diff --git "a/nasascraper_data.csv" "b/nasascraper_data.csv" --- "a/nasascraper_data.csv" +++ "b/nasascraper_data.csv" @@ -1,175 +1,71 @@ -copyright,date,explanation,hdurl,media_type,service_version,title,url,data_type,links,id,neo_reference_id,name,name_limited,designation,nasa_jpl_url,absolute_magnitude_h,estimated_diameter,is_potentially_hazardous_asteroid,close_approach_data,orbital_data,is_sentry_object,source,scrape_timestamp -Terry Cuttle,2009-07-18,"This dramatic skyscape was recorded during the August 2008 total solar eclipse. The Moon's silhouette surrounded by a glistening solar corona hangs above the Jiayuguan Fort along the western edge of the Great Wall of China. Lined-up along the ecliptic plane, all the planets of the inner solar system, Mercury, Venus, Mars, (and Earth!) can also be seen along with Saturn and bright star Regulus, as the Moon's shadow tracks across the landscape. Beyond the Moon's shadow, outside the total eclipse track, sunlight still brightens the sky over mountains on the horizon 30 - 50 kilometers away. Much anticipated, the 2009 July 22nd total solar eclipse will again be visible from China. Planets and bright stars will briefly appear in darkened daytime skies, though a total eclipse won't be seen from the Great Wall. Still, major cities and populated areas lie along the 2009 total eclipse track that begins in India and sweeps eastward across Asia and into the Pacific Ocean.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0907/tse2008GreatWall_cuttle.jpg,image,v1,"Planets, Great Wall, and Solar Eclipse",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0907/tse2008GreatWallplanets_cuttle_label.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2000-09-07,"What is creating the strange texture of IC 418? Dubbed the Spirograph Nebula for its resemblance to drawings from a cyclical drawing tool, planetary nebula IC 418 shows patterns that are not well understood. Perhaps they are related to chaotic winds from the variable central star, which changes brightness unpredictably in just a few hours. By contrast, evidence indicates that only a few million years ago, IC 418 was probably a well-understood star similar to our Sun. Only a few thousand years ago, IC 418 was probably a common red giant star. Since running out of nuclear fuel, though, the outer envelope has begun expanding outward leaving a hot remnant core destined to become a white-dwarf star, visible in the image center. The light from the central core excites surrounding atoms in the nebula causing them to glow. IC 418 lies about 2000 light-years away and spans 0.3 light-years across. This recently released false-color image taken from the Hubble Space Telescope reveals the unusual details.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0009/spirograph_heritage_big.jpg,image,v1,IC 418: The Spirograph Nebula,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0009/spirograph_heritage.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2013-06-08,"Many bright nebulae and star clusters in planet Earth's sky are associated with the name of astronomer Charles Messier, from his famous 18th century catalog. His name is also given to these two large and remarkable craters on the Moon. Standouts in the dark, smooth lunar Sea of Fertility or Mare Fecunditatis, Messier (left) and Messier A have dimensions of 15 by 8 and 16 by 11 kilometers respectively. Their elongated shapes are explained by an extremely shallow-angle trajectory followed by the impactor, moving left to right, that gouged out the craters. The shallow impact also resulted in two bright rays of material extending along the surface to the right, beyond the picture. Intended to be viewed with red/blue glasses (red for the left eye), this striking stereo picture of the crater pair was recently created from high resolution scans of two images (AS11-42-6304, AS11-42-6305) taken during the Apollo 11 mission to the moon. Surf the Universe: Click here to see a randomly selected APOD!",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1306/MessierCrater3d_vantuyne.jpg,image,v1,Messier Craters in Stereo,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1306/MessierCrater3d_vantuyneC900.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2023-04-28,"Like a ship plowing through cosmic seas, runaway star Alpha Camelopardalis has produced this graceful arcing bow wave or bow shock. The massive supergiant star moves at over 60 kilometers per second through space, compressing the interstellar material in its path. At the center of this nearly 6 degree wide view, Alpha Cam is about 25-30 times as massive as the Sun, 5 times hotter (30,000 kelvins), and over 500,000 times brighter. About 4,000 light-years away in the long-necked constellation Camelopardalis, the star also produces a strong stellar wind. Alpha Cam's bow shock stands off about 10 light-years from the star itself. What set this star in motion? Astronomers have long thought that Alpha Cam was flung out of a nearby cluster of young hot stars due to gravitational interactions with other cluster members or perhaps by the supernova explosion of a massive companion star.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/2304/AlphaCamelopardis_s3100.png,image,v1,Runaway Star Alpha Camelopardalis,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/2304/AlphaCamelopardis_s1024.png,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -Damian Peach,2015-06-21,"On Saturn, the rings tell you the season. On Earth, today marks a solstice, the time when the Earth's spin axis tilts directly toward the Sun. On Earth's northern hemisphere, today is the Summer Solstice, the day of maximum daylight. Since Saturn's grand rings orbit along the planet's equator, these rings appear most prominent -- from the direction of the Sun -- when the Saturn's spin axis points toward the Sun. Conversely, when Saturn's spin axis points to the side, an equinox occurs and the edge-on rings are hard to see. In the featured montage, images of Saturn over the past 11 years have been superposed to show the giant planet passing from southern summer toward northern summer. Although Saturn will only reach its northern summer solstice in 2017 May, the image of Saturn most analogous to today's Earth solstice is the bottommost one. Follow APOD on: Facebook, Google Plus, or Twitter",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1506/saturn2004to2015_peach_2504.jpg,image,v1,Rings and Seasons of Saturn,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1506/saturn2004to2015_peach_960.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2003-01-11,"Humans left the Moon over thirty years ago, but donning red-blue glasses (red for the left eye) you can share this excellent stereo perspective view of their last stomping ground. Recorded by Eugene Cernan, the scene depicts his fellow astronaut and geologist Harrison Schmitt next to a large split boulder on the floor of the narrow Taurus-Littrow valley located at the eastern edge of the lunar Mare Serenitatis. Parked nearby, their lunar rover is visible beyond the boulder at the right. During their stay the Apollo 17 astronauts explored the unusually dark terrain at the Taurus-Littrow landing site and deployed explosives to test the internal geology of the Moon. Apollo 17 returned the most lunar rocks and soil samples of any lunar mission.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0301/apollo17stereo_vantuyne_full1.jpg,image,v1,Apollo 17: Boulder in Stereo,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0301/apollo17stereo_vantuyne_c1.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -" -S. Kohle, T. Credner et al. -(AIUB) -",1998-02-08,"The Crab Nebula, filled with mysterious filaments, is the result of a star that exploded in 1054 AD. This spectacular supernova explosion was recorded by Chinese and (quite probably) Anasazi Indian astronomers. The filaments are mysterious because they appear to have less mass than expelled in the original supernova and higher speed than expected from a free explosion. In the above picture, the color indicates what is happening to the electrons in different parts of the Crab Nebula. Red indicates the electrons are recombining with protons to form neutral hydrogen, while green indicates the electrons are whirling around the magnetic field of the inner nebula. In the nebula's very center lies a pulsar: a neutron star rotating, in this case, 30 times a second.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/9702/m1crab_kc_big.jpg,image,v1,M1: Filaments of the Crab Nebula,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/9702/m1crab_kc.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2018-05-20,"In the heart of monstrous Tarantula Nebula lies huge bubbles of energetic gas, long filaments of dark dust, and unusually massive stars. In the center of this heart, is a knot of stars so dense that it was once thought to be a single star. This star cluster, labeled as R136 or NGC 2070, is visible just above the center of the featured image and home to a great number of hot young stars. The energetic light from these stars continually ionizes nebula gas, while their energetic particle wind blows bubbles and defines intricate filaments. The representative-color picture, a digital synthesis of images from the NASA/ESA orbiting Hubble Space Telescope and ESO's ground-based New Technology Telescope, shows great details of the LMC nebula's tumultuous center. The Tarantula Nebula, also known as the 30 Doradus nebula, is one of the largest star-formation regions known, and has been creating unusually strong episodes of star formation every few million years.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1805/Tarantula_HubbleLacrue_3204.jpg,image,v1,In the Heart of the Tarantula Nebula,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1805/Tarantula_HubbleLacrue_960.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2014-01-20,"How large do things appear when far away? When peering across the universe, the answer can actually tell us about its average gravitational history and hence its composition. Toward this goal, the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey-III (SDSS-III) has measured slight recurring density enhancements in galaxy densities up to six billion light years away (redshift 0.7), when the universe was about half its current age. These density ripples are known as baryon acoustic oscillations (BAOs) and are expected to emerge from the early universe at a known size scale. BOSS's measurements of this size scale indicate a strong universe component of dark energy, and so bolsters previous indications of this unusual composition. Pictured above is an artist's illustration depicting exaggerated BAOs in the distant universe.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1401/onepercent_boss_3975.jpg,image,v1,Baryon Acoustic Oscillations from SDSS-III,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1401/onepercent_boss_960.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2017-02-13,"Juno just completed its fourth pass near Jupiter. Launched from Earth in 2011 and arriving at Jupiter just last July, robotic Juno concluded its latest elliptical orbit around our Solar System's largest planet 11 days ago. Pictured here from that pass is a new high-resolution image of the southern hemisphere of Jupiter featuring a mesmerizing tapestry of swirling cloud systems. The terminator between day and night cuts diagonally across the bottom, meaning that the Sun is positioned off the top right. Large Oval BA is visible in orange on the far right. Reasons for the details and colors of Jupiter's cloud swirls are currently unknown. Juno's planned six year mission will study Jovian giant in new ways, including trying to determine if beneath its thick clouds, Jupiter has a solid core.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1702/JupiterSouth_JunoPeach_1200.jpg,image,v1,Cloud Swirls around Southern Jupiter from Juno,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1702/JupiterSouth_JunoPeach_960.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -José Rodrigues,2023-12-01,"The core of the Milky Way is rising beyond the Chilean mountain-top La Silla Observatory in this deep night skyscape. Seen toward the constellation Sagittarius, our home galaxy's center is flanked on the left, by the European Southern Observatory's New Technology Telescope which pioneered the use of active optics to accurately control the shape of large telescope mirrors. To the right stands the ESO 3.6-meter Telescope, home of the exoplanet hunting HARPS and NIRPS spectrographs. Between them, the galaxy's central bulge is filled with obscuring clouds of interstellar dust, bright stars, clusters, and nebulae. Prominent reddish hydrogen emission from the star-forming Lagoon Nebula, M8, is near center. The Trifid Nebula, M20, combines blue light of a dusty reflection nebula with reddish emission just left of the cosmic Lagoon. Both are popular stops on telescopic tours of the galactic center. The composited image is a stack of separate exposures for ground and sky made in April 2023, all captured consecutively with the same framing and camera equipment.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/2312/_MG_2485-mod_APOD.jpg,image,v1,Milky Way Rising,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/2312/_MG_2485-mod_APOD1024.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -Bob Franke,2014-02-22,"A mere 600 light-years away, M44 is one of the closest star clusters to our solar system. Also known as the Praesepe or the Beehive cluster its stars are young though, about 600 million years old compared to our Sun's 4.5 billion years. Based on similar ages and motion through space, M44 and the even closer Hyades star cluster in Taurus are thought to have been born together in the same large molecular cloud. An open cluster spanning some 15 light-years, M44 holds 1,000 stars or so and covers about 3 full moons (1.5 degrees) on the sky in the constellation Cancer. Visible to the unaided eye, M44 has been recognized since antiquity. Described as a faint cloud or celestial mist long before being included as the 44th entry in Charles Messier's 18th century catalog, the cluster was not resolved into its individual stars until telescopes were available. A popular target for modern, binocular-equiped sky gazers, the cluster's few yellowish tinted, cool, red giants are scattered through the field of its brighter hot blue main sequence stars in this colorful stellar group snapshot.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1402/m44franke1600.jpg,image,v1,M44: The Beehive Cluster,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1402/m44franke900.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -Tamas Ladanyi,2017-09-21,"The Moon, three planets, and a bright star gathered near the ecliptic plane in the September 18 morning sky over Veszprem Castle, Hungary. In this twilight skyscape, Mercury and Mars still shine close to the eastern horizon, soon to disappear in the glare of the Sun. Regulus, alpha star of the constellation Leo, is the bright point next to a waning crescent Moon, with brilliant Venus near the top of the frame. The beautiful morning conjunction of Moon, planets, and bright star could generally be followed by early morning risers all around planet Earth. But remarkably, the Moon also occulted, or passed directly in front of, Regulus and each of the three planets within 24 hours, all on September 18 UT. Visible from different locations, timing and watching the lunar occultations was much more difficult though, and mostly required viewing in daytime skies.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1709/conjunction_170918_ladanyi_web.jpg,image,v1,A September Morning Sky,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1709/conjunction_170918_ladanyi_web.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,1999-02-21,"In the center of 30 Doradus lies a huge cluster of the largest, hottest, most massive stars known. The center of this cluster, known as R136, is boxed in the upper right portion of the above picture. The gas and dust filling the rest of the picture is predominantly ionized hydrogen from the emission nebula 30 Doradus. R136 is composed of thousands of hot blue stars, some about 50 times more massive than our Sun. 30 Doradus and R136 lie in the LMC - a satellite galaxy to our own Milky Way Galaxy. Although the ages of stars in R136 cause it to be best described as an open cluster, R136's density will likely make it a low mass globular cluster in a few billion years.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/30doradus_hst_big.gif,image,v1,In the Center of 30 Doradus,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/30doradus_hst.gif,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -" -Donato Lioce; -Text: Natalia Lewandowska -(SUNY Oswego) -",2024-08-07,"To some, they look like battlements, here protecting us against the center of the Milky Way. The Three Merlons, also called the Three Peaks of Lavaredo, stand tall today because they are made of dense dolomite rock which has better resisted erosion than surrounding softer rock. They formed about 250 million years ago and so are comparable in age with one of the great extinctions of life on Earth. A leading hypothesis is that this great extinction was triggered by an asteroid about 10-km across, larger in size than Mount Everest, impacting the Earth. Humans have gazed up at the stars in the Milky Way and beyond for centuries, making these battlefield-like formations, based in the Sexten Dolomites, a popular place for current and ancient astronomers.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/2408/DolomitesSky_Lioce_4681.jpg,image,v1,Milky Way Behind Three Merlons,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/2408/DolomitesSky_Lioce_960.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2002-06-06,"After astronauts repaired NICMOS - the Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer - during the latest Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission, astronomers were quick to turn the sophisticated instrument on the photogenic stellar nursery known as the Cone Nebula. This remarkable NICMOS close-up of the Cone Nebula dramatically confirms that the Hubble's infrared vision has been restored. Gas and dust clouds at the blunted tip of the cone-shaped star-forming region are seen here in false-color covering an area about half a light-year across. Toward the left hand side of the picture, the four bright stars with diffraction spikes are also present in visible light images and are in front of the Cone Nebula, itself 2,500 light-years away. But the fainter stars to their right are embedded in or behind the nebula's obscuring dust clouds and are revealed only in this penetrating infrared view.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0206/ircone_hst_big.jpg,image,v1,Cone Nebula Infrared Close-Up,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0206/ircone_hst_c2.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -Clear Skies,2019-07-26,"Transfusing sunlight through a still dark sky, this exceptional display of noctilucent clouds was captured earlier this month, reflected in the calm waters of Vallentuna Lake near Stockholm, Sweden. From the edge of space, about 80 kilometers above Earth's surface, the icy clouds themselves still reflect sunlight even though the Sun is below the horizon as seen from the ground. Usually spotted at high latitudes in summer months the night shining clouds have made a strong showing so far during the short northern summer nights. Also known as polar mesopheric clouds they are understood to form as water vapor driven into the cold upper atmosphere condenses on the fine dust particles supplied by disintegrating meteors or volcanic ash. NASA's AIM mission provides daily projections of noctilucent clouds as seen from space.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1907/NLCReflectionsAPODheden.jpg,image,v1,The Veins of Heaven,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1907/NLCReflectionsAPODheden.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2010-07-07,"What will passenger airplanes be like in the future? To help brain storm desirable and workable attributes, NASA sponsors design competitions. Shown here is an artist's depiction of a concept plane that has been recently suggested. This futuristic plane would be expected to achieve supersonic speeds, possibly surpassing the speeds of the supersonic transport planes that ran commercially in the late twentieth century. In terms of noise reduction, the future aircraft has been drawn featuring an inverted V wing stretched over its engines. The structure is intended to reduce the sound from annoying sonic booms. Additionally, future airplanes would aim to have relatively little impact on our environment, including green limits on pollution and fuel consumption. Aircraft utilizing similar design concepts might well become operational by the 2030s.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1007/greenmachine_nasa_big.jpg,image,v1,Concept Plane: Supersonic Green Machine,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1007/greenmachine_nasa.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2001-01-28,"Our Earth is not at rest. The Earth moves around the Sun. The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The Milky Way Galaxy orbits in the Local Group of Galaxies. The Local Group falls toward the Virgo Cluster of Galaxies. But these speeds are less than the speed that all of these objects together move relative to the cosmic microwave background (CMB). In the above all-sky map, radiation in the Earth's direction of motion appears blueshifted and hence hotter, while radiation on the opposite side of the sky is redshifted and colder. The map indicates that the Local Group moves at about 600 kilometers per second relative to this primordial radiation. This high speed was initially unexpected and its magnitude is still unexplained. Why are we moving so fast? What is out there?",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0101/dipole_cobe.jpg,image,v1,CMB Dipole: Speeding Through the Universe,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0101/dipole_cobe.