估计，美国电网目前（折旧）价值超过1万亿美元。
" The overall effect is less redundancy in transmission and distribution lines, and greater utilization of generators, leading to lower power prices ",整体效果是传输和配电线路减少冗余，并更大程度地利用发电机，从而导致更低的电力价格。
"The City of Mannheim in Germany is using realtime Broadband Powerline (BPL) communications in its Model City Mannheim ""MoMa"" project",德国曼海姆市正在其“MoMa”项目中使用实时宽带电力线通信技术（BPL）。
 Smart grids can also coordinate the production of power from large numbers of small power producers such as owners of rooftop solar panels — an arrangement that would otherwise prove problematic for power systems operators at local utilities,智能电网还可以协调大量小型发电厂的电力生产，例如屋顶太阳能电池板的所有者，否则这种安排可能会给当地公用事业的电力系统运营商带来问题。
"In 2009, the US smart grid industry was valued at about  42",在2009年，美国智能电网行业的价值约为42。
" enabling grid connection of distributed generation power (with photovoltaic arrays, small wind turbines, micro hydro, or even combined heat power generators in buildings)",使分布式发电（如光伏阵列、小风力涡轮机、微水电，甚至建筑物中的联合热电发电机）能够连接到电网。
 Markov processes have been used to model and study this type of system,马尔科夫过程已被用来建模和研究这种类型的系统。
" In a report on cyber security of smart grid technology first produced in 2010, and later updated in 2014, the US National Institute of Standards and Technology pointed out that the ability to collect more data about energy use from customer smart meters also raises major privacy concerns, since the information stored at the meter, which is potentially vulnerable to data breaches, can be mined for personal details about customers",在2010年首次制作的智能电网技术网络安全报告中，以及后来在2014年更新的报告中，美国国家标准与技术研究所指出，从客户智能电表收集更多有关能源使用的数据的能力也引发了重大的隐私问题，因为存储在电表上的信息可能容易受到数据泄露的攻击，可以用于挖掘客户的个人详细信息。
 It also provided some limited funding for grid upgrades,它还为电网升级提供了一些有限的资金。
"InovGrid is an innovative project in Évora, Portugal that aims to equip the electricity grid with information and devices to automate grid management, improve service quality, reduce operating costs, promote energy efficiency and environmental sustainability, and increase the penetration of renewable energies and electric vehicles","""InovGrid是葡萄牙埃武拉的一个创新项目，旨在为电力网格配备信息和设备，以自动化网格管理，改善服务质量，降低运营成本，促进能源效率和环境可持续性，并增加可再生能源和电动车的渗透率""。"
 Both systems use the smart meter as a gateway to the home automation network (HAN) that controls smart sockets and devices,两个系统都使用智能电表作为通往家庭自动化网络（HAN）的入口，控制智能插座和设备。
" Additionally, as intrusions themselves can provide valuable information, it could be useful to analyze system logs and other records of their nature and timing",此外，由于入侵本身可以提供有价值的信息，因此分析系统日志和其他记录的性质和时间可能是有用的。
" Simultaneously, this is challenging the utilities producing fossil fuels who already are trapped by high costs of aging assets",同时，这也在挑战那些生产化石燃料的公用事业公司，他们已经被高昂的老化资产成本困扰。
", the Chinese Academy of Science, and General Electric intend to work together to develop standards for China's smart grid rollout",中国科学院和通用电气打算共同合作制定中国智能电网推广的标准。
  Specific points of opposition or concern include,具体的反对或关注点包括
"Most opposition and concerns have centered on smart meters and the items (such as remote control, remote disconnect, and variable rate pricing) enabled by them",大多数反对和担忧集中在智能电表和由它们启用的项目（如远程控制、远程断开和可变费率定价）上。
 of China using the OpenADR demand response standard,中国采用OpenADR需求响应标准
" Only the critical loads will need to pay the peak energy prices, and consumers will be able to be more strategic in when they use energy",只有临界负荷需要支付峰值能源价格，消费者在使用能源时可以更加策略化。
 It created another platform for bidirectional flow of information between a utility and consumer end-devices,它为公用事业和消费者端设备之间的信息双向流动创造了另一个平台。
 Sixty-four solar panels with a peak capacity of 23,六十四个太阳能电池板，峰值容量为23。
"The eEnergy Vermont consortium  is a US statewide initiative in Vermont, funded in part through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, in which all of the electric utilities in the state have rapidly adopted a variety of Smart Grid technologies, including about 90% Advanced Metering Infrastructure deployment, and are presently evaluating a variety of dynamic rate structures",“eEnergy Vermont 联盟是美国维蒙特州的一个全州性计划，部分资金来自2009年的美国复苏与再投资法案，该计划旨在促使州内所有电力公共事业迅速采用各种智能电网技术，其中约90%采用了先进计量基础设施，并目前正在评估各种动态费率结构。”
"From the 1970s to the 1990s, growing demand led to increasing numbers of power stations",从1970年到1990年，不断增长的需求导致发电站数量不断增加。
 Reduction of maintenance and replacements costs will stimulate more advanced control,维护和更换成本的降低将刺激更先进的控制。
"  While there are regulations already in place, namely the Critical Infrastructure Protection Standards introduced by the North America Electric Reliability Council, a significant number of them are suggestions rather than mandates",尽管已经有规章制度，即由北美电力可靠性委员会引入的关键基础设施保护标准，但其中很多是建议而非强制性要求。
 incorporating grid energy storage for distributed generation load balancing,将网格能量存储纳入分布式发电负载平衡。
" (10) Identification and lowering of unreasonable or unnecessary barriers to adoption of smart grid technologies, practices, and services",(10) 辨识并降低对智能电网技术、实践和服务采用的不合理或不必要的障碍。
" It covers generation, transmission, distribution, storage, and end-use",它涵盖了发电、输电、配电、储存和终端使用。
 The power grid has been described in this context as well,这个背景下电网也被描述了。
  One of the purposes of the smart grid is real time information exchange to make operation as efficient as possible,智能电网的目的之一是实时信息交换，使运营尽可能高效。
A 2011 study from the Electric Power Research Institute concludes that investment in a U,2011年一项来自电力研究所的研究得出结论，投资于一项。。。
It is typically used to send information and signals to cause electrical power-using devices to be turned off during periods of higher demand,它通常用于在需求量较高时发送信息和信号，以使使用电力的设备关闭。
"Smart Quart - In Germany, the Smart Quart project develops three smart districts to develop, test and showcase technology to operate smart grids","""智慧区 - 在德国，智慧区项目开发三个智慧区，用于开发、测试和展示智能电网技术"""
OASIS EnergyInterop' – An OASIS technical committee developing XML standards for energy interoperation,"""OASIS EnergyInterop' - 一个致力于开发能源互操作性XML标准的OASIS技术委员会"""
"EPB in Chattanooga, TN is a municipally-owned electric utility that started construction of a smart grid in 2008, receiving a  232,219,350)","在田纳西州查塔努加市，EPB是一家由市政府拥有的电力公用事业公司，该公司于2008年开始建设智能电网，获得了232,219,350美元的资金。"
" Nevertheless, one possible categorization is given here",然而，在这里给出了一个可能的分类。
MultiSpeak has created a specification that supports distribution functionality of the smart grid,MultiSpeak已经创建了一个支持智能电网分配功能的规范。
Neural networks have been considered for power grid management as well,神经网络也被用于电网管理。
"  Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) attempt to solve the most difficult of these problems, the non-linear problems",人工神经网络（ANNs）试图解决其中最困难的问题，即非线性问题。
"Some features of smart grids draw opposition from industries that currently are, or hope to provide similar services",一些智能电网的特点引起了目前或希望提供类似服务的行业的反对。
"Various ""smart grid"" systems have dual functions",各种“智能电网”系统具有双重功能。
 It is planned that by the end of 2024 all three districts are supplied with locally generated energy and are largely independent of fossil energy sources,计划到2024年底，所有三个区都将获得当地发电能源，并在很大程度上不依赖化石能源来源。
The incorporation of digital communications and computer infrastructure with the grid's existing physical infrastructure poses challenges and inherent vulnerabilities,数字通信和计算机基础设施与电网现有的物理基础设施的结合带来了挑战和固有的弱点。
  This program required matching funding from individual utilities,这个项目需要个别公用事业单位提供配套资金。
" Common weaknesses already identified using such methods by the Department of Homeland Security include poor code quality, improper authentication, and weak firewall rules",国土安全部已经使用这种方法确定了一些常见的弱点，包括代码质量低劣、身份验证不当和防火墙规则薄弱。
The European Union Commission Task Force for Smart Grids also provides smart grid definition    as,欧盟委员会智能电网专家组也提供智能电网的定义。
 This will ensure a more reliable supply of electricity and reduce vulnerability to natural disasters or attacks,这将确保更可靠的电力供应，并减少对自然灾害或攻击的脆弱性。
 Smart grid technology is a necessary condition for very large amounts of renewable electricity on the grid for this reason,智能电网技术是实现电网上大量可再生电力的必要条件。
" Designed to allow real-time contact between utilities and meters in customers' homes and businesses, there is a risk that these capabilities could be exploited for criminal or even terrorist actions",为了允许公用事业和仪表之间在客户家庭和企业之间进行实时联系，存在这些功能可能被利用进行犯罪甚至恐怖主义行为的风险。
" Completed in 2005, the Telegestore project was highly unusual in the utility world because the company designed and manufactured their own meters, acted as their own system integrator, and developed their own system software","""2005年完成的Telegestore项目在公用事业领域非常不同寻常，因为该公司设计并制造了自己的计量器，充当了自己的系统集成商，并开发了自己的系统软件"""
" Working with the GridWise Alliance, the program invests in communications architecture and standards",与GridWise联盟合作，该计划投资于通信架构和标准。
" Each utility has a unique set of business, regulatory, and legislative drivers that guide its investments",每个公用事业都有一套独特的业务、监管和立法因素，这些因素指导着它的投资。
Another concern is that the cost of telecommunications to fully support smart grids may be prohibitive,另一个担忧是，支持智能电网的电信成本可能是禁卫的。
"Sydney also in Australia, in partnership with the Australian Government implemented the Smart Grid, Smart City program","""悉尼也在澳大利亚，与澳大利亚政府合作实施了智能电网，智慧城市计划"""
"As a consequence of the entrance of the technology companies in the energy market, utilities and DSO's need to create new business models to keep current customers and to create new customers",由于科技公司进入能源市场，公用事业公司和配电公司需要创造新的商业模式来保留现有客户并吸引新客户。
 A technique to prevent this is load shedding by rolling blackout or voltage reduction (brownout),一种防止这种情况发生的技术是通过轮流停电或降低电压（断电）来进行负荷调节。
"IntelliGrid – Created by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), IntelliGrid architecture provides methodology, tools, and recommendations for standards and technologies for utility use in planning, specifying, and procuring IT-based systems, such as advanced metering, distribution automation, and demand response",IntelliGrid - 由电力研究所（EPRI）创建，IntelliGrid架构为公用事业规划、规范和采购基于IT的系统（如高级计量、配电自动化和需求响应）提供方法、工具和标准和技术的建议。
"  A spokesman for an environmental group supportive of smart grid plans and Western Massachusetts' Electric's aforementioned ""smart grid"" plan, in particular, stated ""If used properly, smart grid technology has a lot of potential for reducing peak demand, which would allow us to shut down some of the oldest, dirtiest power plants",一个支持智能电网计划和西马萨诸塞电力公司前述“智能电网”计划的环保团体发言人表示：“如果正确使用，智能电网技术有很大潜力减少峰值需求，这将使我们能够关闭一些最老、最脏的发电厂”。
  Other countries are rapidly integrating this technology — China started having a comprehensive national WAMS when the past 5-year economic plan was completed in 2012,其他国家正在迅速整合这项技术——中国在2012年完成过去5年经济计划时开始拥有全面的国家WAMS。
" (7) Deployment and integration of advanced electricity storage and peak-shaving technologies, including plug-in electric and hybrid electric vehicles, and thermal storage air conditioning",部署和整合先进的电力储存和峰值削峰技术，包括插电式电动车和混合动力车，以及热储空调。
4 billion by 2014,到2014年达到40亿
" While the additional communication infrastructure of a smart grid provides additional protective and security mechanisms, it also presents a risk of external attack and internal failures",智能电网的额外通信基础设施提供了额外的保护和安全机制，但也存在外部攻击和内部故障的风险。
" subsidiary actually attempted to create a ""smart grid"" program using public subsidies that would switch low income customers from post-pay to pre-pay billing (using ""smart cards"") in addition to special hiked ""premium"" rates for electricity used above a predetermined amount",子公司实际上尝试使用公共补贴创建一个“智能电网”计划，该计划将低收入客户从后付费改为预付费计费（使用“智能卡”），同时还设有特殊增加的“高级”电费，用于超过预定金额的用电量。
 The topology of the 1960s grid was a result of the strong economies of scale,20世纪60年代网格的拓扑结构是规模经济的结果。
One important question is whether consumers will act in response to market signals,一个重要的问题是消费者是否会根据市场信号做出行动。
"  To retain and attract customers who decide to produce their own energy through microgrids, DSO's can offer purchase agreements for the sale of surplus energy that the consumer produces",为了留住和吸引通过微网生产自己的能源的客户，DSO可以提供购买协议，用于销售消费者生产的多余能源。
The UCA International User Group discusses and supports real world experience of the standards used in smart grids,UCA国际用户组讨论并支持在智能电网中使用的标准的真实世界经验。
"  Additionally, intruders can gain access via renewable energy generation systems and smart meters connected to the grid, taking advantage of more specialized weaknesses or ones whose security has not been prioritized",此外，入侵者可以通过连接到电网的可再生能源发电系统和智能电表获取访问权限，利用更专业的弱点或安全性未被优先考虑的弱点。
"  To motivate them to cut back use and perform what is called peak curtailment or peak leveling, prices of electricity are increased during high demand periods and decreased during low demand periods",为了激励他们减少使用并执行所谓的峰值削减或峰值平衡，电力价格在高需求时期增加，在低需求时期降低。
 California was ranked number one,加利福尼亚州被评为第一。
Smart grid provides IT-based solutions which the traditional power grid is lacking,智能电网提供了传统电网所缺乏的基于信息技术的解决方案。
According to the U,根据U
"  Additionally, infrastructure which relies on the electric grid, including wastewater treatment facilities, the information technology sector, and communications systems could be impacted",此外，依赖电网的基础设施，包括污水处理设施、信息技术部门和通信系统也可能受到影响。
 An example is competition with cable and DSL Internet providers from broadband over powerline internet access,一个例子是与有线和DSL互联网供应商竞争，提供宽带过电力线接入。
Certain deployments utilize the OpenADR standard for load shedding and demand reduction during higher demand periods,某些部署在需求高峰期使用OpenADR标准来进行负荷削减和需求降低。
Total vector error evaluation,"""总矢量误差评估"""
 Figure 11 presents a PMU process that is inspired by the international standard PMU IEEE for power grid applications  ,图11展示了一个受国际标准PMU IEEE启发的用于电网应用的PMU流程。
 The main advantage of the Newton–Raphson method is its capability to find the optimum feature in a few iterations reducing then the computation time  ,牛顿-拉弗森方法的主要优势在于它能够在几次迭代中找到最佳特征，从而缩短计算时间。
 The CWT allows for generating a 2-D representation that incorporates frequency and time from the disturbance’s signal,连续小波变换(CWT)允许生成一个二维表示，该表示将干扰信号的频率和时间结合起来。
 The classification stage provides as output the type or cause of PQD,分类阶段的输出为PQD的类型或原因。
"Critical and comprehensive review is presented for PQ disturbances characterization with a focus on extraction, selection and classification techniques",关于PQ干扰特性的关键和全面审查，重点关注提取、选择和分类技术。
"DTFT presents several advantages such as its low computational complexity, simple implementation, accuracy, and immunity to harmonic components under stationary conditions",DTFT有许多优点，比如计算复杂度低、实现简单、准确性高，并且在静态条件下对谐波成分具有免疫性。
 The signal parameters are time-varying and the analysis is realized on a short sliding window,信号参数是时变的，分析是在一个短滑动窗口上实现的。
" In real electric grids, voltage parameters are deviating from the nominal voltages, which correspond to PQ disturbances (PQDs)  ",在真实的电网中，电压参数偏离了名义电压，这对应于PQ干扰（PQDs）。
" The modulation tests, under non-stationary conditions, require the TVE requirements given in Table 7",在非平稳条件下，调制测试需要表7中给出的TVE要求。
 The PMUs standard is enhanced into C37,"""PMUs标准提升到C37"""
" Indeed, GA gives the optimum solution over a large space while EXT allows providing a means for distance measurement",的确，遗传算法在一个较大的空间内提供最优解，而扩展算法则提供了距离测量的方法。
" These thresholds are defined in several international standards for characterizing voltage disturbances, such as the IEEE 1159, IEC 61000-4-30, and EN 50160  ",这些阈值是在几个国际标准中定义的，用于描述电压扰动，如IEEE 1159、IEC 61000-4-30和EN 50160。
" In Figure 6, a control strategy (CS) used in SG applications and that uses PMUs is presented",在图6中，展示了在SG应用中使用的控制策略（CS）并使用PMUs。
" In the following, more reasons that explain the increased interest in PQ issues are presented  ",在接下来的内容中，将呈现更多解释增加对PQ问题兴趣的原因。
" In  , a classification technique using an MLP neural network with 3 layers and WT was proposed",在  中，提出了一种使用具有3层和WT的MLP神经网络的分类技术。
 The vertical axis shows the reference voltage in the percentage of the threshold and the reference is the normal value,垂直轴显示参考电压占阈值百分比，参考值为正常值。
PQ events are represented by large deviations in voltage values from normal ones,"""PQ事件的特点是电压数值与正常值出现大幅偏差"""
An approach based on the Prony method is proposed in  ,"""在《》提出了一种基于普罗尼方法的方法"""
 It provides the requirements of synchronization and time-tag for the electric grid with an evaluation specification method  ,它为电网提供了同步和时间标签的需求，并带有评估规范方法。
Section 5 describes power quality disturbances classification with a focus on classical and pattern recognition techniques,第5节描述了以经典和模式识别技术为重点的电能质量扰动分类。
 The HT could detect the disturbance,HT可以检测到干扰。
Comprehensive review of PQDs and their causes and consequences is presented,全面审查PQDs及其原因和后果。
", phasor and frequency) from the acquisition signals that are noise corrupted",从受噪声干扰的采集信号中提取振幅和频率信息
"The studied techniques allow a spectral analysis of the signal and can be classified into parametric and non-parametric methods, where parametric methods are based on a signal model",研究的技术允许对信号进行频谱分析，并可分为参数和非参数方法，其中参数方法基于信号模型。
", future 5G wireless networks, edge computing, three-phase system, and real-time data",“未来的5G无线网络、边缘计算、三相系统和实时数据”
" In addition, PQ measurement (PMU) is presented",此外，还介绍了 PQ 测量（PMU）。
", finding the most unique and optimum feature, is provided",找到最独特和最优特性，已提供。
 PMU allows for validation of the performance and to control of the settings of end-user equipment  ,PMU允许对终端用户设备的性能进行验证和设置进行控制。
 MLE is an asymptotically optimal estimator   that leads to the highest estimation performances compared to traditional techniques,MLE 是一个渐近最优估计量，与传统技术相比，它能够提供最高的估计性能。
 Pisarenko allows for achieving higher resolution compared to FFT,皮萨连科允许比FFT实现更高的分辨率。
and the ROCOF is expressed by,"""ROC的表达形式是"""
 KF solutions are based on a set of state-space equations,KF解决方案基于一组状态空间方程。
and deduce the number of sinusoids),"""并推导出正弦波的数量"""
" Moreover, it is needed to enhance reliability, safety and efficiency for controlling and monitoring the power system",此外，需要加强对电力系统进行控制和监测的可靠性、安全性和效率。
A classification technique based on space vector transformation and zero sequence voltage is proposed in  ,提出了一种基于空间矢量变换和零序电压的分类技术。
 The classification results present the outputs of the system,这个分类结果展示了系统的输出。
 A review of techniques based on machine learning methods with a focus on control and decision-making performances is proposed in  ,提出了一种基于机器学习方法的技术评估，重点关注控制和决策性能。
"For this class, two parameters are used to classify the PQ disturbances that are duration and phasor (amplitude) without using the phase angle  ",对于这个课程，使用两个参数来分类PQ干扰，即持续时间和矢量（幅度），而不使用相位角。
 It should be noted that each class depends on a symmetrical component number that is equal to zero,应注意到每个类别都依赖于对称成分数为零。
of the nominal value,名义价值
presents the duration of,展示的持续时间
"refers to the input signal amplitude,",指的是输入信号的幅度。
 Database size must be large to cover all types of PQ disturbances which is a difficult task in practice,数据库的大小必须很大，以覆盖所有类型的PQ干扰，这在实践中是一项困难的任务。
 The LS Prony method leads to high estimation performances compared to those of the Prony method,LS Prony方法相对于Prony方法具有更高的估计性能。
can therefore be obtained by solving the following linear system of dimension N,因此可以通过解决维度为N的以下线性系统来获得。
" When there is a good match between theoretical and real signal models, these methods can achieve the best estimation performance on short-length signals compared to non-parametric methods",当理论信号模型与实际信号模型匹配良好时，与非参数方法相比，这些方法在短长度信号上能够实现最佳估计性能。
" For example, the frequency and voltage variations are classified as variations",例如，频率和电压变化被分类为变化。
 The results seem to achieve a good PQD classification for the different disturbances,结果似乎对不同的干扰实现了良好的PQD分类。
" Figure 4 illustrates an interruption caused by lightning, using recorded data provided by the DOE/EPRI  ",图4展示了由DOE/EPRI提供的记录数据显示的一次闪电引起的中断。
"The features of several PQDs are time-variant, therefore FT-based techniques can not be used to analyze these non-stationary disturbances",几个PQD的特征是时变的，因此基于傅立叶变换的技术无法用来分析这些非平稳干扰。
"Hz  , from the nominal value which is 50 Hz or 60 Hz","""从额定值50赫兹或60赫兹"""
The voltage or current of the three-phase power grid can be expressed by the following model,三相电网的电压或电流可以用以下模型表示。
"In the case where a number of frequencies are known, it is recommended to use the Prony method",在已知多个频率的情况下，建议使用Prony方法。
 This classifier uses adjustment factors that allow for improving accuracy and their performances are evaluated under a noisy environment,这个分类器使用调整因子，可以提高准确性，并且它们的表现是在嘈杂的环境下评估的。
" Under off-nominal conditions, the use of suitable feature extraction and selection techniques over short data acquisition time is still a difficult task to perform",在非标准条件下，利用适当的特征提取和选择技术在短时间内完成数据采集仍然是一项困难的任务。
ANNs are used to identify the PQ disturbance and can achieve high classification performance,人工神经网络被用来识别PQ干扰，并且能够达到高分类性能。
"In previous works, some authors have applied DL techniques to analysis, detect and classify the power quality disturbances in the power grid  ",在之前的工作中，一些作者已经应用深度学习技术来分析、检测和分类电网中的电能质量干扰。
Both techniques are simple and proven approaches,这两种技术都是简单且经过验证的方法。
" These disturbances can lead to over-heating of power electronic equipment, etc",这些干扰可能导致电力电子设备过热等。
It is imperative to increase the data points in order to improve Prony’s method performance,必须增加数据点以提高Prony方法的性能。
"For these techniques, the estimation problem can be reduced to the frequency (","对于这些技术，估计问题可以简化为频率（"""
" A comprehensive review of the characterization techniques of PQ disturbances, with a focus on feature extraction, feature selection and PQDS classification techniques is provided",对PQ干扰特征提取、特征选择和PQDS分类技术的全面评估。
" In  , a PQDs classification algorithm-based on a time-frequency and DT was proposed",在，提出了一种基于时间频率和DT的PQDs分类算法。
" Moreover, under highly noisy environments, they achieve low estimation performances",此外，在高噪音环境下，它们的估计性能较低。
" In  , the authors proposed a classifier based on DWT and SVM to classify several disturbances in a power grid",在该研究中，作者们提出了一种基于DWT和SVM的分类器，用于对电网中的多种干扰进行分类。
"For unbalanced voltage sags, the ABC classifier permits to find the corresponding sag",对于不平衡的电压下降，ABC分类器可以找到相应的下降。
" Nevertheless, these techniques require knowledge of the order of the signal model",然而，这些技术需要对信号模型的顺序有所了解。
" To address these challenges, it is important to develop advanced algorithms for PQD characterization that allow for improving the reliability and efficiency of the electric grid according to international standards",为了解决这些挑战，重要的是开发先进的算法来对PQD特性进行表征，从而提高电网的可靠性和效率，符合国际标准。
"To analyze a signal according to the Pisarenko method, it is necessary to",根据Pisarenko方法分析信号时，有必要...
 The authors proposed in   a PQ disturbances classifier that uses Unscented KF (UKF) and modified Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithms,作者提出了一个使用不加香精的卡尔曼滤波（UKF）和改进的粒子群优化（PSO）算法的PQ干扰分类器。
is the log-likelihood function of X,是X的对数似然函数
A discussion on the application of parametric and non-parametric methods is performed,一场关于参数化和非参数化方法应用的讨论进行了。
 It could give as result a local maximum or minimum in the case where the initial guess is not suitable,如果初始猜测不合适，结果可能是局部最大值或最小值。
" however, it could lead to false information and it suffers from the effects of the border",然而，它可能导致错误信息，并受到边界影响的影响。
 The commonly used structure of ANN is the multilayer perceptron (MLP),ANN的常用结构是多层感知器（MLP）。
" Figure 14 illustrates the phasor representation of each sag, where the balanced three-phase is presented by dashed arrows and the sag phasor is presented by the solid ones",图14显示了每个电压暂降的矢量表示，其中平衡的三相由虚线箭头表示，而暂降的矢量由实线箭头表示。
"Herein, a study of the problem of feature selection or parameters optimization, i",在这里，对特征选择或参数优化问题的研究。
 It is still necessary to develop robust and reliable techniques under noisy and off-nominal environments and for short-length signals,在嘈杂和非标准环境以及短信号长度下，仍需开发强大可靠的技术。
" Each layer consists of several neurons, whereas the first and last layers consist of the inputs and outputs data, respectively",每一层由多个神经元组成，而第一层和最后一层分别由输入和输出数据组成。
matrix containing the recorded,包含记录的矩阵 (Bāohán jìlù de jǔzhèn)
 A comprehensive and critical review of PQDs detection and classification for power grid-based RES application is presented in  ,在这篇文章中，我们对基于电网的可再生能源应用的PQDs检测和分类进行了全面和批判性的评论。
" Regarding feature selection, several optimization methods have been published for optimum feature selection  ",关于特征选择，已经有几种优化方法被发表用于最佳特征选择。
 The IEC 61000-4-30   describes the measurement methods of the signal’s parameters,IEC 61000-4-30 描述了信号参数的测量方法。
", frequency and phasor, are the non-parametric methods",“频率和相量是非参数方法”
" These methods include Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT), continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and Kalman filters (KF)  ",这些方法包括Hilbert–Huang变换（HHT）、连续小波变换（CWT）和卡尔曼滤波器（KF）。
 The power electronic converters are becoming widely used and expanded in this news power grid structure  ,功率电子变换器在这个新的电网结构中正在广泛应用和扩展。
where T is the integer close to the obtained result,"""其中T是接近所得结果的整数"""
 It is an iterative algorithm allowing the maximization of the objective-function to find the optimum solution,这是一种迭代算法，允许最大化目标函数以找到最优解。
" By modifying the individual population, it is possible to make a decision based on probabilistic rules",通过修改个体群体，可以基于概率规则做出决策。
" In the last few years, there are few reviews that address various aspects of PQ assessment  ",在过去几年中，很少有评论涉及PQ评估的各个方面。
 Figure 12 presents a circle with a radius of,图12呈现了一个半径为的圆。
 EMD decomposes the signal into IMFs and it is a time-frequency analysis method  ,EMD将信号分解为IMFs，它是一种时频分析方法。
 This CS allows for achieving four tasks that are,"这个计算机科学允许实现四个任务，它们是"""
" Indeed, DTFT achieves high estimation performance if the fundamental frequency has a very small deviation from the nominal value",事实上，如果基频与名义值有非常小的偏差，DTFT可以实现高估计性能。
] are the phasors representation,"""] 是相量表示"""
" In this context, the main challenge we face is to involve real-time PQ disturbance characterization algorithms with high performance even under off-nominal conditions",在这种情况下，我们面临的主要挑战是将实时PQ干扰特征算法与高性能结合起来，即使在非标准条件下也能正常工作。
 An algorithm-based fuzzy decision tree for the classification of various disturbances was proposed in  ,"""提出了一种基于算法的模糊决策树，用于对各种干扰进行分类。"""
" Then, the CNN allows for achieving the task of image classification",然后，CNN 可以实现图像分类的任务。
"In-depth and critical analysis of signal processing, optimization algorithms and pattern recognition techniques are done",信号处理、优化算法和模式识别技术的深入和批判性分析已完成。
"In recent years, the research on Deep Learning (DL) algorithms has attracted the attention of scientists in several domains, such as signal and image processing, speech recognition and human face recognition",近年来，深度学习（DL）算法的研究吸引了许多领域的科学家的注意，如信号和图像处理，语音识别和人脸识别。
The authors declare no conflict of interest,作者声明没有利益冲突。
" However, their performances depend on the network size and the stage of data preparation",然而，他们的表现取决于网络规模和数据准备阶段。
" In  , the authors proposed a PQ disturbances classifier based on discrete wavelet transform and Kalman filter with a fuzzy expert system",在该论文中，作者提出了一个基于离散小波变换和卡尔曼滤波器的PQ干扰分类器，配合模糊专家系统。
 The second type of PQ is the current quality which is presented by a deviation of current from its nominal value  ,PQ的第二种类型是当前质量，其通过电流与其名义值之间的偏差来呈现。
"An HHT algorithm was proposed in   for PQDs classification with a focus on the swell, sag, harmonics, transient, etc",该HHT算法是在年提出的，用于PQDs分类，重点关注膨胀、下垂、谐波、瞬变等。
" Compared to the Fourier transforms, the Prony method has lower computation cost and it leads to high estimation performance",与傅立叶变换相比，Prony方法具有较低的计算成本，并且导致较高的估计性能。
" Concerning frequency and phasor estimation, several methods are proposed in the literature that can be classified as non-parametric and parametric",关于频率和相量估计，在文献中提出了几种方法，可以分类为非参数和参数化方法。
"where the estimator of angular frequency, w, is expressed as follows",角频率估计器w表示如下:
This research received no external funding,这项研究没有获得外部资助。
" In addition, DL architectures include deep belief and neural networks, identity RNN (I-RNN), and recurrent neural networks (RNN)",此外，DL架构包括深度置信和神经网络，身份RNN（I-RNN）和循环神经网络（RNN）。
"118, where several estimation requirements of frequency and phasor are imposed","""118, 其中强加了几个频率和相位估计要求"""
From the N coefficients,从N个系数
" Nevertheless, this technique presents several drawbacks such as it can not provide an estimation for closely spaced signals under a low noise environment and it is highly computationally complex",然而，这种技术存在一些缺点，比如在低噪声环境下无法提供密集信号的估计，而且计算非常复杂。
 This matrix is expressed as,"这个矩阵被表达为"""
" Concerning sags sub-types, Figure 15 illustrates the 6 sag sub-types among C & D types",关于下垂亚型，图15展示了C型和D型中的6种下垂亚型。
 A fault may damage the electric grid and equipment  ,一个故障可能会损坏电网和设备。
PMUs must yield high estimation performance in order to meet the requirements specified by the PMU standard,PMU必须具有高估计性能，以满足PMU标准规定的要求。
 PHD is a parametric method that is used for harmonic estimation in the power systems field  ,PHD是一种在电力系统领域用于谐波估计的参数化方法。
" Then, a discussion is provided about the PMU’s requirements that are defined by international standards",接下来，将讨论由国际标准定义的PMU的要求。
" In this case, it is imperative to use a model of signal that takes into consideration the parameter changes",在这种情况下，必须使用一个考虑参数变化的信号模型。
" Therefore, PQ estimation is realized by using non-stationary approaches, such as time-frequency or time-scale representation  ",因此，PQ估计是通过使用非平稳方法来实现的，例如时频或时标表示。
 The obtained results prove the efficiency of these classifiers to identify the correct sag and swell voltage,得到的结果证明了这些分类器识别正确的电压的效率。
 The authors proposed in   a techniques-based on neuro-fuzzy classifier and principle component analysis (PCA),作者提出了一种基于神经模糊分类器和主成分分析（PCA）的技术。
"This method is used for estimating inter-harmonic, harmonic and damping components",这种方法用于估计互谐波、谐波和阻尼分量。
" However, this information is heuristic which makes it difficult to be used by the computer",然而，這些資訊是啟發式的，這使得電腦難以使用。
" Under these conditions, FT-based techniques can not perfectly analyze these disturbances",在这些条件下，基于FT的技术无法完美地分析这些干扰。
 This approach allows estimating the frequency and phasor for electric power systems,这种方法可以估算电力系统的频率和相量。
 This method allows for finding the maximum or minimum of the objective function  ,这种方法允许找到目标函数的最大值或最小值。
is an impulse response of the filter,是过滤器的脉冲响应
 The characterization of the PQDs characterization is considered one of the important PQ monitoring issues,PQDs的表征被认为是重要的PQ监测问题之一。
" In the case where one of these conditions is not respected, the power grid is unbalanced  ",在其中一种条件没有得到遵守的情况下，电网就会失去平衡。
 The ACO is used for minimizing the set size of the feature and classification error,ACO被用于最小化特征集大小和分类错误。
"118 standard allows for simplifying the compliance specification by combining the angle phase and amplitude in one evaluation criterion which is TVE, which allows for evaluating the estimation performance of the phasor","""118标准允许通过将角度相位和幅度结合在一个评估标准中（即TVE）简化合规规范，从而评估相量的估计性能。"""
HHT is a recent advance in SP techniques to analysis the non-stationary signals  ,HHT是一种最近在SP技术中的进展，用于分析非平稳信号。
The peak voltage estimates the signal’s amplitude as a function of time,"""峰值电压估计信号的幅度随时间变化的函数"""
"As mentioned previously, the discrete Fourier transform uses a window with truncation of the sampled data, which leads to an estimation error",如前所述，离散傅立叶变换使用带有采样数据截断的窗口，这会导致估计误差。
" Indeed, the expert system is a specific application of AI that is used in module diagnostic  ",确实，专家系统是人工智能的一个特定应用，用于模块诊断。
 The disturbances extraction based on SP tools is required and is considered of great importance to accelerate the evolution of future electric grids,基于SP工具的扰动提取是必要的，并被认为对加速未来电网演变非常重要。
"However, HT could lead to false information and it suffers from the effects of the border",然而，HT可能导致错误信息，并且受到边界影响的影响。
Extract the roots of a complex polynomial of degree,提取一个复杂多项式的根
" For PQ monitoring, frequency is considered as the parameter to control the grid state",对于PQ监测，频率被视为控制电网状态的参数。
We can then construct the polynomial,然后我们可以构建多项式
The moduli of these roots give the attenuation,这些根的模数给出了衰减。
values of the signal,信号的数值
" For example, time-frequency or time-scale representation are non-parametric methods that are applied for time-variant disturbances  ",例如，时间-频率或时间-尺度表示是应用于时间变化干扰的非参数方法。
" Finally, to improve PQ disturbance monitoring, further research should offer great scope on the use of communication and computing technologies, e",最后，为了改进PQ干扰监测，进一步研究应该在通信和计算技术的应用上提供很大的空间。
correspond to the real and estimated frequency,对应实际和估计的频率
" Nevertheless, The ABC classifier can not select other sag parameters",然而，ABC分类器无法选择其他SAG参数。
 Figure 2 presents the measured frequency for several countries,图2显示了若干国家的测量频率。
 This algorithm is iterative and allows minimizing SE measure  ,这个算法是迭代的，并且允许最小化SE测量。
" Authors in  , proposed two SVM classifiers that are the One-Versus-One (OVO) and the One-Versus- Rest (OVR), which are suitable tools for solving class problems",在该文章中提出了两种支持向量机分类器，分别是一对一（OVO）和一对剩余（OVR），它们是解决类别问题的合适工具。
is the Frobenius norm,是弗罗贝尼乌斯范数
 This PET leads to an increase the power quality issues,这种PET导致了电力质量问题的增加。
" If there is a good matching between the used and real models, then these methods yield the highest estimation performances over short signal lengths",如果所使用的模型和实际模型之间匹配良好，那么这些方法在短信号长度上产生最高的估计性能。
" The first approach achieves the highest classification performance, while the second approach reduces the computation time",第一种方法达到了最高的分类性能，而第二种方法减少了计算时间。
" The most used IEDs are digital and modern protective relays, infrastructure and energy management systems (EMS) and PMUs",最常用的IEDs是数字化和现代的保护继电器、基础设施和能源管理系统（EMS）以及PMUs。
 More PQDs classification techniques are presented in  ,更多的PQDs分类技术在中提出。
 The estimation problem can be solved as follows,估计问题可以如下解决。
 Power quality can be defined as the interaction between consumers and the electric grid  ,电力质量可以定义为消费者与电网之间的互动。
 Figure 10 illustrates a frequency concept under non-stationary conditions,图10展示了在非平稳条件下的频率概念。
"118 defines also two classes that are M-class and P-class, the first class requires the highest estimation performances while the second one requires low computation complexity",“118 还定义了两个类别，即 M 类和 P 类，第一类需要最高的估算性能，而第二类需要低的计算复杂度。”
 It is given by,它是由给定的。
 Table 4 presents the FE and RFE requirements for both classes and under stationary conditions,表4展示了在静止条件下，两个班级的前端和RFE要求。
 These can affect the performance of equipment,这些可以影响设备的性能。
" To overcome these challenges, it is imperative to re-evaluate power quality and requirements to build a smart, self-healing power grid",为了克服这些挑战，有必要重新评估电力质量和要求，建立智能、自愈电网。
of the different sinusoids can finally be obtained by solving the following system,不同正弦波的解最终可以通过解决以下系统获得。
) and it is composed of RMS value (amplitude) and phase angle,"""它由均方根值（幅度）和相位角组成"""
" Moreover, their performances lead to low performance under off-nominal conditions",此外，他们的表现在非标准条件下导致表现不佳。
 Fourier transform models the studied signal as a sum of sinusoids where each sinusoid has a specific frequency,傅立叶变换模型将研究的信号表示为一组正弦波的和，其中每个正弦波具有特定的频率。
This work provided a review of the international standards used in PQ monitoring,这项工作提供了对PQ监测中使用的国际标准的回顾。
" In  , a technique-based on machine learning for PQ disturbances classification is proposed",在，提出了一种基于机器学习的PQ干扰分类技术。
" However, several PQ disturbances possess discrete spectra with components at discrete frequencies",然而，几个PQ干扰具有离散的频谱，具有在离散频率上的组成部分。
"However, the above-presented techniques require a good knowledge of the disturbances or training database and their performance depends on the learning stage",然而，上述介绍的技术需要对干扰或训练数据库有很好的了解，它们的性能取决于学习阶段。
"refers to the phase index,","""指的是相位指数"""
" The newton-Raphson method can be applied to the analysis, detection and classification of short transients and disturbances",牛顿-拉夫逊法可以应用于短暂突发和干扰的分析、检测和分类。
The continuous FT of a time signal,一个时间信号的连续傅立叶变换
" For reasoning about data, a fuzzy rule base (FRB) and fuzzy sets (FS) are used by FES instead of Boolean sets",在数据推理方面，模糊规则库（FRB）和模糊集合（FS）被FES使用，而不是布尔集合。
over the period T,在时间T内
 This technique is based on the ML method and it uses three-phase information,这项技术基于机器学习方法，使用三相信息。
" For balanced sags, the circle’s radius is inferior to the nominal value",对于平衡的下垂，圆的半径小于额定值。
 Intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) provide data and allow to control and monitor the electric grid for protecting the end-user equipment,智能电子设备（IED）提供数据并允许控制和监控电网，以保护最终用户设备。
 this refers to the voltage estimation (i,这指的是电压估计（i
 Authors proposed in   two approaches that are based on Information Theoretical Criteria (ITC) for selecting the corresponding class,作者提出了两种基于信息论准则（ITC）的方法，用于选择相应的类别。
" The PR techniques used for disturbance classification include artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine (SVM) and fuzzy expert system (FES)  ",用于干扰分类的公关技术包括人工神经网络（ANN）、支持向量机（SVM）和模糊专家系统（FES）。
", ANN, SVM, etc","ANN, SVM等"
" The main drawbacks of EMD are the wrong intrinsic mode functions, border effect and mode mixing",EMD的主要缺点是错误的固有模态函数、边界效应和模态混合。
 Total harmonic distortion (THD) is a criterion that is used to analyze the number of harmonic components in the signal,总谐波畸变（THD）是用于分析信号中的谐波成分数量的标准。
" In addition, MUSIC and ESPRIT can estimate the frequency of events, such as transient voltages and currents  ",此外，MUSIC和ESPRIT还可以估计事件的频率，如瞬态电压和电流。
 The main objective of these standards is to ensure good compatibility between end-user consumers and the electric grid,这些标准的主要目标是确保终端用户消费者与电网之间的良好兼容性。
) and negative-sequence voltages (,"负序电压 ("""
 Table 10 presents the advantages and drawbacks of the main selection techniques,表格10展示了主要选择技术的优点和缺点。
" To resume, voltage quality can be explained by the impact of the electric grid on equipment, while current quality is the impact of equipment on the grid",总结一下，电压质量可以解释为电网对设备的影响，而电流质量是设备对电网的影响。
 This paper provides an overview of the state-of-the-art signal processing- (SP) and pattern recognition-based power quality disturbances (PQDs) characterization techniques for monitoring purposes,本文提供了一种最先进的信号处理（SP）和基于模式识别的电能质量干扰（PQDs）表征技术的概述，用于监测目的。
", determining the time-points when the event is starting and ending",确定事件开始和结束的时间点
"and w are, respectively, the nominal and the modulation angular frequencies in","""其中w分别是名义角频率和调制角频率"""
" This test must be realized with w,",这个测试必须使用w进行实现。
Frequency and voltage variations,频率和电压变化
 The most common classical techniques are discussed in the following sections,以下部分讨论了最常见的古典技术。
" Hence, several publications have proposed the use of signal processing (SP) and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques for extracting, selecting and classifying the voltage",因此，一些出版物提出使用信号处理（SP）和人工智能（AI）技术来提取、选择和分类电压。
" However, these deep learning techniques are highly complex and they rely on training sets",然而，这些深度学习技术非常复杂，它们依赖于训练集。
can be obtained by filtering the signal,可以通过信号过滤来获得。
" Pattern recognition-based techniques require a good knowledge of disturbances, a large training database and their performance critically relies on the extraction, selection and learning stages",基于模式识别的技术需要对干扰有很好的了解，一个庞大的训练数据库，并且它们的性能关键地依赖于提取、选择和学习阶段。
"refers to the fundamental frequency, and [0,","指的是基频，以及 [0,"
" In PQ monitoring, these techniques have become of great important",在PQ监测中，这些技术已经变得非常重要。
"EMD is an analysis based on the time-frequency domain, which allows decomposing of a signal into intrinsic mode functions (IMFs)  ",EMD是一种基于时频领域的分析方法，可以将信号分解成本征模态函数（IMFs）。
118 for evaluating the estimation performance of the frequency estimator,用于评估频率估计器估计性能的118
" This technique is based on the Stockholm transform (ST) and extended KF (EKF), where ST allows for detecting the signal and EKF is used to estimate the harmonic components and frequency, amplitude, and phase variations",这项技术是基于斯德哥尔摩变换（ST）和扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF），其中ST允许检测信号，而EKF用于估计谐波成分和频率、振幅和相位变化。
and an additive white noise,并且是加性白噪声
" Finally, the zero sequence and space vector changes allow for determining the time occurrence of the sag and swell",最后，零序和空间矢量的变化使得可以确定电压下降和电压上升发生的时间。
 More details about this class of techniques can be found in  ,这类技术的更多细节可以在这里找到。
 TVE is then the difference between the real value and the estimated one of the phasor,TVE是相量的真实值和估计值之间的差异。
" Based on the input recorded data, its architecture has the ability to classify the corresponding disturbance",根据记录的输入数据，其架构具有分类相应干扰的能力。
 The DL algorithms have the ability to automatically learn the best features from the original input signal without being specifically coded  ,DL算法具有自动学习原始输入信号中最佳特征的能力，而无需特别编码。
presents the duration of 2 consecutive zero-crossings,呈现了2个连续零交叉的持续时间
 A global position system (GPS) is used for generating the time-tags to the PMU device  ,全球定位系统（GPS）用于为PMU设备生成时间戳。
 This angle is expressed as,"这个角度表示为"""
The parametric methods require a knowledge of the signal model and they include auto-regressive-moving average (ARMA) and sinusoidal models,"""参数方法需要对信号模型的了解，包括自回归滑动平均（ARMA）和正弦模型"""
" Regarding the stage of feature extraction, the objective is to estimate the voltage’s parameters which are amplitudes and initial phases (phasors) and frequency",关于特征提取阶段，目标是估计电压的参数，即幅度、初始相位（相量）和频率。
" It includes a user interface that shows how the information is sent to the system, i",它包括一个用户界面，显示信息如何发送到系统中。
"presents the fundamental period,",呈现基本周期
" Under these conditions, it is become essential to utilize an improved technique for PQDs classification",在这些条件下，利用更先进的技术对PQDs进行分类变得至关重要。
"Nowadays, renewable energy sources (RES) are extensively integrated into the power grid in order to meet the energy demand and green energy motive","""如今，可再生能源（RES）被广泛整合到电网中，以满足能源需求和绿色能源动机"""
This classifier is proposed to identify the corresponding sag among sag types C & D  ,这个分类器被提出来识别在C和D两种类型的SAG中对应的SAG。
denotes the matrix transpose,表示矩阵的转置
 HHT is an advanced SP technique that is based on HT and EMD techniques  ,HHT是一种基于HT和EMD技术的先进SP技术。
Extract the roots of a complex polynomial of N degree,提取一个N次复杂多项式的根
 An explanation system allows for defining the reasoning to the user,一个解释系统允许用户定义推理。
" Under unbalanced conditions, for sags, the result is an ellipse that depends on amplitude, phase(s) and phase angle shift",在不平衡条件下，对于电压下降，结果是一个椭圆，取决于幅度、相位和相位角偏移。
" As mentioned previously, advanced SP techniques have become essential to extract the feature with the highest performance",如前所述，先进的SP技术已成为必不可少的，以提取具有最高性能的特征。
"In the literature, several classifiers-based on expert systems to classify the PQ disturbances were proposed  ",在文献中，提出了基于专家系统的几种分类器来对PQ干扰进行分类。
 (2) The input is classified by an optimal hyper-plane determination in high or infinite-dimensional space,(2) 输入通过在高维或无限维空间中确定最佳超平面来分类。
 The event can be presented by a high augmentation or diminution in the voltage amplitude compared to its nominal value,该事件可以通过电压幅值相对于其名义值的大幅增加或减小来呈现。
 The most known methods are high-resolution or sub-space techniques such as multiple signal classification (MUSIC) and estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance approaches (ESPRIT),最为知名的方法是高分辨率或子空间技术，如多信号分类（MUSIC）和通过旋转不变性方法估计信号参数（ESPRIT）。
" From the knowledge base, the ES classifier provides the corresponding disturbance",从知识库中，ES分类器提供相应的干扰。
 PQD impacts negatively the performance of measurement devices,"""PQD对测量设备的性能产生负面影响"""
 The PMU standard requires that the TVE does not exceed,PMU标准要求电视垂直误差不超过。
" Indeed, the input data are transformed in a non-linear manner into a new space by the hidden layers",的确，输入数据通过隐藏层以非线性方式转换为新空间。
 The sag sub-type can be obtained as follows,"""可以通过以下方式获取sag子类型"""
" In a decision tree structure, the leaves refer to the classes and the branches are the characteristics that lead to the corresponding classes",在决策树结构中，叶子节点指的是类别，而分支则是导致对应类别的特征。
" Under nominal conditions, and in the complex plane, the result is a circle that has a radius equal to the voltage nominal value",在名义条件下，在复平面中，结果是一个半径等于电压名义值的圆。
 This phenomenon is the leakage effect,这种现象是泄漏效应。
 The most common functions are the triangular and trapezoidal ones,最常见的函数是三角形和梯形函数。
" However, its performance critically degrades under off-nominal frequency and for amplitude and/or phase variations  ",然而，在非标称频率下以及振幅和/或相位变化时，其性能严重下降。
" Moreover, the DT classifier allows the training of these features in order to improve automatic classification",此外，DT分类器允许训练这些特征，以改善自动分类。
Section 4 is concerned with the problem of feature selection or parameter optimization for classification purposes,第4节涉及用于分类目的的特征选择或参数优化问题。
 ML-based Newton–Raphson technique has lower computational complexity than classical techniques and enhances the estimation performance,基于ML的Newton-Raphson技术比传统技术具有更低的计算复杂度，并提高了估计性能。
while those phases give the frequencies,当这些阶段给出频率时
" This approach uses a dynamic model, which reduces the state space and takes into consideration harmonic components",这种方法采用动态模型，可以减少状态空间并考虑谐波组分。
 This paper provided also general software and hardware-based plate-forms for PQ monitoring with renewable energy integration,这篇论文还提供了通用的基于软件和硬件的平台，用于PQ监测和可再生能源集成。
real-valued matrix containing the amplitudes and initial phases of the three-phase voltage system,包含三相电压系统的幅度和初始相位的实数矩阵
"Using matrix notations, the signal model can be written as follows",使用矩阵符号，信号模型可以写成如下形式。
 Table 12 presents the benefits and drawbacks of the main PQDs classification Techniques,"""表12列出了主要PQDs分类技术的优缺点。"""
 The stage of feature extraction of this technique uses an algorithm-based on un-decimated WT that allows reducing the over-fitting under noisy conditions,这种技术的特征提取阶段使用基于未降采样小波变换的算法，可以在噪声条件下减少过拟合。
" After that, the PR classes are separated in this space  ",之后，公关课程在这个空间分开。
FESs allows for generalizing the binary logic under uncertainty and it is inspired by the reasoning of humans,FESs允许在不确定性下推广二进制逻辑，并受到人类推理的启发。
 THD is defined by the international standard IEC 61000-4-7   as,"""THD 是由国际标准 IEC 61000-4-7 定义为"""
 ACO is an iterative algorithm that is based on ants’ behaviors,ACO是一种基于蚂蚁行为的迭代算法。
 Then the international standard for PQ characterization is provided,然后提供PQ表征的国际标准。
" In  , a classification technique based on a hybrid approach for PQ disturbances was proposed","在  , 提出了一种基于混合方法的PQ干扰分类技术。"
 A review is also provided of PQ measurement (PMU) and summarizes its main points,还提供了有关PQ测量（PMU）的评论，并总结了其要点。
" For distribution networks, it is important to take into consideration forecasting schemes",对于分销网络来说，考虑预测方案是很重要的。
"As mentioned previously, most PQ disturbances are non-stationary signals",如前所述，大多数PQ干扰是非平稳信号。
" In addition, the power grid needs more improvement in the performances of real-time PQ monitoring, fault diagnosis, information technology, and advanced control and communication techniques",此外，电网还需要在实时PQ监测、故障诊断、信息技术以及先进的控制和通信技术方面有更多的改进。
" However, most of the systems are ultimately nonlinear  ",然而，大多数系统最终是非线性的。
" Finally, these algorithms must exploit the three-phases nature of the power system to achieve high performances over a short signal length",最后，这些算法必须利用电力系统的三相性质，在短信号长度上实现高性能。
International standards (IS) allow elaborating and defining requirements of PQ in order to satisfy the end-user consumer and to protect the electric grid,"""国际标准（IS）允许详细阐述和定义PQ的要求，以满足最终用户消费者的需求，并保护电网。"""
 The authors proposed in   a technique based on deep CNN for PQDs detection and classification,作者提出了一种基于深度卷积神经网络的PQDs检测和分类技术。
" The most known organization for elaborating IS are the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), where EMC describes a description about the equipment and device abilities with its electromagnetic environment  ",最知名的制定IS的组织是电气和电子工程师协会（IEEE）和国际电工委员会（IEC），其中EMC描述了设备和设备在其电磁环境中的能力的描述。
 WVD Allows transferring a 1-dimensional disturbance into a two-dimension image file,WVD 可以将一维干扰转换为二维图像文件。
" These criteria allow evaluation of the performances of the extraction, selection and detection techniques under stationary and non-stationary conditions associated with RES integration, noise and non-linear loads",这些标准允许评估提取、选择和检测技术在与可再生能源集成、噪音和非线性负载相关的静态和非静态条件下的表现。
Parametric methods require knowledge of real signals to achieve good resolution,参数方法需要对真实信号有了解才能获得良好的分辨率。
" The paper in  , provides a review of SP and machine learning techniques for PQDs detection and classification",这篇论文提供了有关SP和机器学习技术在PQDs检测和分类方面的评论。
 The length of the signal contains N samples that are recorded over equal interval,信号的长度包含N个样本，这些样本是在相等的间隔内记录的。
" Authors have proposed in  , an approach based on the wavelet and Prony methods",作者们提出了一种基于小波和Prony方法的方法。
 The classification stage needs as input the extracted feature that should achieve a high recognition rate,分类阶段需要提取的特征作为输入，应该实现高识别率。
2011   (and its amendment  ) provides the following criteria,2011年（及其修正案）提供以下标准
" In particular, several feature extraction, selection, and classification techniques for PQ monitoring were presented",特别是，提出了几种用于PQ监测的特征提取、选择和分类技术。
 A discussion is provided of the PMU’s requirements and estimation evaluation criteria that are defined by international standards,本文讨论了由国际标准定义的PMU需求和评估标准。
 It is suitable for solving multi-class problems,它适用于解决多类问题
" For example, over-voltage is a voltage value that arrives at 110–120% of the nominal value over several periods (one minute)",例如，过压是指在几个周期（一分钟）内达到额定值的110-120%的电压值。
" The paper published in  , presents a review of soft computing and signal processing techniques for PQ disturbances detection and classification",该论文发表在《》，对PQ干扰检测和分类的软计算和信号处理技术进行了综述。
" Table 8 provides a fair comparison of the Fourier transform and its extension techniques that are reported in this subsection, comprising their advantages and drawbacks",表8提供了傅立叶变换及其扩展技术的公平比较，包括它们的优点和缺点。
 Several references and books are devoted to the FT  ,一些参考文献和书籍致力于FT。
 it can be reduced and equipment can be damaged because of these disturbances,这些干扰可能导致故障，并损坏设备。
A state-of-the-art of feature selection (FS) technique that is based on the optimization algorithms features classification applications is provided,提供了一种基于优化算法特征分类应用的最先进的特征选择（FS）技术。
 EN 50160 and IEEE 1159 standards provide a PQDs classification according to duration and RMS thresholds that are shown in Table 2 and Table 3,"""EN 50160和IEEE 1159标准根据持续时间和RMS阈值提供了一个PQDs分类，该分类显示在表2和表3中"""
" In the literature, proposed optimization algorithms used in the feature selection stage include particle swarm algorithm (PSA), ant colony optimization (ACO), genetic algorithm (GA), genetic k-means algorithm (KMA), Newton–Raphson method and downhill simplex",在文献中，提出的用于特征选择阶段的优化算法包括粒子群算法（PSA）、蚁群优化（ACO）、遗传算法（GA）、遗传k均值算法（KMA）、牛顿-拉夫逊法和下山单纯形法。
 Voltage disturbance caused by a producer could have a negative effect on end-user equipment  ,生产者引起的电压干扰可能会对最终用户设备产生负面影响。
 Interruption is defined as a voltage or current with an amplitude that is less than,"中断被定义为幅度小于的电压或电流"""
" Furthermore, it leads to the highest performance compared to FT  ",此外，与FT相比，它表现出最高的性能。
"As mentioned previously, the real-time frequency value has always a small deviation of",正如之前提到的，实时频率值始终存在小的偏差。
 Table 13 provides a detailed comparison of the above-mentioned techniques,"""表格13提供了上述技术的详细比较"""
" However, under non-stationary conditions, these parameters can be time-varying",然而，在非稳态条件下，这些参数可能是随时间变化的。
 PQDs are one of the most important sources of electromagnetic noise  ,PQDs是电磁噪音最重要的来源之一。
These techniques achieve low performance for high amplitude or phase angle variations,这些技术对于振幅或相位角变化较大的情况表现出较低的性能。
A good knowledge and hypothesis of generated process,一个对生成过程有良好了解和假设
 ESPRIT technique based on a sinusoidal model allows also estimating the frequency components and it is considered as a signal sub-space technique,基于正弦模型的ESPRIT技术还允许估计频率分量，并被视为一种信号子空间技术。
" In addition, it can be stand-alone inside another monitoring system, like a protective relay  ",此外，它可以作为独立模块嵌入到另一个监控系统中，就像一个保护继电器。
" Indeed, the techniques-based on SP techniques are widely used to extract and detect the signal’s features",的确，基于SP技术的技术被广泛应用于提取和检测信号的特征。
" In order to improve the estimation performance, several techniques based on the Fourier transform (FT) are proposed in the literature",为了提高估计性能，在文献中提出了基于傅立叶变换（FT）的几种技术。
" ST permits to detection of 5 statistical features, such as the oscillatory’s high frequency, voltage oscillation and harmonics",“ST允许检测5种统计特征，如振荡的高频率、电压振荡和谐波。”
 The supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) monitors the grid and it is located at the control center,""" 监控和数据采集(SCADA)监视电网，位于控制中心"""
" In addition, it is not easy to interpret when there is no satisfaction of the Bedrosian condition, while the EMD could achieve wrong IMF decomposition, mode mixing and border effect",此外，如果没有满足Bedrosian条件，那么很难解释，而EMD可能会出现错误的IMF分解，模态混合和边界效应。
"PQ monitoring devices estimate the rms voltage once every period, which can give an over-estimation of the PQD duration like sag  ","""PQ 监测设备每周期估计一次有效值电压，这可能会对 PQD 的持续时间进行过度估计，如电压下降。"""
" In this scope, the IEEE organization provides a PMU standard that is refereed by C37",在这个范围内，IEEE组织提供了一个由C37评审的PMU标准。
" the high penetration of renewable and distributed sources that are based on power converters with or without energy storage, non-linear and unbalanced loads, and the deployment of electric vehicles",基于有或无能量存储的功率转换器、非线性和不平衡负载，以及电动车的部署，可再生和分布式源的高渗透率。
"refer, respectively, at the instant n, to the real and imaginary estimated values of phasor",分别在时刻n参考矢量的实部和虚部估计值。
 This estimator has lower computational complexity than classical techniques and enhances the estimation performance,这个估计器的计算复杂度比传统技术低，并且提高了估计性能。
" In addition, the learning step results in a high computational time to perform the task",此外，学习步骤导致执行任务需要较长的计算时间。
 The Kalman filter is a linear filter that can be applied to a linear system,卡尔曼滤波器是一种线性滤波器，可应用于线性系统。
" In  , a classifier using two approaches, which are GA and fuzzy k-nearest neighbor (FKNN), was proposed",在该研究中，使用了两种方法，即遗传算法（GA）和模糊K最近邻（FKNN）的分类器。
Compute the auto-correlation matrix and decompose it into eigenelements,计算自相关矩阵并将其分解为特征元素。
" Nevertheless, the performance of parametric-methods depends on the choice of the theoretical signal model",然而，参数方法的表现取决于理论信号模型的选择。
 Figure 9 shows a synchro-phasor system of a sinusoidal signal,图9显示了一个正弦信号的同步相量系统。
" For example, active rectifiers and arc furnaces generate high-frequency components",例如，主动整流器和电弧炉会产生高频成分。
" It should be mentioned that in a real electrical grid, the recorded data are limited, which represents the main limitation of these methods  ",在真实的电网中，记录的数据是有限的，这代表了这些方法的主要局限性。
 A learning stage is also required by a support vector machine such as ANN,支持向量机（如ANN）还需要一个学习阶段。
 The solution is obtained by heuristic information given by memory containing experience in the previous iteration that is provided by the ants as well as the problem instance,该解决方案是通过启发式信息来获得的，这些信息包含了先前迭代中由蚂蚁提供的经验以及问题实例。
" However, the Prony method is still sensible to noise",然而，普罗尼方法仍然对噪声敏感。
118   to use dynamic synchronized measurement,"""使用动态同步测量"""
"Harmonic, inter-harmonic, and non-periodic distortions",谐波、互谐波和非周期性失真
" In addition, they define and impose requirements of frequency and phasor with recommendations and guide-lines",此外，他们定义并强制频率和相位要求，提出建议和指导方针。
refers to the S estimate and,指的是S估计和
"Figure 7 presents a PQ monitoring system, which allows performing several PQ monitoring tasks",图7展示了一个PQ监控系统，可以执行多个PQ监控任务。
 The solution or optimum feature is selected by a GA with improved performance,通过性能改进的遗传算法选择解决方案或最佳特征。
 The harmonics components are more considered by engineers and researchers since they are more dominant in the electric grid than others disturbances  ,工程师和研究人员更加关注谐波成分，因为它们在电网中比其他干扰更为突出。
 It can be used as an optimization algorithm for obtaining the optimum solution(s)  ,它可以用作获取最佳解决方案的优化算法。
 The authors proposed in   a classification approach based on GA and SVM algorithms for PQDs,作者们提出了一种基于GA和SVM算法的PQDs分类方法。
" The most known events are outage, interruption, sag and swell  ",最为人所知的事件是停电、中断、下垂和涨潮。
" For example, symmetrical faults in the power grid result in three-phase symmetrical sags that are referred to as type A",例如，电网中的对称故障导致三相对称的电压下降，被称为A型。
 (2) The estimate of amplitude and initial phases can be obtained by resolving a problem in linear regression,（2）幅度和初始相位的估计可以通过解决线性回归问题来获得。
Solve a complex N-dimensional linear system,解决一个复杂的N维线性系统
refers to the error of prediction and the predictor filter is referred to by the summation,"""指的是预测错误，预测器滤波器由总和表示"""
   provides a thorough overview of the signal processing and soft computing approaches that are used to detect and identify the root causes of PQD,提供了一份全面的概述，介绍了用于检测和识别PQD根本原因的信号处理和软计算方法。
" From Figure 13, the frequency is expressed by",从图13中，频率由...表示。
 Both real and estimated values of the phasor are measured at the same time-point,相量的真实值和估计值在同一时间点测量。
" An overview of international standards for PQ was also provided, where these standards define and provide extraction performance of frequency and phasor with recommendations and guidelines",国际标准对 PQ 的概述也提供了，这些标准规定并提供了频率和相量提取性能的建议和指南。
 They can also cause overheating and reduce the starting torque of electrical motors (induction motors)  ,它们还会导致过热并降低电机（感应电机）的起动转矩。
" This algorithm is based on the social sharing concept, where the particle refers to the individual and the swarm represents the population",这个算法基于社会分享概念，其中粒子指的是个体，群体表示人口。
" Nevertheless, they cannot estimate the phase angle and they lead to poor estimation in a noisy environment",然而，它们无法估计相位角，并且在嘈杂的环境中导致估计不准确。
" For swells, the sequence voltage allows for analysis of the swells",对于涌波，序列电压允许对涌波进行分析。
 this permits the identification of the type of disturbance,这允许识别干扰类型。
 The main advantage of HT is its requirement of one phase signal in order to extract the IF and IA,HT的主要优势是需要一个相位信号来提取IF和IA。
" The main steps of PQ characterization are presented in Figure 1, and can be decomposed as follows  ",PQ性格化的主要步骤如图1所示，并可分解如下。
 This classifier is based on the PSO algorithm for optimizing the classifier’s parameters,这个分类器基于PSO算法来优化分类器的参数。
" To overcome these limitations, the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) yields to highest performances of estimation over a short signal length compared to non-parametric methods",为了克服这些限制，最大似然估计器（MLE）在较短的信号长度上比非参数方法表现出更高的估计性能。
" Moreover, these techniques have a high computation complexity",此外，这些技术具有较高的计算复杂性。
118   provides the following criteria,"""118提供以下标准"""
 A mapping of the objects to their member values using a function is performed into a concern domain,将对象映射到其成员值，并使用函数执行到一个关注领域。
" These techniques don’t estimate the parameters from the data, but they allow modeling the data as the output of a linear system corrupted by noise",这些技术不是从数据中估计参数，而是允许将数据建模为受噪声干扰的线性系统的输出。
Table 6 shows the requirements of synchrophasor for P- and M-classes under stationary conditions,表6显示了在静态条件下P类和M类同步相量的要求。
 SG shall overcome the limitations of the existing system by spreading automated control and modern communication technologies through every power system’s parts,SG将通过在每个电力系统的各个部分推广自动化控制和现代通信技术来克服现有系统的限制。
This equation presents the linear predictor filter and,这个方程展示了线性预测器滤波器和
 These criteria allow for evaluating the performances of the phasor and frequency estimates under stationary and non-stationary conditions,这些标准允许在稳态和非稳态条件下评估相量和频率估计的性能。
 GA’s main advantage is its capability to obtain the optimum solution(s) over successive generations  ,GA的主要优势是它能够在连续的世代中获得最优解。
Several techniques-based on ANNs are proposed and they deal with disturbances classification in PQ monitoring  ,基于人工神经网络的几种技术被提出，并且它们涉及电能质量监测中的干扰分类。
 The most used window in electric grid applications is a rectangular windowing function because of its simplicity,在电网应用中最常用的窗函数是矩形窗函数，因为它简单易用。
" Regarding PQ monitoring, feature classification has become a great important part",关于PQ监测，特征分类已成为一个非常重要的部分。
corresponds to the amplitude of the,对应于振幅
 These techniques have the ability to generalization and learn from examples,这些技术具有泛化和从示例中学习的能力。
 The phasor reference is represented by a time-tag (,"相量参考由时间标记表示（"""
A technique for PQDs classification uses the Model Order Selection proposed by the authors in  ,一种用于PQDs分类的技术使用了作者在《中提出的模型阶选择》。
"For the Prony method, it is needed to",对于普罗尼方法，需要进行
period and one minute  ,周期和一分钟
" The PMU standard imposes the phasor, frequency, and ROCOF requirements under stationary and non-stationary conditions",PMU标准规定了在稳态和非稳态条件下的相位、频率和ROCOF要求。
environment provides an optimization algorithm that is called fminsearch based on the Nelder–Mead technique,"""环境提供了一种基于Nelder-Mead技术的优化算法，称为fminsearch。"""
" Concerning PQ monitoring, PMUs allow extracting frequency and phasor in order to solve the problems of PQDs",关于 PQ 监控，PMU 可以提取频率和相量，以解决 PQDs 的问题。
" In fact, the power quality (PQ) is significantly impacted by the increased level of RE penetration  ",事实上，再生能源渗透水平的增加显著影响了电力质量（PQ）。
 Sags can lead to a decrease in the performance of end-user equipment,松弛会导致终端用户设备性能下降。
" The most recurrent events are sags, swells and interruptions  ",最常见的事件是下降、涨潮和中断。
" For instance, for FT-based techniques, the window may lead to a leakage effect",例如，对于基于FT的技术而言，窗口可能会导致泄漏效应。
 A technique-based on DWT and multi-class SVM was proposed in  ,基于DWT和多类SVM的技术被提出。
 The GA-based competitive selection allows for eliminating the poor solution,基于遗传算法的竞争选择允许消除不良解决方案。
" As mentioned previously, any significant deviation in current or voltage signals from their nominal values is considered as PQDs  ",如前所述，任何当前或电压信号与其名义值有显著偏差均被视为PQDs。
"present, respectively, at the instant n, the real and imaginary values of the fundamental phasor",在时刻n分别呈现基本相量的实部和虚部数值。
 This technique is based on the Stockwell transform and DT method,这种技术是基于Stockwell变换和DT方法的。
" The frequency, amplitude, and phase can be tracked at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values",频率、振幅和相位可以在低信噪比（SNR）值下跟踪。
" Regarding the classification stage, the extracted feature is used as input for the PQDs classifier",关于分类阶段，提取的特征被用作PQDs分类器的输入。
" Regarding phase a, the sag value differs from the pre-fault E and a value in faulted phase V  ",关于A相，断相V中的电压值与故障前的E值和A值不同。
 This presents the main advantage of PMUs over other measurements  ,这展示了PMU相对其他测量的主要优势。
" These techniques perform tasks to mimic human behavior, such as learning from experiences, speech recognition, decision-making, etc",这些技术执行任务来模仿人类行为，如从经验中学习，语音识别，决策等。
 This matrix is expressed by,这个矩阵是由“表示的
" In addition, the mentioned techniques achieve low estimation performance under high noisy and off-nominal conditions",此外，在高噪音和偏离标称条件下，上述技术实现了低估计性能。
 An ANN with an MLP is illustrated by Figure 17,一个带有MLP的人工神经网络如图17所示。
corresponds to the maximum amplitude and,对应于最大振幅和
" In the case, where all PMUs are using the same time basis, their estimated parameters can be compared",在所有PMUs都使用相同的时间基准的情况下，它们的估计参数可以进行比较。
is instantaneous phase angle,“是瞬时相位角”
"In order to determine the amplitudes, it is necessary to solve a complex linear system of N dimension",为了确定振幅，需要解决一个N维复线性系统。
" However, there are currently more faster and reliable techniques for PQDs extraction, selection and classification",然而，目前有更快速和可靠的技术用于PQDs的提取、选择和分类。
 DL is a type of machine learning and AI that consists essentially of a NN with several layers,"""DL是一种机器学习和人工智能的类型，基本上由多个层的神经网络组成"""
" In  , the authors proposed an events classification technique during the RES integration in the power system",在这项研究中，作者们提出了一种在电力系统中进行可再生能源系统整合时的事件分类技术。
 The task of obtaining the corresponding class is reformulated as a problem of pure model order selection  ,获取对应的类别任务被重新构思为一个纯粹的模型顺序选择问题。
The discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT) is widely used for sampled data systems and is implemented using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) with a short sliding window,离散时间傅立叶变换（DTFT）广泛用于采样数据系统，并使用快速傅立叶变换（FFT）和短滑动窗口来实现。
" Moreover, an extension to non-stationary conditions is provided",此外，还提供了对非稳态条件的扩展。
" Finally, the user can stock all data that has additional information in case-specific data",最后，用户可以存储所有具有附加信息的案例特定数据。
 This technique is based on the data mining tool and the expert system,这种技术是基于数据挖掘工具和专家系统的。
) by the following maximization,"通过以下最大化"""
" This technique uses a one-dimension convolutional, pooling and batch-normalization layers for reducing over-fitting and capturing multi-scale features",这种技术使用一维卷积、池化和批量归一化层来减少过拟合并捕获多尺度特征。
 Others parameters like phase angle jump and three-phase characteristics are introduced in order to provide more information about sag behavior,其他参数，如相角跳变和三相特性，被引入以提供有关电压下降行为的更多信息。
 ACO is a computation intelligence approach introduced by M,ACO是M介绍的一种计算智能方法。
 Power systems utility requires a high level of power quality due to the complexity of the power system and RES integration,电力系统公用事业需要高水平的电力质量，因为电力系统和可再生能源集成的复杂性。
 SG allows providing real-time estimation and classification that satisfies the PQ standards requirements,SG允许提供满足PQ标准要求的实时估计和分类。
Swell is by definition an augmentation in the amplitude in the interval that is,肿胀在定义上是在该间隔内振幅增加。
" PMU devices allow extraction of the signals at sub-stations, such as phasors and frequency",PMU 设备允许在变电站提取信号，如相量和频率。
" (1) first, from recorded data, MLE can estimate the frequency (","首先，从记录的数据中，MLE 可以估计频率 ("""
" PMUs allow for providing real-time parameters with respect to global time references, such as frequency, rate of change of frequency (ROCOF), positive sequence and synchro-phasor",PMUs允许提供相对于全球时间参考的实时参数，如频率、频率变化率（ROCOF）、正序和同步相位。
 An over-voltage is illustrated by Figure 3,图3显示了过压。
 The angle between positive- (,"两个正- (positive-) 之间的角度"""
" The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s)",所有出版物中包含的声明、观点和数据仅代表个人作者和贡献者的观点，不代表MDPI和/或编辑的观点。
 The horizontal axis refers to the duration that begins at the time-point when the voltage reaches the threshold,水平轴指的是从电压达到阈值时刻开始的持续时间。
"A technique proposed in  , presents an estimator of the fundamental frequency and phasor",在提出的一种技术中，提供了基频和相量的估计器。
 The proposed probabilistic neural network approach allows us to identify the corresponding event,提出的概率神经网络方法允许我们识别相应的事件。
Section 2 presents the PQDs and their origins and consequences,第二部分展示了PQDs及其起源和后果。
" For PQDs classification, most used algorithms are based on AI methods",对于PQDs分类，大多数使用的算法都是基于人工智能方法。
" In fact, the techniques-based on signal processing (SP) techniques are widely used to extract and detect the signal’s features, whereas the most used algorithms for PQDs classification are based on artificial intelligence (AI) methods",事实上，基于信号处理技术的技术被广泛用于提取和检测信号的特征，而用于PQD分类的最常用算法是基于人工智能方法的。
" For classical techniques, two principal features, which are amplitude or residual voltage and duration, are used to determine the PQD type",对于传统技术，两个主要特征，即幅度或残余电压和持续时间，被用来确定PQD类型。
" The high penetration level of renewable energies requires the use of operation and management strategies to maintain and enhance the reliability, efficiency, and safety of the power grid",可再生能源的高渗透率需要运用运营和管理策略来维持和提升电网的可靠性、效率和安全性。
which is the allowed error,允许的误差是多少？
 This concept is inspired by the international standard IEEE C37,这个概念受到国际标准IEEE C37的启发。
 It gives also attention to the research with experimental and real-time studies,它还关注具有实验和实时研究的研究。
