Datasets:
Upload folder using huggingface_hub
Browse files- dataset_info.json +6 -2
- experimental_physics/quantum_materials/nistscraper_data.csv +400 -400
- experimental_physics/quantum_materials/source_metadata.json +1 -1
- nasascraper_data.csv +70 -71
- nistscraper_data.csv +400 -400
- spacetime/propulsion/nasascraper_data.csv +70 -71
- spacetime/propulsion/source_metadata.json +1 -1
dataset_info.json
CHANGED
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@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
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"description": "A comprehensive dataset for warp drive research",
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"license": "MIT",
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"citations": [],
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"last_updated": "2024-12-
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"version": "1.0.0",
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"maintainers": [
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"GotThatData"
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@@ -21,6 +21,10 @@
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"NISTScraper",
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"PhysicsForumsScraper",
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"ResearchGateScraper",
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"ScienceDirectScraper"
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]
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}
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"description": "A comprehensive dataset for warp drive research",
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"license": "MIT",
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"citations": [],
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+
"last_updated": "2024-12-20T21:04:12.035302",
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"version": "1.0.0",
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"maintainers": [
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"GotThatData"
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"NISTScraper",
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"PhysicsForumsScraper",
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"ResearchGateScraper",
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"ScienceDirectScraper",
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"AntimatterScraper",
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"IEEEScraper",
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"MaterialsScraper",
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"PatentScraper"
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]
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}
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experimental_physics/quantum_materials/nistscraper_data.csv
CHANGED
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title,description,date,data_type,source,scrape_timestamp
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, Keywords: ,,quantum,NIST,2024-12-20
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title,description,date,data_type,source,scrape_timestamp
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, Keywords: ,,quantum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
|
| 88 |
+
, Keywords: ,,quantum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
|
| 89 |
+
, Keywords: ,,quantum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
|
| 90 |
+
, Keywords: ,,quantum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
|
| 91 |
+
, Keywords: ,,quantum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
|
| 92 |
+
, Keywords: ,,quantum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
|
| 93 |
+
, Keywords: ,,quantum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
|
| 94 |
+
, Keywords: ,,quantum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
|
| 95 |
+
, Keywords: ,,quantum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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| 96 |
+
, Keywords: ,,quantum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
|
| 97 |
+
, Keywords: ,,quantum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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| 98 |
+
, Keywords: ,,quantum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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| 99 |
+
, Keywords: ,,quantum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
|
| 100 |
+
, Keywords: ,,quantum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
|
| 101 |
+
, Keywords: ,,quantum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
|
| 102 |
+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
|
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
|
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
|
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
|
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
|
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
|
| 108 |
+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
|
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
|
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
|
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
|
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
|
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
|
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
|
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
|
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
|
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
|
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
, Keywords: ,,materials,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
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+
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+
, Keywords: ,,materials,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
, Keywords: ,,materials,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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experimental_physics/quantum_materials/source_metadata.json
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title,description,date,data_type,source,scrape_timestamp
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M100 and the Expanding Universe,"The distance to the swirling grand design spiral M100 is causing quite a stir among astronomers. Many believe that the Hubble Space Telescope's recent distance measurement to this galaxy accurately calibrates the expansion rate of the universe. Others believe this distance measurement is misleading. The universe's expansion rate is usually given as a quantity called ""Hubble's constant"", a factor dividing well-measured recession velocity of a galaxy to give actual distance. Scientific debate over the value of Hubble's constant has been ongoing since it was first measured by Edwin Hubble in 1929. A real live debate involving the value of Hubble's constant titled ""The Scale of the Universe"" will occur in April 1996 in Washington, DC.",1996-01-09,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 3 |
-
Infrared Saturn,"This delightfully detailed false color image of Saturn has been earmarked to celebrate the 8th anniversary of the orbiting Hubble Space Telescope. The picture is a combination of three images taken in January of this year with the Hubble's new NICMOS instrument and shows the lovely ringed planet in reflected infrared light. Different colors indicated varying heights and compositions of cloud layers generally thought to consist of ammonia ice crystals. The eye-catching rings cast a shadow on Saturn's upper hemisphere, while the bright stripe seen within the left portion of the shadow is infrared sunlight streaming through the large gap in the rings known as the Cassini Division. Two of Saturn's many moons have also put in an appearance, Tethys just beyond the planet's disk at the upper right, and Dione at the lower left.",1998-04-24,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 4 |
-