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,1996-02-28,"Tremendous explosions near the center of our Galaxy were discovered just this past December and are being announced today by a paper in Nature and a press conference at NASA. Bursts like these have never been seen before, and so the exact cause is unknown and will likely be the source of astronomical speculations and observations for years to come. Much more powerful than any explosions we humans can create, these eruptions likely involve the extreme conditions found only on the surface of a neutron star in a binary system, possibly similar to the X-ray binary system depicted in the above drawing. The new source, dubbed GRO J1744-28 for its discovery spacecraft and position, currently produces multiple pulsed bursts of energy per day, each of which last several seconds. The bursts are quite prominent in X-ray light. Discovery team leaders include Chryssa Kouveliotou (USRA) and Gerald Fishman (NASA /MSFC).",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/bh_nasm_big.gif,image,v1,Explosions Discovered Near Galactic Center,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/bh_nasm.gif,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -Adam Block,2011-03-26,"The yellowish star near center in this remarkable telescopic skyview is T Tauri, prototype of the class of T Tauri variable stars. Nearby it is a dusty yellow cosmic cloud historically known as Hind's Variable Nebula (NGC 1555). Over 400 light-years away, at the edge of a molecular cloud, both star and nebula are seen to vary significantly in brightness but not necessarily at the same time, adding to the mystery of the intriguing region. T Tauri stars are now generally recognized as young (less than a few million years old), sun-like stars still in the early stages of formation. To further complicate the picture, infrared observations indicate that T Tauri itself is part of a multiple system and suggest that the associated Hind's Nebula may also contain a very young stellar object. The naturally colored image spans about 4 light-years at the estimated distance of T Tauri.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1103/n1555block.jpg,image,v1,T Tauri and Hind's Variable Nebula,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1103/n1555block900.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -" -Florian Breuer -",2012-12-12,"In front of a famous background of stars and galaxies lies some of Earth's more unusual trees. Known as quiver trees, they are actually succulent aloe plants that can grow to tree-like proportions. The quiver tree name is derived from the historical usefulness of their hollowed branches as dart holders. Occurring primarily in southern Africa, the trees pictured in the above 16-exposure composite are in Quiver Tree Forest located in southern Namibia. Some of the tallest quiver trees in the park are estimated to be about 300 years old. Behind the trees is light from the small town of Keetmanshoop, Namibia. Far in the distance, arching across the background, is the majestic central band of our Milky Way Galaxy. Even further in the distance, visible on the image left, are the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, smaller satellite galaxies of the Milky Way that are prominent in the skies of Earth's southern hemisphere. Last Repetitive Day this Century: For one second today the date and time will be 12/12/12 12:12:12.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1212/quivertrees_breuer_3000.jpg,image,v1,Milky Way Over Quiver Tree Forest,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1212/quivertrees_breuer_960.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -John Ebersole,2008-05-02,"Dark shapes with bright edges winging their way through dusty NGC 6188 are tens of light-years long. The emission nebula is found near the edge of an otherwise dark large molecular cloud in the southern constellation Ara, about 4,000 light-years away. Formed in that region only a few million years ago, the massive young stars of the embedded Ara OB1 association sculpt the fantastic shapes and power the nebular glow with stellar winds and intense ultraviolet radiation. The recent star formation itself was likely triggered by winds and supernova explosions, from previous generations of massive stars, that swept up and compressed the molecular gas. A false-color Hubble palette was used to create the this gorgeous wide-field image and shows emission from sulfur, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in red, green, and blue hues. At the estimated distance of NGC 6188, the picture spans about 300 light-years.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0805/NGC6188_ebersole.jpg,image,v1,Shaping NGC 6188,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0805/NGC6188_ebersole800.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -" -Phil Hart -",2024-04-02,"Only in the fleeting darkness of a total solar eclipse is the light of the solar corona easily visible. Normally overwhelmed by the bright solar disk, the expansive corona, the sun's outer atmosphere, is an alluring sight. But the subtle details and extreme ranges in the corona's brightness, although discernible to the eye, are notoriously difficult to photograph. Pictured here, however, using multiple images and digital processing, is a detailed image of the Sun's corona taken during the April 20, 2023 total solar eclipse from Exmouth, Australia. Clearly visible are intricate layers and glowing caustics of an ever changing mixture of hot gas and magnetic fields. Bright looping prominences appear pink just around the Sun's limb. A similar solar corona might be visible through clear skies in a narrow swath across the North America during the total solar eclipse that occurs just six days from today NASA Coverage: Total Solar Eclipse of 2024 April 8",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/2404/CoronaExmouth_Hart_1920.jpg,image,v1,Detailed View of a Solar Eclipse Corona,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/2404/CoronaExmouth_Hart_1080.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2009-03-15,"What's happened to our Sun? It was sporting a spectacular -- but not very unusual -- solar prominence. A solar prominence is a cloud of solar gas held above the Sun's surface by the Sun's magnetic field. In 2004, NASA's Sun-orbiting SOHO spacecraft imaged an impressively large prominence hovering over the surface, pictured above. The Earth would easily fit under the hovering curtain of hot gas. A quiescent prominence typically lasts about a month, and may erupt in a Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) expelling hot gas into the Solar System. Although somehow related to the Sun's changing magnetic field, the energy mechanism that creates and sustains a Solar prominence is still a topic of research.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0903/sunprom2_soho_big.gif,image,v1,A Prominent Solar Prominence from SOHO,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0903/sunprom2_soho.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2008-09-17,"What happens when two of the largest objects in the universe collide? No one was quite sure, but the answer is giving clues to the nature of mysterious dark matter. In the case of MACSJ0025.4-1222, two huge clusters of galaxies have been found slowly colliding over hundreds of millions of years, and the result has been imaged by both the Hubble Space Telescope in visible light and the Chandra Space Telescope in X-ray light. Once the above visible image was recorded, the location and gravitational lens distortions of more distant galaxies by the newly combined galaxy cluster allowed astronomers to computationally determine what happened to the clusters' dark matter. The result indicates that this huge collision has caused the dark matter in the clusters to become partly separated from the normal matter, confirming earlier speculation. In the above combined image, dark matter is shown as the diffuse purple hue, while a smoothed depiction of the X-ray hot normal matter is shown in pink. MACSJ0025 contains hundreds of galaxies, spans about three million light years, and lies nearly six billion light years away (redshift 0.59) toward the constellation of Monster Whale (Cetus). Note: Free Astronomy Course Taught Online by an APOD Editor",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0809/macsj0025_chandrahst_big.jpg,image,v1,MACSJ0025: Two Giant Galaxy Clusters Collide,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0809/macsj0025_chandrahst.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -Nigel Sharp,2007-05-27,"One of the most identifiable nebulae in the sky, the Horsehead Nebula in Orion, is part of a large, dark, molecular cloud. Also known as Barnard 33, the unusual shape was first discovered on a photographic plate in the late 1800s. The red glow originates from hydrogen gas predominantly behind the nebula, ionized by the nearby bright star Sigma Orionis. The darkness of the Horsehead is caused mostly by thick dust, although the lower part of the Horsehead's neck casts a shadow to the left. Streams of gas leaving the nebula are funneled by a strong magnetic field. Bright spots in the Horsehead Nebula's base are young stars just in the process of forming. Light takes about 1500 years to reach us from the Horsehead Nebula. The above image was taken with the 0.9-meter telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0705/horsehead_noao_big.jpg,image,v1,The Horsehead Nebula,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0705/horsehead_noao.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -" -Tragoolchitr Jittasaiyapan -",2019-06-25,"Do you know the names of some of the brightest stars? It's likely that you do, even though some bright stars have names so old they date back to near the beginning of written language. Many world cultures have their own names for the brightest stars, and it is culturally and historically important to remember them. In the interest of clear global communication, however, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) has begun to designate standardized star names. Featured above in true color are the 25 brightest stars in the night sky, currently as seen by humans, coupled with their IAU-recognized names. Some star names have interesting meanings, including Sirius (""the scorcher"" in Latin), Vega (""falling"" in Arabic), and Antares (""rival to Mars"" in Greek). It's also likely that other of these bright star names are not familiar to you, even though familiar Polaris is too dim to make this list.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1906/25BrightestStars_Jittasaiyapan_1500.jpg,image,v1,25 Brightest Stars in the Night Sky,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1906/25BrightestStars_Jittasaiyapan_960.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -Luc Perrot,2016-09-07,"September's eclipse of the Sun is documented in the 68 frames of this timelapse composite. Starting at 1pm local time a frame every 4 minutes follow's the progress of the New Moon across the solar disk. Taken near the centerline of the narrow eclipse path, the series of exposures ends with a golden sunset. Balanced rock cairns in the foreground line a beach on the southern side of Reunion Island in the Indian Ocean, near the village of Etang-Salé. Of course, the close balance in apparent size creates drama in eclipses of the Sun by the Moon as seen from planet Earth. In an annular eclipse, the Moon's silhouette is just small enough to show the solar disk as a narrow ring-of-fire at maximum eclipse phase.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1609/ASE2016LucPerrot.jpg,image,v1,Eclipse to Sunset,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1609/ASE2016LucPerrot.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2000-08-11,"What do you call a bunch of comet fragments anyway ... a flock, a covey, a swarm? The question is definitely relevant to comet LINEAR (C/1999 S4 LINEAR) whose nucleus apparently fragmented late last month during its first trip through the inner solar system. This computer enhanced composite image shows faint stars as trails and the remnants of LINEAR's nucleus as a flock of ""mini-comets"" embedded in a cloud of gas and dust. It was recorded by astronomers using the European Southern Observatory's Antu telescope about a day after the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) was also able to image the covey of condensations. A comparison of the HST and the subsequent Antu images reveals that the swarm of cometary debris has changed markedly in 24 hours demonstrating the very dynamic behavior of comet LINEAR's remains. Astronomers intend to keep watching as comet LINEAR's fragments continue to lose dust and gas and fade from view. As a result, LINEAR's legacy may well be insight into the make-up of a primordial piece of our solar system. If pictures of comet LINEAR have piqued your curiosity about fragments of a comet, why not watch the Perseid meteor shower this weekend?",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0008/cometlinear_eso_big.jpg,image,v1,Fragments of Comet LINEAR,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0008/cometlinear_eso2.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2006-01-19,"Few cosmic vistas excite the imagination like the Orion Nebula. Also known as M42, the nebula's glowing gas surrounds hot young stars at the edge of an immense interstellar molecular cloud only 1,500 light-years away. The Orion Nebula offers one of the best opportunities to study how stars are born partly because it is the nearest large star-forming region, but also because the nebula's energetic stars have blown away obscuring gas and dust clouds that would otherwise block our view - providing an intimate look at a range of ongoing stages of starbirth and evolution. This detailed image of the Orion Nebula is the sharpest ever, constructed using data from the Hubble Space Telescope's Advanced Camera for Surveys and the European Southern Observatory's La Silla 2.2 meter telescope. The mosaic contains a billion pixels at full resolution and reveals about 3,000 stars. In apparent size, the picture is as large as the Full Moon. At the distance of M42 it spans thirteen light-years.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0601/m42_hst_f.jpg,image,v1,Orion Nebula: The Hubble View,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0601/m42_hst_c45.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -Bernhard Hubl,2020-10-16,"Planetary nebula Abell 78 stands out in this colorful telescopic skyscape. In fact the colors of the spiky Milky Way stars depend on their surface temperatures, both cooler (yellowish) and hotter (bluish) than the Sun. But Abell 78 shines by the characteristic emission of ionized atoms in the tenuous shroud of material shrugged off from an intensely hot central star. The atoms are ionized, their electrons stripped away, by the central star's energetic but otherwise invisible ultraviolet light. The visible blue-green glow of loops and filaments in the nebula's central region corresponds to emission from doubly ionized oxygen atoms, surrounded by strong red emission from electrons recombining with hydrogen atoms. Some 5,000 light-years distant toward the constellation Cygnus, Abell 78 is about three light-years across. A planetary nebula like Abell 78 represents a very brief final phase in stellar evolution that our own Sun will experience ... in about 5 billion years.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/2010/PN_Abell78-1_full.jpg,image,v1,Planetary Nebula Abell 78,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/2010/PN_Abell78-1_1024c1.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,1996-02-16,"What did our universe look like when it was young? To answer this, cosmologists run sophisticated computer programs tracking the locations of millions of particles. The above animated frame is the result of such a calculation and shows how our universe might have looked when it was just a fracton of its current age. The universe started out very smooth - matter and light are spread almost uniformly. As time progressed, gravity caused slight gatherings of mass to accrete so that ever greater conglomerations formed. Galaxies and long filaments formed - which are shown by the bright patches and streaks in the above frame. An IMAX movie including hundreds of these frames is currently under production and should be released this summer.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/earlyuni_imax_big.gif,image,v1,The Early Universe,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/earlyuni_imax.gif,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -" -Lynette Cook -",2003-03-03,"How will our universe end? Recent speculation now includes a pervasive growing field of mysterious repulsive energy that rips virtually everything apart. Although the universe started with a Big Bang, analysis of recent cosmological measurements allows a possibility that it will end with a Big Rip. As soon as few billion years from now, the controversial scenario holds, dark energy will grow to such a magnitude that our own Galaxy will no longer be able to hold itself together. After that, stars, planets, and then even atoms might not be able to withstand the expansive internal force. Previously, speculation on the ultimate fate of the universe centered on either a re-collapsing Big Crunch or a Big Chill. Although the universe's fate is still a puzzle, piecing it together will likely follow from an increased understanding of the nature of dark matter and dark energy.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0303/puzzle_cook.jpg,image,v1,Will the Universe End in a Big Rip?,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0303/puzzle_cook_big.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -" -Juan Carlos Casado -",1999-11-24,"The 1999 Leonids meteor shower was not equally good for everybody. Only observers in Europe and the Middle East with clear skies near 2 am (UTC) on 1999 November 18 saw rates shoot up to a meteor every few seconds. Above, however, is a picture taken from Spain during this time, with over a dozen faint meteors visible as green streaks eminating from Leo during just a six minute exposure. Although more numerous, the 1999 Leonids did not have the same high proportion of bright meteors and fireballs as the 1998 Leonids. Last year's Leonid fireballs have been traced back to the 1333 passage of Comet Tempel-Tuttle. The orbit of Jupiter continually deflected one stream of cast-off particles while the smallest meteors in this stream were removed by light pressure from the Sun. The remaining Leonids were relatively large, pea sized or larger, compared to the sand-sized Leonids that are more common.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/9911/leonids99radiant_casado.jpg,image,v1,A Leonids Meteor Storm in 1999,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/9911/leonids99radiant_casado_big.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -" -Simon Tang -",2017-08-28,"Last week, for a fraction of a second, the Sun was eclipsed twice. One week ago today, many people in North America were treated to a standard, single, partial solar eclipse. Fewer people, all congregated along a narrow path, experienced the eerie daytime darkness of a total solar eclipse. A dedicated few with fast enough camera equipment, however, were able to capture a double eclipse -- a simultaneous partial eclipse of the Sun by both the Moon and the International Space Station (ISS). The Earth-orbiting ISS crossed the Sun in less than a second, but to keep the ISS from appearing blurry, exposure times must be less than 1/1000th of a second. The featured image composite captured the ISS multiple times in succession as it zipped across the face of the Sun. The picture was taken from Huron, California in a specific color emitted by hydrogen which highlights the Sun's chromosphere, a layer hotter and higher up than the usually photographed photosphere. Follow APOD on: Facebook, Google Plus, Instagram, or Twitter",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1708/ISSeclipse_Tang_1221.jpg,image,v1,A Fleeting Double Eclipse of the Sun,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1708/ISSeclipse_Tang_960.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,1999-04-01,"These brightly reflecting fields of snow or frost are on the slopes of a crater rim in the northern hemisphere of Mars. They are 500 meters or so long and have lasted through about eight months of the Red Planet's spring and summer weather. Recently imaged by the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft, they also seem to be relatively uncrowded ... suggesting to some on April 1st, that lift tickets on Mars are extremely expensive. Of course, a vacation on the Red Planet could still offer some advantages to skiing and snowboarding enthusiasts. For example, Mars' low gravity - only about 3/8ths Earth's gravity - would definitely tend to reduce sore muscles and fall-related injuries. Happy April Fools day from APOD.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/9904/skimars_mgs_big.gif,image,v1,Ski Mars!,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/9904/skimars_mgs_c3.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -" -Stan Richard -",2005-05-20,"rly last Sunday morning stars were not the only lights in Iowa skies. The northern lights also shone from the heavens, extending across the midwestern USA and other locations not often graced with auroral displays. The wide-ranging auroral activity was triggered as a coronal mass ejection - an energetic cloud of particles blasted outward from the Sun a few days earlier - collided with planet Earth's magnetosphere. Alerted to conditions ripe for aurora, photographer Stan Richard recorded this aparition over Saylorville Lake, near Des Moines. Bright planet Mars in the constellation Aquarius is above the horizon near the center of the eastward-looking view. While the colorful rays seem to end just above the water, they are actually at altitudes of 100 kilometers or more.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0505/aurora_051505_richard_ff.jpg,image,v1,Aurora Iowa,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0505/aurora_051505_richard_c90.