 This does not allow us to maintain effectively the balance between consumption and production   and could have a negative affect on frequency and voltage  ,这样无法有效地维持消费和生产之间的平衡，可能对频率和电压产生负面影响。
" A combination between artificial bee colony (ABC) and PSO for PQD classification is proposed in  , and it is used for selecting the algorithm’s features",提出了一种人工蜂群（ABC）和PSO相结合的PQD分类方法，并用于选择算法的特征。
 Figure 5 presents a sag caused by a two-phases fault for event-code-0284 provided in  ,图5展示了在“事件代码-0284”中由两相故障引起的电压下降。
" The authors proposed in  , a classifier uses the neuro-fuzzy and theorem of Parseval for PQ disturbances recognition systems",作者在中提出了一种分类器，该分类器使用神经模糊和帕斯瓦尔定理用于PQ干扰识别系统。
" An in-depth analysis related to the application of signal processing, optimization and pattern recognition techniques was highlighted","""重点强调了与信号处理、优化和模式识别技术应用相关的深入分析"""
The voltage variation is caused by the variation of the end-user loads and distributed generation  ,电压变化是由终端用户负荷和分布式发电的变化引起的。
" (1) classical techniques, (2) techniques based on signal processing methods and (3) pattern recognition techniques  ",（1）经典技术，（2）基于信号处理方法的技术和（3）模式识别技术
 The Prony method has lower complexity compared to the Pisarenko method  ,Prony 方法与 Pisarenko 方法相比，复杂度较低。
"Voltage sag (Voltage sag is more used in US publications, while the dip is used by the IEC) is one of the severe PQ issues and it is a small diminution of the amplitude that is between 0",电压下降（电压下降在美国出版物中更常用，而IEC使用的是电压跌落）是严重的电能质量问题之一，它是振幅在0之间的一个小降低。
" It is characterized, by the standard IEC 61000-4-30, by its duration and amplitude",根据标准IEC 61000-4-30，它以持续时间和幅度为特征。
The mentioned discrete spectra technique in the previous section allows for characterizing PQDs such as harmonic and inter-harmonics components,前一节中提到的离散频谱技术允许对PQDs进行表征，如谐波和互谐波组分。
" (1) parametric methods for discrete spectra, and (2) parametric methods for rational spectra",离散频谱的参数方法，以及有理频谱的参数方法
 A technique based on CWT and CNN for PQDs classification is proposed in  ,基于CWT和CNN的技术被提出用于PQDs分类。
" Finally, an estimator based on the ML technique was proposed for the analysis of the time-varying disturbances",最后，提出了一种基于最大似然技术的估计器，用于分析时变干扰。
" In addition, these techniques are not able to classify all sag and swell types",此外，这些技术无法对所有的下陷和凸起类型进行分类。
 This algorithm uses the tangent knowledge of the curve that is close to the root,该算法使用接近根的曲线的切线知识。
 These frequency variations can lead to a variation in motor speed and less power generation in production units,这些频率变化可能导致电机速度的变化，生产单位的发电量减少。
" In this scope, the phasor measurement unit (PMU) becomes an advanced measurement technology used in the electric system and it can be a piece of essential equipment for the state estimation of the power grid",在这个范围内，相量测量单元（PMU）成为电力系统中使用的先进测量技术，对于电网状态估计来说，它可以成为一种必不可少的设备。
Several factors affect existing electric power systems and negatively impact power quality (PQ),几个因素影响现有的电力系统并对电力质量（PQ）产生负面影响。
 All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript,所有作者都已阅读并同意发表版本的手稿。
 DSO does not always lead to an optimal solution  ,DSO并不总是导致最优解。
 The authors proposed in   a PQ disturbances classifier that uses PSO for feature selection under a noisy environment,作者在一个嘈杂环境下提出了一种使用PSO进行特征选择的PQ干扰分类器。
" However, this approach achieves low performance under noisy environments and for harmonics, inter-harmonics and distorted signals  ",然而，在嘈杂环境和对谐波、互谐波和失真信号的情况下，这种方法的性能较低。
" The Prony method allows for estimating inter-harmonics, harmonics and damping components",普罗尼法可以用于估计谐波、谐波和阻尼分量。
 This technique combines a convolutional neural network (CNN) and Wigner–Ville distribution (WVS),这种技术结合了卷积神经网络（CNN）和Wigner–Ville分布（WVS）。
"correspond, respectively, to the magnitude and the modulation of phase angle",对应于幅度和相位角的调制。
 Several classifiers based on ANNs are used for disturbances analysis and harmonics sources classification,基于人工神经网络的多个分类器被用于干扰分析和谐波源分类。
"In Figure 8, an RMS threshold and duration of triggering are given",在图8中，给出了一个RMS阈值和触发的持续时间。
A critical analysis and future research of relevant issues that are related to the PQ disturbances characterization is performed,对与PQ干扰特性相关的问题进行批判性分析和未来研究。
)   is used for selecting the corresponding sag,""") 用于选择相应的下垂"""
" A comparative study of the existing techniques was also highlighted with useful comments and remarks, which can be used for future development on PQDs characterization",现有技术的比较研究也得到了突出，提供了有用的意见和评论，可用于PQDs特性表征的未来发展。
" For the classification stage, the studied classical techniques achieve low performance under highly noisy environments and for high variations in frequency",对于分类阶段，在高噪音环境和频率变化大的情况下，研究的经典技术表现出较低的性能。
 ABC classification has a simple design to classify the sag voltage,ABC分类具有简单的设计来对电压下降进行分类。
"PMU is an advanced measurement device and is part of PQ monitoring, especially for real-time state estimation",“PMU是一种先进的测量设备，是PQ监测的一部分，特别是用于实时状态估计。”
 They are also known as model-based methods where a signal model with a known form is assumed,他们也被称为基于模型的方法，其中假设了一个已知形式的信号模型。
" A GA chooses a random individual, which is a parent, from the actual population and for the next generation, it provides children",一个遗传算法选择一个随机个体，即一个父代，来自实际种群，并为下一代提供子代。
" The continuous spectra methods include auto-regressive (AR) models, where ARMA models are still general rational models",连续谱方法包括自回归（AR）模型，其中ARMA模型仍然是一般的有理模型。
 The knowledge base editor allows updating the knowledge base and rules,知识库编辑器允许更新知识库和规则。
" Moreover, they lead to frequency errors that can provide a false type of sag",此外，它们会导致频率误差，可能产生一种错误类型的下降。
Both FE and ROCOF error (RFE) are provided by the standard C37,标准C37提供了FE和ROCOF误差（RFE）。
" Once the corresponding class is selected, the estimated value of the symmetrical component allows for determining the corresponding signature",一旦选择了相应的类别，对称分量的估计值可以确定相应的签名。
" There are three evaluation criteria that are defined by this standard, which are FE, TVE and ROCOF",这个标准定义了三个评估标准，分别是FE、TVE和ROCOF。
" These papers presents also the power quality definition, standards, causes and types of disturbances",这些文件还介绍了电能质量的定义、标准、原因和干扰类型。
 (1) the input data are linearly transformed into multi-dimensional space,输入数据被线性转换成多维空间。
", it is possible to form the following polynomial",“可以形成以下多项式”
" For instance, the international standard IEEE 519 provides the requirements for harmonic components  ",例如，国际标准IEEE 519规定了谐波组分的要求。
 Let supposing the following synchrophasor representation,让我们假设以下的同步相量表示
 The main phases of SVM are,"SVM的主要阶段是"""
A smart grid covers a large-scale system from generation until end-consumers,一个智能电网覆盖了从发电开始到最终消费者的大规模系统。
" In this method, the signal is, as in Pisarenko’s method, assumed to consist of a sum of N sinusoids but the noise is replaced by damping on the latter",在这种方法中，信号被假定为由N个正弦波的和组成，但是噪声被后者的阻尼替代。
"The PQDs classification stage requires as input the extracted or estimated feature, whose output is the type of disturbance",PQDs分类阶段需要提取或估计的特征作为输入，其输出是故障类型。
of the nominal voltage  ,额定电压
 The requirements of PMU standards for balanced and unbalanced systems are defined,PMU标准对平衡和不平衡系统的要求已被定义。
 This matrix is given by,这个矩阵是由...给出的
Artificial intelligence-based techniques use the data and take action based on the pattern category,基于人工智能技术的技术利用数据并根据模式类别采取行动。
 Both techniques can be used for the analysis of harmonic and inter-harmonics components  ,这两种技术都可以用于谐波和互谐波分量的分析。
" Compared to the S-transform, the proposed technique requires limited feature statistics",与S变换相比，所提出的技术需要有限的特征统计。
" This will enable early detection of power system disturbances, maximize productivity, and minimize power system downtime",这将使得电力系统的干扰能够早期检测，最大化生产力，减少电力系统停机时间。
" however, the power grid is a three-phase system",然而，电力网是一个三相系统。
" Then, time-varying parameters can be estimated over each short window",然后，可以在每个短窗口内估计时间变化的参数。
" However, most of the previously published estimation techniques are sub-optimal, since they only use single-phase information",然而，大多数先前发表的估计技术都不够优化，因为它们只使用单相信息。
 Knowing that the Prony method achieves the same performance as the ESPRIT and MUSIC techniques  ,"""知道普罗尼方法达到与ESPRIT和MUSIC技术相同的性能"""
The signal’s parameters can be estimated when a good signal model is chosen,当选择了一个好的信号模型时，可以估计信号的参数。
" The separation between frequency components, in particular under non-stationary conditions, becomes an essential task",在非平稳条件下，频率分量之间的分离成为一项重要任务。
" In  , a PQD classification technique for distorted signals was proposed with a comparison between S-transform and the proposal",在  ，提出了一种针对失真信号的PQD分类技术，并对S变换和该提议进行了比较。
" this presents triggering, i",这引起了触发，我
These distortions are a deformation of the current or voltage wave-form from its nominal one,这些扭曲是电流或电压波形从标称波形偏离的变形。
" In  , an adaptive linear network (ADALINE) with FFNN is used to identify the corresponding disturbances",在这个研究中，使用带有前馈神经网络（FFNN）的自适应线性网络（ADALINE）来识别相应的干扰。
118 under stationary and non-stationary conditions and for P- and/or M-classes,在静态和非静态条件下，以及P和/或M类别下的118
matrix containing the fundamental frequency,包含基本频率的矩阵
" The combination of SP and AI techniques allows for improving accuracy, especially with a high sample rate",SP和AI技术的结合可以提高准确性，尤其是在高采样率下。
" However, this technique is highly computationally complex to find the feature with the highest performance",然而，这种技术在寻找具有最高性能的特征时非常复杂。
 The theoretical considerations are given in  ,理论考虑在给定的。
" In  , an SVM classifier for online and offline monitoring was proposed",在  ，提出了用于在线和离线监测的SVM分类器。
" Indeed, these techniques need a long signal length in order to achieve a good performance",实际上，这些技术需要很长的信号长度才能实现良好的性能。
 These frequencies are estimated without any information about the time the frequency appeared,这些频率是在没有关于频率出现时间的任何信息的情况下估计的。
 Reasoning between rules and information is performed by the interface engine,规则和信息之间的推理是由接口引擎执行的。
 The paper’s contributions can be presented as follows,这篇论文的贡献可以如下呈现。
"In this paper, the PQ issues that require SP techniques   and drive the use of advanced algorithms for PQDs characterization are presented",在这篇论文中，介绍了需要SP技术和驱动使用先进算法进行PQDs特性表征的PQ问题。
This paper provided a comprehensive review of the characterization of PQ disturbances,这篇论文对PQ干扰的表征进行了全面的审查。
") require a good knowledge of disturbances, and a large training database and their performance critically rely upon the extraction, selection and learning stages",需要对干扰有很好的了解，并且需要一个大型的训练数据库，它们的表现严重依赖于提取、选择和学习阶段。
" In  , an approach based on Taylor EKF is proposed",在该论文中，提出了基于Taylor EKF的方法。
" For the feature classification stage, the extracted features are used as inputs for the stage techniques",对于特征分类阶段，提取出的特征被用作阶段技术的输入。
 The voltage sags consist of 7 sag signatures that are denoted from A to G  ,电压下降由7个标记为A到G的下降特征组成。
" rate of change of frequency (ROCOF), frequency error (FE) and total vector error (TVE)",频率变化率（ROCOF）、频率误差（FE）和总矢量误差（TVE）
A modified least squares Prony method is proposed in  ,提出了一种修改后的最小二乘Prony方法。
") estimation from the recorded data, which is the most difficult task",从记录的数据中进行估计是最困难的任务。
" It should be mentioned that the synchrophasor can be variable in terms of time, therefore the PMU device shall provide a real-time estimation over a short time",应该提到，同步相量器在时间上是可变的，因此PMU设备应该在短时间内提供实时估计。
" After that, the HT estimates the frequency, phases and amplitudes at each instant with an analysis of the IMFs",在那之后，HT通过对IMFs进行分析，在每个瞬间估计频率、相位和振幅。
The following section presents a review of existing feature extraction techniques for PQ monitoring,以下部分介绍了现有的用于PQ监测的特征提取技术的回顾。
" Indeed, classical techniques exploit the information of single-phase to classify the corresponding disturbance",确实，经典技术利用单相信息来对应干扰进行分类。
" First, the input signal of FFT is sampled in the time domain, then the FFT is performed in the frequency domain in discrete steps",首先，FFT的输入信号在时域中进行采样，然后在离散步骤中在频域中执行FFT。
" However, the limited knowledge of the causes of these high components is still the main barrier in electric grids   and their interpretation is not easy",然而，对这些高成分原因的有限了解仍然是电网的主要障碍，而且它们的解释并不容易。
" After that, the estimation of parameters can be obtained using the ARMA model",之后，可以使用ARMA模型获得参数的估计。
"Decision Trees-based learning (DT) is a supervised learning method used in different fields, such as machine learning and data mining",基于决策树的学习（DT）是一种监督学习方法，被应用于不同领域，如机器学习和数据挖掘。
" In addition, PMU can validate the performance and the settings of equipment  ",此外，PMU 可以验证设备的性能和设置。
" These filters are widely used in power quality applications, such as real-time tracking harmonics  , signal parameters estimation of transients  ",这些滤波器广泛应用于电力质量应用，如实时跟踪谐波，瞬态信号参数估计。
" Moreover, this manuscript gives an overview of the existing SP techniques that are used for extracting, selecting and classifying the disturbance’s signal",此外，该手稿概述了用于提取、选择和分类干扰信号的现有SP技术。
" In  , a parametric spectral estimation technique for PQ monitoring application was proposed",在  ，提出了一种用于PQ监测应用的参数化谱估计技术。
 The signal’s parameters are considered to be constant under stationary conditions,在稳定条件下，信号的参数被认为是恒定的。
" Within the progressing discussion, the PQDs may cause a huge financial loss and they can degrade system reliability and negatively influence the PQ",在不断发展的讨论中，电力质量问题可能会导致巨大的财务损失，降低系统可靠性并对电力质量产生负面影响。
" In this context, the main objective of this paper is to provide an up-to-date and well-organized review of PQDs extraction, selection and classification",在这个背景下，本文的主要目标是提供关于PQDs提取、选择和分类的最新和组织良好的综述。
" To overcome these limitations, the development of advanced SP algorithms has become essential",为了克服这些局限性，发展先进的SP算法变得至关重要。
 This estimator uses a Newton–Raphson optimization algorithm for maximizing a one-dimensional cost function,这个估计器使用牛顿-拉弗森优化算法来最大化一维成本函数。
 The genetic algorithm is based on the evolutionary of natural selection   and is an iterative heuristic algorithm,遗传算法是基于自然选择的进化，是一种迭代启发式算法。
" In this scope, PQ monitoring has become the backbone of control strategies that are used in SG applications",在这个范围内，PQ监测已经成为在SG应用中使用的控制策略的支柱。
 The w can be estimated (,"w可以被估计（"""
" A critical review of techniques-based on SP, optimization and AI for PQD detection and classification is provided in  ",一个基于SP、优化和人工智能的技术的临床评估，用于PQD的检测和分类。
" In  , a disturbances-Versus-Normal (DVN) approach was proposed",在  ，提出了一种扰动对正常（DVN）方法。
" Under non-stationary conditions, a condition test is also presented that determines the band-width of the synchro-phasor device",在非定态条件下，还提出了一个条件测试，用于确定同步相量设备的带宽。
" Among the variety of classification techniques, the most known and common techniques are presented in this section that is classified into three classes",在各种分类技术中，最为熟知和常见的技术被列在此部分中，分为三类。
PSO is an iteration algorithm that allows obtaining the optimum solution according to a given measure  ,"""PSO 是一种迭代算法，可以根据给定的度量获得最优解"""
 The downhill simplex optimization (DSO) method is a heuristic search method that is used for non-linear problems for optimizing 1- or multi-dimensional cost-functions,下山单纯形优化（DSO）方法是一种用于优化1维或多维成本函数的非线性问题的启发式搜索方法。
 The model of signals is given by,信号的模型是给定的。
"The first step is to compute the duration, in the same direction, between two zero-crossings",第一步是计算两个零穿越之间的持续时间，方向相同。
" Under non-stationary conditions, the estimation algorithm must achieve a frequency less or equal to ±5 mHz from the nominal value",在非稳态条件下，估算算法必须实现与标称值相差不超过±5 mHz 的频率。
"In this section, a description of the PMU standard, which is C37",在这个部分，描述了C37标准的PMU。
" In such conditions, it has low computation complexity than conventional methods  ",在这种情况下，它比传统方法具有较低的计算复杂度。
" ROCOF, frequency error (FE) and total vector error (TVE)",ROCOF，频率误差（FE）和总矢量误差（TVE）
over the range of frequency given in Table 5  ,在表5中给定的频率范围内
 This approach can be used as a classification and predictive model that allows taking conclusions about observation data,这种方法可以作为一种分类和预测模型，允许对观察数据进行结论。
" The review provided in  , presents an overview of the techniques used for PQDs location and cause identification",""" 本文提供的综述概述了用于PQDs位置和原因识别的技术。"""
"In fact, the DTFT is used over a multiple half-period of signal and can be interpreted as multiplying a rectangular window function with an infinitely continuous signal that is given by",事实上，DTFT在信号的多个半周期上使用，可以解释为将一个矩形窗函数与一个由无限连续信号给出的信号相乘。
 These papers includes also the issues related to micro-grid applications-based on the distributed generation that uses power electronic technology (PET),这些文件还包括与基于分布式发电的微网应用相关的问题，该发电利用了功率电子技术（PET）。
"zero crossings, the frequency can be estimated by",
" In  , the authors proposed an ACO to improve classification performance and reduce computational time",在这项研究中，作者提出了一种蚁群优化算法来提高分类性能并减少计算时间。
It is possible also to write,也可以写。
" MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content",MDPI和/或编辑不对因内容中提及的任何想法、方法、指导或产品导致的人身伤害或财产损失承担责任。
 This estimator-based ML technique needs to maximize the 1-dimensional cost function,这种基于估计器的机器学习技术需要最大化一维成本函数。
Pisarenko Harmonic Decomposition (PHD) is based on eigenanalysis  ,皮萨连科谐波分解（PHD）是基于特征分析的。
" Furthermore, they require a long signal length to achieve high estimation performance, where various fast disturbances occur",此外，它们需要较长的信号长度才能实现高估计性能，因为会出现各种快速干扰。
 A neural network with more hidden layers allows for improving accuracy compared to the NN with only one layer,一个具有更多隐藏层的神经网络可以比只有一个层的神经网络提高准确性。
 A phasor and frequency estimator based on a dynamic model is proposed in  ,基于动态模型提出了一个相量和频率估计器。
" The deviation is a stationary PQD that is presented by a small deviation (A large or small deviation is reported by IEEE 1159, IEC 61000-4-30 and EN 50160 standards  ) from its nominal value",这种偏差是由一个小偏差（大或小的偏差由IEEE 1159、IEC 61000-4-30和EN 50160标准报告）来表示的稳态PQD。
9 pu of the nominal voltage over a few periods (,"在几个周期内的名义电压的9倍"""
is therefore the eigenvector associated with the variance of the white noise with the constraint,因此，是与白噪声方差相关的特征向量，受约束条件约束。
" Then, the EMD estimates the instantaneous frequency, amplitude, and phase by analysis these IMFs",接下来，EMD通过分析这些IMFs来估计瞬时频率、振幅和相位。
Frequency and ROCOF measurement evaluation,频率和ROCOF测量评估
 The starting hypothesis therefore reads,因此，起始假设即为”
Kalman filter (KF) is a special type of filter,"""卡尔曼滤波器（KF）是一种特殊类型的滤波器"""
" To achieve this objective, HT and EMD are combined for detecting sag cause   and the PNN-based classifier allows for determining the sag type",为了实现这一目标，HT 和 EMD 被结合用于检测电压下降的原因，而基于PNN的分类器则允许确定电压下降的类型。
 This technique studies the signatures of the sag and swell voltages illustrated by Figure 16,这种技术研究了图16所示的下陷和涨落电压的特征。
 The main objective of PSO is to find the particle that gives the optimum solution of the cost-function,PSO的主要目标是找到能够给出成本函数最优解的粒子。
" In this test, phase modulation and sinusoidal amplitude are used",在这个测试中，使用了相位调制和正弦振幅。
 This technique allows for reducing the computation time compared to classical techniques,这种技术可以缩短计算时间，与传统技术相比。
" In  , a classifier that uses a combination between extension theory (EXT) and GA was proposed",在 ，提出了一种使用扩展理论（EXT）和遗传算法（GA）组合的分类器。
 they can lead to mal-function due to PQDs,它们可能由于PQD引起故障。
 The rule-based expert system is the typical ES structure and it is illustrated in Figure 18,基于规则的专家系统是典型的ES结构，并且在图18中有示例。
 These performances shall meet the requirements of the C37,这些表演应符合C37的要求。
"Section 6, Section 7 and Section 8 provide comparative analysis, future research, challenges and conclusion",第6节、第7节和第8节提供比较分析、未来研究、挑战和结论。
"Herein, we provide a PQ measurement that is PMU with a presentation of its main points",在这里，我们提供了一个包含其主要要点的PQ测量，这是PMU。
 This technique allows for determining the corresponding eigenvector and the minimum eigenvalue of the covariance matrix in order to estimate the frequency,这种技术允许确定协方差矩阵的对应特征向量和最小特征值，以估计频率。
Figure 19 illustrates a rule-based ES for disturbances classification,图19展示了一个基于规则的ES用于干扰分类。
" Then, estimate phasors by reformulating this estimation problem as a linear regression problem",然后，通过将这个估计问题重新表述为线性回归问题来估计相量。
 ANNs can self-learn the PR of several systems,"""人工神经网络可以自学习多个系统的模式识别能力"""
 These techniques are based on the concept of using a short sliding window that allows handling the non-stationarity problem,这些技术是基于使用短滑动窗口的概念，从而解决非静止问题。
 The analysis of these methods is performed under stationary and non-stationary conditions,这些方法的分析是在稳态和非稳态条件下进行的。
 This review focuses on PQ issues related to renewable energy in the smart grid context,这篇评论侧重于智能电网背景下与可再生能源相关的 PQ 问题。
A technique for PQ disturbances classification was proposed in  ,在“”中提出了一种用于PQ干扰分类的技术。
is expressed as follows  ,"""表示如下"""
 A classifier-based on multi-resolution S transform and DT was proposed in  ,基于多分辨率S变换和DT的分类器在中提出。
" In the literature, several techniques-based on SVM were proposed for PQDs classification  ",在文献中，有几种基于支持向量机的技术被提出用于PQDs分类。
 This sliding window decomposed the signal into several stationary blocks,这个滑动窗口将信号分解成几个固定的块。
 There are two categories of methods,有两种方法类别。
" Future research should evaluate the real-time characterization algorithms that require low computational complexity, high accuracy and low false alarm rate under balanced or unbalanced conditions",未来的研究应当评估实时特征提取算法，该算法需要低计算复杂度、高准确性和在平衡或不平衡条件下低误报率。
" This estimator performs a calculation of the time required for the signal shape to change from a positive to a negative value, as shown in Figure 13",这个估计器执行一个计算，计算信号形状从正值变为负值所需的时间，如图13所示。
" These interruptions can be caused by multi-phase disconnection at the power grid, like short-circuits",这些中断可能是由于电网的多相断开，如短路引起的。
The analysis of these methods can be performed with no assumption about the voltage or current signal,这些方法的分析可以在不考虑电压或电流信号的情况下进行。
 This approach allows minimizing the mean square for computing the harmonic and inter-harmonic sub-groups,这种方法允许最小化计算谐波和互谐波子组的均方。
" In fact, PQ can have a negative effect on an electric system by impacting its operation conditions, efficiency, and measurements performances  ",事实上，PQ可能会通过影响其运行条件、效率和测量性能对电气系统产生负面影响。
 The continuous spectra include also linear prediction methods such as Prony ones,连续光谱还包括普罗尼等线性预测方法。
" However, the wavelet method requires appropriate windowing in order to obtain an accurate estimate",然而，小波方法需要适当的窗口处理才能获得准确的估计。
 This comparison takes into consideration the accuracy and environment of each technique,这种比较考虑了每种技术的准确性和环境。
PQ issues have received more attention from scientists and engineers,"""PQ问题已经受到了科学家和工程师更多的关注"""
" For such an objective, an algorithm of optimization that uses the Newton–Raphson approach is proposed",为了实现这样的目标，提出了一种使用牛顿-拉夫逊方法的优化算法。
Section 3 deals with feature extraction techniques used for frequency and phasor estimation,第3节涉及用于频率和相量估计的特征提取技术。
" The first type of PQ is voltage quality, which is presented by a deviation of voltage from its nominal value due to the effect of the power grid on the end-consumers or equipment",PQ的第一种类型是电压质量，它是由于电网对终端用户或设备的影响导致电压偏离其名义值而呈现的。
"SVM was introduced by Vapnik in the late 1970s and it uses the learning theory for classification  , such as intelligent machines and forecasting",SVM 是由瓦普尼克在1970年代末引入的，它使用学习理论进行分类，比如智能机器和预测。
 These requirements must be tested and validated under stationary and non-stationary conditions,这些要求必须在静止和非静止条件下进行测试和验证。
" DL-based techniques have been used to solve certain PQ issues, for instance, the architecture-based convolutional neural network (CNN) is mostly employed in PQ extraction, detection and classification applications","""DL-based技术已被用于解决某些PQ问题，例如，基于架构的卷积神经网络(CNN)主要用于PQ提取、检测和分类应用"""
 A DT algorithm-based on rules set is used for classifying the PQ disturbances,基于规则集的DT算法用于对PQ干扰进行分类。
" Moreover, this paper is interested in PQ issues that need the use of advanced SP, optimization and pattern recognition techniques   and use the advanced techniques of PQD characterization to improve the reliability and efficiency of the electric grids",此外，本文关注需要使用先进SP、优化和模式识别技术的PQ问题，并利用PQD表征的先进技术来提高电网的可靠性和效率。
 The concept of the former one is based on the computation of the RMS value of voltage over several half-periods,前一种概念是基于在多个半周期内计算电压的均方根值。
and the RFE is expressed as,“并且RFE被表达为”
" The signal has a sinusoidal form and is observed over several periods [0,",这个信号具有正弦形式，并在几个周期[0，
 The RMS value could then be calculated as a function of,均方根值可以作为一个函数计算。
 Pattern recognition-based techniques (i,基于模式识别的技术（我
"In  , the authors proposed a technique based on Pisarenko’s harmonic method",在  中，作者提出了一种基于Pisarenko谐波方法的技术。
"Different techniques can estimate the signal’s magnitude, such as the RMS and PV techniques",不同的技术可以估计信号的幅度，例如均方根和峰值技术。
Observe N values of the signal,观察信号的 N 个值
"The most used extraction techniques for signal features, i",信号特征最常用的提取技术是，我
" To overcome this limitation, the Newton–Raphson algorithm (NRA) was proposed in  ",为了克服这一限制，牛顿-拉夫逊算法(NRA)被提出。
The FE is defined as,FE被定义为
 The frequency expression is given by,该频率表达式由...给出。
is assumed to consist of a sum of N sinusoids,"""假定由N个正弦波组成"""
"The smart grid should address the limitations of the existing one by using PQ monitoring, advanced measurement devices, and self-healing, pervasive system anomalies  ",智能电网应通过使用PQ监测、先进的测量设备和自愈能力来解决现有电网的局限性。
" To classify the PQ disturbances, the ES needs to extract information from computers and learn from human experts",为了分类PQ干扰，ES需要从计算机中提取信息并向人类专家学习。
" Their performance depends on the number of samples, model order and SNR  ",他们的表现取决于样本数量、模型阶数和信噪比。
 Table 9 reports an analysis of the feature extraction techniques mentioned in this section,"""表9报告了本节中提到的特征提取技术的分析"""
FT is one of the most used estimation methods for stationary signals for extracting spectra at specific frequencies,"""FT是用于提取特定频率下频谱的平稳信号的最常用的估计方法之一"""
 This technique was tested for several disturbances using noise-riding signals,这种技术经过多次干扰测试，使用噪音骑行信号。
Advanced feature extraction techniques are proposed to estimate the PQD’s features under non-stationary conditions,提出了先进的特征提取技术，用于在非平稳条件下估计PQD的特征。
 IEEE and IEC organizations develop international standards and are the most known standards in PQ filed,IEEE和IEC组织制定国际标准，在PQ领域是最知名的标准。
   proposed an approach for detecting and classifying the PQ disturbances,提出了一种检测和分类PQ干扰的方法。
 The classification performance is also improved by using 16 features from 96 features,通过使用来自96个特征的16个特征，分类性能也得到了提高。
" In this context, the least square method uses data points for generating the desired coefficients",在这种情况下，最小二乘法使用数据点来生成所需的系数。
" However, this method is still sensible to noise and it depends on the system’s parameters  ",然而，这种方法仍然对噪音敏感，并且取决于系统的参数。
 The main drawback of this optimization method is how to choose the first guess,这种优化方法的主要缺点是如何选择第一个猜测。
" Table 1 provides the common PQ disturbances, with their causes and consequences",表1提供了常见的PQ干扰，以及它们的原因和后果。
" In addition, high-resolution and ML techniques are parametric methods  ",此外，高分辨率和机器学习技术是参数方法。
" In addition, the frequency must be estimated once in order to estimate the phasors",此外，需要估计频率一次才能估计相量。
 HHT is based on Hilbert transform (HT) and Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) techniques  ,HHT基于希尔伯特变换（HT）和经验模态分解（EMD）技术。
 The matching between the real and proposed signal should follow this process,实际信号和提议信号之间的匹配应遵循这个过程。
A simple frequency estimator is proposed by IEC 61000-4-30 standard that is based on the zero-crossing method,IEC 61000-4-30标准提出了一种基于零穿越方法的简单频率估计器。
" However, the above-published estimation techniques are sub-optimal and most of these techniques do not use the information of the three-phase signals",然而，上述已发表的估算技术是次优的，大多数这些技术不使用三相信号的信息。
"Under high noise and off-nominal conditions, the performance of the previously mentioned techniques critically degrades",在高噪声和非标准条件下，先前提到的技术的性能严重降低。
" Moreover, SG is expected to enhance reliability, efficiency and security through communication technologies and advanced control technologies  ",此外，SG预计通过通信技术和先进控制技术提高可靠性、效率和安全性。
" To this purpose, suitable feature extraction, selection and classification methods become of great importance to developing efficient and reliable algorithms for PQDs characterization",为了这个目的，适当的特征提取、选择和分类方法变得非常重要，以开发高效可靠的算法来对PQDs进行特征化。
" writing—review and editing, Z",写作 - 审查和编辑，Z
presents the phase index,呈现相位指数
PMU must estimate the signal’s parameters with the highest performance under stationary or non-stationary conditions,PMU必须在稳态或非稳态条件下以最高性能估计信号的参数。
", the output of PQ monitoring","""PQ 监测的输出"""
The organization of the paper is presented as,"这篇论文的结构被呈现为"""
" Moreover, PQ disturbances monitoring needs to improve feature extraction, optimal selection and classification algorithms for identifying disturbance causes",此外，PQ干扰监测需要改进特征提取、最佳选择和分类算法，以便识别干扰原因。
" To overcome this challenge, other non-stationary methods are used to perform this task with good performance",为了克服这一挑战，其他非固定方法被用来执行这项任务，表现优异。
 MUSIC-based on a sinusoidal model gives an estimation of the frequency components and it is considered a noise sub-space technique,基于正弦模型的音乐提供了频率成分的估计，被认为是一种噪声子空间技术。
 The coefficient of the linear predictor filter can be optimized by the minimization of the following cost-function,线性预测滤波器的系数可以通过最小化以下成本函数进行优化。
" IS defines the limits and tolerance variations for different signal parameters, like frequency and voltage",IS定义了不同信号参数（如频率和电压）的限制和容差变化。
 A GA uses chromosomes that are binary digits,一个遗传算法使用二进制数字作为染色体。
 The phasor estimation by DTFT is provided by,DTFT提供的复数估算。
 This classifier can be applied for short-duration of disturbances,这个分类器可以应用于短时间干扰。
" However, the Pisarenko method needs exact information on the model order and it gives inaccuracy estimation because of the statistical auto-correlation lag estimation",然而，皮萨连科方法需要关于模型阶数的精确信息，并且由于统计自相关滞后估计，可能会导致不准确的估计。
 In the case of,就...情况而言
 The advantage of using HT is its using of one phase signal for feature extraction,使用HT的优势在于利用一个相位信号进行特征提取。
 Other methods that lead to high performances under specific conditions are proposed in  ,在特定条件下可以带来高性能的其他方法在...中提出。
", the TVE criterion is expressed then as",“，然后表达为TVE标准”
" In the literature, several classical and based-pattern recognition techniques for feature classification have been proposed",在文献中，已经提出了几种经典和基于模式识别技术的特征分类方法。
 KMA is widely used for feature selection for classification applications  ,"""KMA被广泛用于分类应用的特征选择"""
refers to fundamental frequency and,指的是基频和
Using models that are validated by good experimental results,使用通过良好实验结果验证的模型。
" These 9 signatures, provided in Figure 16, can be pre-classified into 4 classes as depicted in Table 11",这9个签名，如图16所示的，可以根据表11进行预分类为4类。
" Otherwise, other PQDs are characterized by a continuous spectrum, in particular when the harmonic and inter-harmonics number is unlimited",否则，其他PQD的特点是连续谱，特别是当谐波和互谐波的数量是无限时。
" Moreover, their performance also depends on that of the extraction stage",此外，他们的表现还取决于提取阶段的表现。
"corresponds to the modulation frequency in Hz,",对应于调制频率（单位：赫兹）
 The limitation of parametric methods is how to find a good matching between the real and theoretical signal models,参数方法的局限性在于如何找到真实和理论信号模型之间的良好匹配。
" Therefore, PQD characterization has become a major issue in PQ monitoring",因此，PQD特性成为PQ监测中的一个重要问题。
" ADALINE estimates the harmonic component or inter-harmonic component in order to compute the rms value and THD, then, the FFNN allows selecting the corresponding disturbance",ADALINE估计谐波分量或互谐波分量以计算有效值和总谐波失真率，然后，FFNN允许选择相应的干扰。
", Tokyo Monorail, Tokyo Metro","""东京单轨，东京地铁"""
" In East Japan Railway Company, it is shown that the total capacity of the energy storage system can be reduced by considering the location of trains in the field test at Ohnuki SS in 2017 52",在东日本铁路公司，通过考虑2017年大貫SS的田野测试中火车的位置，可以减少能源存储系统的总容量。
" Some reports have already been published related to the utilization of DC traction power supply for other purposes from academic side 58, and further activities are expected to realize reasonable and smart social infrastructures in the future",一些与利用直流牵引电源用于其他目的相关的报告已经从学术方面发表了，未来预计会有进一步的活动来实现合理和智能的社会基础设施。
" In addition, the many mechanical parts, such as hydraulic transmissions and mechanical gears, reduce the energy efficiency and require much maintenance work",此外，诸如液压传动和机械齿轮等许多机械零部件会降低能源效率，并需要大量的维护工作。
 The solutions are presented in Section 4,解决方案在第四部分中介绍。
Circuit configurations of Series N700S for Tokaido Shinkansen train,东海道新干线列车N700S系列的电路配置
4 Advanced control of the traction motor,对牵引电机的高级控制
 Nominal voltages and their permissible limits as shown in IEC60850 (excerpt),"""在IEC60850（摘录）中显示的名义电压及其允许范围"""
 The traction system design over this stage is common for the conventional inverter and the AC motor traction system,这一阶段的牵引系统设计对于传统逆变器和交流电机牵引系统来说是常见的。
" On the other hand, this feature of less friction gives less adhesive coefficient between the rail and wheel",另一方面，这种减少摩擦的特性使得铁轨和车轮之间的粘附系数更低。
 As shown in Fig,如图所示。
" However, energy efficiency, noise and vibration, and emission of gases are problems to be technically solved",然而，节能、噪音和振动以及废气排放是需要技术上解决的问题。
" Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc",由约翰·威利和儿子有限公司出版
" This feature, combined with bogie structure, causes heavy axle load",这个特征，与转向架结构相结合，导致重轴荷载。
" For effective utilization of residual regenerative power, regenerative inverters and energy storage systems are used in DC traction power supply systems in Japan 4",为了有效利用残余再生能量，在日本的直流牵引供电系统中使用再生逆变器和能量存储系统。
"The power conversion from DC traction power supply system to the AC system can be also realized by pulse width modulation (PWM) converters 11, which have been installed on the Tsukuba Express Line, Japan, and the double converters 12, which have been installed by the SMRT Corporation, Singapore",将直流牵引供电系统转换为交流系统的功率转换也可以通过脉宽调制（PWM）变换器11来实现，这些变换器已安装在日本筑波快线上，以及由新加坡地铁公司（SMRT Corporation）安装的双变换器12。
" Thus the output voltage of the transformer is around AC 600 V, assuming 700 V DC in the output side of the DC–DC converter",因此，假设DC-DC转换器的输出端为700V DC，则变压器的输出电压约为AC 600V。
"Furthermore, an RPC was installed at Ushiku SP on Joban line for regenerative power utilization",此外，常磐线上的牛久SP安装了一个RPC，用于再生能源的利用。
 One example of a traction system configuration is shown in Fig,一个牵引系统配置的示例如图所示。
"For the traction system in an AC electrified section, a transformer is utilized to reduce an appropriate voltage for on-board traction system and to isolate the on-board traction circuit from the high voltage of the feeder line",在交流电气化区段的牵引系统中，利用变压器降低适当的电压用于车载牵引系统，并将车载牵引电路与馈线的高电压隔离开。
" degrees from the faculty of electrical engineering, Waseda University, in 1991 and 2000, respectively",分别于1991年和2000年在早稻田大学电气工程系获得学位
" The wheel slip stops after the torque current reduces, and the slip speed goes to almost zero","""当扭矩电流减小后，轮胎打滑停止，打滑速度几乎降至零。"""
 Previous introduction examples of power electronics applications in Tokaido Shinkansen 17,东海道新干线17中电力电子应用的先前介绍示例
Regenerative power utilization by installing RPC at SP,通过在SP安装RPC进行再生能源利用。
3 Power Electronics Solutions for Fixed Installations,固定安装的3种功率电子解决方案
3 kV MOSFETs are required to form simple circuit configurations,需要3千伏的金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管来形成简单的电路配置。
 Specifications of GTO circuit breaker used by Hankyu corporation,阪急公司使用的GTO断路器规格
2 Peculiarities of Railway System,"""铁路系统的两个特点"""
" By means of this method, Vclim can be set higher and more regenerative energy saving can be expected",通过这种方法，Vclim可以设置得更高，可以预期更多的再生能源节省。
"2 Low-voltage, high-current system",2 低电压，高电流系统
Light-load regenerative brake control configuration 49,"""轻载再生制动控制配置49"""
Circuit diagram of DC substation with GTO circuit breakers,带有GTO断路器的直流变电站电路图
 Further improvement of the energy saving effect and the realization of more reasonable system design are expected by considering the operation conditions 51,通过考虑51操作条件，预计能进一步提高节能效果，并实现更合理的系统设计。
Certain applications of power electronics for railway vehicle traction systems and fixed installations are reviewed and future possibilities considering technical and social trends around railway industry are mentioned in this paper,这篇论文回顾了铁路车辆牵引系统和固定设施的某些功率电子应用，并提到了考虑铁路行业技术和社会趋势的未来可能性。
Inverter AC rated voltage,逆变空调额定电压
" In order to ease these problems, reducing the vehicle mass including that of the traction system is very important",为了缓解这些问题，减少车辆质量，包括牵引系统的质量，是非常重要的。
" As shown in the top of the , the slip detection flag comes up, and the torque current starts to reduce its amplitude",如上图所示，滑动检测标志出现，扭矩电流开始减小其振幅。
" However, it has still technical issues such as noise, vibration, and gas emission",然而，它仍然存在技术问题，如噪音、振动和气体排放。
Mass reduction and down-sizing are important technical issues for rolling stocks from the view point of reducing the maintenance work of the track and energy saving with running,从减少轨道维护工作和节能运行的角度来看，质量减少和缩小规模对于轨道车辆来说是重要的技术问题。
"RPC was proposed by RTRI in 1995 19 to compensate for three-phase imbalance, suppression of voltage fluctuation, and absorption of high-harmonic current at the traction substation",RPC在1995年由RTRI提出，用于补偿牵引变电所的三相不平衡、抑制电压波动和吸收高次谐波电流。
Circuit diagram of Li-ion battery system at Haijima SS,海岛SS锂离子电池系统的电路图
 PE technologies that can contribute to high-performance regenerative braking are presented in Section 4,可以在第4部分中找到可以为高性能再生制动做出贡献的PE技术。
" On the other hand, the slip speed control method 46 is sometimes utilized for locomotive traction system",另一方面，滑差速度控制方法46有时被用于机车牵引系统。
" However, there are still technical issues to be overcome in the high-power and reliable traction application",然而，在高功率和可靠的牵引应用中仍然存在技术问题需要克服。
The first demonstration of electric railways was done during the third domestic industrial exposition at Ueno in 1890 by Dr,第一次电气铁路的演示是在1890年由Dr在上野举行的第三届国内工业博览会上进行的。
 Regenerative braking is to be controlled by utilizing the regenerative brake signal to the mechanical brake controller,再生制动将通过利用再生制动信号来控制机械刹车控制器。
 The operating frequency of the isolation transformer is 40 kHz,隔离变压器的工作频率为40kHz。
 A wide voltage range is permitted in the voltage definition of international standard in order to accept a large voltage drop in the catenaries,国际标准的电压定义允许较宽的电压范围，以便接受接触线上的大电压降。
6 kV/6 kA GCT,"""6千伏/6千安 GCT"""
"In the development of electric railways, one must mention the development of power electronic technologies",在电气铁路的发展中，必须提到功率电子技术的发展。
" On the other hand, the regenerative brake system causes some problems, as presented in Section 2",另一方面，再生制动系统会导致一些问题，正如在第二部分中所述。
" 17, the spike voltage of vcreg, which stands for the voltage of the filter capacitor, becomes high and exceeds the overvoltage limit",17号，代表滤波电容器电压的vcreg的峰值电压变高，超过了过压限制。
3 SVC and SVG for AC traction power supply,"""用于交流牵引电源的3个SVC和SVG"""
6 Heavy axle load,6个重轴荷载
" For these applications, DC–DC converter technology contributes much toward down-sizing the traction system",对于这些应用来说，DC-DC转换器技术在缩小牵引系统方面起到了很大的作用。
" Recently, batteries have become feasible, and basic research and development of energy storage application to DC traction power supply system was carried out by RTRI (Railway Technology and Research Institute) in the early 2000s 6",最近，电池已经变得可行，世界铁路技术研究所在21世纪初进行了关于能量存储应用于直流牵引供电系统的基础研究和开发。
" Thus, a circuit configuration that enables the utilization of lower voltage range devices such as 1","因此，一种电路配置可以实现对较低电压范围设备（如1""）的利用。"
" This heavy, concentrated load requires much maintenance work of the track such as rails, sleepers, and blast, and emits much noise and vibration while the train is running",这种沉重、集中的负载需要对轨道进行大量的维护工作，如钢轨、枕木和爆破，且在火车行驶时会发出很多噪音和振动。
" Thus, the mass of the traction system, especially of the main transformer, is quite heavy and bulky for 16",因此，牵引系统的质量，尤其是主变压器的质量对于16英寸来说相当沉重而笨重。
" GTO circuit breakers 2 appeared as an alternative to traditional air circuit breakers in the 1980s, and high-speed vacuum circuit breakers (HSVCBs) 3 have recently been introduced",GTO断路器在20世纪80年代作为传统空气断路器的一种替代品出现，而高速真空断路器（HSVCBs）最近被引入。
" Ichisuke Fujioka, and the first commercial operation of electric trams was started in Kyoto in 1895",藤冈市助，1895年在京都开始了第一次电车商业运营。
 22) and Type HD 300 shunter locomotive are original and typical diesel hybrid applications  ,“22)和HD 300型调车机车是原始且典型的柴油混合动力应用。”
 To maintain heavy infrastructure for electric railway will be unreasonable in the near future under the trends of declining birthrate and an aging society,在出生率下降和人口老龄化的趋势下，维持电气铁路的大型基础设施将在不久的将来变得不合理。
9 Lower adhesive coefficient,9 低粘附系数
 The design of the parasitic inductance itself is also difficult 30,这种寄生感应的设计本身也很困难。
SVCs for voltage drop compensation,用于电压下降补偿的SVC
 they are also installed at the Shin-Yono Sectioning Post of East Japan Railway Company,它们还安装在东日本铁路公司的新与野野车站。
"On Tokaido Shinkansen Line, 25-kV single-phase AC with 60 Hz frequency is supplied to rolling stock even at 50 Hz around Tokyo area",在东海道新干线上，即使在东京地区也为列车提供每相25千伏单相交流电，并保持60赫兹的频率。
" Thus, two times high average power in the electrified section as in the non-electrified line is required to deal with the same energy for battery, just by simple calculation",因此，为了处理与非电气化线路相同的电池能量，电气化部分需要两倍于非电气化线路的平均功率，仅通过简单计算即可。
" In the output side, two diode full-bridge rectifiers are connected in parallel",在输出端，两个二极管全桥整流器并联连接。
4 compared with conventional 10 kHz switching by the same kind of IGBT power converter,与传统的10 kHz开关相比，由相同类型的IGBT功率变换器进行比较。
" He graduated from the University of Tokyo (UT) in 1994 and received Master's and doctoral degrees from the Graduate School, UT, in 1996 and 1999, respectively",他于1994年毕业于东京大学，并分别于1996年和1999年获得东京大学研究生院的硕士和博士学位。
 Type EV-E301 by East Japan Railway (shown in Fig,东日本铁路EV-E301型（如图所示）
" But there are non-electrified lines for economic reasons in the rural areas, and there are some cases of accidental black-outs even in the electrified section",但是出于经济原因，农村地区有一些非电气化的铁路线，即使在通电的部分也有一些偶发的停电情况。
 Type Kiha-E200 by JR East (shown in Fig,""" 东日本铁路的Kiha-E200型号（如图所示）"""
3 Onboard battery and fuel cell application for traction power,3个用于牵引动力的机载电池和燃料电池应用
" His research interests include power electronics, AC motor drive, energy storage system, wireless power transmission and their application to the railway vehicle traction, and electric vehicles",他的研究兴趣包括功率电子、交流电机驱动、能量存储系统、无线电力传输以及它们在铁路车辆牵引和电动车辆中的应用。
 This DC–DC converter converts DC 1,这个DC-DC转换器将直流1转换为直流。
Outlook of battery-powered EMU type EV-E301 of JR east (left) and outlook of the world first fuel-cell-powered railway vehicle developed by Alstom in commercial service in Germany (right),东日本铁路公司的电池动力EMU型EV-E301列车（左）和阿尔斯通公司开发的世界首列商用燃料电池动力铁路车辆的外观（右）
"Nowadays, railway is recognized as an eco-friendly passenger transportation mode because of its relatively low CO2 emissions",如今，铁路被认为是一种环保的乘客交通方式，因为它的二氧化碳排放相对较低。
Traction system of the prototype test with a switcher locomotive by SBB 35,“SBB 35号机车的原型测试牵引系统”
" The LLC converter is expected to eliminate the switching loss by the soft switching feature of the LLC converter, and the input-series output-parallel configuration is suitable for high power and downsized design for the isolated DC–DC converter",LLC转换器预计通过LLC转换器的软开关功能来消除开关损耗，并且输入串联输出并联配置适用于隔离DC-DC转换器的高功率和小型化设计。
" They are slip/skid re-adhesion control, regenerative brake control under light load condition, and damping control for the DC-side LC resonance",它们是轮胎滑移/侧滑复附着控制、轻载条件下的再生制动控制，以及直流侧LC共振的阻尼控制。
The purposes of installation of energy storage system are as follows 8,"能源储存系统安装的目的如下8"""
" Especially, in the case where the load power is enough but the distance between the regenerating train and the powering train is far, the line voltage over the regenerative vehicle is high and the regenerative brake control under the light load condition, as shown in Fig",特别是，在负载功率足够但再生列车与牵引列车之间距离较远的情况下，如图所示，再生车辆上的线路电压较高，并且在轻载条件下再生制动控制。
5 kV to DC 700 V with isolation between the input side and the output side,将5千伏转换为直流700伏，且在输入端和输出端之间具有隔离。
Details are in the caption following the image,细节在图像后面的标题中。
 © 2020 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan,"2020年日本电气工程师学会"""
" According to the progress in performance in power semiconductor switching devices, an optimal system configuration may vary drastically",根据功率半导体开关器件性能的进展，最佳系统配置可能会发生巨大变化。
"In this article, certain applications of PE for railway vehicle traction systems and fixed installations are reviewed, and the future possibilities considering technical and social trends in the railway industry are mentioned",在这篇文章中，回顾了聚乙烯在铁路车辆牵引系统和固定设施中的某些应用，并提及了考虑铁路行业技术和社会趋势的未来可能性。
Rectifier AC rated voltage,整流器交流额定电压
", East Japan Railway, Keio Co",东日本铁路，京玑公司
" Furthermore, as the DC traction power supply system is a low-voltage/high-current system, as mentioned in Section 2",此外，正如第二节中所提到的，直流牵引供电系统是一个低电压/高电流系统。
" In addition, even in the electrified line, there are sometimes cases of accidental sudden stoppage of electrical power",此外，即使在有电气化的线路上，有时也会发生意外突然停电的情况。
 This is due to the lower running resistance by the long and small cross-section of vehicles and lower friction loss between the iron rail and the wheel,这是由于长、小截面的车辆运行阻力较低，铁轨与车轮之间的摩擦损失也较低。
System change from conventional heavy infrastructure to smart ones is one of the most important issues we have to pay attention to in the future,"""从传统的重型基础设施转变为智能化系统是我们未来必须关注的最重要问题之一"""
 The tangential force that is transmitted between the wheel and rail versus the slip speed is shown in Fig,"""在图中显示了轮轨之间传递的切向力与滑移速度之间的关系。"""
" In addition, locomotives apply the one-inverter-one-induction motor control system because the rated power of the traction system for the locomotive is higher",此外，机车采用单变频器单感应电动机控制系统，因为机车牵引系统的额定功率较高。
 Many energy storage systems have been installed in DC traction power supply system since 2006 when the first lithium-ion battery system was installed by West Japan Railway Company,自2006年西日本铁路公司安装第一个锂离子电池系统以来，许多能量存储系统已经安装在直流牵引供电系统中。
 The balance between charging in the electrified section and the charging power by regenerative braking in the non-electrified line is important for the optimal design of the DC–DC converter of the rated power,在直流-直流转换器额定功率的最佳设计中，充电区和非电气化线路的再生制动充电功率之间的平衡至关重要。
"4000 V*3 levels, 50 Hz three phase","""4000 V*3 级，50 Hz 三相"""
 These controls cover the weak points of electric railway vehicles and enhance their performance,这些控制措施可以覆盖电动铁路车辆的弱点，并提高其性能。
 The total rated output power of each car is 544 kW,每辆汽车的总额定输出功率为544千瓦。
" Recently, a static frequency converter, which is called EFC (electronic frequency converter), has become feasible, and EFCs have been partially installed at four FCs (frequency conversion substations), namely at Oi FC, Tsunashima FC, Nishisagami FC, and Numazu FC 22-24 for energy saving and less maintenance",最近，一种名为EFC（电子频率变换器）的静态频率变换器已经变得可行，并且EFC已经部分安装在四个FCs（频率转换站）上，即位于大井FC、綱島FC、西鷺FC和沼津FC 22-24，以节能和减少维护。
Valve devices of conv,"""阀门设备"""
" This is results in the fact that the flux of the iron core of the transformer is proportional to the index of the voltage per frequency, the so-called V/F",这导致变压器铁芯磁通量与电压频率指数成比例，即所谓的V/F。
Outlook of onboard traction and auxiliary equipment a hybrid diesel railcar 40,内燃机车辆和辅助设备的混合柴油动车40的前景
" When the motor torque exceeds the tangential force, the slip speed increases and the operation point exceeds PT, and the tangential force reduces and the wheel slip increases more",当电机扭矩超过切向力时，滑动速度增加，操作点超过PT，切向力减小，轮胎打滑增加。
" In the input side, two full bridge inverters formed by 1","在输入端，由1""形成的两个全桥逆变器"
 But the heavy mass of vehicle running at high speed generates very high kinetic energy,但是以高速行驶的庞大车辆产生了非常高的动能。
"Afterward, Central Japan Railway Company replaced old SVCs shown in Section 3",后来，中部日本铁路公司替换了第三部分中显示的旧SVC。
  1 shows the history of rail electrification of JNR,1显示了日本国铁电气化的历史。
" In the last quarter of the 20th century, semiconductor CBs have been developed and partially applied to Japanese DC traction power supply system, such as thyristor CBs in the 1970s and GTO CBs in the 1980s",在20世纪的最后一个季度，半导体断路器已经被开发并部分应用于日本的直流牵引电源系统，例如1970年代的晶闸管断路器和1980年代的GTO断路器。
  7 shows the effect of RPC at Shin-Numakunai SS on Tohoku High Speed Railway,7展示了RPC在新沼宿停车场对东北高速铁路的影响。
" To reduce low-order high harmonics such as 11th and 13th order, equivalent 24 phase rectifiers consisting of two 12 phase rectifiers with 15° phase differences have recently been introduced",为了减少11次和13次阶次等低阶高次谐波，最近引入了由两个相位差为15°的12相整流器组成的等效24相整流器。
" Alstom released the world first fuel cell train in 2017, and it stared its commercial service in Nothen Germany 43, as shown in right picture of Fig",阿尔斯通在2017年发布了世界上第一辆燃料电池火车，并在德国北部43号开始了商业服务，如图中右侧所示。
 Drainage devices with semiconductor diode are properly equipped in Japan to avoid corrosion where necessary,在日本，适当地配备了具有半导体二极管的排水设备，以避免必要时的腐蚀。
 Energy storage devices enable electrical traction system without continuous power feeding by the catenary line,能量储存设备使电力牵引系统能够在没有接触网线持续供电的情况下运行。
Circuit configuration of RPC at AC traction substation,交流动力牵引变电站的RPC电路配置
" First of all, some particularities of railway load and traction power supply system are summarized as problems to be solved by power electronics technologies",首先，铁路载荷和牵引电力供应系统的一些特殊性被总结为需要由电力电子技术解决的问题。
 One of the effective methods to solve this problem is regenerative braking which converts the kinetic energy to electric energy and transfer the regenerative power to the outside of the braking vehicles,解决这个问题的有效方法之一是再生制动，它将动能转换为电能，并将再生能量传输到制动车辆的外部。
" In addition, the high availability of the DC link voltage and low harmonic current are required because of its high-power (high-voltage) inverter",此外，由于高功率（高电压）逆变器的需求，需要直流电压的高可用性和低谐波电流。
" In 2007, he joined the Graduate School, Chiba University, as an Associate Professor and became Professor of electrical and electronic engineering in 2018",在2007年，他加入了千叶大学研究生院，担任副教授，并于2018年成为电气与电子工程教授。
 Specifications of GTO circuit breaker are shown in  VIII,GTO 断路器的规格列在 VIII 中。
 The transformer design can be downsized because of the much higher operating frequency of the feeder line voltage,由于馈线电压的工作频率更高，变压器设计可以被缩小。
 Theoretical results show the lighter weight traction system compared with the conventional line frequency transformer system,理论结果显示，与传统的线频变压器系统相比，轻质牵引系统更轻。
" For traction motor control of electric locomotives and electric motive units, the implementation of power semiconductor switching devices such as thyristors, transistors, gate turn-off thyristors (GTOs), and insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) and the evolution of power converters in chopper and PWM inverter technologies have contributed to high performance, reduced maintenance, energy saving, and downsizing",对于电力机车和电动机车牵引电机控制，功率半导体开关器件的应用，如晶闸管、晶体管、门极可关断晶闸管（GTO）和绝缘栅双极晶体管（IGBT），以及斩波器和PWM变流器技术中功率变换器的演进，为提高性能、减少维护、节能和减小体积做出了贡献。
" 2, whereas the traction power supply system is, so to speak, of low voltage and high current",2，而牵引供电系统可以说是低电压高电流。
 A method was proposed 47 to prevent the duplication of both brake forces even in the case where the unified controller for both brake systems is not installed,提出了一种方法，即使没有安装用于两个制动系统的统一控制器，也可以防止两个制动力的重复。
5 kV electrified railway vehicles,5千伏电气化铁路车辆
 Energy storage systems for DC railway in Japan 7,日本直流鐵路的能量儲存系統7
 The speed and mechanical parameters with regard to wheel slip are defined as shown in Fig,关于轮胎打滑的速度和机械参数如图所示定义。
" Therefore, wheel slip occurs very often, especially under the rainy condition, and it is easy to lose the traction force of railway vehicles",因此，车轮打滑经常发生，尤其是在雨天的情况下，铁路车辆很容易失去牵引力。
 A novel power converter application to realize phase shift from one power source to another in the changeover section without instantaneous power failure was proposed by the East Japan Railway in 2004 53,东日本铁路公司在2004年提出了一种新型功率转换器应用，可以在切换区域实现从一个电源到另一个电源的相位移动，而不会出现瞬间停电。
" These applications contribute to solving some particularities of the power supply system for electric railway and to promoting some advantages of electric railway such as eco-friendliness, low maintenance, and high reliability",这些应用有助于解决电气铁路电源系统的一些特殊性，并促进电气铁路的一些优势，如环保、低维护和高可靠性。
" Conventionally, vacuum switchgears were used in the changeover section, and investigation on application of semiconductor switchgears to changeover section was started about 20 years ago 25",传统上，真空开关设备被用于转换部分，并且大约20年前开始研究在转换部分应用半导体开关设备。
" In addition, the cost benefits are still unclear",此外，成本效益仍不明确。
An induction motor is controlled by vector control or field orientation control for precise torque control,感应电动机通过矢量控制或场定向控制进行精确的转矩控制。
 The converters are formed by a 6,转换器由一个6英寸组成。
4 Technical challenge for SiC MOSFET application for railway vehicle traction,"""SiC MOSFET在铁路车辆牵引应用中的4个技术挑战"""
" According to our detailed analysis of regenerative energy utilization, the annual energy saving due to energy storage systems are 400 MWh/year at Haijima SS and 700 MWh/year at Okegawa SS",根据我们对再生能源利用的详细分析，海岛马变电站的年节能量为400兆瓦时/年，桶川变电站的年节能量为700兆瓦时/年。
 This causes electric corrosion on the surface of buried metal pipes near the DC traction substation,这会导致靠近直流牵引变电站地下金属管道表面发生电蚀。
 Specifications of regenerative inverter at Kajibashi SS,"""梶桥变电站再生逆变器规格"""
Circuit diagram of RPC at Aomori-nishi SS,青森西变电站的RPC电路图
 Thus the optimal design of the regenerative braking performance is studied for the down-sized design of the DC–DC converter 42,因此，为DC-DC转换器42的缩小设计研究了再生制动性能的最佳设计。
" 23) is the world's first Li-ion battery-powered EMU for a heavy rail line, introduced in 2010 41","""23) 是2010年推出的世界第一款重轨线路的锂离子电池动车组"""
Power semiconductor device arrangement for one phase of the rectifier and the inverter,功率半导体器件排列用于整流器和逆变器的一个相位。
1 kV-4 levels / 22 kV,"""1千伏-4级 / 22千伏"""
 The possibility of substitution of existing traction substations to battery posts is also shown to make DC traction power supply system simpler on the country side in the future,未来，将现有的牵引变电站替换为电池电站的可能性也显示出了在乡村地区使直流牵引供电系统更简单的潜力。
 These are featured as the benefits of electrical railway system,这些被列为电气铁路系统的好处。
" From the energy efficiency perspective, conventional electric power supply to railway via catenary system and pantographs are most reasonable",从能源效率的角度来看，通过接触网和受电弓向铁路供电是最合理的。
" Such technologies for fixed installations and vehicle traction systems are presented and future possibilities for higher performance, minimization, and improved resilience of railway system are pointed out",这些用于固定安装和车辆牵引系统的技术被提出，并指出了铁路系统更高性能、最小化和改进弹性的未来可能性。
" An LRC harmonic filter was installed at Hachioji SS of East Japan Railway Company to reduce high harmonics caused by existing 6 phase rectifiers bringing fifth, seventh, and 11th harmonic levels to almost half of those before installation 1",在东日本铁路公司的八王子变电站安装了LRC谐波滤波器，以减少现有6相整流器引起的高次谐波，将第五、第七和第11谐波水平降低到安装前的几乎一半。
4 Railway static power conditioner,"""4铁路静态功率调节器"""
 The under-floor space for equipment is strictly limited on this kind of railway,这种铁路的设备底部空间非常有限。
 Specifications of the system installed in Haijima SS and Okegawa SS are shown in  III,在羽岛SS和桶川SS安装的系统规格在III中显示。
" To cope with these technical issues, battery and fuel cell application on board are utilized",为了应对这些技术问题，采用了电池和燃料电池在船上的应用。
 Specifications of EFC at oi FC 23,"""在oi FC 23的EFC规格"""
 The high motor control performance with PE provides slip re-adhesion control and regenerative brake control,高性能的电动机控制与PE提供了滑动重粘控制和再生制动控制。
A hybrid DMU or a hybrid diesel locomotive diesel engine is technically and economically successful as an on-board power source for rail vehicles in non-electrified lines,混合动力DMU或混合动力柴油机在非电气化线路上作为铁路车辆的车载动力源在技术和经济上是成功的。
" Thanks to 40 kHz operation of the transformer, the mass of the transformer becomes 1/1",由于变压器以40kHz的频率运行，变压器的质量变为1/1。
" Here, note that some of them have already replaced to new converters such as RPC (railway static power converter) described in Section 3",请注意，其中一些已经更换为新的转换器，如第3节中描述的RPC（铁路静态功率转换器）。
 Another technical challenge to save space for the on-board energy storage device is an appropriate energy management and optimal design of the rated power of on-board power converters 44,另一个为了节省船上能源存储设备空间的技术挑战是适当的能源管理和优化设计船上功率转换器44的额定功率。
" It is also possible to compensate for voltage drop at the end of traction power supply circuit, such as the sectioning post",也可以在牵引供电电路末端（如分段柱）补偿电压下降。
3 SiC MOSFET power converter for high-speed railway vehicles,高速铁路车辆用的3 SiC MOSFET功率变换器
" Traditionally, 6 phase and 12 phase diode rectifiers are used in a DC traction power supply system",传统上，在直流牵引电力供应系统中使用6相和12相二极管整流器。
"For conventional railway, an RPC with 8 MVA (4 MVA × 2) capacity was installed at Aomori-nishi SS in 2010 to compensate for voltage imbalance 21",对于传统铁路，2010年在青森西变电站安装了一个容量为8 MVA（4 MVA×2）的RPC，以补偿21的电压不平衡。
Outlook of a traction inverter with 3,一个带有3英寸的牵引逆变器的展望
"5-kV IGBT, for instance, as shown in Fig","""例如，如图所示的5千伏IGBT"""
" However, the actual design with the cooling system considering the isolation transformer setup is not still unclear",然而，考虑隔离变压器设置的冷却系统的实际设计仍不清楚。
1 Energy storage system in DC traction power supply,直流牵引电力供应中的能量储存系统
Traction wheel and traction motor with gear 46,"""牵引轮和带有46齿轮的牵引电机"""
 Another technical challenge is the life time of the MOS gate part,另一个技术挑战是MOS门部件的寿命。
20 MVA (10 MVA*2),20兆伏安（10兆伏安*2）
 Not only for the 16,不仅仅是为了16英寸
7 Hz AC is directly received and shared by 7–8 modular converters,7赫兹交流电被7-8个模块式转换器直接接收和共享。
" Usually, this three-phase AC is converted to the several 100 V DC for the operating load",通常，这三相交流电被转换为几百伏直流电用于操作负载。
" In a traction power supply system, rails are used as a return circuit, and stray current partially flows to the ground",在牵引供电系统中，铁轨被用作回路，漂泊电流部分地流向地面。
" However, there are still some non-electrified lines for economic reason",然而，仍然有一些未电气化的线路出于经济原因。
" 2, the current changes frequently and the peak value is high but continues for tens of seconds",2，电流频繁变化，峰值高但持续时间长达数十秒。
Avoiding regenerative brake cancellation,避免再生制动取消
" On the other hand, additional equipment such as battery, fuel cells, and adjacent equipment are installed",另一方面，额外的设备，比如电池、燃料电池和相邻的设备被安装。
Keiichiro Kondo (Senior Member) received B,近藤圭一郎（高级会员）获得了B。
" In Central Japan Railway Company, stability analyses of the effect of these power converters or frequency converters on AC traction power supply system are also carried out 18, as shown in Section 3",在日本中央铁路公司，对这些功率变换器或频率变换器对交流牵引电力供应系统的影响进行稳定性分析也在进行中，如第3节所示。
" In order to prevent the deterioration of the energy-saving effect by this regenerative brake control function, setting the voltage high to reduce the regenerative brake this controller has been proposed 49",为了防止再生制动控制功能导致节能效果下降，建议将电压设置较高以减少再生制动控制器。
"In DC electrified section, regenerative braking is not always available because the powering train load cannot always accept the regenerative brake power effectively",在直流电化区段中，再生制动并不总是可用的，因为牵引列车负载并不总是能够有效地接受再生制动功率。
" Because changeover switchgears work during every train passage, the number of operations of each switchgear is comparatively large, for example, more than 100 times per a day, and it is expected to improve the reliability of the CB by eliminating mechanical moving components",由于转换开关在每次列车通过时都在工作，每个开关齿轮的操作次数相对较大，例如，每天超过100次，并且通过消除机械运动部件来提高断路器的可靠性。
" During this system change, some of the conventional important philosophies may be deprecated",在这次系统变革中，一些传统重要的理念可能会被弃用。
 These power conversion technologies are featured both by a large-scale industrial drive system and a power feeding system for electric railway systems,这些功率转换技术在大型工业驱动系统和电力铁路系统的供电系统中都有出色的表现。
SiC power semiconductor devices are expected to be used as high-voltage power semiconductor switching devices for the next generation,碳化硅功率半导体器件预计将被用作下一代高压功率半导体开关器件。
Wheel slip ratio vs,"""轮胎打滑比率对比"""
" This was the beginning of the history of electric railway in Japan, and rail electrification was promoted mainly around city areas and some mountain lines by virtue of the high acceleration and the strong propulsion force of electric railway in early 20th century",这是日本电气铁路历史的开始，20世纪初期主要在城市地区和一些山区铁路线上推广电气化，这要归功于电气铁路的高加速度和强劲推进力。
"Now, some of the changeover switchgears are being replaced from vacuum switchgears to semiconductor switchgears in Central Japan Railway Company 26","""现在，中央日本铁路公司正在将部分切换开关从真空开关更换为半导体开关"""
" For down-sizing and providing higher efficiency of APUs, SiC MOSFET power converters of less loss are, of course, preferable",为了减小体积并提高APUs的效率，当然更倾向于使用损耗更少的SiC MOSFET功率转换器。
 Hankyu Corporation installed GTO circuit breakers at four traction substations,阪急公司在四个牵引变电站安装了GTO断路器。
 The application of these devices in railway vehicle traction is regarded as one of the successful cases,这些设备在铁路车辆牵引中的应用被视为成功案例之一。
"5 kV system, 3","5千伏系统，3"""
"In DC railway, the peculiarities and difficulties due to DC power supply are as follows",在直流铁路中，由于直流电源供应而产生的特殊性和困难如下：
4 Power Electronics Solutions for Rolling Stock,"""火车车厢的4种动力电子解决方案"""
" Urban rail projects with DC rail electrification and high-speed railway projects with AC rail electrification have been planned and completed around the world, and the market of power electronics (PE) applications for railway is continuously expanding",世界各地已经计划并完成了直流轨道电气化的城市轨道项目和交流轨道电气化的高速铁路项目，铁路用电子电力应用市场不断扩大。
 He worked as a Research Associate at UT from 1999 and joined the East Japan Railway Company in 2002,他从1999年开始在UT担任研究助理，并于2002年加入东日本铁路公司。
Example of the circuit topology of a PE transformer system with an LLC converter 34,一个带有LLC变换器34的PE变压器系统的电路拓扑的例子
" In this case, the LLC converter is utilized as an inverter for the input of the medium-frequency transformer",在这种情况下，LLC变换器被用作中频变压器的输入逆变器。
 Specifications of RPCs at shin-Numakunai SS and shin-Hachinohe SS,RPCs在新沼宽内SS和新八户SS的规格。
Hitoshi Hayashiya (Senior Member) was born in Tokyo in 1970,林等人（高级会员）于1970年出生在东京。
" Slip re-adhesion control is utilized to prevent the wheel slip during acceleration 45, 46 and wheel skid during deceleration 47",在加速时，利用滑移重附着控制来防止车轮打滑，而在减速时，防止车轮打滑。
 Each inverter can control each of the slip speeds of the wheel in the one-inverter-one-motor control system,每个逆变器可以控制在单逆变器单电机控制系统中的每个车轮的滑移速度。
The on-board battery should be charged during running for the continuous operation of the train,在火车运行过程中应该给机载电池充电，以确保火车的持续运行。
" As a conclusion of this paper, the future prospects of PE applications considering the social trends are shown",作为本文的结论，展示了考虑社会趋势的PE应用的未来前景。
" As one of the measures to ease this technical issue, the power electronics transformer (PET) or the solid-state transformer has been studied over 15 years by both academia and the industry 33-35",作为缓解这一技术问题的措施之一，功率电子变压器（PET）或固态变压器已经被学术界和工业界研究了15年以上。
 Diesel engines have high performance and are economically efficient,柴油发动机具有高性能并且经济高效。
  3 shows the circuit diagram of Li-ion battery system installed in DC traction substation,3显示了安装在直流牵引变电站的锂离子电池系统的电路图。
 Difficulty of DC circuit breaking is widely recognized,直流电路断开的困难被广泛认可。
" 26, the wheel speeds and torque currents are shown when a wheel slip occurs",在车轮打滑时，会显示车轮速度和扭矩电流。
" From the view point of the shorter switching durations, less parasitic inductance is preferable to avoid the overvoltage due to the higher current change ratio",从较短的开关持续时间的角度来看，较少的寄生电感是更可取的，以避免由于较高的电流变化比而引起的过电压。
 The transformer current is controlled by the phase-shift with full-bridge (PSFB) circuit configurations,变压器电流由全桥相移（PSFB）电路配置控制。
" In Section 2, some particularities of railway load and traction power supply system are summarized",在第2节中，总结了铁路载荷和牵引供电系统的一些特殊情况。
" Because diode rectifiers are used for DC substations, backflow from the DC side to AC power grid is impossible and the generated power has to be utilized simultaneously within the DC catenary system",由于二极管整流器用于直流变电站，所以直流侧到交流电网的逆流是不可能的，而且生成的电力必须同时在直流接触网系统内利用。
 Specifications of energy storage systems at Haijima SS and Okegawa SS,海岛SS和桶川SS的能源存储系统规格
8 Higher kinetic energy dissipation in short duration,在短时间内更高的动能损耗
" 14, the traction power converter consists of a single-phase voltage source type PWM rectifier (converter) and three-level voltage source traction",14，牵引功率变换器由单相电压源型PWM整流器（变换器）和三级电压源牵引组成。
 This transformer used to be originally bulky and heavy,这个变压器原来很笨重且沉重。
" The DC–DC converter, for the sake of the battery charge and discharge, can be designed optimally considering charging power",为了电池的充电和放电，可以在考虑充电功率的情况下最佳设计DC-DC转换器。
"Thanks to the iron wheel and rail system, the wide and tall car body can carry more pay load",由于铁轮和铁轨系统，宽大的车身可以携带更多货物。
 One of the most important technical design issues is how to design the parasitic inductance,其中一个最重要的技术设计问题是如何设计寄生电感。
"As one example of innovative proposals in DC traction power supply system, application of DC–DC converters to existing DC traction power supply system to realize higher voltage transfer in parallel with conventional catenaries system is under investigation in France 55 and in Japan 56",作为直流牵引供电系统创新提议的一个例子，法国和日本正在研究将直流-直流变换器应用于现有的直流牵引供电系统，以实现与传统接触网系统并行的更高电压传输。
3-kV SiC MOSFET for a commuter type EMU,"""用于通勤型EMU的3千伏碳化硅MOSFET"""
Modern railway system depends very much on the electrical energy fed by the ground power feeding system,现代铁路系统在很大程度上依赖于地面供电系统提供的电能。
" With the solution of these essential technical challenges for the application of SiC MOSFET, their applications to railway vehicles are expected to improve",通过解决这些SiC MOSFET应用中的关键技术挑战，预计其在铁路车辆上的应用将得到改善。
 The DC link voltage in the secondary side of the transformer is controlled to keep the DC 1,"变压器次级侧的直流母线电压受控制以保持直流 1""。"
"For on-board electrical load other than traction motor load, such as air conditioners, air compressors for the brake system, lightings, and control signal power sources, 440-V three-phase AC power fed by auxiliary power units (APUs) is used",对于牵引电机负载以外的车载电气负载，如空调、制动系统的空气压缩机、照明和控制信号电源，使用由辅助动力装置（APU）供电的440伏三相交流电源。
Outlook of power converter and power devices for high-speed train traction,高速列车牵引系统的功率变换器和功率器件展望
Configuration of a diesel engine and Li-ion battery hybrid traction system for rail car 39,为39号铁路车配置柴油发动机和锂离子电池混合牵引系统。
  8 shows the concept of regenerative power utilization by RPC in an AC traction power supply system,8显示了在交流牵引电力供应系统中RPC利用再生能源的概念。
Superconductivity magnetic levitation railway (Maglev) drive system is one of the ultimate large-scale drive systems from the view point of the output power (such as 38 MVA) 59,超导磁悬浮铁路（Maglev）驱动系统是从输出功率（如38兆伏安）59的角度来看的终极大规模驱动系统之一。
 In the case of the DC 1,在DC 1的情況下
Effect of RPC in voltage imbalance compensation,RPC在电压不平衡补偿中的影响
" Traditionally, the air CB is used for a DC feeder line",传统上，空气断路器用于直流馈线。
2 Reverse blocking voltage reduced SiC-MOSFET application to on-board auxiliary power units,2逆向阻塞电压降低了SiC-MOSFET在车载辅助动力装置中的应用。
 PE is essential for WPT technology and is expected to provide another choice of electric power feeding to the mobility system,PE对于WPT技术至关重要，预计将为移动系统提供另一种电力供应选择。
"Some PE solutions have already been implemented to AC traction power supply systems in Japan, not only for voltage imbalance and fluctuation suppression at the receiving point of traction substation but also for improvement of power factor and voltage drop compensation in single-phase feeder circuit",一些功率电子解决方案已经在日本的交流牵引供电系统中得到应用，不仅用于牵引变电站接收点处的电压不平衡和波动抑制，还用于改善单相馈线路中的功率因数和电压降补偿。
 Such high current causes large voltage drops,这么高的电流会导致大电压降。
" In addition, the APUs are required to be down-sized for the application of trams and metro trains because the vehicle size of these trains is smaller and the installation space is limited",此外，APUs需要缩小尺寸以适用于有轨电车和地铁列车，因为这些列车的车辆尺寸较小，安装空间有限。