The Hills of Mars,"Distant hills rise above a rocky, windswept plain in this sharp stereo scene from the Spirit rover on Mars. When viewed with red/blue glasses, the picture combines left and right images from Spirit's high resolution panoramic camera to yield a dramatic 3D perspective. The hills were estimated to lie about 2 kilometers away and be approximately 50 to 100 meters high. Along with other features of the landscape, determining their direction and distance will help pinpoint the exact location of the Spirit landing site when compared with high resolution images of the region taken from Mars orbit. Much stereo image data, allowing important estimates of three dimensional shapes, sizes, and distances, is anticipated from the rover's cameras. (Editor's note: Red/blue glasses for viewing stereo pictures can be purchased or simply constructed using red and blue plastic for filters. Try it! To view this image, the red filter is used for the left eye.)",2004-01-08,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 5 |
-
A Rainbow Pileus Cloud over Zimbabwe,"Yes, but how many dark clouds have a multicolored lining? Pictured, behind this darker cloud, is a pileus iridescent cloud, a group of water droplets that have a uniformly similar size and so together diffract different colors of sunlight by different amounts. The above image was taken just before sunset when it was noticed by chance by a photographer in Murambi East, near Odzi Valley and the Mtanda Range of Zimbabwe. Also captured were unusual cloud ripples above the pileus cloud. The formation of a rare pileus cloud capping a common cumulus cloud is an indication that the lower cloud is expanding upward and might well develop into a storm. In this case, however, only a few minutes after the colorful cloud was noticed, it disappeared. Follow APOD on: Facebook (Daily) (Sky) (Spanish) (Arabic) or Google Plus (Daily)",2014-02-19,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 6 |
-
The Snake Nebula in Ophiuchus,"What slithers there? The dark winding lanes visible in part of the constellation Ophiuchus belong to the Snake Nebula. The Snake Nebula is a series of dark absorption clouds made up of Interstellar dust. Interstellar dust grains - composed predominantly of carbon - absorb visible starlight and reradiate much of it in the infrared. This absorption causes stars behind the clouds to be obscured from view, hence the appearance of starless voids on the sky.",1997-08-24,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 7 |
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Observatory Aligned with Moon Occulting Jupiter,"Sometimes we witness the Moon moving directly in front of -- called occulting -- one of the planets in our Solar System. Earlier this month that planet was Jupiter. Captured here was the moment when Jupiter re-appeared from behind the surface of our Moon. The Moon was in its third quarter, two days before the dark New Moon. Now, our Moon is continuously half lit by the Sun, but when in its third quarter, relatively little of that half can be seen from the Earth. Pictured, the Moon itself was aligned behind the famous Lick Observatory in California, USA, on the summit of Mount Hamilton. Coincidentally, Lick enabled the discovery of a moon of Jupiter: Amalthea, the last visually detected moon of Jupiter after Galileo's observations. Gallery: Moon Occults Jupiter in 2023 May: Notable Submissions to APOD",2023-05-24,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 8 |
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A Sirius Leonid Meteor,"In the sky or on the web, did you watch this year's Leonid meteor shower? If you did, meteors flashing through the night sky should be a familiar sight. Recorded last year during the 1998 apparition of the Leonids, this time-exposure of the sky around the constellation Canis Major (big dog) shows the trail of a spectacular fireball meteor. The meteor, by chance, seems to leap from the constellation's brightest star Sirius, near the top right. In the foreground is the beautiful desert scenery of Joshua Tree National Park. At this year's peak of the cosmic dust storm, observers in Europe and Africa reported intense rates of over 1600 meteors per hour for a brief period near 0215 November 18 (UTC). Awe inspiring as they were, the Leonids posed no danger to earthbound skywatchers.",1999-11-18,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 9 |
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LDN 1471: A Windblown Star Cavity,"What is the cause of this unusual parabolic structure? This illuminated cavity, known as LDN 1471, was created by a newly forming star, seen as the bright source at the peak of the parabola. This protostar is experiencing a stellar outflow which is then interacting with the surrounding material in the Perseus Molecular Cloud, causing it to brighten. We see only one side of the cavity -- the other side is hidden by dark dust. The parabolic shape is caused by the widening of the stellar-wind blown cavity over time. Two additional structures can also be seen either side of the protostar, these are known as Herbig-Haro objects, again caused by the interaction of the outflow with the surrounding material. What causes the striations on the cavity walls, though, remains unknown. The featured image was taken by NASA and ESA’s Hubble Space Telescope after an original detection by the Spitzer Space Telescope.",2020-05-06,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 10 |
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M51: The Whirlpool Galaxy in Dust and Stars,"The Whirlpool Galaxy is a classic spiral galaxy. At only 30 million light years distant and fully 60 thousand light years across, M51, also known as NGC 5194, is one of the brightest and most picturesque galaxies on the sky. The above image is a digital combination of a ground-based image from the 0.9-meter telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory and a space-based image from the Hubble Space Telescope highlighting sharp features normally too red to be seen. Anyone with a good pair of binoculars, however, can see this Whirlpool toward the constellation of the Hunting Dogs (Canes Venatici. M51 is a spiral galaxy of type Sc and is the dominant member of a whole group of galaxies. Astronomers speculate that M51's spiral structure is primarily due to its gravitational interaction with a smaller galaxy just off the top of the image. Ask Me Anything: APOD Editor to answer questions on reddit at 11 am EST this Thursday",2013-02-24,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
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| 11 |
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The N44 Emission Nebula,"N44 is one of the largest and most intricate nebulas in this part of the universe. Located in our galactic neighbor the Large Magellanic Cloud, N44 houses numerous massive bright stars, lengthy lanes of dark dust, and vast clouds of hydrogen gas that glows red. The red color of the N44 emission nebula comes from pervasive hydrogen atoms re-acquiring electrons that were knocked away by energetic light from massive stars. The central stars also appear to have somehow created the huge superbubble visible in the lower left. N44, pictured above, spans about 1,000 light years and lies about 170,000 light years distant.",2006-02-13,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
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| 12 |
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The Dark Tower in Scorpius,"In silhouette against a crowded star field toward the constellation Scorpius, this dusty cosmic cloud evokes for some the image of an ominous dark tower. In fact, clumps of dust and molecular gas collapsing to form stars may well lurk within the dark nebula, a structure that spans almost 40 light-years across this gorgeous telescopic portrait. Known as a cometary globule, the swept-back cloud, extending from the lower right to the head (top of the tower) left and above center, is shaped by intense ultraviolet radiation from the OB association of very hot stars in NGC 6231, off the upper edge of the scene. That energetic ultraviolet light also powers the globule's bordering reddish glow of hydrogen gas. Hot stars embedded in the dust can be seen as bluish reflection nebulae. This dark tower, NGC 6231, and associated nebulae are about 5,000 light-years away.",2011-04-27,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
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| 13 |