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -Gijs de Reijke,2023-02-17,"While scanning the skies for near-Earth objects Hungarian astronomer Krisztián Sárneczky first imaged the meter-sized space rock now cataloged as 2023 CX1 on 12 February 2023 at 20:18:07 UTC. That was about 7 hours before it impacted planet Earth's atmosphere. Its predicted trajectory created a rare opportunity for meteor observers and a last minute plan resulted in this spectacular image of the fireball, captured from the Netherlands as 2023 CX1 vaporized and broke up over northern France. Remarkably it was Sárneczky's second discovery of an impacting asteroid, while 2023 CX1 is only the seventh asteroid to be detected before being successfully predicted to impact Earth. It has recently become the third such object from which meteorites have been recovered. This fireball was witnessed almost 10 years to the day following the infamous Chelyabinsk Meteor flash.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/2302/gijsDSC_1917(2x3)1600px.jpg,image,v1,2023 CX1 Meteor Flash,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/2302/gijsDSC_1917(2x3)800px.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,1999-04-08,"On April 20, 1967, NASA's robot spacecraft Surveyor 3 landed on the moon, touching down on the inside slope of a small lunar crater in the Ocean of Storms. Over 2 1/2 years later, on November 19, 1969, the lunar module Intrepid, piloted by Apollo 12 astronauts Pete Conrad and Alan Bean, flew overhead and landed nearby in the second visit by humans to the lunar surface. Intrepid touched down about 600 feet away and the moon walking astronauts were easily able to reach the Surveyor and examine the remote explorer that had preceded them. Intrepid is seen in the background of this striking high resolution picture of Surveyor 3. Surveyor's leftmost foot pad appears dug in while its foreground foot pad has made two distinct imprints in the powdery lunar soil - clear indications that the Surveyor slid and bounced on landing. Using bolt cutters, the astronauts removed Surveyor's TV camera (the cylinder shape at the right of the tall solar panel mast) and its sampling scoop (on the arm extended to the right), returning them to Earth for study.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/9904/surv3_apollo12_big.jpg,image,v1,Apollo 12: Surveyor 3 and Intrepid,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/9904/surv3_apollo12_c1.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,1997-05-23,"Newborn stars lie at the heart of the Orion Nebula, hidden from view by the dust and gas of the giant Orion Molecular Cloud number 1 (OMC-1). Sensitive to invisible infrared wavelengths, Hubble's recently installed NICMOS camera can explore the interior of OMC-1 detecting the infrared radiation from infant star clusters and the interstellar dust and atoms energized by their intense starlight. In this false color picture, stars and the glowing dust clouds which also scatter the starlight appear yellowish orange while emission from hydrogen gas is blue. The dramatic image reveals a wealth of details, including many filaments and arcs of gas and dust -- evidence of violent motions stirred-up by the emerging stars. The bright object near the center is the massive young star ""BN"" (named for its discoverers Becklin and Neugebauer). The pattern of speckles and ripples surrounding BN and other bright stars are image artifacts.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/9705/omc1_hst_big.jpg,image,v1,The Heart Of Orion,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/9705/omc1_hst.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -"Brno Univ. of -Technology",2012-04-05,"Sweeping from the eastern to western horizon, this 360 degree panorama follows the band of zodiacal light along the solar system's ecliptic plane. Dust scattering sunlight produces the faint zodiacal glow that spans this fundamental coordinate plane of the celestial sphere, corresponding to the apparent yearly path of the Sun through the sky and the plane of Earth's orbit. The fascinating panorama is a mosaic of images taken from dusk to dawn over the course of a single night at two different locations on Mauna Kea. The lights of Hilo, Hawaii are on the eastern (left) horizon, with the Subaru and twin Keck telescope structures near the western horizon. On that well chosen moonless night, Venus was shining as the morning star just above the eastern horizon, and Saturn was close to opposition. In fact, Saturn is seen immersed in a brightening of the zodiacal band known as the gegenschein. The gegenschein also lies near 180 degrees in elongation or angular distance from the Sun along the ecliptic. In the mosaic projection, the plane of our Milky Way Galaxy runs at an angle, crossing the horizontal band of zodiacal light above the two horizons. Nebulae, stars, and dust clouds of the bulging galactic center are rising in the east.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1204/2011_04_02-03_360degDruckmuller.jpg,image,v1,Zodiacal Light Panorama,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1204/2011_04_02-03_360degDruckmuller600.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2004-11-20,"Get out your red/blue glasses and float next to Phobos, grooved moon of Mars! Also featured in yesterday's episode, the image data from the Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera was recorded at a distance of about 200 kilometers. This tantalizing stereo anaglyph view shows the Mars-facing side of the asteroid-like moon's cratered and grooved surface. Up to hundreds of meters wide, the mysterious grooves may be fractures related to the impact which created 10 kilometer wide Stickney crater, the large crater at the left.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0411/Phobos_stereoME_full.jpg,image,v1,Stereo Phobos,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0411/Phobos_stereoME_c1.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -T. Rector,2008-07-01,"Wisps like this are all that remain visible of a Milky Way star. About 7,500 years ago that star exploded in a supernova leaving the Veil Nebula, also known as the Cygnus Loop. At the time, the expanding cloud was likely as bright as a crescent Moon, remaining visible for weeks to people living at the dawn of recorded history. Today, the resulting supernova remnant has faded and is now visible only through a small telescope directed toward the constellation of Cygnus. The remaining Veil Nebula is physically huge, however, and even though it lies about 1,400 light-years distant, it covers over five times the size of the full Moon. In images of the complete Veil Nebula, studious readers should be able to identify the Pickering's Triangle component pictured above, a component named for a famous astronomer and the wisp's approximate shape. The above image is a mosaic from the 4-meter Mayall telescope at the Kitt Peak National Observatory located in Arizona, USA.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0807/pickeringstriangle_noao_big.jpg,image,v1,Pickering's Triangle from Kitt Peak,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0807/pickeringstriangle_noao.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -Min Xie,2019-09-19,"Delicate in appearance, these filaments of shocked, glowing gas, are draped across planet Earth's sky toward the constellation of Cygnus. They form the western part of the Veil Nebula. The Veil Nebula itself is a large supernova remnant, an expanding cloud born of the death explosion of a massive star. Light from the original supernova explosion likely reached Earth over 5,000 years ago. Blasted out in the cataclysmic event, the interstellar shock wave plows through space sweeping up and exciting interstellar material. The glowing filaments are really more like long ripples in a sheet seen almost edge on, remarkably well separated into atomic hydrogen (red) and oxygen (blue-green) gas. Also known as the Cygnus Loop, the Veil Nebula now spans nearly 3 degrees or about 6 times the diameter of the full Moon. While that translates to over 70 light-years at its estimated distance of 1,500 light-years, this telescopic image of the western portion spans about half that distance. Brighter parts of the western Veil are recognized as separate nebulae, including The Witch's Broom (NGC 6960) along the top of this view and Pickering's Triangle (NGC 6979) below and left.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1909/veilXie.jpg,image,v1,Along the Western Veil,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1909/veilXie1100.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2001-01-18,"The first and only total lunar eclipse for the year 2001 occured on the evening of January 9/10 as the full Moon glided through Earth's shadow. Unlike a total solar eclipse, a total lunar eclipse is visible for anyone on the night side of the planet during the event. The night side for this geocentric celestial event included Europe, Asia, and Africa where the Moon could be seen immersed in the umbra or dark portion of Earth's shadow for about 62 minutes as it passed just north of the shadow's center. This dramatic telescopic photo of the eclipsed Moon was made near Ankara, Turkey close to the time of midpoint of the total phase. The fact that the northern (top) portion of the eclipsed Moon is clearly brighter, even near mid-totality, demonstrates that Earth's shadow is not uniformly dark.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0101/lunarecl_tezel_big.jpg,image,v1,2001: A Total Lunar Eclipse,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0101/lunarecl_tezel.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -Denis Priou,2015-04-17,"Galactic or open star clusters are young. These swarms of stars are born together near the plane of the Milky Way, but their numbers steadily dwindle as cluster members are ejected by galactic tides and gravitational interactions. In fact, this bright open cluster, known as M46, is around 300 million years young. It still contains a few hundred stars within a span of 30 light-years or so. Located about 5,000 light-years away toward the constellation Puppis, M46 also seems to contain contradictions to its youthful status. In this pretty starscape, the colorful, circular patch above and right of the center of M46 is the planetary nebula NGC 2438. Fainter still, a second planetary nebula, PK231+4.1, is identified by the box at the right and enlarged in the inset. Planetary nebulae are a brief, final phase in the life of a sun-like star a billion years old or more, whose central reservoir of hydrogen fuel has been exhausted. NGC 2438 is estimated to be only 3,000 light-years distant, though, and moves at a different speed than M46 cluster members. Along with its fainter cohort, planetary nebula NGC 2438 is likely only by chance appearing near our line-of-sight to the young stars of M46.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1504/Messier46DenisPRIOU.jpg,image,v1,M46 Plus Two,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1504/Messier46DenisPRIOU1024.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,1999-12-20,"A lava fountain shooting over a kilometer high has been discovered on Jupiter's moon Io. The robot Galileo spacecraft orbiting Jupiter photographed the volcanic eruption during its close flyby of the moon late last month. The fountain is visible in the above mosaic of images from the flyby. The lava plume was so bright it saturated Galileo's camera, and so has been digitally reconstructed in false color. The hot lava appears to be shooting from a 20-kilometer long canyon on Io's active surface.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/9912/iolava_gal_big.jpg,image,v1,Lava Fountain on Jupiter's Io,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/9912/iolava_gal.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -Miles Lucas,2018-07-13,"Sundials use the location of a shadow to measure the Earth's rotation and indicate the time of day. So it's fitting that this sundial, at the Very Large Array Radio Telescope Observatory in New Mexico, commemorates the history of radio astronomy and radio astronomy pioneer Ronald Bracewell. The radio sundial was constructed using pieces of a solar mapping radio telescope array that Bracewell orginaly built near the Stanford University campus. Bracewell's array was used to contribute data to plan the first Moon landing, its pillars signed by visiting scientists and radio astronomers, including two Nobel prize winners. As for most sundials the shadow cast by the central gnomon follows markers that show the solar time of day, along with solstices and equinoxes. But markers on the radio sundial are also laid out according to local sidereal time. They show the position of the invisible radio shadows of three bright radio sources in Earth's sky, supernova remnant Cassiopeia A, active galaxy Cygnus A, and active galaxy Centaurus A. Sidereal time is just star time, the Earth's rotation as measured with the stars and distant galaxies. That rotation is reflected in this composited hour-long exposure. Above the Bracewell Radio Sundial, the stars trace concentric trails around the north celestial pole.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1807/bracewellradiosundial.jpg,image,v1,Star Trails and the Bracewell Radio Sundial,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1807/bracewellradiosundial1024.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,1997-12-29,"At night, from a dark location, part of the clear sky looks milky. This unusual swath of dim light is generally visible during any month and from any location. Until the invention of the telescope, nobody really knew what the ""Milky Way"" was. About 300 years ago telescopes caused a startling revelation: the Milky Way was made of stars. Only 70 years ago, more powerful telescopes brought the further revelation that the Milky Way is only one galaxy among many. Now telescopes in space allow yet deeper understanding. The above picture was taken by the COBE satellite and shows the plane of our Galaxy in infrared light. The thin disk of our home spiral galaxy is clearly apparent, with stars appearing white and interstellar dust appearing red.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/9712/milkyway_cobe_big.jpg,image,v1,The Milky Way in Infrared,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/9712/milkyway_cobe.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2010-05-03,"Some spiral galaxies are seen almost sideways. NGC 3190, one such galaxy, is the largest member of the Hickson 44 Group, one of the nearer groups of galaxies to our own Local Group of galaxies. Pictured above, finely textured dust lanes surround the brightly glowing center of this picturesque spiral. Gravitational tidal interactions with other members of its group have likely caused the spiral arms of NGC 3190 to appear asymmetric around the center, while the galactic disk also appears warped. NGC 3190 spans about 75,000 light years across and is visible with a small telescope toward the constellation of the Lion (Leo).",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1005/ngc3190_hstlegacy_big.jpg,image,v1,Spiral Galaxy NGC 3190 Almost Sideways,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1005/ngc3190_hstlegacy.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2009-01-06,"How hazy is Jupiter's upper atmosphere? To help find out, astronomers deployed the Hubble Space Telescope to watch Jupiter eclipse its moon Ganymede. Although Ganymede circles Jupiter once a week, a particularly useful occultation occurs more rarely. Such an occultation was captured in great visual detail in April 2007. When near Jupiter's limb, Ganymede reflects sunlight though Jupiter's upper atmosphere, allowing astronomers to search for haze by noting a slight dimming at different colors. One result of this investigation was the above spectacular image, where bands of clouds that circle Jupiter are clearly visible, as well as magnificent swirling storm systems such as the Great Red Spot. Ganymede, at the image bottom, also shows noticeable detail on its dark icy surface. Since Jupiter and Ganymede are so bright, many eclipses can be seen right here on Earth with a small telescope.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0901/jupiterganymede_hst_big.jpg,image,v1,Jupiter Eclipsing Ganymede,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0901/jupiterganymede_hst.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -"P. H. Mikuz and B. Dintinjana -(Crni Vrh Obs.,U. Ljubljana)",1997-02-12,"Comet Hale-Bopp has quite a tail to tell already. This remarkable comet was first discovered in 1995, even before Comet Hyakutake. Since then, this erupting snowball continues to fall into our inner Solar System and is starting to put on quite a show. Comets have been known throughout history to show tails that spread across the sky. In the above picture, the blue stream is the ion tail which consists of ions pushed away from the comet's head by the solar wind. The ion tail always points directly away from the Sun. Comet Hale-Bopp is now visible in the morning sky, moving a few degrees each day. Comet Hale-Bopp is expected to be at its best and brightest in late March and early April. ",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/9702/halebopp1_cvo_big.gif,image,v1,Comet Hale-Bopp Develops a Tail,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/9702/halebopp1_cvo.gif,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -Petr Horalek,2022-10-28,"History's first known periodic comet Halley (1P/Halley) returns to the inner Solar System every 75 years or so. The famous comet made its last appearance to the naked-eye in 1986. But dusty debris from Comet Halley can be seen raining through planet Earth's skies twice a year during two annual meteor showers, the Eta Aquarids in May and the Orionids in October. Including meteors near the shower maximum on October 21, this composite view compiles Orionid meteors captured from years 2015 through 2022. About 47 bright meteors are registered in the panoramic night skyscape. Against a starry background extending along the Milky Way, the Orionid meteors all seem to radiate from a point just north of Betelgeuse in the familiar constellation of the Hunter. In the foreground are mountains in eastern Slovakia near the city of Presov.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/2210/2016-2022_Orionids_Pano_1500px.png,image,v1,Seven Years of Halley Dust,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/2210/2016-2022_Orionids_Pano_1100px_0.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2002-11-02,"Scattered within this cavernous nebula, cataloged as NGC 604, are over 200 newly formed hot, massive, stars. At 1,500 light-years across, this expansive cloud of interstellar gas and dust is effectively a giant stellar nursery located some three million light-years distant in the spiral galaxy, M33. The newborn stars irradiate the gas with energetic ultraviolet light stripping electrons from atoms and producing a characteristic nebular glow. The details of the nebula's structure hold clues to the mysteries of star formation and galaxy evolution.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0211/ngc604_hst_full.jpg,image,v1,NGC 604: Giant Stellar Nursery,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0211/ngc604_hst_c1.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -" -Doyle and -Shannon Slifer -",2014-10-27,"What's that in front of the Sun? The closest object is an airplane, visible just below the Sun's center and caught purely by chance. Next out are numerous clouds in Earth's atmosphere, creating a series of darkened horizontal streaks. Farther out is Earth's Moon, seen as the large dark circular bite on the upper right. Just above the airplane and just below the Sun's surface are sunspots. The main sunspot group captured here, AR 2192, is one of the largest ever recorded and has been crackling and bursting with flares since it came around the edge of the Sun early last week. Taken last Thursday, this show of solar silhouettes was unfortunately short-lived. Within a few seconds the plane flew away. Within a few minutes the clouds drifted off. Within a few hours the partial solar eclipse of the Sun by the Moon was over. Only the sunspot group remains, but within a few more days even AR 2192 will disappear around the edge of the Sun. Fortunately, when it comes to the Sun, even unexpected alignments are surprisingly frequent. Gallery: Last Thursday's Partial Solar Eclipse",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1410/IMG_6393-1756.jpg,image,v1,"Plane, Clouds, Moon, Spots, Sun",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1410/IMG_6393-960.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2009-09-21,"What is that strange arc? While imaging the cluster of galaxies Abell 370, astronomers had noted an unusual arc to the right of many cluster galaxies. Although curious, one initial response was to avoid commenting on the arc because nothing like it had ever been noted before. In the mid-1980s, however, better images allowed astronomers to identify the arc as a prototype of a new kind of astrophysical phenomenon -- the gravitational lens effect of entire cluster of galaxies on background galaxies. Today, we know that this arc actually consists of two distorted images of a fairly normal galaxy that happened to lie far behind the huge cluster. Abell 370's gravity caused the background galaxies' light -- and others -- to spread out and come to the observer along multiple paths, not unlike a distant light appears through the stem of a wine glass. In mid-July, astronomers used the just-upgraded Hubble Space Telescope to image Abell 370 and its gravitational lens images in unprecedented detail. Almost all of the yellow images pictured above are galaxies in the Abell 370 cluster. An astute eye can pick up many strange arcs and distorted arclets, however, that are actually images of more distant galaxies. Studying Abell 370 and its images gives astronomers a unique window into the distribution of normal and dark matter in galaxy clusters and the universe.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0909/abell370_hst_big.jpg,image,v1,Abell 370: Galaxy Cluster Gravitational Lens,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0909/abell370_hst.