evaluation_harness.py

#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
GCI-Bench harness (robust build)
=================================
Measures whether a small (1M-100M parameter) HuggingFace transformer's
attention * gradient saliency prioritizes causally-relevant ("related")
sentences over same-domain "distractor" sentences mixed into the same
context, and whether it links causally-connected sentences together.

This benchmark does NOT grade answer correctness. It only inspects internal
attention/gradient dynamics.

Design goals for this build:
  * Works across CausalLM / MaskedLM / Seq2SeqLM architectures.
  * Tries multiple attn_implementation values and falls back gracefully when
    a custom architecture hard-errors on sdpa/flash_attention_2 (many do).
  * Extracts attention tensors generically -- not just from `.attentions` --
    so custom/trust_remote_code architectures with nonstandard output field
    names still work if they expose *some* attention-shaped tensor.
  * Normalizes arbitrary attention tensor dim orderings (batch/heads/seq_q/
    seq_k in any order) instead of assuming a fixed layout.
  * Falls back to an approximate char-offset reconstruction for tokenizers
    that don't support `return_offsets_mapping` (some custom/slow
    tokenizers).
  * Never crashes the whole run on a single bad item/layer -- everything
    that can fail is caught and turned into a clearly-labeled skip reason.

Hard limitation that CANNOT be worked around: architectures whose attention
is computed purely inside a fused, non-differentiable-wrt-weights kernel
(e.g. some flash-attention-only custom code that never returns/retains
attention *weights* as a tensor with a grad_fn) cannot be introspected by
this technique at all. Those items/models will be skipped with reason
"attentions_not_differentiable" or "no_attentions_returned".

Usage:
    python evaluation_harness.py --model roneneldan/TinyStories-33M --limit 500
    python evaluation_harness.py --model prajjwal1/bert-tiny --limit 300
    python evaluation_harness.py --model distilgpt2 --limit 1000 \
        --hub-model-repo distilbert/distilgpt2 --dataset-id your-org/gci-bench
"""

from __future__ import annotations

import argparse
import datetime
import json
import os
import random
import sys
import urllib.request
from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import Any, Optional

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd  # noqa: F401  (kept for parity / potential future use)
import pyarrow.parquet as pq
import torch

try:
    from tqdm import tqdm
except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover - tqdm is a soft dependency
    def tqdm(iterable, **kwargs):
        return iterable

from transformers import (
    AutoModelForCausalLM,
    AutoModelForMaskedLM,
    AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM,
    AutoTokenizer,
)

EPS = 1e-8
SCRIPT_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
DEFAULT_DATASET = os.path.join(SCRIPT_DIR, "data", "test-00000-of-00001.parquet")

MODEL_CLASSES: list[tuple[Any, str]] = [
    (AutoModelForCausalLM, "causal"),
    (AutoModelForMaskedLM, "mlm"),
    (AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM, "seq2seq"),
]

# Tried in order. `None` means "don't pass attn_implementation at all, let
# the library/custom code decide" -- necessary because some architectures
# error out on an explicit "eager" string too (rare, but happens with some
# trust_remote_code models that only recognize their own custom names).
DEFAULT_ATTN_CANDIDATES: list[Optional[str]] = ["eager", None]


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Data loading
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
def load_dataset(path: str) -> list[dict]:
    if path.startswith("http://") or path.startswith("https://"):
        with urllib.request.urlopen(path) as resp:
            text = resp.read().decode("utf-8")
            if path.endswith(".jsonl"):
                return [json.loads(line) for line in text.splitlines() if line.strip()]
            return json.loads(text)

    if path.endswith(".parquet"):
        table = pq.read_table(path)
        df = table.to_pandas()
        items = []
        for _, row in df.iterrows():
            item = row.to_dict()
            for key in ("segments", "relatedSegmentIds", "unrelatedSegmentIds", "keyLinkPairs", "meta"):
                if isinstance(item.get(key), str):
                    item[key] = json.loads(item[key])
            items.append(item)
        return items

    with open(path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
        return [json.loads(line) for line in f if line.strip()]