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Three Month Composite of Comet Holmes,"How has Comet Holmes changed? Since brightening unexpectedly by nearly one million fold in late October, the last three months have found the coma of Comet 17P/Holmes both expanding and fading. This spectacular composite image shows how the coma and tail of Comet Holmes have changed. Due to Earth's changing vantage point, Comet Holmes, out beyond the orbit of Mars, was seen in November nearly head-on, but in recent months is seen more from the side. Additionally, the comet's motion, when combined with Earth's changing perspective, has caused the comet to have shifted relative to the background stars. The curved path of Comet Holmes shows it to be undergoing apparent retrograde motion as the Earth orbits quickly in front of it. The extent of the coma currently makes Comet Holmes over five times the physical size of our Sun. Anecdotal evidence holds that the comet is hard to see without long photographic exposures, but on such exposures the comet may still be an impressive sight.",2008-02-05,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
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| 14 |
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Pluto in True Color,"Pluto is mostly brown. The above picture captures the true colors of Pluto as well as the highest surface resolution so far recovered. Although no spacecraft has yet visited this distant world, the New Horizons spacecraft launched early this year is expected to reach Pluto in 2015. Pluto recent reclassification, by the International Astronomical Union, from planet to dwarf planet remains a topic of much debate. The above map was created by tracking brightness changes from Earth of Pluto during times when it was being partially eclipsed by its moon Charon. The map therefore shows the hemisphere of Pluto that faces Charon. Pluto's brown color is thought dominated by frozen methane deposits metamorphosed by faint but energetic sunlight. The dark band below Pluto's equator is seen to have rather complex coloring, however, indicating that some unknown mechanisms may have affected Pluto's surface.",2006-09-03,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
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| 15 |
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Hot Gas In Hydra A,"The Hydra A galaxy cluster is really big. In fact, such clusters of galaxies are the largest gravitationally bound objects in the Universe. But individual galaxies are too cool to be recorded in this false-color Chandra Observatory X-ray image which shows only the 40 million degree gas that permeates the Hydra A cluster. Astronomers have discovered that such X-ray hot gas clouds, millions of light-years across, are common in galaxy clusters. They expected the gas to be cooling and smoothly flowing into the clusters' central regions to form new galaxies and stars. Instead, the Chandra image shows details around the X-ray bright cluster core which suggest that magnetic fields and explosive events disturb the flow, deflecting the gas into loops and long structures and possibly inhibiting the formation of more cluster galaxies and stars.",1999-12-17,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
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| 16 |
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In the Core of the Carina Nebula,"What's happening in the core of the Carina Nebula? Stars are forming, dying, and leaving an impressive tapestry of dark dusty filaments. The entire Carina Nebula, cataloged as NGC 3372, spans over 300 light years and lies about 8,500 light-years away in the constellation of Carina. The nebula is composed predominantly of hydrogen gas, which emits the pervasive red and orange glows seen mostly in the center of this highly detailed featured image. The blue glow around the edges is created primarily by a trace amount of glowing oxygen. Young and massive stars located in the nebula's center expel dust when they explode in supernovas. Eta Carinae, the most energetic star in the nebula's center, was one of the brightest stars in the sky in the 1830s, but then faded dramatically. Your Sky Surprise: What picture did APOD feature on your birthday? (post 1995)",2024-02-05,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
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| 17 |
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Cat's Eye,"Staring across interstellar space, the alluring Cat's Eye nebula lies three thousand light-years from Earth. A classic planetary nebula, the Cat's Eye (NGC 6543) represents a final, brief yet glorious phase in the life of a sun-like star. This nebula's dying central star may have produced the simple, outer pattern of dusty concentric shells by shrugging off outer layers in a series of regular convulsions. But the formation of the beautiful, more complex inner structures is not well understood. Seen so clearly in this sharp Hubble Space Telescope image, the truly cosmic eye is over half a light-year across. Of course, gazing into the Cat's Eye, astronomers may well be seeing the fate of our sun, destined to enter its own planetary nebula phase of evolution ... in about 5 billion years.",2005-09-24,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
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| 18 |
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Messier 96,"Spiral arms seem to swirl around the core of Messier 96 in this colorful, detailed portrait of a beautiful island universe. Of course M96 is a spiral galaxy, and counting the faint arms extending beyond the brighter central region it spans 100 thousand light-years or so. That's about the size of our own Milky Way. M96 is known to be 38 million light-years distant, a dominant member of the Leo I galaxy group. Background galaxies and smaller Leo I group members can be found by examining the picture. The most intriguing one is itself a spiral galaxy seen nearly edge on behind the outer spiral arm near the 1 o'clock position from center. Its bright central bulge cut by its own dark dust clouds, the edge-on background spiral appears to be about 1/5 the size of M96. If that background galaxy is similar in actual size to M96, then it would be about 5 times farther away.",2022-04-14,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
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| 19 |
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Ancient Layered Hills on Mars,"Is this a picture of Mars or Earth? Oddly enough, it is a picture of Mars. What may appear to some as a terrestrial coastline is in fact a formation of ancient layered hills and wind-blown sand on Mars. The above-pictured region spans about three kilometers in Schiaparelli Crater. What created the layers of sediment is still a topic of research. Viable hypotheses include ancient epochs of deposit either from running water or wind-blown sand. Winds and sandstorms have smoothed and eroded the structures more recently. The ""water"" that appears near the bottom is actually dark colored sand. The image was taken with the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft that operated around Mars from 1996-2006 and returned over 200,000 images.",2009-11-29,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 20 |
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A Spring Sky Over Hirsau Abbey,"What's in the sky tonight? When strolling outside just after sunset, even if just going out to your car, a casual glance upwards can reveal a beautiful night sky also seen by many people across the Earth. To see your local version of the above image, start by facing south, and then tilt your head back. Visible nearly above you, during springtime at sunset in much of the northern hemisphere, will be the Big Dipper, part of the constellation of the Big Bear. The cup end of the Big Dipper will point to the North Star Polaris, the star around which the whole sky would seem to spin, if you could watch for hours. Polaris is at the tip of the Little Dipper, otherwise known as the constellation of the Little Bear. Depending on the time of night, other visible constellations would include Bootes, Leo, Gemini, and Auriga. The above fisheye image was taken from Germany last week. Visible around the entire image edge is the courtyard of Hirsau Abbey, once a Benedictine Monastery founded in the year 830. Moving your cursor over the image will bring up an annotated version of the above image, including the location of the planet Saturn.",2009-05-06,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