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2019-12-11,"What has this supernova left behind? As little as 2,000 years ago, light from a massive stellar explosion in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) first reached planet Earth. The LMC is a close galactic neighbor of our Milky Way Galaxy and the rampaging explosion front is now seen moving out - destroying or displacing ambient gas clouds while leaving behind relatively dense knots of gas and dust. What remains is one of the largest supernova remnants in the LMC: N63A. Many of the surviving dense knots have been themselves compressed and may further contract to form new stars. Some of the resulting stars may then explode in a supernova, continuing the cycle. Featured here is a combined image of N63A in the X-ray from the Chandra Space Telescope and in visible light by Hubble. The prominent knot of gas and dust on the upper right -- informally dubbed the Firefox -- is very bright in visible light, while the larger supernova remnant shines most brightly in X-rays. N63A spans over 25 light years and lies about 150,000 light years away toward the southern constellation of Dorado.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1912/N63A_HubbleChandraSchmidt_1019.jpg,image,v1,N63A: Supernova Remnant in Visible and X-ray,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1912/N63A_HubbleChandraSchmidt_960.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,1999-01-11,"The Earth's orbit is not a perfect, sun-centered circle. At aphelion, the most distant point in Earth's orbit, the Sun is 150 million kilometers away and at perihelion, the closest point, Earth approaches the Sun to within about 147 million kilometers. While aphelion occurs in July, perihelion for planet Earth comes in January. In fact, inhabitants of the Northern Hemisphere, particularly those wearily weathering winter storms, may be surprised to learn that Earth reached its closest point to the Sun on January 3rd this year. This false-color picture recorded near perihelion is from the earth-orbiting Yohkoh Solar Observatory. It shows an increasingly active Sun in the light of X-rays. A negative color scheme is used, darker colors representing more intense X-ray light.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/9901/jan8_sxt_big.gif,image,v1,Perihelion Sun,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/9901/jan8_sxt.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -Stéphane Guisard,2010-05-26,"What's happening above the Cotopaxi volcano in Ecuador? Quite a bit, from the looks of the above one-night, time-lapse movie, taken earlier this month. The majestic volcano is first seen through breaks in fast moving clouds as the movie begins. Soon the clouds have dissipated and a sky filled with stars seems to rotate about the snow-peaked volcano's peak. The band of our Milky Way Galaxy, the dark Coal Sack nebula, and the Southern Cross can all be seen overhead. Satellites streak by from several directions. Soon thin clouds roll by and seem to make the brightest stars sparkle. On the volcano (starting at about 1:13 of the movie), the lights of climbers flash. Near the end of the movie, a bright airplane passes over the peak with a residual trail seen drifting away.",,other,v1,Clouds and Stars over Cotopaxi Volcano in Ecuador,,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -Robert Arn,2010-08-21,"Storms on the distant horizon and comet dust raining through the heavens above are combined in this alluring nightscape. The scene was recorded in the early hours of August 13 from the Keota Star Party site on the Pawnee National Grasslands of northeastern Colorado, USA. Looking east across the prairie, the composite of 8 consecutive exposures each 30 seconds long captures the flash of lightning and a bright Perseid meteor. On the right, even the clouds can't block the light from brilliant planet Jupiter, whose mythological namesake knew how to handle both lightning bolts and meteors. Of course, this meteor's streak points back toward the shower's radiant in the heroic constellation Perseus, sharing a starry background that includes the Pleiades star cluster poised above the storm clouds. Just above the bright meteor lies the faint Andromeda Galaxy.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1008/PerseidStorm_arn.jpg,image,v1,Perseid Storm,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1008/PerseidStorm_arn900.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -" - -Johannes Schedler -(Panther Observatory) - -",2006-06-23,"st of Antares, dark markings seem to sprawl through the crowded star fields toward the center of our Milky Way Galaxy. Cataloged in the early 20th century by astronomer E. E. Barnard, the obscuring interstellar dust clouds include B72, B77, B78, and B59, seen in silhouette against the starry background. Here, their combined shape suggests smoke rising from a pipe, and so the dark nebula's popular name is the Pipe Nebula. This gorgeous and expansive view was recorded in very dark skies over Hakos, Namibia. It covers a full 10 by 7 degree field in the pronounceable constellation Ophiuchus.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0606/Pipe_200mm_60_schedler.jpg,image,v1,East of Antares,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0606/Pipe_200mm_18_schedler.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2016-01-08,"In Greek myth Prometheus was a Titan, known for bringing fire from Mount Olympus. But in modern times the name is given to a small moon of Saturn, orbiting just inside Saturn's F ring. In a complex interaction, the tiny potato-shaped moon interacts with the icy ring particles creating structures along the F ring still not fully understood. One of the highest resolution views of Prometheus, this image of its pocked surface posing with the thin F ring in the background was taken during the Cassini spacecraft's close approach on December 6, 2015. Elongated Prometheus is roughly 150 kilometers (90 miles) long by 70 kilometers wide.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1601/PIA17207prometheus.jpg,image,v1,Prometheus and the F Ring,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1601/PIA17207prometheus1020.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2005-01-24,"Methane rain, evaporating lakes, flowing rivers, and water ice-volcanoes all likely exist on Saturn's moon Titan, according to preliminary analyses of recent images taken by the successful Huygens lander. A snaking and branching riverbed is identified with the dark channel near the top of the above image, while a dark lakebed is identified across the image bottom. Both the riverbed and lakebed were thought to be dry at the time the image was taken but contained a flowing liquid - likely methane - in the recent past. Titan's surface was found to appear strangely similar to Earth even though it is so cold that methane flows and water freezes into rock-hard ice. Although the Huygens probe has now run out of power, the images it returned will likely be studied for decades to come. The Cassini mothership is scheduled to continue to orbit Saturn and return images for several more years.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0501/titancoast_huygens_big.jpg,image,v1,Riverbeds and Lakebeds Discovered on Saturn's Titan,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0501/titancoast_huygens.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2021-08-23,"Is that one galaxy or three? Toward the right of the featured Hubble image of the massive galaxy cluster Abell 3827 is what appears to be a most unusual galaxy -- curved and with three centers. A detailed analysis, however, finds that these are three images of the same background galaxy -- and that there are at least four more images. Light we see from the single background blue galaxy takes multiple paths through the complex gravity of the cluster, just like a single distant light can take multiple paths through the stem of a wine glass. Studying how clusters like Abell 3827 and their component galaxies deflect distant light gives information about how mass and dark matter are distributed. Abell 3827 is so distant, having a redshift of 0.1, that the light we see from it left about 1.3 billion years ago -- before dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Therefore, the cluster's central galaxies have now surely all coalesced -- in a feast of galactic cannibalism -- into one huge galaxy near the cluster's center.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/2108/Abell3827Lens_Hubble_960.jpg,image,v1,Abell 3827: Cannibal Cluster Gravitational Lens,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/2108/Abell3827Lens_Hubble_960.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2012-11-18,"How massive can a normal star be? Estimates made from distance, brightness and standard solar models had given one star in the open cluster Pismis 24 over 200 times the mass of our Sun, nearly making it the record holder. This star is the brightest object located just above the gas front in the above image. Close inspection of images taken with the Hubble Space Telescope, however, have shown that Pismis 24-1 derives its brilliant luminosity not from a single star but from three at least. Component stars would still remain near 100 solar masses, making them among the more massive stars currently on record. Toward the bottom of the image, stars are still forming in the associated emission nebula NGC 6357. Appearing perhaps like a Gothic cathedral, energetic stars near the center appear to be breaking out and illuminating a spectacular cocoon.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1211/ngc6357a_hst_1280.jpg,image,v1,NGC 6357: Cathedral to Massive Stars,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1211/ngc6357a_hst_960.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2003-05-05,"In NGC 1275, one galaxy is slicing through another. The disk of the dusty spiral galaxy near the image center is cutting through a large elliptical galaxy, visible predominantly on the lower left. Galaxies can change significantly during a collision like this, with gravitational tides distorting each galaxy and gas clouds being compressed and lighting up with new star formation. Galaxy collisions occur in slow motion to the human eye, with a single pass taking as much as 100 million years. NGC 1275 is a member of the Perseus cluster of galaxies that lies about 230 million light years away toward the constellation of Perseus. Each galaxy spans about 50,000 light years across. The above picture is a composite of images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1995 and 2001.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0305/ngc1275_hst_big.jpg,image,v1,NGC 1275: A Galactic Collision,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0305/ngc1275_hst.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2002-08-03,"Tuning in to the center of our Milky Way galaxy, radio astronomers explore a complex, mysterious place. A premier high resolution view, this startlingly beautiful picture covers a 4x4 degree region around the galactic center. It was constructed from 1 meter wavelength radio data obtained by telescopes of the Very Large Array near Socorro, New Mexico, USA. The galactic center itself is at the edge of the extremely bright object labeled Sagittarius (Sgr) A, suspected of harboring a million solar mass black hole. Along the galactic plane which runs diagonally through the image are tortured clouds of gas energized by hot stars and bubble-shaped supernova remnants (SNRs) - hallmarks of a violent and energetic cosmic environment. But perhaps most intriguing are the arcs, threads, and filaments which abound in the scene. Their uncertain origins challenge present theories of the dynamics of the galactic center.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0208/gc_1meter_big.jpg,image,v1,The Galactic Center - A Radio Mystery,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0208/gc_1meter.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -Anthony Ayiomamitis,2007-10-25,"Tonight, those blessed with clear skies can enjoy a glorious Full Moon, (exact full phase at 0452 UT, October 26). In fact, the Moon will reach its full phase within a few hours of perigee, the closest point in its elliptical orbit, making it the largest Full Moon of 2007. On April 3, the Full Moon was within hours of apogee, the farthest point in the lunar orbit, corresponding to the smallest Full Moon of 2007. The difference in apparent size between the largest and smallest Full Moon is quite dramatic and similar to this side by side comparison of the lunar apogee/perigee apparitions from 2006. But seen in the sky many months apart, the change is difficult to notice. Skygazers should also enjoy the Moon on Saturday, October 27, as it encounters the lovely Pleiades star cluster. Because the Moon will be so bright, it will be easiest to spot the Pleiades stars near the Moon with binoculars or a small telescope.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0710/ApogeePerigee2006_ayiomamitis.jpg,image,v1,"Apogee Moon, Perigee Moon",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0710/ApogeePerigee2006_ayiomamitis.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -"CNES -",2024-03-24,Here is what the Earth looks like during a solar eclipse. The shadow of the Moon can be seen darkening part of Earth. This shadow moved across the Earth at nearly 2000 kilometers per hour. Only observers near the center of the dark circle see a total solar eclipse - others see a partial eclipse where only part of the Sun appears blocked by the Moon. This spectacular picture of the 1999 August 11 solar eclipse was one of the last ever taken from the Mir space station. The two bright spots that appear on the upper left are thought to be Jupiter and Saturn. Mir was deorbited in a controlled re-entry in 2001. A new solar eclipse will occur over North America in about two weeks.,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/2403/eclipse99_mir_960.jpg,image,v1,Looking Back at an Eclipsed Earth,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/2403/eclipse99_mir_960.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -" -Damien Cannane -",2021-11-24,"Have you ever seen the Pleiades star cluster? Even if you have, you probably have never seen it as large and clear as this. Perhaps the most famous star cluster on the sky, the bright stars of the Pleiades can be seen without binoculars from even the depths of a light-polluted city. With a long exposure from a dark location, though, the dust cloud surrounding the Pleiades star cluster becomes very evident. The featured exposure, taken from Florida, USA, covers a sky area several times the size of the full moon. Also known as the Seven Sisters and M45, the Pleiades lies about 400 light years away toward the constellation of the Bull (Taurus). A common legend with a modern twist is that one of the brighter stars faded since the cluster was named, leaving only six of the sister stars visible to the unaided eye. The actual number of Pleiades stars visible, however, may be more or less than seven, depending on the darkness of the surrounding sky and the clarity of the observer's eyesight. Volunteer Opportunity: Someone to Update APOD's RSS Feed",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/2111/PleiadesB_Cannane_2419.jpg,image,v1,Pleiades: The Seven Sisters Star Cluster,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/2111/PleiadesB_Cannane_960.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,1996-10-21,"Tonight you might be able to see Halley's Comet again - or at least some pieces of it. It is widely thought that that the meteors from the Orionids meteor shower, which peaks tonight, are just small pieces of Halley's Comet falling to Earth. During each pass near the Sun, a comet will heat up and shed pieces of ice and rock from its nucleus. This debris continues to orbit the Sun until either evaporating or being swept up by some large solar-system body. A piece of comet debris striking the Moon creates a small crater, but a piece striking the Earth usually burns up in the atmosphere causing a brief, bright streak. Every year at this time the Earth crosses an old stream of bits from Halley's Comet causing the Orionids display, named from the constellation (Orion) from which the meteors appear to originate. The streak below center in the above picture of the northern sky actually depicts a meteor from the Perseid meteor shower, a usually even more impressive display that peaks every year in mid-August.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/perseid_vw.jpg,image,v1,"Orionids Meteor Shower to Peak Tonight -Credit:",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/perseid_vw.gif,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2011-03-08,"How thin are the rings of Saturn? Brightness measurements from different angles have shown Saturn's rings to be about one kilometer thick, making them many times thinner, in relative proportion, than a razor blade. This thinness sometimes appears in dramatic fashion during an image taken nearly along the ring plane. The robot Cassini spacecraft now orbiting Saturn has now captured another shot that dramatically highlights the ring's thinness. The above image was taken in mid January in infrared and polarized light. Titan looms just over the thin rings, while dark ring shadows on Saturn show the Sun to be above the ring plane. Close inspection of the image will show the smaller moon Enceladus on the far right. Cassini, humanity's first mission to orbit Saturn, currently has operations planned until 2017. Work for APOD while researching the universe: Graduate student research assistant sought",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1103/titansaturn_cassini_1018.jpg,image,v1,"Titan, Rings, and Saturn from Cassini",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1103/titansaturn_cassini_900.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2008-04-13,"What causes unusual knots of gas and dust in planetary nebulas? Seen also in the Ring Nebula, the Dumbbell Nebula and NGC 2392, the knots' existence was not initially predicted and their origins are still not well understood. Pictured above is a fascinating image of the Helix Nebula by the Hubble Space Telescope showing tremendous detail of its mysterious gaseous knots. The above cometary knots have masses similar to the Earth but have radii typically several times the orbit of Pluto. One hypothesis for the fragmentation and evolution of the knots includes existing gas being driven out by a less dense but highly energetic stellar wind of the central evolving star. The Helix Nebula is the closest example of a planetary nebula created at the end of the life of a Sun-like star. The Helix Nebula, given a technical designation of NGC 7293, lies about 700 light-years away towards the constellation of Aquarius.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0804/helix_hst_big.jpg,image,v1,Curious Cometary Knots in the Helix Nebula,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0804/helix_hst.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -" -Jan Curtis -(U. Alaska), -ACRC -",2001-03-29,"Have you checked the space weather report lately? With a coronal mass ejection (CME) headed our way and an immense sunspot group tracking across the solar photosphere, skygazers should be on the alert. The interaction of clouds of energetic particles from the active Sun with planet Earth's magnetosphere often produces significant geomagnetic storms and auroral displays. In fact, just days ago on March 24, photographer Jan Curtis pointed his camera straight up to captured this awesome auroral curtain towering in clear and very cold (-25F) skies over Fairbanks, Alaska, USA. Now, forecasts indicate that a recent Earth-directed CME may also trigger moderate geomagnetic storms over the next few days. Night sky aurora, possibly extending to middle latitudes, would be most likely on March 30-31.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0103/curtis_032401.jpg,image,v1,Aurora Alaskan Style,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0103/curtis_032401.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,1999-10-09,"Astronomers have discovered that looking at dust along the plane of our Milky Way Galaxy is a bit like looking into a frothy glass of beer. The dust between stars in our galaxy appears to be arranged like a foam with bubbles and voids -- churned by shocks and winds generated as stars cycle through their lives. This processed infrared image, based on data from NASA's IRAS satellite, maps the radiation from the edges of galactic dust clouds and reveals the complex distribution. The image covers an area of about 40x60 degrees centered on the galactic plane near the Cygnus region. It shows bright bubble-shaped and arc-like dust clouds around the supernova remnants and starbirth regions embedded in the galactic disk.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/9910/iras_waller1_big.jpg,image,v1,The Frothy Milky Way,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/9910/iras_waller1.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -Tim Thompson,2009-02-03,"Are those UFOs near that mountain? No -- they are multilayered lenticular clouds. Moist air forced to flow upward around mountain tops can create lenticular clouds. Water droplets condense from moist air cooled below the dew point, and clouds are opaque groups of water droplets. Waves in the air that would normally be seen horizontally can then be seen vertically, by the different levels where clouds form. On some days the city of Seattle, Washington, USA, is treated to an unusual sky show when lenticular clouds form near Mt. Rainier, a large mountain that looms just under 100 kilometers southeast of the city. This image of a spectacular cluster of lenticular clouds was taken last December.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0902/rainierclouds_thompson_big.jpg,image,v1,Lenticular Clouds Above Washington,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0902/rainierclouds_thompson.