"For example, East Japan Railway Company has already installed four energy storage systems with DC/DC converters 4, 9","例如，东日本铁路公司已经安装了四个带有DC/DC转换器的能量存储系统4, 9。"
"Because of the rapid development of emerging countries, the cost of materials such as copper and iron, which are inevitable to realize power supply infrastructure, has been increasing during the last a few decades",由于新兴国家的快速发展，过去几十年来，像铜和铁这样的必不可少的材料的成本一直在增加，这些材料是实现电力供应基础设施所必需的。
  II summarizes the energy storage systems in operation in 2018 7,“ II总结了2018年运营中的储能系统。”
 High-speed air circuit breakers have been used for traction substations of DC railway,高速气体断路器已经被用于直流铁路的牵引变电站。
" By means of this control, skidding is effectively prevented under lower adhesion coefficient without a unified brake control system",通过这种控制方式，在没有统一制动控制系统的情况下，可以有效地防止低附着系数下的打滑。
 Progress of PE technologies contributes much to enhance these features,PE技术的进步对于增强这些特征起到了很大的作用。
Comparison of the cross-section with a conventional four-pole induction motor and the six-pole induction motor optimized with the SiC MOSFET power converter,将传统的四极感应电动机与经优化的SiC MOSFET功率变换器的六极感应电动机的横截面进行比较。
" In this case, one inverter controls four motors, and all wheels slip at the same time",在这种情况下，一个逆变器控制四个电机，所有的车轮同时打滑。
3 kV SiC MOSFET is high and their production numbers have not been sizable,3千伏硅碳化物MOSFET的价格很高，其生产数量也不大。
" In addition, the cost limit are higher in the case of their application to the light rail system because the sale volumes of the such transportation systems are not very high and cost reduction is more required than in the heavy rail transport vehicle",此外，在应用于轻轨系统的情况下，成本限制更高，因为这类交通系统的销售量并不很高，成本降低比重轨运输工具更为必要。
" From 1991 to 2006, he was with the Railway Technical Research Institute as Senior Researcher in the rolling stock control division",从1991年到2006年，他在铁道技术研究所担任滚动车辆控制部门的高级研究员。
" It is possible to say that the equilibrium point of the 3E trilemma, those are economy, environment, and energy, will be changing with the times",可以说，3E三难问题的平衡点，即经济、环境和能源，将随着时间的变化而改变。
"In this kind of applications, the space for the traction system is limited because the length of the train is not very long because of the rural area operation",在这种应用中，由于列车长度不很长，因为在农村地区运行，牵引系统的空间受到限制。
Less than 1000 m,少于1000米
 Fuel cells can be utilized as a range extender of the battery-powered railway vehicle,燃料电池可以作为电池动力铁路车辆的续航增程装置。
 The regenerative power is so large that the regenerative inverter is mainly applied to subway stations whose load is large enough for simultaneous consumption of regenerative power,再生功率非常大，因此再生逆变器主要应用于负载足够大以进行再生功率同时消耗的地铁站。
0 kV and the DC power is converted to a medium frequency such as 2 kHz AC,"""0千伏，直流电力转换为中频，如2千赫交流电"""
Switching method of conv,卷积的切换方法
3 to RPCs for power supply equipment reinforcement,3个RPC用于电源设备强化。
The typical traction power supply voltage of DC railway in Japan is 1,日本直流铁路的典型牵引供电电压为1。
 The peak load power acceptable is more than two times as high as the rated motor power,可接受的峰值负载功率高出额定电机功率的两倍以上。
 tangential force characteristics 46,切向力特性46
8 times wider than the one for the 25 kV/50 Hz commercial AC frequency electrified line,比25kV/50Hz商用交流频率带电线宽8倍。
 Some technical solutions are required to secure a reliable electrical on-board traction system even in such cases of black-out,在停电的情况下，需要一些技术解决方案来确保可靠的车载牵引系统。
Automobile vehicles must basically carry an energy source such as fossil fuel or battery because it is technically hard to supply energy to the mobile vehicles moving in the secondary dimensional field,汽车必须基本上携带能源，例如化石燃料或电池，因为在二维场中移动的移动车辆技术上难以供应能量。
 21) may solve these issues,21) 可能解决这些问题
 The gate voltage control for optimizing the tradeoff between the switching loss and the electronic and magnetic noise is another technical challenges 32,优化开关损失和电子磁噪声之间的权衡的门极电压控制是另一个技术挑战。
 PE applications may contribute to the reduction of the use of such conventional materials to realize power supply infrastructures in the future,PE应用可能有助于减少未来实现电力供应基础设施所需传统材料的使用。
" The oldest existing energy storage system for DC traction power supply system is a fly-wheel energy storage on the Zushi Line of Keikyu Corporation, installed in 1988 5 to suppress voltage fluctuation in the DC catenaries",在京急电铁的逗子线上安装的飞轮能量储存系统是直流牵引供电系统中存在的最古老的能量储存系统，该系统安装于1988年，用于抑制直流接触网的电压波动。
" Future possibilities for higher performance, minimization, and improved resilience in railway systems are also mentioned in light of these recent practical PE applications",基于最近的实际PE应用，还提到了铁路系统在未来可能实现更高性能、最小化和改进弹性的可能性。
 Fuel cells can be utilized as a range extender of the battery charged by the average power,"""燃料电池可以作为平均功率充电的电池的增程器"""
The effect of reducing the mass of vehicle has more impact in high-speed railway vehicle,减轻车辆质量对高速铁路车辆的影响更大。
" However, the insulation and cooling still remain as technical issues",然而，绝缘和冷却仍然是技术问题。
" This train is designed to operate in a 20-km-long non-electrified line, and the battery is charged while the train is running in the 10-km electrified section",这列火车设计用于在长20公里的非电气化线路上运行，电池在火车行驶在长10公里电气化区段时充电。
" 27 on Ref 49, may reduce the regenerative brake force",在参考编号49上的27，可能会减少再生制动力。
"AC train load is a single-phase load, causing voltage imbalance at the receiving point of the AC traction substation","""交流列车负载是单相负载，导致交流牵引变电所接收点电压不平衡"""
  VII shows specifications of EFC at Oi FC 23,"""VII显示了Oi FC 23处EFC的规格"""
 But the cost of the 3,但是3英寸的成本
  I shows an example of the voltage ranges defined in IEC60850 ‘Railway Applications—Supply Voltages of Traction Systems’,我展示了IEC60850《铁路应用-牵引系统供电电压》中定义的电压范围示例。
 Examples are presented in Sections 4,"""在第4节中展示了示例"""
1 Application of high voltage SiC MOSFET (metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor),高压SiC MOSFET（金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管）的应用
"In the following sections, some PE solutions that are practically realized in the railway power supply system are summarized",在接下来的章节中，总结了一些实际应用于铁路供电系统中的PE解决方案。
" Therefore, rotary frequency changers (RFCs) were installed to make 60 Hz AC for traction power supply system",因此，安装了旋转变频器（RFCs）以为牵引供电系统提供60Hz的交流电。
" 18, and functions as a front-end active converter or a PWM rectifier",18，且可作为前端有源变换器或PWM整流器。
 The replacement of rotary converter and mercury rectifier with diode rectifier to generate DC power was epoch-making for the operation and maintenance of DC traction substations,将旋转换流器和汞整流器替换为二极管整流器以产生直流电源对直流牵引变电站的运行和维护具有开创性意义。
" According to our experience, the RPC at Ushiku SP contributed 2500 MWh of energy saving",根据我们的经验，牛久SP的RPC贡献了2500兆瓦时的节能。
5 Future Prospects and Conclusions,"""未来五年展望和结论"""
"In an AC traction power supply system, semiconductor switchgear for power supply system has just started to be used as a changeover switchgear at substations for high-speed railway",在交流牵引电力供应系统中，用于供电系统的半导体开关设备刚刚开始被用作高铁变电站的切换开关设备。
"IEGT (4500 V, 2100 A)",IEGT (4500伏，2100安培)
 Third-order harmonic injection is applied for this sake 60,为了这个目的，应用了三次谐波注入60。
Kondo is a member of IEEE,"""Kondo 是 IEEE 的会员"""
 This circuit configuration is used in different applications with a particular control 36,这种电路配置在不同的应用中使用，具有特定的控制36。
" 6, fixed loads, such as parked rolling stock in Aomori Depot and at the Aomori station, exist on one side of traction transformer at Aomori-nishi SS and so voltage imbalance compensation is required",在青森西变电站的一侧存在固定负荷，例如青森车辆段和青森车站停放的车辆，因此需要进行电压不平衡补偿。
 A series-type diesel hybrid system in which the electric diesel system is combined with battery (as shown in Fig,一个串联式柴油混合系统，其中电动柴油系统与电池相结合（如图所示）。
"Recently, a power device is used as switchgear in traction power supply systems",最近，一个功率设备被用作牵引动力供应系统中的开关设备。
Self-commutated SVCs (SVG) of the power supply equipment reinforcement,"""自换相式静止无功补偿器（SVG）的电源设备增强"""
" Because the traction power supply system is designed to satisfy the capacity during the rush hours in the morning and in the evening 57, it can be utilized for other purposes during the daytime and nighttime when photovoltaic (PV) generation and electric vehicle (EV) charging, respectively, will be peak in the distribution line system",因为牵引供电系统的设计是为了在早晚高峰时段满足容量需求，因此在白天和晚上可以利用该系统进行其他用途，分别是光伏发电和电动汽车充电，在配电线路系统中将达到峰值。
Newer rolling stock can generate electric power during braking by converting kinetic energy to electric energy,较新的机车可以在制动时通过将动能转换为电能来产生电力。
 The battery capacity is 110 kWh,电池容量为110千瓦时。
 Examples are shown in Sections 3,示例显示在第三部分。
 Each traction converter has 1000 mm length along the rail direction and around 3000 mm width along the perpendicular direction against the rail,每个牵引变流器沿着铁轨方向有1000毫米长度，垂直于铁轨方向有约3000毫米宽度。
SVCs for voltage fluctuation control,用于电压波动控制的SVCs
 Skid control is more important than slip control because brake control is strongly related to the safety of the train operation,制动控制比打滑控制更重要，因为制动控制与火车运行的安全密切相关。
" especially, the cross-section of iron core of the main traction transformer for the 15 kV/16",特别是，15kV/16的主牵引变压器铁芯的横截面。
" From the viewpoint of PE technology, a simple circuit configuration is required for lower cost as a ground facility",从PE技术的角度来看，为了降低成本，需要一个简单的电路配置作为地面设施。
 These technologies are also under development 61,这些技术也正在61号发展中。
" Because trains move in the power supply system, the load is transferred from one power source to another",因为火车在电源系统中移动，负载从一个电源转移到另一个电源。
Example of current waveform of DC traction substation,直流牵引变电站的电流波形示例。
 He is a currently a Professor at Waseda University,他目前是早稻田大学的教授。
Circuit diagram of regenerative inverter at Kajibashi SS,搞清楚Kajibashi SS中再生逆变器的电路图。
  V shows a summary of previous cases of PE applications on Tokaido Shinkansen 17,"""V 展示了东海道新干线17号列车上以前的PE申请案例摘要"""
" If the integration between AC and DC circuits in the low-voltage distribution line system becomes more feasible by virtue of PE technologies, and the infrastructure of DC electric railway can be shared with AC distribution power supply which is not limited to railway operations",如果由于PE技术的优势，低压配电线路系统中的交流和直流电路之间的集成变得更加可行，且直流电气铁路的基础设施可以与不仅限于铁路运营的交流配电电源共享。
Regenerative inverter is an alternative solution that transfers residual regenerative power to the AC grid,再生式逆变器是一种替代方案，可以将剩余再生能量传输到交流电网。
" In total, 1 fly-wheel system, 18 Li-ion battery systems, 13 nickel metal hydride battery systems, and 3 supercapacitor systems are in operation in Japan",总共有1个飞轮系统、18个锂离子电池系统、13个镍氢电池系统和3个超级电容器系统在日本运行。
"7 Hz AC electrified line, such as Deuche Bahn, Swiss Bundes Bahn, and Österreichische Bundesbahnen, must be theoretically 1","7赫兹的交流电气化线路，如德意志铁路、瑞士联邦铁路和奥地利联邦铁路，理论上必须是1""。"
 Thus higher efficiency is very important because their operating time is longer,因此，更高的效率非常重要，因为它们的运行时间更长。
" In addition to precise torque control, there are three control functions especially in railway vehicle traction applications",除了精确的扭矩控制外，在铁路车辆牵引应用中还有三种控制功能。
  10 shows the basic function of changeover section of high-speed railway in Japan,10展示了日本高铁换乘区的基本功能。
" On the other hand, because of the current depress effect in the short-circuit failure mode of the semiconductor devices, the higher inductance is better to suppress the spike current",另一方面，由于半导体器件短路故障模式中的当前压抑效应，更高的电感值更有利于抑制尖峰电流。
"For example, regarding the introduction of energy storage system, it contributes to improving energy efficiency of the DC traction power supply system, as shown in Section 3",例如，关于能量储存系统的引入，它有助于提高直流牵引供电系统的能源效率，如第3节所示。
Another option to solve the problems with the diesel engines is a battery-powered traction system with a high-performance Li-ion battery on board,解决柴油机问题的另一个选择是搭载高性能锂离子电池的电池动力牵引系统。
 The outlook of the traction power converter is shown in Fig,"""牵引功率变换器的外观如图所示"""
" In this method, the car body's speed must be precisely detected to detect the wheel speed",在这种方法中，必须精确检测汽车车身的速度以便检测车轮的速度。
" Especially, the blending of the air brake system and regenerative brake system is sometimes a technical issue from the view point of duplication of both brake force",特别是，从制动力的重复角度来看，空气制动系统和再生制动系统的融合有时是一个技术问题。
" In the railway system, the vehicles are easy to be fed by the overhead catenary line or the ground third rail because the moving direction of the vehicles is limited along the rails",在铁路系统中，由于车辆的移动方向沿着轨道有限，所以车辆很容易通过架空接触线或地面第三轨进行供电。
"4, as well as the technologies to reduce the problems with regenerative braking in the DC electrified section",4，以及减少直流电气化区域再生制动问题的技术。
"34 MVA*2, 22 kV/ 4 kV-three levels","""34兆瓦*2，22千伏/4千伏-三级"""
"4100 V*4 levels, 60 Hz 1 phase",4100伏特*4级别，60赫兹1相
One of the benefits of the railway transportation is energy saving,火车运输的一个好处是节约能源。
 The diesel hybrid traction system with the Li-ion battery system is nowadays widely used all over the world,目前，具有锂离子电池系统的柴油混合动力牵引系统在世界各地被广泛使用。
" In this control method, the wheel slip speed is to be kept around the point PT, the top of the tangential force curve",在这种控制方法中，轮胎打滑速度应保持在切向力曲线顶点PT周围。
 six RPCs by 2009 and seven RPCs between 2011 and 2017,"""2009年前有六个RPC，2011年至2017年之间有七个RPC"""
Installation of the energy storage system in DC traction power supply system is currently one of the hottest topics among railway engineers in Japan,目前在日本，直流动力供电系统中能量储存系统的安装是铁路工程师们讨论的热门话题之一。
" To cope with this problem, slip de-adhesion control by the traction inverter is mandatory for the of modern and higher performance electric railway vehicles",为了解决这个问题，现代和性能更高的电力铁路车辆必须通过牵引逆变器进行滑移脱粘控制。
"7 Hz system, but PET for 25 kV/50 Hz is now studied 37, 38","""7赫兹系统，但PET适用于25kV/50赫兹的研究现在已经进行了37, 38"""
 This manner is an appropriate for the case where one inverter controls several motors because precise slip speed is not required,这种方式适用于一个变频器控制多个电机的情况，因为不需要精确的滑差速度。
Example of traction system configuration of the power electronics transformer 34,功率电子变压器34的牵引系统配置示例
1 SiC MOSFET traction inverter for DC 1,1个SiC MOSFjsonET牵引逆变器，用于直流1。
" Furthermore, a more ambitious proposal to realize co-phase power supply for AC electric railway was proposed by China 54",此外，中国提出了一个更加雄心勃勃的方案，实现交流电动铁路的共相供电。
7 kV SiC MOSFETs are connected in series to share the DC 1,7 kV的碳化硅金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管被串联连接以共享直流1。
" To prevent this spike in voltage, a damping control by using the resistance for the discharging the voltage of filter capacitor (OVRe) has been proposed 50",为了防止电压的突变，提出了使用电阻对滤波电容（OVRe）进行放电的阻尼控制50。
 There is much experience on the deterioration of the MOS gate by the high voltage,"""MOS门在高电压下的恶化有很多经验"""
"4 series, 20 parallel","""4组，20并联"""
" For continuous power supply from different power sources, changeover switchgears have already been realized in Japanese high speed railway, and semiconductor switchgears have also implemented in the practical field, as shown in Section 3",为了从不同的电源持续供电，在日本高速铁路中已经实现了切换开关设备，并且半导体切换设备也已经在实际领域中实施，如第3节所示。
"2 shows an example of current waveform of a DC substation, namely the Nippori substation on the Joban Line located in the central part of Tokyo",2显示了一座直流变电站的电流波形示例，即位于东京中部的常磐线上的日暮里变电站。
"The PET traction system enables the bulky transformer to be downsized, and leads to a light-weight traction system even for 16",PET牵引系统使得笨重的变压器可以被缩小，甚至可以实现16寸的轻量化牵引系统。
"After that, rail electrification was carried out in the name “Power Modernization Project” of the Japan National Railway (JNR) from 1960",此后，从1960年开始，日本国家铁路（JNR）进行了名为“电气化现代化项目”的铁路电气化工程。
SUCs for negative sequence power compensation,"""SUC 用于负序功率补偿"""
" After that, some applications were discussed 13-15 and systems installed for stabilization of the AC traction power supply system in Japan 16",此后，日本讨论了一些应用程序，并安装了用于稳定交流牵引电源系统的系统。
10 Power electronics solutions,10个功率电子解决方案
"4 series, 36 parallel",4 系列，36 平行
From −5 to 40 °C,从-5度到40度°C
 The DC link voltage is designed around 3,直流母线电压设计为约3。
Procedure of changeover switchgear function for high-speed railway in Japan,在日本高速铁路中，切换开关设备功能的程序
" However, the iron wheel causes less contact cross-section of the wheel and the rail",然而，铁轮减少了轮子和轨道的接触截面。
" Besides the solutions to the above-mentioned issues, some innovative PE applications that can replace conventional technologies are also introduced",除了上述问题的解决方案外，还介绍了一些可以取代传统技术的创新PE应用。
" This type of train has two motor cars, each of which has a 95 kWh Li-ion battery and two of 95-kW rated traction motors",这种类型的火车有两节动力车，每节动力车配备一块95千瓦时的锂离子电池和两台额定功率为95千瓦的牵引电动机。
"In this paper, some PE applications that are used in the practical field of electric railway were shown",在这篇论文中，展示了一些在电气铁路实际领域中使用的PE应用。
 Scott transformers and Roof-delta transformers are also used in Japanese AC traction substations,斯科特变压器和屋顶三角变压器也被用于日本的交流牵引变电站。
" Especially, recent progress of wide-bandgap power semiconductor switching devices such as SiC MOSFETs is expected as an innovative power converter to enhance the energy efficiency and loss characteristics",特别是，预计宽禁带功率半导体开关器件的最新进展，如SiC MOSFETs，将作为一种创新的功率转换器，以提高能效和损耗特性。
The wireless power transfer (WPT) system is expected as an effective power feeding system for a railway vehicle with a long stator (primary side on the ground) traction system,无线电力传输（WPT）系统被期望作为一种有效的供电系统，用于带有长定子（地面上的主侧）牵引系统的铁路车辆。
7 Design based on ground electrical energy,基于地面电能的7设计
" To make these proposals more feasible, further cost reduction of PE applications is expected in the future",为了使这些提案更加可行，未来预计将进一步降低PE应用的成本。
"2, the transmission distance of high-current regenerative power is limited",2，高电流再生功率的传输距离受到限制。
 This vehicle has its origin from a conventional Coradia family of DMUs,这辆车起源于传统的Coradia系列DMU。
Heat pipe self-cooling type,热管自冷却型
" By connecting two feeder circuits at SP, it increases the opportunity of simultaneous utilization of regenerative power in the adjacent circuit",通过在SP处连接两个馈线回路，增加了邻近回路中再生功率同时利用的机会。
 PE technology enables on-board energy storage applications,PE技术使得车载能量储存应用成为可能。
 High power and high frequency are featured as power converter technologies,高功率和高频率作为功率转换器技术的特点。
 This feature contributes to fuel consumption reduction or enhance the resilience of the electric railway vehicles,这个功能有助于减少燃料消耗或增强电力铁路车辆的弹性。
Experimental results of slip re-adhesion control by a one-inverter four-induction motor control system with speed sensors 48,使用一个逆变器四感应电机控制系统和速度传感器48实现滑移重新粘附的实验结果。
" Such concentrated activity formed the electric railway network in Japan, and it became one of the most important infrastructures to support high economic growth and sustainable development in Japan",这种集中的活动形成了日本的电气铁路网络，并且它成为支持日本高经济增长和可持续发展的最重要基础设施之一。
"PE applications to the AC traction power supply system in Japan was started in 1987 when SVC (static var compensator) by thyristors was installed at Aomori SS on Tohoku Line for voltage fluctuation suppression, improvement of power factor, and voltage drop compensation, preparing for operations in the Seikan Tunnel of 53",在1987年，日本开始将PE应用到交流牵引供电系统中，当时在东北线上的青森变电站安装了通过晶闸管实现的SVC（静止无功补偿器），用于抑制电压波动、提高功率因数和补偿电压下降，为在长53英里的青函隧道中进行运营做准备。
 PE solutions for these particularities are shown in Section 3 for fixed installations and in Section 4 for vehicle traction systems,这些特殊情况的PE解决方案在固定安装部分的第3节和车辆牵引系统部分的第4节中显示。
" In this application, choice of the switching method, such as hard switching or soft switching, may affect much in the optimization of the power feeding system",在这个应用中，选择开关方法，比如硬开关或软开关，可能会对电力馈送系统的优化产生很大影响。
" From the view point of installation, the wheel slip control method is appropriate to the traction system of locomotives",从安装的角度来看，轮滑控制方法适用于机车的牵引系统。
7 Hz line voltage,7赫兹的线电压
" But on the other hand, setting Vclim, which is the voltage to start the reduction of the motor current for the regenerative brake, high in Fig",但另一方面，在图中将用于启动再生制动器电流减少的电压Vclim设定高。
"Railway transportation systems with iron rails and wheels have advantages, such as car body with higher capacity and mass transit with several connected vehicles thanks to the self-steering function",具有铁轨和车轮的铁路运输系统具有优势，例如具有更高容量的车身和多个连接车辆的大众交通，这要归功于自动导向功能。
2 Power electronics transformer (solid-state transformer),2个功率电子变压器（固态变压器）
"In a DC traction power supply system, the DC circuit breaker (CB) is one of the most important components of a traction substation",在直流牵引供电系统中，直流断路器（CB）是牵引变电站中最重要的组件之一。
History of rail electrification of JNR,"""日本国铁路电气化的历史"""
" The power units are required to operate continuously, different from the periodically operating traction converter",功率单元需要持续运行，与周期性运行的牵引变流器不同。
 This type of control is sometimes required for locomotives because the generation of the traction force is most important in the locomotives,这种类型的控制有时候对机车是必要的，因为牵引力的产生在机车中是最重要的。
", Kobe City, Seibu Co",神户市西武公司
"7-kV MOSFETs has been proposed, as shown in Fig",7千伏场效应晶体管已被提出，如图所示。
" To avoid such an imbalance, special traction transformers, called modified Woodbridge transformers, which convert three phase to two single phases are used",为了避免这种不平衡，使用称为改进的伍德布里奇变压器的特殊牵引变压器，将三相转换为两个单相。
" In addition, independent way by rails enables higher speed operation",另外，通过轨道的独立方式使得更高速度的运行成为可能。
3 kV SiC MOSFET is also applied to the traction power converters for Series N700S Shinkansen EMU for Tokaido Shinkansen line operated by JR central 29,3千伏碳化硅MOSFET也被应用于东海道新干线的N700S系列新干线电力机车的牵引功率变流器，由中央日本铁路公司29号运营。
" Because power in the order of megawatts is supplied to the load in this voltage, the current of each feeder line becomes several thousand amperes, as shown in Fig",因为在这种电压下，兆瓦级功率被供给给负载，每条馈线的电流变为数千安培，如图所示。
" In these lines, mainly diesel motive units (DMUs) or diesel locomotives are utilized",在这些线路中，主要使用柴油动力单元（DMUs）或柴油机车。
" To make DC power from AC power grid, diode rectifiers are used, which cause low-order high harmonics",为了从交流电网产生直流电，会使用二极管整流器，这会导致低阶高谐波。
"The main burden on railway power supply system comes from rolling stock, and because of repeated acceleration and braking within short time spans, the substation load goes from 0 to several megawatts in less than 30 s",铁路供电系统的主要负担来自机车，由于在短时间内反复加速和制动，变电站的负荷在不到30秒内从0增加到数百兆瓦。
 Thus the brake systems for railway vehicle are required to process it in short time duration for deceleration,因此，铁路车辆的制动系统需要在短时间内处理它以减速。
" This system configuration results in higher performance, light weight, and an energy efficient on-board traction system",这种系统配置能够实现更高的性能、轻量化，并且拥有高效的车载牵引系统。
", West Japan Railway, Tobu Railway","""西日本铁路，东武铁路"""
2 Regenerative inverter in DC traction power supply,直流牵引动力供应中的两个再生逆变器
One of the experimental results of the input voltage of the traction system of the test locomotive 35,测试机车35的牵引系统输入电压的实验结果之一
Circuit configurations SiC MOSFET input-series output-parallel PSFB converter (DC–DC converter),SiC MOSFET 输入串联输出并联 PSFB 变换器（直流-直流变换器）
Some innovative proposals that cannot be realized by conventional technologies are also emerging,一些无法通过传统技术实现的创新提案也在出现。
  9 shows an example circuit diagram of a DC substation with a GTO CB  ,9显示了一个带有GTO断路器的直流变电站电路图示例。
" He is now General Manager of railway operation headquarters, East Japan Railway Company, and also a Guest Associate Professor at Waseda University",他现在是东日本铁路公司铁路运营总部的总经理，同时也是早稻田大学的客座副教授。
" Under these constraints, the low-loss characteristics of APUs are very important",在这些限制条件下，APU的低损耗特性非常重要。
 One of the important benefits of PE application to the railway vehicles is the reduction of the traction system weight,应用聚酯对铁路车辆的一个重要优点是减轻牵引系统的重量。
 The related topic is presented in Section 4,相关主题在第4节中呈现。
" In addition, how much should be the inductance is also another technical issue 31",此外，电感应该是多少也是另一个技术问题。
"  4 shows circuit configuration of regenerative inverter installed at Kajibashi SS of East Japan Railway Company, and its specifications are shown in  IV 10","""4个显示了安装在东日本铁路公司梶桥变电站的再生式逆变器的电路配置，并且其规格显示在IV 10中"""
"Groves was concerned about the security implications of the title, so instead of having ""Atomic Bombs"" on the cover, it was left blank, and a rubber stamp was made.",格罗夫斯担心标题会带来安全隐患，因此在封面上没有写“原子弹”，而是留空，然后用印章盖上。
"Instead, they were sent to concentration camps and Japanese or Indonesian replacements were installed in senior and technical positions.",相反，他们被送往集中营，而日本或印尼的替代人员被安排到高级和技术职位。
"In 2014, He formed Modern Brothers band with A Zhuo and Da Fei, and joined the YY live broadcasting platform in March 2015.",在2014年，他和阿卓、大飞组成了现代兄弟乐队，并于2015年3月加入了YY直播平台。
"Just like other operating systems, Windows has the option to prohibit selected users from shutting down a computer.",就像其他操作系统一样，Windows有选项禁止特定用户关闭计算机。
"By that the complex refractive index or the dielectric function tensor in the corresponding spectral region can be obtained, which gives access to a large number of fundamental physical properties.",通过这种方法，可以获得相应光谱区域中的复折射率或介电函数张量，从而可以获得大量基本物理性质。
The complaint resulted in the creation of BrowserChoice.eu.,该投诉导致了BrowserChoice.eu的创建。
The young prince and his brother are coaxed (by Richard) into an extended stay at the Tower of London.,年轻的王子和他的兄弟被理查德哄骗住在伦敦塔更长时间。
Long Beach Airport has one terminal in Streamline Moderne style that is a historical landmark and was renovated in early 2013.,"""长滩机场有一个以流线现代风格设计的航站楼，是一个历史地标，并在2013年初进行了翻新。"""
"Other common professions include cleaners, waiters/waitresses, hairdressers, and bank officers.",其他常见的职业包括清洁工、服务员、理发师和银行职员。
The middle school also added a new wing.,这所中学还增加了一个新翼。
"He was reported to have had financial difficulties and to have worked as a driver, acquiring a truck permit less than a year before the attack.",据报道，他据称在袭击发生前不到一年的时间里，因为财务困难而从事驾驶工作，获得了卡车许可。
The settlement agreement must have total consideration that is at least equal to the fair market value of the property being conveyed.,和解协议必须包括的总对价至少要等于被转让财产的公平市场价值。
"For example, the sequence of code 27, followed by the printable characters ""[2;10H"", would cause a DEC VT-102 terminal to move its cursor to the 10th cell of the 2nd line of the screen.","例如，代码序列27，后面是可打印字符""[2;10H""，会导致DEC VT-102终端将光标移动到屏幕第2行的第10个单元。"
"Much of the fermentation used industrially to produce food and drink products, as well as home fermentation, uses anaerobic digestion.",许多工业上用于生产食品和饮料产品以及家庭发酵的发酵过程都采用厌氧消化。
"May 8, 2008 – N904FX and N905FX, two ATR-42-320s were written off after they suffered substantial damage at Piedmont Triad International Airport when the airport was hit by an EF2 tornado.",2008年5月8日 - N904FX和N905FX两架ATR-42-320在皮德蒙特三角国际机场遭受EF2龙卷风袭击时遭到重大损坏，被报废。
"A numbering of people were killed in the shelling of Aleppo Central Prison on 7 July, though who fired the shells was not immediately known.",在7月7日阿勒颇中央监狱遭到炮击时，有人员丧生，但究竟是谁开火至今仍未得知。
"This culminated in 1913, with 303 Chinese slaughtered in the Torreón massacre.",这在1913年达到顶峰，303名中国人在托雷翁大屠杀中被屠杀。
We encourage use of this gazetteer for scholarly purposes.,我们鼓励将这本地名词典用于学术研究。
"1558–1563 – Elizabeth I reinstates Henry VIII's old laws, including the Buggery Act 1533.",1558年至1563年，伊丽莎白一世恢复了亨利八世的旧法律，包括1533年的鸡奸法。
I wanted to describe a very stark moment in my life.,我想描述我生命中一个非常鲜明的时刻。
"A failure to achieve air supremacy forced Japan to rely on reinforcement by barges, destroyers, and submarines, with very uneven results.",未能取得制空权迫使日本依赖驳船、驱逐舰和潜艇的增援，结果参差不齐。
"Portugal's Muslim community consists of a small number of immigrants from Portugal's former colonies in Africa, namely Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau, and small numbers of recent immigrant workers from Northern Africa, mainly Morocco.",葡萄牙的穆斯林社区由来自葡萄牙前殖民地非洲的少数移民组成，主要来自莫桑比克和几内亚比绍，以及来自北非的少数最近移民工人，主要来自摩洛哥。
The baroque coffered ceiling from the 17th Century is particularly noteworthy.,17世纪的巴洛克风格的格子天花板特别值得一提。
"Upon Weaver's death on April 6, 2015, Talley was recognized as the oldest living person in the world.",韦弗于2015年4月6日去世后，塔利被认定为世界上年龄最大的人。
"However, they can also move slowly by walking.",然而，他们也可以通过走路慢慢移动。
"They take naps of 15 minutes to, at the most, two hours throughout the day and night, and rarely sleep through the night.",他们在白天和夜晚睡15分钟到两个小时的小睡，很少整夜睡觉。
"Prior to World War II, there were some areas where a modern ambulance carried advanced medical equipment, was staffed by a physician, and was dispatched by radio.",在第二次世界大战之前，有一些地区的现代救护车携带了先进的医疗设备，由医生驾驶，并通过无线电调度。
"In About Schmidt (2002), Nicholson portrayed a retired Omaha, Nebraska, actuary who questions his own life following his wife's death.",在《梅勒先生的遗产》(2002) 中，尼克松扮演了一个退休的奥马哈，内布拉斯加州，精算师，他在妻子去世后开始质疑自己的生活。
"The consensus is that there are between 6,000 and 7,000 languages spoken as of 2010, and that between 50–90% of those will have become extinct by the year 2100.",根据共识，截至2010年，有6000至7000种语言被使用，而其中50%至90%将在2100年前灭绝。
"Isham was born in New York City, the son of Patricia (née Hammond), a violinist, and Howard Fuller Isham, a Professor of Humanities.",伊舍姆出生在纽约市，母亲是小提琴家帕特里夏（婚前姓哈蒙德），父亲是人文学教授霍华德·富勒·伊舍姆。
"He was still a strict disciplinarian, though, and his players nicknamed him ""Furious Fergie"".",他仍然是一个严格的纪律家，他的球员们给他起了绰号“愤怒的弗格森”。
"During this period, the Masoretes of Tiberias established the niqqud, a system of diacritical signs used to represent vowels or distinguish between alternative pronunciations of letters of the Hebrew alphabet.",在这段时期，提比里亚的玛索拉人建立了尼库德，这是一种用于表示元音或区分希伯来字母的替代发音的变音符号系统。
The missile had been present in the rocket garden for many years until 2009 when it was taken down and given a complete restoration.,直到2009年，这枚导弹一直存在于火箭花园中，直到被取下并进行全面修复。
"Several, particularly older, cardinals considered the compromise achieved in Worms as desertion of the principles of the Gregorian Reform, and inclined to accept it only as a tactical move.",有几位主教，尤其是年长的主教，认为在沃姆斯达成的妥协是对格列高尔改革原则的背弃，并倾向于将其仅视为一种战术举措。
"As he developed greater strength, he increased his pace from fast-medium to genuine fast.",随着他力量的增长，他的速度从快速中等增加到真正的快速。
Only Canada trained more.,只有加拿大接受过更多的培训。
"Designed by Walter Aubrey Thomas, the foundation stone for the building was laid on 11 May 1908 and just 3 years later, on 19 July 1911, the building was officially opened by Lord Sheffield.",由沃尔特·奥布里·托马斯设计，该建筑的基石于1908年5月11日奠定，仅仅3年后的1911年7月19日，该建筑由谢菲尔德勋爵正式开放。
"The ninth assembly took place in Porto Alegre, Brazil in February 2006, under the theme ""God, in your grace, transform the world"".","第九次大会于2006年2月在巴西波尔图阿雷格里举行，主题为""上帝，在你的恩典中，改变世界""。"
Masking is one of the most common art styles in Igboland and is linked strongly with Igbo traditional music.,"""遮盖是伊博地区最常见的艺术风格之一，与伊博传统音乐紧密联系在一起。"""
It began in 2000 under the Open Source Development Labs (OSDL) and became the organization it is today when OSDL merged with the Free Standards Group (FSG).,它始于2000年，在开放源开发实验室（OSDL）下成立，并在OSDL与自由标准组（FSG）合并后成为今天的组织。
"Photographic plates, which had the light-sensitive emulsion coated on a thin sheet of glass, were normally used instead of flexible film, both because a general transition from glass plates to plastic film was still in progress and because glass provided the best dimensional stability for three images intended to match up perfectly when they were later combined.",具有感光乳剂涂在薄玻璃片上的照相板通常用于替代柔性胶片，一方面是因为从玻璃板到塑料胶片的普遍过渡仍在进行中，另一方面是因为玻璃为后续组合时需要完美匹配的三幅图像提供了最佳的尺寸稳定性。
"The primary function of Select Committees is to scrutinise and investigate Government activities; to fulfil these aims, they are permitted to hold hearings and collect evidence.",监查委员会的主要职能是审查和调查政府活动；为了实现这些目标，他们被允许举行听证会并收集证据。
The bill passed its final vote on October 9 in a 40-38 vote.,该法案在10月9日以40-38的投票通过了最终表决。
"From 1–12 December, the RAF flew 2,225 sorties and lost a minimum of 37 aircraft.","在12月1日至12日期间，英国皇家空军进行了2,225次飞行任务，并至少损失了37架飞机。"
"Similarly, Moshe Gil (1997) argues against Runciman on the basis of contemporary Jewish Cairo Geniza documents, as well as later Muslim accounts, concluding that the Seljuq invasion of Anatolia and the occupation of Palestine (c. 1073–1098) was a period of ""slaughter and vandalism, of economic hardship, and the uprooting of populations"".",同样，莫西·吉尔（1997年）根据当代犹太开罗盖尼扎文件以及后来的穆斯林记载，反驳伦西曼，得出结论称赛尔柱克人入侵安纳托利亚并占领巴勒斯坦（公元1073年至1098年左右）是一个“屠杀和破坏，经济困难和人口流离失所”的时期。
"The following Java example illustrates the ""virtual proxy"" pattern.",以下Java示例说明了“虚拟代理”模式。
"On Russian computer keyboard layout, the No is available and often located on the 3 key.","在俄罗斯的计算机键盘布局中，""No"" 可用，通常位于3键上。"
"According to Pascal Engel, Deleuze's metaphilosophical approach makes it impossible to reasonably disagree with a philosophical system, and so destroys meaning, truth, and philosophy itself.",根据帕斯卡尔·恩格尔的观点，德勒兹的元哲学方法使得不可能理性地反对一个哲学体系，因此破坏了意义、真理和哲学本身。
"For Gurwitsch, what is perceived in each such act is a noema, and the object itself – the tree, say – is to be understood as the collection or system of noemata associated with it.",对于古尔维奇来说，在每个这样的行为中所感知到的是一个noema，并且对象本身 - 比如说是树 - 应被理解为与之相关的noemata的集合或系统。
"As a result, the Woman's College of the University of North Carolina was renamed the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, and the University of North Carolina itself became the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.",因此，北卡罗来纳大学的女子学院更名为格林斯伯勒北卡罗来纳大学，而北卡罗来纳大学本身则成为教堂山北卡罗来纳大学。
Economic problems including the increased cost of living also fueled protests in the nation.,经济问题，包括生活成本的增加，也助长了该国的抗议活动。
"CPU: Zilog Z80, 1.789 MHz RAM: 4 kB (up to 64 kB with external modules in the expansion port) ROM: 8 kB Cart ROM: 8 kB Expansion: 64 kB total Ports: 4 controller, 1 expansion, 1 light pen Sound: 3 voices + noise/vibrato effects (played through the TV) Resolution: True 160×102 / Basic 160×88 / Expanded RAM 320×204 Colors: True 8* / Basic 2 The bitmap structure of the Bally actually only allows for 4 color settings.",CPU: Zilog Z80，1.789 MHz RAM: 4 kB（通过扩展端口最多可达64 kB）ROM: 8 kB Car ROM: 8 kB Expansion：64 kB 总端口：4个控制器，1个扩展，1个光笔 声音：3个声音 + 噪音/颤音效果（通过电视播放）分辨率：真正的160×102 / 基本160×88 / 扩展RAM 320×204 色彩：真正的8* / 基本2 Bally的位图结构实际上只允许4种颜色设置。
The cichlid genomes also showed increased evolutionary rates in microRNAs which are involved in gene expression.,丽鱼的基因组也显示出在微小RNA中的进化速率增加，这些RNA参与基因表达。
"Craven had a letter published in the July 19, 1968, edition of Life, praising that periodical's coverage of contemporary rock music, in particular Frank Zappa's.",克雷文在1968年7月19日出版的《生活》杂志上发表了一封信，赞扬该期刊对当代摇滚音乐的报道，特别是弗兰克·扎帕的报道。
"On July 29, 1982, Law 82-652 abolished the state monopoly and created both a Council and High Authority on Audiovisual Communication to oversee the liberalisation of the French audiovisual sector.",在1982年7月29日，法律82-652废除了国家垄断，并成立了一个理事会和高级音频视听传播管理机构，以监督法国音频视听部门的自由化。
"Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport, Manitoba's largest airport, is one of only a few 24-hour unrestricted airports in Canada and is part of the National Airports System.",曼尼托巴省最大的机场温尼伯詹姆斯阿姆斯壮理查森国际机场是加拿大少数几个24小时开放的机场之一，并且是国家机场系统的一部分。
"The government introduced a series of small-scale reforms, such as allowing more small-scale private enterprises to function.",政府推出了一系列小规模改革，例如允许更多小规模私营企业运作。
This remains Belarus' only top ten placement.,这仍然是白俄罗斯唯一的前十名。
"On May 5, 2009, the release candidate was made available to the general public via the Microsoft download center.",在2009年5月5日，发布候选版通过微软下载中心向普通公众提供。
The European powers reacted to the partition with utmost indifference; only a few voices — like that of Edmund Burke — were raised in objection.,欧洲列强对分割行为毫不关心；只有少数人，如埃德蒙·伯克（Edmund Burke）之流，对此提出了异议。
The search radar has a range of 26 km (16 mi) and is capable of tracking and identifying up to 64 targets at once.,搜索雷达的范围为26公里（16英里），能够同时跟踪和识别最多64个目标。
11 November 2005: First trajectory correction maneuver successfully performed.,2005年11月11日：成功执行首次轨道修正机动。
"The vehicle was unveiled in golf courses in Tokyo, Yokohama, Nagoya, Osaka.",这辆车在东京、横滨、名古屋、大阪的高尔夫球场上首次亮相。
Fishermen sacrificed to her the first of their catch and observed numerous taboos related to her while fishing.,渔民在捕鱼时向她献祭他们捕到的第一批鱼，并遵守与她有关的许多禁忌。
Then the following conditions are equivalent: X is a T1 space.,那么以下条件是等价的：X 是 T1 空间。
"Furthermore, Singapore's founding father Lee Kuan Yew, the former German chancellors Helmut Kohl and Helmut Schmidt took part.",此外，新加坡的开国元勋李光耀，前德国总理赫尔穆特·科尔和赫尔穆特·施密特也参与了。
The historic Sage Library is a part of this library system.,这座历史悠久的圣人图书馆是这个图书馆系统的一部分。
"The French Revolution gave rise to the metric system, and this has spread around the world, replacing most customary units of measure.",法国大革命导致了公制系统的产生，这一系统已在世界各地广泛传播，取代了大多数传统计量单位。
Yarrington helped Maria Clemm bake the wedding cake and prepared a wedding meal.,亚灵顿帮助玛丽亚·克莱姆烤了婚礼蛋糕并准备了婚宴。
The rural municipality of Aker was merged with Oslo on 1 January 1948 (and simultaneously transferred from Akershus county to Oslo county).,阿克尔农村市于1948年1月1日与奥斯陆合并（同时从阿克尔胡斯郡转移到奥斯陆郡）。
Je nach Fettmenge können Plunder mit mind.,根据油脂含量，酥皮点心可以有更少。
"I adore melodrama, it's a noble genre, a truly great genre, but I was very clear that I didn't want anything epic, I wanted something else.",我喜爱情感戏剧，这是一种高尚的类型，一种真正伟大的类型，但我很清楚我不想要史诗般的东西，我想要别的东西。
"After this, the Japanese force of six cruisers and several destroyers turned away to the northeast.",此后，日本的六艘巡洋舰和几艘驱逐舰转向东北方向。
"On the same day, a Final Fantasy XIII PlayStation Home personal space was made available for free in Japan until January 13, 2010, along with a costume and personal space furnishings; they were released to the Asian, European, and North American versions of PlayStation Home on March 11, 2010.",在同一天，一个Final Fantasy XIII PlayStation Home 个人空间在日本免费提供，直到2010年1月13日，还有一个服装和个人空间家具；它们在2010年3月11日发布到亚洲、欧洲和北美版本的PlayStation Home。
The Valley is occupied by Israel since 1967.,"""自1967年以来，以色列占领了这个山谷。"""
"Some were minute differences, some to the point of grotesque.",有些是微小的差异，有些则达到了怪诞的程度。
"Upon new anti-Cossack limitations and sejm statutes imposing serfdom on most Cossacks, the Cossacks rose up again in 1638 under Jakiv Ostryanin and Dmytro Hunia.",根据新的反哥萨克限制和塞姆法规对大多数哥萨克实行农奴制，哥萨克人在1638年再次起义，由亚基夫·奥斯特里亚宁和德米特罗·胡尼亚领导。
Matthiessen was well known for his support of liberal causes and progressive politics.,马西森因支持自由事业和进步政治而闻名。
"ISO 9:1995, from the International Organization for Standardization.","""ISO 9:1995，来自国际标准化组织。"""
"This red solid dissolves in hydrogen fluoride but these solutions decompose, liberating fluorine.",这种红色固体在氢氟酸中溶解，但这些溶液会分解，释放氟气。
"Due to the intermediate value theorem there must be some intermediate rotation angle for which d = 0, and as a consequence f(A) = f(B) at this angle.",由于中值定理，必然存在某个中间旋转角度使得d = 0，并且因此在这个角度上f(A) = f(B)。
It was rebuilt in 1538 and repaired in 1823.,它于1538年重建，于1823年修复。
"After the United States' accession to the Berne convention, a number of copyright owners successfully lobbied the U.S. Congress for another extension of the term of copyright, to provide for the same term of protection that exists in Europe.",在美国加入伯尔尼公约之后，许多版权所有者成功游说美国国会延长版权期限，以提供与欧洲相同的保护期限。
"Contrary to common arrangement on similar systems, the FCS of FN-6A is mounted in an unusual arrangement, namely under the launchers.",与类似系统的常见布置相反，FN-6A的FCS安装在一个不寻常的布置下，即在发射器下方。
"Masses of the large moons were taken from Jacobson, 2006.","大卫星的质量是从Jacobson, 2006年取得的。"
"In 1987, Carrie Saxon Perry was elected mayor of Hartford, the first female African-American mayor of a major American city.",1987年，凯瑞·萨克逊·佩里当选为哈特福德市市长，成为美国主要城市第一位非洲裔女性市长。
"In 1933, there were 66,000,000 people living in Germany.",1933年，德国有6600万人口。
"At around 1:00 p.m., 33-year-old Frankum went to Strathfield Plaza, a shopping mall in the Inner West of Sydney.",在下午1点左右，33岁的弗兰克姆去了悉尼西部地区的斯特拉斯菲尔德广场购物中心。
The end-to-end encryption paradigm does not directly address risks at the communications endpoints themselves.,端到端加密范式并不直接解决通信端点本身的风险。
"The main objective is to discover how well and for how long people can survive the extreme conditions in space, and how fast they can adapt to the Earth's environment after returning from their voyage.",主要目标是发现人们在极端的太空条件下能够生存多久以及生存得有多好，以及返回后多快适应地球环境。
The AAEA publishes the American Journal of Agricultural Economics and Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy.,AEA发布《美国农业经济学杂志》和《应用经济学视角与政策》。
It was an afternoon paper.,这是一份下午的报纸。
"Iran–Iraq War Operation Kaman 99, Iran's biggest air raid during Iran–Iraq war with a strength of more than 140 aircraft.",伊朗伊拉克战争卡曼99行动，是伊朗在伊朗伊拉克战争期间规模最大的空袭行动，参与飞机超过140架。
"The style also was closely related to ragtime, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved ""the original melodic patterns of African music"".",这种风格也与燥音密切相关，燥音大约在同一时间发展起来，尽管蓝调更好地保留了“非洲音乐的原始旋律模式”。
An AVN issue can feature over 500 movie reviews.,一个AVN问题可以包括超过500部电影评论。
"Art: Marina de Tommaso, Michele Sardaro, and Paolo Livrea, for measuring the relative pain people suffer while looking at an ugly painting, rather than a pretty painting, while being shot by a powerful laser beam.",艺术：Marina de Tommaso、Michele Sardaro和Paolo Livrea，用于测量人们在被强力激光束击中时观看丑陋画作时所受到的相对疼痛，而不是漂亮画作时所受到的疼痛。
"On December 16, 2015, the game was officially announced as Homeworld: Deserts of Kharak.",在2015年12月16日，这款游戏正式宣布为《家园：卡拉克的沙漠》。
Chomsky has shown cynicism towards the credibility of postmodernism and poststructuralism.,乔姆斯基对后现代主义和后结构主义的可信度表现出怀疑态度。
"In JUnit 4, @RunWith and @Parameters are used together to facilitate parameterized tests, while the @Parameters method has to return List with all the actual values, which will be fed into a dedicated class constructor as an argument.",在JUnit 4中，@RunWith和@Parameters一起使用以便促进参数化测试，而@Parameters方法必须返回包含所有实际值的List，这些值将作为参数传递给专用类构造函数。
"The Atlas missile, the F-102 Delta Dagger and F-106 Delta Dart delta-winged interceptors, and the delta-winged B-58 Hustler supersonic intercontinental nuclear bomber were all Convair products.","""阿特拉斯导弹，F-102三角短剑和F-106三角短矛三角翼拦截器，以及三角翼B-58快速超音速洲际核轰炸机都是康维尔公司的产品。"""
The use of iron supports rather than natural skeletons let the workshop produce models more quickly and economically than other workshops.,使用铁支架而不是天然骨架让工作室比其他工作室更快更经济地生产模型。
"Harris yelled, ""Get up!"" so loudly that he can be heard on the 9–1–1 recording at 11:29:18 a.m.",哈里斯大声喊道：“起床！”声音如此之大，以至于在上午11:29:18的911录音中可以听到。
"In this Mediterranean trade, he may have acquired better knowledge of the origins of the oriental (West Asian) merchandise he would have been dealing in (such as spices and silks) than most Europeans at that time.",在地中海贸易中，他可能比当时大多数欧洲人更加了解他将要经营的东方（西亚）商品的来源（如香料和丝绸）。
"The norm is usually Euclidean distance, although other distance functions are also possible.",通常情况下，规范是欧几里得距离，尽管其他距离函数也是可能的。
She was transferred to the government of Sri Lanka on 24 June 2004 as SLNS Samudura (P-621).,她于2004年6月24日被转移到斯里兰卡政府，作为SLNS Samudura（P-621）。
"Following the hurricane, the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement launched an emergency appeal for Cuba.",飓风过后，国际红十字会和红新月会为古巴发起了紧急呼吁。
The British Army advanced along the Jaffa-Jerusalem Highway and approached Jerusalem.,英国军队沿杰法-耶路撒冷公路前进，并且接近了耶路撒冷。
"Further, Graham thinks that OO is not useful as its methods and patterns are just ""good design"", and he views the language features used to implement OO as partly mistaken.",此外，格雷厄姆认为OO并不实用，因为它的方法和模式只是“好设计”，他认为用于实现OO的语言特性部分是错误的。
"The Germans and Italians split off and elected a new leader, an Italian named Rainald, while for the French, Geoffrey Burel took command.",德国人和意大利人分裂出去并选出了一位名叫雷纳尔德的新领袖，而对于法国人来说，杰弗里·布雷尔接管了指挥。
"On May 20, 2013, Cash Cash released a remix of ""Symphonica"" by Nicky Romero that was released on Beatport by Protocol Recordings.",在2013年5月20日，Cash Cash发布了一首由Nicky Romero制作的《Symphonica》混音版，该版本由Protocol Recordings在Beatport上发布。
"However, others attribute the decline of deaf clubs to the end of World War II and a change in the job market.",然而，其他人将聋人俱乐部的衰落归因于二战结束和职业市场的变化。
The violence of the advance caused an exodus of thousands of Baluba civilians who fled their homes to escape the fighting.,先进的暴力引起了成千上万的巴鲁巴平民逃离家园以避开战斗。
"On January 30, 1917, von Engelken instructed Joyce to give MacNeil full facilities, and told the Mint Superintendent, ""see that Mr. Barber keeps his objections to himself while Mr. MacNeil is there"".",在1917年1月30日，冯恩格尔肯指示乔伊斯给麦克尼尔提供充分的设施，并告诉造币厂主管：“请确保巴伯先生在麦克尼尔在场时不要表达异议”。
Adèle Haenel (born 1 January 1989) is a French actress.,阿黛尔·哈内尔（1989年1月1日出生）是一位法国女演员。
It was discovered by Captain James Clark Ross in January 1841 and named after the UK's Queen Victoria.,这是由詹姆斯·克拉克·罗斯船长于1841年1月发现的，并以英国女王维多利亚命名。
"The World Health Organization estimated that in 2005, 0.379% of people worldwide had dementia, and that the prevalence would increase to 0.441% in 2015 and to 0.556% in 2030.",世界卫生组织估计，2005年全球有0.379%的人患有痴呆症，并预计到2015年这一比例将增加到0.441%，到2030年将增加到0.556%。
The address and the data bytes are sent most significant bit first.,地址和数据字节是按照最高有效位先发送的。
Prominent examples include basketball player Dirk Nowitzki's UDRP of DirkSwish.com and actress Eva Longoria's UDRP of EvaLongoria.org.,著名的例子包括篮球运动员德克·诺维茨基对DirkSwish.com和女演员伊娃·朗格利亚对EvaLongoria.org的UDRP。
"Other critical pedagogues known more for their Anti-schooling, unschooling, or deschooling perspectives include Ivan Illich, John Holt, Ira Shor, John Taylor Gatto, and Matt Hern.",其他以反学校、无学校或去学校观点而闻名的关键教育家包括伊凡·伊利奇、约翰·霍尔特、艾拉·肖尔、约翰·泰勒·加托和马特·赫恩。
"In sections such as heavy industries, national defense industries, and transportation industries, the share of the Third Front region was about 74%.",在重工业、国防工业和交通运输等领域，第三线地区的占比约为74%。
The roof is two-gabled.,屋顶有两个山墙。
During prom night in 2001 a tornado hit the town.,在2001年毕业舞会期间，一场龙卷风袭击了该城镇。
"Besides, the Club also announced to join the Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary Programme for Golf.",此外，俱乐部还宣布加入奥德邦高尔夫合作庇护计划。
"Based on the available health care resources, Rivers believed that the benefits of the study to the men outweighed the risks.",根据现有的医疗资源，里弗斯认为研究对男性的好处大于风险。
"However, earlier aircraft built in Moscow like the H 21 were often described by a Ju number, e.g. Ju 21.",然而，莫斯科生产的早期飞机，比如H 21，往往被描述为一个Ju编号，例如Ju 21。
"Its differentiation between wider intercolumnia on the narrow sides and narrower ones on the long sides was also an influential feature, as was the positioning of the columns within the cella, corresponding with those on the outside, a feature not repeated until the construction of the temple at Bassae 150 years later.",它在狭窄的两侧具有更宽的柱间距和长边上更窄的柱间距之间的区别也是一个有影响力的特征，柱子在神殿内部的位置与外部的柱子相对应，这个特征直到150年后的巴萨神庙建造时才再次出现。
"In Windows Vista, however, interactive services are deprecated and may not operate properly, as a result of Windows Service hardening.",在Windows Vista中，交互式服务已被弃用，并且可能由于Windows服务强化而无法正常运行。
"Over three Earth years later, however, the rovers' power supplies hovered between 300 watt-hours and 900 watt-hours per day, depending on dust coverage.",然而，三年后，探测车的电力供应在每天300瓦时至900瓦时之间，取决于灰尘覆盖情况。
More races and venues have joined the series and the number of competitors are still growing from year to year.,更多的赛事和场馆已经加入了系列赛，参赛选手的数量每年仍在增长。
"Ford had already cut into Carter's large lead in the polls, and was generally viewed as having won the first debate on domestic policy.",福特已经在选举中大幅缩小了卡特的领先优势，并普遍被视为在国内政策第一场辩论中获胜。
"Nevertheless, Dresden is the city that has developed the most effectively in all of East Germany and has raised its GDP per capita to 31,100 Euro, which is equal to the GDP per capita of some poor West German communities (the average of the 50 biggest cities is around 35,000 Euro).","然而，德累斯顿是整个东德发展最有效的城市，将人均GDP提高到31,100欧元，这相当于一些西德贫困社区的人均GDP（50个最大城市的平均值约为35,000欧元）。"
"Although Lehi had stopped operating nationally after May 1948, the group continued to function in Jerusalem.",尽管利希在1948年5月之后停止了全国活动，但该团体在耶路撒冷继续运作。
These revisions include provisions for the persecution of gays and Jews.,这些修订包括对同性恋和犹太人的迫害条款。
"Followers of Ockham, such as John of Mirecourt and Nicholas of Autrecourt furthered this view.",奥卡姆的追随者，如米尔库尔特的约翰和奥特库尔特的尼古拉斯进一步推动了这一观点。
"On August 18, 2014, it was announced that Charlie Countryman director Fredrik Bond would take over direction from Fuqua, but Bond left the film on September 18, six weeks before the shooting was to begin.",2014年8月18日，宣布《查理·康特利曼》的导演弗雷德里克·邦德将接替富奎亚指导，但邦德在9月18日离开了这部电影，比开拍时间提前了六周。
"With the Windows update, it is now possible to use alt code text entry to obtain the Indian Rupee symbol – Alt+8377.",随着Windows更新，现在可以使用Alt代码文本输入来获取印度卢比符号 - Alt+8377。
"Joining the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC) (Dutch East India Company) in 1639, he served in a number of posts, including that of an assistant surgeon in the Batavia in the East Indies.",1639年加入荷兰东印度公司（VOC），他在巴达维亚担任了一系列职务，包括助理外科医生。
This core will then begin to dry and shrink.,这个核心将开始变干并收缩。
Only five of the sixteen went to trial; two of those were acquitted.,只有十六人中的五人接受了审判；其中两人被判无罪。
"The Quraysh used to circumambulate the Ka‘bah and say, By al-Lāt and al-ʻUzzā, And al-Manāt, the third idol besides.",古赛族人曾绕着圣殿行走，并说：“以阿拉特和乌扎，以及玛纳特为神。”
"Today the museum is known as the Picasso Museum, the first museum in the world to be dedicated to the artist.",今天这个博物馆被称为毕加索博物馆，这是世界上第一个专门为这位艺术家而设的博物馆。
"This was part of his attempts to gain allies in the upcoming war against the Republic of Florence, caused by his expansion in central Italy and his alliance with Paolo Guinigi, lord of Lucca, a traditional enemy of the Florentines.",这是他为了在即将到来的对抗佛罗伦萨共和国的战争中获得盟友而做出的努力的一部分，这场战争是由他在意大利中部的扩张和与卢卡领主保罗·吉尼吉结盟引起的，卢卡是佛罗伦萨人的传统敌人。
"From 1984 until 2004, his portrait appeared on the front of the Japanese 1000 yen note.",从1984年到2004年，他的肖像出现在日本1000日元面额的钞票正面。
"Every inch is retail space, even the underpasses taking people from the ferries are lined with shops, kebab grillers and boys selling cigarettes.",每一英寸都是零售空间，甚至从渡轮带人的地下通道都布满了商店、烤肉串摊和卖香烟的男孩。
"The club was founded in 2010 after the merger of the teams Leodari Sole, Cavazzale and Real Vicenza-Laghetto.",该俱乐部于2010年成立，是由Leodari Sole、Cavazzale和Real Vicenza-Laghetto三支球队合并而成的。
"However, intuitionistic connectives are not definable in terms of each other in the same way as in classical logic, hence their choice matters.",然而，直觉主义连接词不能像在古典逻辑中那样相互定义，因此它们的选择很重要。
"In particular, he summed 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ..., to ​1⁄4 by a method that may be rephrased as (C, n) but was not justified as such at the time.",特别是，他用一种可能被重新表述为（C，n）但当时未被证明为此的方法，将1-2+3-4+…总结为​1⁄4。
Birds are distinctive in the way they care for their young.,鸟类在照顾它们的幼崽方面很有特色。
Hans Dichand has always denied having been a member of the Nazi Party.,汉斯·迪钱德一直否认曾是纳粹党的党员。
"The 4 dimensional representation decomposes into the sum of a one-dimensional trivial representation (singlet, a scalar, spin zero) and a three-dimensional representation (triplet, spin 1) that is nothing more than the standard representation of SO(3) on R 3 {\displaystyle R^{3}} .",4维表示分解为一个一维平凡表示（单态，标量，自旋零）和一个三维表示（三重态，自旋1），这只不过是SO（3）在R^3上的标准表示。
The Military Demarcation Line runs through the middle of the bridge.,"""军事分界线穿过桥的中间。"""
"When the developer finally completes the tag, the editor automatically generates the closing tag.",当开发人员最终完成标签时，编辑器会自动生成闭合标签。
"His prediction proved correct, as negotiations between the federal government and Mormon leaders eased tensions between the two.",他的预测被证明是正确的，因为联邦政府和摩门教领导人之间的谈判缓解了双方之间的紧张关系。
"Several duels took place in Hyde Park during this time, often involving members of the nobility.",在这段时间里，海德公园发生了几场决斗，通常涉及贵族成员。
The Natural Arch and Bridge Society (NABS) considers Kolob Arch to be the sixth longest natural arch in the world.,"""自然拱门和桥梁学会（NABS）认为科洛布拱门是世界上第六长的自然拱门。"""
His greatest success for publicity was an entire sheep.,他在宣传方面最大的成功是一只整只的羊。
"Menopause, also known as the climacteric, is the time in most women's lives when menstrual periods stop permanently, and they are no longer able to bear children.",更年期，也被称为停经期，是大多数女性生命中的一个时期，在这个时期月经周期永久停止，她们也不再能生育子女。
The IBM 5100 runs the APL and BASIC programming languages.,IBM 5100运行APL和BASIC编程语言。
"33 King Lear – a difficult problem: probably set mainly from Q1 but with reference to Q2, and corrected against a prompt-book.",《国王李尔》第33版-一个困难的问题：可能主要根据Q1设置，但参考了Q2，并根据提示书进行校正。
As war loomed the Committee became increasingly important.,随着战争的逼近，委员会变得越来越重要。
"They and others named below use NSS in a variety of products, including the following: Mozilla client products, including Firefox, Thunderbird, SeaMonkey, and Firefox for mobile (Fennec).",他们和下面列出的其他人在各种产品中使用NSS，包括以下产品：Mozilla客户端产品，包括Firefox，Thunderbird，SeaMonkey和移动版Firefox（Fennec）。
"It also has a hearing impaired department, which currently helps up to 15 children through their school day.",它还设有一个听觉障碍部门，目前通过学校日常帮助长达15名儿童。
"The long-term outcome of squamous cell carcinomas is dependent upon several factors: the sub-type of the carcinoma, available treatments, location(s) and severity, and various patient health-related variables (accompanying diseases, age, etc.).",鳞状细胞癌的长期结果取决于几个因素：癌症亚型、可用治疗方法、位置和严重程度，以及各种与患者健康相关的变量（伴随疾病、年龄等）。
"Strength in Democracy (French: Forces et Démocratie, French pronunciation: ​) was a Canadian federal political party founded in 2014 by two Quebec Members of Parliament (MPs).","""Strength in Democracy（法语：Forces et Démocratie，法语发音：）是一个加拿大联邦政党，由两名魁北克省议员于2014年创立。"""
"Whether this phrase is still the designated one, after the June 2017 London Bridge attack, or after the fact that the code word is now publicly known has not been confirmed.",在2017年6月伦敦桥袭击事件之后，或者在暗号现在已经公开知晓的事实之后，这个短语是否仍然是指定的尚未得到确认。
"Most importantly, Rømer announced the prediction that the emergence of Io on 16 November 1676 would be observed about ten minutes later than would have been calculated by the previous method.",最重要的是，罗默宣布了一个预测，即伊欧卫星于1676年11月16日出现的时间会比之前的计算方法晚大约十分钟。
"NDISWrapper consists of a NTOSKRNL API, a basic WDM controller, and a set of Windows call wrappers such as Wireless/NDIS/USB/PnP to Linux APIs.",NDISWrapper由一个NTOSKRNL API、一个基本的WDM控制器和一组Windows调用包装器组成，例如Wireless/NDIS/USB/PnP到Linux API。
"Despite months of speculation, the government repeatedly claimed that it was in favour of holding elections when they were due, denying that an early vote would take place.",尽管经过数月的猜测，政府一再声称支持在到期时举行选举，否认会提前选举。
Documents Snowden acquired showed that data collected by the Tempora program is shared with the National Security Agency of the United States.,斯诺登获取的文件显示，Tempora计划收集的数据被与美国国家安全局分享。
"In 1989, Beck resigned from Y-95 to accept a job in Houston at KRBE, known as Power 104.",在1989年，贝克辞去了Y-95的工作，接受了休斯敦KRBE的工作，该电台被称为Power 104。
"M. africanum is not widespread, but it is a significant cause of tuberculosis in parts of Africa.",非洲分枝杆菌并不普遍，但在非洲的某些地区却是肺结核的重要原因。
This song is so good.,这首歌太好听了。
Of the one thousand people who joined the unit in October 1941 only half survived the war.,在1941年十月加入这个单位的一千人中，只有一半在战争中幸存下来。
"The name active optics means that the system keeps a mirror (usually the primary) in its optimal shape against environmental forces such as wind, sag, thermal expansion, and telescope axis deformation.","""主动光学的名称意味着该系统保持镜子（通常是主镜）在环境力量（如风、下垂、热胀冷缩和望远镜轴变形）的作用下保持其最佳形状。"""
"On 5 November 1976, Geoffrey Platt, a laboratory technician at the former Microbiological Research Establishment in Porton Down, Wiltshire, contracted Ebola in an accidental needlestick injury from a contaminated needle while handling samples from Africa.",在1976年11月5日，威尔特郡波顿唐的前微生物研究机构的实验室技术员杰弗里·普拉特在处理来自非洲样本时，因一根受污染的针头意外刺伤而感染了埃博拉。
"During the 10th of January 2018 five men stole millions of euros of jewellery from within the hotel, three were subsequently caught before escaping.",在2018年1月10日，五名男子从酒店内偷走了数百万欧元的珠宝，其中三人在逃跑前被捕。
Woodworth organized the Marine Hospital Service medical personnel along Army military structure in 1889 to facilitate a mobile force of health professionals that could be moved for the needs of the service and country.,伍德沃斯于1889年组织了海军医院服务的医疗人员，按照陆军军事结构进行组织，以便为服务和国家的需要提供移动的卫生专业人员力量。
"On January 15, 2016, because of the ""growing evidence of a link between Zika and microcephaly"" the Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC) issued a travel warning advising pregnant women to consider postponing travel to Brazil as well as the following countries and territories where Zika fever had been reported: Colombia, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Martinique, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Suriname, Venezuela, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.","在2016年1月15日，由于""日益增多的关于寨卡病毒和小头畸形之间联系的证据""，疾病预防控制中心（CDC）发布了一项旅行警告，建议怀孕的妇女考虑推迟前往巴西以及以下已报告寨卡病毒疫情的国家和地区：哥伦比亚、萨尔瓦多、法属圭亚那、危地马拉、海地、洪都拉斯、马提尼克、墨西哥、巴拿马、巴拉圭、苏里南、委内瑞拉和波多黎各自治邦。"
Presently he is coediting Social Media in the Middle East to be published in 2016.,他目前正在协同编辑《中东社交媒体》，该书将于2016年出版。
"He has been described as ""the first great Sanskrit scholar in Europe"".",他被描述为“欧洲第一位伟大的梵文学者”。
"It accused Russell of being a dictatorial leader, a shrewd businessman who appeared eager to collect funds from the selling of the Millennial Dawn books, of cheating one of them financially, and of issuing thousands of Millennial Dawn books under a female pseudonym.",它指责拉塞尔是一个独裁的领导者，一个精明的商人，似乎急于从《千禧黎明》书籍的销售中筹集资金，经济上欺骗其中一位，并以女性化名发布数千份《千禧黎明》书籍。
"During the next five years, eleven similar cases were reported in the medical literature, some of them already using the term Alzheimer's disease.",在接下来的五年里，医学文献中报告了十一个类似的案例，其中一些已经使用了“阿尔茨海默病”这一术语。
The missing right arm of the mummy was the cause of a minor controversy between researchers.,木乃伊失踪的右臂成为研究人员之间的一场小争议的原因。
Reformers cite several problems with the Gregorian calendar: It is not perennial.,改革者指出格里高利历存在几个问题：它不是永久的。
He was also head coach of national team in 1972.,他还曾在1972年担任国家队的主教练。
"There are also other animals that consume living vegetal material, whose residues are passed to the soil.",还有其他动物也食用活的植物材料，它们的残留物传递给土壤。
"This technique requires an extremely high signal-to-noise ratio, and has thus far been successfully applied to only a few planets orbiting small, nearby, relatively bright stars, such as HD 189733 b and GJ 1214 b.",这种技术需要极高的信噪比，因此迄今为止只成功应用于几颗围绕小型、附近、相对明亮的恒星运行的行星，如HD 189733 b和GJ 1214 b。
She has blonde hair like her mother.,她有像她妈妈一样的金色头发。
"In addition to the losses sustained from attacks by Carlson's raiders, tropical diseases and a lack of food felled many more of Shōji's men.",除了卡尔森的袭击造成的损失外，热带疾病和食物短缺还导致了更多的将士倒下。
"Two days later, Randall's Appropriations committee reported several funding bills with his support.",两天后，兰德尔的拨款委员会报告了几项得到他支持的资金法案。
"Rod Love, 61, Canadian political strategist.",罗德·洛夫，61岁，加拿大政治策略家。
"5α-Androstane 5β-Androstane 5α-Androstane is reported to be effective as an androgen, in spite of having no oxygen substitutions.",据报道，5α-雄烷酮对雄激素具有有效作用，尽管没有氧原子的替换。
"During the Boxer Rebellion, the mission suffered greatly, including the destruction of its library.",在义和团运动期间，传教士团受到严重打击，包括图书馆的被毁。
"The Nassau-class ships suffered only a handful of secondary battery hits from the opposing Grand Fleet; Nassau was hit twice, Westfalen and Rheinland each once, and Posen escaped completely unscathed.",纳撒乌级战舰只受到对方大舰队的少数次次炮击；纳撒乌号被击中两次，韦斯特法伦号和莱茵兰号各被击中一次，而波森号完全未受到伤害。
She would sing all the way to the spring and back.,她会一路唱着走到泉水那里，然后再回来。
"In a deal concluded on 6 September 2011, the South Korean government had agreed to purchase an unknown number of Spike NLOS missiles.",在2011年9月6日达成的一项交易中，韩国政府同意购买一批未知数量的Spike NLOS导弹。
"Although the death adders resemble vipers of the family Viperidae, they are actually members of the family Elapidae, being more closely related to cobras, mambas, and coral snakes.",虽然死亡蝰蛇看起来像蝰蛇科的毒蛇，但实际上它们是眼镜蛇科的成员，与眼镜蛇、曼巴和珊瑚蛇更密切相关。
"In 1954, the General Assembly of Virginia (state legislature) created a political subdivision, the Chesapeake Bay Ferry District and its governing body, the Chesapeake Bay Ferry Commission.",1954年，维吉尼亚州立法机构（州立法机构）创建了一个政治分支，切萨皮克湾渡轮区及其管理机构切萨皮克湾渡轮委员会。
"Because an enormous amount of energy is released in a short period of time, much of the energy is released as high energy photons in accordance with the theory of black body radiation, in this case X-rays.",由于在短时间内释放了大量能量，因此根据黑体辐射理论，大部分能量以高能光子的形式释放，即X射线。
"In 2016, the ISTF Innovation Prize from Yale University was awarded to the project.",2016年，耶鲁大学ISTF创新奖授予了该项目。
11:16: American Airlines confirms the loss of its two aircraft.,11:16：美国航空公司确认了失去两架飞机的消息。
"The Milky Way's velocity away from the Local Void is 270 kilometres per second (600,000 mph).","银河系远离局部虚空的速度为每秒270公里（600,000英里/小时）。"
"The purported currency of the republic was the ""Mill"" and this appeared on the early stamp issues, although no coins or banknotes are known to have been produced.",该共和国所谓的货币是“Mill”，这出现在早期的邮票发行中，尽管没有人知道是否生产了硬币或纸币。
Advertisements promoting Play-Doh on influential children's television shows in 1957 furthered the product's sales.,1957年在有影响力的儿童电视节目中宣传Play-Doh的广告进一步促进了该产品的销售。
Critics say that this statement is self-contradictory.,评论家说这个声明是自相矛盾的。
"He is a descendant of Alexander Kolchak, the Russian naval commander.",他是俄罗斯海军指挥官亚历山大·科尔查克的后裔。
"In 2014 construction was reported to be running over two years late, mainly due to key component delays and project management issues.",2014年，有报道称建筑工程延迟了两年以上，主要是因为关键部件延迟和项目管理问题。
"Bruce replied by return, denying rivalry, and asserting: ""If my friends are prepared to give me money to carry out my plans I do not see why I should not accept it there are several who maintain that a second ship is highly desirable"".",布鲁斯立即回答，否认竞争，并坚称：“如果我的朋友们愿意给我钱来实现我的计划，我不明白为什么我不能接受，有几个人主张第二艘船非常有必要”。
"After he stopped updating the program, Masanao Izumo and other contributors started to work on the program, renaming it to TiMidity++.",在他停止更新这个程序后，出雑木正直和其他贡献者开始着手开发这个程序，并将其更名为TiMidity++。
"The shape is inspired by a traditional European cake known as Kugelhupf, but Bundt cakes are not generally associated with any single recipe.",这个形状是受到传统欧洲蛋糕库格霍夫的启发，但邦德蛋糕通常不与任何单一食谱联系在一起。
"For example, in a self-organizing map (SOM), each node is a representative (a center) of a cluster of similar points, regardless of their density in the original training data.",例如，在自组织映射（SOM）中，每个节点都是一个代表（中心）类似点群的簇，而不受原始训练数据中它们密度的影响。
Gene feels so guilty that he tells Finny that he caused Finny's fall.,"""吉恩感到非常内疚，他告诉芬尼说他是导致芬尼摔倒的原因。"""
"Born in Moscow, Antonov grew up in the much smaller town of Kirsanov.","""安东诺夫出生在莫斯科，在更小的基尔萨诺夫镇长大。"""
"In Shakespeare's play Macbeth, he uses a variety of narrative elements to create many different motifs.",在莎士比亚的戏剧《麦克白》中，他运用各种叙事元素创造了许多不同的主题。
"In the late summer of 1925, the two-masted schooner Fort Chesterfield entered the channel, and, following the advice of local Inuit, found a well-protected inlet in Tusjujak (now Ford Lake, named after J. L. Ford, post manager in 1929) to establish their strategic station.",在1925年的深夏，双桅帆船福特切斯特菲尔德号进入了海峡，并在当地因纽特人的建议下，在图斯朱亚克（现在的福特湖，以1929年的邮政经理J.L.福特的名字命名）找到了一个良好保护的入口，以建立他们的战略站点。
"This means that if two connections are made to the same database, a ROLLBACK made in one connection will not affect any other connections.",这意味着如果两个连接被建立到同一个数据库，一个连接中的ROLLBACK不会影响其他任何连接。
"According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has multiple meanings.",根据R. J. Rummel的说法，种族灭绝有多重意义。
"According to long-time writer Jon Vitti, Meyer usually invented the best lines in a given episode, even though other writers may receive script credits.",根据资深编剧乔恩·维蒂的说法，迈耶通常会在某一集中创作出最好的台词，尽管其他编剧可能会获得剧本署名。
"Early in Jefferson's presidency, the administration learned that Spain planned to retrocede the Louisiana to France, raising fears of French encroachment on U.S. territory.",在杰斐逊总统任职初期，政府得知西班牙计划将路易斯安那地区归还给法国，引发了对法国侵犯美国领土的担忧。
"Meanwhile, Kay tries to execute Anderson with her own weapon, but the pistol's DNA scanner does not recognise him and explodes, taking his arm off.",与此同时，凯试图用自己的武器对安德森进行处决，但是手枪的DNA扫描器无法识别他，爆炸了，将他的一只手臂炸掉。
Both Mayo and Love were nominated to the All-Pac-10 tournament team.,梅奥和洛夫都被提名为全Pac-10锦标赛团队。
"In some motor controllers, an H-bridge is used to control the direction the motor turns.",在一些电机控制器中，使用H桥来控制电机转向。
Within the first year it was watched by 30 million people in the USSR alone.,仅在苏联的第一年就有三千万人观看了它。
Tokugawa Yoshimune planted areas of cherry blossom trees to encourage this.,德川吉宗种植了一片樱花树区以鼓励此举。
"At the outbreak of war, she laid minefields off the German coast and was damaged by a British bomber that crashed into her.",在战争爆发时，她在德国海岸附近布设了雷区，并被一架撞向她的英国轰炸机所损坏。
It also promotes Swedish cinema internationally.,它也在国际上推广瑞典电影。
"Historically, the Gallup Poll has measured and tracked the public's attitudes concerning political, social, and economic issues, including sensitive or controversial subjects.",历史上，盖洛普民调测量和追踪公众对政治、社会和经济问题的态度，包括敏感或具争议性的主题。
"The first version of MSN Messenger Service, version 1.0 (1.0.0863), was released July 22, 1999.",MSN Messenger Service的第一个版本，版本1.0（1.0.0863），于1999年7月22日发布。
"The currency was known officially as the Deutsche Mark from 1948 to 1964, Mark der Deutschen Notenbank from 1964 to 1967, and from 1968 to 1990 as the Mark der DDR (Mark of the GDR).",这种货币在1948年到1964年正式称为德国马克，从1964年到1967年称为德国银行马克，从1968年到1990年称为东德马克（德意志民主共和国的马克）。
"In the Declaration on Italy, the foreign secretaries of the US, UK and USSR declared that fascism and its influence should be completely destroyed and that the Italian people should be given every opportunity to establish governmental and other institutions based on democratic principles.",在《关于意大利的宣言》中，美国、英国和苏联的外交部长宣布法西斯主义及其影响应该被彻底摧毁，意大利人民应该被给予建立基于民主原则的政府和其他机构的机会。
"The encrypting procedure is varied depending on the key, which changes the detailed operation of the algorithm.",加密过程取决于密钥，这将改变算法的详细操作。
"In his first year, he laid down the principle that in order to retain their right to the mining land that they owned, owners of mining land were obliged to see that their land was worked.",在他的第一年，他制定了一个原则，即为了保留他们拥有的采矿土地的权利，采矿土地的所有者有责任确保他们的土地得到利用。
The town will transform into a piece of New York City.,这个小镇将会变成纽约市的一部分。
"According to Article 220 of the Moroccan Penal Code, ""anyone who employs incitements to shake the faith of a Muslim or to convert him to another religion"" incurs a sentence of 3 to 6 months' imprisonment and a fine of 200 to 500 dirhams.",根据摩洛哥刑法第220条规定，“任何人散布煽动言论以动摇穆斯林信仰或劝说他改变宗教信仰”的将被判处3至6个月的监禁和罚款200至500迪拉姆。
"In 1906, Stuart W. Cramer of Charlotte was exploring ways to add moisture to the air in his textile mill.",1906年，夏洛特的斯图尔特·克雷默正在探索向他的纺织厂增加湿气的方法。
It ended only after the collapse of the Communist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe in the late 1980s.,它直到1980年代末中东欧共产主义政权的崩溃才结束。
"Earlier, on 15 June, about 20 Argentinians made a similar breach during the Argentina–Bosnia and Herzegovina match at the same stadium.",早些时候，即6月15日，大约有20名阿根廷人在同一体育场的阿根廷对波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那比赛中做出类似的违规行为。
It is the UK's sixth biggest provider of Teacher Education.,这是英国第六大的教师教育提供商。
"Only two months after, on January 19, 1910, a great fire destroyed the palace, leaving only the outer walls intact.",仅仅两个月后，即1910年1月19日，一场大火摧毁了皇宫，只剩下外墙幸存。
"However, the question of responsibility remained controversial in the West as well as behind the Iron Curtain.",然而，责任问题在西方以及铁幕后仍然存在争议。
"The bill passed without debate on May 16, 1866.",这项法案在1866年5月16日没有经过辩论就通过了。
"Metal halide lights are regularly used for the vegetative phase of plant growth, as they emit larger amounts of blue and ultraviolet radiation.",金属卤化物灯通常用于植物生长的营养阶段，因为它们会释放更多蓝光和紫外辐射。
Late in his life he was briefly director of New York's Metropolitan Opera and the New York Philharmonic.,他晚年曾短暂担任纽约大都会歌剧院和纽约爱乐乐团的指挥。