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| 21 |
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A Gravity Map of Earth,"Is gravity the same over the surface of the Earth? No -- it turns out that in some places you will feel slightly heavier than others. The above relief map shows in exaggerated highs and lows where the gravitational field of Earth is relatively strong and weak. A low spot can be seen just off the coast of India, while a relative high occurs in the South Pacific Ocean. The cause of these irregularities is unknown since present surface features do not appear dominant. Scientists hypothesize that factors that are more important lay in deep underground structures and may be related to the Earth's appearance in the distant past. To better map Earth's gravity and hence better understand its interior and past, NASA plans to launch the Gravity Recovery and Climate (GRACE) satellite in February.",2001-11-13,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
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| 22 |
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Rocket Fuel,"This gorgeous image of Orion shows off the constellation's young stars and cosmic clouds of hydrogen gas and dust. Made with a film camera tracking the stars on November 11, the exposure lasted some 40 minutes. It includes the Great Orion Nebula (near center), a string of well-known nebulae leading upwards to Orion's three belt stars, and the large semi-circular arc known as Barnard's Loop that seems to end at the bottom right, next to bluish supergiant star Rigel. Serendipitously, the picture also recorded a bright, comet-shaped cloud not known to share the sky with Orion's famous stars and nebulae. Also spotted by other skywatchers, the mystery cloud was quickly recognized as a fuel dump from a booster rocket used to place a satellite in geosynchronous orbit. Reflecting sunlight, the fuel dump plume begins on the west (right) side of the star field and expands as it slowly drifts eastward and fades during the time exposure, creating the wedge-shaped streak.",2007-11-16,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 23 |
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Looking Back Over Mars,"Pictured above, the path of the robot rover Spirit on Mars can be traced far into the distance. Spirit has now crossed kilometers of plains covered with rocks and sand, approached the lip of a crater 200-meters across, and climbed a series of hills. Spirit's path has been not only one of adventure but discovery. Landing inside vast Gusev crater near the beginning of this year, Spirit, along with its sister robot Opportunity across the planet, has uncovered key evidence for ancient Martian water. The recent discovery of goethite, a mineral only known to form on Earth in the presence of water, bolsters the case. Spirit and Opportunity continue to roam the red planet in search of different and more detailed clues to the unfolding ancient past of Mars.",2004-12-15,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 24 |
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The Moon and Jupiter over the Alps,"What are those bright lights in the sky ahead? When hiking a high mountain pass in northern Italy three weeks ago, a conjunction between our Moon and the distant planet Jupiter was visible toward the south just after sunset. The picturesque mountains in the distance are Tre Cime di Lavaredo (Three Peaks of Lavaredo), a UNESCO World Heritage Site and three of the best known mountain peaks in Italy, the Dolomites, and the entire Alps. In the foreground on the left is Locatelli Hut, a refuge for tired hikers as it is located over an hour from nearest parking lot. The bright sky object on the upper left is Saturn. The entire scene was captured on a single 8-second exposure. Jupiter and Saturn will remain prominent in the southwestern sky after sunset this month, while the Moon, in its monthly orbit around the Earth, will pass near Jupiter again in about four days.",2019-09-02,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
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| 25 |
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Messier 5,"""Beautiful Nebula discovered between the Balance [Libra] & the Serpent [Serpens] ..."" begins the description of the 5th entry in 18th century astronomer Charles Messier's famous catalog of nebulae and star clusters. Though it appeared to Messier to be fuzzy and round and without stars, Messier 5 (M5) is now known to be a globular star cluster, 100,000 stars or more, bound by gravity and packed into a region around 165 light-years in diameter. It lies some 25,000 light-years away. Roaming the halo of our galaxy, globular star clusters are ancient members of the Milky Way. M5 is one of the oldest globulars, its stars estimated to be nearly 13 billion years old. The beautiful star cluster is a popular target for earthbound telescopes. Even close to its dense core, the cluster's red and blue giant stars, and rejuvenated blue stragglers stand out with yellowish and blue hues in this sharp color image.",2019-05-09,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
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| 26 |
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The Heart Shaped Antennae Galaxies,"Are these two galaxies really attracted to each other? Yes, gravitationally, and the result appears as an enormous iconic heart -- at least for now. Pictured is the pair of galaxies cataloged as NGC 4038 and NGC 4039,known as the Antennae Galaxies. Because they are only 60 million light years away, close by intergalactic standards, the pair is one of the best studied interacting galaxies on the night sky. Their strong attraction began about a billion years ago when they passed unusually close to each other. As the two galaxies interact, their stars rarely collide, but new stars are formed when their interstellar gases crash together. Some new stars have already formed, for example, in the long antennae seen extending out from the sides of the dancing duo. By the time the galaxy merger is complete, likely over a billion years from now, billions of new stars may have formed. Open Science: Browse 3,300+ codes in the Astrophysics Source Code Library",2024-02-07,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
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Globular Cluster Omega Centauri,"Does an old, red globular cluster have any hot, blue stars? The rightmost picture, taken by the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope in ultraviolet light, shows that indeed it does. Pictured, Omega Centauri is the largest known globular cluster of over 200 in our Galaxy, containing well over a million stars. Many of these stars are evident in the visible light photograph on the left. When photographed in ultraviolet light, however, different and less numerous stars emerge, as evident on the photograph on the right. Most of these stars are thought to have evolved past the current stage of our Sun. These stars no longer fuse hydrogen to helium in their core but rather fuse helium into carbon. These stars will soon shed their outer envelopes and end up as smoldering carbon embers known as white dwarf stars.",2000-10-15,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
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Microlensing of the Einstein Cross,"The famous ""Einstein Cross"" is a
|
| 29 |
case where a single object is seen four times. Here a very distant
|
| 30 |
QSO happened to be placed right behind
|
| 31 |
a massive galaxy. The gravitational
|
| 32 |
effect of the galaxy on the distant QSO
|
| 33 |
was similar to the lens effect of an empty wine glass on a distant
|
| 34 |
street light - it created multiple images. But stars in the foreground
|
| 35 |
galaxy have been found to act as gravitational lenses
|
| 36 |
here too! These stars make the images change brightness relative
|
| 37 |
to each other. These brightness changes are visible on these two
|
| 38 |
photographs of the Einstein Cross,
|
| 39 |
taken about 3 years apart.