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -" -Olivier Staiger -",1997-09-03,"Location is everything, especially if you want to see a Solar Eclipse. These fleeting events are only visible to those in the path of the Moon's shadow as it races across the Earth. This path is usually less than 200 miles wide while covering only a fraction of a percent of the Earth's surface. And chances are, much of it will be over water. This view of the September 2nd eclipse was recorded by Olivier Staiger from Kingscote, Kangaroo Island, South Australia. He used a video camera equipped with a teleconverter and solar filter. This Solar Eclipse was a partial one, seen here near maximum for Staiger's location. The deepest eclipse - almost 90 percent of the Sun's surface was eclipsed by the Moon - was visible only from Antarctica. Want to see a total eclipse of the Sun? Locate yourself near the northern tip of South America on February 26, 1998.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/9709/soleclipse1_staiger_big.jpg,image,v1,A Partial Eclipse in Southern Skies,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/9709/soleclipse1_staiger.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -Dan Bartlett,2023-10-27,"History's second known periodic comet is Comet Encke (2P/Encke). As it swings through the inner Solar System, Encke's orbit takes it from an aphelion, its greatest distance from the Sun, inside the orbit of Jupiter to a perihelion just inside the orbit of Mercury. Returning to its perihelion every 3.3 years, Encke has the shortest period of the Solar System's major comets. Comet Encke is also associated with (at least) two annual meteor showers on planet Earth, the North and South Taurids. Both showers are active in late October and early November. Their two separate radiants lie near bright star Aldebaran in the head-strong constellation Taurus. A faint comet, Encke was captured in this telescopic field of view imaged on the morning of August 24. Then, Encke's pretty greenish coma was close on the sky to the young, embedded star cluster and light-years long, tadpole-shaped star-forming clouds in emission nebula IC 410. Now near bright star Spica in Virgo Comet Encke passed its 2023 perihelion only five days ago, on October 22.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/2310/2P_Encke_2023_08_24JuneLake_California_USA_DEBartlett.jpg,image,v1,Encke and the Tadpoles,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/2310/2P_Encke_2023_08_24JuneLake_California_USA_DEBartlett1024.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2013-03-25,"What is our universe made of? To help find out, ESA launched the Planck satellite to map, in unprecedented detail, slight temperature differences on the oldest surface known -- the background sky left billions of years ago when our universe first became transparent to light. Visible in all directions, this cosmic microwave background is a complex tapestry that could only show the hot and cold patterns observed were the universe to be composed of specific types of energy that evolved in specific ways. The results, reported last week, confirm again that most of our universe is mostly composed of mysterious and unfamiliar dark energy, and that even most of the remaining matter energy is strangely dark. Additionally, Planck data impressively peg the age of the universe at about 13.81 billion years, slightly older than that estimated by various other means including NASA's WMAP satellite, and the expansion rate at 67.3 (+/- 1.2) km/sec/Mpc, slightly lower than previous estimates. Some features of the above sky map remain unknown, such as why the temperature fluctuations seem to be slightly greater on one half of the sky than the other.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1303/cmbr_planck_3600.jpg,image,v1,Planck Maps the Microwave Background,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1303/cmbr_planck_960.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -Alain Paillou,2017-11-11,"The Moon is normally seen in subtle shades of grey. But small, measurable color differences have been greatly exaggerated in this mosaic of high-resolution images captured near the Moon's full phase, to construct a multicolored, central moonscape. The different colors are recognized to correspond to real differences in the mineral makeup of the lunar surface. Blue hues reveal titanium rich areas while more orange and purple colors show regions relatively poor in titanium and iron. The intriguing Sea of Vapors, or Mare Vaporum, is below center in the frame with the sweeping arc of the lunar Montes Apenninus (Apennine Mountains) above it. The dark floor of 83 kilometer diameter Archimedes crater within the Sea of Rains, or Mare Imbrium, is toward the top left. Near the gap at the top of the Apennine's arc is the Apollo 15 landing site. Calibrated by rock samples returned by the Apollo missions, similar multicolor images from spacecraft have been used to explore the Moon's global surface composition.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1711/Central_Colours_Fullres.jpg,image,v1,A Colourful Moon,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1711/Central_Colours_1024.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2005-06-04,"In 1965, forty years ago on June 3rd, astronaut Edward White made the first U.S. spacewalk. Tethered to his Gemini IV capsule, White is pictured above holding a compressed gas ""zip gun"" for maneuvers in his right hand. His spacewalk began over the Pacific Ocean near Hawaii and ended 23 minutes later above the Gulf of Mexico. Of course, the term spacewalk is a bit deceiving as White was falling freely in low earth orbit alongside his capsule manned by fellow astronaut James McDivitt. In free-fall, White was able to control his motions by firing bursts from his gun until its supply of compressed gas ran out. He ultimately returned, exhausted, to the two-man Gemini capsule.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0506/spacewalk_gemini4_f.jpg,image,v1,First U.S. Spacewalk,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0506/spacewalk_gemini4_c.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2020-10-27,"What would an erupting volcano on Venus look like? Evidence of currently active volcanoes on Venus was announced earlier this year with the unexplained warmth of regions thought to contain only ancient volcanoes. Although large scale images of Venus have been taken with radar, thick sulfuric acid clouds would inhibit the taking of optical light vistas. Nevertheless, an artist's reconstruction of a Venusian volcano erupting is featured. Volcanoes could play an important role in a life cycle on Venus as they could push chemical foods into the cooler upper atmosphere where hungry microbes might float. Pictured, the plume from an erupting volcano billows upwards, while a vast lava field covers part of the hot and cracked surface of Earth's overheated twin. The possibility of airborne microbial Venusians is certainly exciting, but currently controversial. An APOD Described on TikTok: By astrokirsten",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/2010/VenusVolcano_NasaRubin_1600.jpg,image,v1,Venusian Volcano Imagined,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/2010/VenusVolcano_NasaRubin_1080.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -" -Nuno Serr�o -",2015-03-02,"It is not every day that such an interesting cloud photobombs your image. The original plan was to photograph a rare angular conjunction of Mars and Venus that occurred a week and a half ago, with the added bonus of a crescent Moon and the International Space Station (ISS) both passing nearby. Unfortunately, on Madeira Island, Portugal, this event was clouded out. During the next day, however, a spectacular lenticular cloud appeared before sunset, so the industrious astrophotographer quickly formulated a new plan. A close look at the resulting image reveals the Moon visible toward the left of the frame, while underneath, near the bottom, are the famous planets with Venus being the brighter. It was the unexpected lenticular cloud, though, perhaps looking like some sort of futuristic spaceship, that stole the show. The setting Sun illuminated the stationary cloud (and everything else) from the bottom, setting up an intricate pattern of shadows, layers, and brightly illuminated regions, all seen evolving in a corresponding video. Mars and Venus will next appear this close on the sky in late August, but whether any place on Earth will catch them behind such a photogenic cloud is unknown. Follow APOD on: Facebook, Google Plus, or Twitter",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1503/LenticularConjunction_serrao_3000.jpg,image,v1,"Lenticular Cloud, Moon, Mars, Venus",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1503/LenticularConjunction_serrao_960.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -" -Robert H. McNaught -",2024-10-06,"Comet McNaught, the Great Comet of 2007, grew a spectacularly long and filamentary tail. The magnificent tail spread across the sky and was visible for several days to Southern Hemisphere observers just after sunset. The amazing ion tail showed its greatest extent on long-duration, wide-angle camera exposures. During some times, just the tail itself was visible just above the horizon for many northern observers as well. Comet C/2006 P1 (McNaught), estimated to have attained a peak brightness of magnitude -5 (minus five), was caught by the comet's discoverer in the featured image just after sunset in January 2007 from Siding Spring Observatory in Australia. Comet McNaught, the brightest comet in decades, then faded as it moved further into southern skies and away from the Sun and Earth. Over the next month, Comet Tsuchinshan–ATLAS, a candidate for the Great Comet of 2024, should display its most spectacular tails visible from the Earth.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/2410/comet_mcnaught_960.jpg,image,v1,The Magnificent Tail of Comet McNaught,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/2410/comet_mcnaught_960.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2001-10-13,"This artistic portrait of Saturn depicts how it might look from Titan, Saturn's largest moon. In the foreground sits ESA's Huygens probe, which will be released by NASA's Cassini spacecraft and parachute to Titan's surface. Cassini will reach Saturn in 2004 and release the Huygens probe later that year. Titan is one of only two moons in the Solar System to have an atmosphere. It has been suggested Titan might have gasoline-like lakes and an atmospheric chemistry like that found on early Earth. The Cassini spacecraft was launched in October 1997 and has now traveled beyond Jupiter.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0110/huygenspara_esa_big.jpg,image,v1,A Portrait of Saturn from Titan,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0110/huygenspara_esa.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -" -Jon Teus -(Science Society Aranzadi, Spain) -",2000-05-02,"Did you see that flash? Lasting only about 15 seconds, it's possible that nobody you ask can confirm it, but what you might have seen is sunlight reflecting off an orbiting Iridium satellite. Satellites of all types have been providing streaks and glints visible only since the launch of Sputnik I in 1957. Of these, flares from any of the 66 Iridium satellites can be particularly bright, sometimes even approaching the brightness of the Moon. If the Iridium satellites are programmed to re-enter the Earth's atmosphere, they might provide even brighter flares as they burn up. Pictured above, the streak from an Iridium satellite punctuates a picturesque sunset in San Sebastian, Spain. Then again, that sky-flash you saw? If it lasted only a second or two, it might have been a meteor.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0005/iridium_teus_big.jpg,image,v1,An Iridium Flash Sunset,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0005/iridium_teus.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2011-07-19,"What does the surface of asteroid Vesta look like? The brightest asteroid in the Solar System and the object which takes up about 10 percent of the entire mass of the main asteroid belt had never been seen up close before. Over the past few weeks, however, the robotic Dawn spacecraft became the first spacecraft ever to approach Vesta. A few days ago, just after attaining orbit, Dawn took the above image. Early images show Vesta to be an old and battered world, covered with craters, bulges, grooves, and cliffs. Studying Vesta may give clues to the formative years of our early Solar System, as the unusual world may be one of the largest remaining protoplanets. After a year of studying Vesta, Dawn is scheduled to leave orbit and, in 2015, approach the only asteroid-belt object that is larger: Ceres. Poll: Which of these recently submitted images would make good future APODs?",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1107/vesta1_dawn_1000.jpg,image,v1,Vesta Vista,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1107/vesta1_dawn_900.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,1999-04-19,"rth has one moon. A symbol in famous love songs, movies, poems, and folklore, many myths about the Moon date back to ancient history. In fact, the name Monday originates from Moon-day. The Moon glows by light it reflects from the Sun and is frequently the brightest object in the night sky. The Moon orbits the Earth about once a month (moon-th) from about 1 light second away. The above-pictured Full Moon occurs when the Moon is nearly opposite to the Sun in its orbit. The Moon's diameter is about 1/4 that of the Earth, and from the Earth's surface appears to have almost exactly the same angular size as the Sun. Recent evidence indicates that the Moon formed from a colossal impact on the Earth about 4.5 billions of years ago, and therefore has a similar composition to the Earth. Humans walked on the Moon for the first time in 1969.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/9904/fullmoon_lick_big.jpg,image,v1,The Full Moon,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/9904/fullmoon_lick.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2013-07-22,"You are here. Everyone you've ever known is here. Every human who has ever lived -- is here. Pictured above is the Earth-Moon system as captured by the Cassini mission orbiting Saturn in the outer Solar System. Earth is the brighter and bluer of the two spots near the center, while the Moon is visible to its lower right. Images of Earth from Saturn were taken on Friday. Quickly released unprocessed images were released Saturday showing several streaks that are not stars but rather cosmic rays that struck the digital camera while it was taking the image. The above processed image was released earlier today. At nearly the same time, many humans on Earth were snapping their own pictures of Saturn. Note: Today's APOD has been updated.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1307/earthmoon2_cassini_946.jpg,image,v1,Earth and Moon from Saturn,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1307/earthmoon2_cassini_960.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2012-07-03,"Humanity's robot orbiting Saturn has recorded yet another amazing view. That robot, of course, is the spacecraft Cassini, while the new amazing view includes a bright moon, thin rings, oddly broken clouds, and warped shadows. Titan, Saturn's largest moon, appears above as a featureless tan as it is continually shrouded in thick clouds. The rings of Saturn are seen as a thin line because they are so flat and imaged nearly edge on. Details of Saturn's rings are therefore best visible in the dark ring shadows seen across the giant planet's cloud tops. Since the ring particles orbit in the same plane as Titan, they appear to skewer the foreground moon. In the upper hemisphere of Saturn, the clouds show many details, including dips in long bright bands indicating disturbances in a high altitude jet stream. Recent precise measurements of how much Titan flexes as it orbits Saturn hint that vast oceans of water might exist deep underground. APOD in Spanish: On the web and through Facebook",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1207/saturntitan2_cassini_1200.jpg,image,v1,In the Shadow of Saturn's Rings,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1207/saturntitan2_cassini_960.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2001-07-30,"In the center of star-forming region 30 Doradus lies a huge cluster of the largest, hottest, most massive stars known. Known as R136, the cluster's energetic stars are breaking out of the cocoon of gas and dust from which they formed. This disintegrating cocoon, which fills the rest of the recently released above picture by the Hubble Space Telescope, is predominantly ionized hydrogen from 30 Doradus. R136 is composed of thousands of hot blue stars, some about 50 times more massive than our Sun. R136, also known as NGC 2070, lies in the LMC - a satellite galaxy to our own Milky Way Galaxy. Although the young ages of stars in R136 make it similar to a Milky Way open cluster, its high density of stars will likely turn it into a low mass globular cluster in a few billion years.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0107/30Doradus_hst_big.jpg,image,v1,Star Cluster R136 Bursts Out,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0107/30Doradus_hst.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,1996-10-20,"""Safe!"" -- In September 1967 (during regular season play), while making a successful soft landing on the Moon's Mare Tranquillitatis, the Surveyor 5 lander actually slid several feet. Equipped with television cameras and some soil sampling experiments, the US Surveyor spacecraft were intended to determined if the lunar surface at chosen locations was suitable for manned landings. Surveyor 5 touched down on the inside edge of a small crater inclined at about 20 degrees. Its footpad slipped and dug the trench visible in the picture. Covered with lunar soil, the footpad is about 20 inches in diameter.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/moonslide_surveyor5_big.gif,image,v1,Surveyor Slides,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/moonslide_surveyor5.gif,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2002-05-12,"While exploring the inner edge of the Helix Nebula with the Hubble Space Telescope's Wide Field Planetary Camera 2, astronomers were able to produce this striking image - rich in details of an exotic environment. This planetary nebula, created near the final phase of a sun-like star's life, is composed of tenuous shells of gas ejected by the hot central star. The atoms of gas, stripped of electrons by ultraviolet radiation from the central star, radiate light at characteristic energies allowing specific chemical elements to be identified. In this image, emission from nitrogen is represented as red, hydrogen emission as green, and oxygen as blue. The inner edge of the Helix Nebula, also known as NGC 7293, is in the direction toward the central star, which is toward the upper right. Clearly visible near the inner edge are finger shaped cometary knots.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0205/helixedge_hst_big.gif,image,v1,At the Edge of the Helix Nebula,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0205/helixedge_hst.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -Wolfgang Ries/Stefan Heutz,2017-01-05,"The spiky stars in the foreground of this sharp cosmic portrait are well within our own Milky Way Galaxy. The two eye-catching galaxies lie far beyond the Milky Way, at a distance of over 300 million light-years. Their distorted appearance is due to gravitational tides as the pair engage in close encounters. Cataloged as Arp 273 (also as UGC 1810), the galaxies do look peculiar, but interacting galaxies are now understood to be common in the universe. In fact, the nearby large spiral Andromeda Galaxy is known to be some 2 million light-years away and approaching the Milky Way. Arp 273 may offer an analog of their far future encounter. Repeated galaxy encounters on a cosmic timescale can ultimately result in a merger into a single galaxy of stars. From our perspective, the bright cores of the Arp 273 galaxies are separated by only a little over 100,000 light-years.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1701/ugc1810_LRGB_2Heutz.jpg,image,v1,Peculiar Galaxies of Arp 273,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1701/ugc1810_LRGB_2Heutz1024c.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -" -Anglo-Australian Telescope -Board -",1998-06-13,"Stars with tens of times the mass of the Sun profoundly affect their galactic environment. Churning and mixing the interstellar gas and dust clouds they leave their mark in the compositions and locations of future generations of stars and star systems. Dramatic evidence of this is beautifully illustrated in our neighboring galaxy, the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), by the lovely ring shaped nebula, Henize 70. It is actually a luminous ""superbubble"" of interstellar gas about 300 lightyears in diameter, blown by winds from massive stars and supernova explosions, its interior filled with tenuous hot expanding gas. These superbubbles offer astronomers a chance to explore this crucial connection between the lifecycles of stars and the evolution of galaxies.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/9806/henize70_aat.jpg,image,v1,Henize 70: A SuperBubble In The LMC,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/9806/henize70_aat.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -"György -Soponyai",2017-06-23,"Before a solstice Sun rose on June 21, brilliant Venus and an old crescent Moon posed together over Budapest, Hungary for this predawn skyscape. In the foreground the view looks across the Danube river from Buda to Pest toward the dome and peaks of the Hungarian Parliament building. Low clouds are in silhouette against a twilight sky. But far enough above the eastern horizon to catch the sunlight shines another seasonal apparition on that solstice morning, noctilucent clouds. Seen near sunrise and sunset in summer months at high latitudes, the night-shining clouds are formed as water vapor in the cold upper atmosphere condenses on meteoric dust or volcanic ash near the edge of space.