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Model loading -- robust to custom architectures / custom attention kernels
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@dataclass
class LoadedModel:
    tokenizer: Any
    model: Any
    model_type: str  # "causal" | "mlm" | "seq2seq"
    num_params: int
    device: torch.device
    attn_implementation: str
    is_encoder_decoder: bool
    fast_tokenizer: bool


def _try_force_eager_post_load(model: Any) -> None:
    """Best-effort: force a loaded model into eager attention mode even if
    from_pretrained's attn_implementation kwarg was ignored (this happens
    with some trust_remote_code custom architectures)."""
    set_fn = getattr(model, "set_attn_implementation", None)
    if callable(set_fn):
        try:
            set_fn("eager")
            return
        except Exception:
            pass

    cfg = getattr(model, "config", None)
    if cfg is None:
        return
    for attr in ("_attn_implementation", "attn_implementation"):
        try:
            setattr(cfg, attr, "eager")
        except Exception:
            pass
    # Multimodal / composite configs (per-backbone attn implementations).
    for sub_name in getattr(cfg, "sub_configs", {}) or {}:
        sub_cfg = getattr(cfg, sub_name, None)
        if sub_cfg is not None:
            try:
                setattr(sub_cfg, "_attn_implementation", "eager")
            except Exception:
                pass
    try:
        cfg.output_attentions = True
    except Exception:
        pass


def load_model(
    model_name: str,
    device: torch.device,
    attn_candidates: list[Optional[str]],
    dtype: Optional[str] = None,
    trust_remote_code: bool = False,
    revision: Optional[str] = None,
) -> LoadedModel:
    trust_kwargs = {"trust_remote_code": True} if trust_remote_code else {}
    rev_kwargs = {"revision": revision} if revision else {}

    fast_tokenizer = True
    try:
        tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name, use_fast=True, **trust_kwargs, **rev_kwargs)
    except Exception:
        tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name, use_fast=False, **trust_kwargs, **rev_kwargs)
        fast_tokenizer = False
    if not getattr(tokenizer, "is_fast", False):
        fast_tokenizer = False

    if tokenizer.pad_token is None:
        if tokenizer.eos_token is not None:
            tokenizer.pad_token = tokenizer.eos_token
        else:
            tokenizer.add_special_tokens({"pad_token": "[PAD]"})

    torch_dtype = getattr(torch, dtype, None) if dtype else None

    last_error: Optional[Exception] = None
    for model_cls, model_type in MODEL_CLASSES:
        for attn_impl in attn_candidates:
            kwargs: dict[str, Any] = dict(trust_kwargs)
            kwargs.update(rev_kwargs)
            if torch_dtype is not None:
                kwargs["torch_dtype"] = torch_dtype
            if attn_impl is not None:
                kwargs["attn_implementation"] = attn_impl
            try:
                model = model_cls.from_pretrained(model_name, **kwargs)
            except TypeError:
                # Older transformers / architecture doesn't accept this kwarg at all.
                kwargs.pop("attn_implementation", None)
                try:
                    model = model_cls.from_pretrained(model_name, **kwargs)
                except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001
                    last_error = e
                    continue
            except ValueError as e:
                # e.g. "<Arch> does not support an attention implementation
                # through torch.nn.functional.scaled_dot_product_attention yet."
                last_error = e
                continue
            except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001
                last_error = e
                continue

            _try_force_eager_post_load(model)
            model.to(device)
            model.eval()
            num_params = sum(p.numel() for p in model.parameters())
            resolved_impl = str(getattr(model.config, "_attn_implementation", attn_impl or "unknown"))
            is_enc_dec = bool(getattr(model.config, "is_encoder_decoder", model_type == "seq2seq"))
            return LoadedModel(
                tokenizer=tokenizer,
                model=model,
                model_type=model_type,
                num_params=num_params,
                device=device,
                attn_implementation=resolved_impl,
                is_encoder_decoder=is_enc_dec,
                fast_tokenizer=fast_tokenizer,
            )

    if not trust_remote_code and last_error and "trust_remote_code" in str(last_error).lower():
        return load_model(model_name, device, attn_candidates, dtype, True, revision)

    raise RuntimeError(
        f"Could not load '{model_name}' as CausalLM / MaskedLM / Seq2SeqLM with any of "
        f"attn_implementation in {attn_candidates}: {last_error}"
    )