|
| 40 |
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Sagittarius Dwarf to Collide with Milky Way,"Our Galaxy is being invaded. Recent observations indicate that in the next 100 million years, the Sagittarius Dwarf galaxy will move though the disk of our own Milky Way Galaxy yet again . The Sagittarius Dwarf (Sgr), shown as the extended irregular shape below the Galactic Center, is the closest of 9 known small dwarf spheroidal galaxies that orbit our Galaxy. Don't worry, our Galaxy is not in danger, but no such assurances are issued for the Sagittarius Dwarf: the intense gravitational tidal forces might pull it apart. Oddly, however, Sgr's orbit indicates that is has been through our Galaxy several times before, and survived! One possibility is that Sgr contains a great deal of low-density dark matter that hold it together gravitationally during these collisions.",1998-02-16,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
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| 41 |
-
Touran Sunrise,"Clouds covered the eastern horizon on Monday, when the Sun rose over the expansive Touran Wildlife Reserve in northeastern Iran. Of course, on that day the Moon rose with the Sun, creating a widely enjoyed partial solar eclipse. Along with a mountainous horizon, the cloud cover lent a dramatic aspect to this eclipse sunrise and made it possible for astronomer Babak Tafreshi to record these telephoto images without using a filter. Advancing north in planet Earth's sky, the Sun itself was also approaching the equinox, the astronomical marker for the first day of northern hemisphere spring and the beginning of Norouz, the Persian New Year.",2007-03-23,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
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| 42 |
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Star Party on Planet Earth,"As twilight sweeps around planet Earth tonight (April 4), many amateur astronomers will set up their telescopes for a 24-hour global star party. The planetwide star party is part of 100 Hours of Astronomy (100HA), a project of the International Year of Astronomy 2009. To join the party, members of the public can find a nearby organized event or planned webcast by consulting the schedules on the 100HA website. What could you see through a telescope tonight? For starters, a bright Moon will shine in the evening sky, offering telescopic observers spectacular views of impact craters, mountains, and lava-flooded mare. Tonight's other celestial targets include the crowd pleasing planet Saturn surrounded by its own moons, its rings tilted nearly edge-on.",2009-04-04,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
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| 43 |
-
Kepler 22b: An Almost Earth Orbiting an Almost Sun,"It's the closest match to Earth that has yet been found. Recently discovered planet Kepler 22b has therefore instantly become the best place to find life outside our Solar System. The planet's host star, Kepler 22, is actually slightly smaller and cooler than the Sun, and lies 600 light-years from Earth toward the constellation of the Swan (Cygnus). The planet, Kepler 22b, is over twice the radius of the Earth and orbits slightly closer in, but lies in the habitable zone where liquid water could exist on the surface. Pictured above is an artist's depiction of how Kepler 22b might appear to an approaching spaceship, in comparison to the inner planets of our Solar System. Whether Kepler 22b actually contains water or life is currently unknown. A SETI project, however, will begin monitoring Kepler 22b for signs of intelligence.",2011-12-07,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
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| 44 |
-
Unusual Red Glow Over Minnesota,"What in heaven's blazes is that? When landing in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA in 2002, just before his flight ascended above cloud level in the early evening, passenger Tyler Blessing saw and photographed ""huge curved sheets of glowing light extending from cloud to ground."" The glow appeared unlike other unusual lights more typically seen, including crepuscular rays, anticrepuscular rays and the glory. A leading possibility, mentioned initially by the photographer, is that the light sheets are setting sunlight scattered off of falling rain. Alternatively, the phenomenon could just be a peculiar window reflection. APOD readers, who have previously shown an impressive ability to pool their collective intelligence to create a better understanding of photographed sky anomalies, are invited to discuss this online. It might help to know that EXIF data indicates that the image was captured on 2002 September 23 at about 8:07 pm in the evening (local time), and that the camera was reported to be pointing north of west at that time. The oval on the ground, visible in the lower right of the above image, is Canterbury Downs race track.",2009-02-17,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
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| 45 |
-
DART Asteroid Impact from Space,"Fifteen days before impact, the DART spacecraft deployed a small companion satellite to document its historic planetary defense technology demonstration. Provided by the Italian Space Agency, the Light Italian CubeSat for Imaging Asteroids, aka LICIACube, recorded this image of the event's aftermath. A cloud of ejecta is seen near the right edge of the frame captured only minutes following DART's impact with target asteroid Dimorphos while LICIACube was about 80 kilometers away. Presently about 11 million kilometers from Earth, 160 meter diameter Dimorphos is a moonlet orbiting 780 meter diameter asteroid Didymos. Didymos is seen off center in the LICIACube image. Over the coming weeks, ground-based telescopic observations will look for a small change in Dimorphos' orbit around Didymos to evaluate how effectively the DART impact deflected its target.",2022-09-29,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 46 |
-
Restored: First Image of the Earth from the Moon,"Pictured above is the first image ever taken of the Earth from the Moon. The image was taken in 1966 by Lunar Orbiter 1 and heralded by then-journalists as the Image of the Century. It was taken about two years before the Apollo 8 crew snapped its more famous color cousin. Recently, modern technology has allowed the recovery of higher resolution images from old data sources such as Lunar Orbiter tapes than ever before. Specifically, recovery of the above image was initiated 20 years ago by Nancy Evans, and completed recently by Dennis Wingo and Keith Cowing who lead the Lunar Orbiter Image Recovery Project. Lunar Orbiter Image Recovery Project. Images like that above carry more than aesthetic value -- comparison to recent high definition images of the Moon enables investigations into how the Moon has been changing.",2008-11-18,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
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"Starbirth in the Lagoon Nebula
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-
Credit and Copyright:","Stars are forming even today in the Lagoon
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Nebula. This bright nebula is visible in the constellation of Sagittarius
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with binoculars. The above photo
|
| 51 |
is the result of a new sensitive camera
|
| 52 |
being attached to one of the world's largest telescopes.
|
| 53 |
Curtains of collapsing hydrogen are shown above in green, highlighted
|
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by a special filter that isolates light from this specific atom.
|
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Many young stars are evident in the open cluster M8
|
| 56 |
in the Lagoon, the result of previously collapsed gas clouds.
|
| 57 |
Many of the stars appear red because of the high amount of dust
|
| 58 |
in the Lagoon Nebula.
|
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Red light penetrates dust clouds best, although enough dust will
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block all visible light and leave a dark nebula.
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title,description,date,data_type,source,scrape_timestamp
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case where a single object is seen four times. Here a very distant
|
| 3 |
QSO happened to be placed right behind
|
| 4 |
a massive galaxy. The gravitational
|
| 5 |
effect of the galaxy on the distant QSO
|
| 6 |
was similar to the lens effect of an empty wine glass on a distant
|
| 7 |
street light - it created multiple images. But stars in the foreground
|
| 8 |
galaxy have been found to act as gravitational lenses
|
| 9 |
here too! These stars make the images change brightness relative
|
| 10 |
to each other. These brightness changes are visible on these two
|
| 11 |
photographs of the Einstein Cross,
|
| 12 |
taken about 3 years apart.