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1706/_MG_5896Soponyai_sss.jpg,image,v1,Solstice Conjunction over Budapest,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1706/_MG_5896Soponyai_sss1024.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,2014-12-20,"Have you seen a panorama from another world lately? Assembled from high-resolution scans of the original film frames, this one sweeps across the magnificent desolation of the Apollo 11 landing site on the Moon's Sea of Tranquility. Taken by Neil Armstrong looking out his window of the Eagle Lunar Module, the frame at the far left (AS11-37-5449) is the first picture taken by a person on another world. Toward the south, thruster nozzles can be seen in the foreground on the left, while at the right, the shadow of the Eagle is visible toward the west. For scale, the large, shallow crater on the right has a diameter of about 12 meters. Frames taken from the Lunar Module windows about an hour and a half after landing, before walking on the lunar surface, were intended to initially document the landing site in case an early departure was necessary.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1412/a11pan1040226lftsm.jpg,image,v1,Apollo 11 Landing Site Panorama,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1412/a11pan1040226lftsm600.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -" -Niccol� Bonfadini -",2012-05-29,"Who guards the north? Judging from the above photograph, possibly giant trees covered in snow and ice. The picture was taken last winter in Finnish Lapland where weather can include sub-freezing temperatures and driving snow. Surreal landscapes sometimes result, where common trees become cloaked in white and so appear, to some, as watchful aliens. Far in the distance, behind this uncommon Earthly vista, is a more common sight -- a Belt of Venus that divided a darkened from sunlit sky as the Sun rose behind the photographer. Of course, in the spring, the trees have thawed and Lapland looks much different. Astronomy Seminar of the Week: The 2012 Transit of Venus",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1205/snowtrees_bonfadini_960.jpg,image,v1,Sentinels of the Arctic,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1205/snowtrees_bonfadini_960.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -Tunc Tezel,2023-04-15,"A composite of images captured about a week apart from mid August 2022 through late March 2023, this series traces the retrograde motion of ruddy-colored Mars. Progressing from lower right to upper left Mars makes a Z-shaped path as it wanders past the Pleiades and Hyades star clusters, through the constellation Taurus in planet Earth's night sky. Seen about every two years, Mars doesn't actually reverse the direction of its orbit to trace out the Z-shape though. Instead, the apparent backwards or retrograde motion with respect to the background stars is a reflection of the orbital motion of Earth itself. Retrograde motion can be seen each time Earth overtakes and laps planets orbiting farther from the Sun, the Earth moving more rapidly through its own relatively close-in orbit. High in northern hemisphere skies the Red Planet was opposite the Sun and at its closest and brightest on December 8, near the center of the frame. Seen close to Mars, a popular visitor to the inner Solar System, comet ZTF (C/2022 E3), was also captured on two dates, February 10 and February 16.",https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/2304/Ma2022-3.jpg,image,v1,When Z is for Mars,https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/2304/Ma2022-3_1024.jpg,exoplanet,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,,,,,,,,star,{'self': 'http://api.nasa.gov/neo/rest/v1/neo/2000433?api_key=PBI6QS2eOkQigQpGPHNNCTxvPbSzakdW2Nq8R7yS'},2000433,2000433,433 Eros (A898 PA),Eros,433,https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=2000433,10.41,"{'kilometers': {'estimated_diameter_min': 22.0067027115, 'estimated_diameter_max': 49.2084832235}, 'meters': {'estimated_diameter_min': 22006.7027114738, 'estimated_diameter_max': 49208.4832234845}, 'miles': {'estimated_diameter_min': 13.6743268705, 'estimated_diameter_max': 30.5767244291}, 'feet': {'estimated_diameter_min': 72200.4705239119, 'estimated_diameter_max': 161445.1600989368}}",False,"[{'close_approach_date': '1900-12-27', 'close_approach_date_full': '1900-Dec-27 01:30', 'epoch_date_close_approach': -2177879400000, 'relative_velocity': {'kilometers_per_second': '5.5786191875', 'kilometers_per_hour': '20083.0290749201', 'miles_per_hour': '12478.8132604691'}, 'miss_distance': {'astronomical': '0.3149291693', 'lunar': '122.5074468577', 'kilometers': '47112732.928149391', 'miles': '29274494.7651919558'}, 'orbiting_body': 'Earth'}, {'close_approach_date': '1907-11-05', 'close_approach_date_full': '1907-Nov-05 03:31', 'epoch_date_close_approach': -1961526540000, 'relative_velocity': {'kilometers_per_second': '4.3944908885', 'kilometers_per_hour': '15820.1671985367', 'miles_per_hour': '9830.0366684463'}, 'miss_distance': {'astronomical': '0.4714855425', 'lunar': '183.4078760325', 'kilometers': '70533232.893794475', 'miles': '43827318.620434755'}, 'orbiting_body': 'Earth'}, {'close_approach_date': '1917-04-20', 'close_approach_date_full': '1917-Apr-20 21:19', 'epoch_date_close_approach': 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'close_approach_date_full': '1985-Apr-28 05:48', 'epoch_date_close_approach': 483515280000, 'relative_velocity': {'kilometers_per_second': '8.1987270599', 'kilometers_per_hour': '29515.4174157163', 'miles_per_hour': '18339.7325603377'}, 'miss_distance': {'astronomical': '0.2357728598', 'lunar': '91.7156424622', 'kilometers': '35271117.629888626', 'miles': '21916456.2156339988'}, 'orbiting_body': 'Earth'}, {'close_approach_date': '1997-04-14', 'close_approach_date_full': '1997-Apr-14 00:13', 'epoch_date_close_approach': 860976780000, 'relative_velocity': {'kilometers_per_second': '12.8240477917', 'kilometers_per_hour': '46166.5720499886', 'miles_per_hour': '28686.1125051721'}, 'miss_distance': {'astronomical': '0.3973373128', 'lunar': '154.5642146792', 'kilometers': '59440815.666403736', 'miles': '36934810.1651981168'}, 'orbiting_body': 'Earth'}, {'close_approach_date': '1997-07-17', 'close_approach_date_full': '1997-Jul-17 09:05', 'epoch_date_close_approach': 869130300000, 'relative_velocity': {'kilometers_per_second': '3.5181730671', 'kilometers_per_hour': '12665.4230416999', 'miles_per_hour': '7869.8013338829'}, 'miss_distance': {'astronomical': '0.4054655001', 'lunar': '157.7260795389', 'kilometers': '60656775.173444787', 'miles': '37690372.3669885806'}, 'orbiting_body': 'Earth'}, {'close_approach_date': '2002-02-09', 'close_approach_date_full': '2002-Feb-09 10:15', 'epoch_date_close_approach': 1013249700000, 'relative_velocity': {'kilometers_per_second': '5.0916732195', 'kilometers_per_hour': '18330.0235902222', 'miles_per_hour': '11389.5638247133'}, 'miss_distance': {'astronomical': '0.4409028894', 'lunar': '171.5112239766', 'kilometers': '65958133.131085578', 'miles': '40984483.4519058564'}, 'orbiting_body': 'Earth'}, {'close_approach_date': '2002-06-18', 'close_approach_date_full': '2002-Jun-18 08:01', 'epoch_date_close_approach': 1024387260000, 'relative_velocity': {'kilometers_per_second': '15.5040724129', 'kilometers_per_hour': '55814.6606863208', 'miles_per_hour': '34681.059580342'}, 'miss_distance': {'astronomical': '0.4392583019', 'lunar': '170.8714794391', 'kilometers': '65712106.344056953', 'miles': '40831609.4953058314'}, 'orbiting_body': 'Earth'}, {'close_approach_date': '2014-06-08', 'close_approach_date_full': '2014-Jun-08 20:19', 'epoch_date_close_approach': 1402258740000, 'relative_velocity': {'kilometers_per_second': '11.0078691928', 'kilometers_per_hour': '39628.3290941434', 'miles_per_hour': '24623.5025974137'}, 'miss_distance': {'astronomical': '0.2739522556', 'lunar': '106.5674274284', 'kilometers': '40982673.919455572', 'miles': '25465452.7248160136'}, 'orbiting_body': 'Earth'}, {'close_approach_date': '2026-05-30', 'close_approach_date_full': '2026-May-30 08:25', 'epoch_date_close_approach': 1780129500000, 'relative_velocity': {'kilometers_per_second': '7.3908130851', 'kilometers_per_hour': '26606.9271062251', 'miles_per_hour': '16532.5097899764'}, 'miss_distance': {'astronomical': 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'close_approach_date_full': '2086-Apr-17 03:36', 'epoch_date_close_approach': 3669852960000, 'relative_velocity': {'kilometers_per_second': '12.2326991302', 'kilometers_per_hour': '44037.7168688384', 'miles_per_hour': '27363.324684418'}, 'miss_distance': {'astronomical': '0.3763656465', 'lunar': '146.4062364885', 'kilometers': '56303499.057572955', 'miles': '34985372.021118579'}, 'orbiting_body': 'Earth'}, {'close_approach_date': '2086-07-13', 'close_approach_date_full': '2086-Jul-13 05:06', 'epoch_date_close_approach': 3677375160000, 'relative_velocity': {'kilometers_per_second': '3.4329070621', 'kilometers_per_hour': '12358.4654235163', 'miles_per_hour': '7679.0698071844'}, 'miss_distance': {'astronomical': '0.3914997382', 'lunar': '152.2933981598', 'kilometers': '58567526.940277634', 'miles': '36392173.7131699892'}, 'orbiting_body': 'Earth'}, {'close_approach_date': '2091-02-08', 'close_approach_date_full': '2091-Feb-08 22:30', 'epoch_date_close_approach': 3821812200000, 'relative_velocity': {'kilometers_per_second': '5.2965957672', 'kilometers_per_hour': '19067.7447618918', 'miles_per_hour': '11847.9550716322'}, 'miss_distance': {'astronomical': '0.4506305457', 'lunar': '175.2952822773', 'kilometers': '67413369.793657659', 'miles': '41888725.5837633342'}, 'orbiting_body': 'Earth'}, {'close_approach_date': '2091-06-20', 'close_approach_date_full': '2091-Jun-20 09:47', 'epoch_date_close_approach': 3833171220000, 'relative_velocity': {'kilometers_per_second': '15.9940958295', 'kilometers_per_hour': '57578.7449863498', 'miles_per_hour': '35777.1929611016'}, 'miss_distance': {'astronomical': '0.4586756224', 'lunar': '178.4248171136', 'kilometers': '68616896.131964288', 'miles': '42636562.1727436544'}, 'orbiting_body': 'Earth'}, {'close_approach_date': '2098-08-11', 'close_approach_date_full': '2098-Aug-11 14:32', 'epoch_date_close_approach': 4058605920000, 'relative_velocity': {'kilometers_per_second': '5.0873284985', 'kilometers_per_hour': '18314.3825945645', 'miles_per_hour': '11379.8451182726'}, 'miss_distance': {'astronomical': '0.4926462525', 'lunar': '191.6393922225', 'kilometers': '73698830.037482175', 'miles': '45794329.474017015'}, 'orbiting_body': 'Earth'}, {'close_approach_date': '2103-06-11', 'close_approach_date_full': '2103-Jun-11 17:04', 'epoch_date_close_approach': 4211024640000, 'relative_velocity': {'kilometers_per_second': '11.3793698499', 'kilometers_per_hour': '40965.7314597948', 'miles_per_hour': '25454.5124173375'}, 'miss_distance': {'astronomical': '0.2895007265', 'lunar': '112.6157826085', 'kilometers': '43308692.047852555', 'miles': '26910773.369393059'}, 'orbiting_body': 'Earth'}, {'close_approach_date': '2115-06-01', 'close_approach_date_full': '2115-Jun-01 17:52', 'epoch_date_close_approach': 4588854720000, 'relative_velocity': {'kilometers_per_second': '7.5421409086', 'kilometers_per_hour': '27151.7072709532', 'miles_per_hour': '16871.0149984431'}, 'miss_distance': {'astronomical': 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'orbiting_body': 'Earth'}, {'close_approach_date': '2151-05-10', 'close_approach_date_full': '2151-May-10 11:55', 'epoch_date_close_approach': 5723006100000, 'relative_velocity': {'kilometers_per_second': '6.2680586808', 'kilometers_per_hour': '22565.0112508682', 'miles_per_hour': '14021.0204630742'}, 'miss_distance': {'astronomical': '0.1481642967', 'lunar': '57.6359114163', 'kilometers': '22165063.196368029', 'miles': '13772731.6201716402'}, 'orbiting_body': 'Earth'}, {'close_approach_date': '2163-04-25', 'close_approach_date_full': '2163-Apr-25 13:35', 'epoch_date_close_approach': 6100407300000, 'relative_velocity': {'kilometers_per_second': '10.0379555076', 'kilometers_per_hour': '36136.6398274604', 'miles_per_hour': '22453.9026750128'}, 'miss_distance': {'astronomical': '0.2978551285', 'lunar': '115.8656449865', 'kilometers': '44558492.792176295', 'miles': '27687363.540951071'}, 'orbiting_body': 'Earth'}, {'close_approach_date': '2168-02-03', 'close_approach_date_full': 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'.2561211105938557', 'semi_major_axis': '1.430429373177625', 'inclination': '8.708662579039903', 'ascending_node_longitude': '246.2950687062965', 'orbital_period': '624.8820596015659', 'perihelion_distance': '1.064066213493299', 'perihelion_argument': '338.4561585752549', 'aphelion_distance': '1.796792532861952', 'perihelion_time': '2460548.592807355109', 'mean_anomaly': '29.90418602204014', 'mean_motion': '.5761087143861058', 'equinox': 'J2000', 'orbit_class': {'orbit_class_type': 'AMO', 'orbit_class_description': 'Near-Earth asteroid orbits similar to that of 1221 Amor', 'orbit_class_range': '1.017 AU < q (perihelion) < 1.3 AU'}}",False,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 -,,,,,,,,star,{'self': 'http://api.nasa.gov/neo/rest/v1/neo/2001980?api_key=PBI6QS2eOkQigQpGPHNNCTxvPbSzakdW2Nq8R7yS'},2001980,2001980,1980 Tezcatlipoca (1950 LA),Tezcatlipoca,1980,https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=2001980,13.83,"{'kilometers': {'estimated_diameter_min': 4.5556985234, 'estimated_diameter_max': 10.1868515832}, 'meters': {'estimated_diameter_min': 4555.6985233574, 'estimated_diameter_max': 10186.8515832225}, 'miles': {'estimated_diameter_min': 2.8307789472, 'estimated_diameter_max': 6.3298141551}, 'feet': {'estimated_diameter_min': 14946.5179433719, 'estimated_diameter_max': 33421.4301482999}}",False,[],"{'orbit_id': '854', 'orbit_determination_date': '2024-12-19 05:31:50', 'first_observation_date': '1950-06-19', 'last_observation_date': '2024-12-18', 'data_arc_in_days': 27211, 'observations_used': 7813, 'orbit_uncertainty': '0', 'minimum_orbit_intersection': '.245309', 'jupiter_tisserand_invariant': '3.996', 'epoch_osculation': '2460600.5', 'eccentricity': '.3646719380908604', 'semi_major_axis': '1.709652145917187', 'inclination': '26.87082083094132', 'ascending_node_longitude': '246.5449690574104', 'orbital_period': '816.5072784800496', 'perihelion_distance': '1.086189984404368', 'perihelion_argument': '115.5094132367951', 'aphelion_distance': '2.333114307430006', 'perihelion_time': '2460520.990030834066', 'mean_anomaly': '35.05613440828088', 'mean_motion': '.440902377098401', 'equinox': 'J2000', 'orbit_class': {'orbit_class_type': 'AMO', 'orbit_class_description': 'Near-Earth asteroid orbits similar to that of 1221 Amor', 'orbit_class_range': '1.017 AU < q (perihelion) < 1.3 AU'}}",False,NASA,2024-12-20 19:34:17.712178 +title,description,date,data_type,source,scrape_timestamp +NGC 602 and Beyond,"Near the outskirts of the Small Magellanic Cloud, a satellite galaxy some 200 thousand light-years distant, lies 5 million year young star cluster NGC 602. Surrounded by natal gas and dust, NGC 602 is featured in this stunning Hubble image of the region, augmented by images in the X-ray by Chandra, and in the infrared by Spitzer. Fantastic ridges and swept back shapes strongly suggest that energetic radiation and shock waves from NGC 602's massive young stars have eroded the dusty material and triggered a progression of star formation moving away from the cluster's center. At the estimated distance of the Small Magellanic Cloud, the Picture spans about 200 light-years, but a tantalizing assortment of background galaxies are also visible in this sharp multi-colored view. The background galaxies are hundreds of millions of light-years or more beyond NGC 602.",2020-01-11,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +Jupiter and the Moon's Shadowed Horizon,"rly Tuesday morning, December 7th, June Croft thought the southeastern sky above Atmore, Alabama, USA was beautiful. Watching the Moon rise through gossamer clouds, she noted, "" ... the crescent Moon looked like it was held in the sky by a star just off its shadowed horizon."" What was that star? Bright Jupiter of course, and some watched as the Moon actually occulted or passed in front of the Solar System's reigning gas giant planet. For astronomer Jimmy Westlake in Colorado, Jupiter was already hidden at moonrise that morning, but later he was able to record this lovely image, not unlike the view that inspired Croft. Seen through gossamer clouds, Jupiter along with large Jovian satellites Ganymede and Callisto (bottom to top) has emerged from behind the crescent Moon's shadowed horizon. News: The answer to Lewin's Challenge APOD can be found here.",2004-12-09,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +Phoebe: Comet Moon of Saturn,"Was Saturn's moon Phoebe once a comet? Images from the robotic Cassini spacecraft taken two weeks ago when entering the neighborhood of Saturn indicate that Phoebe may have originated in the outer Solar System. Phoebe's irregular surface, retrograde orbit, unusually dark surface, assortment of large and small craters, and low average density appear consistent with the hypothesis that Phoebe was once part of the Kuiper belt of icy comets beyond Neptune before being captured by Saturn. Visible in the above image of Phoebe are craters, streaks, and layered deposits of light and dark material. The image was taken from around 30,000 kilometers out from this 200-kilometer diameter moon. Late today, Cassini will begin to fire its engines to decelerate into orbit around Saturn.",2004-06-30,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +GW151226: A Second Confirmed Source of Gravitational Radiation,"A new sky is becoming visible. When you look up, you see the sky as it appears in light -- electromagnetic radiation. But just over the past year, humanity has begun to see our once-familiar sky as it appears in a different type of radiation -- gravitational radiation. Today, the LIGO collaboration is reporting the detection of GW151226, the second confirmed flash of gravitational radiation after GW150914, the historic first detection registered three months earlier. As its name implies, GW151226 was recorded in late December of 2015. It was detected simultaneously by both LIGO facilities in Washington and Louisiana, USA. In the featured video, an animated plot demonstrates how the frequency of GW151226 changed with time during measurement by the Hanford, Washington detector. This GW-emitting system is best fit by two merging black holes with initial masses of about 14 and 8 solar masses at a redshift of roughly 0.09, meaning, if correct, that it took roughly 1.4 billion years for this radiation to reach us. Note that the brightness and frequency -- here mapped into sound -- of the gravitational radiation peaks during the last second of the black hole merger. As LIGO continues to operate, as its sensitivity continues to increase, and as other gravitational radiation detectors come online in the next few years, humanity's new view of the sky will surely change humanity's understanding of the universe.",2016-06-15,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +M7: Open Star Cluster in Scorpius,"M7 is one of the most prominent open clusters of stars on the sky. The cluster, dominated by bright blue stars, can be seen with the naked eye in a dark sky in the tail of the constellation of the Scorpion (Scorpius). M7 contains about 100 stars in total, is about 200 million years old, spans 25 light-years across, and lies about 1000 light-years away. The featured wide-angle image was taken near the city of Belo Horizonte in Brazil. The M7 star cluster has been known since ancient times, being noted by Ptolemy in the year 130 AD. Also visible are a dark dust cloud on the lower right, and, in the background, literally millions of unrelated stars towards the Galactic center.",2016-07-13,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +Supernova Remnant Cassiopeia A,"Massive stars in our Milky Way Galaxy live spectacular lives. Collapsing from vast cosmic clouds, their nuclear furnaces ignite and create heavy elements in their cores. After only a few million years for the most massive stars, the enriched material is blasted back into interstellar space where star formation can begin anew. The expanding debris cloud known as Cassiopeia A is an example of this final phase of the stellar life cycle. Light from the supernova explosion that created this remnant would have been first seen in planet Earth's sky about 350 years ago, although it took that light 11,000 years to reach us. This sharp NIRCam image from the James Webb Space Telescope shows the still hot filaments and knots in the supernova remnant. The whitish, smoke-like outer shell of the expanding blast wave is about 20 light-years across. Light echoes from the massive star's cataclysmic explosion are also identified in Webb's detailed image of supernova remnant Cassiopeia A. Tonight watch: The Geminids",2023-12-14,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +NGC 3370: A Sharper View,"Similar in size and grand design to our own Milky Way, spiral galaxy NGC 3370 lies about 100 million light-years away toward the constellation Leo. Recorded here in exquisite detail by the Hubble Space Telescope's Advanced Camera for Surveys, the big, beautiful face-on spiral does steal the show, but the sharp image also reveals an impressive array of background galaxies in the field, strewn across the more distant Universe. Looking within NGC 3370, the image data has proved sharp enough to study individual pulsating stars known as Cepheids which can be used to accurately determine this galaxy's distance. NGC 3370 was chosen for this study because in 1994 the spiral galaxy was also home to a well studied stellar explosion -- a type Ia supernova. Combining the known distance to this standard candle supernova, based on the Cepheid measurements, with observations of supernovae at even greater distances, can reveal the size and expansion rate of the Universe itself.",2003-09-11,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +A Launch and a Landing,"Taken from an Atlantic beach, Cape Canaveral, planet Earth, four identically framed digital images are combined in this night skyscape. Slightly shifted short star trails dot the sky, but the exposure times were adjusted to follow the flight of a Falcon 9 rocket. The September 21 launch delivered a Dragon X capsule filled with supplies to the International Space