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Offset mapping (with fallback for slow / custom tokenizers)
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
def char_span_to_token_indices(offsets: list[tuple[int, int]], char_start: int, char_end: int) -> list[int]:
    idxs = []
    for i, (s, e) in enumerate(offsets):
        if s == 0 and e == 0:
            continue  # special token
        if s < char_end and e > char_start:
            idxs.append(i)
    return idxs


def approx_offsets_from_slow_tokenizer(
    tokenizer: Any, text: str, input_ids: torch.Tensor
) -> list[tuple[int, int]]:
    """Best-effort char-offset reconstruction for tokenizers that don't
    support `return_offsets_mapping` (slow / custom tokenizers). Walks
    through the decoded pieces and locates them in `text` sequentially.
    This is approximate -- it can misalign on tokenizers with heavy
    normalization (e.g. lowercasing, accent stripping) -- but degrades
    gracefully to a (0, 0) "unknown span" per unmatched token rather than
    crashing.
    """
    offsets: list[tuple[int, int]] = []
    cursor = 0
    special_ids = set(getattr(tokenizer, "all_special_ids", []) or [])
    for tok_id in input_ids[0].tolist():
        if tok_id in special_ids:
            offsets.append((0, 0))
            continue
        piece = tokenizer.decode([tok_id], skip_special_tokens=False, clean_up_tokenization_spaces=False)
        stripped = piece.strip()
        if not stripped:
            offsets.append((0, 0))
            continue
        pos = text.find(stripped, cursor)
        if pos == -1:
            pos = text.find(stripped)
        if pos == -1:
            offsets.append((0, 0))
            continue
        start, end = pos, pos + len(stripped)
        offsets.append((start, end))
        cursor = end
    return offsets


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Generic attention extraction + shape normalization
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
def extract_raw_attentions(outputs: Any, prefer_fields: tuple[str, ...] = ()) -> list[torch.Tensor]:
    """Pull every self-attention weight tensor out of a HF ModelOutput,
    regardless of model family / custom architecture field naming."""
    found: list[torch.Tensor] = []
    seen_ids: set[int] = set()

    def add(t: Any) -> None:
        if torch.is_tensor(t) and id(t) not in seen_ids:
            seen_ids.add(id(t))
            found.append(t)

    ordered_fields = tuple(prefer_fields) + ("attentions", "decoder_attentions", "encoder_attentions", "cross_attentions")
    for field_name in ordered_fields:
        val = getattr(outputs, field_name, None)
        if val:
            for t in val:
                add(t)
        if found:
            return found

    # Generic fallback: scan every output field whose name mentions attention,
    # for custom architectures using nonstandard field names.
    keys = list(outputs.keys()) if hasattr(outputs, "keys") else [
        k for k in vars(outputs) if not k.startswith("_")
    ]
    for k in keys:
        kl = str(k).lower()
        if "attn" not in kl and "attention" not in kl:
            continue
        val = getattr(outputs, k, None)
        if val is None:
            continue
        items = val if isinstance(val, (tuple, list)) else [val]
        for t in items:
            add(t)
    return found


def normalize_attn_and_grad(
    attn: torch.Tensor, grad: Optional[torch.Tensor], seq_len: int
) -> tuple[Optional[torch.Tensor], Optional[torch.Tensor]]:
    """Best-effort reshape of an arbitrarily-ordered attention tensor (and its
    gradient, if present) into (heads, seq_len, seq_len). Handles models whose
    attention weights aren't laid out as the conventional
    (batch, heads, seq_q, seq_k) -- e.g. (batch, seq_q, seq_k, heads), grouped
    query-attention variants, or single-head models with the head dim
    squeezed out. Returns (None, None) if the shape can't be safely
    disambiguated.
    """
    if attn is None or attn.dim() < 2:
        return None, None
    shape = list(attn.shape)
    seq_dims = [i for i, s in enumerate(shape) if s == seq_len]
    if len(seq_dims) < 2:
        return None, None  # can't identify query/key dims with confidence
    key_dim, query_dim = seq_dims[-1], seq_dims[-2]
    other_dims = [i for i in range(attn.dim()) if i not in (query_dim, key_dim)]
    batch_dim = next((i for i in other_dims if shape[i] == 1), other_dims[0] if other_dims else None)
    head_dims = [i for i in other_dims if i != batch_dim]
    perm = ([batch_dim] if batch_dim is not None else []) + head_dims + [query_dim, key_dim]

    def _reshape(t: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        tp = t.permute(*perm)
        if batch_dim is not None:
            tp = tp[0]
        return tp.reshape(-1, seq_len, seq_len)