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Nebula. This bright nebula is visible in the constellation of Sagittarius
|
| 14 |
with binoculars. The above photo
|
| 15 |
is the result of a new sensitive camera
|
| 16 |
being attached to one of the world's largest telescopes.
|
| 17 |
Curtains of collapsing hydrogen are shown above in green, highlighted
|
| 18 |
by a special filter that isolates light from this specific atom.
|
| 19 |
Many young stars are evident in the open cluster M8
|
| 20 |
in the Lagoon, the result of previously collapsed gas clouds.
|
| 21 |
Many of the stars appear red because of the high amount of dust
|
| 22 |
in the Lagoon Nebula.
|
| 23 |
Red light penetrates dust clouds best, although enough dust will
|
| 24 |
block all visible light and leave a dark nebula.
|
| 25 |
|
| 26 |
+
Curly Spiral Galaxy M63,"A bright spiral galaxy of the northern sky, Messier 63 is nearby, about 30 million light-years distant toward the loyal constellation Canes Venatici. Also cataloged as NGC 5055, the majestic island universe is nearly 100,000 light-years across, about the size of our own Milky Way. Its bright core and majestic spiral arms lend the galaxy its popular name, The Sunflower Galaxy, while this exceptionally deep exposure also follows faint, arcing star streams far into the galaxy's halo. Extending nearly 180,000 light-years from the galactic center the star streams are likely remnants of tidally disrupted satellites of M63. Other satellite galaxies of M63 can be spotted in this remarkable wide-field image, made with a small telescope, including five newly identified faint dwarf galaxies, which could contribute to M63's star streams in the next few billion years.",2020-12-04,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 27 |
+
Aerosol Earth,"For August 23, 2018, the identification and distribution of aerosols in the Earth's atmosphere is shown in this dramatic, planet-wide visualization. Produced in real time, the Goddard Earth Observing System Forward Processing (GEOS FP) model relies on a combination of Earth-observing satellite and ground-based data to calculate the presence of types of aerosols, tiny solid particles and liquid droplets, as they circulate above the entire planet. This August 23rd model shows black carbon particles in red from combustion processes, like smoke from the fires in the United States and Canada, spreading across large stretches of North America and Africa. Sea salt aerosols are in blue, swirling above threatening typhoons near South Korea and Japan, and the hurricane looming near Hawaii. Dust shown in purple hues is blowing over African and Asian deserts. The location of cities and towns can be found from the concentrations of lights based on satellite image data of the Earth at night.",2018-09-01,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 28 |
+
Comet 46P/Wirtanen,"Periodic Comet 46P/Wirtanen is now the brightest comet in the night sky, but too faint to be seen by eye. From dark sky sites it could just become naked-eye visible though, as its 5.4 year long looping orbit takes it closest to Earth and the Sun in mid December. Fluorescing in sunlight, its spherical coma is about half the angular size of a full moon in this southern hemisphere telescopic view from November 7. Then the comet was about 2 light-minutes away or 35 million kilometers from Earth-bound telescopes, so the pretty greenish coma seen here is around 150,000 kilometers across. That makes it about the size of Jupiter. The stack of digital images also reveals a very faint tail extending toward 4 o'clock with a distant background galaxy notable at the upper left. As a regular visitor to the inner Solar System, comet 46P/Wirtanen was once the favored rendezvous target for ESA's comet exploring Rosetta mission.",2018-11-15,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 29 |
+
Iridescent Clouds Over Aiguille de la Tsa,"Before the sun rose over the mountains, iridescent colors danced across the sky. The unexpected light show was caused by a batch of iridescent clouds, and captured on film in early September in Arolla, Wallis, Switzerland. The peak in the foreground of the above image is Aiguille de la Tsa. Iridescent clouds contain patches of water droplets of nearly identical size that can therefore diffract sunlight in a nearly uniform manner. Different colors will be deflected by different amounts and so come to the observer from slightly different directions. Iridescent clouds are best seen outside the glare of the direct Sun although they can occasionally be seen to encircle the Sun.",2003-10-14,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 30 |
+
NASA Mission to MAP the Universe,"What is our universe made of? How rapidly is our universe expanding? When did galaxies form? These questions, among the most important and baffling to astronomers since the beginning of the modern astronomical era, might well be answered by a new space satellite mission. The Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP) is being designed inspect the universe's microwave background radiation in more detail then ever before. MAP will record the frequency, size and temperature of bumps 20 times smaller than COBE. Astronomers have computed what bumps would be expected from several models of our universe, and comparing these results to MAP's data may yield a new understanding of the composition and structure of our universe. MAP has just won approval as a NASA MIDEX class satellite, and is currently scheduled to launch in the year 2000. Information: The Scale of the Universe Debate in April 1996",1996-04-15,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 31 |
+
Where a Black Hole Roams,"Black hole candidate XTE J1118+480 is known to roam the halo of our Milky Way Galaxy. This exotic system - thought to be a stellar mass black hole consuming matter from a companion star - was discovered only last year as a flaring celestial x-ray source. Suggestively termed a microquasar, recent radio and archival optical observations of its motion through the sky have now allowed its orbit to be calculated. Illustrated above, the black hole's present galactic location is indicated by the purple dot, with the Sun's position in yellow. A mere 6,000 light-years from the Sun now, XTE J1118+480's orbit is traced by the orange line, backtracked for some 230 million years into the past based on models of the Galaxy. Astronomers note this black hole's orbit about the galactic center, looping high above and below the Galaxy's plane of gas, dust,and stars, is similar to orbits of globular star clusters, ancient denizens of our Galaxy. It seems likely that XTE J1118+480 too has its origins in the early history and halo of the Milky Way.",2001-09-21,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 32 |
+
Zodiacal Light,"Sometimes the sky itself seems to glow. Usually, this means you are seeing a cloud reflecting sunlight or moonlight. If the glow appears as a faint band of light running across the whole sky, you are probably seeing the combined light from the billions of stars that compose our Milky Way Galaxy. But if the glow appears triangular and near the horizon, you might be seeing something called zodiacal light. Pictured above, zodiacal light is just sunlight reflected by tiny dust particles orbiting in our Solar System. Many of these particles were ejected by comets. Zodiacal light is easiest to see in September and October just before sunrise from a very dark location.",1997-08-26,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 33 |