"The park, located adjacent to an ExxonMobil oil refinery, includes a 494-foot (151 m) radio antenna that services the Los Angeles all-news radio station KNX (AM).",位于埃克森美孚石油精炼厂旁的公园内，包括一座494英尺（151米）高的无线电天线，用于为洛杉矶全新闻广播电台KNX（AM）提供服务。
"On the grounds that as with the Irish Referendum, this issue should have been the subject of a binding referendum.",鉴于与爱尔兰公投类似，这个问题应该成为有约束力的公投的主题。
"The monastery had two churches, it operated a school and a library.",这座修道院有两座教堂，它还经营一所学校和一座图书馆。
"The transition between space and planet surface is described as ""seamless"".","""空间和行星表面之间的过渡被描述为“无缝的”。"""
"In Germany, their books are published under the name James Corey with the middle initials omitted.",在德国，他们的书出版时使用了James Corey这个名字，省略了中间的缩写。
22 August – The crash of Far Eastern Air Transport Flight 103 over Taipei.,八月二十二日 - 远东航空103号班机在台北坠毁。
"After the decline of heavy manufacturing, the city's economy has since diversified into a service economy, including retailing, education, and healthcare sectors.",重型制造业衰退后，该市经济已多样化为服务经济，包括零售、教育和医疗保健行业。
90 per cent of the Icelandic women went on strike.,90%的冰岛女性举行了罢工。
"When Planck units are used and such equations of physical law are expressed in this nondimensionalized form, no dimensional physical constants such as c, G, ħ, ε0, nor kB remain, only dimensionless quantities.",当使用普朗克单位，并且这样的物理定律方程以无量纲形式表达时，不再存在诸如c、G、ħ、ε0、或kB等维度物理常数，只剩下无量纲量。
It is then partially restored.,"""然后部分恢复了。"""
"Since man is invested with mind, consciousness in the Kabbalah is thought of as the fruit of the physical world, through whom the original infinite energy can experience and express itself as a finite entity.",由于人类被赋予了头脑，卡巴拉教中的意识被认为是物质世界的果实，通过这个果实，原始的无限能量可以体验并表达自己作为有限实体。
"He developed into a prominent ideologue and advocate of Pan-Turkism during the early republican period, whose writings became widely read and who became one of the leading university professors in Istanbul.",他在早期共和时期发展成为一位著名的泛突厥主义理论家和倡导者，他的著作广受欢迎，并成为伊斯坦布尔一位领先的大学教授之一。
An easy reading.,一本易读的书。
"Some words have sh in all Occitan dialects: they are Gascon words adopted in all the Occitan language (Aush ""Auch"", Arcaishon ""Arcachon"") or foreign borrowings (shampó ""shampoo"").",一些单词在所有奥克西唐语方言中都有sh：它们是被所有奥克西唐语言（奥什“Auch”，阿尔卡雄“Arcachon”）或外来借词（洗发水“shampoo”）采纳的加斯科尼亚语单词。
"The TB-3 was piloted by Zalevskiy, the I-5s were piloted by Altynov, Suprun, and Suzi.",TB-3由扎列夫斯基驾驶，而I-5由阿尔钦诺夫、苏普伦和苏茲驾驶。
"Because of his extensive support of rural electrification as a senator, the East Kentucky RECC was renamed the John Sherman Cooper Power Station in his honor.",由于他作为参议员大力支持农村电气化，东肯塔基RECC被更名为约翰·谢尔曼·库珀发电站以示敬意。
"In 1956, the Karelo-Finnish SSR was transformed into the Karelo-Finnish ASSR, and soon this was reflected on the USSR state emblem.",在1956年，卡累利阿芬兰苏维埃社会主义共和国被改组为卡累利阿芬兰自治社会主义共和国，不久后这一变化也被反映在苏联国徽上。
"It stressed that the French measures were not discriminatory under the terms of international trade treaties, and were fully justified for public health reasons.",它强调，根据国际贸易条约的规定，法国的措施并非歧视性的，并且在公共卫生原因上是完全合理的。
The game is a sequel to 2004's Soldiers: Heroes of World War II.,这款游戏是2004年《士兵：二战英雄》的续集。
"In addition to the Club 33 restaurant, access may also include Le Salon Nouveau, a jazz lounge within New Orleans Square, and 1901, a lounge in Disney California Adventure; neither are open to the public.",除了Club 33餐厅外，入场权限可能还包括Le Salon Nouveau，这是新奥尔良广场内的一个爵士乐休息室，以及1901，这是位于迪士尼加利福尼亚探险乐园的一个休息室；这两个地方都不对公众开放。
"He was also active as a minstrel; seven of his songs, written in an Upper German dialect, have been preserved.",他也是一位吟游诗人；他写的七首歌曲使用了上地区德语方言，被保存了下来。
The Standard Model has been found to agree with almost all the experimental tests conducted to date.,标准模型已被发现与迄今进行的几乎所有实验测试相符。
"Therefore, he concluded, the Yishuv (Jews of Palestine) should fight the British rather than support them in the war.",因此，他得出结论，巴勒斯坦的犹太人应该与英国人作战，而不是支持他们参加战争。
Open clusters are a crucial step in this sequence.,"""开放星团是这个序列中的关键一步。"""
"Minimal preparations had been made and many issues, such as federalism, tribalism, and ethnic nationalism, remained unresolved.",准备工作很少，许多问题，如联邦主义、部落主义和民族主义，仍未解决。
It is thought that the active magnetic fields and strong solar wind of Alfvén waves of T Tauri stars are one means by which angular momentum gets transferred from the star to the protoplanetary disc.,据认为，T Tauri星的活跃磁场和强烈的太阳风阿尔文波是恒星向原行星盘传递角动量的一种方式。
"While it inherits the majority of iChat's features, Messages also brings support for iMessage, Apple's messaging service for iOS, as well as FaceTime integration.",尽管它继承了iChat的大多数功能，但Messages还支持iMessage，这是苹果iOS的消息服务，以及FaceTime集成。
The Short Course is directed towards engineers facing significant new knowledge demands.,"""这个短期课程是针对面临重大新知识需求的工程师而设计的。"""
"The conspicuous protection of Rudensky and other prisoners drew accusations from less friendly inmates, and fueled suspicion that Capone was receiving special treatment.",鲁登斯基和其他囚犯受到明显的保护，引起了不友好囚犯的指责，并加剧了卡彭受到特殊待遇的怀疑。
"In 1961, he showed that ribonuclease could be refolded after denaturation while preserving enzyme activity, thereby suggesting that all the information required by protein to adopt its final conformation is encoded in its amino-acid sequence.",在1961年，他表明核糖核酸酶在变性后可以重新折叠，同时保持酶活性，从而暗示蛋白质采用最终构象所需的所有信息都编码在其氨基酸序列中。
"They were encouraged in this undertaking by the notion that arrows that they shot into the sky fell back dripping with blood, so that the people really believed that they could wage war against the inhabitants of the heavens (Sefer ha-Yashar, Chapter 9:12–36).",他们受到这种计划的鼓舞，因为他们认为射向天空的箭矢会滴血掉落，因此人们真的相信他们可以对天上的居民发动战争（《正直之书》第9章：12-36）。
"In 1620, Charles's brother-in-law, Frederick V, was defeated at the Battle of White Mountain near Prague and his hereditary lands in the Electoral Palatinate were invaded by a Habsburg force from the Spanish Netherlands.",在1620年，查尔斯的姐夫弗雷德里克五世在布拉格附近的白山战役中被击败，他在选帝侯领地的世袭土地被来自西班牙荷兰的哈布斯堡势力入侵。
The Wenzhou train accident and the lack of accountability by railway officials caused a public uproar and heightened concerns about the safety and management of China's high-speed rail system.,温州火车事故以及铁路官员缺乏问责引发了公众的愤怒，增加了人们对中国高铁系统安全和管理的担忧。
The game builds upon the Paradigm Shift battle system used in Final Fantasy XIII and includes a less linear overall design.,这个游戏基于《最终幻想 XIII》中使用的范式转换战斗系统，并包括一个不那么线性的整体设计。
The introductory K6-2 300 was by far the best-selling variant.,“K6-2 300的入门版无疑是最畅销的变种。”
"After spending one month in New York City, Diamandis announced in February 2013 that she had begun writing material for an upcoming third studio album.",在纽约市呆了一个月之后，迪亚曼迪斯在2013年2月宣布她已经开始为即将推出的第三张录音室专辑写歌曲。
"Thus the scutage was introduced, whereby most Englishmen paid to escape their service and this money was used to create a permanent army.",因此，斯卡塔格被引入，大多数英国人为了逃避服役而付款，这些钱被用来建立一个永久的军队。
"In many processes, it is dangerous to allow a hot kiln to stand still if the drive power fails.",在许多工艺过程中，如果驱动动力失败，让热窑静止是危险的。
"Lois is an award-winning journalist for the Metropolis newspaper, the Daily Planet, and the love interest of the superhero Superman.","""洛伊丝是梅特罗波利斯报纸《每日星球》的获奖记者，也是超级英雄超人的爱人。"""
"For the primary location, Rosa Lee's home and motel/gas station business, Beresford imposed one requirement: that no other buildings or large manmade structures be visible from it.",对于主要位置，Rosa Lee的家和汽车旅馆/加油站业务，Beresford规定了一个要求：不能从中看到其他建筑物或大型人造结构。
"Studies have found that the benefit to astronomy of the ADS is equivalent to several hundred million US dollars annually, and the system is estimated to have tripled the readership of astronomical journals.",研究发现，ADS对天文学的好处相当于每年数亿美元，估计该系统已将天文期刊的读者数量增加了三倍。
"On the suppression of the rebellion, Lelewel made his way in disguise to Germany and subsequently reached Paris in 1831.",在镇压叛乱之后，莱莱维尔假扮成德国人前往德国，随后在1831年抵达巴黎。
"Rosa Klebb, disguised as a hotel maid, attempts to steal the Lektor and kill Bond, but ends up being shot by Romanova.",罗莎·克莱布假扮酒店女佣，试图偷走莱克特器并杀死邦德，但最终被罗曼诺娃射杀。
"Star Mosque was first built by Mirza Ghulam Pir, as a three-domed oblong edifice.","""明星清真寺最初由米尔扎·古拉姆·皮尔建造，是一个有三个圆顶的长方形建筑。"""
"The deadliest and most intense hurricane to hit southern Mexico since 1959, the hurricane was the first documented hurricane strike on Pacific coral reefs.",自1959年以来袭击墨西哥南部最致命和最强烈的飓风，这是有记录以来首次袭击太平洋珊瑚礁的飓风。
With the plain packaging and tax increases the Australian government aimed to bring down smoking rates from 16.6% in 2007 to less than 10% by 2018.,凭借简约包装和税收增加，澳大利亚政府旨在将2007年的吸烟率从16.6％降低到2018年不到10％。
The complexity class of all sparse languages is called SPARSE.,所有稀疏语言的复杂度类被称为 SPARSE。
All four members of the crew sustained serious injuries but were rescued alive.,船员四名全部受伤严重，但幸存获救。
"It is often designed to have a ""pioneer"" look.","它通常被设计成具有""先锋""外观。"
"In William Shakespeare's late 16th century play Titus Andronicus, the character Tamora is unknowingly served a pie made from the remains of her two sons.",在威廉·莎士比亚16世纪末的剧作《泰托斯·安德洛尼克斯》中，角色塔莫拉被不知情地端上了一个由她两个儿子的尸体做成的馅饼。
"The county was organized at Amherst on March 19, 1771.",该县于1771年3月19日在阿默斯特组织成立。
"The Winter Olympic Games do not usually have a central Olympic Stadium, but instead have edifices that are designated as the Olympic Stadium to host the opening and closing ceremonies.",冬季奥林匹克运动会通常没有一个中央奥林匹克体育场，而是有一些被指定为奥林匹克体育场来举办开幕和闭幕式的建筑。
"During this period, Großadmiral (Grand Admiral) Erich Raeder visited the ship on 17 May.",在这段期间，大海军上将埃里希·雷德尔于5月17日访问了这艘船。
"The organisation behind the march was Federation of South African Women, an anti-apartheid organisation for women of various groups including the ANC Women's League with the aim of strengthening female voice in the movement.",游行背后的组织是南非妇女联合会，这是一个反对种族隔离的组织，旨在加强各种团体的女性在运动中的声音，其中包括非国大妇女联盟。
The Windows API is designed mostly for the interaction between the operating system and an application.,Windows API主要设计用于操作系统与应用程序之间的交互。
"After landing in Nicaragua, he proclaimed himself as president of Nicaragua and re-instated slavery, which had been abolished.",在尼加拉瓜降落后，他自称为尼加拉瓜总统，并恢复了已废除的奴隶制。
The organization has an International Coordination Committee.,该组织有一个国际协调委员会。
"Although negotiations among the four countries were carried out between 1997 and 2000, the resulting ""Agreement Concerning the Shipwrecked Vessel R.M.S. Titanic"" has been ratified by only the US and the UK.",尽管四国之间的谈判是在1997年至2000年之间进行的，但由此产生的“关于沉船R.M.S.泰坦尼克号的协议”仅由美国和英国批准。
"In particular, this implies that the 1st Betti number of a 2-torus is two.",特别是，这意味着一个2-环面的第一个贝蒂数是两。
"Eventually, she gained the ability to move her head enough to touch a switch with her cheek, which operated a motorized wheelchair and a computer.",最终，她学会了移动头部以至于能用脸颊触碰开关，从而操作一个电动轮椅和一台电脑。
Pujol's wife and child were later moved to Britain.,普霖的妻子和孩子后来被转移到了英国。
The 2015 edition was cancelled.,2015年的版本被取消了。
"In 1971, Ambrose wrote of Epsom veering off-course from the plan and D'Este wrote that Epsom was ""an operation of immense intentions which were not attained"", calling it a ""dismal failure"".",在1971年，安布罗斯写道埃普索姆偏离了计划，德埃斯特写道埃普索姆是一个“意图巨大但未达到的行动”，称其为“惨败”。
Clark and Gruenther refused to be on the scene and stayed at their headquarters.,克拉克和格伦瑟拒绝在现场，留在他们的指挥部。
"These wide limits were due to his uncertainty about the melting temperature of rock, to which he equated the earth's interior temperature, as well as the uncertainty in thermal conductivities and specific heats of rocks.",这些宽泛的限制是由于他对岩石的熔化温度不确定性以及他将其等同于地球内部温度，以及岩石的热导率和比热不确定性所致。
Perfect Tennis.,完美的网球。
Honorary males in this society are guaranteed stability as well.,在这个社会中，荣誉男性也能得到稳定。
"He lectured at New York University from 1939 until 1941, and later became a department chair at the City College of New York.",他从1939年到1941年在纽约大学讲课，后来成为纽约市立大学的一个系主任。
"This rendering was originally drawn by the early Bahá'í calligrapher Mishkín Qalam, and later adopted by Bahá'ís everywhere.",这幅图最初是由早期巴哈伊书法家Mishkín Qalam绘制的，后来被全世界的巴哈伊信徒所采用。
Typically a game project requires two jobs to be completed: sounds must be recorded or selected from a library and a sound engine must be programmed so that those sounds can be incorporated into the game's interactive environment.,通常一个游戏项目需要完成两项工作：必须录制声音或从库中选择声音，并且必须编写声音引擎，以便这些声音能够被整合到游戏的交互环境中。
"Gharb, ""A short, sharp, blast of a play"" (The Stage, 15 October 2004) was performed in different languages in the Netherlands, France, Austria and England in 2004.","""《Gharb》，一部短小而尖锐的戏剧""（The Stage，2004年10月15日）在2004年分别在荷兰、法国、奥地利和英格兰以不同语言进行了演出。"""
"Congress can also designate certain agencies explicitly as ""independent"" in the governing statute, but the functional differences have more legal significance.",国会也可以在法律中明确指定某些机构为“独立机构”，但功能上的差异具有更重要的法律意义。
"James was claimed by early Christian writers as Origen and Eusebius to have been the leader of the followers of Jesus, after his brother's death, and to have been the first bishop, or bishop of bishops in Jerusalem.",詹姆斯被早期基督教作家奥利根和尤西比乌斯宣称为耶稣追随者的领袖，在他兄弟去世后，并且被认为是第一位主教，或者是耶路撒冷的主教。
1884 – Germany takes possession of Cameroon.,1884年 - 德国占领喀麦隆。
"Dissatisfied with his financial compensation and desiring to produce films under his own banner, Evans struck a deal with Paramount that enabled him to stay on as studio head while also working as an independent producer.",对于他的财务补偿感到不满并渴望在自己的旗下制作电影，埃文斯与派拉蒙达成了一项协议，使他能够继续担任工作室负责人，同时也能够作为独立制片人工作。
People often agree with the majority view on some issues and agree with a minority view on other issues.,人们常常在某些问题上赞同多数人的观点，在其他问题上则赞同少数人的观点。
"There was no organised championship in 1949, although several of the more prestigious races were recognised as Grandes Epreuves (great trials) by the FIA.",1949年没有组织起来的锦标赛，尽管一些更有声望的比赛被国际汽联认定为大奖赛。
He devoted himself primarily to portrait paintin at this time.,他当时主要致力于肖像画。
"Fifty-eight amicus curiae briefs were filed, establishing a record for the Supreme Court that would stand until broken in the 1989 abortion case Webster v. Reproductive Health Services.",五十八份友情陈述书被提交，为最高法院创下了记录，直至在1989年堕胎案韦伯斯特诉生殖健康服务中被打破。
RFC 6531 provides a mechanism for SMTP servers to negotiate transmission of the SMTPUTF8 content.,RFC 6531提供了一种机制，用于SMTP服务器协商传输SMTPUTF8内容。
"In addition to the Greater Asia Association, Matsui also served throughout the war as President of the Association for the National Defense Concept, a virulently anti-Western and anti-Semitic organization founded in February 1942 to support the Japanese war effort.",除了大亚洲协会外，松井还在整个战争期间担任国防概念协会的主席，这是一个激烈反对西方和犹太人的组织，成立于1942年2月，旨在支持日本的战争努力。
"The American railroad industry expanded significantly between 1898 and 1907, with domestic demand for locomotives hitting its highest point in 1905.",美国铁路行业在1898年至1907年间大幅扩张，国内对机车的需求在1905年达到最高点。
The armed forces were claimed to attack unarmed students.,武装部队被指控对手无寸铁的学生发动攻击。
"In the episode ""To Cur with Love"", he is seen in a flashback losing his arm hitchhiking when he is sideswiped by an animal control van.","在""爱犬为伴""这一集中，他在闪回中被动物控制车辆擦过时失去了手臂。"
"It is possible, although not very likely, to become pregnant during menstruation.",在月经期间怀孕是可能的，尽管不太可能。
The GRUNK was officially announced on May 5: it was immediately recognised by China.,“GRUNK”于5月5日正式宣布，立即被中国认可。
"In 1999, Zero Wing's introduction was re-discovered, culminating in the wildly popular ""All your base are belong to us"" Internet meme.",在1999年，重新发现了《零翼》的介绍，最终导致了广受欢迎的“你们的基地都属于我们”互联网迷因。
"Brent Hartinger, a columnist for AfterElton, blasted the magazine, calling the questioning ""unimaginably irresponsible,"" commenting that Lautner was just ""a 17-year old kid"" and that while the rumors were baseless and speculation from certain blogs and fans, it was disappointing that a ""legitimate media outlet"" would print gossip.",布伦特·哈廷格（Brent Hartinger）是AfterElton的专栏作家，他猛烈抨击了该杂志，称这种质疑“难以想象的不负责任”，他评论说劳特纳（Lautner）只是“一个17岁的孩子”，尽管这些谣言是某些博客和粉丝的无稽之谈，但令人失望的是一个“合法的媒体机构”会登载八卦新闻。
Maqdahhad's dominance was short-lived as he rejoined Fatah in 1998 after the Palestinian Authority began funding the camp again.,马克达哈德的统治是短暂的，因为他在1998年重新加入法塔赫，当时巴勒斯坦权力机构再次开始资助这个营地。
Atma Ram. pp. 36.,阿特玛拉姆。第36页。
"Of the 39% Malays in Malaysia today, about one-third are comparatively new immigrants like (Syed Jaafar Albar), who came to Malaya from Indonesia just before the war at the age of more than thirty.",今天在马来西亚的39%的马来人中，大约三分之一像（西亚德·贾法尔·阿尔巴尔）一样是相对较新的移民，他们在三十岁以上的年龄就在战争前从印度尼西亚来到马来亚。
To be considered for induction players/managers must be 30 years of age or older and have played/managed for at least five years in England.,要被考虑投入，球员/经理必须年满30岁或以上，并且在英格兰至少打球/执教了五年。
Leader was unable to run for re-election in 1958 because the Pennsylvania Constitution that was in place at that time term limited governors to a single four-year term.,"""领导人在1958年无法连任，因为当时实施的宾夕法尼亚州宪法规定州长只能连任一次四年任期。"""
The urbanization followed the people: next to the river Tiber the rione was full of buildings while almost nothing was built again on the hills until the Renaissance.,城市化随着人们而来：在台伯河旁边，该地区充满了建筑物，而直到文艺复兴时期在山上几乎没有再建造什么。
The aircraft was four months old at the time.,飞机当时已经四个月了。
Mobiles are responsible for detecting location area codes (LAC).,手机负责检测位置区域代码（LAC）。
Gmachl has conceived several novel designs for solid-state lasers and her work has led to advances in the development of quantum cascade lasers.,"""Gmachl已经构思出几种固态激光器的新设计，并且她的工作推动了量子级联激光器的发展。"""
"In turn, Wismar is flooded with rats from the ship.",反过来，维斯马尔市被船只上的老鼠淹没。
"These studies have often found very different results depending on methodology and included variables, which has caused criticism.",这些研究经常发现根据方法论和包括的变量而产生非常不同的结果，这引起了批评。
The character's design was eventually changed to that of a half-esper female who is 18 years old in the final version of Final Fantasy VI.,这个角色的设计最终在《最终幻想VI》的最终版本中被改成了一个18岁的半异能女性。
The USAAF cancelled the remainder of the order in 1945.,美国空军在1945年取消了订单的其余部分。
"After the murder, Martínez partially cooked the body and ate it with her husband.",在谋杀之后，马丁内斯部分烹饪了尸体，并与她丈夫一起吃了。
Additional photography commenced in early 2019 to improve certain scenes and visual effects.,额外的摄影工作于2019年初开始，以改善某些场景和视觉效果。
20 meters – 14.0–14.35 MHz – Considered the most popular DX band; usually most popular during daytime.,20米 - 14.0-14.35兆赫 - 被认为是最受欢迎的DX波段；通常在白天最受欢迎。
"Because it is also the direction of the rising sun, the architectural features of the east end often focus on enhancing interior illumination by the sun.",因为它也是太阳升起的方向，东端的建筑特征通常集中在通过太阳增强室内照明。
"Because both parties always had an absolute majority in parliament, no effective opposition could ever exist.",因为两党在议会中总是拥有绝对多数，因此从未有过有效的反对派存在。
"The stated aim of the party was to teach Japanese youth basic survival skills, first aid, life skills, cultural lessons, traditions and basic weapons training.",该政党的声明目的是教授日本青年基本生存技能、急救、生活技能、文化课程、传统和基本武器训练。
"All of the plateau is protected, by Malawi's large Nyika National Park and the much smaller Nyika National Park, Zambia.",整个高原都受到保护，由马拉维的大尼基亚国家公园和较小的赞比亚尼基亚国家公园。
They are often used as reusable shopping bags.,它们常常被用作可重复使用的购物袋。
"He showed no outward signs of ill health, and doctors observing him noted that his eyes were lively and his tongue clean.",他没有表现出任何明显的不健康迹象，观察他的医生们注意到他的眼睛很有活力，舌头干净。
"Although the SPÖ supported Austria's entry to the European Union, the party fared badly in the 1994 legislative election held in October 1994, but remained the strongest party in parliament.",尽管社会民主党支持奥地利加入欧洲联盟，但该党在1994年10月举行的立法选举中表现不佳，但仍然是议会中最强大的政党。
"In Brunswick and New Hanover counties, North Carolina, officials readied shelters on September 29 to accommodate stranded residents unable to access their homes.",在北卡罗来纳州的布伦瑞克县和新汉诺威县，官员们在9月29日准备了避难所，以容纳无法回家的滞留居民。
Literary characters with the ability include the protagonist Sarah Parsons (and several of her maternal ancestors) in the young adult time travel series Amber House.,文学角色如年轻成人时光旅行系列《琥珀屋》中的主人公萨拉·帕森斯（和她的一些母系祖先）一样，具有这种能力。
Marxist feminism is feminism focused on investigating and explaining the ways in which women are oppressed through systems of capitalism and private property.,马克思主义女权主义是一种专注于调查和解释女性如何受到资本主义和私有制度压迫的女权主义。
"As it turned out, these troops also were not willing to go on fighting.",事实证明，这些部队也不愿继续战斗。
It marked the pinnacle of a long and chequered history of over two decades since the conception of the line had taken place along with that of the original system which was eventually completed in 1990.,这标志着自原始系统概念形成以来二十多年的漫长而曲折历史达到了巅峰，原始系统最终于1990年完成。
"Shortly before the 2010 election, Osborne had pledged to be ""tougher than Thatcher"" on Britain's budget deficit, and he duly set himself the target of reducing the UK's deficit to the point that, in the financial year 2015–16, total public debt would be falling as a proportion of GDP.",在2010年选举前不久，奥斯本曾承诺要比撒切尔更严厉地对待英国的预算赤字，并确实设定了自己的目标，将英国的赤字减少到2015-2016财政年度，总公共债务将以GDP的比例下降的程度。
"Its subject rankings were: 202nd in Arts and Humanities, 295th in Engineering and Technology, 193rd in Life Sciences and Medicine, 208th in Natural Science, and 240th in Social Sciences and Management.",它的学科排名分别为：艺术和人文学科第202名，工程技术学科第295名，生命科学和医学学科第193名，自然科学学科第208名，社会科学和管理学科第240名。
The Zenith Electronics Corporation and WEGA Corporations contracted with Sony to produce VCRs for their product lines.,"""Zenith电子公司和WEGA公司与索尼签订合同，为其产品线生产录像机。"""
"Kujioka wanted the dance sequences to be closer to what he calls an ""idol's aura""—a certain emotional charm that is not a part of an idol's skill at dancing, according to him.","""久冈希望舞蹈序列更接近他所称为“偶像的氛围” - 一种情感魅力，这不是偶像跳舞技巧的一部分，根据他的说法。"""
"In each of these cases, the buyers have a major advantage over the sellers.",在这些情况下，购买者对卖方有很大的优势。
Future Female Leaders.,未来女性领袖。
"The delayed choice quantum eraser experiment performed by Marlan Scully involves pairs of entangled photons that are divided into ""signal photons"" and ""idler photons"", with the signal photons emerging from one of two locations and their position later measured as in the double-slit experiment.",Marlan Scully进行的延迟选择量子橡皮擦实验涉及到成对的纠缠光子，这些光子被分为“信号光子”和“空门光子”，其中信号光子从两个位置中的一个出现，并且它们的位置后来被测量，就像双缝实验一样。
The table shows minimum and maximum (depending on stops) travel times.,这张表显示最短和最长（取决于停留时间）的旅行时间。
"For this purpose, blocks are associated with a window function that has the property that the sum of 4 overlapped windows is equal to 1 everywhere.",为此，块与具有性质的窗口函数相关联，即4个重叠窗口的总和在任何地方都等于1。
"This conceptual distinction continues to operate in political science, although some political scientists, philosophers, historians and cultural anthropologists have argued that most political action in any given society occurs outside of its state, and that there are societies that are not organized into states which nevertheless must be considered in political terms.",这种概念上的区分在政治学中继续存在，尽管一些政治学家、哲学家、历史学家和文化人类学家认为，任何一个社会中的大部分政治行动发生在国家之外，并且有些社会并非有组织地分布在国家之内，但仍然必须从政治角度考虑。
Countries are allowed to combine PISA with complementary national tests.,国家被允许将PISA与补充的国家考试结合起来。
"He ruled as president for six months until he was overthrown by the National Resistance Army (NRA) operating under the leadership of the current president, Yoweri Museveni.",他担任总统达六个月，直到在现任总统尤威里·穆塞韦尼的领导下，被国家抵抗军（NRA）推翻。
"With the onset of the Great Patriotic War, Kolpino factory workers formed Izhora Battalion, part of the militia, August 24 – September 4, 1941.",随着伟大的卫国战争的开始，科尔皮诺工厂工人于1941年8月24日至9月4日成立了伊日霍拉营，作为民兵的一部分。
"Although a member of the official Church of Greece, he always sympathised with the Old-Calendarist movement, the adherents of which reject the Church's use of the Gregorian (New) calendar and maintain a traditionalist attitude towards Christian life and worship.",尽管他是希腊正教会的一员，但他总是同情老历派运动，该运动的信徒拒绝教会使用格里高利（新）历法，并保持传统主义的基督教生活和崇拜态度。
Motorists and service garages often have portable battery chargers operated from AC power.,"""司机和维修车间经常使用由交流电源操作的便携式电池充电器。"""
"It is also important for the station's broadcast engineer to make sure that the audio signal is synchronized between analog and digital, or the cliff effect will still cause a jump slightly forward or backward in the radio program.",电台的广播工程师还要确保模拟和数字之间的音频信号同步，否则悬崖效应仍会导致广播节目中稍微向前或向后跳动。
"After releasing a subsatellite, they ignited their service propulsion system to put them on a trajectory back to Earth.",释放子卫星后，他们点燃了他们的服务推进系统，将其放在返回地球的轨道上。
"Producer Herb Jaffe optioned it in the early 1970s, but Dick was unimpressed with the screenplay written by Herb's son Robert: ""Jaffe's screenplay was so terribly done ...",制片人赫伯·贾菲在上世纪70年代初选择了它，但迪克对赫伯的儿子罗伯特写的剧本并不感兴趣：“贾菲的剧本太糟糕了...”
It is possible that Guzmán incurred his father's wrath for trying to stop him from beating them.,"""有可能是古兹曼试图阻止他殴打他们而招致了父亲的愤怒。"""
"Haiti's South Peninsula took the brunt of the storm: the largest town, Aux Cayes, reported at least 200 casualties, while the second-largest town of Jérémie was reported to have been washed in the sea, with at least 200 more casualties.",海地南半岛承受了风暴的猛烈袭击：最大的城镇奥克赛报告至少有200人死亡，而第二大城镇杰里米据报道已被海水冲走，至少有200人死亡。
The club was formed in 1947 as part of Mitsubishi Chemical's Kurosaki factory.,该俱乐部于1947年成立，作为三菱化学黑崎工厂的一部分。
"There was often conflict between the islanders and the monks, who owned land as well as grazing and hunting rights.",岛民和修道士之间经常发生冲突，修道士拥有土地、放牧和狩猎权利。
"She stars in her own sex simulation video game, Virtually Jenna, in which the goal is to bring a 3D model of her to orgasm.",她主演了自己的性模拟视频游戏《虚拟珍娜》，游戏的目标是让她的3D模型达到高潮。
"Firth has been a long-standing supporter of Survival International, a non-governmental organisation that defends the rights of tribal peoples.",菲斯一直是生存国际的长期支持者，这是一个捍卫部落人民权利的非政府组织。
Legal education is very different in the United States from that in many other parts of the world.,在美国，法律教育与世界许多其他地方的法律教育非常不同。
Targeted cancer therapies are expected to be more effective than older forms of treatments and less harmful to normal cells.,目标化疗预计会比老式治疗方法更有效，并对正常细胞造成更少伤害。
"The 2005 World Weightlifting Championships were held in Doha, Qatar from 9 November to 17 November.",2005年世界举重锦标赛于11月9日至11月17日在卡塔尔多哈举行。
"Grassmann then showed that once geometry is put into the algebraic form he advocated, the number three has no privileged role as the number of spatial dimensions; the number of possible dimensions is in fact unbounded.","""格拉斯曼随后表明，一旦几何学被放入他所提倡的代数形式中，数字三就不再具有空间维度的特权角色；实际上，可能的维度数量是无限的。"""
"Materials, such as coloring books and posters, back the lessons up and provide the repetition necessary in any child-education program.",材料，如涂色书和海报，支持课程并提供任何儿童教育计划所需的重复。
"With your lips still closed, swish gently then let it ease down.",用嘴唇闭着，轻轻地漱口，然后慢慢咽下去。
The Métis were likewise obliged to give up the hunt and take up agriculture—but this transition was accompanied by complex issues surrounding land claims similar to those that had previously arisen in Manitoba.,"""梅蒂斯人同样被迫放弃狩猎，转而从事农业，但这种转变伴随着围绕土地所有权的复杂问题，类似于曼尼托巴曾经出现的问题。"""
"When analyzing filter banks and MIMO systems, it is often useful to consider vectors of signals.",在分析滤波器组和MIMO系统时，通常很有用考虑信号向量。
This target was increased to 50% in 2000 and 52% in 2005.,该目标在2000年增加到50％，在2005年增加到52％。
This means that at least 1/3 of the tiles will have to be repeated.,这意味着至少有1/3的瓷砖将不得不重复使用。
"Junkers J 22, also known as H 22, for Red Army, fighter similar to J 21, 1922.",“废铁 J 22，也称为 H 22，红军用，类似于 J 21 的战斗机，1922年。”
It was noted even during the concept designs that Cartland was designed as a middle-aged detective.,即使在概念设计阶段，卡特兰德就被设计成一个中年侦探。
"Al-Sadi, the Regional Secretary of the Iraqi Regional Branch, was eventually exiled to Madrid, Spain on 11 November by several military officers and moderate Ba'athists.",艾沙迪，伊拉克地区分部的地区秘书，最终于11月11日被几名军官和温和的巴士党成员流放到西班牙马德里。
On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (19 April 1817) is a book by David Ricardo on economics.,《政治经济学与税收原理》（1817年4月19日）是大卫·里卡多关于经济学的著作。
"This is because the local user's password hashes, stored in the SAM file, are encrypted with the Syskey, and the Syskey value is not available to an offline attacker who does not possess the Syskey passphrase/floppy.",这是因为本地用户的密码哈希值存储在SAM文件中，并且使用Syskey加密，离线攻击者如果没有Syskey的口令/软盘，就无法获取Syskey的值。
"Koch collapsed and had to be carried from the court in late December 1950, and again on 11 January 1951.",科赫在1950年12月底倒下，不得不被抬出法庭，然后在1951年1月11日再次倒下。
"The exchange of letters with Lehmann ended on April 24, with many questions unanswered.",与勒曼的来信往来在4月24日结束，还有许多问题没有得到回答。
This modification sometimes goes under the name of localised hypotheses.,这种修改有时被称为局部假设。
"The long-term effects of the Erlangen program can be seen all over pure mathematics (see tacit use at congruence (geometry), for example); and the idea of transformations and of synthesis using groups of symmetry has become standard in physics.",Erlangen方案的长期影响可以在整个纯数学中看到（例如，参见同余（几何）中的隐性使用）；而使用对称群的变换和合成的想法已经成为物理学中的标准。
"It is critically important, therefore, to ensure that a system is in place to protect the rights of the individual.",因此，确保有一个系统来保护个人权利至关重要。
"Algerian resistance forces were divided between forces under Ahmed Bey at Constantine, primarily in the east, and nationalist forces in Kabylie and the west.",阿尔及利亚抵抗力量分为在康斯坦丁由艾哈迈德贝依领导的力量，主要位于东部，以及在卡比利亚和西部的民族主义力量。
"There is no architectural difference between DDR SDRAM designed for different clock frequencies, for example, PC-1600, designed to run at 100 MHz, and PC-2100, designed to run at 133 MHz.",DDR SDRAM设计用于不同时钟频率之间没有建筑差异，例如，设计为100 MHz运行的PC-1600和设计为133 MHz运行的PC-2100。
"On 21 January 2016, EA abandoned the ""Unravel"" trademark after their application was rejected by the United States Patent Office.",在2016年1月21日，EA在其申请被美国专利局拒绝后放弃了“解开”商标。
Effects beyond one year are unknown.,超过一年的影响是未知的。
"During his career as an artist, Man Ray allowed few details of his early life or family background to be known to the public.",在他作为艺术家的职业生涯中，曼·雷没有让公众了解他早年生活或家庭背景的许多细节。
"Due to the unique role of what was then called the Main Committee, proposals were made to rename the body to avoid confusion with other parliamentary committees, including ""Second Chamber"" and ""Federation Chamber"".",由于当时所谓的主要委员会的独特作用，提议将该机构改名，以避免与其他议会委员会（包括“第二议院”和“联邦议院”）混淆。
Most modern font editors deal with the outline fonts.,大多数现代字体编辑器处理轮廓字体。
In Socialist times a lot of apartment blocks were built.,在社会主义时代，建造了许多公寓楼。
They received only token amounts.,他们只收到了象征性的金额。
Hurricane Barry originated from a tropical disturbance that left the Northwestern African coast on August 13.,飓风巴里起源于8月13日离开非洲西北海岸的热带扰动。
"Runway 11-29 is currently closed except for taxiing, and Boeing is leasing some of the runway space to park partially completed 787 aircraft.",11-29跑道目前关闭，仅供出租，波音公司正在租用部分跑道空间停放部分已完成的787飞机。
"As the party became increasingly radical, however, support declined.",随着党变得越来越激进，支持率下降了。
"The Book of Mozilla first appeared in Netscape 1.1 (released in 1995) and can be found in every subsequent 1.x, 2.x, 3.x and 4.x version.","""Mozilla之书首次出现在Netscape 1.1（1995年发布）中，并且可以在随后的1.x、2.x、3.x和4.x版本中找到。"""
"The Tricity area is uniquely suited for this mode of transport, as it's shaped in a relatively narrow north-south corridor between the Gdańsk Bay and the Tricity Landscape Park.",三城地区独特地适合这种交通方式，因为它位于格但斯克湾和三城风景公园之间的相对狭窄的南北走廊中。
"By Lambert's marriage, the Reginar counts claimed the Lorraine ducal title and over the decades acquired great influence in the Holy Roman Empire, acquiring more comital titles over time.",通过兰伯特的婚姻，雷吉纳尔伯爵们声称洛林公爵头衔，并在几十年间在神圣罗马帝国获得了巨大的影响力，随着时间的推移获得了更多伯爵头衔。
"Among other consequences, severe flooding and isolated mudslides left 56 communities isolated from surrounding areas.",除了其他后果外，严重洪水和孤立的泥石流使56个社区与周边地区隔离。
"Traditional media advertisers followed a model that suggested consumers went through a linear process they called AIDA - Attention, Interest, Desire and Action.",传统媒体广告商遵循一种模式，该模式暗示消费者经历了他们所称的AIDA - 注意力，兴趣，欲望和行动的线性过程。
"Oamaru (/ɒməˈruː/ (listen); Māori: Te Oha-a-Maru) is the largest town in North Otago, in the South Island of New Zealand, it is the main town in the Waitaki District.",奥马鲁（Oamaru）是新西兰南岛北奥塔戈（North Otago）最大的城镇，是怀塔基（Waitaki）区的主要城镇。
"Since nothing remotely resembling the Panjandrum had ever been constructed before, the trials began with trepidation — only a handful of cordite rockets were attached to the wheels, and the payload was simulated by an equivalent weight of sand.",由于以前从未建造过任何与潘贾德拉姆类似的东西，试验开始时充满恐惧 - 只有少量的火药火箭附在车轮上，而且货物是用等量的沙子模拟的。
"The article is also notable for its strong defense of the objective scientific status of applied psychology, which at the time was considered to be much inferior to the established structuralist experimental psychology.",这篇文章还以其坚定捍卫应用心理学客观科学地位而著称，当时这被认为远远不及已建立的结构主义实验心理学。
"Geodatabases in ArcGIS can be stored in three different ways – as a ""file geodatabase"", a ""personal geodatabase"", or an ""ArcSDE geodatabase"".",在ArcGIS中，地理数据库可以以三种不同的方式存储 - 作为“文件地理数据库”，“个人地理数据库”或“ArcSDE地理数据库”。
"While his career developed, Hudson and his agent Henry Willson kept the actor's personal life out of the headlines.",在他的事业发展过程中，哈德森和他的经纪人亨利·威尔森让这位演员的个人生活远离了头条新闻。
Izzy and his friends accompany the agents to a wooded area where they see Mutato (Chris Owens) from a distance.,伊兹和他的朋友们陪同特工们来到一个树木茂密的地区，他们从远处看到了Mutato（由克里斯·欧文斯饰演）。
"Typically, they are ploughed under and incorporated into the soil while green or shortly after flowering.",通常，它们在绿色时或开花后不久被犁入土壤中。
"It was an improved variant of the T-80B, with seven road wheels.",这是T-80B的改进型变种，有七个履带轮。
Sexual violence can be traced back to the Greeks and Romans where women were seen as property without any rights over their bodies or sexual integrity.,性暴力可以追溯到希腊和罗马，那里的女性被视为财产，没有对自己身体或性完整性的任何权利。
"In a carriage, they traveled back to Paris surrounded by a mob of people screaming and shouting threats against the King and Queen.",在一辆马车上，他们被一群人围绕着回到巴黎，人们大声呼喊并对国王和皇后发出威胁。
"Since it can block apoptosis, and thereby promote cell survival, Akt1 has been implicated as a major factor in many types of cancer.",由于它可以阻止细胞凋亡，从而促进细胞存活，Akt1已被指定为许多类型癌症的一个重要因素。
"""Called to be Hosts"".",“被召为东道主”。
"The 2005 London bombings occurred on 7 July 2005 in London, England.",2005年伦敦爆炸事件发生在2005年7月7日的英格兰伦敦。
"During ARMY-2017, Kalashnikov Concern displayed prototypes of the AK-15K, a short-barreled version of the AK-15.",在2017年陆军展览会期间，卡拉什尼科夫公司展示了AK-15K的原型，这是AK-15的短枪管版本。
Battery-operated lanterns are produced by many manufacturers including Coleman.,电池驱动的灯笼由许多制造商生产，包括科尔曼。
That will often be so.,那通常会这样。
"There are also speculations about the possibility of finding ""Earth meteorites"" on the surface of the Moon.",有关在月球表面发现“地球陨石”的可能性也存在一些推测。
"However, application of a Creative Commons license may not modify the rights allowed by fair use or fair dealing or exert restrictions which violate copyright exceptions.",然而，应用创作共用许可证可能不会修改公平使用或公平交易所允许的权利，也不会施加违反版权例外的限制。
"In general relativity, in any region small enough for the curvature of spacetime and tidal forces to be negligible, one can find a set of inertial frames that approximately describe that region.",在广义相对论中，在足够小的区域内，时空曲率和潮汐力可以忽略不计，人们可以找到一组惯性参考系，大致描述该区域。
"This process typically results in a large amount of mass being lost from the system, so much that the parent star should not have been able to form a 15.7 M☉ black hole.",该过程通常会导致系统失去大量质量，以至于母星本不应该能形成一个15.7 M☉的黑洞。
The rectangular temple is the most common and best-known form of Greek public architecture.,长方形的神庙是希腊公共建筑中最常见和最著名的形式。
"If the domain login is successful, the roaming profile is copied from the central file server to the desktop computer, and a local account is created for the user.",如果域登录成功，则漫游配置文件将从中央文件服务器复制到台式电脑，并为用户创建本地帐户。
Two optional protocols were adopted by the UN General Assembly.,联合国大会通过了两份可选议定书。
The Unreality of Time – best-known philosophical work of the Cambridge idealist J. M. E. McTaggart.,时间的虚幻性——剑桥唯心主义者J. M. E. McTaggart最著名的哲学作品。
"A sister machine to Flandre, her appearance is that of an adult female in a maid costume.",一台姐妹机器，她的外表是一个穿着女仆服装的成年女性。
They play in Apertura and Clausura.,他们参加开幕式和闭幕式。
"Another distinguished student was Lee De Forest, later a pioneer of radio technology.",另一位杰出的学生是李·德·福雷斯特，他后来成为了无线电技术的先驱。
"Warm waters are harmful to salmon, which prefer colder temperatures, and also impact other fish populations such as steelhead and wild California trout.",温暖的水对鲑鱼有害，它们更喜欢较冷的温度，并且也会影响其他鱼类种群，如钢头鱼和野生加利福尼亚鳟鱼。
The Sharp SX862 supports high-speed HSDPA 3.6Mbit/s Internet connectivity and web browsing.,Sharp SX862支持高速HSDPA 3.6Mbit/s的互联网连接和网页浏览。
"Compared to 19th-century United States, 20th-century Brazil was characterized by a relative absence of sharply defined racial groups.",与19世纪的美国相比，20世纪的巴西的特点是相对缺乏明确定义的种族群体。
"Accordingly, in 1936, the RAF also decided to investigate the feasibility of the four-engined bomber.",因此，1936年，英国皇家空军也决定调查四引擎轰炸机的可行性。
3) The school should have adequate supporting strategies.,3) 学校应该有充分的支持策略。
"Burns, Scotland's national poet, sent Clarinda many verses over several years in unsuccessful (it is believed) attempts to seduce this beautiful married lady.",伯恩斯，苏格兰的国家诗人，多年来向克拉琳达发送了许多诗歌，试图诱惑这位美丽的已婚女士（据信未成功）。
"He thus came close to finding a general formula for the integrals of polynomials, but he was not concerned with any polynomials higher than the fourth degree.",他因此接近找到多项式积分的一般公式，但他并不关心高于四次方的任何多项式。
"The present brick structure of Fort Cornwallis in Penang, was built by convict labour in 1810 during his term as Governor of Penang.",槟城康华里斯堡目前的砖石结构是在1810年槟城总督任内由囚犯劳工建造的。
"On April 10, Colorado State University (CSU) issued its first forecast for the season, calling for a potentially hyperactive season with 18 named storms, nine hurricanes, four major hurricanes, and an ACE index of 165.",4月10日，科罗拉多州立大学（CSU）发布了本季度的第一份预测，预测可能会有18场命名风暴，9场飓风，4场大型飓风，ACE指数为165。
"The Party's page claimed that the Coptic Church had declared ""war against Islam and Muslims"" and that ""The Pope of the Church is involved in the removal of the first elected Islamist president.",该党的页面声称，科普特教会宣布与伊斯兰和穆斯林宣战，并且“教会教皇参与了第一位当选的伊斯兰总统的罢免”。
"For more practical purposes, Iceland might process imported oil with hydrogen to extend it, rather than to replace it altogether.",对于更实际的目的，冰岛可能会使用氢气处理进口的石油，以延长其使用寿命，而不是完全替代它。
"However, the Blu-ray Disc was discontinued after Criterion lost the rights to StudioCanal.",然而，Criterion公司失去了StudioCanal的版权后，蓝光光盘被停产。
"The story that she donated only £5 in aid to the Irish, and on the same day gave the same amount to Battersea Dogs Home, was a myth generated towards the end of the 19th century.",她只捐款5英镑给爱尔兰人，同一天还给了同样数额的款项给巴特西狗之家的故事是19世纪末期捏造的神话。
"Collectively, they are branded as ""The Adobe Photoshop Family"".",总体来说，它们被称为“Adobe Photoshop家族”。
"Table Mountain National Park, previously known as the Cape Peninsula National Park, is a national park in Cape Town, South Africa, proclaimed on 29 May 1998, for the purpose of protecting the natural environment of the Table Mountain Chain, and in particular the rare fynbos vegetation.",桌山国家公园，之前被称为开普半岛国家公园，是南非开普敦的一个国家公园，于1998年5月29日宣布成立，旨在保护桌山山脉的自然环境，特别是稀有的菲恩波斯植被。
"He was revered by the government, who built a home for him in Orillia where he lived until his death at the age of 95.",政府非常尊敬他，为他在奥里利亚建了一座房子，他就住在那里，直到95岁去世。
"However, due to technical considerations of having a fully textured ship so close to the player, the designers came up with a ""gravity lift"", which allowed the ship to be farther away (thus not requiring as much processing power for detail) as well as adding a ""visually interesting"" component of Covenant technology.",然而，由于技术上考虑到船只纹理过多会影响玩家体验，设计师们设想了一个“重力提升器”，使得船只可以离玩家更远（因此不需要太多处理能力来展示细节），同时增加一种由联邦科技构成的“视觉上有趣”的元素。
Studies of Protectaid have found effectiveness rates of 77% to 91%.,Protectaid的研究发现其有效率为77%至91%。
"In this study, 697 archived specimens of three species of Xenopus, previously collected from 1879 to 1999 in southern Africa, were examined.",在这项研究中，对之前从1879年至1999年在非洲南部收集的三种非洲爪蟾的697个存档标本进行了检查。
"The disturbance moved north, along with a low-pressure area that formed over the Yucatán Peninsula.",这场扰动向北移动，伴随着在尤卡坦半岛上形成的低气压区。
"A day after, she performed at 99.7 NOW's Triple Ho Show.",一天后，她在99.7 NOW的Triple Ho Show上表演。
"Before 1974, only store cards, Diners Club and American Express were available in Australia and these were either restrictive or only accessible to the wealthy.",1974年之前，澳大利亚只有商店卡、达因夜总会和美国运通卡可用，这些卡要么限制很大，要么只有富人才能使用。
"In 1846, the British felt that the valley terrain was ideal for horse-racing, and thus cleared the paddy fields and developed the Happy Valley Racecourse.",1846年，英国人认为山谷地形非常适合赛马，因此清理了稻田，并建立了跑马地赛马场。
Six owners followed.,六个所有者跟着。
"Odierno, who is of Italian descent, grew up in Rockaway, New Jersey, where he attended Morris Hills High School, followed by the United States Military Academy at West Point.",奥迪亚诺是意大利血统，他在新泽西州罗卡韦长大，就读于莫里斯希尔斯高中，然后进入西点军校。
"Buckland was commissioned to contribute one of the set of eight Bridgewater Treatises, ""On the Power, Wisdom and Goodness of God, as manifested in the Creation"".",Buckland被委托为八部Bridgewater Treatises之一做出贡献，“论上帝的权能、智慧和善良，如同在创世中显现”。
The video was later released on YouTube on May 16.,这段视频后来于5月16日在YouTube上发布。
"On 8 July 2011, turbines 3, 4 and 5 were working under full load and turbine 6 was in reserve.",在2011年7月8日，3号、4号和5号涡轮机正常工作，6号涡轮机处于备用状态。
"In the United States, the ""Pyjamas"" in the title was modified to reflect the American spelling pajamas.",在美国，“标题中的“睡衣”一词被修改为反映美式拼写的“睡衣”。
"Their name refers to the Christian martyrs Marcellinus and Peter who, according to tradition, were buried here, near the body of St. Tiburtius.",他们的名字指的是基督教殉道者马尔切利努斯和彼得，据传统说他们被埋葬在这里，靠近圣提伯尔蒂的遗体。
"After three unsuccessful attempts, Hugo was finally elected to the Académie française in 1841, solidifying his position in the world of French arts and letters.",经过三次不成功的尝试，雨果终于在1841年当选为法国学院院士，巩固了他在法国艺术和文学界的地位。
The 100-yard dash is a track and field event of 100 yards or 91.44 metres.,"""百码短跑是一项长跑和田径比赛，距离为100码或91.44米。"""
"In an interview published in the book Art Now: Interviews with Modern Artists (2002), Creed explains that he used to 'make paintings' but never liked having to decide what to paint.",在2002年出版的书籍《现代艺术家访谈》中，克里德解释说他过去曾经“画画”，但从来不喜欢决定要画什么。
Coach: Ali Hoşfikirer.,教练：阿里·霍什菲基雷。
"At unification, both the Yemen Arab Republic and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen were struggling underdeveloped economies.",在统一时，也门阿拉伯共和国和也门人民民主共和国都是经济欠发达的。
"In June 2012, Shroff was finally signed on by Sajid Nadiadwala to make his debut in Heropanti.",在2012年6月，沙吉德·纳迪亚瓦拉终于签约了什罗夫，让他在《英雄无敌》中首次出道。
The British established trading posts on Hudson Bay in the late 17th century and began a struggle for domination of Ontario.,在17世纪末，英国人在哈德逊湾建立了贸易站，并开始了对安大略省的统治之争。
"In October 1985, Stallman set up the Free Software Foundation (FSF).",在1985年10月，斯托曼成立了自由软件基金会（FSF）。
"He usually plays on the right wing, but can also play left-back.",他通常在右翼打球，但也可以打左后卫。
"Because it is a procedure rather than a pill, the design of controlled studies is challenging, as with surgical and other procedures.",因为它是一个过程而不是一颗药丸，所以进行对照研究的设计是具有挑战性的，就像外科手术和其他程序一样。
It is an important component of functional genomics.,这是功能基因组学的重要组成部分。
5: The United States publicly declares neutrality.,5：美国公开宣布中立。
"On 5 February 2015, it was announced that Working Title Films had acquired Darkest Hour, a speculative screenplay by The Theory of Everything screenwriter Anthony McCarten, about Winston Churchill in the early days of World War II.",在2015年2月5日，宣布Working Title Films已经收购了《最黑暗的时刻》，这是由《万物理论》编剧安东尼·麦卡登创作的一部关于第二次世界大战初期温斯顿·丘吉尔的虚构剧本。
"This results in increased pressure that pushes the layer back out again, the cycle repeating itself in a matter of hours.",这会导致增加的压力将该层再次推出，循环在几小时内重复。
Cubans are not allowed to own aircraft or use the airport for either private or commercial flight.,古巴人不允许拥有飞机或在私人或商业航班中使用机场。
Version 1.0a of the OAuth Core protocol was issued to address this issue.,OAuth核心协议的1.0a版本已发布，以解决这个问题。
"According to his New York Times obituary, ""it was estimated after Mr. Rockefeller retired from business that he had accumulated close to $1,500,000,000 out of the earnings of the Standard Oil trust and out of his other investments.","根据他在纽约时报的讣告，""洛克菲勒先生退休后，据估计他通过标准石油信托的收入和其他投资积累了接近15亿美元。"""
"It had been asserted that there are no large young craters on Mars that are candidates as sources for the Martian meteorites, but subsequent studies claimed to have a likely source for ALH 84001 and a possible source for other shergottites.",据称，火星上没有大型年轻的撞击坑可作为火星陨石的来源，但随后的研究声称已找到ALH 84001的可能来源和其他谢戈蒂陨石的可能来源。
The Festival of the Lion is the hit of Disney’s Animal Kingdom.,"""狮子节是迪士尼动物王国的一大亮点。"""
"The mosque had originally a single minaret, the taller one was later built by Murat II.",这座清真寺最初只有一个尖塔，较高的尖塔后来由穆拉德二世建造。
However this only occurs after expiration.,然而，这只发生在过期后。
"Chesterton loosely based him on the Rt Rev. Msgr. John O'Connor (1870–1952), a parish priest in Bradford, who was involved in Chesterton's conversion to Catholicism in 1922.",切斯特顿在他的作品中将他宽松地基于约翰·奥康纳大主教（1870年至1952年），他是布拉德福德的一位教区牧师，曾参与切斯特顿在1922年皈依天主教的过程。
"In July 1921, the Army Air Service and the US Navy conducted a series of bombing tests off Cape Henry, led by General Billy Mitchell.",在1921年7月，由比利·米切尔将军带领，美国陆军航空服务队和美国海军在亨利角进行了一系列轰炸测试。
"Before the development of rapid long distance transportation, regions of cider consumption generally coincided with those of cider production.",在快速长途交通发展之前，苹果酒消费地区通常与苹果酒生产地区重合。
"On December 13, 1912, Roberts warned the Mint staff to take no action in preparation for the 1913 five-cent coinage until the new designs were ready.",在1912年12月13日，罗伯茨警告造币厂的工作人员，在新设计准备好之前，不要采取任何行动来准备1913年的五美分硬币。
"Galaxolide was discovered at IFF in the 1960s, by Heering and Beets.",盖拉克索利德是在上世纪60年代由IFF的Heering和Beets发现的。
"Since the six cruisers that German retained had been launched between 1899 and 1902, the oldest ships—Niobe, Amazone, Nymphe, Thetis, and Medusa—could be replaced immediately.",由于德国保留的六艘巡洋舰是在1899年至1902年间下水的，最老的船只——尼奥比、亚马逊、尼姆芙、忒提斯和美杜莎——可以立即被替换。
"Most such newspapers primarily provide coverage about homelessness and poverty-related issues, and seek to strengthen social networks within homeless communities.",大多数这类报纸主要提供有关无家可归和与贫困有关的问题的报道，并寻求加强无家可归社区内的社会网络。
"Although the universe is not old enough for any of the smallest red dwarfs to have reached the end of their lives, stellar models suggest they will slowly become brighter and hotter before running out of hydrogen fuel and becoming low-mass white dwarfs.",尽管宇宙并不足够古老以至于任何最小的红矮星已经走到了它们生命的尽头，恒星模型表明它们在耗尽氢燃料并成为低质量白矮星之前会逐渐变得更明亮和更炽热。
"By 1884, construction was ready to begin under the Italian architect Celestial Sacardim.",到了1884年，由意大利建筑师Celestial Sacardim领导，建设工作已经准备就绪。
They are arrested for seven murders later.,他们后来因为七宗谋杀案被逮捕。
"Having visited and seen supermarkets in the USA, Taiichi Ohno recognised the scheduling of work should not be driven by sales or production targets but by actual sales.",大野泰一（Taiichi Ohno）在访问和参观美国的超市后认识到，工作的安排不应该由销售或生产目标驱动，而是应该由实际销售情况决定。
"Phoenicians and Greeks established settlements in Italy beginning several centuries before the birth of Christ, and the Greek settlements in particular developed into thriving classical civilizations.",腓尼基人和希腊人在公元前几个世纪建立了意大利的定居点，特别是希腊的定居点发展成为繁荣的古典文明。
He had gone to the Soviet Union in 1927.,他在1927年去了苏联。
A limited or excessive appetite is not necessarily pathological.,有限或过度的食欲未必是病理性的。
However this doesn't always happen.,然而，这并不总是发生。
The recent rapid increase in human population over the past three centuries has raised concerns that the planet may not be able to sustain present or future numbers of inhabitants.,过去三个世纪人口的迅速增长引发了人们对地球是否能够承载现在或未来的居民数量的担忧。
Believers claim ghosts of those perished in the earthquake wandering the vacant site.,信徒声称地震中遇难者的鬼魂在空无一人的地点徘徊。
"The new triangle ACH is similar to triangle ABC, because they both have a right angle (by definition of the altitude), and they share the angle at A, meaning that the third angle will be the same in both triangles as well, marked as θ in the figure.",新的三角形ACH与三角形ABC相似，因为它们都有一个直角（根据高度的定义），并且它们共享A点处的角度，这意味着两个三角形中的第三个角度也将相同，在图中标记为θ。
MECD – Microsoft Encarta College Dictionary.,MECD - 微软Encarta学院词典。
"Several vessels also capsized near Galveston, including the Nick Hill and Kate Ward.",在加尔维斯顿附近，包括尼克·希尔和凯特·沃德在内，有几艘船只也翻覆了。
"Controversially, Allan Savory has claimed that the controlled movement of herds of livestock, mimicking herds of grazing wildlife, can reverse desertification.",有争议的是，艾伦·萨沃利声称，通过控制牲畜的移动，模仿野生动物的放牧群，可以逆转沙漠化。
"The Brookes ruled Sarawak for a hundred years as ""White Rajahs"".",布鲁克斯家族作为“白色拉惹”统治砂拉越一百年。
"The fourth ship of the class, Lübeck, was fitted with steam turbines, so the quality of turbine engines could be compared with otherwise identical vessels.",这个班级的第四艘船，吕贝克号，配备了蒸汽涡轮机，因此可以将涡轮机的质量与其他完全相同的船舶进行比较。
This ripping off leads to the emission of X-rays and far ultraviolet photons.,这种撕裂会导致X射线和远紫外光子的辐射。
"Lindalino's rebellion against Laputa is an allegory of Ireland's revolt against Great Britain, and Great Britain's (meaning the Whig government's) violent foreign and internal politics (see Jonathan Swift for his political career).",林达利诺反对拉普达的叛乱是爱尔兰反抗大不列颠的寓言，以及大不列颠（指辉格政府）的暴力对外和内政（参见乔纳森·斯威夫特的政治生涯）。
"Then, the developer writes the simplest code to make the test, along with other tests, pass.",然后，开发人员编写最简单的代码来使测试通过，以及其他测试。
ISO 11898-5:2007 specifies the CAN physical layer for transmission rates up to 1 Mbit/s for use within road vehicles.,"""ISO 11898-5:2007规定了用于道路车辆的CAN物理层，传输速率可达1兆位/秒。"""
"The terminus region contains several DNA replication terminator sites, or ""Ter"" sites.",终点区域包含几个DNA复制终止位点，或称为“Ter”位点。
"He originally told police he went to a pub after the party, but in an interview eight days later changed his story to state that he had gone for a walk.",他最初告诉警方他在派对之后去了酒吧，但在八天后的一次采访中改变了他的说法，称他是去散步的。
"She also performed the song during the Jingle Ball Tour on December 8, 2014.",她还在2014年12月8日的圣诞节巴尔巡回演唱会上演唱了这首歌。
A platform can be compliant to one or both of these profiles by providing all features included in a profile.,一个平台可以通过提供一个或两个这些配置文件中包含的所有功能来符合这些配置文件中的一个或两个。
"At the same time Scott modified the decorative style, losing much of the Gothic detailing and introducing a more modern, monumental style.",同时，斯科特修改了装饰风格，减少了很多哥特式细节，引入了更现代、更宏伟的风格。
The action will not open until the projectile has left the barrel and the pressures have dropped to safe levels.,这个动作直到抛射物离开枪筒并且压力降到安全水平才会启动。
"Watkins is front right, seated on a ladder. ca.",沃特金斯坐在梯子上的前右方。约。
The magazine was started in 1949.,这本杂志是在1949年开始的。
"Fox eventually pushed to develop the project into an original work, and by July 2010, Lindelof had been hired to redevelop Spaihts's screenplay.",“福克斯最终推动将该项目发展成为一部原创作品，并且到了2010年7月，林德洛夫已被聘请重新开发斯派茨的剧本。”
"In exile in India, he worked at various jobs, including in the Tibetan language section of All India Radio, and at Tibet House in New Delhi.",在印度流亡期间，他在各种工作岗位工作，包括在全印广播电台的藏语部门工作，以及在新德里的西藏之家工作。
True dehesa is a richly diverse habitat with four different types of oak that are crucial in the production of prime-quality ham.,真正的草原是一个种类丰富的栖息地，拥有四种不同类型的橡树，对于生产优质火腿至关重要。
The Xbox 360 game system allows users to download applications that add to the functionality of the dashboard.,Xbox 360游戏系统允许用户下载应用程序，从而提升仪表板的功能。
"The royal castle, called the Red Keep, sits on Aegon's Hill.",皇家城堡，名为红堡，坐落在埃格恩山上。
"If Iceland were admitted to the EU, it would be the smallest member state in terms of population.",如果冰岛加入欧盟，它将是人口最少的成员国。
Temporary repairs took 8 days.,临时修理花了8天时间。
"The first eyewitness accounts of debris flows were from 8:30 PM on the 15th, and the final debris flows were reported between 8 and 9 AM on 16 December.",“泥石流的第一批目击者报告是在12月15日晚上8:30，最后一批泥石流是在12月16日上午8点至9点之间报告的。”
"The city is ""home to the majority of the U.S. Pacific Fleet's surface combatants, all of the Navy's West Coast amphibious ships and a variety of Coast Guard and Military Sealift Command vessels"".",这座城市是美国太平洋舰队水面作战舰艇的大部分所在地，同时也驻扎着美国海军西海岸的两栖舰船和各种海岸警卫队和军事海运司令部的船只。
"In 1998, he was elected vice-president of the BFA, and president in 2002.",在1998年，他被选为BFA的副总裁，2002年成为总裁。
"His travels were very few: three brief trips to France and two to the Netherlands in the 1880s, and a four-day trip to London in 1892.",他的旅行很少：在19世纪80年代有三次短暂的法国之行和两次荷兰之行，以及在1892年的一次为期四天的伦敦之行。
"As part of the company's decision to begin direct sales of its products, NI opened its first international branch, in Tokyo, Japan in 1987.",作为公司开始直接销售产品的决定的一部分，NI于1987年在日本东京开设了其第一个国际分支机构。
The 57-kilometre-long (35 mi) project was constructed through five contracts.,这个长达57公里（35英里）的项目是通过五份合同建造的。
"Carbon planets are predicted to be of similar diameter to silicate and water planets of the same mass, potentially making them difficult to distinguish.",预测碳行星的直径与质量相同的硅酸盐和水行星相似，可能难以区分。
Workers on the shop floor would elect local shop floor committees needed to continue production and representatives to local and national councils representing their particular industry.,车间工人将选举当地车间委员会，以继续生产，并选出代表参加代表其特定行业的地方和全国委员会。
"We can use fewer samples, but then our precision will significantly worsen.",我们可以使用更少的样本，但是这样我们的精度会显著恶化。
That's probably why she didn't have an international career.,这可能就是她没有国际事业的原因。
"In his dissent, Black wrote: These petitioners were not charged with an attempt to overthrow the Government.",在他的异议中，布莱克写道：这些请愿人并未被指控企图推翻政府。
"Figure 5 shows the schematic with notation R3 = RC2 // RL and R11 = 1 / g11, R22 = g22.",图5显示了带有注释R3 = RC2 // RL和R11 = 1 / g11，R22 = g22的示意图。
"Years later, explorers, traders, and missionaries heard reports of an erupting volcano in the area.",多年后，探险家、商人和传教士听说该地区有一座正在喷发的火山。
"He played Carl Hamilton, a fictional Swedish secret agent.",他扮演了卡尔·汉密尔顿，一个虚构的瑞典特工。
The orbit of the material veers towards Jupiter and new material is added by additional impacts.,物质的轨道偏向于木星，并且通过额外的碰撞添加了新的物质。
Weaver's House race bucked the trend: he defeated Republican Frank T. Campbell by just 67 votes.,"""韦弗的房子竞选打破了趋势：他仅以67票的优势击败了共和党人弗兰克·坎贝尔。"""
"Wasteland, full of poison.",荒地，充满毒药。
"Municipal infrastructure, urban infrastructure, and rural development usually represent the same concept but imply either large cities or developing nations' concerns respectively.",市政基础设施、城市基础设施和农村发展通常代表相同的概念，但分别意味着大城市或发展中国家的关注。
"Because most of these games feature the name of the designer prominently on the box, they are sometimes known as designer games.",因为大多数这些游戏在游戏盒上显著标有设计者的名字，所以它们有时被称为设计师游戏。
"In the Australian state of Victoria, it is illegal to publish imagery that ""describes or depicts a person who is, or appears to be, a minor engaging in sexual activity or depicted in an indecent sexual manner or context"".",在澳大利亚维多利亚州，发布描述或描绘未成年人从事性活动或以淫秽性方式或背景描绘的图像是非法的。
"In language typology, it has many features divergent from most European languages.",在语言类型学中，它有许多特征与大多数欧洲语言不同。
"However, this was also accompanied by the appearance of new technology, notably the utilisation of electronic equipment, improving the safety and efficiency of DSB's railway traffic.",然而，这也伴随着新技术的出现，尤其是电子设备的利用，提高了DSB铁路交通的安全性和效率。
He was decorated for merit.,他因功绩而受到了表彰。
"The group owns either wholly or in part, seven subsidiary companies.",这个集团完全或部分拥有七家子公司。
"The fossils are quite fragmentary, and consist of teeth and a vertebra, possibly from the tail.",这些化石非常残缺，由牙齿和一根椎骨组成，可能来自尾部。
"While she could not reproduce the novel's ""fiercely wonderful dialogue in its entirety"", she attempted to keep much of it.",尽管她无法完全复制小说中“极具魅力的对话”，但她尽力保留了其中的大部分。
"Every connected topological group has a unique universal cover as a topological space, which has a unique group structure as a central extension by the fundamental group.",每个连通的拓扑群都有一个唯一的通用覆盖作为一个拓扑空间，它具有一个唯一的群结构，作为基本群的中心扩张。
"Father Martin suggests that ""it is television that has proven the most fertile ground for anti-Catholic writing.",马丁神父建议说，“电视已被证明是反天主教写作最为肥沃的土壤。”
"With the goal, he has tied Helmut Rahn with 10 World Cup goals.",带着这个进球，他已经和赫尔穆特·拉恩并列拥有10个世界杯进球。
"Mexico's most important contributions to the Spanish Republic was its diplomatic help, as well as the sanctuary the nation arranged for Republican refugees, including Spanish intellectuals and orphaned children from Republican families.",墨西哥对西班牙共和国最重要的贡献是提供外交帮助，以及为包括西班牙知识分子和来自共和家庭的孤儿在内的共和派难民安排庇护所。
"It prescribes that software designers should define formal, precise and verifiable interface specifications for software components, which extend the ordinary definition of abstract data types with preconditions, postconditions and invariants.",它规定软件设计师应为软件组件定义正式、精确和可验证的接口规范，这扩展了抽象数据类型的普通定义，包括前置条件、后置条件和不变条件。
"According to mountaineer and author Leigh N. Ortenburger, this feat may have inadvertently set the American mountaineering altitude record for the next 50 years.",根据登山家和作者利·N·奥腾伯格的说法，这一壮举可能无意间创造了美国登山海拔记录，为接下来的50年。
"Maybe your revolting sister is there, too.",也许你那个令人作呕的姐姐也在那里。
"Paragraph 61 of the agenda identifies the steps required by governments to ""promote, protect and ensure the full and progressive realisation of the right to adequate housing"".",议程的第61段确定了政府需要采取的步骤，以“促进、保护并确保充分和逐步实现住房权利”。
The patient died 75 days after the operation.,手术后75天，患者去世。
"However, more recent interpretations have pointed to the feud as a means of preventing and speedily resolving disputes by forcing arbitration, compensation and resolution.",然而，更近期的解释指出，这场纠纷是通过强制仲裁、赔偿和解决争端的手段来防止和迅速解决纠纷的。
"Oberleutnant Johannes Kiel was credited with 62 aircraft destroyed on the ground, plus nine tanks and 20 artillery pieces.",奥伯中尉约翰内斯·基尔被认为在地面上摧毁了62架飞机，另外还摧毁了九辆坦克和20门火炮。
"The book ends with a vivid and lingering memory of what happened after that stay together 20 years before: their goodbye kiss after the evening, promise to stay in touch, and goodbye.",这本书以20年前他们在一起之后发生的事情结束：他们在晚上告别时的亲吻、保持联系的承诺和告别。
"For example: 123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426655440000 xxxxxxxx-xxxx-Mxxx-Nxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx The 4 bits of digit M indicate the UUID version, and the 1–3 most significant bits of digit N indicate the UUID variant.",例如：123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426655440000 xxxxxxxx-xxxx-Mxxx-Nxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx 数字M的4位表示UUID版本，数字N的1-3位最高有效位表示UUID变体。
"Even after fitting a planet and a trend, it was noted that the residual velocities were still around 3.4 m/s, significantly larger than the instrumental errors of around 1.7 m/s.",即使考虑了行星和趋势，仍然注意到残余速度仍然约为3.4米/秒，明显大于约为1.7米/秒的仪器误差。
"Sir Henry George Norris (23 July 1865 – 30 July 1934) was an English businessman, politician and football club director, most famous for his chairmanship of both Fulham and Arsenal.",亨利·乔治·诺里斯爵士（1865年7月23日 - 1934年7月30日）是一位英国商人、政治家和足球俱乐部董事，最著名的是他在富勒姆和阿森纳担任主席。
WikiLeaks does not have any official headquarters.,维基解密没有任何官方总部。
"The condemned men were conducted from the prison and seated in the wagons, one upon each coffin.",这些被判处死刑的男人被押送出监狱，坐在马车上，每人一具棺材。
"On May 15, 2011, Flipboard was blocked by the Great Firewall of China.",在2011年5月15日，翻页杂志被中国的防火墙屏蔽。
"Near the end of the song, an erhu starts playing to add more Chinese atmosphere.",歌曲接近尾声时，一把二胡开始演奏，增添更多的中国氛围。
"HARDAC (appeared in Batman: The Animated Series, voiced by Jeff Bennett) - HARDAC stands for Holographic Analytical Reciprocating DigitAL Computer.",HARDAC（出现在《蝙蝠侠动画系列》中，由杰夫·贝内特配音）- HARDAC代表全息分析循环数字计算机。
"Bracher accused both Jürgen Habermas and Ernst Nolte of both ""...tabooing the concept of totalitarianism and inflating the formula of fascism"".","""Bracher指责了于尔根·哈贝马斯和恩斯特·诺尔特两人，称他们都""禁忌了极权主义的概念，夸大了法西斯主义的公式""。"""
Panaryin was also found guilty of planting bombs on several bus stops in Krasnodar in August 2003 (four people died and 17 were injured in these attacks).,潘纳林还被发现在2003年8月在克拉斯诺达尔的几个公交车站放置炸弹罪名成立（这些袭击造成四人死亡，17人受伤）。
"In addition to infrastructural and public losses, the environment was also severely affected; a native species of bats lost roughly 80% of its population due to the lack of fruit.",除了基础设施和公共损失外，环境也受到严重影响；一种蝙蝠的本地物种由于水果短缺，大约损失了80%的种群。
"The annulment of the marriage of Eadwig and Ælfgifu is unusual in that it was against their will, clearly politically motivated by the supporters of Dunstan.",Eadwig和Ælfgifu的婚姻被废除是不寻常的，因为这是违背他们的意愿的，显然是由Dunstan的支持者在政治上操纵。
This constituted more than one-third of the men of those nations from ages 20–40.,这超过了这些国家20-40岁男性总数的三分之一。
"He is from ""Toyota office"" talent agency.",他来自“丰田办公室”艺人经纪公司。
A ship passing through the center of the typhoon recorded a pressure of 960.0 hectopascals (28.35 inHg) and winds exceeding 55 mph (88 km/h).,一艘船穿过台风中心时记录了960.0百帕斯卡（28.35英寸汞柱）的气压和超过55英里/小时（88公里/小时）的风速。
"The novel has twice been adapted to film, and a musical.",这部小说已经两次被改编成电影和音乐剧。
"Self-harm, also known as self-injury, is defined as the intentional, direct injuring of body tissue, done without suicidal intentions.",自残，又称自伤，被定义为故意直接损伤身体组织，没有自杀意图。
"Deployment of Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6), the next generation of the Internet Protocol, has been in progress since the mid-2000s.",互联网协议第六版（IPv6），即互联网协议的下一代，自2000年代中期以来一直在进行部署。
"Disney modeled its marketing campaign after the 1989 success of Batman, which was based on high concept promotion.",迪士尼将其营销活动模仿了1989年《蝙蝠侠》的成功，该成功是基于高概念推广的。
"A subsample of tentative cases that may potentially be cluster/PN pairs includes Abell 8 and Bica 6, and He 2-86 and NGC 4463.",可能为集团/PN对的初步案例的子样本包括Abell 8和Bica 6，以及He 2-86和NGC 4463。
Paaka shastra (short paka) in Kannada means 'cooking procedure' or 'cooking techniques'.,"""Kannada 中的 Paaka shastra（简称 paka）意为‘烹饪程序’或‘烹饪技术’。"""
"Francis grew up in Manhattan as an only child, had little contact with Japanese culture, and did not learn Japanese.","""弗朗西斯在曼哈顿长大，是独生子女，几乎没有接触过日本文化，也没有学会日语。"""
That year it also became a founding member of the Asia News Network.,那一年，它还成为了亚洲新闻联盟的创始成员。
"It highlights the issues of extreme poverty, affordable housing, and economic exploitation in the United States.",它突出了美国极端贫困、可负担房屋和经济剥削的问题。
"Transaction A form of sub-process in which all contained activities must be treated as a whole; i.e., they must all be completed to meet an objective, and if any one of them fails, they must all be compensated (undone).",交易是一种子过程，其中所有包含的活动必须被视为一个整体；即，它们必须全部完成以达到一个目标，如果其中任何一个失败，它们必须全部被补偿（撤销）。
The legal age of marriage is 18 for both males and females.,婚姻的法定结婚年龄对男女都是18岁。
"Two AM channels are broadcast, the primary channel at 1287 kHz and the Vividh Bharati channel at 1539 kHz.",两个AM频道被广播，主频道为1287千赫，Vividh Bharati频道为1539千赫。
GRBs were first detected in 1967 by the Vela satellites (a series of spacecraft designed to detect nuclear explosions in space).,GRB首次于1967年被Vela卫星探测到（一系列旨在探测太空核爆炸的航天器）。
"Duchess Cecily accompanied him to Normandy, and his children Edward, Edmund and Elizabeth were all born in Rouen.",公爵夫人塞西莉陪同他前往诺曼底，他的孩子爱德华、埃德蒙和伊丽莎白都在鲁昂出生。
"The protein then closes up around the molecules and binds them loosely – the ""loose"" state (shown in red).",蛋白质然后围绕分子闭合，并松散地结合它们 - “松散”状态（用红色表示）。
"Born in Nevis in 1755, Hamilton was appointed by President George Washington as the country's first Secretary of Treasury in 1789.",汉密尔顿于1755年出生在尼维斯岛，于1789年被乔治·华盛顿总统任命为美国首任财政部长。
"This resulted in an invitation to work at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the Medical Research Council, which became a long-term appointment.",这导致了受邀在医学研究理事会分子生物学实验室工作，这成为了一个长期的任命。
"In 1689, during the War of the Grand Alliance, France re-occupied the entire island, and decimated the British farms.",在1689年，大同盟战争期间，法国重新占领了整个岛屿，并摧毁了英国的农场。
"Across from the BMW Research and Innovation Center (Forschungs- und Innovationszentrum, FIZ), Knorrstraße corner Troppauer Straße, a sculpture exists in reminiscent of the so-called Judensiedlung (Jewish Quarter) Milbertshofen.","在宝马研究与创新中心（Forschungs- und Innovationszentrum, FIZ）的对面，Knorrstraße和Troppauer Straße的交界处，有一座雕塑，让人联想起所谓的米尔贝特霍芬犹太人区（Judensiedlung）。"
"In 1857 industrial employment (11.01%) was highest in the County of Osijek, while 72.3% were employed in agriculture (82.9% in the Požega County).",1857年，奥西耶克县的工业就业率最高（11.01％），而农业就业率为72.3％（波热加县为82.9％）。
"De Clare married Diarmait's daughter, and when Diarmait died in 1171, de Clare became King of Leinster.",德克莱尔娶了迪尔玛特的女儿，当迪尔玛特于1171年去世时，德克莱尔成为莱斯特的国王。
"Although she attempted to tolerate his evil and selfish antics, she eventually severed all ties with Abadeer after she discovered him eating fries that she had made for herself.",尽管她试图容忍他邪恶自私的把戏，但在发现他吃了她为自己做的薯条后，她最终与阿巴迪尔断绝了所有联系。
"The resulting economic impact was minuscule, but the psychological influence on slave holders was immense.",由此产生的经济影响微乎其微，但对奴隶主的心理影响是巨大的。
"No. 22 – Montagu House, built in the northwest corner of the square by James Stuart between 1777 and 1781 for Mrs. Elizabeth Montagu, demolished in the Blitz by an incendiary bomb.",第22号蒙塔古屋，由詹姆斯·斯图尔特在1777年至1781年间建造在广场的西北角，为伊丽莎白·蒙塔古夫人建造，被一枚燃烧弹在空袭中摧毁。
"It is located 30 metres east of the first station building and consisted of a station entrance hall on the station forecourt with shops and the ticket offices as well as the actual entrance building, which was located between the tracks.",它位于第一站房东边30米处，由站前广场上的车站入口大厅、商店和售票处以及实际的入口建筑组成，该建筑位于铁轨之间。
"In Jundiz they use industrial composting systems that are increasingly being installed as a waste management alternative to landfills, along with other advanced waste processing systems.",在尊迪斯，他们使用工业堆肥系统，这些系统越来越多地被安装作为垃圾处理的替代方案，与其他先进的垃圾处理系统一起。
"Share's testimony had introduced the copycat-motive story, which the testimony of the three female defendants echoed and according to which the Tate–LaBianca murders had been Linda Kasabian's idea.","""莎尔的证词引入了模仿犯罪动机的故事，三名女被告的证词印证了这一说法，根据这个说法，泰特-拉比安卡谋杀案是琳达·卡萨比安的主意。"""
"The qualifiers for the members of UEFA took place between 2 and 11 September 2016 in Jesolo, Italy.",UEFA成员的预选赛于2016年9月2日至11日在意大利杰索洛举行。
"The incompetence of Hlávka's successor, Feliks Ksiezarski, further delayed progress.",赫拉夫卡的继任者费利克斯·克舍尔斯基的无能进一步延迟了进展。
"On 20 December 1926, after a stormy debate, the PPS General Council took a similar position, indicating that: The PPS opposition does not aim to overthrow Prime Minister Pilsudski but to reconstruct his cabinet by removing monarchist and reactionary elements and to change economic policy, which is the demand of the working class; moreover, to change internal policy, especially as far as national minorities are concerned.",1926年12月20日，在一场激烈的辩论之后，波兰社会主义者党总理事会采取了类似的立场，表示：社会主义者党的反对派不是旨在推翻皮热斯基总理，而是要通过去除君主主义和反动元素来重建其内阁，并改变经济政策，这是工人阶级的要求；此外，要改变内政，特别是在国家少数民族方面。
Karaite Jews hold the entire Hebrew Bible to be a religious authority.,卡拉伊犹太人认为整个希伯来圣经是宗教权威。
This is precisely what the first London equation states.,这正是第一个伦敦方程所陈述的内容。
"The soundproof terminal contains gift shops, administrative offices, a VIP lounge and general passenger waiting area, as well as X-ray and bomb-detection machines at a security checkpoint.",隔音终端内包含礼品店、行政办公室、贵宾休息室、一般乘客等候区，以及安检点处的X光和炸弹检测机器。
It is also a part of the surveillance warning system directed by French national agency of public health (Santé publique France) (receiving the CNIL’s favorable recommendation n°471 393).,这也是由法国国家公共卫生机构（法国公共卫生局）指导的监测警告系统的一部分（获得了法国数据保护委员会CNIL的有利建议编号471 393）。