    try:
        attn_r = _reshape(attn)
        grad_r = _reshape(grad) if grad is not None else None
    except Exception:
        return None, None
    return attn_r, grad_r


def compute_saliency_matrix(
    grad_capable_attentions: list[torch.Tensor], seq_len: int
) -> tuple[np.ndarray, int, int]:
    """Sum_layers Sum_heads |A * dL/dA| -> (seq, seq) numpy matrix.
    Returns (matrix, n_layers_used, n_layers_skipped)."""
    saliency = torch.zeros((seq_len, seq_len), dtype=torch.float32)
    used, skipped = 0, 0
    for attn in grad_capable_attentions:
        grad = attn.grad
        if grad is None:
            skipped += 1
            continue
        attn_n, grad_n = normalize_attn_and_grad(attn, grad, seq_len)
        if attn_n is None or grad_n is None:
            skipped += 1
            continue
        contrib = (attn_n.detach() * grad_n.detach()).abs().sum(dim=0)  # (seq, seq)
        saliency += contrib.to(dtype=torch.float32, device="cpu")
        used += 1
    return saliency.numpy(), used, skipped


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Per-item scoring
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@dataclass
class ItemResult:
    id: str
    topic: str
    difficulty: str
    num_tokens: int
    priority_score: float
    linkage_score: Optional[float]
    related_mean: float
    unrelated_mean: float
    skipped: bool = False
    reason: str = ""


def _skip(item: dict, seq_len: int, reason: str) -> ItemResult:
    return ItemResult(item["id"], item["topic"], item["difficulty"], seq_len, 0.0, None, 0.0, 0.0, True, reason)


def run_item(
    loaded: LoadedModel, item: dict, max_length: int, mask_ratio: float, rng: random.Random
) -> ItemResult:
    tokenizer, model, model_type, device = (
        loaded.tokenizer,
        loaded.model,
        loaded.model_type,
        loaded.device,
    )

    context = item["context"]
    question = item["question"]
    full_text = f"{context} {question}"

    offsets: Optional[list[tuple[int, int]]] = None
    try:
        enc = tokenizer(
            full_text,
            return_offsets_mapping=True,
            return_tensors="pt",
            truncation=True,
            max_length=max_length,
        )
        offsets = enc.pop("offset_mapping")[0].tolist()
    except Exception:
        # Slow / custom tokenizer without fast-tokenizer offset support.
        enc = tokenizer(full_text, return_tensors="pt", truncation=True, max_length=max_length)

    input_ids = enc["input_ids"].to(device)
    attention_mask = enc.get("attention_mask")
    if attention_mask is not None:
        attention_mask = attention_mask.to(device)

    if offsets is None:
        offsets = approx_offsets_from_slow_tokenizer(tokenizer, full_text, enc["input_ids"])

    seq_len = input_ids.shape[1]
    if seq_len < 4:
        return _skip(item, seq_len, "too_short")

    model.zero_grad(set_to_none=True)

    prefer_fields: tuple[str, ...] = ()
    try:
        if model_type == "causal":
            outputs = model(
                input_ids=input_ids, attention_mask=attention_mask, labels=input_ids, output_attentions=True
            )
            loss = outputs.loss
        elif model_type == "seq2seq":
            outputs = model(
                input_ids=input_ids, attention_mask=attention_mask, labels=input_ids, output_attentions=True
            )
            loss = outputs.loss
            # Segments describe the *input* context, so score encoder self-attention.
            prefer_fields = ("encoder_attentions",)
        else:  # mlm
            mask_token_id = tokenizer.mask_token_id
            if mask_token_id is None:
                return _skip(item, seq_len, "no_mask_token")
            maskable = [i for i, (s, e) in enumerate(offsets) if not (s == 0 and e == 0)]
            if not maskable:
                return _skip(item, seq_len, "no_maskable_tokens")
            n_mask = max(1, int(len(maskable) * mask_ratio))
            masked_positions = rng.sample(maskable, min(n_mask, len(maskable)))
            masked_input_ids = input_ids.clone()
            labels = torch.full_like(input_ids, -100)
            for pos in masked_positions:
                labels[0, pos] = input_ids[0, pos]
                masked_input_ids[0, pos] = mask_token_id
            outputs = model(
                input_ids=masked_input_ids, attention_mask=attention_mask, labels=labels, output_attentions=True
            )
            loss = outputs.loss
    except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001 - never crash the whole run on one item
        return _skip(item, seq_len, f"forward_error:{type(e).__name__}:{e}")