+
Gigagalaxy Zoom: Galactic Center,"From Sagittarius to Scorpius, the central Milky Way is a truly beautiful part of planet Earth's night sky. The gorgeous region is captured here, an expansive gigapixel mosaic of 52 fields spanning 34 by 20 degrees in 1200 individual images and 200 hours of exposure time. Part of ESO's Gigagalaxy Zoom Project, the images were collected over 29 nights with a small telescope under the exceptionally clear, dark skies of the ESO Paranal Observatory in Chile. The breathtaking cosmic vista shows off intricate dust lanes, bright nebulae, and star clusters scattered through our galaxy's rich central starfields. Starting on the left, look for the Lagoon and Trifid nebulae, the Cat's Paw, the Pipe dark nebula, and the colorful clouds of Rho Ophiuchi and Antares (right).",2009-09-25,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 34 |
+
The United States At Night,"This is what the United States of America looks like at night! Can you find your favorite US city in this image? Surprisingly, city lights make this task quite possible. The above picture is actually a composite of over 200 images made by satellites orbiting planet Earth. Scans were made by the USAF Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System. The DMSP satellites continue to help in the understanding and prediction of weather phenomena as well as provide key information about population patterns, city light levels, and even forest fires.",2000-07-08,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 35 |
+
Central Lagoon in Infrared,"Stars fill this infrared view, spanning 4 light-years across the center of the Lagoon Nebula. Visible light images show the glowing gas and obscuring dust clouds that dominate the scene. But this infrared image, constructed from Hubble Space Telescope data, peers closer to the heart of the active star-forming region revealing newborn stars scattered within, against a crowded field of background stars toward the center of our Milky Way galaxy. This tumultuous stellar nursery's central regions are sculpted and energized by the massive, young Herschel 36, seen as the bright star near center in the field of view. Herschel 36 is actually a multiple system of massive stars. At over 30 times the mass of the Sun and less than 1 million years old, the most massive star in the system should live to a stellar old age of 5 million years. Compare that to the almost 5 billion year old Sun which will evolve into a red giant in only another 5 billion years or so. The Lagoon Nebula, also known as M8, lies about 4,000 light-years away within the boundaries of the constellation Sagittarius.",2021-03-19,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 36 |
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Star Forming Region NGC 6357,"For reasons unknown, NGC 6357 is forming some of the most massive stars ever discovered. Near the more obvious Cat's Paw nebula, NGC 6357 houses the open star cluster Pismis 24, home to these tremendously bright and blue stars. The overall red glow near the inner star forming region results from the emission of ionized hydrogen gas. The surrounding nebula, shown above, holds a complex tapestry of gas, dark dust, stars still forming, and newly born stars. The intricate patterns are caused by complex interactions between interstellar winds, radiation pressures, magnetic fields, and gravity. NGC 6357 spans about 400 light years and lies about 8,000 light years away toward the constellation of the Scorpion.",2006-12-20,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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X-Rays from Comet LINEAR,"Why do comets emit X-rays? First discovered during the passing of Comet Hyakutake in 1996, the reason a cold comet would produce hot X-rays has since remained a mystery. On July 14, however, the orbiting Chandra X-ray Observatory was able to provide an image of passing Comet LINEAR, shown above, in enough detail to unravel the mystery. The key to the solution turns out to be the unusual wind of fast ions emitted by our Sun. These ions apparently collide with gas recently emitted by the comet and cause some ions to acquire a new electron. An electron that starts in a high-energy state will emit an X-ray as it falls in closer to the ion nucleus. As other comets move into the inner Solar System, this discovery should allow future study of the continually evolving gas cloud that surrounds comets as well as the composition of the solar wind.",2000-08-01,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Reflecting Merope,"In the well known Pleiades star cluster, starlight is slowly destroying this wandering cloud of gas and dust. The star Merope lies just off the upper left edge of this picture from the Hubble Space Telescope. In the past 100,000 years, part of the cloud has by chance moved so close to this star - only 3,500 times the Earth-Sun distance - that the starlight itself is having a very dramatic effect. Pressure of the star's light significantly repels the dust in the reflection nebula, and smaller dust particles are repelled more strongly. As a result, parts of the dust cloud have become stratified, pointing toward Merope. The closest particles are the most massive and the least affected by the radiation pressure. A longer-term result will be the general destruction of the dust by the energetic starlight.",2006-07-15,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Hyperion: Sponge Moon of Saturn,"Why is Saturn's moon Hyperion textured like a sponge? Recent high-resolution images from the robot Cassini spacecraft orbiting Saturn show Hyperion to be an even stranger place than thought before. Previously, it was known that the length of a day on Hyperion is unpredictable. The moon's highly elliptical orbit around Saturn, its highly non-spherical shape, and its locked 4:3 orbital resonance with Titan torque Hyperion around so much it is hard to predict when the Sun will rise next. The newly imaged craters on the unusually coarse surface are surely the result of impacts, but for some reason have dark centers. The low density of Hyperion indicates it might even be a spelunker's paradise, riddled with tremendous caverns.",2005-07-26,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Inside the Eagle Nebula,"From afar, the whole thing looks like an Eagle. A closer look at the Eagle Nebula, however, shows the bright region is actually a window into the center of a larger dark shell of dust. Through this window, a brightly-lit workshop appears where a whole open cluster of stars is being formed. In this cavity tall pillars and round globules of dark dust and cold molecular gas remain where stars are still forming. Already visible are several young bright blue stars whose light and winds are burning away and pushing back the remaining filaments and walls of gas and dust. The Eagle emission nebula, tagged M16, lies about 6500 light years away, spans about 20 light-years, and is visible with binoculars toward the constellation of the Serpent (Serpens). This picture combines three specific emitted colors and was taken with the 0.9-meter telescope on Kitt Peak, Arizona, USA.",2009-02-08,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Philae