"Western Europe hosts many Muslim immigrant communities where Islam is the second-largest religion after Christianity, where it represents 6% of the total population or 24 million people.","""西欧承载着许多穆斯林移民社区，伊斯兰教在这里是基督教之后第二大宗教，占总人口的6％，即2400万人。"""
Uhm was diagnosed with thyroid cancer but fully recovered after surgery in May 2010.,"""Uhm在2010年5月接受手术后被诊断患有甲状腺癌，但完全康复了。"""
STIs are high amongst sex workers with 30% having syphilis.,性工作者中性病感染率高达30%，梅毒感染率尤其高。
"The Crusaders had decorated the stone and inscribed upon it in Latin, descriptions of biblical events which occurred in the area of Jerusalem and Bethphage.",十字军们在石头上装饰并用拉丁文题写了在耶路撒冷和伯法其发生的圣经事件的描述。
Netanyahu was the most ardent free-market Israeli finance minister to date.,"""Netanyahu 目前是以色列历史上最热心自由市场的财政部长。"""
"Play media A rogue planet (also termed an interstellar planet, nomad planet, free-floating planet, unbound planet, orphan planet, wandering planet, starless planet, or sunless planet) is a planetary-mass object that orbits a galactic center directly.","""播放媒体中一个流浪行星（也称为星际行星，游荡行星，自由漂浮行星，未绑定行星，孤儿行星，流浪行星，无星行星或无太阳行星）是一个围绕星系中心直接运转的行星质量物体。"""
"Following the premiere, the audience in attendance gave the cast and crew a ten-minute standing ovation.",首映后，观众给予演员和工作人员十分钟的起立鼓掌。
"The weeks preceding the 2014 World Cup, as well as the first days of the tournament, featured further unrest and protests across the country against the spending.",在2014年世界杯前几周，以及比赛的头几天，全国各地都爆发了更多的动荡和抗议活动，抗议活动针对的是开支。
The penalty factor could be a function of the size and/or direction of the gap.,处罚因子可能是间隙的大小和/或方向的函数。
"Australia has consulates in many countries where there are no official government ties in existence, and these serve primarily to assist Australian travellers and business people visiting those countries.",澳大利亚在许多没有官方政府联系的国家设有领事馆，这些领事馆主要为访问这些国家的澳大利亚旅行者和商人提供帮助。
This has two benefits.,这有两个好处。
Their lives were threatened.,他们的生命受到了威胁。
"In 1685, Garro decreed the depopulation of the Isla Mocha, with the goal of denying resources to pirates who were then ravaging the Pacific coast of Chile.",在1685年，加罗发布了命令，要求马岛的人口大规模迁移，目的是剥夺当时肆虐智利太平洋沿岸的海盗的资源。
Table correct as of episode 120.,"""表格截至第120集为止。"""
"The few Pele-type plumes that have been observed are usually associated with explosion-dominated eruptions, and are short-lived.",已观察到的几个类似佩莱热点的地幔柱通常与以爆炸为主的喷发相关联，且寿命短暂。
"One of his first actions was to demand a controversial tightening up of the rules for the tachi-ai, or initial charge, which led to many false starts in the September 2008 tournament.",他的第一项行动之一是要求对立会规则进行争议性的收紧，导致2008年9月比赛中出现了许多虚假的起跑。
It seems there are other people coming after us besides Trunks.,除了特兰克斯以外，似乎还有其他人在追我们。
A Winchester-branded version is called the Winchester SX-AR.,Winchester品牌版本被称为Winchester SX-AR。
Full text of the speeches.,演讲的完整文本。
"On May 1, 1857, Walker surrendered to Commander Charles Henry Davis of the United States Navy and was repatriated.",在1857年5月1日，沃克向美国海军指挥官查尔斯·亨利·戴维斯投降并被遣返。
The school was closed on 22 November 1944 due to the Allied advance.,学校在1944年11月22日因盟军进攻而关闭。
"Since the local elections of 2003, the city government has been a coalition of the Conservative Party and the Progress Party.",自2003年地方选举以来，市政府一直由保守党和进步党组成的联合政府。
"She then steamed north to Puerto San José, Guatemala before continuing on to Portland, Oregon and then crossing over to Hawaii.",她然后向北航行至瓜地马拉的圣何塞港，然后继续前往俄勒冈州的波特兰，最后越过到夏威夷。
So they persecuted the Muslims.,他们迫害穆斯林。
"An administration official stated, ""We conducted red-team exercises and other forms of alternative analysis to check our work.",一位行政官员表示，“我们进行了红队演练和其他形式的替代性分析，以检查我们的工作。”
They focus on the sick or injured young.,他们专注于照顾生病或受伤的年轻人。
Lee was forced to change his plans.,李被迫改变他的计划。
"Gough stated, ""Unlike Superman, there really isn't a set core mythology for Arthur Curry.",高夫说，“与超人不同，亚瑟·库里真的没有一个固定的核心神话。”
Ismail was successful in establishing economic and commercial development and organized a powerful army.,伊斯梅尔成功地建立了经济和商业发展，并组织了一支强大的军队。
"One such example is Bontonfilm in the Czech Republic, who previously distributed material from CIC &amp; UIP in both the Czech and the Slovak markets.",在捷克共和国，一个这样的例子是Bontonfilm，他们以前在捷克和斯洛伐克市场上分发CIC和UIP的材料。
"There, in 985, Seljuk converted to Islam.",在985年，塞尔柱克皈依伊斯兰教。
"In his diaries form the years 1941 to 1946, Gelfand wrote of his relentless grapple with the hated military.",在他1941年至1946年的日记中，盖尔方记录了他与令人厌恶的军队不断搏斗的经历。
"A very popular professor, he formally retired from teaching in 1986.",他是一位非常受欢迎的教授，于1986年正式退休。
From an ecclesiastic and theological point of view the Raskol remains a highly controversial question and one of the most tragic episodes of Russian history.,从教会和神学的角度来看，拉斯科尔仍然是一个极具争议性的问题，也是俄罗斯历史上最悲惨的事件之一。
Long-term observations of this star by the Sproul Observatory show no astrometric perturbations by an unseen companion.,斯普劳尔天文台对这颗恒星进行的长期观测显示没有看不见的伴星引起的天文学扰动。
Mount Kinabalu is one of the youngest non-volcanic mountains in the world.,金富士山是世界上年龄最年轻的非火山山脉之一。
A long period planet companion to HD 70642 was announced in 2003.,2003年宣布HD 70642的一个长周期行星伴。
"If the incoming interface matches with any of the routes associated with the IP address, then the packet is forwarded.",如果传入接口与与IP地址相关联的任何路由匹配，则数据包将被转发。
"The mother-infant relationship is key in the development of display rules during infancy, it is the synchrony of mother-infant expressions.",母婴关系对婴儿期展示规则的发展至关重要，母婴表达的同步性是关键。
"The optimum photo/dark period ratio depends on the species and variety of plant, as some prefer long days and short nights and others prefer the opposite or intermediate ""day lengths"".","最佳的光照/黑暗时期比取决于植物的种类和品种，因为有些植物喜欢长白天和短黑夜，而其他一些喜欢相反或中间的""白天长度""。"
Introduced its first DVD recordable dye coater sub-system.,引入了第一个DVD可记录染料涂层子系统。
"Taiwan became at least as important a market to Hong Kong film as the local one; in the early 1990s the once-robust Taiwanese film industry came close to extinction under the onslaught of Hong Kong imports (Bordwell, 2000).",台湾对香港电影市场至少与本地市场一样重要；在1990年代初，曾经强劲的台湾电影工业在香港进口的冲击下濒临灭绝。
"In a military career that spanned both World Wars, Kesselring became one of Nazi Germany's most skilful commanders, and one of the most highly decorated, being one of 27 soldiers awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds.",在横跨两次世界大战的军事生涯中，凯塞林成为纳粹德国最熟练的指挥官之一，也是最受尊崇的之一，被授予铁十字骑士勋章（带橡叶、剑和钻石）的27名士兵之一。
The time of breeding depends on the elevation and latitude of the salamander's habitat.,两栖动物栖息地的海拔和纬度决定着繁殖的时间。
Of these Mayombe is among the best known.,其中Mayombe是最为著名的之一。
"Players who used profanity were often punished by an automatic 24-hour ban, although not all vulgar language resulted in an immediate ban.",使用粗话的玩家通常会受到自动24小时禁止的惩罚，尽管并非所有粗俗语言都会导致立即禁止。
"Writers from the Daily Dot and Bustle have noted that the website maintains strict quality control standards, and that sub-par content tends to be quickly removed.",来自《每日点》和《忙碌》的作家指出，该网站保持严格的质量控制标准，次品内容往往会迅速被移除。
"However, the first mathematically rigorous proof of this fact was obtained only in the 19th century.",然而，这个事实的第一个数学严格证明是在19世纪才获得的。
"Six months later, Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor (who went on to co-found Intel) independently developed the integrated circuit with integrated interconnect, and is also considered an inventor of the integrated circuit.",六个月后，菲尔德半导体的罗伯特·诺伊斯（后来共同创立英特尔）独立开发了具有集成互连的集成电路，并被认为是集成电路的发明者之一。
"Institutional racism is the theory that aspects of the structure, pervasive attitudes, and established institutions of society disadvantage some racial groups, although not by an overtly discriminatory mechanism.",制度性种族主义是一种理论，认为社会结构、普遍态度和建立的机构会使一些种族群体处于劣势地位，尽管并非通过公开歧视机制。
"Allah will send, or will cause to send, rain which will be like dew and there will grow out of it (like wild growth) the bodies of the people.","""真主会派遣，或导致派遣，像露水般的雨，人们的身体会从中生长出来（就像野草生长一样）"""
These observations led to the explanation that it was part of a triple-star system consisting of two closely bound stars and one outer star.,这些观察导致了这样的解释，即它是一个由两颗紧密结合的恒星和一颗外星组成的三星系统的一部分。
"In the spring of 209 BC, Philip received requests for help from his ally the Achaean League in the Peloponnesus who were being attacked by Sparta and the Aetolians.",在公元前209年的春天，菲利普收到了来自其盟友阿哈伯同盟在伯罗奔尼撒遭到斯巴达和埃托利亚人攻击的求助请求。
Muslims are obliged to follow the decisions of Syariah courts in matters concerning their religion.,穆斯林在涉及宗教事务时有义务遵守伊斯兰教法庭的决定。
The only closed point is the excluded point.,唯一的封闭点就是被排除的点。
Students need not be American citizens to apply.,学生不必是美国公民就可以申请。
"They were also allowed the continuing use of their own language, schools, laws and customs.",他们也被允许继续使用自己的语言、学校、法律和习俗。
"At the same time, the 16th Infantry and 12th SS Panzer Divisions attacked American and Canadian forces from within the pocket, opening small channels through Allied positions.",与此同时，第16步兵师和第12装甲师袭击了美国和加拿大部队，从包围圈内打开了一些小通道，穿过盟军的阵地。
"This appointment was unacceptable to the Supreme Soviet, which emphatically rejected it.",这个任命被最高苏维埃认为是不可接受的，并强烈反对。
Breeding success of Saimaa ringed seal depends on sufficient ice and snow cover.,赛马环海豹的繁殖成功取决于足够的冰雪覆盖。
This is the lowest level when compared with the eight previous parliamentary elections.,与前八次议会选举相比，这是最低水平。
"By doing this, one assures that no important premises are lost in the wrong branch.",通过这样做，可以确保没有重要的前提在错误的分支中丢失。
The philosopher-sociologist Jürgen Habermas has critiqued pure instrumental rationality as meaning that scientific-thinking becomes something akin to ideology itself.,哲学家兼社会学家尤尔根·哈贝马斯批评纯粹的工具理性，认为科学思维本身变成了一种意识形态。
"Giovanni ""Nanni"" Moretti (Italian pronunciation: ; born 19 August 1953) is an Italian film director, producer, screenwriter and actor.",乔瓦尼“南尼”莫雷蒂（意大利发音：；生于1953年8月19日）是意大利电影导演、制片人、编剧和演员。
"Although not instantly received into the group, Diaghilev was aided by Benois in developing his knowledge of Russian and Western art.",尽管迪亚吉列夫并非立即被纳入团体，但是在发展对俄罗斯和西方艺术的认识方面，他得到了贝努瓦的帮助。
"The chair had been offered to Max von Laue, but he had turned it down.",这把椅子曾经被提供给马克斯·冯·劳厄，但他拒绝了。
"This is a result of platform lengthening and rerouting the upper level downward toward the south, rather than letting the lower level stay at the same elevation and continue south through lower Manhattan.",这是由于延长站台并将上层重新向南调整而导致的结果，而不是让下层保持相同高度并继续向南穿过曼哈顿下城。
"As the public was receptive to the gold coins, and President Ronald Reagan had banned the importation of Krugerrands in 1985 over South Africa's apartheid policy, Congress authorized the American Gold Eagle gold bullion coin, which entered production as legal tender in 1986.",由于公众对金币持开放态度，并且罗纳德·里根总统于1985年因南非的种族隔离政策而禁止进口克鲁格兰金币，国会授权美国金鹰金条金币，该金币于1986年作为合法货币投入生产。
He needs to overcome all his bad habits and work on changing for his own good.,他需要克服他所有的坏习惯，并努力改变，为了自己的利益。
"Oral oxetacaine preparations are available in several countries, including India, South Africa, Japan and Brazil, but not the United States.",口服奥昔卡因制剂在印度、南非、日本和巴西等几个国家有售，但在美国无法购买。
"The traditional init process was originally only responsible for bringing the computer into a normal running state after power-on, or gracefully shutting down services prior to shutdown.",传统的初始化进程最初只负责在开机后将计算机带入正常运行状态，或在关机前优雅地关闭服务。
Aadorf is first mentioned in 886 as Ahadorf.,"""阿多夫在886年首次被提及为阿哈多夫。"""
"In 1913, while on tour in the United States with Fred Karno's comedy group, he accepted a contract to work for Mack Sennett's Keystone film company.",在1913年，他与弗雷德·卡诺的喜剧团在美国巡回演出时，接受了麦克·森尼特的基斯敦电影公司的工作合同。
"As a result, they are not member states of the Commonwealth of Nations.",因此，他们不是大英国协会的成员国。
The play escalates to violence until they are all dead again.,这场戏升级到暴力，直到他们再次全部死去。
"However, East German authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason.",然而，东德当局可以拒绝入境许可证而不必说明理由。
"He prayed and laid his hands upon them, in the same way as the other disciples did.",他祈祷并按手在他们身上，就像其他门徒所做的一样。
"Tactical (or ""strategic"") empathy: the deliberate use of perspective-taking to achieve certain desired ends.","""战术（或“战略”）共情：有意使用换位思考以达到特定目的。"""
The time is brief.,时间很短。
"In April 2007, two research teams reported on having inserted electrodes into the nucleus accumbens in order to use deep brain stimulation to treat severe depression.",在2007年4月，两个研究团队报告称，他们已经插入电极到核团，以利用深部脑刺激来治疗严重抑郁症。
Vendors NVIDIA provides a list of dedicated Tesla Preferred Partners (TPP) with the capability of building and delivering a fully configured GPU cluster using the Tesla 20-series GPGPUs.,NVIDIA提供了一个专门的特斯拉优选合作伙伴（TPP）列表，他们有能力使用特斯拉20系列GPGPU构建和交付完全配置的GPU集群。
He continues to serve as its president.,他继续担任其总裁。
"As the second son of King George V, he was not expected to inherit the throne and spent his early life in the shadow of his elder brother, Edward.",作为乔治五世国王的次子，他并不被期望继承王位，并在他的哥哥爱德华的阴影下度过了早年的生活。
"Sam Adams of the BBC wrote that Stuhlbarg's performance ""puts a frame around the movie's painting and opens up avenues we may not have thought to explore"", and called it ""one of his finest"" to date.",山姆·亚当斯（Sam Adams）在BBC上写道，斯图尔巴格的表现“为电影的画面加上了框架，打开了我们可能没有想到要探索的途径”，并称其为“迄今为止最好的之一”。
"""Now I simply concede the point.","""现在我只是承认这一点。"""
"In the United Kingdom, there are several prominent statues of Gandhi, most notably in Tavistock Square, London near University College London where he studied law.",在英国，有几座著名的甘地雕像，其中最著名的是在伦敦塔维斯托克广场，靠近他就读法律的伦敦大学学院。
The volume of data retained was an error.,保留的数据量是一个错误。
"Between July and August 1942, 170 Marder I's were built on the Lorraine chassis.",在1942年7月和8月之间，有170辆Marder I建造在洛林底盘上。
The Corporate Group has developed one of the two existing state radiolocation identification systems.,企业集团已经开发出现有两个州辐射定位识别系统中的一个。
"On 15 August 2011, Davutoğlu warned that the violence must stop ""immediately and without conditions or excuses"" or Turkey would take unspecified ""steps"".",在2011年8月15日，达武托卢警告称，暴力必须“立即停止，没有任何条件或借口”，否则土耳其将采取未指明的“步骤”。
"He was commissioned by Yo-Yo Ma for the Silk Road Project in 2000, for which he wrote his piece Legend of Herlen.",他在2000年受到了杨洋的委托，为丝绸之路项目创作了他的作品《赫伦传说》。
Pune police re-arrested Varavara Rao in Hyderabad on 28 August 2018 in a case relating to alleged conspiracy to assassinate Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi.,浦那警方于2018年8月28日在海德拉巴重新逮捕了瓦拉瓦拉·拉奥，此案涉及涉嫌密谋暗杀印度总理纳伦德拉·莫迪。
"Often, in order to be retained as commercially viable structures within an urban environment, or as part of an urban regeneration project, they may be repurposed for alternative activities.",通常，在城市环境中，为了保持商业活力的建筑结构，或作为城市再生项目的一部分，它们可能会被重新用于其他活动。
"Boyd started his career appearing in Taggart (1996), The Soldier's Leap (1998), and Urban Ghost Story (1998).",Boyd开始他的职业生涯出现在《泰加特》（1996年）、《士兵的飞跃》（1998年）和《城市鬼故事》（1998年）中。
"According to ancient sources, Kroisos was one of the sponsors.",根据古代资料，克罗伊索斯是其中一位赞助者。
"After his death, she inherited property on Jackson Street where Margaret's family lived.",在他去世后，她继承了杰克逊街上玛格丽特家族居住的财产。
"Because of this, fog is very common, although more so in northern parts of the city and away from the city center.",因此，雾很常见，尤其是在城市的北部和远离市中心的地方更为常见。
He was advancing quickly toward the capital.,他正迅速地朝首都前进。
The production of these cells has been suggested to occur in 73 different species of fungi.,这些细胞的产生被认为发生在73种不同的真菌物种中。
"On September 3, 2007, after a concert in Colorado, Way married Lyn-Z, bassist of Mindless Self Indulgence, backstage on the final date of the Projekt Revolution tour.",在2007年9月3日，在科罗拉多州一场音乐会之后，韦恩在“Projekt Revolution”巡回演出的最后一站，与Mindless Self Indulgence的贝斯手Lyn-Z在后台结婚。
The art of Socratic questioning is intimately connected with critical thinking because the art of questioning is important to excellence of thought.,苏格拉底式提问的艺术与批判性思维密切相关，因为提问的艺术对思维的卓越至关重要。
"He had a strong objection to wearing an overcoat, even in winter, and used to walk with a noiseless tread, as if his shoes had felted soles.",他强烈反对穿大衣，即使在冬天，他常常走路时脚步无声，好像鞋底是毛毡的。
"Additionally, unlike in the United States, the federal legislature has the power to enact laws which vest federal jurisdiction in State courts.",此外，与美国不同，联邦立法机构有权颁布法律，将联邦管辖权赋予州法院。
Methods such as imagery tasks to simple questionnaires and apperception tests such as the Stroop test enable psychologists to adequately determine if a person is under stress due to death anxiety or suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder.,像形象任务到简单问卷和如Stroop测试的知觉测试这样的方法使心理学家能充分确定一个人是否因为死亡焦虑而处于压力之下，或者患有创伤后应激障碍。
"Between 1999 and 2001, all activities were transferred to York and the college received the name York St John University.",在1999年至2001年期间，所有活动都被转移到了约克，学院改名为约克圣约翰大学。
FBI HRT surrounded the cabin.,FBI HRT包围了小屋。
"The actual color system differs in parts for each country - in all countries blue (easy), red (intermediate) and black (expert) are used.",实际的颜色系统在每个国家的部分略有不同-在所有国家中都使用蓝色（简单）、红色（中级）和黑色（专家）。
"Ironically, the ACLU, after 15 years of fighting for workers' rights, initially opposed the act (it later took no stand on the legislation) because some ACLU leaders feared the increased power the bill gave to the government.",具有讽刺意味的是，15年来一直为工人权利而奋斗的美国公民自由联盟最初反对这项法案（后来对立法没有立场），因为一些 ACLU 领导人担心该法案赋予政府的增加权力。
"Soon, Lemp Beer was sold worldwide.",很快，伦普啤酒在全世界范围内销售。
"However, once the battle begins, the griefer summons giant scorpions and easily dispatches the kids' characters.",然而，一旦战斗开始，搅事者召唤巨大的蝎子，并轻易地击败了孩子们的角色。
"In the field of Roman law, Domingo has carried out critical studies of Otto Lenel’s proposed reconstruction of Edictum Perpetuum, offering a new reconstruction of the first edictal title on the jurisdiction of the praetor (De iurisdictione).",在罗马法领域，多明戈对奥托·莱内尔提出的《永久法令》重建进行了批判性研究，提出了关于治理官辖区第一法令标题的新重建（关于治理官的司法权）。
"Since June 2014, three prison breaks have occurred in Diyala.",自2014年6月以来，迪亚拉发生了三起监狱逃狱事件。
"Only the site's highest-level domain is recorded, aggregating any subdomains.",只有网站的最高级域名被记录，合并任何子域名。
"As a wartime measure, the Committee—composed at first of nine and later of twelve members—was given broad supervisory powers over military, judicial and legislative efforts.",作为一项战时措施，最初由九名成员组成，后来增加到十二名成员的委员会被赋予广泛的监督权，涵盖军事、司法和立法工作。
"In 1983, Sega released another boxing game Champion Boxing, which was Yu Suzuki's debut title at Sega.",1983年，世嘉发布了另一款拳击游戏《冠军拳击》，这是铃木裕在世嘉的处女作。
It burned down in 1872 but was rebuilt.,它在1872年烧毁了，但后来被重建了。
"At a press conference held on October 3, Douglas County Sheriff John Hanlin thanked Mintz for his actions.",在10月3日举行的新闻发布会上，道格拉斯县警长约翰·汉林感谢明茨的行动。
A new Eurosport channel was able to start its broadcasts the same month.,一个新的Eurosport频道能够在同一个月开始播出。
"On May 23, 1985, President Ronald Reagan awarded Stewart the Presidential Medal of Freedom and promoted him to Major General on the Retired List.",在1985年5月23日，罗纳德·里根总统授予斯图尔特总统自由勋章，并晋升他为退役名单上的少将。
"While such a shelter cannot withstand sustained contact with flames, it can protect a firefighter's life in a short-lived grass fire.",尽管这样的庇护所无法经受火焰的持续接触，但它可以在短暂的草地火灾中保护消防员的生命。
"In Guernsey, 33 are killed and 67 injured, in Jersey, 9 are killed and many are injured.",在格恩西，有33人丧生，67人受伤，在泽西，有9人丧生，许多人受伤。
His resignation was accepted on November 9.,他的辞职在11月9日被接受。
Search engines provide an interface to a group of items that enables users to specify criteria about an item of interest and have the engine find the matching items.,搜索引擎提供了一个界面，让用户可以指定关于感兴趣项目的标准，然后让引擎找到匹配的项目。
"Large demand for light industry, this year's new ""e-books and digital publishing"" area, brought together about 20 exhibitors showcasing the latest e-books and digital reading products.",对轻工业的大需求，今年的新领域“电子书和数字出版”，汇集了约20家展商展示最新的电子书和数字阅读产品。
"When the display manager runs on a remote computer, it acts like a telnet server, requesting username and password and starting a remote session.",当显示管理器在远程计算机上运行时，它就像一个telnet服务器，请求用户名和密码，并启动一个远程会话。
Prominent cricketers from the city include former cricket captains S. Venkataraghavan and Kris Srikkanth.,这座城市的著名板球运动员包括前板球队队长S. Venkataraghavan和Kris Srikkanth。
"She is the daughter of television director Michael Rohl, and began studying acting when she was 14.",她是电视导演迈克尔·罗尔的女儿，14岁开始学习表演。
"Some producers also tap in autumn, though this practice is less common than spring tapping.",一些生产商也在秋天开采，尽管这种做法比春季开采要少见。
"Singles from the album were successful in Britain, America and Australia: ""Some Might Say"" and ""Don't Look Back in Anger"" reached number one in the UK; ""Champagne Supernova"" and ""Wonderwall"" reached number one on the US Modern Rock Tracks chart, with ""Wonderwall"" also topping the Australian and New Zealand singles charts.","专辑中的单曲在英国、美国和澳大利亚都取得了成功：""有人说""和""别再愤怒地回头看""在英国排行榜上排名第一；""香槟超新星""和""奇迹之墙""在美国现代摇滚榜上排名第一，而""奇迹之墙""也登顶了澳大利亚和新西兰的单曲榜。"
Independence of Cyprus.,塞浦路斯的独立。
They often have the older/outdated domain names and links in their database and will send search users to these old URLs.,他们的数据库中经常包含旧的/过时的域名和链接，并会将搜索用户发送到这些旧的URL。
"In fact, 88% of parents of junior high school students and 80% of parents of secondary school students believe that sex education in school makes it easier for them to talk to their adolescents about sex.",事实上，88%的初中生家长和80%的高中生家长相信在学校进行性教育可以让他们更容易与孩子谈论性问题。
There is no conclusive evidence indicating where cheese-making originated.,没有确凿的证据表明奶酪制作起源于哪里。
"In May 1967, Queen Juliana of the Netherlands visited Canada.",1967年5月，荷兰的朱利安娜女王访问了加拿大。
Development for Final Fantasy XII began in December 2000 and was headed by Final Fantasy Tactics director Yasumi Matsuno and Final Fantasy IX director Hiroyuki Ito.,"""《最终幻想XII》的开发始于2000年12月，由《最终幻想战略版》导演松野泰己和《最终幻想IX》导演伊藤裕之领导。"""
Bilhah is said to be buried in the Tomb of the Matriarchs in Tiberias.,据说，比勒哈被埋葬在提比利亚斯的母系祖先墓地。
"Often, the Chinvat Bridge is identified with the rainbow, or with the Milky Way galaxy, such as in Professor C.P. Tiele's ""History of Religion "".",通常，钦瓦特桥被认为是彩虹，或者是银河系，比如在C.P.提勒教授的《宗教史》中。
For this reason the Palomar Mountain Observatory in California has never had an asteroid bearing its name – the rules for naming asteroids state that the names have to differ from each other with more than one letter.,因此，加利福尼亚州的帕洛玛山天文台从未有过以其命名的小行星 - 命名小行星的规则规定，名称必须与其他名称有多于一个字母的区别。
"In a 2006 study, 20% of respondents anonymously reported some homosexual feelings, although only 2–3% identified themselves as homosexual.",在一项2006年的研究中，有20%的受访者匿名报告了一些同性恋的感受，尽管只有2-3%的人自称是同性恋。
"Furthermore, SODIS water is not stored over such extended periods in the bottles.",此外，SODIS水不会在瓶子中存放如此长时间。
The height and magnificence of the tower served to display Iznaga's power over his slaves and his stature in the sugar industry and local society; at one time it was the tallest structure in Cuba.,这座塔的高度和壮丽展示了伊斯纳加对奴隶和糖业以及当地社会的控制力；曾经它是古巴最高的建筑物。
"In a Swedish survey, 2.1% of women and 4.1% of men admitted to becoming sexually aroused from the exposure of their genitals to a stranger.",在一项瑞典调查中，2.1%的女性和4.1%的男性承认因将自己的生殖器暴露给陌生人而性唤起。
The second volume gives modern annotations.,第二卷提供现代注释。
"At the same time, their relationship became increasingly intimate.",与此同时，他们的关系变得越来越亲密。
At this time Prague was a true European capital with highly developed industry.,此时，布拉格是一个真正的欧洲首都，拥有高度发达的工业。
"According to the Book of Exodus the Sabbath is a day of rest on the seventh day, commanded by God to be kept as a holy day of rest, as God rested from creation.",根据《出埃及记》，安息日是在第七天休息的一天，是神命令守为一个圣洁的休息日，因为神在创造之后休息。
The Haddiscoe Cut was taken over by the Commissioners in 1842 and sold to the railway developer Sir Samuel Morton Peto.,哈迪斯科削在1842年被专员接管，并卖给了铁路开发者山缪尔·莫顿·皮托爵士。
Windows CE 5.0 builds on previous Windows CE releases in its adoption of shared source.,Windows CE 5.0在采用共享源代码方面继承了先前Windows CE版本的特点。
"In March 1997, Delta Air Lines launched the 767-400ER when it ordered the type to replace its L-1011 fleet.",在1997年3月，达美航空推出了767-400ER，当时它下订单替换L-1011机队。
"Kolob Arch can be reached via one of two hiking trails, either of which is seven miles (11 km) long and results in a round trip of fourteen miles (22 km).",科洛布拱门可以通过两条徒步径中的一条到达，每条径都有七英里（11公里）长，往返共计十四英里（22公里）。
"Filming began on August 21, 2014, in Vienna, Austria, and concluded on March 12, 2015.","""拍摄工作始于2014年8月21日，地点在奥地利维也纳，结束于2015年3月12日。"""
Article 12 – night and shift workers should have health protected.,第十二条 - 夜班和轮班工人应受到健康保护。
The foundation of the Guard was accompanied by sharp political debate.,卫队的建立伴随着激烈的政治辩论。
"Soviet 5th Guards Airborne Brigade commander Sidorchuk, withdrawing to the forests south, eventually amassed a brigade-size command, half paratroops, half partisans; he obtained air supply, and assisted the 2nd Ukrainian Front over the Dnieper near Cherkassy to finally link up with Front forces on 15 November.",苏联第5卫队空降旅指挥官西多尔丘克，撤退到南部的森林，最终集结了一个旅大小的部队，一半是空降兵，一半是游击队；他获得了空中补给，并在切尔卡瑟附近的第聂伯河协助第二乌克兰方面军，最终于11月15日与方面军部队会合。
"In 1928, John W. Nordstrom retired and sold his shares to two of his sons, Everett and Elmer.",1928年，约翰·W·诺德斯特罗姆退休并将他的股份卖给了他的两个儿子埃弗里特和埃尔默。
"As of 2012, the best constraint on the elastic photon–photon scattering cross section belongs to PVLAS, which reports an upper limit far above the level predicted by the Standard Model.",截至2012年，最佳限制弹性光子-光子散射截面属于PVLAS，其报告的上限远高于标准模型预测水平。
Monitors themselves are trained and supervised.,监视器本身是经过培训和监督的。
"Roa Bastos said this in reference to his exile: I can't complain...Exile brought out in me, in addition to a revulsion against violence and against depreciation of the human condition, a feeling for the universality of man.",罗阿·巴斯托斯关于自己的流亡曾说过：我不会抱怨……流亡不仅让我产生了对暴力和对人类境况贬低的厌恶，还让我产生了对人类普遍性的感觉。
"Bultmann argued that the earliest Christian literature showed little interest in specific locations and that the study of Jesus through historical analysis was not only impossible, but unnecessary.","""Bultmann认为，最早期的基督教文献对具体地点不太感兴趣，并且通过历史分析研究耶稣不仅不可能，而且也不必要。"""
A large variety of foods may be fried.,各种各样的食物可以被炸。
The Ehrhardt and Daimler designs were very similar.,埃尔哈特和戴姆勒的设计非常相似。
For this reason a religious skeptic might believe that Jesus existed while questioning claims that he was the messiah or performed miracles (see historicity of Jesus).,因此，一个宗教怀疑者可能相信耶稣存在，同时质疑他是否是弥赛亚或是否行过奇迹（请参阅耶稣的历史性）。
"As Luv is transporting Deckard to a ship to take him off-world to be interrogated, K intercepts and kills Luv but is severely wounded in the fight.",当拉夫正在把戴卡德运送到一艘飞船上，带他离开地球接受审讯时，K拦截并杀死了拉夫，但在战斗中受了重伤。
Deitch's shorts were commercial successes.,迪奇的短片在商业上取得了成功。
A number of men managed to escape and cross the Corinthian Gulf to the Peloponnese.,一些男人设法逃脱并穿过科林斯海峡到了伯罗奔尼撒半岛。
The appearance of Allied warships just off the coast also convinced many Japanese that the war had been lost.,盟国战舰出现在海岸附近也使许多日本人相信战争已经失败。
"By contrast, sockets and other network protocols assume that direct connections always exist.",相比之下，套接字和其他网络协议假定直接连接总是存在。
"The Washingtons settled in the New York area, where they had three children: Louisa Washington (born May 1897), Irene Washington (born May 1898), and George Washington Jr. (born August 1899).",华盛顿一家定居在纽约地区，他们有三个孩子：路易莎·华盛顿（1897年5月出生）、艾琳·华盛顿（1898年5月出生）和乔治·华盛顿二世（1899年8月出生）。
"I feel that if I'm somewhere in the middle of those two sets of opinions, I must be doing something right.",我觉得如果我处于这两种观点的中间，我一定做对了某些事情。
The proposed reforms were supported by centre and left-of-centre parties and opposed by right-of-centre parties such as the FDP.The Liberals and the Swiss People's Party.,提议的改革得到了中间和中间偏左的政党的支持，但被自由民主党和自由党以及瑞士人民党等中间偏右的政党所反对。
The city's East 9th Street was chosen as a double for New York City's 42nd Street to be used in climactic battle scenes.,这座城市的东九街被选为纽约市第42街的替身，用于高潮战斗场景。
Nearly all those who lived did so by boarding lifeboats.,"""几乎所有幸存者都是通过登上救生艇来获救的。"""
"Hill has argued that ""the purpose of climbing is to adapt yourself to the rock.",希尔认为：“攀登的目的是使自己适应岩石。”
Two Lights.,两盏灯。
It was also traded to Native Americans by European settlers.,这也被欧洲定居者交易给了美洲土著人。
Baseball Happenings website.,"""棒球事件网站。"""
Whoso leadeth a godly life : he shall be my servant.,凡过着虔诚生活的人：他将成为我的仆人。
"Ineffective decision making in safety matters is regarded as the first step in the sequence of hazardous flow of events in the ""Swiss cheese"" model of accident causation.",在“瑞士奶酪”事故成因模型中，安全问题上的无效决策被视为危险事件序列中的第一步。
"The first character, Zafina, is a female of presumably Egyptian descent who enters the tournament to prevent the clash of the ""two evil stars"".","第一个角色Zafina是一个女性，据推测她是埃及血统的，她参加比赛是为了防止""两颗邪恶之星""的冲突。"
"Riese and Müller is a bicycle firm in Darmstadt, Germany founded by Markus Riese and Heiko Müller.",瑞瑟和穆勒是德国达姆斯塔特的一家自行车公司，由马库斯·瑞瑟和海科·穆勒创立。
"Adventure Time composer, Tim Kiefer, played the instruments featured in the episode himself.","""《冒險時間》作曲家Tim Kiefer親自演奏了該集中展示的樂器。"""
"The 2010 Olympiad was held in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia.",2010年的奥林匹克运动会在俄罗斯的汉特-曼西自治区举行。
"In a guest column for Entertainment Weekly's 1000th issue, author Neil Gaiman listed Tooms as one of his favorite monsters, while UGO Networks listed the character in a countdown of the ""Best TV Serial Killers"", and described Hutchison's acting as ""uber-creepy"".",在《娱乐周刊》的第1000期客座专栏中，作家尼尔·盖曼将图姆斯列为他最喜欢的怪物之一，而UGO网络将该角色列入“最佳电视连环杀手”倒计时，并称赞哈钦森的表演为“超级可怕”。
"The system consists of three calibers: 5.56×45, 7.62×39 and 7.62×51.",该系统由三种口径组成：5.56×45，7.62×39和7.62×51。
"For additional equipment, it has an anchor rail.",对于额外的设备，它有一个锚轨。
"Gramsci was one of the most important Marxist thinkers of the 20th century, and a particularly key thinker in the development of Western Marxism.","""格拉姆西是20世纪最重要的马克思主义思想家之一，也是西方马克思主义发展中特别关键的思想家。"""
The increased flow of water through local waterways also causes a large increase in the rate of bank erosion.,当地水道的水流增加也导致河岸侵蚀速率大幅增加。
"The combination of these two strategies caused widespread abuse of colonial power, especially on the islands of Java and Sumatra, resulting in abject poverty and widespread starvation of the farmers.",这两种策略的结合导致了殖民权力的广泛滥用，尤其是在爪哇岛和苏门答拉岛，导致了农民的极度贫困和普遍饥饿。
They were also used as air ambulances and agricultural aircraft.,它们也被用作空中救护车和农业飞机。
"The first stop will be at an above-ground station at 4th and Brannan streets, the 4th and Brannan Station.",第一站将在4号和Brannan街的一个高架车站停下来，即4号和Brannan车站。
"In 1971, he reported in the New England Journal of Medicine that solid tumors are angiogenesis-dependent.",在1971年，他在《新英格兰医学杂志》上报告说，实体瘤依赖血管生成。
"Despite his recruitment efforts, in February 1778, North Carolina's regiments were consolidated because of a lack of available soldiers, and Sumner's 3rd Regiment absorbed the 5th North Carolina Regiment.",尽管他进行了招募，但由于士兵不足，1778年2月，北卡罗来纳的团队被合并，桑纳的第三团吸收了第五北卡罗来纳团。
In the United States the vaccine is only recommended in those at high risk such as travellers to areas of the world where the disease is common.,在美国，疫苗只建议给那些高风险人群，比如前往疾病普遍的地区的旅行者。
"Between 1939 and 1945 he published three books of poetry, but only became better known after the death of Stalin.",在1939年至1945年期间，他出版了三本诗集，但直到斯大林去世后才变得更加知名。
The former neighbour in Novosibirsk who had nursed him back to health after his episode of typhus agreed to take his notebooks and eventually took these to the United States when she escaped there with her daughter following World War II.,在诺沃西比尔斯克的前邻居在他伤寒发作后护理他康复，同意带走他的笔记本，并在第二次世界大战结束后带着女儿逃到美国。
Other changes to the British Transport Commission at the same time included the return of road haulage to the private sector.,同时，英国交通委员会还进行了其他改革，包括将公路运输重新归还私营部门。
"Leonzio Pilato, in particular, was an ethnic Greek Calabrian born near Reggio Calabria.",“特别是，莱昂齐奥·皮拉托是一个出生在雷焦·卡拉布里亚附近的卡拉布里亚人。”
"Hannibal—Renewed for a second season on May 30, 2013.",汉尼拔—于2013年5月30日续订第二季。
"Adult males can reproduce every year, but females do not reproduce for at least one year after producing eggs.",成年雄性每年都可以繁殖，但雌性至少在产卵后一年才能再次繁殖。
"The recipe was subsequently licensed by Cavallari's company, Molini Adriesi, to bakers in 11 countries by 1999.",该食谱随后被卡瓦拉里的公司Molini Adriesi许可，到1999年已经授权给了11个国家的面包师。
"By the last episode, ""Objects in Space"", the fractured character of River has finally become whole, partly because the others decided to accept her into their ""family"" on the ship.",在最后一集《太空中的物体》，河流的角色终于变得完整，部分原因是其他人决定接受她进入他们在船上的“家庭”。
CBS Corporation formed a new record label named CBS Records in 2006.,哥伦比亚广播公司于2006年成立了一个名为哥伦比亚唱片的新唱片公司。
"The storm reached its second peak intensity while located south of Louisiana; although the wind speeds were identical to that of its initial peak, the barometric pressure was slightly higher.",风暴在路易斯安那州南部达到了第二个高峰强度；尽管风速与初始高峰相同，但气压略高。
"In order to avoid this, Walpole sought to keep Compton on the margins of government, though he was appointed as Paymaster of the Forces, a very lucrative post, from 1722 until 1730.",为了避免这种情况，沃波尔试图将康普顿排除在政府的边缘，尽管他在1722年至1730年间被任命为部队出纳官，这是一个非常有利可图的职位。
The action diverted British attention and permitted Prinz Eugen to slip away.,这个行动转移了英国的注意力，使欧根亲王得以溜走。
Sasha Bordeaux – Bruce Wayne's former bodyguard.,萨莎·波多 - 布鲁斯·韦恩的前保镖。
The set of rights in general is known as Kulm law.,一般来说，权利集合被称为库尔姆法。
These negative moods may lead to problems in social relationships.,这些负面情绪可能会导致社交关系问题。
"As in Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek's 1997 monograph and Charles Clarke's 1997 monograph, the first interpretation is followed here.",正如马修·杰布和马丁·奇克于1997年的专著以及查尔斯·克拉克于1997年的专著中所述，这里遵循的是第一种解释。
The Apple Set-Top Box is based upon the Macintosh Quadra 605/LC475.,"""苹果机顶盒基于麦金塔 Quadra 605/LC475。"""
"Former party leader Pia Kjærsgaard stated she did ""not want Denmark as a multiethnic, multicultural society"", and that a multiethnic Denmark would be a ""national disaster"".",前党领袖皮亚·凯尔斯加德表示，她不希望丹麦成为一个多民族、多元文化的社会，并称多民族的丹麦将是一个“国家灾难”。
"His work encompasses a wide emotional range, anything from profound love to misanthropy and biting criticism.",他的作品涵盖了广泛的情感范围，从深沉的爱到厌世和尖刻的批评。
"The short interspersed nuclear (SINE) Alu elements in humans and analogous B1 and B2 elements in mice have succeeded in becoming the most abundant mobile elements within the genomes, comprising ~10% of the human and ~6% of the mouse genome, respectively.",人类中的短插入核（SINE）Alu元件以及老鼠中类似的B1和B2元件已成功成为基因组中最丰富的移动元件，分别占人类基因组的约10％和老鼠基因组的约6％。
Smuts' proposals included the creation of a Council of the great powers as permanent members and a non-permanent selection of the minor states.,"""斯穆特的提议包括成立一个由大国作为永久成员和次要国家作为非永久成员的理事会。"""
"When the bodies reach sizes of approximately one kilometer, then they can attract each other directly through their mutual gravity, enormously aiding further growth into moon-sized protoplanets.",当天体的尺寸达到大约一公里时，它们可以通过彼此的引力直接吸引，极大地促进进一步成长为大小类月球的原行星。
"However, the practical power and life-cycle of Li–air batteries need significant improvements before they can find a market niche.",然而，锂空气电池的实际功率和寿命周期需要显著改进，才能找到市场定位。
"Between 1970 and 1973, he was the principal conductor of the Vienna Symphony.",在1970年至1973年期间，他担任了维也纳交响乐团的首席指挥。
"Nonetheless, industry, which had shaped and sustained Florence since the Middle Ages, began to decline throughout the 17th century.",然而，自中世纪以来塑造和支撑佛罗伦萨的产业在17世纪开始衰落。
Heavy mainsails and jibs are generally used and the boat is built more for safety than for speed.,"""通常使用重型主帆和小三角帆，这艘船更注重安全而非速度。"""
"Completed by his son Jean-Dominique, Cassini IV and published by the Académie des Sciences from 1744 to 1793, its 180 plates are known as the Cassini map (fr).",由他的兒子Jean-Dominique完成，卡西尼IV並由科學院從1744年到1793年出版，其180張圖被稱為卡西尼地圖（法文）。
This will run until spring 2011.,这将一直持续到2011年春季。
New South Wales is currently governed by the Liberal Party.,新南威尔士州目前由自由党执政。
The Sony Cyber-shot DSC-R1 is a bridge digital camera announced by Sony in 2005 (and discontinued in 2006).,索尼Cyber-shot DSC-R1是索尼于2005年宣布的一款桥接数码相机（并于2006年停产）。
"In 2007, he relocated to Singapore as head of Deutsche Bank's credit trading, equity convertibles, commodities and private equity businesses in Asia, and was appointed a board member of Deutsche Bank International Limited.",在2007年，他作为德意志银行亚洲地区信贷交易、股票可转换债券、大宗商品和私募股权业务的负责人调任新加坡，并被任命为德意志银行国际有限公司的董事会成员。
"Such chemicals, known as pesticides, have been known to be used in some form since about 2500 BC.",这种被称为农药的化学物质自公元前2500年左右以来就被人们所使用。
"In 2006 the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) launched the Digital Humanities Initiative (renamed Office of Digital Humanities in 2008), which made widespread adoption of the term ""digital humanities"" all but irreversible in the United States.",在2006年，国家人文基金会（NEH）启动了数字人文倡议（在2008年更名为数字人文办公室），这使得“数字人文”这个术语在美国几乎成为不可逆转的普遍使用。
Galileo then produced a detailed record of the double star.,"""然后，伽利略制作了双星的详细记录。"""
The situation for the front opening diphthongs is somewhat unclear in some texts.,一些文本中前开元音的情况有些不清楚。
The Royal Navy requisitioned the passenger ship Kinfauns Castle to serve as a makeshift tender for Cutler's aircraft.,皇家海军征用了客轮金方城堡，用作卡特勒的飞机的临时补给舰。
"July 28 A U.S. Army Air Forces B-25 bomber crashes into the Empire State Building, killing 14 people, including all on board.",7月28日，一架美国陆军空军B-25轰炸机撞上帝国大厦，造成14人死亡，包括机上所有人。
"The KKF's mission is to use of peaceful measures and international laws, to seek freedom, justice, and the right to self-determination for the Indigenous Khmer-Krom Peoples living in Vietnam.",KKF的使命是利用和平手段和国际法律，为生活在越南的高棉-克罗姆土著人民寻求自由、正义和自决权。
"Prior to this he is Co-ordinator of UGC- SAP Programme and head of Department of Biochemistry at South Campus of Delhi University and was Vice President of the Society of Biological Chemists, India from the year 2004 to 2006.",在此之前，他曾担任印度德里大学南校区生物化学系主任，并担任UGC-SAP计划协调员，曾担任印度生物化学家协会副会长，任期为2004年至2006年。
Another way to sort compositional algorithms is to examine the results of their compositional processes.,另一种对组合算法进行排序的方法是检查它们的组合过程的结果。
"The regenerator operates at a temperature of about 715 °C and a pressure of about 2.41 bar, hence the regenerator operates at about 0.7 bar higher pressure than the reactor.",再生器的工作温度约为715°C，压力约为2.41巴，因此再生器的工作压力比反应器高约0.7巴。
"The planets in Hindu astrology are known as the Navagraha or ""nine realms"".",印度占星学中的行星被称为Navagraha或“九界”。
"Lømo's experiments focused on connections, or synapses, from the perforant pathway to the dentate gyrus.","""洛莫的实验主要关注连接，或突触，从穿通途径到齿状回。"""
"On 4 September 2007, the first test train ran from Paris Gare du Nord to St Pancras.",在2007年9月4日，第一列测试火车从巴黎北站开往圣潘克拉斯。
"In front of the fountain of Neptune, a round marble plaque marks the exact spot where Girolamo Savonarola was hanged and burned on May 23, 1498.",在海神喷泉前，一个圆形大理石牌匾标记着1498年5月23日贾罗拉莫·萨沃纳罗拉被绞死和烧死的确切位置。
"ECORD contracted the use of three icebreakers for the Arctic Coring Expedition (2004), drilling vessels diving for use in shallow Tahitian (2005) and Australian waters (2010), where scientists sampled fossil coral reefs to investigate the rise in global sea levels since the last ice age, and a liftboat for sampling the New Jersey Shallow Shelf (2009).",ECORD承包了三艘破冰船用于北极取心探险（2004年），潜水钻井船用于塔希提浅海（2005年）和澳大利亚水域（2010年），科学家们在那里取样化石珊瑚礁以研究自上次冰河时代以来全球海平面上升的情况，以及用于取样新泽西浅架（2009年）的升降船。
"The object was in the range of size from a car to a house and could have ended its life in a Hiroshima-sized blast, but there was never any explosion.",这个物体的大小范围从一辆车到一座房子，它本来可能会以广岛核爆炸的规模结束它的生命，但从未发生爆炸。
"The family settled in Collins Street, Melbourne, and Stokes had three children between 1937 and 1942.",这个家庭定居在墨尔本的柯林斯街，斯托克斯在1937年和1942年之间有了三个孩子。
He began to think of various ways of detecting and preventing cancer growth and terminating the growth before the cancer cells become invasive.,他开始考虑各种检测和预防癌症生长的方法，并在癌细胞侵袭之前终止生长。
"Lasky is from a military family; his mother is a colonel and his brother Cadmon (played by Max Carver) was an ODST (Orbital Drop Shock Troopers - a special forces unit in the Halo universe), but Thomas is uninterested in becoming an officer.",拉斯基来自一个军事家庭；他的母亲是一名上校，他的哥哥卡德蒙（由马克斯·卡弗扮演）是一名ODST（轨道降落震慑军队 -《光环》宇宙中的特种部队），但托马斯对成为军官不感兴趣。
The Show also features smaller gardens such as the Artisan and Urban Gardens.,这个展览还展示了一些小花园，比如工匠花园和城市花园。
"Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson Ltd (established 1949), often shortened to W&amp;N or Weidenfeld, is a British publisher of fiction and reference books.",威登菲尔德和尼科尔森有限公司（成立于1949年），通常简称为W＆N或威登菲尔德，是一家英国小说和参考书籍的出版商。
The Fifth World Fighting Tournament will reveal both.,第五届世界搏击锦标赛将揭示两者。
Following the defeat of the November Uprising its separate institutions and administrative arrangements were abolished as part of increased Russification to be more closely integrated with the Russian Empire.,在十一月起义失败后，其独立的机构和行政安排被废除，作为俄罗斯化的加强的一部分，以更紧密地融入俄罗斯帝国。
"Managing director, AMS Neve.",总经理，AMS Neve。
"He was designated to the SAP Executive Board in 2008, and in February 2010, he became the co-CEO of SAP AG.",他在2008年被任命为SAP执行委员会成员，2010年2月成为SAP AG的联合首席执行官。
"Following the attainment of independence by South Sudan in July 2011, the university has relocated back to Juba, where it was founded.",在2011年7月南苏丹获得独立之后，大学已经迁回朱巴，这也是它的创立地。
"Spain was excluded after a while (a result of both the Marquis of Labrador's incompetence as well as the quixotic nature of Spain's agenda), but France (Talleyrand) was allowed to participate until the end.",在一段时间后，西班牙被排除在外（这既是由于拉布拉多侯爵的无能，也是由于西班牙议程的古怪性质），但法国（塔列朗）被允许一直参与直到最后。
"The ceremony concluded with the singing of Hatikvah, now Israel's national anthem.",仪式以唱《希望之歌》结束，这首歌现在是以色列的国歌。
"Felipe attended school at Santa María de los Rosales, which his daughters currently attend.",费利佩曾在圣玛丽亚德洛萨莱斯学校就读，他的女儿们目前也在这所学校就读。
"With the Maoist party realising that it was consistently failing in garnering support from the middle class and the intellectual sections of society, it had asked Ghandy to devise strategies and identify issues that could win over these two sections.",毛派党意识到自己一直未能赢得中产阶级和知识界人士的支持，因此要求甘地制定策略并确定能够赢得这两个群体支持的问题。
He considers himself first and foremost a story teller.,他认为自己首要是一个讲故事的人。
The resumption of the parliamentary election was reinforced by new laws governing the media and publishing as well as fewer restrictions on freedoms of expression.,议会选举的恢复得到了新的媒体和出版法律以及更少对言论自由的限制的加强。
"As it was the second broletto to be built in Milan, it is also known as the Broletto Nuovo (""new broletto"").",由于这是米兰建造的第二座布罗莱托，它也被称为新布罗莱托（“新布罗莱托”）。
Success through a positive mental attitude.,"""积极心态带来成功。"""
"In 1951, William Kroll joined the Oregon State University, established a non-profit Metal Research Foundation awarding scholarships and grants in the USA and in Europe.",1951年，威廉·克罗尔加入了俄勒冈州立大学，成立了一个非营利金属研究基金会，为美国和欧洲授予奖学金和助学金。
"Hitler had forbidden the ship to make the dangerous return to Germany, and so the overhaul was conducted in Trondheim.",希特勒禁止了这艘船危险地返回德国，因此大修在特隆赫姆进行。
"Specifies the civil, political, and human rights of the individual.",规定了个人的公民、政治和人权。
People who want to enter the school themselves or who are interested in the school may come to see what the schoolwork and atmosphere are like.,希望自己进入学校或对学校感兴趣的人可以来看看学校的学习和氛围是怎样的。
This system of representing Pali diacritical marks has been used in some websites and discussion lists.,这种表示巴利语变音符号的系统已经在一些网站和讨论列表中使用过。
"Scharnhorst, as the squadron flagship, had a larger crew, including an additional 14 officers and 62 men.","""作为中队旗舰，沙恩霍斯特号拥有更多的船员，包括额外的14名军官和62名士兵。"""
His successes made him a millionaire by age 30.,他的成功使他在30岁时成为百万富翁。
The roof is topped with a cross.,屋顶上面有一个十字架。
Catch &amp; Release.,“捕捉和释放。”
In 1971 realtime LPC using 16-bit LPC hardware was demonstrated by Philco-Ford; four units were sold.,在1971年，菲尔科-福特展示了使用16位LPC硬件的实时LPC技术；共售出了四台设备。
"In order to subvert the dominance of Thai monastic education in the region, and use Lao and Khmer Buddhism for enhancing colonial control, the French set up institutes for the training of Buddhist monks under the auspices of EFEO.",为了颠覆该地区泰国僧侣教育的主导地位，并利用老挝和高棉佛教来增强殖民统治，法国在法国远东文明研究所的支持下设立了培训佛教僧侣的机构。
"Alex Salmond said in September 2013 that instances such as this amounted to a lack of democracy, and that ""the people who live and work in Scotland are the people most likely to make the right choices for Scotland"".",亚历克斯·萨尔蒙德在2013年9月表示，像这样的情况构成了民主的缺失，并且“生活和工作在苏格兰的人民最有可能为苏格兰做出正确的选择”。
"In 2009, the W3C allowed the XHTML 2.0 Working Group's charter to expire and decided not to renew it.",在2009年，W3C允许XHTML 2.0工作组的特许权到期，并决定不续订。
"Between 1384 and 1386 a war broke out between Bulgaria and Wallachia, and the Vlachs seized several settlements along the Danube but were later defeated and their voivoda Dan I was killed.",在1384年到1386年之间，保加利亚和瓦拉几亚之间爆发了一场战争，瓦拉几亚人占领了多个多瑙河沿岸的定居点，但后来被击败，他们的沃伊沃达丹一丧生。
Surrogate (2) – Wieringa and De Jonge (1991) A surrogate represents an object in the database itself.,代理 (2) - Wieringa 和 De Jonge (1991) 代理代表数据库中的一个对象。
"Thus, both firms and workers can be better off when they rely on stable reciprocal interactions.",因此，当企业和工人依赖稳定的相互作用时，双方都可以得到更好的发展。
"These vehicles had chassis by Associated Equipment Company (AEC) and propulsion equipment from other British companies, and were fitted with Shanghai-built bodies.",这些车辆的底盘由关联设备公司（AEC）制造，动力设备则来自其他英国公司，并配备了上海制造的车身。
"For example, is such a world really possible?",例如，这样的世界真的可能吗？
"Nick Heidfeld was the next retirement, with a blown engine on lap 25, although it took him around half a lap to pull off the track to stop.",尼克·海德菲尔德在第25圈退赛，因为引擎故障，尽管他花了大约半圈的时间才成功将车开到赛道外停车。
"Another, Wakakirin, (who originally came from a different stable) was dismissed from the Sumo Association because of cannabis use in February 2009.",另一位来自不同部队的若红琳在2009年2月因使用大麻被解雇出了相扑协会。
The German inhabitants were expulsed after 1945.,德国居民在1945年之后被驱逐出境。
"At the end of the game, Benjamin is seen still craving adventure, and he borrows the ship from Captain Mac as his friends gather to wish him off.",在游戏结束时，人们看到本杰明仍然渴望冒险，他向麦克船长借船，而他的朋友们聚集在一起送他。
"The Fleet Air Arm (FAA) is the branch of the Royal Navy responsible for the operation of naval aircraft, it can trace its roots back to 1912 and the formation of the Royal Flying Corps.",舰队航空兵（FAA）是英国皇家海军负责运作海军飞机的部门，它可以追溯到1912年皇家飞行队的成立。
Her career with the French was short-lived.,她与法国人的事业是短暂的。
It has been used for marine and aviation applications since WWII.,自二战以来，它已被用于海洋和航空应用。
"He returned to the club yet again in January 2008, to assist new player-manager Wayne Johnson.",他在2008年1月再次回到俱乐部，协助新的球员兼经理韦恩·约翰逊。
"Like FAST TCP and TCP Vegas, Compound TCP uses estimates of queuing delay as a measure of congestion; if the queuing delay is small, it assumes that no links on its path are congested, and rapidly increases its rate.",与FAST TCP和TCP Vegas一样，复合TCP使用排队延迟的估算作为拥塞的度量；如果排队延迟很小，它会假定其路径上的链路没有拥塞，并迅速增加其速率。
"His book was largely positively received, and the President of the Geneva Society for Public Welfare, jurist Gustave Moynier, made the book and its suggestions the topic of the 9 February 1863 meeting of the organization.",他的书得到了很多积极的评价，日内瓦公共福利协会主席、法学家古斯塔夫·莫尼耶把这本书及其建议作为1863年2月9日组织会议的主题。
"The cover of the Abkhazian passport is dark green, it displays the coat of arms of Abkhazia with above it the short name of the country (Abkhazia) and below the word 'passport', both in Abkhaz and in Russian.",阿布哈兹护照的封面是深绿色的，上面展示了阿布哈兹的国徽，上面是国家的简称（阿布哈兹），下面是“护照”一词，两者均以阿布哈兹语和俄语显示。
"Dittrich stated that the mission to send troops was not a reconstruction mission (as the government and the majority of the Dutch parliament claimed), but a military operation.",迪特里希表示，派遣部队的任务并不是重建任务（正如政府和荷兰议会大部分成员所声称的那样），而是一次军事行动。
"Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea treaty (UNCLOS), artificial islands are not considered harbor works (Article 11) and are under the jurisdiction of the nearest coastal state if within 200 nautical miles (370 km) (Article 56).",根据《联合国海洋法公约》（UNCLOS），人工岛不被视为港口工程（第11条），如果在200海里（370公里）以内，则受最近海岸国的管辖（第56条）。
"In recent years, foreign students mainly from Southern Italy are being enrolled at Italian-affiliated universities in Tirana in the hope of better preparing themselves for entrance exams in Italy's universities.",近年来，主要来自意大利南部的外国学生被录取到地拉那的意大利大学附属学校，希望更好地为进入意大利大学的入学考试做准备。
"In 1989, a CF6-6 failed, causing United Airlines Flight 232 to crash in Sioux City, Iowa.",1989年，一架CF6-6发动机故障，导致美国联合航空232航班在爱荷华州苏城坠毁。
"The next year at E3 2010, the title's name was announced as Golden Sun: Dark Dawn and a playable demo was made available to attendees.",在接下来的2010年E3上，该游戏的名称被宣布为《黄金太阳：黑暗黎明》，并为与会者提供了可玩的演示。
"For example, the Ipsos/Reuters poll, which began tracking on May 19, 2017, has a sampling period of five days, so only every sixth tracking poll is included.",例如，Ipsos/路透社的民意调查从2017年5月19日开始跟踪，采样期为五天，因此只包括每六个跟踪调查。
"Nine years after the event, survivors reported still being affected by their experiences, though with time some of the effects had lessened.",九年过后，幸存者报告称仍然受到他们的经历影响，尽管随着时间的推移，一些影响已经减轻。
The Honda HA-420 HondaJet is the first aircraft developed by the Honda Aircraft Company.,"""Honda HA-420 HondaJet是由本田飞机公司研发的第一款飞机。"""
"James Boyd was born on November 5, 1906 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States.",詹姆斯·博伊德于1906年11月5日出生在美国新泽西州大西洋城。
Up to three abilities can be transferred to temporary party members.,最多可以将三项能力转移到临时队员身上。
The host announced this round as a celebration round in which no contestants would be eliminated.,主持人宣布这一轮是庆祝轮，不会淘汰任何选手。
If the BBFC refuses a classification this effectively amounts to a ban (although local councils retain the legal right to overturn it in the case of cinema exhibition).,如果英国电影分类委员会拒绝对某部电影进行分类，实际上相当于禁映（尽管地方议会保留在电影院展映情况下推翻此决定的法律权利）。
"Professionals may, to a great extent, make their own judgements, interpretations, and decisions about the exact approach to take—without an explicit rule that they must perform in a specific way.",专业人士可以在很大程度上做出自己的判断、解释和决定，而不需要明确规定必须以特定方式执行。
"The following year, he ran for the state legislature in a special election, but was narrowly defeated.",在接下来的一年，他参加了一次特别选举竞选州议会，但被险些击败。
"In August 1946, Johnson took a leave of absence from Reynolds and accepted the appointment.",在1946年8月，约翰逊从雷诺兹公司请了一个假期，接受了这个任命。
"This core is similar in composition to Earth, but more dense.",这个核心在成分上类似于地球，但更加密集。
In modern physics (especially general relativity) spacetime is represented by a Lorentzian manifold.,在现代物理学（尤其是广义相对论）中，时空由一个洛伦兹流形表示。
The Lisunov Li-2 was a Soviet bomber version of the American Douglas DC-3.,"""利苏诺夫Li-2是美国道格拉斯DC-3的苏联轰炸机版本。"""
"However, a few days later, the Venice Film Festival changed the film to ""USA-China-Taiwan, China"" on its official schedule.",然而，几天后，威尼斯电影节在其官方日程表上将电影更改为“美国-中国-台湾，中国”。
"On September 24, 1776, Congress accepted the Model Treaty and commissioners to France were chosen on the next day.",1776年9月24日，国会接受了《模范条约》，并于第二天选择了前往法国的特使。
She was eliminated on March 17.,她在三月十七日被淘汰。
"On March 31, 1807, the territorial legislature created 19 parishes without abolishing the old counties (which term continued to exist until 1845).",1807年3月31日，领土立法机构创建了19个教区，但并未废除旧的县（这个术语一直持续到1845年）。
Boston receives the highest absolute amount of annual funding from the National Institutes of Health of all cities in the United States.,波士顿从美国国家卫生研究院获得的年度资金总额最高。
"On 15 August 1946, Hanover was again served for the first time after the war by the Nord Express running from Paris by Berlin and thus reconnected to the international long-distance network.",1946年8月15日，汉诺威在战后首次由从巴黎经柏林到汉诺威的北快车服务，因此重新连接到国际长途网络。
"In his acceptance speech, Austin praised the delegates for exerting their constitutional rights to petition the government.",在他的接受演讲中，奥斯汀称赞代表们努力行使他们的宪法权利向政府请愿。
"The Order's progress was halted by its defeat at the Battle of Saule in 1236, after which it almost collapsed.",“1236年索乐战役中，圣殿骑士团的进展受挫，几乎要崩溃。”
"In Japan and elsewhere, vast sums were spent investigating so-called ""fifth generation"" languages that incorporated logic programming constructs.",在日本和其他地方，花费了大笔资金来研究所谓的“第五代”语言，这些语言融入了逻辑编程结构。
For these they fight and kill; for these they persecute us and that is why we have to throw them into the sea...,因为这些他们争斗和杀戮；因为这些他们迫害我们，这就是为什么我们必须把他们扔进海里…
"In urban areas Afro-Peruvians were cooks, laundresses, maids, handymen, and gardeners.",在城市地区，秘鲁黑人是厨师、洗衣工、女佣、维修工和园丁。
"It then enters the Market Street Subway, which it shares with the five other Muni Metro lines.",然后它进入了市场街地铁，与其他五条Muni Metro线路共用。
Construction began in 1880 and the cornerstone was laid on September 28.,建筑工程始于1880年，奠基石于9月28日奠基。
"The ""Mothers of the Nation"" were highly celebrated upon their return, and they would be praised and solicited by successive Parisian governments for years to come.","""国之母""回归时备受赞扬，接连几任巴黎政府都会继续赞美和请求她们。"
"Political-economic explanations cited post-1970s deregulation, and inadequate staff and funding for regulatory oversight.",政治经济解释引用了20世纪70年代后的放松管制和监管监督不足的人员和资金。
"The mentioned treaties were signed as follows: The Treaty of Alliance and Friendship between France and Czechoslovakia, signed on January 25, 1924, in Paris.",上述条约如下签署：1924年1月25日在巴黎签署的法国和捷克斯洛伐克之间的盟友条约。
Tradition suggests this type of rum first originated on the island of Barbados.,传统表明这种类型的朗姆酒最初起源于巴巴多斯岛。
Implementation of a new taxation system.,实施新的税收制度。
"Weak tornadoes, or strong yet dissipating tornadoes, can be exceedingly narrow, sometimes only a few feet or couple meters across.",弱龙卷风，或强劲但逐渐消散的龙卷风，可以非常狭窄，有时只有几英尺或几米宽。
The SDLC practice has advantages in traditional models of systems development that lends itself more to a structured environment.,SDLC实践在传统系统开发模型中具有优势，更适合结构化环境。
On 31 March 1914 the church was made the national church for the Greek Catholics of Romania and began to be used for services in the Byzantine Rite.,在1914年3月31日，教堂被指定为罗马尼亚希腊天主教徒的国家教堂，并开始用于拜占庭礼仪的仪式。
"Two of the defendants were acquitted, and one was convicted.",两名被告被无罪释放，一名被定罪。
"This also includes a complex food trade which helps the cultures to economically survive by way of food, not just by consumption.",这也包括复杂的食品贸易，通过食品而不仅仅是消费来帮助文化经济上生存。
"After a successful season for Huth, he was named Stoke's Player of the Year.",在赫斯成功的一个赛季之后，他被任命为斯托克城的年度最佳球员。
"She has a son, Ruben, born on 15 February 2005, and a daughter Esther, born in January 2011.",她有一个儿子鲁本，2005年2月15日出生，还有一个女儿艾丝特，2011年1月出生。
"Five minutes later, Georgios Averof crossed over to the other side of the Ottoman fleet, placing the Ottomans in the unfavorable position of being under fire from both sides.",五分钟后，乔治奥斯·阿维罗夫越过奥斯曼舰队的另一边，使奥斯曼人处于不利的位置，被两边的火力攻击。
"A church originally was built here in 1470, but rebuilt during 1583–1600 by Martino Longhi the Elder, during which time the Mannerist façade was installed.",这座教堂最初建于1470年，但在1583年至1600年期间由老马蒂诺·隆吉重新建造，期间安装了曼尼里斯特风格的正面。
Vivienne Shue similarly writes that Falun Gong presented a comprehensive challenge to the Communist Party's legitimacy.,薛微娜同样写道，法轮功对共产党的合法性提出了全面挑战。
"According to Swedish sources, the Russian galleys, commanded by the Tsar, attacked twice (first with 35, second with 80 galleys) but were thrown back.",根据瑞典消息来源，由沙皇指挥的俄罗斯帆船两次发动攻击（第一次35艘，第二次80艘），但都被击退。
The show was produced by Dramatic Need.,这个节目是由戏剧需要机构制作的。
"A subsequent analysis of the footage showed, however, that the equipment had been misused, and the reading exaggerated by a factor of 100—the true level of barium measured was both usual and safe.",然而，对录像的后续分析显示，设备被错误使用，并且读数夸大了100倍 - 测量到的钡的真实水平既常规又安全。
"The national team has participated in eight World Cups, won two Copa América tournaments, and earned a silver medal at the Olympic Games in 2004.",国家队参加了八届世界杯，赢得了两次美洲杯锦标赛，并在2004年奥运会上获得了一枚银牌。
"Although Bismarck had led the transformation of Germany from a loose confederation into a federal nation state, he had not done it alone.",尽管俾斯麦领导了德国从松散的邦联转变为联邦国家的变革，但他并不是独自一人完成的。
"In 2005 women constituted 48 percent of the labor force, and held an increased share of professional jobs.",在2005年，女性占劳动力的48％，并且拥有更多的专业工作。
"Historians, such as Carroll Quigley in ""The Evolution of Civilizations"", contend that Western civilization was born around AD 500, after the total collapse of the Western Roman Empire, leaving a vacuum for new ideas to flourish that were impossible in Classical societies.","""历史学家，如卡罗尔·奎格利在《文明的演变》中所说，认为西方文明诞生于公元500年左右，此时西罗马帝国彻底崩溃，为新思想的蓬勃发展留下了真空，而这在古典社会是不可能的。"""
Thomas Smith Cummings (12 September 1928 – 12 July 2009) was an English football player and manager.,托马斯·史密斯·卡明斯（1928年9月12日-2009年7月12日）是一位英格兰足球运动员和经理。
"This organization was built from an idea born in the House of the British Medical Association in 1945, within a meeting organized in London to initiate plans for an international medical organization to replace l'Association Professionnelle Internationale des Médecins"", which had suspended its activities because of World War II.",这个组织是建立在1945年英国医学协会大厦诞生的一个想法基础上的，在伦敦组织的一次会议中制定了计划，旨在建立一个国际医学组织，以取代因第二次世界大战而暂停活动的国际医生协会。
Ptolemy begins by stating he has briefly reviewed the important principles and will now develop the details of astrology in the appropriate order.,托勒密首先声明他已经简要回顾了重要原则，现在将按适当顺序展开占星术的细节。
Both Howard University and Walter Reed Army Medical Center are located on Georgia Avenue.,霍华德大学和沃尔特里德陆军医疗中心都位于乔治亚大道。
"The Allied centre was now attacked on three sides; using his remaining cavalry, Galway successfully withdrew some of his troops but 13 battalions lost contact with the rest of the army.",盟军中心现在受到三面攻击；加尔韦利用他剩下的骑兵成功地撤回了一些部队，但有13个营失去了与军队其他部分的联系。
The danger of this approach is that the different social contexts are overlooked in the search for supposed universal structures.,这种方法的危险在于在寻找所谓的普遍结构时忽视了不同的社会背景。
"Spitzer was the founding director of Project Matterhorn, Princeton University's pioneering program in controlled thermonuclear research, renamed in 1961 as Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory.",斯皮策是普林斯顿大学控制热核研究的先驱项目——项目拉斯顿的创建者，该项目在1961年更名为普林斯顿等离子物理实验室。
SIMMs were standardised under the JEDEC JESD-21C standard.,SIMMs在JEDEC JESD-21C标准下标准化。
"Usually, there is a pattern of even distribution of marks on the chart, a phenomenon that is known as vowel dispersion.",通常，图表上的分数分布呈均匀模式，这种现象被称为元音分散。
"Ambrose enlists Dolly's help, and they travel to Yonkers, New York to visit Horace, who is a prominent citizen there and owns Vandergelder's Hay and Feed.",安布罗斯请求多莉的帮助，他们前往纽约州扬克斯市拜访霍勒斯，他在那里是一位知名的市民，拥有范德格尔德的饲料店。
The military-like regimen of the Labor Service caused her to think very hard about the political situation and to begin practicing passive resistance.,劳动服务的军事化管理使她开始认真思考政治局势，并开始练习被动抵抗。
"In the years following World War II, DC Comics ""adopted a postwar editorial direction that increasingly de-emphasized social commentary in favor of lighthearted juvenile fantasy"".",在二战后的几年里，DC漫画公司“采取了一种战后的编辑方向，逐渐减少社会评论，转而更注重轻松幼稚的幻想”。
"October 5, 2018 – Arlington: ""The Middle"" with Maren Morris.",2018年10月5日-阿灵顿：“The Middle”与Maren Morris。
Polish flags were also used by anti-government demonstrators under the Communist rule.,波兰国旗也被在共产主义统治下的反政府示威者使用。
"A breakaway group from The Vegan Society, the Movement for Compassionate Living, was founded in 1984 by the former Vegan Society Secretary Kathleen Jannaway.","""The Vegan Society的一个分裂团体，Movement for Compassionate Living，由前Vegan Society秘书Kathleen Jannaway于1984年创立。"""
Gray was present at the signing of Magna Carta in June 1215.,格雷在1215年6月签署大宪章时出席。
"As a result of these events, in February 1989 ethnic Albanian miners in Kosovo organized a strike, demanding the preservation of the now-endangered autonomy.",由于这些事件，1989年2月，科索沃的阿尔巴尼亚族矿工组织了一场罢工，要求保留目前受到威胁的自治权。
The USN Journal is used by the File History feature introduced in Windows 8 to determine which files have changed since the last backup so that only files that have changed are added to the history.,美国海军日志被Windows 8引入的文件历史功能使用，以确定自上次备份以来已更改的文件，以便只将已更改的文件添加到历史记录中。
"This raid might have been prompted by Mindaugas, who granted Samogitia in its entirety to the Order on 7 August 1259 while seeking allies against the Golden Horde that plundered Lithuanian lands in the winter of 1259.",这次袭击可能是由明道加斯发起的，他于1259年8月7日将整个萨莫吉太地区授予勃兰登堡骑士团，同时寻求盟友对抗1259年冬季掠夺立陶宛土地的金帐汗国。
"Missolonghi revolted on 25 May, and the revolution soon spread to other cities of western Central Greece.",密索隆吉在5月25日爆发了起义，革命很快蔓延到希腊西部中部的其他城市。
"In the spirit of Christ, guide Students to learn a model of the perfect life of Jesus Christ.",以基督的精神引导学生学习耶稣基督完美生活的典范。
"At the time, Taliban militants led by Maulana Fazlullah were taking over the Swat Valley, banning television, music, girls' education, and women from going shopping.",当时，由穆拉纳·法兹鲁拉领导的塔利班武装分子正在占领斯瓦特谷，禁止电视、音乐、女童教育和妇女购物。
Both appeared separately.,两者分别出现。
"She kills evildoers to deliver their souls to Satan, her master.",她杀死恶人将他们的灵魂交给撒旦，她的主人。
"The ship arrived on the morning of 5 July, but the city's governor refused to give them anything other than food.",这艘船是在7月5日的早晨抵达的，但城市的总督拒绝给他们除了食物之外的任何东西。
"Elio and Oliver swim together, go for long walks into town, and accompany Elio's father on an archaeological trip.",Elio和Oliver一起游泳，一起在镇上长途漫步，并陪同Elio的父亲进行考古之旅。
"Pot 1 contained the hosts Russia (who were automatically assigned to position A1) and the best seven teams, pot 2 contained the next best eight teams, and so on for pots 3 and 4.",第一组包括东道主俄罗斯（自动分配到A1位置）和最好的七支球队，第二组包括接下来最好的八支球队，以此类推，第三组和第四组也是如此。
Different members of the same family found themselves in different race groups.,同一个家庭的不同成员发现自己属于不同的种族群体。
"""That has to change.","""那必须要改变。"""
Then the Berlin Wall came down.,然后柏林墙倒塌了。
"Fissures are usually found in or along rifts and rift zones, such as Iceland and the East African Rift.",裂缝通常在裂缝和裂谷带中或沿着裂缝和裂谷带中发现，例如冰岛和东非裂谷。
"In 1922, these globes were transferred to the National Library's map collection where, by 1948, there were already 28 globes.",1922年，这些地球仪被转移到国家图书馆的地图收藏中，到1948年，已经有28个地球仪了。
"In the less common state, the X-rays are ""soft"", with more of the X-rays having lower energy.",在较不常见的状态下，X射线是“软”的，其中更多的X射线具有较低的能量。
"John, 3rd Marquess of Bute, inherited the title and castle in 1848.","""约翰，布特侯爵三世，在1848年继承了这个头衔和城堡。"""
"The adoption of the squirrel as the games mascot is to borrow its pleasant, friendly fun characteristics to add life to the event.",松鼠作为运动会吉祥物的选择，是为了借用它愉快、友好、有趣的特点，为活动增添生气。
"Among its leading partners are the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA, United States), Georgia State University (USA), the Robinson College of Business (USA), Southern Connecticut State University (USA), Nottingham Trent University (Great Britain), the Institut Supérieur de Commerce International de Dunkerque (ISCID, France), the Institut de Préparation à l'Administration et à la Gestion (IPAG, France), the BI Norwegian School of Management, the Stockholm School of Economics in Riga (Latvia), Korea Development Institute (Seoul), Malaysian Institute of Economic Research, the Caucasus Business School (Tbilisi, Georgia) and others.",其主要合作伙伴包括加州大学洛杉矶分校（美国）、乔治亚州立大学（美国）、罗宾逊商学院（美国）、南康涅狄格州立大学（美国）、诺丁汉特伦特大学（英国）、敦刻尔克国际商业学院（法国）、管理和行政学院（法国）、挪威管理学院、里加斯德哥尔摩经济学院（拉脱维亚）、韩国发展研究所（首尔）、马来西亚经济研究所、高加索商学院（格鲁吉亚第比利斯）等。
"During biotin deficiency, HMB can be synthesized from MC-CoA via enoyl-CoA hydratase and an unknown thioesterase enzyme, which convert MC-CoA into HMB-CoA and HMB-CoA into HMB respectively.",在生物素缺乏的情况下，HMB可以通过烯醇辅酶A水合酶和未知的硫酯酶酶，将MC-CoA转化为HMB-CoA和HMB分别转化为HMB。
Both went to do other projects.,他们两个都去做其他项目了。
"In Australia, the United States and the European Union, orlistat is available for sale without a prescription.",在澳大利亚、美国和欧盟，奥利司他可以无需处方出售。
"It was soon realized that battleships, cruisers and destroyers could not necessarily provide all the fire support (including suppressive fire) that an amphibious assault might need.",很快就意识到，战舰、巡洋舰和驱逐舰并不一定能提供所有火力支援（包括压制火力），可能需要的火力支援。
Recovery is a process rather than an outcome.,康复是一个过程，而不是一个结果。
"For the 1981 season the FIA introduced a 6 cm (2.4 in) minimum ride height for the cars, intended to slow them in corners by limiting the downforce created by aerodynamic ground effect.",对于1981赛季，国际汽联引入了一项规定，即汽车的最低行驶高度为6厘米（2.4英寸），旨在通过限制空气动力学地效所产生的下压力来减慢它们在弯道中的速度。
One pound of bread or flour per day.,每天一磅面包或面粉。
The King of Hearts (the husband of the Queen of Hearts) calls for the tarts and beats the Knave harshly.,红心国王（红心皇后的丈夫）要求点心并严厉地打败小丑。
"Established firms including the luggage maker Louis Vuitton, silverware firm Christofle, glass designer René Lalique, and the jewelers Louis Cartier and Boucheron, who all began designing products in more modern styles.",这些老牌企业包括行李箱制造商路易威登、银器公司克里斯托夫勒、玻璃设计师勒内·拉利克以及珠宝商路易卡地亚和宝诗龙，他们都开始设计更现代风格的产品。
"Shoghi Effendi, the head of the Bahá'í Faith in the first half of the 20th century, wrote that prayers may be addressed to God, Bahá'u'lláh, or other Manifestations of God; he recommended, however, that the prayers directly or indirectly addressed to Bahá'u'lláh.",沙基·艾芬迪是20世纪上半叶巴哈伊信仰的领袖，他写道，祷告可以向上帝、巴哈欧拉或其他神的显现者祈祷；然而，他建议祈祷直接或间接地向巴哈欧拉祈祷。
"But any good quality becomes something else when it is overdone, and I feel that this applies to being too clothes conscious.",但是任何一个好品质过度都会变成另一种东西，我觉得对过于关注衣服也是如此。
Let us give him no time to rest.,让我们不给他休息的时间。
Forty-one athletes were selected for these Winter Games.,这届冬奥会选中了四十一名运动员。
"Being highly toxic, sodium cyanide is used to kill or stun rapidly such as in widely illegal cyanide fishing and in collecting jars used by entomologists.",由于具有高毒性，氰化钠被用于快速杀死或麻痹，比如广泛非法使用的氰化钓鱼和昆虫学家使用的收集瓶。
"On 8 September, after being dropped-off near Taivu by boat, Edson's men captured Tasimboko as the Japanese defenders retreated into the jungle.",在9月8日，艾德森的部队在被小船送到Taivu附近后，俘虏了塔辛博科，日本防守者撤退到了丛林中。
The source of the Sokoto River is located near Funtua.,Sokoto 河的源头位于 Funtua 附近。
"In the 19th century, however, the church was restored to its original Gothic design.",在19世纪，然而，教堂被恢复到其原始的哥特式设计。
Many accidents of this kind have occurred.,这种类型的许多意外事件已经发生过。
"In 2014, she returned to public view as a social activist speaking out against cyberbullying, from which she personally suffered when publicly ridiculed on the Internet regarding the scandal.",在2014年，她以社会活动家的身份回到公众视野，公开发声反对网络欺凌，她个人在一起丑闻中被公开嘲笑时也受到了这种对待。
"At least 166 fatalities are known as a result of the storm in Haiti; however, many reports state that several hundred people likely perished during the storm.",至少有166人死于海地的风暴; 然而，许多报道称，在风暴期间可能有数百人丧生。
"His cousin and lifelong friend Thomas Medwin, who lived nearby, recounted his early childhood in his The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley.",他的表兄弟兼终生朋友托马斯·梅德温，住在附近，回忆了他在《珀西·比希·雪莱的生活》中的童年时光。
"As a result, he sought to chart a middle course with the Reformers, supporting moderation at the 1530 Diet of Augsburg.",因此，他试图在改革者中寻求一种中间路线，在1530年奥格斯堡会议上支持温和立场。
"After 1976 unions and workers are considered to have played an important role in the struggle against apartheid, filling the gap left by the banning of political parties.",1976年后，工会和工人被认为在与种族隔离斗争中发挥了重要作用，填补了政党被禁止后留下的空白。
Caracal is initiating this voluntary recall of Model C pistols because the safety of its customers is paramount.,Caracal发起了对C型手枪的自愿召回，因为客户的安全至关重要。
1965 began with an event that showed how the commanding generals of the five military regions of Laos were essentially warlords of their own domains.,1965年开始时发生了一件事件，显示出老挝五个军事地区的总司令基本上是自己领土的军阀。
The P90 was produced until 2010.,P90直到2010年才停产。
"Kawashima writes that Civil Code theory requires the independent contractor to ""complete the work"" of construction at the agreed price, and that until then the contractor bears all the expenses.",川島写道，民法理论要求独立承包商按约定价格“完成”建筑工作，直到那时，承包商承担所有费用。
It opened in the summer of 1966.,它在1966年夏天开业。
Both Maha Yazawin (Maha Yazawin Vol.,"""Both Maha Yazawin (Maha Yazawin Vol."" 