    if loss is None or not torch.isfinite(loss):
        return _skip(item, seq_len, "bad_loss")

    raw_attentions = extract_raw_attentions(outputs, prefer_fields=prefer_fields)
    if not raw_attentions:
        return _skip(item, seq_len, "no_attentions_returned")

    grad_capable: list[torch.Tensor] = []
    for attn in raw_attentions:
        if torch.is_tensor(attn) and attn.requires_grad:
            try:
                attn.retain_grad()
                grad_capable.append(attn)
            except Exception:
                pass

    if not grad_capable:
        # Architecture computed attentions but they're detached / non-differentiable
        # w.r.t. the loss (common with some fused / custom kernels).
        return _skip(item, seq_len, "attentions_not_differentiable")

    try:
        loss.backward()
    except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001
        return _skip(item, seq_len, f"backward_error:{type(e).__name__}:{e}")

    saliency, n_used, n_skipped_layers = compute_saliency_matrix(grad_capable, seq_len)
    if n_used == 0 or saliency.sum() <= 0:
        return _skip(item, seq_len, "zero_saliency")

    token_importance = saliency.sum(axis=0)  # per key-token, summed over queries

    segments = item["segments"]
    seg_token_idxs: dict[int, list[int]] = {}
    for seg in segments:
        idxs = char_span_to_token_indices(offsets, seg["charStart"], seg["charEnd"])
        seg_token_idxs[seg["id"]] = idxs

    related_ids = item["relatedSegmentIds"]
    unrelated_ids = item["unrelatedSegmentIds"]

    related_tokens = sorted({t for sid in related_ids for t in seg_token_idxs.get(sid, [])})
    unrelated_tokens = sorted({t for sid in unrelated_ids for t in seg_token_idxs.get(sid, [])})

    if not related_tokens or not unrelated_tokens:
        return _skip(item, seq_len, "empty_segment_tokens")

    related_mean = float(token_importance[related_tokens].mean())
    unrelated_mean = float(token_importance[unrelated_tokens].mean())
    priority_score = 100.0 * related_mean / (related_mean + unrelated_mean + EPS)

    pair_scores = []
    for a, b in item.get("keyLinkPairs", []):
        idx_a = seg_token_idxs.get(a, [])
        idx_b = seg_token_idxs.get(b, [])
        if not idx_a or not idx_b:
            continue
        pair_mass = (
            saliency[np.ix_(idx_a, idx_b)].sum() + saliency[np.ix_(idx_b, idx_a)].sum()
        ) / (len(idx_a) * len(idx_b) * 2)
        combined = sorted(set(idx_a) | set(idx_b))
        control_mass = saliency[np.ix_(combined, unrelated_tokens)].sum() / (
            len(combined) * len(unrelated_tokens) + EPS
        )
        pair_scores.append(100.0 * pair_mass / (pair_mass + control_mass + EPS))

    linkage_score = float(np.mean(pair_scores)) if pair_scores else None

    return ItemResult(
        id=item["id"],
        topic=item["topic"],
        difficulty=item["difficulty"],
        num_tokens=seq_len,
        priority_score=priority_score,
        linkage_score=linkage_score,
        related_mean=related_mean,
        unrelated_mean=unrelated_mean,
    )


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Hub submission (.eval_results/*.yaml PR)
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
def submit_to_hub(
    summary: dict,
    model_repo: str,
    dataset_id: str,
    task_id: str,
    notes: Optional[str],
    create_pr: bool,
    revision: Optional[str],
    source_url: str,
) -> None:
    try:
        from huggingface_hub import HfApi
        import yaml
    except ImportError as e:
        raise RuntimeError(
            "Submitting to the Hub requires `huggingface_hub` and `pyyaml`. "
            "Install with: pip install huggingface_hub pyyaml"
        ) from e

    entry = [
        {
            "dataset": {"id": dataset_id, "task_id": task_id},
            "value": round(float(summary["gciScore"]), 3),
            "date": summary["date"],
            "source": {
                "url": source_url,
                "name": "GCI-Bench harness",
            },
            "notes": notes
            or (
                f"priorityScore={summary['priorityScore']}, "
                f"linkageScore={summary['linkageScore']}, "
                f"n={summary['numQuestions']}, skipped={summary['numSkipped']}"
            ),
        }
    ]
    yaml_str = yaml.safe_dump(entry, sort_keys=False)