Station. Above the bright flare seen just after launch, the rocket's first stage firing trails upward from the left. After separation, the second stage burn begins near center with the vehicle climbing toward low Earth orbit. At the horizon, the flare near center records the re-ignition and controlled descent of the Falcon 9's first stage to a soft splashdown off the coast.",2014-09-27,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +X-Ray Stars Of Orion,"The stars of Orion shine brightly in northern winter skies where the constellation harbors the closest large stellar nursery, the Great Nebula of Orion, a mere 1500 light-years away. In fact, the apparently bright clump of stars near the center of this Chandra X-ray telescope picture of a portion of the nebula are the massive stars of the Trapezium - the young star cluster which powers much of the nebula's visible-light glow. But the sheer number of other stars seen in this X-ray image, which spans about 10 light-years, has surprised and delighted astronomers and this picture was recently touted as the richest field of X-ray sources ever recorded in a single observation. The picture does dramatically illustrate that young stars are prodigious sources of X-rays, thought to be produced in hot stellar coronas and surface flares in a young star's strong magnetic field. Our middle-aged Sun itself was probably thousands of times brighter in X-rays when, like the Trapezium stars, it was only a few million years old. The dark lines through the image are instrumental artifacts.",2000-02-04,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +Arp 188 and the Tadpole's Tidal Tail,"Why does this galaxy have such a long tail? In this stunning vista recorded with the Hubble Space Telescope's Advanced Camera for Surveys, distant galaxies form a dramatic backdrop for disrupted spiral galaxy Arp 188, the Tadpole Galaxy. The cosmic tadpole is a mere 420 million light-years distant toward the northern constellation Draco. Its eye-catching tail is about 280 thousand light-years long and features massive, bright blue star clusters. One story goes that a more compact intruder galaxy crossed in front of Arp 188 - from left to right in this view - and was slung around behind the Tadpole by their gravitational attraction. During the close encounter, tidal forces drew out the spiral galaxy's stars, gas, and dust forming the spectacular tail. The intruder galaxy itself, estimated to lie about 300 thousand light-years behind the Tadpole, can be seen through foreground spiral arms at the lower left. Following its terrestrial namesake, the Tadpole Galaxy will likely lose its tail as it grows older, the tail's star clusters forming smaller satellites of the large spiral galaxy.",2010-09-26,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +International Space Station in Transit,"A stunning telescopic image of the International Space Station crossing in front of an eight day old Moon, this picture was captured on April 11th. But while Wednesday's leisurely transit of Mercury across the Sun entertained observers all over the dayside of planet Earth, the audience for this lunar transit was more restricted. Like other satellites in low Earth orbit, the space station moves quickly through the sky. Glinting in the sunlight near sunset and sunrise, its path strongly depends on the observer's longitude and latitude. So, well-placed astronomer Tom Laskowski tracked the orbiting space station from a site near South Bend, Indiana, USA and recorded a digital movie of the fleeting, dramatic event. This single frame from the movie has been enhanced to bring out detail in the space station. Seen below the lunar terminator at the lower left, the International Space Station appears here at a distance of just over 400 kilometers, with the Moon nearly 400,000 kilometers away.",2003-05-09,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +Earth's Shrinking Antarctic Ice Sheet,"Is the continent at the end of the Earth slowly melting? For millions of years, Antarctica, the frozen continent at the southern end of planet Earth, has been encased in a gigantic sheet of ice. Recently, the orbiting robotic GRACE satellite has been taking sensitive measurements of the gravity for the entire Earth, including Antarctica. Recent analysis of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data indicate that the Antarctic ice sheet might have lost enough mass to cause the worlds' oceans to rise about 1.2 millimeters, on the average, from between 2002 and 2005. Although this may not seem like much, the equivalent amount of water is about 150 trillion liters, equivalent to the amount of water used by US residents in three months. Uncertainties in the measurement make the mass loss uncertain by about 80 trillion liters. Pictured above is an iceberg that is a small part of the Antarctic ice sheet. The picture was taken on the Riiser-Larsen ice shelf in December 1995. Future research will likely focus on trying to better understand the data, take more data, predict future trends, and understand possible effects of these trends on the future climate of our entire home planet.",2006-03-08,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +Mars Pathfinder's Landing Site,"Where is Mars Pathfinder? Follow the arrow in the above picture taken by the Viking Orbiter in 1976. From the surface Mars appears covered with rocks, but from orbit Mars appears covered with craters. However, several familiar features are visible in this photograph. To the left (west) of Sagan Memorial Station are the now-familiar twin peaks that dominate the horizon of many Pathfinder photographs. These hills are about one kilometer from the landing site, twice the planned range of Sojourner. Two craters loom nearby: a small one to the east not easily visible here, and a big one to the south of Pathfinder. The landing site is in the dry flood channel named Ares Vallis.",1997-07-24,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +The Star Streams of NGC 5907,"Grand tidal streams of stars seem to surround galaxy NGC 5907. The arcing structures form tenuous loops extending more than 150,000 light-years from the narrow, edge-on spiral, also known as the Splinter or Knife Edge Galaxy. Recorded only in very deep exposures, the streams likely represent the ghostly trail of a dwarf galaxy - debris left along the orbit of a smaller satellite galaxy that was gradually torn apart and merged with NGC 5907 over four billion years ago. Ultimately this remarkable discovery image, from a small robotic observatory in New Mexico, supports the cosmological scenario in which large spiral galaxies, including our own Milky Way, were formed by the accretion of smaller ones. NGC 5907 lies about 40 million light-years distant in the northern constellation Draco.",2019-11-16,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +A Jewel on the Flower Moon,"Cloudy skies plagued some sky watchers on Sunday as May's Full Flower Moon slipped through Earth's shadow in a total lunar eclipse. In skies above Chile's Atacama desert this telephoto snapshot still captured an awesome spectacle though. Seen through thin high cirrus clouds just before totality began, a last sliver of sunlit crescent glistens like a hazy jewel atop the mostly shadowed lunar disk. This full moon was near perigee, the closest point in its elliptical orbit. It passed near the center of Earth's dark umbral shadow during the 90 minute long total eclipse phase. Faintly suffused with sunlight scattered by the atmosphere, the umbral shadow itself gave the eclipsed moon a reddened appearance and the very dramatic popular moniker of a Blood Moon.",2022-05-18,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +Discovery's Cloud,"The space shuttle orbiter Discovery is now docked with the International Space Station, some 350 kilometers above planet Earth. Last Monday, its launch to orbit was a beautiful one as it rose into clear, predawn skies at 6:21am EDT from Kennedy Space Center's pad 39A. Looking east, this time exposure was taken shortly after lift off from a marina about 13 miles west of the launch site in Titusville, Florida. It shows the dawn's emerging colors along the horizon, with wafting rocket contrails at the upper right. The bright streak surrounded by the remarkable, elongated, vapor cloud near the center of the image is the actual track of Discovery, arcing toward the horizon and its orbital rendezvous.",2010-04-08,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +The Topography of Mars,"Mars has its ups and downs. Visible on the above interactive topographic map of the surface of Mars are giant volcanoes, deep valleys, impact craters, and terrain considered unusual and even mysterious. Particularly notable are the volcanoes of the Tharsis province, visible on the left in (false-color) red and white, which are taller than any mountains on Earth. Just to the left of center is Valles Marineris, a canyon much longer and deeper than Earth's Grand Canyon. On the right in blue is the Hellas Planitia, a basin over 2000 kilometers wide that was likely created by a collision with an asteroid. Mars has many smooth lowlands in the north, and many rough highlands in the south. This map was created by the Mars Orbital Laser Altimeter (MOLA) on board the robot Mars Global Surveyor currently orbiting Mars. MOLA measures heights on Mars by precisely determining the time it takes for a low power laser beam to bounce off the surface. Zoom in by clicking anywhere on the above map.",2001-06-28,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +Geminid Meteors over Teide Volcano,"On some nights it rains meteors. Peaking two nights ago, asteroid dust streaked through the dark skies of Earth, showering down during the annual Geminids meteor shower. Astrophotographer Juan Carlos Casado captured the space weather event, as pictured above, in a series of exposures spanning about 2.3 hours using a wide angle lens. The snowcapped Teide volcano of the Canary Islands of Spain towers in the foreground, while the picturesque constellation of Orion highlights the background. The star appearing just near the top of the volcano is Rigel. Although the asteroid dust particles are traveling parallel to each other, the resulting meteor streaks appear to radiate from a single point on the sky, in this case in the constellation of Gemini, off the top of the image. Like train tracks appearing to converge in the distance, the meteor radiant effect is due to perspective. The astrophotographer has estimated that there are about 50 Geminids visible in the above composite image -- how many do you see? Budget Universe: Free APOD 2014 Calendar in PDF format",2013-12-17,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +The Case of the Backwards Orbiting Asteroid,"Why does asteroid 2015 BZ509 orbit the Sun the backwards? As shown in the featured animation, Jupiter's trojan asteroids orbit the Sun in two major groups -- one just ahead of Jupiter, and one just behind -- but all orbit the Sun in the same direction as Jupiter. Asteroid BZ509 however, discovered in 2015 and currently unnamed, orbits the Sun in retrograde and in a more complex gravitational dance with Jupiter. The reason why is currently unknown and a topic of research -- but if resolved might tell us about the early Solar System. A recently popular hypothesis holds that BZ509 was captured by Jupiter from interstellar space billions of years ago, while a competing conjecture posits that BZ509 came from our Solar System's own distant Oort cloud of comets, perhaps more recently. The answer may only become known after more detailed models of the likelihood and stability of orbits near Jupiter are studied, or, possibly, by observing direct properties of the unusual object.",2018-05-30,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +The Central Magnetic Field of the Cigar Galaxy,"Are galaxies giant magnets? Yes, but the magnetic fields in galaxies are typically much weaker than on Earth's surface, as well as more complex and harder to measure. Recently, though, the HAWC+ instrument onboard the airborne (747) SOFIA observatory has been successful in detailing distant magnetic fields by observing the polarized infrared light emitted by elongated dust grains rotating in alignment with the local magnetic field. HAWC+ observations of M82, the Cigar galaxy, show that the central magnetic field is perpendicular to the disk and parallel to the strong supergalactic wind. This observation bolsters the hypothesis that M82's central magnetic field helps its wind transport the mass of millions of stars out from the central star-burst region. The featured image shows magnetic field lines superposed on top of an optical light (gray) and hydrogen gas (red) image from Kitt Peak National Observatory, further combined with infrared images (yellow) from SOFIA and the Spitzer Space Telescope. The Cigar Galaxy is about 12 million light years distant and visible with binoculars towards the constellation of the Great Bear.",2019-03-11,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +Reflections on the 1970s,"The 1970s are sometimes ignored by astronomers. In particular, this beautiful grouping of reflection nebulae in Orion - NGC 1977, NGC 1975, and NGC 1973 - are usually overlooked in favor of the substantial glow from the nearby stellar nursery better known as the Orion Nebula. Found along Orion's sword just north of the bright Orion Nebula complex, these reflection nebulae are also associated with Orion's giant molecular cloud about 1,500 light-years away, but are dominated by the characteristic blue color of interstellar dust reflecting light from hot young stars. North is down in this sharp color telescopic image from New South Wales, Australia, so the more familiar Orion Nebula borders the top of the view. NGC 1977 stretches across the field just above center, separated from NGC 1973 (below left) and NGC 1975 (below right) by darker regions of obscuring dust. Many northern hemisphere observers claim to see the general shape of a running man in the cosmic dust cloud but, of course, they're looking at the view upside down. APOD presents: Astronomy Pictures of the Year for 2007",2007-12-20,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +Into the Void,"Fifty years ago, on June 3, 1965, Edward White stepped out of the orbiting Gemini 4 spacecraft to become the first US astronaut to walk in space. White is captured in this photo taken by mission commander James McDivit from inside the capsule as White's spacewalk began over the Pacific Ocean on Gemini 4's third orbit. Planet Earth, spacecraft, and tether are reflected in White's gold tinted helmet visor. A gas powered manuevering gun is held in his right hand. Though the gun ran out of gas after only 3 minutes, he continued to manuever by twisting his body and pulling on the tether for the remainder of the 23 minute long Extra Vehicular Activity. White later described his historic spacewalk as the most comfortable part of the mission, and said the order to end it was the ""saddest moment"" of his life.",2015-06-06,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +PG 1115+080 A Ghost of Lensing Past,"In this tangle of quasars and galaxies lies a clue to the expansion rate of the universe. A diffuse glow evident in the picture on the left reveals a normal elliptical galaxy. Directly behind this galaxy lies a normal quasar. Because the quasar is directly behind the galaxy, however, the gravity of the galaxy deflects quasar light like a lens, creating four bright images of the same distant quasar. When these images are all digitally subtracted, a distorted image of the background galaxy that hosts the quasar appears - here shown on the right in ghostly white. Each quasar image traces how the quasar looked at different times in the past, with the time between images influenced by the expansion rate of the universe itself. Assuming dark matter in the elliptical lens galaxy traces the visible matter, this expansion rate can be characterized by a Hubble constant of Ho near 65 km/sec/Mpc, a value close to that determined by other methods. Analysis of this image by itself sheds little light on whether the global geometry of the universe is affected by a cosmological constant.",1998-11-02,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +Sandy Gas Jets Hypothesized on Mars,"What's causing seasonal dark spots on Mars? Every spring, strange dark spots appear near the Martian poles, and then vanish a few months later. These spots typically span 50 meters across and appear fan shaped. Recent observations made with THEMIS instrument onboard NASA's Mars Odyssey, currently orbiting Mars, found the spots to be as cold as the carbon dioxide (CO2) ice beneath them. Based on this evidence, a new hypothesis has been suggested where the spots are caused by explosive jets of sand-laden CO2. As a pole warms up in the spring, frozen CO2 on the surface thins, perforates, and begins to vent gaseous CO2 held underneath. Within this hypothesis, interspersed dark sand would explain the color of the spots, while the underlying frozen CO2 would explain the coolness of the spots. Pictured above, an artist depicts what it might be like to stand on Mars and witness the venting of these tremendous gas and dust jets.",2006-08-23,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +Io Volcano: Pele's Hot Lava,"Glowing hot lava from the heart of Io's volcano Pele is visible in this false-color infrared composite image. It was recorded last month during the Galileo spacecraft's close flyby of the Jovian moon. Pele is near the middle of the large 1,300 kilometer diameter ring of yellowish sulfurous material deposited by its frequent volcanic plumes. The dull dark red spot on Pele itself corresponds to hot lava in the volcano's eruptive center. Temperatures up to 1,027 degrees Celsius (1,880 degrees Fahrenheit) have been previously measured for the lava. Galileo's close October Io flyby has revealed that the most volcanic body in the solar system is even more active than previously suspected, with more than 100 erupting volcanos. Yesterday, the spacecraft was scheduled to perform an even closer flyby of Io approaching to within 300 kilometers.",1999-11-26,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +The Colorful Clouds of Rho Ophiuchi,"The many spectacular colors of the Rho Ophiuchi (oh'-fee-yu-kee) clouds highlight the many processes that occur there. The blue regions shine primarily by reflected light. Blue light from the star Rho Ophiuchi and nearby stars reflects more efficiently off this portion of the nebula than red light. The Earth's daytime sky appears blue for the same reason. The red and yellow regions shine primarily because of emission from the nebula's atomic and molecular gas. Light from nearby blue stars - more energetic than the bright star Antares - knocks electrons away from the gas, which then shines when the electrons recombine with the gas. The dark brown regions are caused by dust grains - born in young stellar atmospheres - which effectively block light emitted behind them. The Rho Ophiuchi star clouds, well in front of the globular cluster M4 visible above on lower left, are even more colorful than humans can see - the clouds emits light in every wavelength band from the radio to the gamma-ray. Budget Universe: Free APOD 2014 Calendar in PDF format",2013-12-03,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +Planet Aurora,"What bizarre alien planet is this? It's planet Earth of course, seen from the International Space Station through the shimmering glow of aurorae. About 400 kilometers (250 miles) above Earth, the orbiting station is itself within the upper realm of the auroral displays. Aurorae have the signature colors of excited molecules and atoms at the low densities found at extreme altitudes. Emission from atomic oxygen dominates this view. The eerie glow is green at lower altitudes, but a rarer reddish band extends above the space station's horizon. Also visible from the planet's surface, this auroral display began during a geomagnetic storm. The storm was triggered after a coronal mass ejection impacted Earth's magnetosphere in June of 2015.",2017-05-13,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +Doomed Star Eta Carinae,"Carinae may be about to explode. But no one knows when - it may be next year, it may be one million years from now. Eta Carinae's mass - about 100 times greater than our Sun - makes it an excellent candidate for a full blown supernova. Historical records do show that about 150 years ago Eta Carinae underwent an unusual outburst that made it one of the brightest stars in the southern sky. Eta Carinae, in the Keyhole Nebula, is the only star currently thought to emit natural LASER light. This featured image, taken in 1996, brought out new details in the unusual nebula that surrounds this rogue star. Now clearly visible are two distinct lobes, a hot central region, and strange radial streaks. The lobes are filled with lanes of gas and dust which absorb the blue and ultraviolet light emitted near the center. The streaks remain unexplained. Free APOD Lectures: Editor to Speak in January in Philadelphia and New York City",2015-12-27,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +Equinox and the Harvest Moon,"Did you enjoy the moonlight last night? The Full Moon closest to autumnal equinox and the beginning of Fall is traditionally known as the Harvest Moon, rising opposite the Sun and illuminating fields at harvest time after sunset. This year's northern hemisphere autumnal equinox occurred yesterday, September 23rd, at 03:09 Universal Time. The Moon was at its full phase a mere 6 hours later -- exceptionally close for a Harvest Moon! Of course, the Moon still shines brightly through the night in surrounding days. In this picture from September 22nd, the lunar orb dominates the sky above a ruined church in Zsámbék, Hungary. Shining nearby, the brightest star is actually Jupiter, also opposite the Sun, seen here through thin clouds just left of the church wall.",2010-09-24,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +Elusive Jellyfish Nebula,"Normally faint and elusive, the Jellyfish Nebula is caught in this alluring wide-field telescopic view. Flanked by two yellow-tinted stars, Mu and Eta Geminorum, at the foot of a celestial twin, the Jellyfish Nebula is the brighter arcing