""两个马哈亚佐温（马哈亚佐温卷"""
"Lorrin Andrews Thurston (July 31, 1858 – May 11, 1931) was an American lawyer, politician, and businessman born and raised in the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi.",洛林·安德鲁斯·瑟斯顿（1858年7月31日-1931年5月11日）是一位美国律师、政治家和商人，出生并成长在夏威夷王国。
"Tolosani wrote: ""By means of these words , the foolishness of this book's author is rebuked.",托洛萨尼写道：“通过这些话语，这本书作者的愚蠢被斥责了。”
"Gazans said that most Israeli strikes came without warning, but Israeli forces said in reply that they offered general warnings by dropping leaflets and by interrupting radio broadcasts telling Gaza residents to flee their homes if they were hiding weapons or terrorists.",加沙人说，大多数以色列袭击都是突如其来的，但以色列军方回应说，他们通过投放传单和中断广播来发出一般警告，告诉加沙居民如果他们藏有武器或恐怖分子就应该逃离家园。
Organised naked rambling is very popular.,有组织的裸体漫步非常受欢迎。
The others left him alone in a small tent and travelled the remaining few miles to lay the final depot at Mount Hope on 26 January 1916.,其他人把他一个人留在一个小帐篷里，继续前行几英里，于1916年1月26日在希望山上设立最后的补给站。
"Then, by abstracting the underlying groups of symmetries from the geometries, the relationships between them can be re-established at the group level.",然后，通过从几何中抽象出底层的对称群，它们之间的关系可以在群级别重新建立。
"Fuhrman was not called to testify, and Simpson was subpoenaed to testify on his own behalf.",Fuhrman没有被传唤作证，辛普森被传唤作证为自己辩护。
"Between 10−43 seconds and 10−36 seconds after the Big Bang As the universe expanded and cooled, it crossed transition temperatures at which forces separated from each other.",在大爆炸之后的10^-43秒至10^-36秒之间，随着宇宙的膨胀和冷却，宇宙在过渡温度下发生了力量相互分离。
"Small numbers were taken off the Iberian Peninsula, beginning in the 1920s by Spanish whalers, off the Nova Scotian shelf in the late 1960s and early 1970s by Canadian whalers, and off the coast of West Greenland from the 1920s to the 1950s by Norwegian and Danish whalers.",从20世纪20年代开始，西班牙捕鲸者在伊比利亚半岛捕捞少量鲸只，在20世纪60年代末和70年代初，加拿大捕鲸者在新斯科舍岸外捕捉少量鲸只，挪威和丹麦捕鲸者在20世纪20年代至50年代期间在西格陵兰海岸附近捕捞少量鲸只。
"Jerry Warriner (Cary Grant) returns home from a trip, which he falsely states was to Florida, to find that his wife, Lucy (Irene Dunne), is not at home.","""杰瑞·沃里纳（凯瑞·格兰特饰）从一次旅行中回家，他谎称去了佛罗里达，发现他的妻子露西（艾琳·邓恩饰）不在家。"""
"However, a study based on SDSS spectra found 15 double systems of the 4,000 white dwarfs tested, implying a double white dwarf merger every 100 years in the Milky Way.","然而，一项基于SDSS光谱的研究发现，在测试的4,000颗白矮星中有15个双星系统，意味着在银河系中每100年就会发生一次双白矮星合并。"
"It seems strange that this became a breakthrough album, because back at the time the music was so funny.",这张专辑成为突破性专辑似乎有些奇怪，因为当时的音乐太有趣了。
"Roddy Doyle (born 8 May 1958) is an Irish novelist, dramatist and screenwriter.",罗迪·多伊尔（出生于1958年5月8日）是一位爱尔兰小说家、剧作家和编剧。
She is always there for the girls.,她总是在那里为女孩子们着想。
"She and Chung also paid a call on the Securities and Exchange Commission in Washington, a meeting arranged by Massachusetts Senator John Kerry, another recipient of Chung's illegal contributions.",她和钟也拜访了华盛顿的证券交易委员会，这次会议是马萨诸塞州参议员约翰·克里安排的，克里也是钟非法捐款的受益人之一。
"The single-entry matrix can be regarded a row-selector when it is multiplied on the left side of the matrix, e.g.: J 23 A = . {\displaystyle \mathbf {J} ^{23}\mathbf {A} =\left.} Alternatively, a column-selector when multiplied on the right side: A J 23 = . {\displaystyle \mathbf {A} \mathbf {J} ^{23}=\left.} The name, single-entry matrix, is not common, but seen in a few works.",单入矩阵在左侧与矩阵相乘时可以视为选择行的方式，例如：J 23 A = . 另外，在右侧相乘时可以视为选择列的方式：A J 23 = . 单入矩阵这个名字并不常见，但在一些作品中可以看到。
"1310 Pseudo-Geber, an anonymous Spanish alchemist who wrote under the name of Geber, publishes several books that establish the long-held theory that all metals were composed of various proportions of sulfur and mercury.",1310年，一个匿名的西班牙炼金术士，以盖伯的名义写作，出版了几本书，建立了一个长期认为的理论，即所有金属都由硫和汞的不同比例组成。
It is designed to handle large text sets.,它被设计用来处理大文本数据集。
"In addition to continuing to serve on occasion as one of the Titans, Roy has had leading roles in the superhero groups the Seven Soldiers of Victory, the Outsiders, the Justice League, and the Outlaws.",除了偶尔继续担任泰坦之一，罗伊还在超级英雄团体七名胜利者、局外人、正义联盟和亡命者中担任重要角色。
"The rains were less than 250 mm (10 in) in northern Guam, and were highest in the mountainous southern region where the eye crossed.",雨量在关岛北部不到250毫米（10英寸），在眼中心经过的山区南部最高。
"The &lt;trans-unit&gt; element holds a &lt;source&gt; element to store the source text, and a &lt;target&gt; element to store the latest translated text.","""<trans-unit>元素包含一个<source>元素来存储源文本，以及一个<target>元素来存储最新翻译的文本。"""
The earliest written appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three runestones.,芬兰这个名字最早的文字记载被认为出现在三块古代符文石上。
"In German, the ""Tontechniker"" (audio technician) is the one who operates the audio equipment and the ""Tonmeister"" (sound master) is a person who creates recordings or broadcasts of music, who is both deeply musically trained (in classical and non-classical genres), and who also has a detailed theoretical and practical knowledge of virtually all aspects of sound.","在德国，""Tontechniker""（音频技术员）是操作音频设备的人，而""Tonmeister""（音乐大师）是一位创作音乐录音或广播的人，他们深受音乐训练（包括古典和非古典流派），并且对声音的几乎所有方面都有详细的理论和实践知识。"
"Starting shortly after 1915, the first bands from New Orleans began to using the word ""jass"" or ""jazz"" in their band name, or to describe their music.",从1915年开始不久之后，新奥尔良的第一支乐队开始在他们的乐队名称中使用“爵士”一词，或者用来描述他们的音乐。
"With the support of the captains of Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, he successfully argued for an attack on the Falklands to destroy the British wireless station and coal stocks there.",在Scharnhorst和Gneisenau的船长支持下，他成功地主张攻击福克兰群岛，摧毁那里的英国无线电台和煤炭库存。
"In colonial times, the main structure in the Cinelândia area was the Ajuda Convent, built for women around 1750.",在殖民地时期，赛内兰迪亚地区的主要建筑是阿朱达修道院，建于大约1750年左右，是为妇女建造的。
"During the 50 years since the introduction of the USLE, many other soil erosion models have been developed.",自从USLE引入以来的50年间，许多其他土壤侵蚀模型已经被开发出来。
A line shaft is a power driven rotating shaft for power transmission that was used extensively from the Industrial Revolution until the early 20th century.,一根传动轴是一根由动力驱动的旋转轴，用于能量传输，从工业革命开始广泛使用，直到20世纪初。
"Improved traffic safety has been shown to result from modifications to existing neighbourhoods laid out on a grid, indirectly suggesting its weakness with respect to safety.",改善交通安全已经显示出由于对现有网格型社区进行修改而产生的结果，间接暗示了它在安全方面的弱点。
"Flirting can involve non-verbal signs, such as an exchange of glances, hand-touching, hair-touching, or verbal signs, such as chatting up, flattering comments, and exchange of telephone numbers to enable further contact.",调情可以涉及非言语的信号，如交换眼神，触摸手，摸头发，或言语信号，如聊天，恭维的评论，和交换电话号码以便进一步联系。
"Although the Tang had fought the Japanese, they still held cordial relations with Japan.",尽管唐朝曾与日本交战，但他们仍与日本保持友好关系。
"ZU-23M – Upgraded version with automatic fire control system, developed by the EVPU company.",ZU-23M - 由EVPU公司开发的带有自动火控系统的升级版本。
There were members of the crew that were here 20 years ago.,这里有船员是20年前来过的。
"Planetary formation can also be triggered by gravitational instability within the disk itself, which leads to its fragmentation into clumps.",行星形成也可以由盘内的重力不稳定性触发，导致其分裂成块。
RFK must be killed.,RFK必须被杀。
"Among the lesser-known facets of Hundertwasser's personality is his commitment to constitutional monarchy: Austria needs something to look up to, consisting of perennial higher values—of which one now hardly dares to speak—such as beauty, culture, internal and external peace, faith, richness of heart Austria needs an emperor, who is subservient to the people.",在许德沃瑟较不为人知的特质中，他致力于君主立宪制：奥地利需要一个楷模，由永恒的更高价值构成，其中现在几乎不敢谈论，比如美丽、文化、内外和平、信仰、心灵的丰富。奥地利需要一个臣民之君。
Jenkins began working for Lyndon B. Johnson in 1939 when Johnson was serving in the U.S. House of Representatives as the member from Texas's 10th congressional district.,詹金斯在1939年開始為林登·B·約翰遜工作，當時約翰遜在美國眾議院擔任德克薩斯州第10選舉區的議員。
"Those so-called acted databases are usually based on the Basic Emotions theory (by Paul Ekman), which assumes the existence of six basic emotions (anger, fear, disgust, surprise, joy, sadness), the others simply being a mix of the former ones.",那些所谓的行为数据库通常是基于保罗·埃克曼（Paul Ekman）的基本情绪理论，该理论假设存在六种基本情绪（愤怒、恐惧、厌恶、惊讶、喜悦、悲伤），其他情绪只是前述情绪的混合。
"Due to the flooding and damage, Governor Roy Barnes declared Seminole, Miller and Decatur counties federal disaster areas.",由于洪水和破坏，罗伊·巴恩斯州长宣布塞米诺尔、米勒和迪凯特县为联邦灾区。
"During the middle, there is a spoof of the 1960 film Psycho, as the same music and similar scenes are used (E.G: Reverend Lovejoy eyeing Homer in his car.",在中间部分，有一段对1960年电影《精神病患者》的恶搞，使用了相同的音乐和类似的场景（例如：洛夫乔伊牧师在汽车中盯着荷马的情节）。
"Since the early years of the 2000s (decade), efforts have been conducted in the research and international development community to assess and measure the quality of governance of countries all around the world.",自2000年代初以来，研究和国际发展社区一直在努力评估和衡量世界各国的治理质量。
It destroys all spirits with 3000BP or less.,它摧毁所有3000BP或更少的精灵。
The mission hospital's reuse of unsterilized needles also contributed to the spread of infection.,传教医院再次使用未消毒的针头也导致了感染的传播。
"In 2004, he published the book Muerte en el Pentagonito: Los cementerios secretos del Ejército Peruano, which explored individual cases in the long conflict between the Shining Path and the Peruvian Army.",在2004年，他出版了《Muerte en el Pentagonito: Los cementerios secretos del Ejército Peruano》一书，探讨了闪耀之路和秘鲁军队之间长期冲突中的个案。
He often carries dual pistols that he has grown to use skillfully.,他经常携带着他已经熟练使用的双持手枪。
His second was the George Washington Carver/Booker T. Washington commemorative half dollar in 1951.,他的第二个是1951年发行的乔治·华盛顿·卡弗/布克·华盛顿纪念半美元。
LEDBAT was invented by Stanislav Shalunov and is used by Apple for software updates and by BitTorrent for most of its transfers.,LEDBAT是由Stanislav Shalunov发明的，被苹果用于软件更新，并被BitTorrent用于大部分传输。
"In 1974, he was a trial attorney for the Durham Legal Aid Office.",在1974年，他是达勒姆法律援助办公室的一名审判律师。
"Her family expects social ruin for having a disgraced daughter, but over a week later they are relieved to hear that Mr. Gardiner had discovered the pair in London and that they had married.",她的家人原本以为会因为有个受辱的女儿而社会地位一落千丈，但一个星期后，他们松了一口气，得知加德纳先生在伦敦发现了这对夫妇并且他们已经结婚。
"Using a domain-specific language environment can significantly lower the cost of obtaining tool support for a domain-specific language, since a well-designed domain-specific language environment will automate the creation of program parts that are costly to build from scratch, such as domain-specific editors, browsers and components.",使用特定领域语言环境可以显著降低获取特定领域语言工具支持的成本，因为一个设计良好的特定领域语言环境将自动化创建那些从头开始构建成本高昂的程序部分，例如特定领域的编辑器、浏览器和组件。
Her birthday is on March 30.,她的生日是三月三十日。
It was second only to Cambridge in 2008 and again joint first in 2009.,它在2008年仅次于剑桥大学，而在2009年再次并列第一。
The residents in the town mostly live in family houses.,这个小镇的居民大多住在家庭住宅里。
"The team reported that ""the highest levels"" of Nintendo of America knew about their project, though they did not intervene.",团队报告称“任天堂美国公司的高层”知晓他们的项目，尽管他们没有干预。
Institute of Fire Safety established.,消防安全研究所成立。
"Australia's foreign policy is guided by a commitment to multilateralism and regionalism, as well as to strong bilateral relations with its allies.",澳大利亚的外交政策是以多边主义和区域主义为指导原则，并致力于与盟国保持强大的双边关系。
"The ""frameup"": The planting or adding to evidence, especially in drug cases.","""设局陷害：在毒品案件中植入或添加证据。"""
"Following World War II, Katherine Esau published, Plant Anatomy (1953), which became the definitive textbook on plant structure in North American universities and elsewhere, it was still in print as of 2006.",在二战之后，凯瑟琳·伊索出版了《植物解剖学》（1953年），成为北美大学和其他地方植物结构的权威教科书，截至2006年，仍在印刷中。
The ice-rich mantle may be the result of climate changes.,"""冰富含的幔层可能是气候变化的结果。"""
"Moran has been involved with a number of inventions, mostly in the field of infrastructure technologies.",莫兰参与了许多发明，主要是在基础设施技术领域。
"Shortly thereafter, the band's web site removed Rudd as the band's drummer and replaced him with Slade.",随后，乐队的网站将鲁德从乐队的鼓手职位上撤下，并用斯莱德取代了他。
"She returned to the United States for medical treatment in late 2001, and died on June 9, 2002.",她在2001年底返回美国接受医疗治疗，于2002年6月9日去世。
"Natural resources can be used by man, but this should not be done wantonly, or the breach of the law will be avenged.",自然资源可以被人类利用，但不应该肆意破坏，否则法律会进行惩罚。
Röhm was engaged to director Austin Smithard in 2000.,"""罗姆在2000年订婚给导演奥斯汀·史密斯德。"""
"After signing to a new label, the band began to work on Some Nights for over nine months throughout 2011.",在签约到一个新唱片公司之后，这支乐队在2011年的整个时间里花了九个多月的时间制作《Some Nights》。
"Ma Chao fled south to Zhang Lu, and later to the southwestern warlord Liu Bei in Sichuan, where he died in 221 without ever seeing the north again.",马超逃往南方找张鲁，后来又去找四川西南的军阀刘备，221年去世，再也没有回到北方。
"In 1862, one of his employees, the Hungarian Ignatius Paul Pollaky, left him and set up a rival agency.",1862年，他的一名员工，匈牙利人伊格纳修斯·保罗·波拉奇离开了他，并成立了一家竞争对手机构。
"In addition to university-wide representation, students can benefit from their own college student unions, which are known as JCR (Junior Combination Room) for undergraduates and MCR (Middle Combination Room) for postgraduates.",除了大学整体的代表之外，学生们还可以从他们自己的学院学生会中受益，这被称为本科生的JCR（初级联合室）和研究生的MCR（中级联合室）。
"Scouting was officially founded in British India in 1909, first starting at the Bishop Cotton Boys' School in Bangalore.",童子军运动正式成立于1909年的英属印度，最初在班加罗尔的毕晓普男孩学校开始。
Pages 150.,第150页。
"As Zuloaga and the army took over more of the central part of Mexico, Juárez and his government were forced to the city of Veracruz.",随着苏洛阿加和军队占领墨西哥中部更多地区，华雷斯和他的政府被迫撤至韦拉克鲁斯市。
"In July 2010, Exile announced a second audition for J Soul Brothers' third generation.",在2010年7月，流亡乐团宣布了J Soul Brothers第三代的第二次试镜。
I thought I would never see you again.,我以为我永远不会再见到你了。
"An invading army of Teutonic Knights conquered Gotland in 1398, destroyed Visby and expelled the Victual Brothers.",德意志骑士团的入侵军队于1398年征服了哥特兰，摧毁了维斯比，并驱逐了海盗团。
"The building, which would have four entrances accessible to each of the four streets of the hilly neighborhood, would be an enlarged replica of the structure that the first Rebbe of Belz, the Sar Shalom, had built in the town of Belz.",这座建筑物将有四个入口，可以通往山区社区的四条街道，将是贝尔兹镇第一任犹太教领袖Sar Shalom在贝尔兹镇建造的建筑物的放大复制品。
"A large leather camera strap is included with the words ""CAMERA GRAND PRIX 2007"".",一根带有“相机大奖赛2007”字样的大号皮相机带已包含在内。
"Although only a small number of Arthur Andersen's employees were involved with the scandal, the firm was effectively put out of business; the SEC is not allowed to accept audits from convicted felons.",尽管只有少数安达信会计师事务所的员工参与了丑闻，但该公司被有效地关闭；证券交易委员会不允许接受有罪的重犯的审计。
Its history is extremely interesting and relevant.,它的历史非常有趣且相关。
She fell in love with Norwegian writer Axel Jensen when they were both teenagers.,她在十几岁时与挪威作家阿克塞尔·延森相爱。
These vibrations break up bacterial chains that make up dental plaque and remove their methods of attachment to the tooth surface up to 5 mm below the gum line.,这些振动会打破构成牙菌斑的细菌链，并将它们在牙齿表面以下5毫米处的附着方法清除。
The TSA said it would ban toner and ink cartridges weighing over 16 ounces (453 grams) from all passenger flights.,TSA表示将禁止所有乘客航班上重量超过16盎司（453克）的碳粉盒和墨盒。
"ASEAN – The Association of Southeast Asian Nations stated that the constructions ""may undermine peace, security and stability"" in the region as well as having strongly negative impact on the marine environment and fishery stocks.",东盟-东南亚国家联盟表示，这些建筑物“可能破坏该地区的和平、安全和稳定”，同时对海洋环境和渔业资源产生强烈的负面影响。
"Bardo traveled to Maine in an attempt to meet Smith, but was stopped by police and returned home.",巴尔多前往缅因州试图见史密斯，但被警察拦下并被送回家。
"While at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Michelson worked on radar-based ocean surveillance systems and flew hardware test missions on a Lockheed Warning Star PO-1W Super Constellation.",在美国海军研究实验室工作期间，迈克尔森参与了基于雷达的海洋监视系统的研究，并参与了洛克希德警告星PO-1W超级星座的硬件测试任务。
"Together with the Moonloop EP, this album was the first Porcupine Tree music issued in America in the autumn of 1995, and attracted favourable press on both sides of the Atlantic.",随着《Moonloop EP》，这张专辑是Porcupine Tree音乐在1995年秋天第一次在美国发行，吸引了大西洋两岸的好评。
"A few years later Abbott Ladolf of Sagan listed John of Nepomuk in the catalog of Sagan abbots, completed in 1398, as well as in the treatise ""De longævo schismate"", lib.",几年后，萨根的阿博特拉道夫在1398年完成的萨根修道院院长目录中列出了约翰·内波穆克，以及在著作《长期分裂》中列出。
"Fontaine began his amateur career at USM Casablanca, where he played from 1950 to 1953.","""Fontaine在USM Casablanca开始了他的业余生涯，他在那里打球从1950年到1953年。"""
"True solo shots are rare, with a single shot in a café generally being half of a doppio shot.",真正的单杯浓缩咖啡很少见，在咖啡馆里一杯单独的浓缩咖啡通常只有一杯双倍浓缩咖啡的一半。
Windows 8 has introduced a new feature called Group Policy Update.,Windows 8已经引入了一个名为Group Policy Update的新功能。
"The documentary looks at pedophilia from a cultural and professional perspective, interviewing several experts, including neuroscientists, psychologists, sexologists and model-scouts.",这部纪录片从文化和专业的角度探讨恋童癖问题，并采访了几位专家，包括神经科学家、心理学家、性学家和模特经纪人。
"When theories about love moved from being clinically based to being socially and personality based, they became focused on types of love, as opposed to becoming able to love.",当关于爱的理论从临床为基础转变为社会和个性为基础时，它们变得专注于爱的类型，而不是变得能够去爱。
"These include: Using Wikipedia's history functionality, which retains all prior versions of an article, restoring the article to the last version before the vandalism occurred; this is called reverting vandalism.",这些包括：使用维基百科的历史功能，保存文章的所有之前版本，将文章恢复到破坏发生之前的最后版本；这被称为还原破坏。
Come Together.,走在一起。
"Bruce William Stillman, AO, FAA, FRS (born 16 October 1953, in Melbourne, Australia) is a biochemist and cancer researcher who has served as the Director of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) since 1994 and President since 2003.",布鲁斯·威廉·斯蒂尔曼（Bruce William Stillman，AO，FAA，FRS）生于1953年10月16日，澳大利亚墨尔本，是一名生物化学家和癌症研究员，自1994年起担任科尔德斯普林港实验室（CSHL）主任，2003年起担任主席。
"In 1991, with the rediscovery of the magnetorotational instability (MRI), S. A. Balbus and J. F. Hawley established that a weakly magnetized disk accreting around a heavy, compact central object would be highly unstable, providing a direct mechanism for angular-momentum redistribution.",在1991年，随着对磁旋不稳定性（MRI）的重新发现，S. A. Balbus和J. F. Hawley确定了围绕一个重、紧凑中心物体旋转的磁化盘会高度不稳定，为角动量再分配提供了直接机制。
CHERISH IT THEREFORE IN A SAFE PLACE.,因此，请将其珍藏在一个安全的地方。
"Consequently, game semantics has led to fully abstract semantic models for a variety of programming languages and, to new semantic-directed methods of software verification by software model checking.",因此，游戏语义已经为各种编程语言提供了完全抽象的语义模型，并且为软件模型检查引入了新的语义导向方法。
WQL is dedicated to WMI and is designed to perform queries against the CIM repository to retrieve information or get event notifications.,WQL致力于WMI，并被设计用于执行针对CIM存储库的查询，以检索信息或获取事件通知。
Jeremy Irvine as Young Sam.,杰里米·欧文饰演年轻的山姆。
"Z was given its Greek name, zeta, when it was borrowed.",Z 在被借用时被赋予了它的希腊名字 zeta。
KPercentage - Small math application that will help pupils to improve their skills in calculating percentages.,"""KPercentage - 一个小型的数学应用程序，将帮助学生提高计算百分比的能力。"""
"Some, especially the Parlement of Paris, gradually acquired the habit of refusing to register legislation with which they disagreed until the king held a lit de justice or sent a lettre de jussion to force them to act.",一些，尤其是巴黎议会，逐渐养成了拒绝登记与他们不同意的立法的习惯，直到国王召开法律大会或发出命令书强迫他们采取行动。
"In return, they were granted periodical shipments of cattle and food.",作为回报，他们被允许获得定期的牛和食物运输。
The failure of the 1857 Indian mutiny also led to an influx of Rohilla Rajput from the Rohilkhand region.,1857年印度暴动的失败也导致了来自罗希尔坎德地区的罗希拉拉吉普特人的涌入。
You go there and learn music.,你去那儿学音乐。
"In 1994, Antonov produced the An-70, a heavy transport aircraft.",1994年，安东诺夫生产了An-70，一架重型运输飞机。
"After being abandoned for several years, in 1986 plans were drawn up to convert it to the seat of the parliament of the autonomous community of Andalusia.",在被遗弃了数年后，1986年制定了计划，将其改造为安达卢西亚自治区议会的所在地。
"The impact would have stripped away much of the original crust and mantle, leaving the core behind as a relatively major component.",这次撞击很可能会剥夺掉原始地壳和地幔的大部分，留下地核作为相对重要的组成部分。
"Later in the evening, at the conclusion of the ceremony, KHJ broadcast a full announcement of winners, live from the ceremony venue, as per its original agreement with the Academy.",在晚上晚些时候，在典礼结束时，KHJ根据与学院的原始协议，在典礼现场直播了所有获奖者的完整公告。
"Closer to home, McKinley and Hay engaged in negotiations with Britain over the possible construction of a canal across Central America.",更接近家园，麦金利和黑伊正在与英国进行谈判，商讨在中美洲修建一条运河的可能性。
"However, the six-month filming time left them little time to plan out and test practical effects rigs for some of the shots.",然而，六个月的拍摄时间让他们几乎没有时间为一些镜头计划和测试实际效果装置。
The asteroid 25593 Camillejordan and Institut Camille Jordan are named in his honour.,"""25593卡米耶乔丹小行星和卡米耶乔丹研究所以他的名字命名。"""
"The school's first entering class had three students, with Charles A. Packenham as the first graduate in 1886.",这所学校的第一届入学班有三名学生，查尔斯·A·帕肯汉姆在1886年成为第一位毕业生。
"Jesus here depicts a wicked man suffering fiery torment in hades, which is contrasted with the bosom of Abraham, and explains that it is impossible to cross over from one to the other.","""耶稣在这里描绘了一个邪恶的人在地狱中遭受火热的折磨，与亚伯拉罕的怀抱形成鲜明对比，并解释说从一个地方到另一个地方是不可能的。"""
"Thus SAML 2.0 represents the convergence of SAML 1.1, Liberty ID-FF 1.2, and Shibboleth 1.3.",因此，SAML 2.0代表了SAML 1.1、Liberty ID-FF 1.2和Shibboleth 1.3的融合。
Social trading is used to do speculation; in the moral context speculative practices are considered negatively and to be avoided by each individual.who conversely should maintain a long term horizon avoiding any types of short term speculation.,社交交易用于进行投机；在道德背景下，投机行为被认为是消极的，应该被每个个体所避免。相反，每个个体应该保持长期视角，避免任何类型的短期投机。
"The Y-axis represents significant differences in appearance though not in semantics; for example, the traditional Chinese character māo “cat” (U+8C93 貓) and the simplified Chinese character (U+732B 猫) are Y-variants.",Y轴代表外观上的显著差异，尽管在语义上并不相同；例如，传统汉字“猫”（U+8C93 貓）和简化汉字（U+732B 猫）就是Y变体。
"In July 2009, the resort sought permission in bankruptcy court to cancel events that were scheduled for the first half of 2010, as well as permission to cancel a lease for office space which was to be used for Fontainebleau's employee recruitment center.",在2009年7月，度假村在破产法庭上寻求批准取消计划于2010年上半年举行的活动，并取消用于Fontainebleau雇员招聘中心的办公空间租约。
"The original church on this site was built in the early 4th century, and stood outside of the 4th century walls of Constantine the Great.",这个地点上的原始教堂建于4世纪初，位于君士坦丁大帝4世纪的城墙之外。
The two were attacked by a wild (later revealed to be Zinnia's) Salamence.,这两个人被一只野生（后来被揭示为琪琪亚的）暴飞龙袭击。
In the language Haskell: map :: (a -&gt; b) -&gt; -&gt; map f = map f (x:xs) = f x : map f xs Languages where functions are not first-class often still allow one to write higher-order functions through the use of features such as function pointers or delegates.,在Haskell语言中：map :: (a -> b) -> -> map f = map f (x:xs) = f x : map f xs，即使在函数不是第一类的语言中，通过使用功能指针或委托等功能，仍然可以编写高阶函数。
"However, the existence of a very high market share does not always mean consumers are paying excessive prices since the threat of new entrants to the market can restrain a high-market-share firm's price increases.",然而，市場佔有率很高並不總是意味著消費者支付過高的價格，因為市場新進入者的威脅可以抑制高市場佔有率公司的價格上漲。
"One significant difference with lunar trains, however, is that the cars would need to be individually sealed and possess their own life support systems.",然而，月球列车与之不同之处在于，车厢需要单独密封并具有自己的生命支持系统。
"Since its founding, it has supported more than 100 scholars, representing over 50 institutions of higher learning in the United States and around the world.",自成立以来，它已支持了100多位学者，代表了美国和世界各地50多所高等学府。
"Frank gets into a nasty bet with Pierluigi (Kevin Sorbo), who is called the King of Mykonos because he had sex with 43 women in one month, ""a record that will never be broken"" as Tzimis says.","弗兰克与皮埃尔·路易吉（凯文·索博饰）打赌，他被称为米科诺斯之王，因为他在一个月内与43名女性发生性关系，""这是一个永远不会被打破的记录""，正如齐米斯所说。"
"Beyond this they are fully autonomous: they enact their own constitutions, freely organize their local governments, and own and manage their natural and financial resources.",除此之外，它们是完全自治的：它们制定自己的宪法，自由组织地方政府，并拥有和管理自己的自然和财政资源。
After their founding they wanted formal recognition.,在他们成立后，他们想要得到正式认可。
There was one tunnel planned - Eaves Tunnel.,有一个计划中的隧道 - 屋檐隧道。
"An independent jury chose the design by Zygmunt Gorgolewski, a graduate of the Berlin Building Academy and the director of city's Engineering Academy.",一个独立的评委会选择了柴格蒙特·戈尔戈列夫斯基设计，他是柏林建筑学院的毕业生，也是该市工程学院的院长。
"Choe Kwang-shik, the South Korean Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism, told reporters that ""Gangnam Style"" had played an important role in introducing the Korean culture, language, and lifestyle to the rest of the world.",崔光植，南韓文化體育觀光部長，告訴記者，“江南Style” 在向世界介紹韓國文化、語言和生活方式中扮演了重要角色。
"In places where the border was vulnerable to escape attempts, the control strip was illuminated at night by high-intensity floodlights (Beleuchtungsanlage), which were also used at points where rivers and streams crossed the border.",在边界易于逃跑的地方，控制带夜间被高强度的泛光灯照亮，这些泛光灯也被用在河流和溪流横穿边界的地方。
"Some mainframes designed in the 1960s, such as the Burroughs B5000 and its successors, used memory segmentation to perform index-bounds checking in hardware.",一些在1960年代设计的主机，如Burroughs B5000及其后继机型，使用内存分段来在硬件中执行索引边界检查。
"Maintaining a well-structured outflow, Beryl's circulation on August 9 moved over warm water, where conditions were favorable for further intensification.",保持良好结构的外流，贝丽尔在8月9日移动到温暖的水域，条件有利于进一步加强。
A frequent Murphy talking point was that Tedisco's primary residence was not in the Congressional district.,"""墨菲经常提到的一个观点是泰迪斯科的主要住所不在国会选区内。"""
That city somehow portrays Hong Kong.,那个城市以某种方式展现了香港。
"Other conditions that can produce similar symptoms include separation anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, and major depressive disorder.",其他可能产生类似症状的情况包括分离焦虑症、创伤后应激障碍和重性抑郁障碍。
"The organization sponsored groups in India, Lebanon and Cyprus and had ties to the International Boy Scouts of the Canal Zone.",该组织在印度、黎巴嫩和塞浦路斯赞助了团体，并与国际运河地区童子军有联系。
"In Morocco there were about 38 colonies in 1940 and 15 in 1975, but the last migratory populations in the Atlas Mountains had vanished by 1989.",在1940年，摩洛哥约有38个殖民地，到1975年降至15个，但阿特拉斯山最后的迁徙人口在1989年已经消失。
"In the scene of Carmine's wedding, Pasolini recreates the Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci.",在卡米尼的婚礼场景中，帕索利尼重新创作了达·芬奇的最后的晚餐。
Louis XIV decided to invade the Spanish Netherlands to counter a possible English military intervention against him.,路易十四决定入侵西班牙尼德兰，以对抗可能对他的英国军事干预。
"It had previously been stored at the United States Army Ordnance Museum in Aberdeen, Maryland, United States, before being transferred to Fort Sill in November 2010.",它之前曾存放在美国马里兰州阿伯丁的美国陆军军械博物馆，后来于2010年11月转移至西尔堡。
Zahedan is located in Balochistan region.,扎赫丹位于俾路支斯坦地区。
On 23 May 1998 the Gambrinus was withdrawn from service.,"1998年5月23日, 甘布林斯被撤出服务。"
"Likewise, the results from BMC may be approximated by using cross-validation to select the best ensemble combination from a random sampling of possible weightings.",同样，通过使用交叉验证来选择最佳集成组合，可以近似得到BMC的结果，该组合是从可能的加权随机抽样中选择的。
There are also four computation features in the law of reachable optimality.,在可达到最优性法则中也有四个计算特征。
The Council has shaped its own legal doctrine which consists mostly of principles deduced from cases but incorporates considerable jurisprudence derived from statutes.,该委员会塑造了自己的法律学说，主要由案例推导出的原则组成，但也包含了大量由法令推导出的法学原理。
"Piero sent Lorenzo on many important diplomatic missions when he was still a youth, including trips to Rome to meet the pope and other important religious and political figures.",皮耶罗在洛伦佐还是年轻人的时候，派他去执行许多重要的外交任务，包括前往罗马会见教皇和其他重要的宗教和政治人物。
"However, the news reporters then demanded Eisenhower fire Patton in exchange for them not reporting the story, a demand which Eisenhower refused.",然而，新闻记者随后要求艾森豪威尔解雇巴顿，以换取他们不报道这个故事，但艾森豪威尔拒绝了这个要求。
His sister was born in 1969; the family moved one year later.,他妹妹是在1969年出生的；家庭一年后搬家了。
"Despite being an early access title, Foxhole has been generally well received by players, as well as reviewers who have opted to give preliminary reviews.",尽管是尚处于早期测试阶段的游戏，但《Foxhole》受到了玩家和选择提前发表评论的评论者的普遍好评。
"On 7 June, Antonio Rüdiger suffered an injury and was replaced by Jonathan Tah one day later.",在6月7日，安东尼奥·吕迪格受伤，一天后由乔纳森·塔代替。
"After release, users on all three platforms reported corrupted game saves.",发布后，所有三个平台的用户都报告了游戏存档损坏的问题。
"In 1926–1930 Beck served as chief of staff to Poland's Minister of Military Affairs, and in 1930–1932 as Vice Prime Minister and Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs.",在1926年至1930年，贝克担任波兰军事事务部长的参谋长，在1930年至1932年担任副总理兼外交部副部长。
"The ""conservative Christian political orientation"" American Family Association complained about the promotion as the organization felt the Clow Cards in the series were too similar to tarot cards and Eastern mythology.",“‘保守基督教政治取向’的美国家庭协会抱怨推广活动，因为该组织认为系列中的卡牌太过类似塔罗牌和东方神话。”
Option B: All crows are black.,选项B：所有的乌鸦都是黑色的。
"After 1565, it was transferred to the Holy Order of St. Stephen.",在1565年之后，它被转移到圣斯蒂芬圣骑士团。
"In the village, he encouraged cooperation between his Anglican parishioners and the local Roman Catholic and Methodist communities.",在村里，他鼓励他的圣公会教区信徒与当地的罗马天主教和卫理公会社区合作。
"In addition to his contributions to complex and harmonic analysis, Rudin is known for his mathematical analysis textbooks: Principles of Mathematical Analysis, Real and Complex Analysis, and Functional Analysis (informally referred to by students as ""Baby Rudin"", ""Papa Rudin"", and ""Grandpa Rudin"", respectively).",除了他在复杂和谐分析方面的贡献之外，Rudin还以他的数学分析教材而闻名：《数学分析原理》，《实数与复数分析》和《函数分析》（学生非正式地分别称之为“小鲁丁”，“大鲁丁”和“老鲁丁”）。
"On 6 February, at the end of the celebrations, Retief's party were invited to a dance, and asked to leave their weapons behind.",在2月6日，庆祝活动结束时，雷蒂夫的一群人被邀请参加舞会，并要求他们留下武器。
It also transitioned to typesetting in LaTeX.,它也转向用LaTeX排版。
"The tiny mouth is deep in its underbelly, and while the animal is capable of breaking up plant roots or dead fish, it is incapable of chasing down and eating prey larger than it is.",这只小动物的嘴巴深藏在它的腹部，虽然它有能力破坏植物根或死鱼，但无法追捕和吃比自己大的猎物。
"Copeland was a frequent traveler on worldwide expeditions and observed the 1874 and 1882 transits of Venus from Mauritius and Jamaica, respectively, and undertook other astronomical observations from Greenland.",Copeland经常在全球探险中旅行，分别在毛里求斯和牙买加观测了1874年和1882年的金星凌日，并在格陵兰进行了其他天文观测。
"The following year, Rossner and her husband divorced.",接下来的一年，罗斯纳和她的丈夫离婚了。
"The Supreme Court reviews the appeal on the record and may affirm or set aside lower court rulings; if set aside, the ruling is said to be cassé (French for ""quashed""), hence the French name of Cour de cassation, or ""Quashing Court"".","最高法院审查记录上的上诉，可以确认或撤销下级法院的裁决；如果撤销，裁决被称为被废除（法语""quashed""的意思），因此法国最高法院被称为Cour de cassation，或者""Quashing Court""。"
The business logic can be written either in ABAP or in Java based on the J2EE standard.,业务逻辑可以根据J2EE标准使用ABAP或Java编写。
"These developments led to the growth of synth-pop, which after it was adopted by the New Romantic movement, allowed synthesizers to dominate the pop and rock music of the early 80s.",这些发展导致了合成流行音乐的增长，之后被新浪漫主义运动采纳，使合成器主导了80年代初期的流行和摇滚音乐。
"He was required to work ""in the boats"" when he should have been making meteorological and other observations, and no facilities were allowed him for the preparation of specimens, many of which were lost through careless handling by the crew.",他本应该做气象和其他观测工作，但却被要求在船上工作，而且没有为他提供准备标本的设施，其中许多标本因船员粗心处理而丢失。
"The tone marks and numbers are rarely used outside of language textbooks: in particular, they are usually absent in public signs, company logos, and so forth.",这些声调符号和数字在语言教科书之外很少使用：特别是在公共标志、公司标识等地方通常都不见得。
"In practice, the term is most commonly applied to the examination of claims and theories that appear to be beyond mainstream science, rather than to the routine discussions and challenges among scientists.",在实践中，这个术语最常被应用于对看似超越主流科学的主张和理论的审查，而不是科学家之间的常规讨论和挑战。
Roosevelt's death was met with shock and grief across the U.S. and around the world.,罗斯福的去世在美国和世界各地引起了震惊和悲痛。
"In 1990, the American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA) designated the genus Cyclura as their highest priority.",在1990年，美国动物园和水族馆协会(AZA)将地种龙属指定为他们的最高优先事项。
He is also an editorial consultant of the Economic and Political Weekly.,他还是《经济与政治周刊》的编辑顾问。
Germany's new political leadership signed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.,德国的新政治领导人在1919年签署了凡尔赛条约。
"May God bless you forever, my great and precious companion.",愿上帝永远保佑你，我的伟大珍贵的伴侣。
This base cost the government nearly a million dollars.,这个基地花费政府将近一百万美元。
27 April 2005.,2005年4月27日。
"In the early stages of development, the game had an involved backstory about an alien who attempts to clean up the environment, but this was cut down to ""a simple 'poetic' introduction to the cloud child trapped in a hospital bed"".",在开发的早期阶段，游戏涉及了一个外星人试图清洁环境的背景故事，但最后被简化为“一个关于被困在医院病床上的云孩子的简单的‘诗意’介绍”。
"According to Pipes, Stalin privately hoped that another world war would weaken his foreign enemies and allow him to assert Soviet power internationally.",根据皮普斯的说法，斯大林私下希望另一场世界大战会削弱他的外国敌人，并使他能够在国际上主张苏联的权力。
"To simplify the task of porting applications to Windows, early versions of Visual C++ are supplied with QuickWin, a library that implements basic console functionality inside a regular window.",为了简化将应用程序移植到Windows的任务，早期版本的Visual C++提供了QuickWin，一个在常规窗口内实现基本控制台功能的库。
"Voters were required to hold an ""interest"" in society; as the South Carolina legislature said in 1716, ""it is necessary and reasonable, that none but such persons will have an interest in the Province should be capable to elect members of the Commons House of Assembly"".",选民被要求对社会有“利益”; 正如南卡罗来纳州立法机构在1716年所说，“只有对该省有利益的人才有资格选举下议院的成员” 。
"Also included are the previous expansion pack Resurrection of Evil, a new single-player expansion called The Lost Mission, and copies of the original Doom (the Ultimate Doom edition with the add-on fourth episode, Thy Flesh Consumed) and Doom II (with the expansion No Rest for the Living, previously available for the Xbox 360).",还包括之前的扩展包《邪恶复活》、一个名为《迷失任务》的新单人扩展，以及原版《毁灭战士》（包括附加的第四集“你的血肉被吞噬”）和《毁灭战士2》（包括之前在Xbox 360上可用的扩展“无尽的安息之地”）的副本。
The First Presidency of the church announced its support for Proposition 8 in a letter intended to be read in every congregation in California.,教会的第一总统团宣布支持第八提案，这是一封意在在加利福尼亚每个教区都要读的信。
His poetry can be divided into three stages.,他的诗可以分为三个阶段。
"At the same time, the Commission stated: 3) Concerning the Eastern Catholic Churches, it is clear that they, as part of the Catholic Communion, have the right to exist and to act in response to the spiritual needs of their faithful.",与此同时，委员会声明：3）关于东方天主教教会，明确指出，作为天主教公会的一部分，他们有存在和行动的权利，以满足信徒的精神需求。
"His father got him a job as an errand boy in a factory, but Sergey refused the servant's job.",他父亲帮他在一家工厂找到了一个跑腿小工的工作，但谢尔盖拒绝了这个仆人的工作。
In the era between convict settlement and the rise of the modern tourist industry the area was mostly engaged in the timber industry and fishing.,在囚犯定居和现代旅游业兴起之间的时代，这一地区主要从事木材工业和渔业。
"He also introduced H.R. 4379 that would prohibit the Supreme Court from ruling on issues relating to abortion, birth control, the definition of marriage and homosexuality and would cause the court's precedents in these areas to no longer be binding.",他还提出了H.R. 4379，该提案将禁止最高法院就与堕胎、避孕、婚姻定义和同性恋有关的问题作出裁决，并导致法院在这些领域的先例不再具有约束力。
A major depressive episode is characterized by the presence of a severely depressed mood that persists for at least two weeks.,一个重大的抑郁发作的特征是存在持续至少两周的严重抑郁情绪。
"For example, the sound (the sh in shoe) was originally represented with the letter ⟨c⟩ in English, but with the digraph ⟨ch⟩ in French.",例如，“sh”音（例如“shoe”中的音）在英语中最初用字母⟨c⟩表示，但在法语中用二字母⟨ch⟩表示。
"It becomes mine on the day when I am able to win it by force"".",当我能够通过武力赢得它的那天，它就变成了我的。
Thomas N. Scortia filed for patent on such propellant in 1963.,Thomas N. Scortia在1963年申请了这种推进剂的专利。
"Strong winds knocked down electricity towers, trees, and traffic signs, leaving many without power.",强风刮倒了电力塔、树木和交通标志，导致许多人断电。
"Piłsudski decreed that Legions' personnel were to be addressed by the French Revolution-inspired ""Citizen"" (Obywatel), and he was referred to as ""the Commandant"" (""Komendant"").","""皮热苏茨基下令，要求军团人员称为法国大革命启发的“公民”（Obywatel），他被称为“指挥官”（“Komendant”）."""