    api = HfApi()
    result = api.upload_file(
        path_or_fileobj=yaml_str.encode("utf-8"),
        path_in_repo=".eval_results/gci-bench.yaml",
        repo_id=model_repo,
        repo_type="model",
        revision=revision,
        create_pr=create_pr,
        commit_message="Add GCI-Bench evaluation result",
    )
    print(f"\nSubmitted to Hub: {result}")


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Main
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
def main():
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="GCI-Bench harness for small HuggingFace transformers.")
    parser.add_argument("--model", required=True, help="HuggingFace model id or local path (should be <=~100M params).")
    parser.add_argument("--dataset", default=DEFAULT_DATASET, help="Path or URL to gci-bench .parquet or .jsonl.")
    parser.add_argument("--limit", type=int, default=500, help="Number of questions to sample (0 = all).")
    parser.add_argument("--topic", default=None, help="Only evaluate a single topic id (e.g. 'cooking').")
    parser.add_argument("--max-length", type=int, default=256, help="Max token length per item.")
    parser.add_argument("--mask-ratio", type=float, default=0.15, help="Mask ratio used for MLM-style models.")
    parser.add_argument("--seed", type=int, default=42)
    parser.add_argument("--device", default=None, help="cpu | cuda | mps (default: auto-detect).")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--attn-implementation",
        default="eager,auto",
        help="Comma-separated list of attn_implementation values to try, in order. "
        "'auto' means 'let the library decide' (no kwarg passed). Default: 'eager,auto'.",
    )
    parser.add_argument("--dtype", default=None, help="e.g. float32, float16, bfloat16 (default: model default).")
    parser.add_argument("--trust-remote-code", action="store_true", help="Force trust_remote_code=True.")
    parser.add_argument("--revision", default=None, help="Model revision (branch/tag/commit) to load.")
    parser.add_argument("--output", default=None, help="Where to write the full JSON results.")
    parser.add_argument("--hub-model-repo", default=None, help="Model repo id to submit results to, e.g. 'org/model-name'.")
    parser.add_argument("--dataset-id", default=None, help="Registered GCI-Bench Benchmark dataset id, e.g. 'your-org/gci-bench'.")
    parser.add_argument("--task-id", default="default", help="Task id within the benchmark's eval.yaml.")
    parser.add_argument("--source-url", default="https://github.com/YOUR_ORG/gci-bench", help="Link attached to the submitted result.")
    parser.add_argument("--no-create-pr", action="store_true", help="Push directly instead of opening a PR (requires write access).")
    parser.add_argument("--notes", default=None, help="Free-text note to attach to a Hub submission.")
    args = parser.parse_args()

    random.seed(args.seed)
    np.random.seed(args.seed)
    torch.manual_seed(args.seed)
    rng = random.Random(args.seed)

    if args.device:
        device = torch.device(args.device)
    elif torch.cuda.is_available():
        device = torch.device("cuda")
    elif getattr(torch.backends, "mps", None) is not None and torch.backends.mps.is_available():
        device = torch.device("mps")
    else:
        device = torch.device("cpu")

    attn_candidates: list[Optional[str]] = [
        None if tok.strip().lower() == "auto" else tok.strip()
        for tok in args.attn_implementation.split(",")
        if tok.strip()
    ] or DEFAULT_ATTN_CANDIDATES

    print(f"Loading dataset from {args.dataset} ...")
    items = load_dataset(args.dataset)
    if args.topic:
        items = [it for it in items if it["topic"] == args.topic]
    print(f"Loaded {len(items)} items.")

    if args.limit and 0 < args.limit < len(items):
        items = rng.sample(items, args.limit)
    print(f"Evaluating {len(items)} items.")