ridge of emission with dangling tentacles right of center. In fact, the cosmic jellyfish is seen to be part of bubble-shaped supernova remnant IC 443, the expanding debris cloud from a massive star that exploded. Light from the explosion first reached planet Earth over 30,000 years ago. Like its cousin in astrophysical waters the Crab Nebula supernova remnant, IC 443 is known to harbor a neutron star, the remnant of the collapsed stellar core. Emission nebula Sharpless 249 fills the field at the upper left. The Jellyfish Nebula is about 5,000 light-years away. At that distance, this image would be almost 200 light-years across.",2009-05-14,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +Venus' Once Molten Surface,"If you could look at Venus with radar eyes - this is what you might see. This computer reconstruction of the surface of Venus was created from data from the Magellan spacecraft. Magellan orbited Venus and used radar to map our neighboring planet's surface between 1990 and 1994. Magellan found many interesting surface features, including the large circular domes, typically 25-kilometers across, that are depicted above. Volcanism is thought to have created the domes, although the precise mechanism remains unknown. Venus' surface is so hot and hostile that no surface probe has lasted more than a few minutes.",2000-03-26,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +Sagittarius Triplet,"These three bright nebulae are often featured in telescopic tours of the constellation Sagittarius and the view toward the center of our Milky Way galaxy. In fact, 18th century cosmic tourist Charles Messier cataloged two of them; M8, the nebula above and left of center, and colorful M20 at the lower left. The third, NGC 6559, is at the right of M8, separated from the the larger nebula by a dark dust lane. All three are stellar nurseries about five thousand light-years or so distant. The expansive M8, over a hundred light-years across, is also known as the Lagoon Nebula while M20's popular moniker is the Trifid. In this gorgeous digital composition, the dominant red color of the emission nebulae is due to glowing hydrogen gas energized by the radiation of hot, young stars. The contrasting blue hues, most striking in the Trifid as well as NGC 6559, are due to dust reflected starlight.",2004-09-09,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +A Triple Eclipse on Jupiter,"Part of Jupiter is missing. Actually, three parts appear to be missing. In reality though, the three dark spots seen in the above photograph are only shadows. The unusual alignment of three of Jupiter's moons between the Jovian giant and the Sun was imaged last November 10th. The shadows of Io, Callisto, and Ganymede move across Jupiter as these moons progress in their orbits. It was by noting the times of eclipse of Jupiter's moons in 1675 that Ole Roemer became the first person to measure the speed of light. When a shadow from Earth's Moon crosses the Earth's surface, the people inside the shadow see an eclipse of the Sun.",1998-02-02,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +The Closest Galaxy: Canis Major Dwarf,"What is the closest galaxy to the Milky Way? The new answer to this old question is the Canis Major dwarf galaxy. For many years astronomers thought the Large Magellan Cloud (LMC) was closest, but its title was supplanted in 1994 by the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy. Recent measurements indicate that the Canis Major dwarf is only 42,000 light years from the Galactic center, about three quarters of the distance to the Sagittarius dwarf and a quarter of the distance to the LMC. The discovery was made in data from the 2MASS-sky survey, where infrared light allows a better view through our optically opaque Galactic plane. The labeled illustration above shows the location of the newly discovered Canis Major dwarf and its associated tidal stream of material in relation to our Milky Way Galaxy. The Canis Major dwarf and other satellite galaxies are slowly being gravitationally ripped apart as they travel around and through our Galaxy. Note added in 2010: Canis Major's galaxy designation is now disputed.",2007-11-04,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +Comet Hale-Bopp Over Val Parola Pass,"Comet Hale-Bopp, the Great Comet of 1997, became much brighter than any surrounding stars. It was seen even over bright city lights. Away from city lights, however, it put on quite a spectacular show. Here Comet Hale-Bopp was photographed above Val Parola Pass in the Dolomite mountains surrounding Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. Comet Hale-Bopp's blue ion tail, consisting of ions from the comet's nucleus, is pushed out by the solar wind. The white dust tail is composed of larger particles of dust from the nucleus driven by the pressure of sunlight, that orbit behind the comet. Comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1) remained visible to the unaided eye for 18 months -- longer than any other comet in recorded history. The large comet is next expected to return around the year 4385. This month, Comet Leonard is brightening and may soon become visible to the unaided eye.",2021-12-08,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +Spiral Galaxy NGC 2841,"A mere 46 million light-years distant, spiral galaxy NGC 2841 can be found in the northern constellation of Ursa Major. This deep view of the gorgeous island universe was captured during 32 clear nights in November, December 2021 and January 2022. It shows off a striking yellow nucleus, galactic disk, and faint outer regions. Dust lanes, small star-forming regions, and young star clusters are embedded in the patchy, tightly wound spiral arms. In contrast, many other spirals exhibit grand, sweeping arms with large star-forming regions. NGC 2841 has a diameter of over 150,000 light-years, even larger than our own Milky Way. X-ray images suggest that resulting winds and stellar explosions create plumes of hot gas extending into a halo around NGC 2841.",2022-03-03,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +Comet Leonard from Space,"What does Comet Leonard look like from space? Today's featured image from Origin.Space's Yangwang-1 space telescope shows not only the currently bright comet -- but several other space delights as well. Taken in optical and ultraviolet light, C/2021 A1 (Leonard) is visible with an extended tail near the image center as it appeared five days ago. The Earth is visible on the lower right, while layers of the Earth's atmosphere glow diagonally from the lower left to the upper right. The trails of two satellites can be seen in front of a myriad of distant stars that dot the background on the upper left. The faint bands of light running diagonally from the lower right to the upper left are auroras. Finally, the image also caught a meteor streaking just below the airglow. To see Comet Leonard yourself from the Earth's surface during the next few days, look toward the western horizon just after sunset or just before sunrise.",2021-12-15,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +"Mars Rocks, Sojourner Rolls","This sharp color image featuring Mars rock Yogi and the rolling Sojourner robot shows off Yogi's startling two-toned surface. Yogi appears to be leaning into the prevailing winds causing some to suggest that its color contrast may be caused by the accumulation of rust colored dust on its windward face. The Pathfinder spacecraft, now the Sagan Memorial Station, has ended the primary mission phase after returning a scientific bonanza from the surface of Mars. The Sojourner robot has now traveled 171 feet on the martian surface, circumnavigated the lander, and also produced a wealth of data and images. Entering the extended mission phase of operations, controllers will concentrate on conserving battery power while continuing to explore the red planet.",1997-08-14,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +Shuttle and Meteor,"This early morning skyscape was captured last week on August 4th, looking northeast across calm waters in the Turn Basin at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. In a striking contrast in motion, the space shuttle Discovery, mounted on a massive transporter, creeps toward launch pad 39A at less than two miles per hour, while a brilliant meteor streaks through the sky traveling many miles per second. Of course, this week skywatchers have seen many similar meteor streaks during the annual Perseid meteor shower. But the meteor flashing above Discovery is not likely to be one of the Perseids because its path doesn't point back to that shower's radiant. Seen here near picture center, brilliant planet Venus still dominates the sky as the Morning Star, though. Yellowish tinted Mars lies near the top of the frame and Orion's red giant star Betelgeuse is toward the right.",2009-08-14,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +Albert Einstein Describes Space and Time,"Albert Einstein (1879-1955) is considered by many the greatest astrophysicist and single most significant Person of the 20th Century. He is pictured here in the Swiss Patent Office where he did much of his defining work. Einstein's many visionary scientific contributions include the equivalence of mass and energy (E=mc^2), how the maximum speed limit of light affects measurements of time and space (special relativity), and a more accurate theory of gravity based on simple geometric concepts (general relativity). One reason Einstein was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics was to make the prize more prestigious.",2000-01-08,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +The Fractured North Pole of Saturn's Enceladus,"The north pole of Saturn's moon Enceladus is unexpectedly fascinating and complex. Previous to the latest flyby of the robotic Cassini spacecraft, the northern region was known mostly for its unusually high abundance of craters. Last week's flyby, however, returned images of unprecedented detail, including the featured image showing the expected craters coupled with an unexpected and circuitous pattern of picturesque cracks and fractures. Broken terrain has been recorded at lower latitudes, with deep canyons dubbed Tiger Stripes near Enceladus' South Pole. The fractures may further indicate global interplay between the surface and potential seas underneath, seas that future missions might target for signs of life. Retrospective: Today in APOD History",2015-10-21,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +Jupiter Abyss,"What's that black spot on Jupiter? No one is sure. During one pass of NASA's Juno over Jupiter, the robotic spacecraft imaged an usually dark cloud feature informally dubbed the Abyss. Surrounding cloud patterns show the Abyss to be at the center of a vortex. Since dark features on Jupiter's atmosphere tend to run deeper than light features, the Abyss may really be the deep hole that it appears -- but without more evidence that remains conjecture. The Abyss is surrounded by a complex of meandering clouds and other swirling storm systems, some of which are topped by light colored, high-altitude clouds. The featured image was captured in 2019 while Juno passed only about 15,000 kilometers above Jupiter's cloud tops. The next close pass of Juno near Jupiter will be in about three weeks.",2024-11-03,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +A Supernova through Galaxy Dust,"Telescopes around the world are tracking a bright supernova that occurred in a nearby dusty galaxy. The powerful stellar explosion was first noted earlier this month. The nearby galaxy is the photogenic Centaurus A, visible with binoculars and known for impressive filaments of light-absorbing dust that cross its center. Cen A is featured here in a high-resolution archival Hubble Space Telescope image, with an inset image featuring the supernova taken from the ground only two days after discovery. Designated SN2016adj, the supernova is highlighted with crosshairs in the inset, appearing just to the left of a bright foreground star in our Milky Way Galaxy. This supernova is currently thought to be of Type IIb, a stellar-core-collapse supernova, and is of high interest because it occurred so nearby and because it is being seen through a known dust filament. Current and future observations of this supernova may give us new clues about the fates of massive stars and how some elements found on our Earth were formed.",2016-02-23,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +Reflections on Planet Earth,"Catching sight of your reflection in a store window or shiny hubcap can be entertaining and occasionally even inspire a thoughtful moment. So consider this reflective view from 300 kilometers above planet Earth. The picture is actually a self-portrait taken by astronaut Michael Fossum on July 8 during a space walk or extravehicular activity while the Discovery orbiter was docked with the International Space Station. Turning his camera to snap a picture of his own helmet visor, he also recorded the reflection of his fellow mission specialist, Piers Sellers, near picture center and one of the space station's gold-tinted solar power arrays arcing across the top. Of course, the horizon of our fair planet lies in background.",2006-07-19,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +The Giant and the Glory,"On a flight from Vienna to Brussels, astronomer Franz Kerschbaum looked out the window and photographed this beautiful atmospheric phenomenon, the glory, shining in the direction directly opposite the Sun. Before airplanes, the glory, known to some as the heiligenschein or the Specter of the Brocken, was occasionally seen from mountaintops. There, when conditions were right, one could look away from the Sun and see what appeared to be the shadow of a giant surrounded by a bright halo. Of course, the giant turns out to be the observer, and in the modern version a silhouette of a plane frequently occupies the glory's center. The cause of the glory is relatively complex. Briefly, small droplets of water reflect, refract, and diffract sunlight backwards towards the Sun. The phenomenon has a counterpart in astronomy, where looking out from planet Earth in the direction opposite the Sun yields a bright spot called the gegenschein.",2004-08-06,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +Virgo Cluster Galaxies,"Well over a thousand galaxies are known members of the Virgo Cluster, the closest large cluster of galaxies to our own local group. In fact, the galaxy cluster is difficult to appreciate all at once because it covers such a large area on the sky. Spanning about 5x3 degrees, this careful mosaic of telescopic images clearly records the central region of the Virgo Cluster through faint foreground dust clouds lingering above the plane of our own Milky Way galaxy. The cluster's dominant giant elliptical galaxy M87, is just below center in the frame. Above M87 is the famous interacting galaxy pair NGC 4438, also known as The Eyes. A closer examination of the image will reveal many Virgo cluster member galaxies as small fuzzy patches. Sliding your cursor over the image will label the larger galaxies using NGC catalog designations. Galaxies are also shown with Messier catalog numbers, including M84, M86, and prominent colorful spirals M88, M90, and M91. On average, Virgo Cluster galaxies are measured to be about 48 million light-years away. The Virgo Cluster distance has been used to give an important determination of the Hubble Constant and the scale of the Universe. (Editor's Note: Labels courtesy of Astrometry.net.)",2011-04-22,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +The Near Infrared Sky,"Was this picture taken from outside our Galaxy? No, it is a composite taken from Earth orbit, well inside our Milky Way Galaxy. In light just a little too red for human eyes to see - ""near infrared"" electromagnetic radiation - the disk and center of our Galaxy stand out giving an appearance likely similar to seeing our Galaxy from the outside in visible light. The above COBE image was recently reprocessed for higher resolution and shows red stars and dust in our Galaxy superposed against the faint glow of many dim stars in distant galaxies. Faintly visible as an S-shaped sash running through the image center is zodiacal light -- dust in our own Solar System. Compared to the far-infrared sky, little Galactic dust is visible. The two smudges on the lower right are the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds neighboring galaxies.",2000-05-18,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +Ring Galaxy AM 0644-741,"The rim of the large blue galaxy at the right is an immense ring-like structure 150,000 light years in diameter composed of newly formed, extremely bright, massive stars. AM 0644-741 is known as a ring galaxy and was caused by an immense galaxy collision. When galaxies collide, they pass through each other and their individual stars rarely come into contact. The large galaxy's ring-like shape is the result of the gravitational disruption caused by a small intruder galaxy passing through it. When this happens, interstellar gas and dust become compressed, causing a wave of star formation to move out from the impact point like a ripple across the surface of a pond. Other galaxies in the field of view are background galaxies, not interacting with AM 0644-741. Foreground spiky stars are within our own Milky Way. But the smaller intruder galaxy is caught above and right, near the top of the frame taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. Ring galaxy AM 0644-741 lies about 300 million light years away toward the southern constellation Volans.",2021-07-28,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +"Gamma Ray Crab, Geminga","The Crab Nebula and Geminga in Gamma Rays Picture Credit: NASA, Compton Gamma Ray Observatory Explanation: What if you could ""see"" in gamma-rays? If you could, these two spinning neutron stars or pulsars would be among the brightest objects in the sky. This computer processed image shows the Crab Nebula pulsar (below and right of center) and the Geminga pulsar (above and left of center) in the ""light"" of gamma-rays. Gamma-ray photons are more than 10,000 times more energetic than visible light photons and are blocked from the Earths's surface by the atmosphere. This image was produced by the high energy gamma-ray telescope ""EGRET"" on board NASA's orbiting Compton Observatory satellite. For more information see Compton Science Support Center release. We keep an archive of previous Astronomy Pictures of the Day. The sky is filled with breathtaking pictures, many of which are available on the World Wide Web. Each day we feature a different picture of some part of our fascinating universe, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer. Astronomy Picture of the Day is brought to you by Robert Nemiroff and Jerry Bonnell . Original material on this page is copyrighted to Robert J. Nemiroff and Jerry T. Bonnell.",1995-06-24,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +Shells and Arcs around Star CW Leonis,"What's happening around this star? No one is sure. CW Leonis is the closest carbon star, a star that appears orange because of atmospheric carbon dispersed from interior nuclear fusion. But CW Leonis also appears engulfed in a gaseous carbon-rich nebula. What causes the nebula's complexity is unknown, but its geometry of shells and arcs are surely intriguing. The featured image by the Hubble Space Telescope details this complexity. The low surface gravity of carbon stars enhances their ability to expel carbon and carbon compounds into space. Some of this carbon ends up forming dark dust that is commonly seen in the nebulas of young star-forming regions and the disks of galaxies. Humans and all Earth-based life are carbon-based, and at least some of our carbon was likely once circulating in the atmospheres of near-death stars like carbon stars.",2023-07-17,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +433 Eros (A898 PA),NEO with diameter between 22.01 and 49.21 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +719 Albert (A911 TB),NEO with diameter between 2.03 and 4.53 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +887 Alinda (A918 AA),NEO with diameter between 4.53 and 10.14 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +1036 Ganymed (A924 UB),NEO with diameter between 38.78 and 86.70 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +1221 Amor (1932 EA1),NEO with diameter between 0.89 and 1.99 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +1566 Icarus (1949 MA),NEO with diameter between 1.30 and 2.91 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +1580 Betulia (1950 KA),NEO with diameter between 3.08 and 6.89 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +1620 Geographos (1951 RA),NEO with diameter between 2.35 and 5.25 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +1627 Ivar (1929 SH),NEO with diameter between 7.22 and 16.15 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +1685 Toro (1948 OA),NEO with diameter between 3.70 and 8.28 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +1862 Apollo (1932 HA),NEO with diameter between 1.62 and 3.61 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +1863 Antinous (1948 EA),NEO with diameter between 2.15 and 4.81 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +1864 Daedalus (1971 FA),NEO with diameter between 2.85 and 6.37 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +1865 Cerberus (1971 UA),NEO with diameter between 1.17 and 2.61 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +1866 Sisyphus (1972 XA),NEO with diameter between 8.41 and 18.79 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +1915 Quetzalcoatl (1953 EA),NEO with diameter between 0.56 and 1.25 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +1916 Boreas (1953 RA),NEO with diameter between 2.72 and 6.08 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +1917 Cuyo (1968 AA),NEO with diameter between 3.50 and 7.84 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +1943 Anteros (1973 EC),NEO with diameter between 1.93 and 4.31 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509 +1980 Tezcatlipoca (1950 LA),NEO with diameter between 4.56 and 10.19 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 19:41:38.821509