"With the weather improving over the United Kingdom and Normandy, Hausser's preparations for his counter stroke came under continual harassment from Allied aircraft and artillery fire, delaying the start of the attack to the afternoon.",随着英国和诺曼底地区天气的改善，豪瑟对他的反击准备受到了盟军飞机和炮火的持续骚扰，使得进攻的开始被推迟到了下午。
He was finding it increasingly difficult to conduct his research without unwanted distractions.,他发现越来越难在没有干扰的情况下进行研究。
"Though was the son of a landlord, he was attracted to the proletarian revolutionary movement during his student life.",尽管他是地主的儿子，但在他的学生时代他被无产阶级革命运动所吸引。
"Also, the leadership demonstrated a continuing commitment to economic reform, free trade, and regional integration.",此外，领导层展现了对经济改革、自由贸易和区域一体化的持续承诺。
"Yellowstone National Park has one of the world's largest petrified forests, trees which were long ago buried by ash and soil and transformed from wood to mineral materials.","""黄石国家公园拥有世界上最大的一片石化森林，这些树木很久以前被灰烬和土壤埋葬，从木头转变为矿物材料。"""
"Nieuhof was employed in Brazil to explore the regions between Maranhão and the São Francisco Rivers, made a particular study of the neighborhood of Pernambuco.",聂霍夫被雇佣在巴西探索 马拉尼昂和圣弗朗西斯科河之间的地区，并特别研究了彭南布科的周边地区。
"Paragraph reading was eliminated from the verbal portion of the SAT in 1946, and replaced with reading comprehension, and ""double definition"" questions were replaced with sentence completions.",段落阅读从1946年的SAT口语部分中取消，并改为阅读理解，而“双重定义”问题则被句子填空所取代。
The high degree of automation common in the IC fabrication industry helps to reduce the risks of exposure.,集成电路制造行业普遍采用的高度自动化程度有助于降低暴露风险。
Miller was brought up in Brisbane and has strong ties to the traditional country of his people.,"""米勒在布里斯班长大，与他的民族传统国家有着深厚的联系。"""
"His definition of an ego ideal is this: the image of the person that one wants to become, which is patterned after those whom one holds with great respect.",他对自我理想的定义是：一个人想要成为的形象，这个形象是模仿那些他非常尊敬的人。
"Georgia Avenue begins north of Florida Avenue, which was the boundary of the Old City, and is a continuation of 7th Street.",乔治亚大道始于佛罗里达大道以北，佛罗里达大道是旧城的边界，是第七街的延伸。
"The Razer Hydra, a motion controller for PC, tracks position and rotation of two wired nunchucks, providing six degrees of freedom on each hand.",雷蛇Hydra是PC的运动控制器，可跟踪两个有线nunchucks的位置和旋转，为每只手提供六个自由度。
"The vessels can continually accelerate, but cannot exceed the speed of light, so the voyages will last many years.",船只可以持续加速，但不能超过光速，因此航行将持续很多年。
In 1907 Baden-Powell wrote a draft called Boy Patrols.,1907年，巴登-鲍耳写了一份名为《男孩巡逻队》的草稿。
"He returned to Harvard Law for a year but, having completed his PhD and realizing he was better at economics, he left to teach at MIT for a year and then became an assistant professor of economics at Harvard University in 1985.",他回到哈佛法学院读了一年书，但是在完成博士学位并意识到自己更擅长经济学后，他离开了哈佛去麻省理工学院教书一年，然后在1985年成为哈佛大学经济学助教教授。
General Monger arrives to congratulate the monsters as well.,蒙格將軍到來祝賀怪物們。
"With blood or injury phobia, fainting may occur.",有血液或受伤恐惧症的人可能会晕倒。
Lawrence was sufficiently impressed to commence his own research into uranium.,劳伦斯印象深刻，开始了自己对铀的研究。
"The town is fully dependent on the nearest major settlement, Roing, which is in the Lower Dibang Valley District, for most commercial needs.",这个城镇完全依赖于最近的主要定居点罗英，该定居点位于下迪邦谷地区，以满足大部分商业需求。
"The country's navy, coast guard, Maritime Security Agency, and fishermen organizations helped rescue fishermen stationed offshore.",国家的海军，海岸警卫队，海事安全局和渔民组织帮助营救了驻扎在海上的渔民。
"The Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 missions, which started in 1977, were designed to deliver color imaging amongst scientific information of Jupiter and Saturn.","""Voyager 1和Voyager 2任务始于1977年，旨在提供关于木星和土星的科学信息以及彩色成像。"""
"Friction over these sales escalated, and in response Chávez ended cooperation between the militaries of the two countries.",这些销售引发了摩擦，作为回应，查韦斯结束了两国军事间的合作。
In some species both sexes signal.,在一些物种中，雌雄两性都有信号传递的能力。
Electronic Flight Bags are divided into three hardware classes and three software types.,"""电子飞行包被分为三种硬件类别和三种软件类型。"""
"Adam had visited both Florence and Venice, where he would have seen the Ponte Vecchio and the Ponte di Rialto.",亚当曾经参观过佛罗伦萨和威尼斯，他应该看到了维奇奥桥和里亚尔托桥。
See tie 160.,看到领带160。
Hall grew up in a Communist home and was involved early on in politics.,霍尔在一个共产主义家庭长大，并且很早就参与政治。
Determining mass is even more difficult because little evidence of soft tissues survives in the fossil record.,确定质量更加困难，因为在化石记录中几乎没有软组织的证据存留。
"She successfully launched her strike on 26 January and, despite being ""sunk"" three times later in the day, proved the versatility of a carrier-based fast task force.",她成功地在1月26日发动了她的打击，尽管当天后来被“击沉”三次，但证明了航母快速特遣部队的多功能性。
"In 1926, the northern half of Jubaland was incorporated into Italian Somaliland, and was later re-dubbed Oltre Giuba by the Italians.",1926年，茨瓦纳兰北部被并入意属索马里兰，后来被意大利人重新命名为Oltre Giuba。
This results in a more detailed control of the separation process.,这导致对分离过程更详细的控制。
"To evaluate the square for a particular argument, say 3, we insert it into the definition in place of the formal parameter: The square of 3 is 3 ∗ 3 {\displaystyle 3*3} To evaluate the resulting expression 3 ∗ 3 {\displaystyle 3*3} , we would have to resort to our knowledge of multiplication and the number 3.",为了评估特定参数（例如3）的平方，我们将其插入定义中代替形式参数：3的平方是3 * 3。要评估结果表达式3 * 3，我们必须依靠我们对乘法和数字3的知识。
"Given the state of the roads, such repairs were frequent.",考虑到道路的状况，这样的修理是经常的。
"With early onset, death usually occurs within 10 years from the onset of symptoms.",早期发病时，死亡通常发生在症状发作后的10年内。
They had three minutes to grab the newspaper they desired to use for design and then completed the look in a day.,他们有三分钟时间挑选他们想要用来设计的报纸，然后在一天内完成了整个设计。
"In general, power supplies derived from large networks with many sources are more stable than those supplied to an isolated community with perhaps only a single generator.",一般来说，来自拥有许多电源的大型网络的电力供应比可能只有一个发电机供电的孤立社区更稳定。
"During the rainy season the approval of the East India Company's court of directors and of the British government was obtained as to the annexation of the lower portion of the Irrawaddy River Valley, including Prome.",在雨季期间，东印度公司董事会和英国政府批准了包括普罗姆在内的伊洛瓦底江下游流域的吞并。
To die in mortal sin without repenting and accepting God's merciful love means remaining separated from him for ever by our own free choice.,在不悔改和接受上帝的仁慈爱的情况下死去，意味着我们将永远因为自己的选择与他分离。
"A group at Stanford University is currently analyzing data from the first direct test of GEM, the Gravity Probe B satellite experiment, to see whether they are consistent with gravitomagnetism.",斯坦福大学的一个小组目前正在分析GEM的第一次直接测试数据，即重力探针B卫星实验，以确定它们是否与引力磁场一致。
"He authorized landowners to take any actions they wished against their workers, including executions.",他授权地主对他们的工人采取任何他们想要的行动，包括处决。
"Capcom later issued an apology and stated that ""any inappropriate or disrespectful comments will not be tolerated during filming"".",卡普空后来发表了道歉声明，并表示在拍摄期间“任何不恰当或不尊重的评论都不会被容忍”。
"Sociologist Lyle Munro writes that Spira went to great lengths to avoid using publicity to shame companies, using it only as a last resort.",社会学家莱尔·门罗写道，斯皮拉竭尽全力避免利用宣传来羞辱公司，只在万不得已时才使用。
It is designed mainly for hunting rather than self-defense or tactical usage.,它主要设计用于狩猎，而不是用于自卫或战术用途。
"The concern with the size of the Glock 20/21 has been addressed by the Glock 36, 21SF, and 30SF, all of which featured reduced-size frames.",Glock 20/21 的大小问题已经得到 Glock 36、21SF 和 30SF 的解决，它们都采用了缩小尺寸的框架。
"Combined with the unharnessed feasible hydropower, tapping these sources to their full extent would provide Iceland another 50 TWh of energy per year, all from renewable sources.",结合未开发的可行水力能源，充分利用这些资源将为冰岛每年提供另外50万亿瓦时的能源，全部来自可再生能源。
"Alejandro K. Brown of CBS News appreciated the game's unique use of Nintendo DS features, such as its microphone and wireless connectivity.",CBS新闻的Alejandro K. Brown赞赏了游戏对任天堂DS功能的独特运用，比如其麦克风和无线连接。
The service was free; the money was made from the medicines sold afterward to ease the pain.,这项服务是免费的；赚取的钱来自后来出售的药物，用于缓解疼痛。
Russia had viewed Poland as a de facto protectorate.,俄罗斯视波兰为事实上的保护国。
"He was strongly influenced by Motown artists, in particular James Jamerson, whom McCartney called a hero for his melodic style.",他受到了Motown艺术家的强烈影响，尤其是詹姆斯·杰默森，麦卡特尼称他为英雄，因为他的旋律风格。
"He and fellow K-pop stars Sunny from Girls' Generation and Jackson Wang from Got7 joined the cast for the second season of Roommate, a reality television series in which various celebrities share a house and are responsible for all household chores and meals.",他和女团少女时代的Sunny以及Got7的王嘉尔一起加入了第二季《室友》，这是一个真人秀电视节目，不同名人共同生活在一起，负责所有家务和饭菜。
"However, Samoans greatly resented New Zealand's colonial rule, and blamed inflation and the catastrophic 1918 flu epidemic on its misrule.",然而，萨摩亚人非常厌恶新西兰的殖民统治，并将通货膨胀和1918年灾难性的流感大流行归咎于其统治不善。
"The city is linked with three highways: the GC-1 to the south, the GC-2 to the west and GC-3 to the center of the island.",这座城市与三条高速公路相连：GC-1通向南部，GC-2通向西部，GC-3通向岛的中心。
The second step was to devise a means to reliably implement the first step.,第二步是想出一种可靠地实施第一步的方法。
"In the series of prime ministerial biographies Number 10, produced by Yorkshire Television, Pitt was portrayed by Jeremy Brett.",在由约克郡电视台制作的首相传记系列《首相府》，皮特由杰里米·布雷特扮演。
"If oil and water are mixed and small oil droplets are formed and dispersed throughout the water, eventually the droplets will coalesce to decrease the amount of energy in the system.",如果油和水混合在一起并且形成小油滴并分散在整个水中，最终这些油滴会聚合在一起，以减少系统中的能量。
"In this new Lithuanian chronicle, Palemon (Could be Polemon II of Pontus), a relative of Roman Emperor Nero, escaped Rome together with 500 noble families.",在这部新的立陶宛编年史中，罗马皇帝涅禄的亲戚帕莱蒙（可能是本都斯的帕莱蒙二世）与500个贵族家族一起逃离了罗马。
"His brother, Piero, was also an artist, and the two frequently worked together.",他的兄弟皮耶罗也是一位艺术家，两人经常一起合作。
The landing will either be direct (in the case of a point-to-point cable system) or via a branch from a main cable using a submarine branching unit.,这次着陆要么直接进行（在点对点电缆系统的情况下），要么通过使用潜水支线单元从主电缆分支。
These include the cyanide complexes Prussian blue and Hofmann clathrates.,这些包括氰化物络合物普鲁士蓝和霍夫曼笼络合物。
"About 6 percent of people with type 1 diabetes have celiac disease, but in most cases there are no digestive symptoms or are mistakenly attributed to poor control of diabetes, gastroparesis or diabetic neuropathy.",大约6%的1型糖尿病患者患有乳糜泻，但在大多数情况下，没有消化症状，或者被错误地归因于糖尿病控制不良、胃轻瘫或糖尿病性神经病变。
"The output format varies between different versions of the command, and some give additional statistics, as in this example: $ time host wikipedia.org wikipedia.org has address 207.142.131.235 0.000u 0.000s 0:00.17 0.0% 0+0k 0+0io 0pf+0w $ time (either a standalone program, or when Bash shell is running in POSIX mode AND time is invoked as time -p) reports to standard error output.",该命令的不同版本具有不同的输出格式，有些版本会提供额外的统计信息，就像这个例子：$ time host wikipedia.org wikipedia.org has address 207.142.131.235 0.000u 0.000s 0:00.17 0.0% 0+0k 0+0io 0pf+0w $ time（可以是一个独立的程序，或者在Bash shell以POSIX模式运行并且通过time -p调用时）会将报告输出到标准错误输出。
"Neo-Riemannian theorists typically assume enharmonic equivalence (in other words, Ab = G#), and so the two-dimensional plane of the 19th-century Tonnetz cycles in on itself in two different directions, and is mathematically isomorphic to a torus.",新黎曼理论家通常假设同音等价（换句话说，Ab = G＃），因此19世纪Tonnetz的二维平面在两个不同方向上循环，数学上等同于一个环面。
"Other like-minded philosophers and psychoanalysts in the vein of post-structuralism include Nietzsche, Heidegger and Freud.",在后结构主义思潮中，其他有相同理念的哲学家和精神分析学家包括尼采、海德格尔和弗洛伊德。
"This included evidence that birds had evolved from reptiles, including the discovery of Archaeopteryx in Europe, and a number of fossils of primitive birds with teeth found in North America.",这包括了证据表明鸟类起源于爬行动物，包括在欧洲发现的始祖鸟和在北美发现的一些具有牙齿的原始鸟类化石。
"She warns Pip of this repeatedly, but he will not or cannot believe her.",她多次警告皮普，但他不愿意或不能相信她。
"Shankar was born to a Bengali Brahmin family in India, and spent his youth touring India and Europe with the dance group of his brother Uday Shankar.",香卡尔出生在印度的孟加拉婆罗门家庭，他的青年时期是在印度和欧洲与哥哥乌代·香卡尔的舞蹈团一起巡回表演度过的。
Faced with this Pitman acquiesced and kept the lifeboat at its station several hundred yards off whilst the passengers and crew in the water perished swiftly in the cold.,面对这一情况，皮特曼屈服了，并将救生艇停在数百码外的位置，而水中的乘客和船员在寒冷中迅速丧生。
"In October 1944, in the aftermath of Operation Loyton another 31 captured SAS commandos were summarily executed by the Germans.",1944年10月，在洛顿行动后，另外31名被俘的SAS突击队员被德军处决。
Additional technologies such as Macromedia Flash may be used for multimedia content.,额外的技术，如Macromedia Flash，可以用于多媒体内容。
"In 1990, Collins accepted the presidency of Saint Catharine College in Springfield, Kentucky, becoming the first president of the small, Catholic college who was not a Dominican nun.",在1990年，柯林斯接受了位于肯塔基州斯普林菲尔德的圣凯瑟琳学院的校长职位，成为该小型天主教学院的第一位非多明尼加修女校长。
"The system tracked westward across the Caribbean, before dissipating on November 22 to the southwest of Grand Cayman.",该系统在加勒比海向西移动，然后于11月22日在大开曼岛西南部消散。
"It never took effect, as three separate rounds of litigation led to a permanent injunction against the law in 2009.",这项法律从未生效，因为三轮独立的诉讼导致了2009年对该法律的永久禁令。
"Therefore, it is sufficient to establish it in a preferred coordinate system in order to have it hold in all coordinate systems.",因此，只需在首选坐标系中建立它，以确保它适用于所有坐标系。
"As a result, it does not appear on the list of threatened Australian plants under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.",因此，它不会出现在1999年环境保护和生物多样性保护法案下濒危澳大利亚植物名单上。
"During this time, Korsch became a member of the Fabian Society, a reformist socialist organization.",在这段时间里，科尔什成为了费边社的成员，这是一个改革社会主义组织。
"It is widely considered to be the computing world's highest honour, equivalent to the Nobel Prize.",这被广泛认为是计算机界最高荣誉，相当于诺贝尔奖。
"She dismissed her old drama coach, Natasha Lytess, and replaced her with Paula; the Strasbergs remained an important influence for the rest of her career.",她解雇了她的老话剧教练纳塔莎·莱特斯，并用保拉代替她；斯特拉斯伯格夫妇在她事业的其余部分仍然保持着重要影响力。
"They are called helper cells because one of their main roles is to send signals to other types of immune cells, including CD8 killer cells, which then destroy the infectious particle.",它们被称为辅助细胞，因为它们的主要作用之一是向其他类型的免疫细胞发送信号，包括CD8杀伤细胞，然后销毁感染性颗粒。
"Access to the 12,000 movie screens in China is a powerful incentive for film makers, especially those producing material such as Kung Fu Panda 3 to consult and cooperate with Chinese censors.","在中国拥有12,000块电影屏幕的机会对电影制片人来说是一个强大的激励，尤其是那些制作功夫熊猫3等内容的制片人与中国审查员协商合作。"
Until the 1569 Union of Lublin the region enjoyed a substantial autonomy.,直到1569年的利沃夫联盟，该地区享有相当大的自治权。
"The following day, the city council held an emergency session and passed an ordinance banning KKK motorcades.",第二天，市政府召开了紧急会议，并通过一项法令禁止了三K党的游行队伍。
"As with many Infocom games, the box contained a number of ""feelies"" including a ""Don't panic"" badge, some ""pocket fluff"", a pair of peril-sensitive sunglasses (made of cardboard), an order for the destruction of the Earth, a small, clear plastic bag containing ""a microscopic battle fleet"" and an order for the destruction of Arthur Dent's house (signed by Adams and Meretzky).",正如许多Infocom游戏一样，盒子内包含了一些“感觉物品”，包括一个“不要恐慌”的徽章，一些“口袋绒毛”，一副由硬纸板制成的危险感应太阳镜，一份摧毁地球的命令，一个装有“微观战舰舰队”的小透明塑料袋，以及一份摧毁亚瑟·邓特的房子的命令（由亚当斯和梅雷茨基签署）。
"In Viking times the anchorage where Stromness now stands was called Hamnavoe, meaning ""peaceful"" or ""safe harbour"".",在维京时代，斯特罗姆内斯现在所在的停泊地被称为Hamnavoe，意思是“宁静”或“安全的港口”。
"At the Chess World Cup 2015 he knocked out Alexander Moiseenko and Wang Hao in rounds one and two respectively, then he was eliminated by Veselin Topalov in the third round after the first set of rapid tiebreaker games.",在2015年国际象棋世界杯比赛中，他分别在第一轮和第二轮淘汰了亚历山大·莫伊森科和王皓，然后在第三轮的快棋加赛中被维塞林·托帕洛夫淘汰。
July 4 0600 UTC - PAGASA designates Invest.93W as Tropical Depression Emong 35 nautical miles (65 km) northeast of Catarman Samar Island Philippines.,7月4日0600 UTC- 菲律宾大气地球物理天文管理局将Invest.93W指定为热带低压Emong，位于菲律宾萨马岛卡塔曼东北35海里（65公里）。
"Generally, the effects of green light are the opposite of those directed by red and blue wavebands, and it's speculated that green light works in orchestration with red and blue.",通常来说，绿光的作用与红光和蓝光波段的方向相反，有人推测绿光与红光和蓝光协同作用。
"Soon after the Dutch defeat, on 14 May 1940, they were set free by German troops.",在荷兰战败后不久，1940年5月14日，他们被德军释放。
There are more than 300 blue-white super-giant stars in each of the clusters.,每个星团中都有300多颗蓝白色超巨星。
"Zwicky developed a generalised form of morphological analysis, which is a method for systematically structuring and investigating the total set of relationships contained in multi-dimensional, usually non-quantifiable, problem complexes.",茨维基发展了一种广义形态分析方法，该方法是一种系统地构建和研究多维、通常是非量化问题复杂集合中包含的全部关系的方法。
The games was seriously marred by doping – many champions were stripped of their titles and the overall level of performances remain questionable to international audiences.,比赛严重受到兴奋剂的影响 - 许多冠军被剥夺了头衔，整体表现水平令国际观众怀疑。
The Capital City Goofball (voiced by Tom Poston) is the mascot for Capital City.,“首都之城傻瓜”（由汤姆·波斯顿配音）是首都之城的吉祥物。
The antifungal granules can be sprinkled on a child's food to treat the infection.,抗真菌颗粒可以撒在孩子的食物上，以治疗感染。
"For any normal modal logic, L, a Kripke model (called the canonical model) can be constructed that refutes precisely the non-theorems of L, by an adaptation of the standard technique of using maximal consistent sets as models.",对于任何正常的模态逻辑L，可以构造一个克里普克模型（称为规范模型），通过使用最大一致集作为模型的标准技术的改编，精确地证明L的非定理。
"In July 2009, Merchant Hotel won the ""World's Best Hotel Bar"" competition.",在2009年7月，商人酒店赢得了“世界最佳酒店酒吧”比赛。
"For example, the Hubble Space Telescope can reach an angular size of stars down to about 0.1′′.",例如，哈勃太空望远镜可以观测到约0.1''的星体角直径。
Among the claims made in the book is that the deceased must be cremated in order for the soul to be reincarnated.,在这本书中提出的主张之一是，逝者必须火化才能让灵魂转世。
They generally avoided society and other Americans except for friends in the art world.,他们通常避免社交和其他美国人，除了艺术圈里的朋友。
We also propose that we contact Homophile organizations throughout the country and suggest that they hold parallel demonstrations on that day.,我们还建议与全国范围内的同性恋组织联系，并建议他们在那天举行平行示威活动。
"Per-Wadjet also contained a sanctuary of Horus, the child of the sun deity who would be interpreted to represent the pharaoh.","""佩尔瓦杰特还包含了荷鲁斯的圣殿，他是太阳神的孩子，被解释为代表法老。"""
"WinJS started as a technology that was specific to Windows Store apps, but has evolved to aim at working in any Web browser.",WinJS起初是一种专门用于Windows Store应用程序的技术，但已经发展到旨在在任何Web浏览器中运行。
At first no one would agree to bury him because of his controversial reputation.,起初，由于他有争议的声誉，没有人愿意同意埋葬他。
"Later in 1984 Peter Abeles, chairman of TNT, expressed interest in Dr Wild's proposal.",1984年晚些时候，TNT董事长彼得·阿贝尔斯表达了对怀尔德博士提案的兴趣。
"Both are interested in how the ""cultural other can best preserve that otherness"".",两者都对“文化他者如何最好地保留那种他者性”感兴趣。
Keep the tail closed up in the palm of the same hand until it dies and touch the woman and her private parts when you have intercourse with her.,将尾巴闭在同一只手的手掌中，直到它死去，然后在与她发生性行为时触碰女人和她的私处。
"Within weeks, the Swedish troops gave way to German troops who occupied Åland at the request of the ""White"" (conservative) Senate of Finland.",在几周之内，瑞典军队让位于德国军队，后者应芬兰“白色”（保守派）参议院的要求占领了奥兰群岛。
The excavations were conducted with the supervision of scientific and rabbinic experts.,这些挖掘工作在科学和拉比专家的监督下进行。
"He compared them to a living being, with physics the meat and blood, logic the bones and tendons holding the organism together, and finally ethics – the most important part – corresponding to the soul.",他将它们比作一个活生物，物理学是肉和血，逻辑是骨骼和肌腱，最后伦理学 - 最重要的部分 - 对应于灵魂。
This means he has final veto power on the core functionality.,这意味着他在核心功能上拥有最终否决权。
"In French salons, as Habermas says, ""opinion became emancipated from the bonds of economic dependence"".",在法国沙龙中，正如哈贝马斯所说，“观点从经济依赖的束缚中解放出来”。
"After returning to Germany, Königsberg resumed her gunnery training duties, and also served as a testbed for radar prototypes.",回到德国后，肯斯堡恢复了她的炮术训练职责，并且还担任了雷达原型的测试平台。
Fred begins to fake oral sex on her.,弗雷德开始在她身上假装口交。
Pilot of Alsiel.,"""阿尔西尔的飞行员。"""
"In the south, the Wehrmacht never got close to the capital.",在南部，德国国防军从未接近首都。
This simplification will help us in many areas.,这种简化将在许多领域帮助我们。
Some filling stations in Kenya started offering 50 ppm diesel as of December 2010.,肯尼亚的一些加油站从2010年12月开始提供50ppm的柴油。
Models appearing on Fucking Machines film shoots are instructed to be authentic and experience pleasure from the machines without acting.,出现在《操机器》电影拍摄中的模特被要求要真实，从机器中体验快乐，而不是假装。
Correa called for a new human rights commission to replace the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.,"""科雷亚呼吁设立一个新的人权委员会，以取代美洲人权委员会。"""
"Wikipedia research fellow Sarah Stierch acknowledged that it is ""fairly common"" for Wikipedia contributors to remain gender-anonymous.",维基百科研究员Sarah Stierch承认，维基百科的贡献者保持性别匿名是“相当普遍”的。
"Despite his misgivings, Model threw himself into the task with his usual energy, cracking down on any defeatism he might find.",尽管他心存疑虑，模德尔还是以他一贯的精力投入了这项任务，遏制了他可能发现的任何悲观情绪。
"By autumn 1940, after conquering its portion of Poland, the Third Reich shared an extensive border with USSR, with whom it remained neutrally bound by their non-aggression pact and trade agreements.",到了1940年秋天，第三帝国在征服了波兰领土之后，与苏联拥有着广阔的边界，双方之间通过他们的不侵犯协议和贸易协议保持中立关系。
Pakistan Army personnel and helicopters were also sent to the area for search and rescue operations.,巴基斯坦军队人员和直升机也被派往该地区进行搜索和救援行动。
"In spring 2016, 79 pups were found, four of which were dead.",在2016年春季，发现了79只幼崽，其中有四只是死的。
"After returning to Asia Minor, Tissaphernes attacked the Greek cities to punish them for their allegiance to Cyrus.",回到小亚细亚后，提萨芬尼斯袭击了希腊城市，惩罚他们效忠赛路斯的行为。
This was denied by UFC president Dana White.,这被UFC总裁达纳·怀特否认了。
A storage is conceptually very similar to a directory on a file system.,一个存储在概念上非常类似于文件系统上的目录。
"Speaking generally, I think there is some claim for him to be regarded as a resident of Australia, and I have no doubt his certificate can be extended from time to time as it has been extended in the past.",一般而言，我认为他有一些理由被视为澳大利亚的居民，我毫不怀疑他的证书可以像过去一样随时延期。
"In Christian teachings, vanity is an example of pride, one of the seven deadly sins.",在基督教教义中，虚荣是骄傲的一个例子，是七宗罪之一。
"Despite a few omissions like that, Brasero is very complete and is far more useful than the simplistic CD/DVD Creator that is built into the GNOME file manager.",尽管有一些遗漏，Brasero非常完整，比内置在GNOME文件管理器中的简单CD/DVD创建器更加实用。
He is considerably taller than his father.,他比他父亲高得多。
It was a time of considerable political and religious turmoil.,这是一个政治和宗教动荡的时期。
"Eastern District has the highest concentration of Filipino residents of any district in Hong Kong, with 3.24% of the district's population being of Filipino descent (14,596 people).","东区是香港人口中拥有最高比例的菲律宾居民的地区，菲律宾裔人口占该地区总人口的3.24％（14,596人）。"
Winkie received her medal from Maria Dickin in March 1943.,"""Winkie在1943年3月收到了玛丽亚·迪金颁发的奖牌。"""
"The term is often used to describe an issue that involves a social taboo, such as race, religion, homosexuality, mental illness, or even suicide.",这个术语通常用来描述涉及社会禁忌的问题，如种族、宗教、同性恋、精神疾病，甚至自杀。
"A blue-white supergiant of spectral type B5Ia, Aludra has a luminosity 176,000 times and a diameter around 80 times that of the Sun.","阿鲁德拉是一颗B5Ia光谱类型的蓝白色超巨星，其光度是太阳的176,000倍，直径大约是太阳的80倍。"
3 June: Mexico's Supreme Court rules that state laws banning same-sex marriage are discriminatory.,6月3日：墨西哥最高法院裁定禁止同性婚姻的州法律是歧视性的。
"The stadium has been used by England youth teams on a number of occasions, the first on 24 November 1971, saw the England U23 team draw 1–1 with Switzerland.",这个体育场已经多次被英格兰青年队使用，首次是在1971年11月24日，看到英格兰U23队和瑞士队打成1-1平局。
"In the anime, she is a friend of Professor Oak.",在动漫中，她是橡树博士的朋友。
"Determined to regain her love, Ken devises a plan to escape from Pulau Tekong and send her off, for he feels she is merely just testing him.",决心要重新赢回她的爱，Ken 设计了一个计划来逃离普劳德克恩并送她离开，因为他觉得她只是在考验他。
"But finally in 1993, the two countries signed an agreement to ensure peace along the LAC.",但最终在1993年，这两个国家签署了一项协议，以确保沿着实际控制线的和平。
"On Easter Saturday, one of these foraging groups captured a Scots man-at-arms whom they brought before the Duke of Clarence.",在复活节的周六，其中一个寻找食物的团队抓住了一名苏格兰武士，他们把他带到了克拉伦斯公爵面前。
The current insights in these relationships are expressed in the following tree.,这些关系的最新见解表达在以下树中。
Yuri's Night.,"""尤里之夜。"""
It can also be used to collect internal company data.,它也可以用于收集公司内部数据。
"Another point is that although their love is passionate, it is only consummated in marriage, which keeps them from losing the audience's sympathy.",另一个观点是，尽管他们的爱是充满激情的，但只有在婚姻中才得以实现，这使他们不会失去观众的同情心。
"Nottingham Council House is the city hall of Nottingham, England.",诺丁汉市政厅是英格兰诺丁汉市的市政厅。
"In the waterfall model, there is always a separate testing phase after a build phase; however, in agile software development testing is completed in the same iteration as programming.",在瀑布模型中，建设阶段后总是有一个单独的测试阶段; 然而，在敏捷软件开发中，测试是在相同的迭代中完成的。
"On 22 May 2009, The Age of Stupid team launched their Indie Screenings model, a new form of film distribution which allows anyone, anywhere to buy a license to hold a screening of the film - with the price set according to the screener's means - and then, crucially, to charge for tickets and keep any profits for themselves.",在2009年5月22日，愚蠢时代团队推出了他们的Indie Screenings模式，这是一种新的电影分发形式，允许任何人在任何地方购买许可证举办电影放映会 - 价格根据放映者的收入而定 - 然后，至关重要的是，收取门票费用并将任何利润保留给自己。
"President Barack Obama directed the federal government to provide any assistance necessary to ""pursue the investigation and support the community"".",奥巴马总统指示联邦政府提供必要的协助，以“开展调查并支持社区”。
One-third of them will have serious dysfunction.,其中三分之一将有严重功能障碍。
"Later 20th-century events included the 1982 broadcast of DPT: Vaccine Roulette, which sparked debate over the DPT vaccine, and the 1998 publication of a fraudulent academic article by Andrew Wakefield which sparked the MMR vaccine controversy.",20世纪后期的事件包括1982年播出的《DPT：疫苗轮盘》，引发了对DPT疫苗的争论，以及1998年安德鲁·韦克菲尔德发布的一篇欺诈性学术文章，引发了麻疹风疹疫苗争议。
"Starting with season three, the show attracted an international audience, and NRK was therefore heavily asked to add English subtitles to the Skam episodes online.",从第三季开始，这个节目吸引了国际观众，因此NRK被要求在网上Skam剧集中添加英文字幕。
"A prolific striker, Krankl is regarded by many as one of Austria's greatest players.",克兰克尔是一名多产的前锋，许多人认为他是奥地利最伟大的球员之一。
"The majority of people at Level I are integrated at the environmental or social level (Dąbrowski called them average people); however, many also exhibit shades of both impulse and socialization.",在一级的大多数人在环境或社会层面上是综合的（达布洛夫斯基称他们为普通人）; 然而，许多人也表现出冲动和社会化两种特性。
It opened in 2008 and follows the tracks of the world's first long distance road trip in 1888.,它于2008年开业，并追随了1888年世界上第一次长途自驾游的路线。
"On the English side at Shakespeare Cliff, the government allowed 250 metres (820 ft) of 4.5-metre (15 ft) diameter tunnel to be driven.",在莎士比亚悬崖的英国一侧，政府允许挖掘250米（820英尺）直径4.5米（15英尺）的隧道。
Many of Brown's shows have generated controversy.,布朗的许多节目引发了争议。
Santos stated that he would like to see dialogue within the group over whether existing counter-drug regulations should be revised.,Santos表示他希望看到小组内就现有的反毒品法规是否应该修改展开对话。
Yubico publicized a tool to check if a Yubikey is affected and replaced affected tokens for free.,Yubico公布了一个工具，用于检查Yubikey是否受影响，并免费替换受影响的令牌。
"However, some observers, such as Alexander Flor (1986) have cautioned about the negative impact of informatization on traditional societies.",然而，一些观察者，如亚历山大·弗洛尔（1986年），已经警告说信息化对传统社会可能会产生负面影响。
"In the Status Word, the first 5 bits are the address of the Remote Terminal that is responding, in this case 0x3.",在状态字中，前5位是响应的远端终端的地址，本例中为0x3。
"An orb of approximately 10° is usually considered a conjunction, however if neither the Sun or Moon is involved, some consider the conjunction to have a maximum distance of only about 0±08°.",一个大约10°的球体通常被认为是一个合相，然而如果太阳或月亮都不涉及其中，有些人认为合相的最大距离仅约为0±08°。
The missile itself is named SLAMRAAM (Surface Launched AMRAAM).,这种导弹本身被命名为SLAMRAAM（地面发射AMRAAM）。
"During 2016 the LSAT program advanced the 7.62mm LMG to TRL 7, with range testing.",在2016年，LSAT项目将7.62毫米轻机枪提升到TRL 7，并进行了射程测试。
"Examples of RETScreen's use in academia can be found under the “Publications and Reports” and ""University and College Courses"" sections of the RETScreen newsletter, accessible through the User manual in the downloaded software.",在下载的软件用户手册中可通过 RETScreen 通讯中的“出版物和报告”和“大学和学院课程”部分找到 RETScreen 在学术界中的使用示例。
"His strength was acknowledged when, after a series of meetings between the Osaka and Tokyo sumo associations, he was awarded a yokozuna license by the Yoshida family in April 1905.",他的实力在大阪和东京相扑协会之间进行一系列会议后得到认可，于1905年4月获得了由吉田家族颁发的横纲执照。
"Lucky speaks only once in the play and it is a result of Pozzo's order to ""think"" for Estragon and Vladimir.","""幸运在剧中只说了一次话，这是波佐命令埃斯特拉贡和弗拉基米尔“思考”的结果。"""
"Worldwide, the trend is similar.",全球范围内，这种趋势是相似的。
Some of the coins from the hoard have been put on temporary display at the museum from 22 October to 26 November 2011.,一些藏品中的硬币已从2011年10月22日至11月26日在博物馆进行临时展示。
"By the same argument, the number of steps remains the same if a and b are multiplied by a common factor w: T(a, b) = T(wa, wb).","通过同样的论点，如果a和b分别乘以一个公共因子w，步骤的数量仍然保持不变：T(a, b) = T(wa, wb)。"
The Washington Post said.,《华盛顿邮报》报道。
"To the east of Karelia, the Stavka planned to use 9 divisions, 2 sapper brigades, 2 tank brigades and 3 assault gun regiments, raising the whole strength to 16 divisions, 2 fortified regions, 5 separate rifle brigades, 2 tank brigades, 3 assault gun regiments and 3 tank battalions.",在卡累利阿的东部，司令部计划动用9个师、2个工兵旅、2个坦克旅和3个突击炮团，将总兵力提升至16个师、2个要塞区、5个单独的步兵旅、2个坦克旅、3个突击炮团和3个坦克营。
"After the severe bomb damage, the reconstruction of the entrance building began in the summer of 1948, resulting in a facade with newly designed interiors and the remaining steel work of the roofs of the old halls was removed and the platforms were covered by temporary wooden canopies.",在严重的炸弹破坏之后，入口大楼的重建工作于1948年夏季开始，结果是一个外立面带有新设计内饰的大厦，旧大厅的屋顶上剩余的钢架被拆除，站台被临时木制遮篷覆盖。
Officers were barbaric in behavior and advanced in rank by killing superiors who they thought were incompetent.,官员们的行为野蛮，通过杀死他们认为不称职的上级晋升。
"Petrie related the precision of the casing stones as to being ""equal to opticians' work of the present day, but on a scale of acres"" and ""to place such stones in exact contact would be careful work; but to do so with cement in the joints seems almost impossible"".",彼特里将外壳石的精度描述为“等同于当今光学工作，但是规模达到了亩级”，“将这样的石块放置在精确接触中需要细心的工作；但要在接缝中使用水泥做到这一点几乎是不可能的”。
The Smiths' house in Liverpool was later donated to The National Trust.,史密斯家在利物浦的房子后来捐赠给了国家信托。
"Altogether the Cao family, especially Cao Cao's fourth son, Cao Zhi, in association with other poets helped to form the Jian'an style.",总的来说，曹家，尤其是曹操的第四个儿子曹植，与其他诗人合作，帮助形成了建安风格。
He pokes his sword through the door.,他用剑刺穿了门。
He spent almost all his childhood in Rome and Bologna.,他几乎整个童年都在罗马和博洛尼亚度过。
"In 2004, Princeton University mathematician Edward Belbruno and astrophysicist J. Richard Gott III proposed that Theia coalesced at the L4 or L5 Lagrangian point relative to Earth (in about the same orbit and about 60° ahead or behind), similar to a trojan asteroid.",在2004年，普林斯顿大学数学家爱德华·贝尔布鲁诺和天体物理学家J·理查德·戈特三世提出，泰亚在相对于地球的L4或L5拉格朗日点处凝聚（大约在相同的轨道上，大约在前后60°处），类似于特洛伊木星。
"In the new ending, the rescued Carrie vows to help others with similar gifts to her own.",在新的结局中，被救出来的凯丽发誓要帮助其他拥有类似天赋的人。
USG at Stony Brook has a long history going back to the founding of the Student Polity Association (Polity) in 1959.,在斯托尼布鲁克，USG有着悠久的历史，可以追溯到1959年学生政治协会（Polity）的成立。
"Later on in 1866, the Chinese characters was altered to Hong Kong One-thousand (香港一千), indicating the value of a thousandth of a dollar.","""后来在1866年，汉字被改为香港一千，表示一美元的千分之一的价值。"""
A video-game adaptation titled Iron Sky: Invasion was released in October 2012.,一部名为《铁天空：入侵》的视频游戏改编版于2012年10月发布。
The project is key in Denmark's ambitions to expand its wind-power generation to 50% by 2020.,这个项目对丹麦雄心壮志的关键是到2020年将其风力发电扩大到50%。
"In 1938, the William P. Hobby Airport in Houston, Texas—known at the time as Houston Municipal Airport—was renamed after Hughes, but the name was changed back after people objected to naming the airport after a living person.",1938年，得克萨斯州休斯顿的威廉·P·霍比机场（当时称为休斯顿市机场）被改名为休斯，但由于人们反对将机场命名为一个活着的人，后来改回了原名。
This means that the both chambers had to pass exactly the same version of a bill.,这意味着两个议院必须通过完全相同版本的法案。
Only when she saw the film did she know what was being said.,只有当她看了电影后，她才知道在说什么。
"He was repudiated by Pope Pius VI, and in 1791 had to give up the biretta.",他被教皇庇護六世否定，並在1791年不得不放棄紅帽。
"In the European Commission Community Research publication, Art &amp; Scientific Research are Free: Towards a Culture of Life, it states several commentaries by Hans Jonas and especially Ladislav Kovác about Noocracy.",在欧洲委员会社区研究出版物《艺术与科学研究是自由的：走向生命文化》中，提到了汉斯·约纳斯和特别是拉迪斯拉夫·科瓦奇对智识论的一些评论。
"According to Lee, the Chinese community issued an ultimatum to him to stop teaching non-Chinese people.",根据李的说法，中国社区对他发出了最后通牒，要求他停止教非华裔人。
"On May 12, 1969, the Joint Commission on Coinage held a meeting in order to determine the best way to sell the Carson City-minted dollars earlier held back by Treasury officials.",在1969年5月12日，货币委员会举行了一次会议，以确定最佳方式出售之前被财政部官员拦下的卡森城铸造的美元。
"The most generous of people is the one who gives to those from whom he has no hope of return. — Husain ibn Ali Generosity is sometimes used to denote charity, (the virtue of giving without expecting anything in return).",最慷慨的人是那些给予他们没有希望回报的人。 ——侯赛因·伊本·阿里 慷慨有时用来表示慈善（即无条件给予而不期望任何回报的美德）。
"One of the daughters, Lyudmila, did not participate in the hijacking as she was married and lived separately, in another city.",其中一个女儿，柳德米拉，并没有参与劫持事件，因为她已经结婚并独自生活在另一个城市。
"His landmark recordings in 1936 and 1937 display a combination of singing, guitar skills, and songwriting talent that has influenced later generations of musicians.",他在1936年和1937年的里程碑式录音展示了一种歌唱、吉他技巧和作曲才能的结合，这影响了后代音乐家。
These currencies were all replaced by the euro in 2002.,这些货币在2002年全部被欧元取代。
"Then, the system of ideas that we have initially chosen is simply one interpretation of the system of undefined symbols; but from the deductive point of view this interpretation can be ignored by the reader, who is free to replace it in his mind by another interpretation that satisfies the conditions stated by the unproved propositions.",然后，我们最初选择的想法体系只是对未定义符号体系的一种解释；但从演绎的角度来看，读者可以忽略这种解释，自由地用另一种能满足未经证明命题所陈述条件的解释替代它。
"It also allows typed data to be annotated with additional meaning, for example a particular string value might be annotated so that it could be understood as a URL.",它还可以让键入的数据附上额外的含义，例如特定的字符串值可能被注释，以便被理解为一个URL。
"Jealous of their class privilege (""freedoms""), the Renaissance szlachta developed a sense of public service duties, educated their youth, took keen interest in current trends and affairs and traveled widely.",因为他们对他们阶级特权（“自由”）感到嫉妒，文艺复兴时期的贵族发展了公共服务职责感，培养了他们的青年，对当前的趋势和事务产生浓厚兴趣并广泛旅行。
"On Caldor he meets Vanth, who warns him that he is the protector of the people who live there.",在卡尔多，他遇到了范斯，范斯警告他说他是那里居住的人们的保护者。
"In the expansion, the player travels to the frozen island of Solstheim and is asked to investigate the uneasiness of the soldiers stationed there.",在这个扩展中，玩家前往了冰冻的索斯海姆岛，并被要求调查驻扎在那里士兵的不安情绪。
"In the most usual, horizontal alignment, this means that the white stripe is placed above the red one.",在最常见的水平对齐方式中，这意味着白色条纹位于红色条纹的上方。
"Baldwin and Godehilde were released soon after the crusaders left Hungary, and entered the Byzantine Empire in late November.",鲍德温和戈德希尔德在十字军离开匈牙利后不久被释放，并于十一月底进入拜占庭帝国。
Aims to be the hero whenever something happens.,无论何时发生什么事，都立志成为英雄。
"On June 17, 1939, Weidmann was beheaded outside the prison Saint-Pierre in Versailles.",1939年6月17日，魏德曼在凡尔赛圣皮埃尔监狱外被斩首。
"The most frequent type of glycolysis found in the body is the type that follows the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) Pathway, which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakob Karol Parnas.",身体中最常见的糖酵解类型是遵循恩登-迈尔霍夫-帕纳斯（EMP）途径的类型，该途径是由古斯塔夫·恩登（Gustav Embden）、奥托·迈尔霍夫（Otto Meyerhof）和雅各布·卡罗尔·帕纳斯（Jakob Karol Parnas）发现的。
The title is taken from a poem by the 16th-century English dramatist George Peele.,这个标题取自16世纪英国戏剧家乔治·皮尔的一首诗。
"With regards to additional spoken languages other than their usual language, 71.5% stated that they spoke English, 14.6% Cantonese, 24.0% Mandarin, and 9.7% Japanese.",关于除他们平常使用的语言外的其他口语，71.5%表示他们会说英语，14.6%会说粤语，24.0%会说普通话，9.7%会说日语。
There are pay showers nearby in the picnic area.,在野餐区附近有付费淋浴。
"His confession was full of absurdities, and thus he was not used as a Soviet prosecution witness during the Nuremberg trials.",他的供词充满了荒谬之处，因此在纽伦堡审判中没有被用作苏联的检控证人。
"This gives time for a possible tsunami forecast to be made and warnings to be issued to threatened areas, if warranted.",这样可以留出时间来进行可能的海啸预测，并在必要时向受威胁地区发布警告。
"Scenario planning, also called scenario thinking or scenario analysis, is a strategic planning method that some organizations use to make flexible long-term plans.","""情景规划，也称为情景思维或情景分析，是一种战略规划方法，一些组织使用它制定灵活的长期计划。"""
"There was also a flag for use by the Governor, based on the national flag.",还有一面旗帜供州长使用，基于国旗设计。
"The war was fought in Galatia in central Asia Minor, in present-day Turkey.",这场战争发生在小亚细亚的中部加拉太地区，即现代的土耳其。
"For example, the Institution of Lighting Engineers in the United Kingdom provides its members with information about light pollution, the problems it causes, and how to reduce its impact.",例如，英国照明工程师协会为其会员提供有关光污染、其引起的问题以及如何减少其影响的信息。
He also composed new revolutionary lyrics in Cebuano for some well-known folk songs.,他还为一些著名的民间歌曲创作了用宿务语的新革命歌词。
"18 hours before the hurricane made landfall, the National Hurricane Center upgraded the watch to a hurricane warning for the entire coastline.",飓风登陆前18小时，国家飓风中心将警告升级为整个海岸线的飓风警告。
March 25 – Portuguese navigator João da Nova probably discovers Ascension Island.,3月25日 - 葡萄牙航海家乔昂·达诺瓦可能发现了升天岛。
"Early in the second century another reference to the crucifixion of Jesus was made by Tacitus, generally considered one of the greatest Roman historians.",在二世纪初，泰西提斯提到了耶稣被钉在十字架上的事件，他通常被认为是最伟大的罗马历史学家之一。
The area was the one geographical region deeded by the city government and private property owners which allowed Chinese persons to inherit and inhabit dwellings within the city.,这片区域是由市政府和私人所有者赋予的一个地理区域，允许华人继承和居住城市内的住宅。
Benedict Anderson arrived at his theory because he felt that neither Marxist nor liberal theory adequately explained nationalism.,安德森提出这个理论是因为他觉得马克思主义理论和自由主义理论都无法充分解释民族主义。
The rear engine cover also has a new shape to adapt to the roadster form and now has now has vents for efficient cooling.,后置引擎罩也有了新的形状，以适应敞篷车的形式，并且现在有了通风口以实现高效冷却。
"Fortune called the tweet an attempt ""to undermine her allegation"" and Republican Senator Susan Collins—considered a key swing vote on Kavanaugh's nomination—said she is ""appalled"" by Trump's tweet, calling it ""inappropriate and wrong"".",财富称这条推文是“意图削弱她的指控”，共和党参议员苏珊·科林斯表示她对特朗普的推文感到“震惊”，称其“不当且错误”。
The majority of light rums come from Puerto Rico.,大部分的轻型朗姆酒来自波多黎各。
MALDI TOF/TOF mass spectrometers are used to reveal amino acid sequence of peptides using post-source decay or high energy collision-induced dissociation (further use see mass spectrometry).,MALDI TOF/TOF 质谱仪被用来通过后源衰变或高能碰撞诱导解离来揭示肽的氨基酸序列（更多用途参见质谱技术）。
"Based on its psychological and numerical centrality to the main campus of the Institute, members of the MIT community sometimes humorously refer to the Great Dome as ""The Center of the Universe"".",根据麻省理工学院主校园的心理和数字中心地位，麻省理工学院社区的成员有时幽默地将大圆顶称为“宇宙中心”。
"The park included up to 300 guns of various sizes, and was protected by a ditch and palisade on three sides and a steep bank of the River Lidoire on the fourth.",这座公园拥有多达300支各种尺寸的枪支，四周有沟渠和栅栏保护，第四侧是里多瑞河的陡峭河岸。
"The Alfred Jarry Theatre, founded by Antonin Artaud and Roger Vitrac, housed several Absurdist plays, including ones by Ionesco and Adamov.",阿尔弗雷德·贾里剧院由安东尼·阿尔托与罗杰·维特拉克创立，上演了几部荒诞主义剧，其中包括了伊奥内斯科和亚当莫夫的作品。
"In 1924 (2 October) ""personal"" or ""service"" categories were introduced, from K1 (section leader, assistant squad leader, senior rifleman, etc.) to K14 (field commander, army commander, military district commander, army commissar and equivalent).",在1924年（10月2日），引入了“个人”或“服务”类别，从K1（组长、助理班长、高级步枪手等）到K14（野战指挥官、军队指挥官、军区指挥官、军队政委等）。
"Yet designers often fail to achieve a balance between form and function, creating gorgeous data visualizations which fail to serve their main purpose — to communicate information"".",然而，设计师们经常无法在形式和功能之间取得平衡，创造出华丽的数据可视化图表，却未能实现其主要目的——传达信息。
12 In a closed syllable.,在一个闭合音节。
She's the only one can do Sorcery.,她是唯一能施展魔法的人。
"Introduced in the 1984 Paris Motor Show, the SEAT Ibiza Mk1 (codenamed 021A) entered production in the 'Zona Franca' assembly lines on 27 April 1984 and proved to be a success for the Spanish manufacturer, as it sold 1,342,001 units until the launch of its second generation in 1993.","在1984年的巴黎汽车展上首次亮相，西雅特Ibiza Mk1（代号021A）于1984年4月27日开始在“Zona Franca”组装线上投产，对西班牙制造商来说，这款车型证明了自己的成功，直到1993年第二代车型推出之前，销量已经达到了1,342,001辆。"
"It was first reported as a shooting, but an autopsy report confirmed that Baloch was murdered by asphyxiation while she was asleep, on the night of 15–16 July, around 11:15 p.m. to 11:30 p.m.",这起事件最初被报告为枪击案，但尸检报告证实，巴洛奇在睡觉时窒息身亡，时间是7月15日至16日晚上11:15至11:30左右。
"Hall's attempt to flee to Moscow failed when he was picked up in Mexico City on October 8, 1951.",霍尔试图逃往莫斯科的行动于1951年10月8日在墨西哥城失败。
"Jones wrote that Kinsey's sexual activity influenced his work, that he over-represented prisoners and prostitutes, classified some single people as ""married"", and that he included a disproportionate number of homosexual men, which may have distorted his studies.",琼斯写道，金斯利的性活动影响了他的工作，他过多地代表了囚犯和妓女，将一些单身人士归类为“已婚”，并且包括了大量偏多的同性恋男性，这可能使他的研究失真。
"FAT – File Allocation Table, initially used on DOS and Microsoft Windows and now widely used for portable USB storage and some other devices; FAT12, FAT16 and FAT32 for 12-, 16- and 32-bit table depths.",FAT - 文件分配表，最初用于DOS和Microsoft Windows，现在广泛用于便携式USB存储和一些其他设备；FAT12，FAT16和FAT32用于12位，16位和32位表深度。
"He attributes his interest in dinosaurs to his reading an article in the September 7, 1953, issue of Life magazine.",他将自己对恐龙的兴趣归因于阅读了1953年9月7日《生活》杂志上的一篇文章。
"During the mid 16th century, Portuguese traders introduced playing cards to Japan.",在16世纪中叶，葡萄牙商人将扑克牌引入日本。
"It has up to 5 entrances around the crossroads of Jalan Bukit Bintang and Jalan Sultan Ismail, allowing commuters access to several malls in the vicinity, for example Pavilion Kuala Lumpur and Lot 10.",它在武吉免登路和苏丹依斯迈路的十字路口周围有多达5个入口，使通勤者能够进入附近的几个购物中心，例如吉隆坡柏威年广场和乐天广场。
Georgi Vasilyev received two Stalin Prizes in 1941 and 1942.,乔治·瓦西里耶夫在1941年和1942年分别获得了两次斯大林奖。
Nanoparticles are of great scientific interest as they are effectively a bridge between bulk materials and atomic or molecular structures.,纳米粒子在科学上具有极大的兴趣，因为它们有效地连接了大块材料和原子或分子结构之间的桥梁。
"On 14 September, Alizée announced on Facebook that the album had been delayed until early 2013.",在9月14日，Alizée在Facebook上宣布专辑推迟到2013年初。
The M80's warhead has the potential to penetrate 300 mm of solid steel at a 90-degree angle.,"""M80的弹头有潜力以90度角击穿300毫米的实心钢。"""
"The subsequent period, ending around 1000, saw the further growth of feudalism, which weakened the Holy Roman Empire.",随后的时期，大约在1000年左右结束，封建制度进一步增长，削弱了神圣罗马帝国。
"It is uncertain if reducing public gatherings, by for example closing schools and workplaces, will reduce transmission since people with influenza may just be moved from one area to another; such measures would also be difficult to enforce and might be unpopular.",目前尚不确定，例如关闭学校和工作场所等减少公共聚会是否会减少传播，因为患流感的人可能只是从一个地区转移到另一个地区；这样的措施也很难执行，可能会不受欢迎。
"In 2014, it was reported that David S. Goyer was developing a prequel television series titled Krypton.",在2014年，有报道称大卫·S·戈耶正在开发一部名为《克利普顿》的前传电视剧。
"On 11 February 2008 the EBU stated that a Scottish broadcaster could apply for EBU membership, but under the current rules could not enter the Eurovision Song Contest as the BBC currently has exclusive rights to represent the entire United Kingdom.",在2008年2月11日，欧洲广播联盟表示苏格兰的广播公司可以申请加入欧洲广播联盟，但根据现行规定，不能参加欧洲歌唱大赛，因为英国广播公司目前拥有代表整个英国参赛的独家权利。
They are able to live alongside streams which contain the sulfurous water that drains away from coal mines.,他们能够生活在含有煤矿排放的含硫水的溪流旁边。
Ryti had wanted parliament to decide on the matter.,Ryti曾希望议会决定这个问题。
"Unlike the AR-15/M16, the AR-18 did not see substantial sales success, and was never officially adopted by any country as their standard service rifle.",与AR-15/M16不同，AR-18并未取得实质性的销售成功，也从未被任何国家正式采纳为他们的标准服役步枪。
No risks were taken this time and the astrologers predicted the birth of a son and heir.,这次没有冒任何风险，占星家预测将会诞生一个儿子和继承人。
"To this end, HOLMES carefully processed the mass of information it was provided with and ensured that no vital clues were overlooked.",为此，福尔摩斯仔细处理了所提供的大量信息，并确保没有遗漏任何重要线索。
"The camera also offered a manual-exposure mode, as in the OM-1.",这款相机还提供了手动曝光模式，就像OM-1一样。
Any other kind of advertising is a serious offence under Dutch law.,任何其他形式的广告在荷兰法律下都是严重的违法行为。
Former Lehi leader Yitzhak Shamir became Prime Minister of Israel in 1983.,前利哈伊领导人伊茨哈克·沙米尔于1983年成为以色列总理。
Mass Effect 3 was developed by BioWare and published by Electronic Arts (EA).,《质量效应3》是由BioWare开发，由艺电（EA）发行的。
"When it is desired to associate a numeric value with the result of a comparison between two data items, say a and b, the usual convention is to assign −1 if a &lt; b, 0 if a = b and 1 if a &gt; b.",当需要将数字值与两个数据项（如a和b）的比较结果相关联时，通常的惯例是，如果a < b，则分配-1，如果a = b，则分配0，如果a > b，则分配1。
The male leadership would also claim that they could not find capable women to run as candidates.,男性领导层也会声称他们找不到有能力的女性候选人。
"The story is written backwards, beginning with the end of the biography of the unnamed woman, and ending with her early childhood.",这个故事是倒叙写的，从一个无名女子的传记结尾开始，最后以她的童年时期结束。
Has a complicated background.,有一个复杂的背景。
"In the United States, cryptologist William Friedman designed the M-325, a machine logically similar, although not in construction.",在美国，密码学家威廉·弗里德曼设计了M-325，这是一台在逻辑上类似的机器，尽管在构造上不同。
Its simple mandate was to protect the city.,它简单的任务是保护这座城市。
"Art has had a great number of different functions throughout its history, making its purpose difficult to abstract or quantify to any single concept.",艺术在其历史上有许多不同的功能，使其目的难以抽象或量化为任何单一概念。
Edwards' largest swindle involved forged letters from cotton brokers in New Orleans which he used to secure bank drafts for large sums that he then cashed.,爱德华兹最大的欺诈行为涉及伪造的新奥尔良棉花经纪人的信件，他利用这些信件获得了大额银行汇票，然后兑现了这些汇票。
Rassal Ashwood: de-declared on 31 March 2014.,拉萨尔·阿什伍德：2014年3月31日宣布解除。
It includes Francesco Baratta's Saint Francis in Ecstasy and sculptures by Andrea Bolgi and Niccolò Sale.,它包括弗朗切斯科·巴拉塔的《狂喜中的圣方济各》以及安德烈亚·波尔吉和尼科洛·萨莱的雕塑。
Hidden Below.,"""隐藏在下面。"""
Electricity is supplied by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board.,电力由泰米尔纳德邦电力委员会供应。
"Kapor agreed to fund any legal fees associated with such a defense and the pair contacted New York lawyers Rabinowitz, Boudin, Standard, Krinsky and Lieberman about defending several computer hackers from a Harper's magazine forum on computers and freedom who had been the target of Secret Service raids.",卡普尔同意资助与此类辩护相关的任何法律费用，该对联系了纽约律师事务所拉宾维茨，布丁，斯坦达德，克林斯基和利伯曼，以捍卫《哈珀杂志》关于计算机和自由论坛中被秘密服务突袭的多名计算机黑客。
"In 1927, Nagorny became the administrative center of Timptonsky District and remained the most populous inhabited locality in southern Yakutia into the 1940s.",1927年，纳戈尔尼成为廷普通斯基区的行政中心，并一直保持到1940年代成为雅库特地区南部人口最多的有人居住地。
"However, when instantaneous end-to-end paths are difficult or impossible to establish, routing protocols must take to a ""store and forward"" approach, where data is incrementally moved and stored throughout the network in hopes that it will eventually reach its destination.",然而，当即时端到端路径难以建立或不可能建立时，路由协议必须采取“存储和转发”方法，其中数据逐步移动并存储在整个网络中，希望最终达到其目的地。
"Much of the party's inner workings have been clandestine in nature, for instance the precise number of members is kept secret.",许多党内工作都具有秘密性质，比如成员的确切数量被保密。
"Staging areas can be designed to provide many benefits, but the primary motivations for their use are to increase efficiency of ETL processes, ensure data integrity and support data quality operations.",暂存区可以被设计为提供许多好处，但它们使用的主要动机是提高ETL过程的效率，确保数据完整性并支持数据质量操作。
"Locus of control is one of the four dimensions of core self-evaluations – one's fundamental appraisal of oneself – along with neuroticism, self-efficacy, and self-esteem.",控制定位是核心自我评价的四个维度之一 - 人对自己的基本评价 - 还有神经质、自我效能和自尊。
"Bracher argued that Nazi actions were dictated by Nazi ideological theory, that business interests were just as much subordinate to the dictatorship as any other section of society, and that since Nazi actions were often irrational from a purely economic point of view, a ""primacy of politics"" prevailed.",布拉切尔认为，纳粹的行动是由纳粹意识形态理论决定的，商业利益与社会的其他部分一样受到独裁统治的支配，而且由于纳粹的行动在纯粹的经济角度来看常常是不理性的，所以“政治至上”的原则占主导地位。
"During the Neolithic era, several predynastic cultures developed independently in Upper and Lower Egypt.",在新石器时代，上埃及和下埃及发展了几个独立的史前文化。
"After being turned into a vampire, she describes having a much clearer view of the world.",在变成吸血鬼后，她描述说对世界有了更清晰的看法。
"The major scenes that were dropped from Raiders of the Lost Ark were included in this film: an escape using a giant rolling gong as a shield, a fall out of a plane in a raft, and a mine cart chase.",《失落的方舟》中被删减的主要场景包括在这部电影中：使用巨大滚动锣作为盾牌逃跑、从飞机上跌落到充气艇中、以及矿车追逐。
"By analyzing the eigenvalues of A {\displaystyle A} , this characterization can be expressed in the following way: A {\displaystyle A} should have two ""large"" eigenvalues for an interest point.",通过分析A的特征值，这种特征可以用以下方式表达：A应该有两个“大”的特征值来表示一个兴趣点。
Shade and Darkness was also taken.,
"This leads Tomlin to speculate ""The name ""Aurelius Ursicinus"" might sound old-fashioned; it would certainly have been more appropriate to a provincial landowner than an army officer or government official"".",这导致汤姆林推测：“‘奥雷利乌斯·乌尔西尼纳斯’这个名字可能听起来过时；它对于一个省级地主而言更合适，而不是一个军官或政府官员。”
But the truth cannot be hidden for long and one day her secret is exposed.,但是真相无法长时间隐藏，总有一天她的秘密会被揭露。
"The desertions were either due to the arrest of a Druze militia leader, the militiamen not receiving their salaries or the militia's unwillingness to let their area be used as a platform to shell East Ghouta.",这些人的离职要么是因为一名德鲁兹民兵领袖被捕，要么是因为民兵们没有收到工资，要么是因为民兵不愿意让他们的地区被用作向东古塔发射炮弹的平台。
"Behind her in the darkness there are dozens of pairs of blinking eyes, but they are revealed to be fireflies which fly around her before forming an image of a roaring tiger in the sky.",在她身后的黑暗中有许多双眨眼的眼睛，但它们被揭示为环绕着她飞行的萤火虫，然后在天空中形成一只咆哮的老虎的图像。
Earlier layers within the Cedar Mountain Formation contain different nodosaur species.,雪松山层内的早期层含有不同的厚甲龙物种。
"However, due to the inevitability of human error, even the checklist procedure can lead to failures to properly configure the aircraft.",然而，由于人为错误的不可避免性，即使是检查清单程序也可能导致飞机配置不当。
"In addition, the Tsarist government imposed a council on the Kalmyk Khan, thereby diluting his authority, while continuing to expect the Kalmyk Khan to provide cavalry units to fight on behalf of Russia.",此外，沙皇政府强制在卡尔梅克汗国设立了一个委员会，从而削弱了他的权威，同时继续期望卡尔梅克汗国提供骑兵部队来为俄罗斯作战。
"In September 2012, Rasmussen Reports and Telco Productions launched a nationally syndicated television show called What America Thinks With Scott Rasmussen.",在2012年9月，拉斯穆森报告和电信制作公司推出了一档名为《美国人是怎么想的》的全国性电视节目，主持人是斯科特·拉斯穆森。
"As Poland emerged from communism in 1989, the original holiday—on its original 11 November date—was restored.",随着波兰在1989年走出共产主义，原始假日—在原定的11月11日—被恢复。
"The studio also used physically-based human eye models for the characters for the first time, even if the eyes are larger and more stylized than in real humans.",这个工作室还首次为角色使用了基于物理的人眼模型，即使这些眼睛比真实人类的眼睛更大更夸张。
"Some of the units have been combined, reducing the number of shops to around 40.",一些单位已经合并，将商店数量减少到约40家。
"Lobera, Chronica, Capítulo LI, says the famine lasted from 1554 into 1555 and some Indians resorted to cannibalism.",《洛贝拉编年史》第51章说，饥荒持续到了1555年，一些印第安人不得已采取了食人行为。
"He began writing in 1799 as a regular contributor to the Edinburgh Magazine, of which he acted as editor at the age of twenty.",他于1799年开始写作，成为爱丁堡杂志的常驻撰稿人，并在二十岁时担任该杂志的编辑。
Petipa is considered to be one of the most influential ballet masters and choreographers in ballet history.,彼提帕被認為是芭蕾舞史上最具影響力的芭蕾舞大師和編舞家之一。
"Meanwhile, the Godwin household became even more uncomfortable as Godwin sank further into debt and as relations between Mary and her stepmother became increasingly hostile.",与此同时，戈德温家庭变得更加不舒服，因为戈德温陷入更深的债务之中，而玛丽与继母之间的关系变得越来越敌对。
I like to climb it really slowly.,我喜歡慢慢爬上去。
"Jonah Hill announced that his first day of shooting was September 4, 2012.",乔纳·希尔宣布他的首个拍摄日是2012年9月4日。
"Stadtbahn networks were mostly implemented in the 1960s and 1970s with the long-term goal of establishing a full-scale metro system, but by the 1980s virtually all cities had abandoned these plans due to the excessive costs associated with converting the tramways.",城市轨道网主要是在1960年代和1970年代实施的，其长期目标是建立一个大规模的地铁系统，但到了1980年代，几乎所有城市都放弃了这些计划，原因是将有轨电车改建成地铁系统的成本过高。
"The vampire later explains to Gordon that hunters killed his nest, and now he wants to rebuild his family.",吸血鬼后来向戈登解释说，猎人们杀死了他的巢穴，现在他想要重建他的家族。
A damaged hotel in Nevis left 800 people unemployed due to its closure.,尼维斯岛上一家破损的酒店关闭导致800人失业。
"In several censuses under the Russian Empire and the early Soviet Union, Megrelians were considered a separate group, largely because at the time of the annexation Samegrelo was politically separate from eastern Georgia, the historical political and cultural centers of the Medieval Georgian Kingdoms.",在俄罗斯帝国和早期的苏联统治下的几次人口普查中，梅格雷人被认为是一个独立的群体，主要是因为在被吞并的时候，萨梅格雷洛与东格鲁吉亚政治上是分开的，而后者是中世纪格鲁吉亚王国的历史政治和文化中心。
Mortality in one series of cases was about 2%.,在一个系列病例中，死亡率大约为2%。
He came into increasing conflict with his brothers.,他与他的兄弟们之间的冲突越来越严重。
"Cyclization of the homologous 6-heptenyl radical is still selective, but is much slower—as a result, competitive side reactions are an important problem when these intermediates are involved.",同系6-庚烯基自由基的环化仍然是选择性的，但速度要慢得多，因此当这些中间体参与时，竞争性副反应是一个重要问题。
"While scouting for shooting locations in October 2006, location manager Robin Higgs visited Liverpool, concentrating mainly along the city's waterfront.",在2006年10月寻找拍摄地点时，场地经理罗宾·希格斯访问了利物浦，主要集中在城市的海滨地区。
"While no official cause of the accident has been released, officials have excluded terrorism as a cause for the incident.",尽管尚未公布事故的官方原因，但官方已排除了恐怖主义作为事故原因。
Wigs and other hairpieces are also forbidden for this age group.,假发和其他头发假发也被禁止使用这个年龄组。
"Constantine's grandfather Kenneth I of Scotland (Cináed mac Ailpín, died 858) was the first of the family recorded as a king, but as king of the Picts.",康斯坦丁的祖父蘇格蘭的肯尼斯一世（Cináed mac Ailpín，逝世於858年）是家族中第一位被記錄為國王的人，但是他是畢克特人的國王。
"Blue Moon Rendering Tools, or BMRT, was one of the most famous RenderMan-compliant photorealistic rendering systems and was a precursor to NVIDIA's Gelato renderer.","""蓝月渲染工具，或BMRT，是最著名的RenderMan兼容的逼真渲染系统之一，也是NVIDIA的Gelato渲染器的前身。"""
Neogen Corp. (NASDAQ: NEOG) is an international food safety company that provides test kits and relevant products to detect dangerous substances in food.,"""Neogen Corp. (NASDAQ: NEOG) 是一家国际食品安全公司，提供检测食品中危险物质的试剂盒和相关产品。"""
"A second member of the class, Kaiser Wilhelm II, was delayed until early 1896, when the Reichstag approved the ship for the 1896–1897 budget.",这个班级的第二名成员，威廉二世，直到1896年初才完成，当时帝国议会批准了1896-1897年的预算。
"Many of the most pressing scientific problems that are faced today are due to the limitations of the materials that are available and, as a result, breakthroughs in this field are likely to have a significant impact on the future of technology.",许多当今所面临的最紧迫的科学问题是由于可用材料的限制造成的，因此，这一领域的突破可能会对未来技术产生重大影响。
"Then black teas are processed in either of two ways, CTC (Crush, Tear, Curl) or orthodox.",然后红茶可以通过两种方式加工，即CTC（粉碎、撕裂、卷曲）或传统方法。
"At the end of July, the National Park Service and other agencies had fully mobilized available personnel, and yet the fires continued to expand.",在七月底，国家公园管理局和其他机构已经充分动员了所有可用人员，然而火灾仍在继续蔓延。
"The player controls the marble's movements with a trackball, though most home versions use game controllers with directional pads.",玩家通过轨迹球控制弹珠的移动，尽管大多数家用版本使用带有方向键的游戏控制器。
One of the major Chinese search engines also blocks these words.,中国一家主要的搜索引擎也会屏蔽这些词语。
Asahel is buried him in his father’s tomb at Bethlehem.,亚撒黑被埋葬在他父亲的墓地，位于伯利恒。
"In exchange, the revenues from this oil processed in Belarus would be shared by 15% for Belarus and 85% for Russia.",作为交换，白俄罗斯加工的这种石油的收入将以15%的比例分给白俄罗斯和85%的比例分给俄罗斯。
"Various members of the group usually interact with one another and assist in each other's cases, even within their respective series.",该团体的各成员通常会互相交流并在彼此的案件中提供帮助，即使在各自的系列中也是如此。
"According to Qatada ibn al-Nu'man, the content soul (an-nafs al-mutma'inna) is, ""the soul of the believer, made calm by what Allah has promised.",根据卡塔达·伊本·努曼的说法，安宁的灵魂（安宁的灵魂）是“信徒的灵魂，因着真主的应许而平静下来。”
"In the episode ""The Problem with Popplers"", Leela's family name, Turanga, was used for the first time.",在“波普勒问题”一集中，利拉的姓氏图兰加首次被使用。
"The 1924 Report of the Director of the Mint explained that both were ""leaders in the strife for civil and religious liberty"".","""1924年造币厂主任的报告解释说，两者都是“争取公民和宗教自由的领导者”."""