    print(f"Loading model '{args.model}' on {device} (attn candidates: {attn_candidates}) ...")
    loaded = load_model(
        args.model,
        device,
        attn_candidates,
        dtype=args.dtype,
        trust_remote_code=args.trust_remote_code,
        revision=args.revision,
    )
    print(
        f"Model type: {loaded.model_type} | Params: {loaded.num_params:,} | "
        f"Resolved attn_implementation: {loaded.attn_implementation} | "
        f"Fast tokenizer: {loaded.fast_tokenizer}"
    )
    if loaded.num_params > 100_000_000:
        print(
            f"WARNING: model has {loaded.num_params/1e6:.1f}M parameters, which is above the "
            "intended <=100M range for GCI-Bench. Results are still computed, but keep this in mind."
        )
    if loaded.attn_implementation not in ("eager",):
        print(
            f"NOTE: resolved attn_implementation is '{loaded.attn_implementation}', not 'eager'. "
            "If this architecture doesn't return real (differentiable) attention weights under "
            "this implementation, most/all items will be skipped with reason "
            "'no_attentions_returned' or 'attentions_not_differentiable'."
        )

    results: list[ItemResult] = []
    for item in tqdm(items, desc="Scoring"):
        try:
            res = run_item(loaded, item, args.max_length, args.mask_ratio, rng)
        except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001 - keep going on isolated failures
            res = _skip(item, 0, f"error:{type(e).__name__}:{e}")
        results.append(res)

    valid = [r for r in results if not r.skipped]
    skipped = len(results) - len(valid)

    if skipped:
        reason_counts: dict[str, int] = {}
        for r in results:
            if r.skipped:
                key = r.reason.split(":")[0]
                reason_counts[key] = reason_counts.get(key, 0) + 1
        print(f"\n{skipped}/{len(results)} items skipped. Breakdown: {json.dumps(reason_counts, indent=2)}")
        if reason_counts.get("attentions_not_differentiable", 0) + reason_counts.get("no_attentions_returned", 0) > len(results) * 0.5:
            print(
                "WARNING: this model/architecture appears to not expose differentiable attention "
                "weights under any tried attn_implementation. This is an issue of "
                "some fused/flash-attention-only custom kernels, not a bug in this harness. "
                "GCI-Bench cannot meaningfully score this model. Please open a community discussion."
            )

    if not valid:
        print("No valid items were scored. Aborting.")
        sys.exit(1)

    priority_score = float(np.mean([r.priority_score for r in valid]))
    linkage_values = [r.linkage_score for r in valid if r.linkage_score is not None]
    linkage_score = float(np.mean(linkage_values)) if linkage_values else 50.0
    gci_score = (priority_score + linkage_score) / 2.0

    by_topic: dict[str, list[float]] = {}
    for r in valid:
        by_topic.setdefault(r.topic, []).append(r.priority_score)
    by_topic_avg = {k: float(np.mean(v)) for k, v in by_topic.items()}

    by_difficulty: dict[str, list[float]] = {}
    for r in valid:
        by_difficulty.setdefault(r.difficulty, []).append(r.priority_score)
    by_difficulty_avg = {k: float(np.mean(v)) for k, v in by_difficulty.items()}

    summary = {
        "modelName": args.model,
        "numParams": int(loaded.num_params),
        "modelType": loaded.model_type,
        "attnImplementation": loaded.attn_implementation,
        "numQuestions": len(valid),
        "numSkipped": skipped,
        "priorityScore": round(priority_score, 3),
        "linkageScore": round(linkage_score, 3),
        "gciScore": round(gci_score, 3),
        "priorityByTopic": by_topic_avg,
        "priorityByDifficulty": by_difficulty_avg,
        "date": datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc).strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ"),
        "notes": args.notes,
    }

    print("\n=== GCI-Bench summary ===")
    print(json.dumps({k: v for k, v in summary.items() if k != "priorityByTopic"}, indent=2))

    full_output = {
        "summary": summary,
        "items": [r.__dict__ for r in results],
    }

    if args.output:
        with open(args.output, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
            json.dump(full_output, f, indent=2)
        print(f"\nWrote full results to {args.output}")

    if args.hub_model_repo:
        if not args.dataset_id:
            print("\nSkipping Hub submission: --dataset-id is required (the registered GCI-Bench Benchmark dataset id).")
        else:
            try:
                submit_to_hub(
                    summary,
                    model_repo=args.hub_model_repo,
                    dataset_id=args.dataset_id,
                    task_id=args.task_id,
                    notes=args.notes,
                    create_pr=not args.no_create_pr,
                    revision=None,
                    source_url=args.source_url,
                )
            except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001
                print(f"\nFailed to submit to Hub: {e}")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()