"Holland then ordered a second 20° turn to port, to bring his ships on a parallel course with Bismarck and Prinz Eugen.","""荷兰随后命令再次向左转20度，使他的船与俾斯麦号和欧根亲王号保持平行航线。"""
January 1 — Same-sex marriage became legal in Luxembourg.,1月1日-卢森堡合法化了同性婚姻。
"To judge by the accounts of wholesale massacres in 115 BCE, the number of Jewish residents in Cyrenaica, Cyprus, and Mesopotamia was also large.",根据公元前115年的大屠杀的记录来看，塞勒尼加、塞浦路斯和美索不达米亚的犹太居民人数也很大。
Cain was chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Omaha Branch from 1989 to 1991.,Cain在1989年至1991年担任堪萨斯城奥马哈分行的联邦储备银行主席。
"The Habib-negotiated truce called for the withdrawal of both Israeli and PLO elements, as well as a multinational force composed of U.S. Marines along with French and Italian units that would ensure the departure of the PLO and protect defenseless civilians.",哈比卜斡旋的停火协议要求以色列和巴勒斯坦解放组织元素撤退，以及由美国海军陆战队、法国和意大利部队组成的多国部队，确保巴勒斯坦解放组织的撤离并保护无辜平民。
"20 March 1981, judgment of appeal: all defendants were acquitted.",1981年3月20日，上诉判决：所有被告被无罪释放。
"In what has been described as a ""strip-down"" process, the and and or operators of BCPL were replaced with &amp; and | (which would later become &amp;&amp; and ||, respectively.).",在被描述为“简化”过程中，BCPL的and和or运算符被替换为&和|（分别后来变为&&和||）。
"Increasingly active at all international conferences are the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), which is prone to making neo-liberal recommendations about the total application of competition law for public and private industries.",在所有国际会议上越来越活跃的是联合国贸易和发展会议（UNCTAD）和经济合作与发展组织（OECD），后者倾向于就公共和私营行业全面应用竞争法提出新自由主义建议。
The commander has the ability to carry out all-round surveillance and can take full control of the weapons from the gunner.,指挥官有能力进行全方位监视，并可以从炮手那里完全控制武器。
"He reached the Guardian's citadel, but Jordan, thinking quickly, covered him with mud (so his ring could affect him) and shattered his armor, believing this would kill him.",他到达了守护者的城堡，但是约旦想到一招，用泥巴把他覆盖住（这样他的戒指就能影响他），然后打碎了他的盔甲，相信这样会杀死他。
"Almost a full year before the war, in an October 24, 1972, meeting with his Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, Sadat declared his intention to go to war with Israel even without proper Soviet support.",在战争爆发前将近一整年的时间，即1972年10月24日与其陆军最高委员会会面时，萨达特宣布他打算即使没有充分的苏联支持也要与以色列开战。
"Several commentators maintain that children's rights are violated not only by FGM but also by the genital alteration of intersex children, who are born with anomalies that physicians choose to correct.",一些评论员认为，儿童权利不仅受到女性割礼的侵犯，也受到出生时生殖器官异常被医生选择矫正的雌雄同体儿童的侵犯。
The bank is moving very slowly westward.,银行正在朝西缓慢移动。
He moved in 1984 to London.,他在1984年搬到了伦敦。
The 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division would be flown to the captured Deelen Airfield on D+5.,第52（低地）步兵师将在D+5日被空运到被占领的Deelen空军基地。
"According to article 139 of the 1971 Constitution, the President ""may appoint one or more Vice-Presidents define their jurisdiction and relieve them of their posts.",根据1971年宪法第139条，总统“可以任命一位或多位副总统，界定其权限并解除他们的职务。”
"Two months later, the regional presidents gathered in the city of Huánuco established a National Assembly of Regional Governments (Spanish: Asamblea Nacional de Gobiernos Regionales) as an alternative coordinating institution, independent from the Central Government.",两个月后，各地区总统在瓦努科市成立了一个地方政府的全国大会（西班牙语：Asamblea Nacional de Gobiernos Regionales），作为一个独立于中央政府的协调机构。
It was nominated for the Best Foreign Language Award by the Film Critics Circle of Australia.,它被澳大利亚影评人协会提名为最佳外语奖。
The pilasters are decorated with the eight Doctors of the Church.,这些柱子上装饰着八位教会圣师。
This agreement was apparently connected to a plot to free Edmund and his brother Roger from King Henry's custody and carry them into Wales.,这项协议显然与一项计划有关，这项计划是为了解救埃德蒙和他的兄弟罗杰脱离亨利国王的监护，并将他们带入威尔士。
The other two chines are Ladder Chine and New Chine.,另外两个峡谷是梯子峡谷和新峡谷。
"Sultan and his family received threats that they would be killed if they continued to pursue the case, causing Amnesty International to call for an ""Urgent Action"" letter-writing campaign on their behalf.",苏丹和他的家人收到威胁称如果他们继续追究此案，他们会被杀死，导致国际特赦组织为他们发起了一场“紧急行动”的书信运动。
"First, there was strong pressure from technocrats and pro-market reformists for a final solution to the DRV model, based upon the political collapse of hard reform socialism after the 1985 debacle.",首先，技术专家和亲市场改革派对DRV模式的最终解决方案施加了巨大压力，这是基于1985年惨败后硬改革社会主义的政治崩溃。
"On 7 July 2007, she performed at the German leg of Live Earth in Hamburg.",在2007年7月7日，她在汉堡举行的全球性现场音乐会Live Earth的德国站表演。
"Mongolian records indicate that Batu Khan was planning a complete conquest of the remaining European powers, beginning with a winter attack on Austria, Italy and Germany, when he was recalled to Mongolia upon the death of Great Khan Ögedei.",蒙古的记录显示，拔都可汗计划完全征服剩下的欧洲势力，从对奥地利、意大利和德国的冬季进攻开始，但在大汗窝阿速台去世时被召回到蒙古。
"The theory says a lot, but does not really bring us any closer to the secret of the 'old one'.",这个理论说了很多，但并没有真正让我们更接近“老者”的秘密。
"On March 22, 1967, he reported to the U.S. Fleet Anti-Air Warfare Training Center for training as a Combat Information Center Watch Officer.",在1967年3月22日，他报到了美国舰队反空中战训练中心，接受作为作战信息中心值班官的培训。
"During the 2008-09 NBA preseason, Harris was released once again by the Rockets.",在2008-09赛季的NBA季前赛期间，哈里斯再次被火箭队释放。
"As a student at the University of Buenos Aires, he participated in an unsuccessful revolution in 1905.",作为布宜诺斯艾利斯大学的学生，他参与了1905年的一场不成功的革命。
"Ideal behavior for a serial sort is O(n), but this is not possible in the average case.",连续排序的理想行为是O(n)，但在平均情况下这是不可能的。
Some environmental economists have proposed that efficiency gains be coupled with conservation policies that keep the cost of use the same (or higher) to avoid the Jevons paradox.,一些环境经济学家建议，效率提高应与保护政策相结合，使使用成本保持不变（或更高），以避免杰文斯悖论。
"The final was the last match for Heynckes as a manager, with Frankfurt's Niko Kovač taking over Bayern for the 2018–19 season.",“决赛是海因克斯作为经理的最后一场比赛，而法兰克福的尼科·科瓦奇将在2018-19赛季接管拜仁。”
This successor was codenamed Cairo.,这位继任者的代号是开罗。
"Two more versions were released: 550 MHz on May 17, 1999 and 600 MHz on August 2, 1999.",另外两个版本发布了：1999年5月17日发布了550兆赫，1999年8月2日发布了600兆赫。
"An equestrian statue of Frederick William IV tops the stairs, and the inside stairs have a frieze by Otto Geyer depicting German history from prehistoric times to the 19th century.",弗里德里希·威廉四世的骑马雕像矗立在楼梯顶部，内部楼梯上有一幅由奥托·盖耶创作的浮雕，描绘了从史前时代到19世纪的德国历史。
"The first treatment application against trypanosomiasis was tested in 1906, and the compound's use to treat other tropical diseases was researched.",试验针对锥虫病的第一种治疗方法于1906年进行，研究了该化合物用于治疗其他热带疾病的方法。
"One of the most alarming signals from Kinkaid reported, after their action in Surigao Strait, 7th Fleet's own battleships were critically low on ammunition.",根据金凯德的报告，苏里高海峡行动后，第七舰队自己的战舰弹药严重短缺，这是最令人震惊的信号之一。
The agreement was signed on 13 November by 23 of the 28 members states.,协议于11月13日由28个成员国中的23个签署。
"In the same year he received an invitation to become a professor in Stockholm, which he rejected.",在同一年，他收到了成为斯德哥尔摩教授的邀请，但他拒绝了。
Blues rock started with rock musicians in the United Kingdom and the United States performing American blues songs.,布鲁斯摇滚起源于英国和美国的摇滚音乐家演奏美国布鲁斯歌曲。
I had to put an end to this kind of teaching as soon as possible.,我必须尽快终止这种教学。
"According to a survey she conducted, which attracted 6000 responses, her readers are mainly Singaporean, female, young adults interested in fashion and ""looking for an alternative voice"".",根据她进行的一项调查，吸引了6000个回复，她的读者主要是新加坡女性年轻成年人，他们对时尚感兴趣并且“寻找一种不同的声音”。
The system was abandoned thirteen months later after poor sales.,系统在销售不佳后十三个月后被放弃。
"As an interstate agency, the Port Authority was not subject to local laws and regulations of the City of New York, including building codes.",作为一个跨州机构，港务局不受纽约市的地方法律和法规约束，包括建筑法规。
"David Ben-Gurion and Yitzhak Ben Zvi, later becoming Israel's first Prime Minister and second President, respectively, suggested in a 1918 paper written in Yiddish that Palestinian peasants and their mode of life were living historical testimonies to Israelite practices in the biblical period.",大卫·本-古里安和伊扎克·本-兹维后来分别成为以色列的第一任总理和第二任总统，在一篇1918年用意第维文写成的论文中建议，巴勒斯坦农民及其生活方式是以色列在圣经时期的历史见证。
"There were about 150 migrants on board, heading from Libya to Italy.",有大约150名移民在船上，从利比亚前往意大利。
"The Global Amphibian Assessment reports that amphibians are declining on a global scale faster than any other vertebrate group, with over 32% of all surviving species being threatened with extinction.",“全球两栖动物评估报告指出，两栖动物在全球范围内的数量下降速度比任何其他脊椎动物群体都要快，超过32%的幸存物种濒临灭绝。”
"The album spawned the Top 10 hits ""You Were Meant for Me"", ""Who Will Save Your Soul"", and ""Foolish Games"".",这张专辑产生了排名前十的热门歌曲《你是为我而生》，《谁会拯救你的灵魂》，和《愚蠢的游戏》。
Canada Canada denounced the execution.,加拿大谴责这次执行。
The discussion became heated and one of the men drew a gun and shot D'Aquilla dead.,这次讨论变得激烈，其中一名男子拔枪将达奎拉打死。
"In 1935, Bennett proposed a series of programs that resembled the New Deal; but was defeated in the elections of that year and no such programs were passed.",在1935年，贝内特提出了一系列类似于新政的计划；但在那一年的选举中失败了，这些计划也没有被通过。
"In the winter, it can be snowing in Granada and 10 °C (50 °F) on the Costa Tropical.",在冬天，格拉纳达可能下雪，而在热带海岸温度可达10摄氏度（50华氏度）。
"At this point, Pizarro had 168 men under his command: 106 on foot and 62 on horses.",在这个时候，皮萨罗指挥下有168名士兵：106名步兵和62名骑兵。
The personalities may be changed by use of special items and books.,使用特殊物品和书籍可以改变个性。
"In this treatment, calculus is a collection of techniques for manipulating certain limits.",在这种治疗中，微积分是一种用于操纵某些极限的技术集合。
"CNH Capital offered financial products and services to dealers and customers in North America, Australia, Brazil and Western Europe.","""CNH Capital向北美、澳大利亚、巴西和西欧的经销商和客户提供金融产品和服务。"""
Just a minute.,"""等一下。"""
"That record is surpassed only by Elvis Presley's first of three appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show, which aired on September 9, 1956 (82.6% rating).",这一纪录仅次于猫王埃尔维斯·普雷斯利在1956年9月9日播出的《艾德·沙利文秀》上的首次亮相（收视率为82.6%）。
"He became the oldest and wealthiest person ever to assume the presidency, the first without prior military or government service, and the fifth to have won the election while losing the popular vote.",他成为有史以来年龄最大、财富最丰厚的总统，也是第一位没有过军事或政府服务经验的总统，同时也是第五位在普选中落选但在选举中获胜的总统。
They all finally reached safety.,他们最终都达到了安全。
"PT-91E is a first prototype initially named SP1 (it is the same vehicle as was shown on military parade in Kuala Lumpur in 2005), PT-91Ex is a second prototype named SP2.",PT-91E最初被命名为SP1（它是2005年吉隆坡阅兵式上展示的同一辆车辆），PT-91Ex是被命名为SP2的第二个原型。
"Long before the console's launch, Nintendo had developed and patented an early prototype of motion controls for the GameCube, with which developer Factor 5 had experimented for its launch games.",在游戏机发布很久以前，任天堂就已经为GameCube开发和申请了早期的动作控制原型专利，Factor 5开发商也在其首发游戏中尝试过。
In 1923 a joint statement by Sun and a Soviet representative in Shanghai pledged Soviet assistance for China's national unification.,1923年，孙中山与苏联代表在上海发表联合声明，承诺苏联将协助中国的国家统一。
"In the years 1940–1941, the Baroque features were removed and the Basilica was returned to a more primitive simplicity.",在1940年至1941年期间，巴洛克风格被移除，大教堂恢复了更原始的简约风格。
"On 3 January 1889, Nietzsche suffered a mental breakdown.",在1889年1月3日，尼采遭受了精神崩溃。
"Although other witnesses in Perm later reported that they saw Anastasia, her mother and sisters in Perm after the murders, this story is now widely discredited.",尽管后来在彼尔姆的其他证人报告称他们在谋杀案发生后看到了阿纳斯塔西娅、她的母亲和姐妹，但这个故事现在被广泛质疑。
"In 1728 he was elected into the French Academy of Sciences, and two years later into the Royal Society of London.",1728年，他被选入法国科学院，两年后又被选入伦敦皇家学会。
All of the gods had a power.,所有的神都有一种力量。
"Now a wealthy man, Gatsby wants her back, but Daisy is married to Tom Buchanan and has a daughter now.",现在是个富有的人，盖茨比想要她回来，但黛西已经嫁给汤姆·布坎南并且现在有一个女儿。
"On February 6, 2015, IMAX Corporation and Sony announced that the film would be digitally re-mastered into the IMAX format and released into IMAX theatres domestically on March 6, 2015.",在2015年2月6日，IMAX公司和索尼宣布，该电影将被数字重新制作成IMAX格式，并于2015年3月6日在国内IMAX影院上映。
"Modern humans started burying their dead, using animal hides to make clothing, hunting with more sophisticated techniques (such as using trapping pits or driving animals off cliffs), and engaging in cave painting.",现代人类开始埋葬他们的死者，使用动物皮毛制作衣服，以更复杂的技术进行狩猎（如使用陷阱坑或将动物逼到悬崖上），并进行洞穴绘画。
"A western diplomat said the assault was ""hugely symbolic and tactically new"".",一位西方外交官表示，这次袭击具有“巨大的象征意义和战术上的新意义”。
"Two Iron Cross 1st Class recipients were women, one of whom was test pilot Hanna Reitsch.",两位铁十字勋章一级获得者是女性，其中一位是试飞员汉娜·赖齐。
"In the pacta conventa, Władysław pledged himself to fund a military school and equipment; to find a way to fund a naval fleet; to maintain current alliances; not to raise armies, give offices or military ranks to foreigners, negotiate peace treaties or declare war without the Sejm's approval; not to take a wife without the Senate's approval; to convince his brothers to take an oath to the Commonwealth; and to transfer the profits from the Royal Mint to the Royal Treasury rather than to a private treasury.",在《康文塔公约》中，瓦迪斯瓦夫承诺资助军事学校和装备；寻找资助海军舰队的方法；维持当前的联盟；不得招募军队，任命外国人担任职务或军衔，进行和平条约的谈判或未经塞姆批准而宣战；未经参议院批准不得娶妻；说服他的兄弟们宣誓效忠于联邦；将皇家铸币所的利润转入皇家国库而不是私人国库。
"They had improved defensive capabilities, as they were protected by a more extensive armored belt.",他们的防御能力得到了提高，因为他们被更广泛的装甲带保护着。
"Until February 2005, Israel had in place a policy to demolish the family homes of suicide bombers after giving them a notice to evacuate.",直到2005年2月，以色列还在实行一项政策，即在通知他们撤离后拆除自杀炸弹袭击者的家庭住宅。
The corpses are destroyed by a unique device created by the current Mr. Terrific.,这些尸体是由现任厉害先生创造的一种独特设备销毁的。
The school's chief rival is Aurora High School.,学校的主要竞争对手是奥罗拉高中。
Quarterback U?,四分卫大学？
"The Red Book also reserved the first bit of the so-called Q subchannel ""control field"" to signal the presence of four-channel audio, but did not specify a method for using four-channel in the CD system.",《红皮书》还保留了所谓Q子信道的“控制字段”的第一个比特，用来表示四声道音频的存在，但没有指定在CD系统中使用四声道的方法。
It is used to serve highball cocktails and other mixed drinks.,它用来提供高碳酸鸡尾酒和其他混合饮料。
"They occupied the upper end of the economic spectrum, earning salaries ranging from six to twelve times higher than the average Thai corporate worker.",他们占据着经济谱系的上端，他们的薪水是泰国普通公司职员平均薪水的六到十二倍。
"According to this ideology, races are primordial, natural, enduring and distinct.",根据这种意识形态，种族是原始的，自然的，持久的和独特的。
"In December 1976, he joined the People's Liberation Army, serving in 59035 Army.",在1976年12月，他加入了人民解放军，服役于59035部队。
"Harold kept his forces on alert throughout the summer, but with the arrival of the harvest season he disbanded his army on 8 September.",哈罗德在整个夏季保持他的部队处于警戒状态，但随着收获季节的到来，他于9月8日解散了他的军队。
"Despite the ceasefire, fatalities due to armed conflicts between Armenian and Azerbaijani soldiers continued.",尽管停火协议已达成，但亚美尼亚和阿塞拜疆士兵之间的武装冲突仍然造成死亡。
Three main characters.,三个主要角色。
"King Abdullah ascended the throne in 2005 on his 81st birthday, whereupon Prince Sultan was automatically promoted to the position of crown prince.",阿卜杜拉国王在2005年他81岁生日当天登基，此时苏丹王子自动晋升为王储。
"In another development, certain tungsten oxo complexes of the type W(O)(CHt-Bu)(Cl)2(PEt)3 were also found to be effective.",在另一个研究进展中，也发现了某些类型的钨氧化物复合物W(O)(CHt-Bu)(Cl)2(PEt)3具有良好的效果。
Universities became career pathways to public office.,大学成为了通往公职的职业途径。
"After a case is filed against him by the anti group, and attending the court, people will come to know the truth then.","""在反对团体提起诉讼并出庭后，人们就会知道真相了。"""
The innovation of Theory of Change lies (1) in making the distinction between desired and actual outcomes and (2) in requiring stakeholders to model their desired outcomes before they decide on forms of intervention to achieve those outcomes.,Theory of Change的创新在于(1)区分期望结果和实际结果，并且(2)要求利益相关者在决定干预形式以实现这些结果之前对他们的期望结果进行建模。
If we are told that at least one of two statements is true; and also told that it is not the former that is true; we can infer that it has to be the latter that is true.,如果我们被告知两个陈述中至少有一个是真的；并且也被告知真实的不是前者；我们可以推断出必须是后者是真的。
They again worked together on Charlie and the Chocolate Factory the Musical.,他们再次合作在音乐剧《查理和巧克力工厂》上。
"The First Balkan War ended on 30 May 1913, and there was some consideration given to withdrawing the pair to German waters.",第一次巴尔干战争于1913年5月30日结束，有人考虑将这对人撤到德国水域。
"They were also named in civil lawsuits brought in 2007 by investors, including Barclays Bank, who claimed they had been misled.",在2007年由包括巴克莱银行在内的投资者提起的民事诉讼中，他们也被列为被告，投资者声称他们被误导。
"The rules were modernised to some extent, but were largely similar to those of the 1st edition.",这些规则在某种程度上进行了现代化，但在很大程度上与第一版的规则类似。
"Pakistan adopted a policy of neutrality, calling for a political settlement through an ""inclusive"" dialogue in 2012.",巴基斯坦在2012年采取了一项中立政策，呼吁通过“包容性”对话达成政治解决方案。
"In 1590, Viète discovered the key to a Spanish cipher, consisting of more than 500 characters, and this meant that all dispatches in that language which fell into the hands of the French could be easily read.",1590年，维埃特发现了一个由500多个字符组成的西班牙密码的关键，这意味着所有掉入法国人手中的该语言的公文都可以轻松阅读。
"He has an Italian passport, too.",他也有意大利护照。
"It is one of two east-west transnational links in West Africa and runs inland from and, for most of its length, roughly parallel to the Trans–West African Coastal Highway with a separation of about 900 km (559 mi).",这是西非两条横贯东西的跨国道路之一，从内陆地区延伸，并且在大部分长度上与跨西非沿海公路大致平行，相隔约900公里（559英里）。
"Lieury finds Brain Age 2 acceptable as a game, but considers it charlatanism for Nintendo to claim it as a scientific test, countering the company's assertions that its edutainment products such as Big Brain Academy and Brain Age 2 can improve blood flow to the brain and supposedly improving ""practical intelligence"".",列里认为《大脑年龄2》作为一款游戏是可以接受的，但认为任天堂声称它是一种科学测试是欺诈行为，反驳了公司声称其教育娱乐产品如《大脑健身学院》和《大脑年龄2》可以改善大脑血流，据说提高“实际智力”的说法。
"Guaidó was elected President of the National Assembly of Venezuela in December 2018, and was sworn in on 5 January 2019.","""瓜伊多在2018年12月当选为委内瑞拉国民议会主席，并于2019年1月5日宣誓就职。"""
"The statute of Saint-Barthélemy provides the automatic application of French law, except mostly in the domain of taxes and immigration, which are left to the Territory.",圣巴泰勒米法规规定自动适用法国法律，除了主要是在税收和移民领域，这些领域留给领土。
Eight special enforcement teams of labour inspectors are responsible for monitoring employers' compliance with various labour legislation to safeguard the rights and benefits of local and imported workers.,八个特别执法团队的劳工检查员负责监督雇主遵守各种劳工立法，以保障本地和进口工人的权利和福利。
"Shadrick's father would later refer to the stolen school uniform as the reason Shadrick enlisted in the military, and said he felt it indirectly caused his son's death.","""沙德里克的父亲后来会将被偷的校服描述为沙德里克参军的原因，并表示他觉得这间接导致了儿子的死亡。"""
"For this reason, this link is mediated by the Minister responsible for defence.",因此，这个链接由负责国防的部长进行调解。
There is also an increased risk of suicide in individuals who self-harm and self-harm is found in 40–60% of suicides.,自残者自杀风险增加，并且在自杀中，有40-60%的人有自残行为。
Many of the earth's resources are especially vulnerable because they are influenced by human impacts across many countries.,地球上许多资源特别容易受到影响，因为它们受到许多国家的人类影响。
"He is best known for his roles as Joe Wicks in BBC's EastEnders, DS Sam Casey in ITV's Law &amp; Order: UK, and Steve Bell in Channel 4's Ackley Bridge.",他最出名的角色是在BBC的《东区人》中饰演乔·威克斯、在ITV的《法律与秩序：英国》中饰演山姆·凯西、以及在Channel 4的《阿克利桥》中饰演史蒂夫·贝尔。
Police can not find the killer.,警察找不到凶手。
"The relatively short expedition—Bruce was back in Scotland in May 1893—failed in its main purpose, and gave only limited opportunities for scientific work.",这次相对较短的探险（布鲁斯在1893年5月回到苏格兰）未能达到其主要目的，并只提供了有限的科学工作机会。
"Data Flow Modeling examines processes (activities that transform data from one form to another), data stores (the holding areas for data), external entities (what sends data into a system or receives data from a system), and data flows (routes by which data can flow).",数据流建模研究过程（将数据从一种形式转换为另一种形式的活动）、数据存储（数据的存储区域）、外部实体（发送数据到系统或从系统接收数据的实体）和数据流（数据流动的路径）。
The overflow water was then used for irrigating gardens.,然后溢出的水被用来灌溉花园。
People have long been interested in predicting election outcomes.,人们长期以来一直对预测选举结果感兴趣。
"He was admired by the people for his religious devotion, and was even called a Veli (""saint"").",他因宗教虔诚而受人钦佩，甚至被称为Veli（“圣人”）。
"Human rights groups initially claimed the government interfered with individual rights by requiring all citizens, including ethnic minority members, to wear the traditional dress of the ethnic majority in public places.",人权组织最初声称政府干涉了个人权利，要求所有公民，包括少数民族成员，在公共场所穿传统服装。
Mathematicians often strive for a complete classification (or list) of a mathematical notion.,
"Johnny Depp as Will Caster, a scientist researching artificial intelligence.",约翰尼·德普饰演威尔·卡斯特，一位研究人工智能的科学家。
"A number of girls, who were not the members of the KAMS but witnessed the atrocities upon the KAMS members by the Salwa Judum members, have also joined the Maoists.",一些女孩，她们不是卡姆斯的成员，但目睹了萨尔瓦朱达姆成员对卡姆斯成员的暴行，也加入了毛派。
Significant to the practice of law in the common law tradition is the legal research to determine the current state of the law.,在普通法传统中，法律研究对于法律实践至关重要，以确定法律的当前状态。
"Apis cerana, the eastern honey bee proper, is the traditional honey bee of southern and eastern Asia.","""Apis cerana, 东方蜜蜂，是南亚和东亚的传统蜜蜂。"""
"The series premiered on 10 March 2006, running until 14 April.",该系列于2006年3月10日首播，一直持续到4月14日。
Some aquatic plants are used by humans as a food source.,一些水生植物被人类用作食物来源。
The central role of chemistry can be seen in the systematic and hierarchical classification of the sciences by Auguste Comte in which each discipline provides a more general framework for the area it precedes (mathematics → astronomy → physics → chemistry → physiology and medicine → social sciences).,化学的中心作用可以在奥古斯特·孔特对科学的系统和等级分类中看到，每个学科为其前身提供了更一般的框架（数学→天文学→物理学→化学→生理学和医学→社会科学）。
They are so rough that they are a barrier to travel by animals or man.,他们是如此粗糙，以至于成为动物或人类旅行的障碍。
"TRIM can take a lot of time to complete, depending on the firmware in the SSD, and may even trigger a garbage collection cycle.","""根据固态硬盘中的固件，TRIM可能需要很长时间才能完成，甚至可能触发垃圾回收循环。"""
Hugo's childhood was a period of national political turmoil.,雨果的童年是一个国家政治动荡的时期。
"The vast majority of species are small (&lt;1 cm), and predominantly dull brown or black.",绝大多数物种都很小(<1 厘米)，主要是暗淡的棕色或黑色。
"He offered a libertine education for the children, allowing them to play all day and witness acts of sex magic.",他为孩子们提供了放纵的教育，让他们整天玩耍并目睹性魔法的行为。
"They lived modestly on a small inheritance and savings, living a quiet life with their children.",他们靠着一笔小额遗产和积蓄过着朴素的生活，与孩子们一起过着安静的生活。
"In 1996, RFC 2046 specified that the image format used for transmitting JPEG images across the internet should be JFIF.",在1996年，RFC 2046规定用于通过互联网传输JPEG图像的图像格式应为JFIF。
"In December 1984, All Ball escaped from Koko's cage and was hit and killed by a car.",在1984年12月，All Ball从Koko的笼子里逃脱，被一辆车撞死。
Henry had studied Chinese before going to China and gained a great proficiency in the language.,亨利在去中国之前学习过中文，并且在这门语言上取得了很高的熟练度。
"In the early 1960s, Czechoslovakia underwent an economic downturn.",在1960年代初期，捷克斯洛伐克经历了经济衰退。
"By 2006, 132 locomotives of the new design had been built (numbers 1952 to 2083).",到了2006年，已经建造了132台新设计的机车（编号从1952到2083）。
"Prior to the announcement of the election date, the most likely dates were thought to be 16 October or 23 October.",在选举日期公布之前，最有可能的日期被认为是10月16日或10月23日。
"A second specimen, Frey-Wyssling 13, was collected in Dolok ""Baros"", also at 1800 m.",第二个标本，Frey-Wyssling 13，是在多洛克“巴罗斯”收集的，海拔也是1800米。
The FCC cited the Temple for technical violations and for using amateur frequencies for commercial purposes.,美国联邦通信委员会指责庙宇违反技术规定，并将业余频率用于商业目的。
"The life cycle of HIV can be as short as about 1.5 days from viral entry into a cell, through replication, assembly, and release of additional viruses, to infection of other cells.",HIV的生命周期可以短至约1.5天，从病毒进入细胞，经过复制、组装和释放额外病毒，到感染其他细胞。
"In practice, the theory would involve radical developments in politics at the center, as well as social innovation in localities.",在实践中，这个理论将包括政治中心的激进发展，以及地方社会创新。
"In a continuous time approach in a finance context, the state variable in the stochastic differential equation is usually wealth or net worth, and the controls are the shares placed at each time in the various assets.",在金融领域的连续时间方法中，随机微分方程中的状态变量通常是财富或净值，控制变量是在各种资产中每次放置的股份。
"A web interface could allow the software to post diagnostics data to a website, or could even allow remote control of the software application.",一个网络界面可以允许软件将诊断数据发布到网站，甚至可以允许远程控制软件应用程序。
The bond lengths for N1–N2 and N4–N5 are 1.10 Å and the bond lengths N2–N3 and N3–N4 are 1.30 Å.,"""N1–N2和N4–N5的键长为1.10 Å，N2–N3和N3–N4的键长为1.30 Å。"""
"Violation of the ban entails, according to § 19a.b of the Law, imprisonment up to six months, repeated offenses one year or a fine.",违反禁令将根据法律第19a.b条规定，最多可被判处六个月的监禁，再次犯罪一年或罚款。
Retrieved 26 July 2015.,"""2015年7月26日检索。"""
"They all have in common that the song was inspired by a notable farewell embrace given by Colonel James Harbottle Boyd during a horseback trip taken by Princess Liliʻuokalani in 1877 or 1878 to the Boyd ranch in Maunawili on the windward side of Oʻahu, and that the members of the party hummed the tune on the way back to Honolulu.",它们的共同之处在于这首歌是由詹姆斯·哈博特尔·博伊德上校在1877或1878年为夏威夷王后莉莉乌奥卡兰妮公主举行的一次骑马之旅中在奥胡岛风向侧面的Maunawili的博伊德牧场给予的一次显著的告别拥抱所启发，以及该队伍的成员在返回火奴鲁鲁的路上哼唱这首曲调。
And they keep a hell of a lot of weapons on hand.,他们手头上保存了大量的武器。
"While a single dose has a rapid effect, maximum effect can take five days of use.",一次剂量具有迅速的效果，最大效果可能需要连续使用五天。
He has a power to own his army.,他有权力拥有自己的军队。
Far Cry 3 features a sandbox editor.,《孤岛惊魂3》拥有一个沙盒编辑器。
"Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4, 1850, five months before California achieved statehood.",洛杉矶于1850年4月4日作为一个市政机构成立，早于加利福尼亚州成为州的地位五个月。
"More generally, a display manager runs one or more X servers on the local computer or accepts incoming connections from X servers running on remote computers.",更一般地说，显示管理器在本地计算机上运行一个或多个X服务器，或接受来自远程计算机上运行的X服务器的传入连接。
"In 1962, however, Egypt attacked Saudi Arabia from bases in Yemen during the 1962 Yemeni revolution because of Saudi Arabia's Anti-revolution propaganda, which made Saud seek the U.S. support.",然而，在1962年，埃及在也门基地发动对沙特阿拉伯的进攻，这是因为沙特阿拉伯的反革命宣传，使沙特寻求美国的支持。
"Valve said that despite additional support for PlayStation 3 over Xbox 360, the core game is the same on both platforms.","""Valve表示，尽管PlayStation 3得到了比Xbox 360更多的支持，但核心游戏在两个平台上都是一样的。"""
Swanti (Devanagari: स्वन्ति) is a five-day festival of Nepal which is one of the year's greatest celebrations for the Newar people.,"""Swanti（梵文：स्वन्ति）是尼泊尔的一个为期五天的节日，是新阿尔人一年中最盛大的庆祝活动之一。"""
"However, none seem to have been noticed before the advent of the telescope in the early 17th century.",然而，在17世纪初望远镜出现之前似乎并没有被注意到。
"Some Unix-based implementations (CLISP, SBCL) can be used as a scripting language; that is, invoked by the system transparently in the way that a Perl or Unix shell interpreter is.",一些基于Unix的实现（如CLISP、SBCL）可以用作脚本语言；也就是说，可以被系统透明地调用，就像Perl或Unix shell解释器一样。
"Further, if the user uses 16-bit DOS drivers, Windows can become unstable.",此外，如果用户使用16位DOS驱动程序，Windows可能变得不稳定。
"A talkative girl in contrast to her sister, Kamu.",与她的姐姐卡姆相比，她是一个健谈的女孩。
"The Air Gunner's and Flight Engineer's badge (German: Fliegerschützenabzeichen für Bordschützen und Bordmechaniker) was a German military decoration awarded to air gunners, mechanics (flight engineers) or aircrew meteorologists who were members of the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) after they completed two months training or had taken part in at least five operational flights.",空中射手和飞行工程师徽章（德语：Fliegerschützenabzeichen für Bordschützen und Bordmechaniker）是一项德国军事奖章，颁发给德国空军（Luftwaffe）的空中射手、机械师（飞行工程师）或空勤气象员，在完成两个月的培训或至少参加五次作战飞行后。
It was during these sessions that the idea of using a piano as lead instrument began to emerge.,在这些会议期间，使用钢琴作为主导乐器的想法开始出现。
"CBS News and other outlets commented on McCotter's lack of name recognition and described him as a ""little-known"" candidate.",CBS新闻和其他媒体评论了麦考特缺乏名气，并将他描述为“鲜为人知”的候选人。
The massive stone span was constructed along with the retaining walls of the Temple Mount.,这座巨大的石桥是与圣殿山的挡土墙一同建造的。
"Research by Jennifer A. Clack and her colleagues showed that the very earliest tetrapods, animals similar to Acanthostega, were wholly aquatic and quite unsuited to life on land.",Jennifer A. Clack及其同事的研究表明，类似于刺胸龙的最早四足动物完全是水生动物，对陆地生活非常不适应。
"In 1995, all the RPAs joined together under the international umbrella association PROFIBUS &amp; PROFINET International (PI).",在1995年，所有的RPAs都在国际伞下结合在一起，成为PROFIBUS & PROFINET International (PI)。
"The first organized club for nudists on a large scale, Freilichtpark (Free-Light Park), was opened near Hamburg in 1903 by Paul Zimmerman.","在1903年，保罗·齐默曼（Paul Zimmerman）在汉堡附近开设了规模较大的裸体主义者的首个组织俱乐部""Freilichtpark（Free-Light Park）""。"
"Scott's son, Charles, Jr., wrote to his brother Daniel that their father was planning to run for Congress in 1792; although Charles, Jr. expressed confidence that his father would be elected, his campaign apparently never materialized or faltered shortly after it began.",斯科特的儿子查尔斯二世写信给他的弟弟丹尼尔，说他们的父亲计划在1792年竞选国会议员；尽管查尔斯二世表示对父亲会当选很有信心，但他的竞选似乎从未实现或在开始不久后就失败了。
"Article 121 As regards all leases of land granted or renewed where the original leases contain no right of renewal, during the period from 27 May 1985 to 30 June 1997, which extend beyond 30 June 1997 and expire not later than 30 June 2047, the lessee is not required to pay an additional premium as from 1 July 1997, but an annual rent equivalent to 3% of the rateable value of the property at that date, adjusted in step with any changes in the rateable value thereafter, shall be charged.",第121条 关于所有在1985年5月27日至1997年6月30日期间批准或续订的土地租赁，原租赁合同未包含续租权的，延长至1997年6月30日之后且于2047年6月30日前到期的，承租人无需自1997年7月1日起支付额外的地租，但应按当日物业的地租价值的3%计算的年租金，随后根据物业地租价值的变化做相应调整。
The Ukrainian Parliament scheduled Yanukovych's inauguration for February 25.,乌克兰议会将亚努科维奇的就职仪式安排在2月25日。
"John Malalas tells us Seleucus had a sister called Didymeia, who had sons called Nicanor and Nicomedes.",约翰·马拉拉斯告诉我们，塞琉古斯有一个名叫迪迪梅亚的姐姐，她有两个儿子，分别叫尼卡诺尔和尼科梅德斯。
"On the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, the Stonewall uprising occurred.",在1969年6月28日的清晨，斯通沃尔起义发生了。
"According to Michael J. Connolly in his 2010 article about Hobart, the future vice president ""benefitted greatly from Tuttle's beneficence"".",根据迈克尔·J·康纳利在他2010年关于霍巴特的文章中所说，未来的副总统“极大地受益于塔特尔的慷慨”。
She arrived there on 13 October.,她在10月13日到达那里。
"Average annual salary was 11000 Renminbi, an increase of 7.6%; average annual pure income per capita for agricultural workers was 3904 Renminbi, an increase of 10.8%.",平均年薪为11000元人民币，同比增长7.6%；农民工人均年纯收入为3904元人民币，同比增长10.8%。
The law was enacted in 1991.,这项法律于1991年颁布。
"Some peshmerga were already transferred but reportedly deserted again, and there are allegations that former peshmerga forces remain loyal to the KRG rather than their Iraqi chain of command.",一些库尔德民兵已经被转移，但据报道再次逃跑，有指控称，一些前库尔德民兵部队仍然忠于库尔德自治政府而不是他们的伊拉克指挥链。
"Marvin Frederick Hamlisch (June 2, 1944 – August 6, 2012) was an American composer and conductor.",马文·弗雷德里克·哈姆利什（1944年6月2日 - 2012年8月6日）是一位美国作曲家和指挥。
In 50s the building was renamed as Plzeň Gottwaldovo nádraží (English: Pilsen Gottwald station) in honor of the first Czechoslovak communist president Klement Gottwald.,在50年代，这座建筑被更名为布尔诺戈特瓦尔多火车站（英语：比尔森戈特瓦尔德站），以纪念捷克斯洛伐克第一任共产主义总统克莱门特·戈特瓦尔德。
"In Leigh Brackett's short stories (1940–1949), including ""Lorelei of the Red Mist"", ""The Moon That Vanished"", and ""Enchantress of Venus"", Venus is warm, wet, and cloudy; most of its surface is ocean or low-lying swamp, both of which are filled with exotic forms of life, including a large number of alien species.",在利·布拉克特的短篇小说（1940年至1949年）中，包括《红雾中的罗莱莱》、《消失的月亮》和《金星的女巫》，金星是温暖、潮湿和多云的；其大部分表面都是海洋或低洼沼泽，这两种地形都充满了异国形态的生命，包括大量外星物种。
There is also trash and debris along it in some reaches.,有些地方也有垃圾和碎片。
CQ Publications.,"""CQ出版社。"""
Then the goddess appeared.,然后女神出现了。
IUE observations of Venus showed that the amount of sulfur monoxide and sulfur dioxide in its atmosphere declined by a large amount during the 1980s.,IUE对金星的观测显示，其大气中的硫一氧化物和二氧化硫在1980年代大幅减少。
"In 1191, Conrad was present in Rome for the coronation of his brother, Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor.",在1191年，康拉德出席了他兄弟亨利六世被加冕为神圣罗马皇帝的仪式。
"Today most countries fund public radio broadcasting from the same licence fee that is used for television, although a few still have separate radio licences, or apply a lower or no fee at all for consumers who only have a radio.",今天，大多数国家都从用于电视的同一许可费中资助公共广播电台，尽管一些国家仍然拥有单独的广播许可证，或者针对仅拥有收音机的消费者收取较低或零费用。
"Microsoft claimed that Entourage was intended ""to address an entirely different audience"".",微软声称，Entourage旨在“面向完全不同的观众”。
"Most of the site lies in southwestern Macon County, adjacent to the east side of the town of Andersonville.",该站点大部分位于马孔县西南部，毗邻安德森维尔镇的东侧。
"In the 2001 presidential election, Bah came third.",在2001年的总统选举中，巴赫排名第三。
The four Moors symbolise the four corners of the world.,这四个摩尔人象征着世界的四个角落。
"Two smaller low-gain antennas are also present for lower-rate communication during emergencies and special events, such as launch and Mars Orbit Insertion.",在紧急情况和特殊事件中，例如发射和火星轨道插入期间，还配备了两个较小的低增益天线，用于低速通信。
The New Town (Czech: Nové Město) is a quarter in the city of Prague in the Czech Republic.,新城（捷克语：Nové Město）是捷克共和国布拉格市的一个区。
"After the boyars proclaimed one of their own as prince in 1213, the Poles and Hungarians invaded the principality, ostensibly to support the claims of young Daniel and Vasylko, and divided it between themselves.",在1213年，贵族宣布了他们自己的一位成为亲王后，波兰人和匈牙利人入侵了该亲王国，表面上是为了支持年轻的丹尼尔和瓦西尔科的要求，然后将其分割给自己。
Approximately 50–55 minutes.,大约50-55分钟。
"On 17 November 2002, the user Mountain translated the Computer science article into zh:计算机科学, thus creating its first real encyclopedic article.",在2002年11月17日，用户Mountain将计算机科学文章翻译成了zh:计算机科学，从而创建了它的第一篇真正的百科全书文章。
An unexpectedly low or high 24-hour creatinine excretion rate voids the test.,一个意外地低或高的24小时肌酐排泄率会使测试无效。
"He judged that if Hungary, unable to resist the Ottoman Empire, took action independently of Austria and Bohemia, it might well enter into an alliance with the Ottomans against its western neighbors.",他判断，如果匈牙利无法抵抗奥斯曼帝国，单独行动而不依赖奥地利和波希米亚，那么它很可能会与奥斯曼帝国结盟，对抗其西部邻国。
An apostolic constitution (Latin: constitutio apostolica) is the most solemn form of legislation issued by the Pope.,使徒憲章（拉丁文：constitutio apostolica）是教宗發布的最嚴肅的立法形式。
In 1971 C. T. Goetschel announced the preparation of NF4BF4 and also produced a white solid assumed to be tetrafluoroammonium fluoride (NF+ 4F−).,在1971年，C.T. Goetschel宣布准备NF4BF4，并且制备了一种被认为是四氟铵氟化物（NF+ 4F−）的白色固体。
"In the U.S. however, Cyber Command is only set up to protect the military, whereas the government and corporate infrastructures are primarily the responsibility respectively of the Department of Homeland Security and private companies.",在美国，然而，网络司令部仅用于保护军队，而政府和企业基础设施分别主要由国土安全部和私人公司负责。
The Secret History covers roughly the same years as the first seven books of The History of the Wars and appears to have been written after they were published.,《秘史》大致涵盖了《战争史》前七卷的年代，看起来是在它们出版后写的。
"On 22 August 1961, Ida Siekmann was the first casualty at the Berlin Wall: she died after she jumped out of her third floor apartment at 48 Bernauer Strasse.",1961年8月22日，伊达·西克曼是柏林墙上的第一位遇难者：她在柏维尔大街48号的三楼公寓跳下后去世。
"In some Dragon Quest titles, slimes also appear as friendly non-player characters and peaceful inhabitants of cities.",在一些《勇者斗恶龙》的游戏中，史莱姆也会出现作为友好的非玩家角色和城市的和平居民。
"Rosecrans replied, ""I need no other stimulus to make me do my duty than the knowledge of what it is.",Rosecrans回答说：“我不需要其他刺激来让我尽职尽责，因为我知道自己的责任是什么。”
The resultant oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere and gave rise to the ozone layer.,结果氧气积累在大气中，并导致臭氧层的形成。
"After the September 11 attacks, a call went out for all international planes to return to their airports of origin (or if they did not have enough fuel, to land in Canadian territory).",在9/11事件发生后，要求所有国际航班返回其起飞机场（或者如果它们的燃料不足，就在加拿大领土上降落）。
"Square then released a statement that only the look of the save screen was corrupted, and saving was still possible, and if players wished, repeatedly going into and out of the save screen would make a normal screen eventually appear.",然后Square发布了一份声明，表示只有保存屏幕的外观受损，保存仍然是可能的，如果玩家希望的话，多次进入和退出保存屏幕最终会使正常屏幕出现。
"The University of Duhok, founded in 1992, is a renowned center for teaching and research.",杜胡克大学成立于1992年，是一个著名的教学和研究中心。
"Despite initial successes, in 1259 a Mongol force under Boroldai entered Galicia and Volhynia and offered an ultimatum: Danylo was to destroy his fortifications or Boroldai would assault the towns.",尽管最初取得成功，但在1259年，由博洛代率领的蒙古军队进入了加利西亚和沃尔希尼亚，并发出最后通牒：丹尼洛必须摧毁他的要塞，否则博洛代将袭击这些城镇。
NetFront 3.4 (on devices such as the Sony Ericsson K850) can view and save MHTML files.,"""NetFront 3.4（例如索尼爱立信K850手机）可以查看和保存MHTML文件。"""
"When Hitler came to Morgenstern's glazier store for the first time, he offered Morgenstern three of his paintings.",当希特勒第一次来到莫根斯特恩的玻璃店时，他向莫根斯特恩提供了三幅自己的画。
The film did not receive a national release but played at theaters in several cities.,这部电影没有全国上映，但在几个城市的影院上映。
"In particular, some Japanese editors are known to use Shift JIS encoding, which usually has disastrous effects: it will not work with any standard-compliant software regardless of local settings (since it is not supported by the standard), will not work outside Japan (since Shift JIS has very little support outside Japan), and will not even work on all Japanese computers even with a specifically non-compliant reader (as it is software-dependent and settings-dependent).",特别是，一些日本编辑被知道使用Shift JIS编码，这通常会产生灾难性的影响：它不会在任何符合标准的软件中工作，无论本地设置如何（因为它不受标准支持），在日本以外也无法工作（因为Shift JIS在日本以外的支持非常有限），甚至在一些日本计算机上，即使使用特定的非标准阅读器也无法工作（因为它是依赖于软件和设置的）。
"The execution prompted widespread condemnation within the Arab World as well as other countries, the European Union and the United Nations, with protests being carried out in cities in Iran, Iraq, India, Lebanon, Pakistan and Turkey.",这次执行在阿拉伯世界以及其他国家、欧盟和联合国引起了广泛谴责，伊朗、伊拉克、印度、黎巴嫩、巴基斯坦和土耳其的城市中也爆发了抗议活动。
"The basic structure of the party is the local committee, which organises local activities.",该党的基本结构是地方委员会，负责组织地方活动。
"The XO-1 is designed to be low-cost, small, durable, and efficient.",XO-1的设计是低成本、小巧、耐用和高效。
Artificial reproduction is the creation of new life by other than the natural means available to an organism.,"""人工繁殖是通过非自然手段创建新生命，而非生物体本身可用的自然手段。"""
Numerous ex-Yugoslav Railways steam locomotives are plinthed at stations around Slovenia and there is a railway museum at Ljubljana.,许多前南斯拉夫铁路的蒸汽机车被安放在斯洛文尼亚各个车站，卢布尔雅那还有一个铁路博物馆。
"This created a dramatic deficit in Iceland's trade, and no new ships were built as a result.",这导致冰岛的贸易出现了巨大的赤字，因此没有新船被建造。
"UN-SPIDER's outreach activities include the organization of workshops, seminars and expert meetings in all regions as well as the support to similar events organized by its partners.","""UN-SPIDER的推广活动包括在所有地区组织研讨会、研讨会和专家会议，以及支持其合作伙伴组织的类似活动。"""
"In 1992, Fortune magazine included Dell Computer Corporation in its list of the world's 500 largest companies, making Michael Dell the youngest CEO of a Fortune 500 company ever.","""1992年，《财富》杂志将戴尔计算机公司列入全球500强企业名单，使迈克尔·戴尔成为有史以来最年轻的财富500强公司首席执行官。"""
They are therefore asked to begin their classes punctually to the minute.,因此要求他们准时按时开始上课。
"Cronquist's first overview of classification was published in 1960, followed by his The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants in 1968 with a revised and expanded second edition being released in 1988.",Cronquist的第一次分类概述于1960年出版，随后在1968年出版了他的《被子植物的进化与分类》，1988年发行了修订和扩展的第二版。
"The JACK API is standardized by consensus, and two compatible implementations exist: jack1, which is implemented in plain C and has been in maintenance mode for a while, and jack2 (originally jackdmp), a re-implementation in C++ led by Stéphane Letz, which is under aggressive development and has introduced multi-processor scalability and support for operating systems other than Linux.",JACK API是通过共识标准化的，存在两个兼容的实现：jack1是用纯C实现的，并且在维护模式下运行了一段时间，jack2（最初是jackdmp）是由Stéphane Letz领导的C++重新实现，正在积极开发中，并引入了多处理器可伸缩性和支持除Linux之外的操作系统。
"When Philippine independence was declared on June 12, 1898, the Philippine Revolutionary Army was renamed the Philippine Republican Army.",当菲律宾独立于1898年6月12日宣布时，菲律宾革命军改名为菲律宾共和军。
"According to David Godman, each term signifies a different aspect of ""the same indivisible reality"".","根据戴维·戈德曼的说法，每个术语都代表""同一不可分割的现实""的不同方面。"
About 60% will be in the posterior cranial fossa (particularly the cerebellum).,大约60％将位于后颅窝（特别是小脑）。
Know how to swim and heed the advice of lifeguards.,学会游泳，并听从救生员的建议。
U-44 had been hunting for Ekatontarchos Dracoulis for the past 6 hours.,U-44已经追捕埃卡通塔科斯·德拉库利斯（Ekatontarchos Dracoulis）六个小时了。
"Lane did, and then rejoined his inspection party in San Francisco.",莱恩这样做了，然后重新加入了他在旧金山的检查小组。
"Since these four row vectors are linearly independent, the row space is 4-dimensional.",由于这四个行向量线性无关，所以行空间是4维的。
Each of these societies based the foundation of their society on that of the one which preceded it (much in the way that many aspects of Roman culture were borrowed from the Greeks).,这些社会中的每一个都是在之前的社会基础上建立起来的（就像罗马文化的许多方面是从希腊人那里借鉴的）。
"In July 2015, Mozilla stopped supporting the development of XULrunner, and the community page has been taken down.",在2015年7月，Mozilla停止支持XULrunner的开发，并且社区页面已经被关闭。
"Real numbers, including many simple fractions, cannot be represented exactly in floating-point arithmetic, and it may be necessary to test for equality within a given tolerance.",实数，包括许多简单的分数，在浮点运算中无法准确表示，可能需要在给定的容差范围内进行相等性测试。
The graph to the right shows an example of timing errors associated with AWGN.,右侧的图表显示了与AWGN相关的时间错误示例。
"By using the yarn from his body, Yarny creates rope to form bridges, pull things, and swing from items.",通过使用他的身体的纱线，Yarny 创造绳索来构建桥梁，拉动物体，并从物品振动。
"This planned to end Jewish immigration by 1944 and to allow no more than 75,000 additional Jewish migrants.","这个计划旨在到1944年结束犹太移民，并允许不超过75,000名额外的犹太移民。"
"A scene in Andrzej Wajda's film Man of Marble (Człowiek z marmuru) was filmed in Zakopane, introducing the town to a worldwide audience.",安杰伊·瓦伊达的电影《大理石人》中的一个场景是在扎科帕内拍摄的，向全世界观众介绍了这个小镇。
Cortana integrates with services such as Foursquare to provide restaurant and local attraction recommendations and LIFX to control smart light bulbs.,"""Cortana 与 Foursquare 等服务集成，提供餐厅和当地景点推荐，与 LIFX 集成，控制智能灯泡。"""
The bench was located across the street from the local public prosecutor's office.,长椅位于当地公共检察机关对面的街道上。
From 1961 to 1968 he and his colleagues published a comprehensive six volume Catalogue of galaxies and of clusters of galaxies.,从1961年到1968年，他和他的同事出版了一部包含六卷的星系和星系团目录。
"Also, a neighborhood of (s,t) is mapped under the Gauss map to a neighborhood of v preserving or reversing orientation depending on the sign of the crossing.",此外，（s，t）附近的一个邻域在高斯映射下被映射到一个保持或颠倒方向的v附近的邻域，取决于交叉的符号。
"The ARC and VAXcluster products not only supported parallel computing, but also shared file systems and peripheral devices.",ARC和VAXcluster产品不仅支持并行计算，还共享文件系统和外围设备。
The US Navy and Air Force developed the AGM-154B (JSOW B) up until Multi-Service Operational Test &amp; Evaluation (MOT&amp;E) but the Navy decided not to procure the weapon when the Air Force left the program.,美国海军和空军开发了AGM-154B（JSOW B）直到多军种作战测试和评估（MOT&E），但当空军退出该项目时，海军决定不采购该武器。
"The star ball is usually mounted so it can rotate as a whole to simulate the Earth's daily rotation, and to change the simulated latitude on Earth.",星球通常安装在可以整体旋转的支架上，以模拟地球的日常旋转，并改变地球上的模拟纬度。
The Icebreakers are now almost exclusively Finns.,冰船现在几乎完全是芬兰人。
"In May 1776, finance minister Turgot was dismissed, after failing to enact reforms.",1776年5月，财政大臣图尔戈因未能实施改革而被解职。
All of the circuit variations of the Targa had so many corners that lap speeds at the Targa never went higher than 80 mph (128 km/h).,Targa的所有赛道变化都有很多弯道，所以在Targa的赛道上，圈速从未超过80英里/小时（128公里/小时）。
"On 22 May 2000, Israel completed its withdrawal from southern Lebanon in accordance with Resolution 425.",在2000年5月22日，以色列按照第425号决议完成了从黎巴嫩南部的撤军。
"Pavković explores how national self-determination, in the form of creation of a new state through secession, could override the principles of majority rule and of equal rights, which are primary liberal principles.","""帕夫科维奇探讨了国家自决如何通过分裂创建新国家，可能推翻多数规则和平等权利等主要自由主义原则。"""
"In adults, too, meningococcal meningitis has a lower mortality (3–7%) than pneumococcal disease.",在成年人中，脑膜炎球菌性脑膜炎的死亡率（3-7%）比肺炎球菌病低。
"The crew, believed to be people smugglers, abandoned the ship and it had been drifting in the Mediterranean for weeks.",据信是偷渡者的船员抛弃了这艘船，它在地中海漂流了几个星期。
M1A1AIM v.2/M1A1SA (Situational Awareness): Upgrades similar to AIM v.1 tanks + new 3rd generation depleted uranium armor components.,"""M1A1AIM v.2/M1A1SA（情境感知）：升级类似于AIM v.1坦克+新的第三代贫铀装甲组件。"""
"Ikuhiko Hata (秦 郁彦, Hata Ikuhiko, born 12 December 1932) is a Japanese historian.",秦 郁彦（Hata Ikuhiko）是一位日本历史学家，出生于1932年12月12日。
"This first round of fever typically recedes rapidly within 96 hours, and then a second round of fever begins around the 11th or 12th day and lasts at least a week.",这种第一轮的发烧通常在96小时内迅速减退，然后第二轮发烧在第11或第12天开始，持续至少一周。
"Ten minutes later a goal by Santos Iriarte gave Uruguay the lead, and just before full-time Castro made it 4–2 to seal the win.",十分钟后，桑托斯·伊里亚尔特（Santos Iriarte）打进一球，为乌拉圭带来领先优势，就在比赛结束前，卡斯特罗（Castro）打进第四球，确保了胜利。
"In 1990, Jean‐Claude Duvalier filed for divorce from Bennett in the Dominican Republic, accusing her of immoral acts.",1990年，让-克劳德·杜瓦里在多明尼加共和国向班尼特申请离婚，指控她有不道德行为。
Rey is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise portrayed by English actress Daisy Ridley.,雷是一位虚构的角色，在星球大战系列中由英国女演员黛茜·雷德利扮演。
"Thus video transmissions would receive network priority to prevent picture skips, while text transmissions could be delayed without significantly affecting its application performance.",因此，视频传输将获得网络优先级，以防止画面跳帧，而文本传输可以延迟而不会显著影响其应用性能。
Maffei 1 is a principal member of a nearby group of galaxies.,玛菲1是一个附近星系群的主要成员。
"Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and other substances in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and disease of an organism.",营养是一门科学，它解释了食物中营养物质和其他物质与有机体的维持、生长、繁殖、健康和疾病之间的相互作用。
"The sound /k/ is very often spelled k before the vowels e i y (in Modern Welsh, it is always spelt c, e.g. Middle Welsh keivyn = modern ceifn ""third cousin"").",“/k/音在e、i、y之前通常拼写为k（在现代威尔士语中，它总是拼写为c，例如中古威尔士语keivyn = 现代ceifn“三等亲”）。”
The journey began at Folly Bridge near Oxford and ended five miles away in the village of Godstow.,旅程始于牛津附近的愚蠢桥，结束于距离五英里的戈斯托村。
"Consequently, most Taiwanese do not know how to romanize their names or addresses.",因此，大多数台湾人不知道如何用罗马拼音写他们的姓名或地址。
"The new facilities house 24-hour coordination and maintenance operations, customer support and services, and training.",新的设施包含24小时协调和维护操作，客户支持和服务以及培训。
"After victory in the Battle of the Niemen River, Daszyński was more and more in conflict with the rest of the government, especially with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.",在尼曼河战役取得胜利后，达兹因斯基与政府其他部门，尤其是外交部之间的冲突越来越多。
"Latvia adopts the euro as its currency, becoming the 18th member of the euro area.",拉脱维亚采用欧元作为其货币，成为欧元区的第18个成员国。
"Subtropical forests, which are predominate in central and southern China, support as many as 146,000 species of flora.","亚热带森林，在中国中部和南部占主导地位，支持多达146,000种植物。"
German and Italian forces crossed the border from Libya into Egypt.,德国和意大利军队越过从利比亚进入埃及的边境。
"It has been suggested that water pollution is the leading worldwide cause of death and diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily.","有人建议水污染是全球主要死亡和疾病的原因，并且每天造成超过14,000人死亡。"
"The ILO's International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) was created in 1992 with the overall goal of the progressive elimination of child labour, which was to be achieved through strengthening the capacity of countries to deal with the problem and promoting a worldwide movement to combat child labour.",国际劳工组织的消除童工国际计划（IPEC）成立于1992年，其总体目标是逐步消除童工，这将通过增强各国应对这一问题的能力和推动全球范围内打击童工的运动来实现。
"The 62nd Army had been cut in two and, due to intensive air attack on its supply ferries, was receiving much less material support.",第62集团军已经被分割成两部分，由于对其补给渡船的密集空袭，它收到的物资支持大大减少。
"Although electroporation and dielectric breakdown both result from application of an electric field, the mechanisms involved are fundamentally different.",虽然电穿孔和介电击穿都是由电场的应用导致的，但所涉及的机制基本上是不同的。
"John Locke wrote that the use of words ""is to be sensible marks of ideas"", though they are chosen ""not by any natural connexion that there is between particular articulate sounds and certain ideas, for then there would be but one language amongst all men; but by a voluntary imposition, whereby such a word is made arbitrarily the mark of such an idea"".",约翰·洛克写道，使用词语“是对思想的明显标志”，尽管它们被选择“不是由于特定语音和某些思想之间的自然联系，否则所有人都会使用同一种语言；而是通过自愿的强制，使得这样的词语任意地成为这样一个思想的标志”。
"In 2005, the novel was adapted by the French director Pascal Thomas under the title Mon petit doigt m'a dit...",在2005年，这本小说被法国导演帕斯卡尔·托马斯改编，片名为《我的小指头告诉我...》。
"Throughout the night of the 19th, Polish forces had entrenched themselves along the south, southwest and northeastern lines of approach to Hill 262.",在19日的整个夜晚，波兰军队沿着南部、西南部和东北部的进攻路线设立了据点，以防御262号山。
Amal was supported by the predominantly Shia Sixth Brigade of the Lebanese Army commanded by General Abd al-Halim Kanj and by the 87th Infantry Battalion from the predominantly Christian Maronite Eighth Brigade loyal to General Michel Aoun stationed in East Beirut.,阿玛尔得到了主要由黎巴嫩陆军第六旅指挥官阿卜杜勒·哈利姆·坎吉将军领导的什叶派支持，并得到了主要忠于米歇尔·奥恩将军的基督教马龙尼特第八旅第87步兵营在东贝鲁特驻扎的支持。
"NRO missions since 1972 are classified, and portions of many earlier programs remain unavailable to the public.",自1972年以来，NRO任务被列为机密，并且许多早期项目的部分仍无法访问公众。
"Upon his return to Mexico in 1945, Haro continued working at the Observatorio Astrofísico de Tonantzintla where he was responsible for the commissioning of the new 24-31-inch Schmidt camera and where he became involved in the study of extremely red and extremely blue stars.",1945年回到墨西哥后，哈罗继续在通安欣特拉天文台工作，他负责新的24-31英寸施密特相机的投入使用，并开始参与极红和极蓝恒星的研究。
"Using the Maine Farmers' Almanac definition of blue moon (meaning the third full moon in a season of four full moons, but referenced to astronomical rather than equal seasons), blue moons have occurred or will occur on: November 21, 2010 August 20, 2013 May 21, 2016 May 18, 2019 August 22, 2021 Unlike the astronomical seasonal definition, these dates are dependent on the Gregorian calendar and time zones.",使用缅因州农民年鉴对蓝月的定义（指的是四个满月季度中的第三个满月，但参考的是天文而不是等长的季度），蓝月已经出现或将出现在以下日期：2010年11月21日，2013年8月20日，2016年5月21日，2019年5月18日，2021年8月22日。与天文季节定义不同，这些日期取决于格里高利历和时区。
It also airs on ABC3 in Australia.,它也在澳大利亚的ABC3频道播出。
"Whereas the auroral emissions were detected in almost all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum from radio waves to X-rays (up to 3 keV), they are brightest in the mid-infrared (wavelength 3–4 μm and 7–14 μm) and deep ultraviolet spectral regions (wavelength 80–180 nm).",在几乎所有电磁波谱的各个部分中都探测到了极光发射，从无线电波到X射线（最高3千电子伏特），但它们在中红外光（波长3-4微米和7-14微米）和深紫外光谱区域（波长80-180纳米）中最亮。
The scientific method is not consistently used by astrologers.,占星师并不一贯使用科学方法。
There is a spectrum ranging from zero to total separation of language by person.,这是一个从零到完全分离语言的范围。
Winter storms can last several days and make roads icy.,冬季风暴可能持续几天，使道路结冰。
"A Federal Reserve working paper regarding support and resistance levels in short-term foreign exchange rates ""offers strong evidence that the levels help to predict intraday trend interruptions"", although the ""predictive power"" of those levels was ""found to vary across the exchange rates and firms examined"".",一份美联储工作论文关于短期外汇汇率的支撑和阻力水平“提供了强有力的证据，表明这些水平有助于预测日内趋势中断”，尽管发现这些水平的“预测能力”在所考察的汇率和公司之间“存在差异”。
Hydroelectric power from the Thika River supplies a significant portion of Kenya's electricity.,来自提卡河的水力发电为肯尼亚的电力供应提供了很大一部分。
Eventually they married into the Carolingian dynasty and produced kings and an emperor of the Frankish Empire.,最终他们与卡洛林王朝结婚，并生下了法兰克帝国的国王和皇帝。
"This number was not always maintained, and by the 17th century, there were only thirteen such knights.",这个数字并不总是相同，到了17世纪，只有13个这样的骑士。
"Following this exchange, Bey decided to return to port, while he ordered the destroyers to attack the convoy at a position reported by a U-boat.",在这次交换之后，贝伊决定返回港口，同时下令驱逐舰在一艘U艇报告的位置袭击护航队。
"On February 19, 1951, Abakumov delivered a secret notice to Stalin, detailing plans for the deportations of Jehovah's Witnesses to Tomsk Oblast and Irkutsk Oblast.",1951年2月19日，阿巴库莫夫向斯大林递交了一份秘密通知，详细说明了将耶和华见证人驱逐到托木斯克州和伊尔库茨克州的计划。
"The track is owned by the Ruhr Regional Association (Regionalverband Ruhr, RVR).","这个赛道是由鲁尔区域协会（Regionalverband Ruhr, RVR）拥有的。"
"More than two years later, Police Commissioner Mulrooney, in a radio talk, called this murder in a closed room an ""insoluble mystery"".",超过两年后，警察局长穆尔鲁尼在广播谈话中称这起密室谋杀案为“无法解决的谜”。
"In neither case does any matter, energy, or information travel faster than light.",在任何情况下，物质、能量或信息都不会传播得比光速更快。
Works as a nurse.,"""工作作为一名护士。"""
"Each atom in such a solid can oscillate in three independent directions, so the solid can be viewed as a system of 3N independent simple harmonic oscillators, where N denotes the number of atoms in the lattice.",这样固体中的每个原子都可以在三个独立的方向上振荡，因此可以将固体视为一个由3N个独立简谐振子组成的系统，其中N表示晶格中的原子数。
"When her husband took a job in New York City, Ginsburg transferred to Columbia Law School and became the first woman to be on two major law reviews: the Harvard Law Review and Columbia Law Review.",当她的丈夫在纽约市找到了工作，金斯伯格转到了哥伦比亚法学院，并成为第一位同时在两家主要法律评论上发表文章的女性：哈佛法律评论和哥伦比亚法律评论。
Then they formed three couples.,然后他们组成了三对夫妇。
"The sky can turn a multitude of colors such as red, orange, pink and yellow (especially near sunset or sunrise) and black at night.",天空可以变成各种颜色，如红色、橙色、粉色和黄色（尤其是在日落或日出时），晚上变成黑色。
Zubarah's settlement and growth during this period is attributed to the dislodging of people from these adjacent settlements.,在这一时期，祖拜拉的定居和发展归因于这些相邻定居点的人口迁移。
"Green platforms generally favor tariffs on fossil fuels, restricting genetically modified organisms, and protections for ecoregions or communities.",绿色平台通常支持对化石燃料征收关税，限制转基因生物，以及保护生态区域或社区。
"The first segment began operations in 2002, replacing the 49 bus, which in turn replaced the Washington Street Elevated section of the Orange Line.",第一段于2002年开始运营，取代了49路公交车，后者又取代了橙线的华盛顿街高架段。
"Their efforts to push inland fell far short of their targets for the first day, but they were able to advance about 4 miles (6.4 km), making contact with the 101st Airborne Division.",他们试图向内陆推进的努力远远未达到第一天的目标，但他们成功前进了大约4英里（6.4公里），与101空降师取得联系。
"On June 2, the ICJ ruled in an 8–4 vote that Yugoslavia had no such jurisdiction.",6月2日，国际法院以8-4投票裁定南斯拉夫没有这样的司法管辖权。
"Foon Sien considered these raids to be part of systemic human rights violations: ""The situation resembles a country under martial law.",潘嫌认为这些袭击是系统性侵犯人权的一部分：“情况类似于实行戒严的国家。”
"When Bob starts to act sneakily, Helen suspects an affair and confronts him.",当鲍勃开始行动诡秘时，海伦怀疑他有外遇并质问他。
Croatia Bosnia and Herzegovina Banja Luka,克罗地亚波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那班亚卢卡
"However, there are varied sources showing that the white fertility rate reached below replacement (2.1) by 1980.",然而，有各种来源显示，到1980年，白人的生育率已经降至低于替代水平（2.1）。
"As a result, ""moral character"" and ""honesty"" weighed heavily in the next presidential election.",因此，“道德品质”和“诚实”在下一届总统选举中占据了重要地位。
"When the attachment is opened, a trojan horse is installed on the suspect's computer.",当附件被打开时，会在嫌疑人的电脑上安装一个木马。
"The character has received positive critical reception; she was labeled a ""classic sniper character"" and ""great defensive hero"" by VG247 in their Overwatch hero guide, noting that she ""works best in wide-open maps with long corridors"".",这个角色收到了积极的评价；她被VG247在他们的《守望先锋英雄指南》中标记为“经典的狙击手角色”和“出色的防御英雄”，指出她“在宽阔的地图和长走廊中表现最佳”。
The port city of Chittagong is a historic center of the pearl trade.,达卡是一个珍珠贸易的历史中心。
"Sensitivity analysis analyzes changes in one variable only, which is useful for simple changes, while scenario planning tries to expose policy makers to significant interactions of major variables.","""敏感性分析只分析一个变量的变化，这对于简单的变化是有用的，而情景规划试图将政策制定者暴露在主要变量的重要相互作用中。"""
The Whole World Is a Single Flower.,整个世界就是一朵花。
"Standard French and Franco-Provençal/Arpitan, linguistically, are distinct and mutual intelligibility is limited.",标准法语和弗朗科-普罗旺斯语/阿尔卑斯语，在语言上是明显不同的，互相理解的能力有限。
"In April 1942 he wrote that the annexation was ""...not only indefensible from every moral standpoint, but likewise extraordinarily stupid,"" interpreting any concession in the Baltic issue as a precedent that would lead to further border struggles in eastern Poland and elsewhere.",在1942年4月，他写道，吞并波罗的海国家“不仅在道德上站不住脚，而且也极其愚蠢”，将波罗的海问题上的任何让步解释为导致东波兰和其他地方进一步边界斗争的先例。
"The submarine stood out of Midway on 16 March 1944 on her second war patrol but encountered no Japanese targets during her 42 days at sea, mostly near the Palau Islands.",潜艇于1944年3月16日离开中途岛，开始第二次战斗巡逻，但在海上42天的时间里，并没有遇到任何日本目标，大部分时间都在帕劳群岛附近。
"Sirius is one of the 27 stars on the flag of Brazil, where it represents the state of Mato Grosso.",天狼星是巴西国旗上的27颗星星之一，它代表的是马托格罗索州。
Rasa will have to work there for many more months if he wishes to leave the place.,如果拉萨希望离开那个地方，他将不得不在那里工作多个月。
"On Halloween, Brigitte takes monkshood purchased by her mother for a craft project and asks Sam to make the cure.",在万圣节，布里吉特拿着她母亲购买的乌头植物进行手工项目，并请求山姆制作药物。
This is a list of foreign ministers of Suriname.,这是苏里南外交部长的名单。
These parameters specify the latencies (time delays) that affect speed of random access memory.,这些参数指定影响随机存取内存速度的延迟（时间延迟）。
"Inside the house, Wilson discovered 12 strangers, mostly women.",在屋子里，威尔逊发现了12个陌生人，大多数是女人。
"In fact, every closure operator arises in this way from a suitable Galois connection.",事实上，每个闭包算子都是通过适当的伽罗瓦连接这种方式产生的。
"In his outgoing presidential address at the American Mathematical Society, Browder noted, ""ideas and techniques from one set of mathematical sources imping fruitfully on the same thing from another set of mathematical sources"" as illustration of bisociation (a term from Arthur Koestler).",在他在美国数学学会的即将离任的总统致辞中，布劳德指出，“来自一个数学源的想法和技术对另一个数学源的同一事物产生了富有成效的影响”，这是对双重联想的一个例证（这是阿瑟·科斯特勒提出的一个术语）。
"The events of the novel take place in various locations, especially on the world Hyperion.",小说的事件发生在各种地点，尤其是在世界超级者。
Since then MTP is an official extension to PTP and shares the same class code.,从那时起，MTP已成为PTP的官方扩展，并共享相同的类代码。
"Thus, a too high or too low temperature will result in stellar instability.",因此，过高或过低的温度会导致恒星不稳定。
The scale consisted of thirty tasks of increasing difficulty.,这个量表包括了三十个难度逐渐增加的任务。
"Around 1250 in France at Toulouse, 96 shares of the Société des Moulins du Bazacle, or Bazacle Milling Company were traded at a value that depended on the profitability of the mills the society owned, making it probably the first company of its kind in history.",大约在法国图卢兹的1250年，巴扎克尔磨坊公司的96股在交易所交易，其价值取决于该公司拥有的磨坊的盈利能力，这可能是历史上第一个类似公司。
The 3 cities are also divided into arrondissement each having its conseil d'arrondissement and its mayor.,这3个城市也被划分为各自拥有区议会和市长的区。
"Eric Stanley, an American violinist, remixed the song on the violin.",埃里克·斯坦利是一位美国小提琴手，他用小提琴重新混音了这首歌曲。
"However, aggression is manifested in two different ways: boys are more physically aggressive, while the girls are more socially aggressive (name-calling and ignoring).",然而，攻击性表现出两种不同的方式：男孩更具有身体攻击性，而女孩更具有社交攻击性（辱骂和忽视）。
"Apia is the capital of Samoa. The town is on the island of Upolu and has a population of just under 40,000.","阿皮亚是萨摩亚的首都。这个城镇位于乌波卢岛上，人口不到40,000人。"
"During the Korean War, Turkey sent a large number of troops to aid South Korea under the United Nations command called the Turkish Brigade.",在朝鲜战争期间，土耳其向联合国指挥下的南韩派遣了大批部队，组成了土耳其旅团。
"The impressive Seton tower forms the entrance, and was erected in 1599 by Alexander Seton; Seton also commissioned the great processional staircase several years later.",Seton的壮观塔楼构成了入口，由亚历山大·塞顿于1599年建造；几年后，Seton还委托建造了宏伟的礼仪楼梯。
"The Carthaginians explored the Atlantic coast of the desert, but the turbulence of the waters and the lack of markets caused a lack of presence further south than modern Morocco.",迦太基人探索了沙漠的大西洋沿岸，但水域的汹涌和市场的缺乏导致他们在摩洛哥以南地区的存在较少。
"The recipe also appears in The Essential New York Times Cookbook, whose author, longtime food writer Amanda Hesser, counts it among her favorites.",这个食谱也出现在《纽约时报基本食谱》中，这本书的作者、资深食品作家阿曼达·赫瑟将其列为她的最爱之一。
"To combat growing unemployment and declining economic conditions, Dundee was declared an Enterprise Zone in January 1984.",为了对抗不断增长的失业率和不断恶化的经济状况，邓迪于1984年1月被宣布为一个企业区。
It was presented to him by Jack Nicholson.,这是杰克·尼克尔森（Jack Nicholson）送给他的。
The converted Michigan was delivered in November 2006.,"""这辆改装的密歇根州车辆于2006年11月交付。"""
King George V re-granted the title Royal Chapel in 1927 during a visit to the Royal Citadel.,乔治五世国王在1927年访问皇家城堡期间重新授予了“皇家教堂”这一头衔。
"In the 1990s, the Tongan government controversially sold Tongan passports to Chinese nationals and residents of Hong Kong, enabling them to settle in Tonga and leading to the appearance of a visible Chinese community in the South Pacific kingdom.",在1990年代，汤加政府有争议地向中国公民和香港居民出售汤加护照，使他们能够在汤加定居，从而导致在这个南太平洋王国出现了一个明显的华人社区。
"Two days before the Soviet Army occupied Budapest, Wallenberg negotiated with Eichmann and with Major-General Gerhard Schmidthuber, the supreme commander of German forces in Hungary.",在苏联军队占领布达佩斯的两天前，瓦伦贝格与艾希曼以及匈牙利德国部队最高指挥官施密特胡伯少将进行了谈判。
"Biotinylated GHK-Cu was incorporated into a collagen membrane, which was used as a wound dressing.",生物素化的GHK-Cu被纳入了胶原膜中，该膜被用作伤口敷料。
The Köhler curves where the solute is sodium chloride are different from when the solute is sodium nitrate or ammonium sulfate.,当溶质是氯化钠时，Köhler曲线与溶质为硝酸钠或硫酸铵时不同。
"In fact, he has gone there in contravention of my order.",事实上，他违背我的命令去了那里。
"Later in July 1939, Magda confessed to her husband that beginning in October 1938, she had an affair with Hanke.",1939年7月晚些时候，玛格达向丈夫坦白，从1938年10月起，她与汉克有染。
GameSpot gave the game a score of 7.5 out of ten saying it wasn't a bad game but it wasn't a great one either.,"""GameSpot给这款游戏评分为7.5分，表示这不是一款糟糕的游戏，但也不是一款伟大的游戏。"""
"At age 14, Luciano dropped out of school and started a job delivering hats, earning $7 per week.",在14岁时，卢西亚诺辍学开始了送帽子的工作，每周赚7美元。
"Legislation was introduced in many jurisdictions reversing union collective bargaining rights, and many jobs were lost to contractors.",在许多司法管辖区内，出台了一些法律，削减了工会集体谈判权利，导致许多工作被外包。
"After retiring, he continued to preach at churches and conferences at home and abroad.",退休后，他继续在国内外的教堂和会议上传道。
"Before the French arrived, the Huron had already been in conflict with the Haudenosaunee Confederacy (Five Nations) to the south.",在法国人到达之前，胡龙人已经与南部的霍登诺索尼联盟（五族）发生冲突。
"Filming took place from June 4 to June 20 with the final scenes being shot in Los Angeles, California.",拍摄从6月4日持续到6月20日，最后的场景在加利福尼亚州洛杉矶拍摄。
A language supporting reflection provides a number of features available at runtime that would otherwise be difficult to accomplish in a lower-level language.,支持反射的语言提供了许多在运行时可用的功能，否则在低级语言中很难实现。
"Afterwards, Napoleon intervened in the questions of Italian independence.",随后，拿破仑介入了意大利独立问题。
"On 11 January 2014, government forces secured the area of al-Naqqarin and Sheikh Yusuf hill and were advancing towards the industrial area of Aleppo city.",2014年1月11日，政府军夺取了纳卡林和谢赫尤素夫山地区，并正在向阿勒颇市的工业区推进。
He was an Associate Editor of the American Mathematical Monthly and the Editor-in-Chief of the Mathematical Intelligencer.,他曾是《美国数学月刊》的副主编和《数学智慧者》的主编。
"The initial CUDA SDK was made public on 15 February 2007, for Microsoft Windows and Linux.",最初的CUDA SDK于2007年2月15日对Microsoft Windows和Linux公开。
"There is no reference to darkness in the Gospel of John account, in which the crucifixion does not take place until after noon.",在《约翰福音》的记载中没有提到黑暗，钉十字架的事件直到中午之后才发生。
Opportunities and threats are the external factors.,机会和威胁是外部因素。
"These proposals are supported by members of the three major parties, though no others allow discrimination in their shortlists.",这些提案得到了三大主要政党成员的支持，尽管其他政党在他们的候选名单中不允许歧视。
The most important part of making a change is to see that all pertinent groups are notified and all documents updated.,进行变革最重要的部分是确保所有相关团体得到通知并更新所有文件。
Construction was also slowed by a stonecutters' strike in 1892.,建筑工人在1892年也因为石匠罢工而放缓了建设速度。
"These days, they're not danced anymore.",这些日子里，它们不再跳舞了。
"After Outer Mongolia had been occupied by Chinese troops in 1919, Tseveen became a professor at the Irkutsk University.",在1919年，外蒙古被中国军队占领后，Tseveen成为了伊尔库茨克大学的教授。
"After all, it seems scarcely plausible that the victors who had helped bring about the destruction of a genocidal apparatus might themselves have put the very same methods into practice.",毕竟，似乎很难相信那些帮助摧毁种族灭绝机构的胜利者们会采取同样的方法。
"If it is to be used as fuel stored on board the vehicle, pure hydrogen gas must be stored in an energy-dense form to provide sufficient driving range.",如果要将其用作储存在车辆上的燃料，纯氢气必须以高能密度形式储存，以提供足够的行驶里程。
Thus the scale totals 11 possible grades.,因此，总分共有11个可能的等级。
Lehman became a member of the Coffee Exchange as early as 1883 and finally the New York Stock Exchange in 1887.,莱曼早在1883年就成为了咖啡交易所的成员，最终在1887年成为了纽约证券交易所的成员。
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) – traditional medical system originating in China and practiced as an alternative medicine throughout much of the world.,传统中医（TCM）- 源自中国的传统医学系统，在世界许多地方作为替代医学实践。
"After a series of articles covering the venues' eviction, BrooklynVegan reported on the deals that led to Vice Media moving into the new office, including terms buying out tenants and covering past overdue rent, that contradicted some press around the renovation of the building and Vice Media's dealings with the current tenants.",在一系列报道了场馆被驱逐的文章之后，BrooklynVegan报道了导致Vice Media搬入新办公室的交易，包括买断租户和支付以往拖欠租金的条款，这些与大厦翻修和Vice Media与当前租户的交易有所矛盾的报道。
Lowcountry cuisine is the cooking traditionally associated with the South Carolina Lowcountry and the Georgia coast.,低地乡村美食是传统上与南卡罗来纳低地和乔治亚海岸相关联的烹饪。
"In 1936, when Red Square was being prepared for holding the military parades of the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin ordered the square cleared of churches.",1936年，当红场为举行苏联的军事阅兵式而做准备时，约瑟夫·斯大林下令清理广场上的教堂。
Dieppe housed the most advanced French school of cartography in the 16th century.,在16世纪，迪耶普拥有最先进的法国地图学校。
It has a large production base of iron and steel and the largest scientific research and production base of rare earths in China.,它拥有中国最大的钢铁生产基地和最大的稀土科研生产基地。
Lita was a product of the Chelsea youth system.,莉塔是切尔西青训系统的产物。
It could also refer to a place where fruits and forest produce are offered wholesale and carried away.,这也可能指的是水果和森林产品批发销售并被运走的地方。
The building could seat 375 people.,这栋建筑可以容纳375人。
Perpustakaan Umum - Kabupaten Pekalongan.,"""彭卡隆甘县公共图书馆。"""
The 766th Regiment had been successful in establishing a bridgehead and disrupting communications in the initial attack.,第766团成功地建立了桥头堡，在最初的进攻中干扰了通信。
"She played ""Miss Forsythe"" on Broadway in Death of a Salesman and in 1984 took the same role in the film version of 1985.",她在百老汇上扮演了《推销员之死》中的“福赛思小姐”，并在1984年在1985年的电影版本中扮演了同样的角色。
The Russian ships had had their main battery turrets modified to allow elevation of the guns to 30°.,俄罗斯船只的主炮炮塔已经改装，使得炮管可以升至30°。
"Between 5 and 7 December , there was a general strike by Russian workers.",在12月5日和7日之间，俄罗斯工人发生了一次总罢工。
"In 2005, El-Keib founded the Libyan International Company for Energy and Technology.",在2005年，El-Keib成立了利比亚国际能源和技术公司。
"Without stabilising the compacted peat beneath the sludge, the peat loosens and can release phosphorus at a similar rate.",在没有稳定压实的淤泥下方的压实泥炭的情况下，泥炭会松动，并且可以以相似的速率释放磷。
Newer versions of SSL/TLS are based on SSL 3.0.,SSL/TLS的新版本是基于SSL 3.0的。
"Until the Windows XP version, the card backs were the original works designed by Susan Kare, and many were animated.",直到Windows XP版本，卡片背面都是由苏珊·卡尔设计的原创作品，其中许多是动画的。
"To add to this, supplying the city had become increasingly difficult because of winter storms and the rise in rebel privateers.",除此之外，由于冬季风暴和叛军私掠者的增加，为城市供应变得越来越困难。
"To help Havas extend the scope of its reporting at a time of great international tension, the French government financed up to 47% of its investments.",为了帮助哈瓦斯公司在国际局势紧张的时刻扩大其报告范围，法国政府资助了其高达47%的投资。
"Roger, in shock, wheeled his army around and turned instead for Nocera, the greatest fortified city of the prince of Capua, other than Capua itself.",罗杰震惊地调转了他的军队，转而前往诺塞拉，这是卡普阿亲王最强大的防御城市，除开卡普阿本身。
"Analysis of a longer dataset spanning over 6,900 days suggests that while a second planet in the system is likely, periods near 2,500 days have a high false alarm probability, and the best fit model gives an orbital period of 7,586 days at a distance of 7.73 AU from the star.","分析一个跨越6,900天的更长数据集表明，系统中可能存在第二颗行星，接近2,500天的周期具有很高的误报概率，最适合的模型给出了轨道周期为7,586天，距离恒星7.73天文单位。"
He issued a decree halting the production and transport of all chemical weapons which remains in effect.,他发布了一项法令，停止所有化学武器的生产和运输，该法令仍然有效。
"He flew five more missions during the Polish campaign, destroying one anti-aircraft battery.",他在波兰战役期间执行了五次任务，摧毁了一个防空炮兵。
"It also blended in with standard M16-style service rifles, making it difficult for enemy forces to identify the machine gunner.",它还与标准M16式服役步枪融为一体，使敌军难以辨认机枪手。
Israel denied these allegations and claimed that the documents were minutes from a meeting which did not indicate any concrete offer for a sale of nuclear weapons.,以色列否认了这些指控，并声称这些文件是会议记录，并没有指示任何关于出售核武器的具体提议。
"Due to water damage to South Ferry caused by Hurricane Sandy, all 1 trains terminated at this station until April 4, 2013, when the former South Ferry Loop terminal station reopened.",由于飓风桑迪造成的南渡口水患，直到2013年4月4日前，所有1号列车在该站终点，当时原南渡口环线终点站重新开放。
"The Andean condor is a popular figure on stamps in many countries, appearing on one for Ecuador in 1958, Argentina in 1960, Peru in 1973, Bolivia in 1985, Colombia in 1992, Chile in 2001, and Venezuela in 2004.",安第斯神鹰是许多国家邮票上的热门形象，分别出现在厄瓜多尔的1958年、阿根廷的1960年、秘鲁的1973年、玻利维亚的1985年、哥伦比亚的1992年、智利的2001年和委内瑞拉的2004年。
"On May 30, Steve Clifford was named as Vogel's replacement.",在5月30日，史蒂夫·克利福德被任命为沃格尔的接替者。
The ongoing Special Counsel investigation (also referred to as the Mueller Probe or Mueller Investigation) is a United States law enforcement and counterintelligence investigation of the Russian government's efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential election.,"""正在进行的特别检察官调查（也被称为穆勒调查或穆勒调查）是美国执法和反情报部门对俄罗斯政府干预2016年总统选举的调查。"""
"The Q code is a standardized collection of three-letter codes all of which start with the letter ""Q"".","Q码是一个标准化的三字代码集合，所有代码都以字母""Q""开头。"
"Each section has its own set of attributes, such as being writable or read-only, executable (for code) or non-executable (for data), and so on.",每个部分都有自己的属性集，比如可写或只读，可执行（用于代码）或不可执行（用于数据），等等。
"Planetary nebulae are classified by different authors into: stellar, disk, ring, irregular, helical, bipolar, quadrupolar, and other types, although the majority of them belong to just three types: spherical, elliptical and bipolar.",行星状星云被不同的作者分类为：恒星、盘状、环状、不规则、螺旋、双极、四极和其他类型，尽管其中大多数属于三种类型：球形、椭圆形和双极。
Salinity is estimated to affect about one third of the earth’s arable land.,盐度估计会影响大约地球可耕种土地的三分之一。
This was interpreted as a move of the company towards a digitally distributed episodic format for possible sequels.,这被解释为公司朝着数字分发的分集格式迈进，以备可能的续集。
"In 2011, researchers from the National Autonomous University of Mexico suggested that the unidentified objects may have been fragments of a billion-ton comet passing within a few hundred kilometers of Earth.",2011年，来自墨西哥国立自治大学的研究人员提出，这些未被识别的物体可能是一颗数十亿吨的彗星碎片，经过距离地球几百公里的地方。