Attempts Comet Nucleus Landing,"Today humanity will make its first attempt to land a probe on the nucleus of a comet. As the day progresses, the Philae (fee-LAY) lander will separate from the Rosetta spacecraft and head down to the surface of Comet 67P/Churyumov�Gerasimenko. Since the texture of the comet's surface is unknown and its surface gravity is surely low, Philae will then attempt to harpoon itself down, something that has never been done before. Featured here is an artist's illustration of dishwasher-sized Philae as it might look on Comet Churyumov�Gerasimenko's surface, along with explanation balloons detailing onboard scientific instruments. Many people on a blue planet across the Solar System will be eagerly awaiting news and updates. Whether Philae actually lands, whether it lands on a smooth patch, whether the harpoons take hold, and how far the robotic lander sinks into the surface should all become known as events unfold today. Comet lander updates: From ESA",2014-11-12,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Epsilon Tauri: Star with Planet,"silon Tauri lies 146 light-years away. A K-type red giant star, epsilon Tau is cooler than the Sun, but with about 13 times the solar radius it shines with nearly 100 times the solar luminosity. A member of the Hyades open star cluster the giant star is known by the proper name Ain, and along with brighter giant star Aldebaran, forms the eyes of Taurus the Bull. Surrounded by dusty, dark clouds in Taurus, epsilon Tau is also known to have a planet. Discovered by radial velocity measurements in 2006, epsilon Tauri b is a gas giant planet larger than Jupiter with an orbital period of 1.6 years. And though the exoplanet can't be seen directly, on a dark night its parent star epsilon Tauri is easily visible to the unaided eye.",2024-01-26,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Sharpless 249 and the Jellyfish Nebula,"Normally faint and elusive, the Jellyfish Nebula is caught in this alluring telescopic mosaic. The scene is anchored below by bright star Eta Geminorum, at the foot of the celestial twin, while the Jellyfish Nebula is the brighter arcing ridge of emission with tentacles dangling below and left of center. In fact, the cosmic jellyfish is part of bubble-shaped supernova remnant IC 443, the expanding debris cloud from a massive star that exploded. Light from the explosion first reached planet Earth over 30,000 years ago. Like its cousin in astrophysical waters the Crab Nebula supernova remnant, the Jellyfish Nebula is known to harbor a neutron star, the remnant of the collapsed stellar core. An emission nebula cataloged as Sharpless 249 fills the field at the upper right. The Jellyfish Nebula is about 5,000 light-years away. At that distance, this narrowband composite image presented in the Hubble Palette would be about 300 light-years across.",2017-01-07,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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The Medulla Nebula Supernova Remnant,"What powers this unusual nebula? CTB-1 is the expanding gas shell that was left when a massive star toward the constellation of Cassiopeia exploded about 10,000 years ago. The star likely detonated when it ran out of elements, near its core, that could create stabilizing pressure with nuclear fusion. The resulting supernova remnant, nicknamed the Medulla Nebula for its brain-like shape, still glows in visible light by the heat generated by its collision with confining interstellar gas. Why the nebula also glows in X-ray light, though, remains a mystery. One hypothesis holds that an energetic pulsar was co-created that powers the nebula with a fast outwardly moving wind. Following this lead, a pulsar has recently been found in radio waves that appears to have been expelled by the supernova explosion at over 1000 kilometers per second. Although the Medulla Nebula appears as large as a full moon, it is so faint that it took 130-hours of exposure with two small telescopes in New Mexico, USA, to create the featured image.",2021-01-18,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Bright Spiral Galaxy M81 from Hubble,"The Hubble Space Telescope has resolved individual stars in a spectacular new image of nearby spiral galaxy M81. The feat is similar to Edwin Hubble's historic images with the Mt. Wilson 100-inch Hooker Telescope in the 1920s that resolved stars in neighboring galaxy M31. Edwin Hubble was able to use individual Cepheid variable stars to show that M31 was not nearby swirling gas but rather an entire galaxy like our Milky Way Galaxy. This above image in visible light taken by the Hubble Space Telescope is being used in conjunction with images being taken in ultraviolet by Galex, infrared by Spitzer, and X-rays with Chandra to study how stars have formed and died over the history M81. Light takes about 12 million years to reach us from M81. M81 is visible with binoculars toward the constellation of the Great Bear (Ursa Major).",2007-05-29,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Betelgeuse,"Here is the first direct picture of the surface of a star other than our Sun. Taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1995, the atmosphere of Betelgeuse reveals some unexpected features, including a large bright hotspot visible below the center. Betelgeuse (sounds like ""beetle juice"") is a red supergiant star about 600 light years distant, easily recognizable from its brightness and reddish color in the constellation of Orion. While Betelgeuse is cooler than the Sun, it is more massive and over 1000 times larger. If placed at the center of our Solar System, it would extend past the orbit of Jupiter. Betelgeuse is nearing the end of its life and will become a supernova in a perhaps a few tens of millions of years.",1998-04-19,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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The Spiral Arms of NGC 4622,"While stirring a morning cup of coffee and thinking cosmic thoughts many astronomers would glance at this Hubble Space Telescope image of spiral galaxy NGC 4622 and assume that the galaxy was rotating counterclockwise in the picture. One hundred million light-years away in the constellation Centaurus, NGC 4622's gorgeous outer spiral arms, traced by bright bluish star clusters and dark dust lanes, should be winding up like ... well, like swirls in a cup of coffee. But a closer look at this galaxy reveals that a pronounced inner spiral arm winds in the opposite direction. So which way is this galaxy rotating? Recent evidence combining ground-based spectroscopy and the sharp Hubble image data surprisingly indicates that the galaxy is likely rotating clockwise in the picture, its outer spiral arms opening outward in the direction of rotation. There are further indications that a past collision with a smaller companion galaxy has contributed to this bizarre rotational arrangement of spiral arms, essentially unique among known large spiral galaxies, in NGC 4622.",2002-01-25,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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An Evening Sky Conjunction,"ght years ago, an evening sky held this lovely pairing of a young crescent Moon and brilliant Venus. Seen near the western horizon, the close conjunction and its wintry reflection were captured from Bolu, Turkey, planet Earth on February 19, 2007. In the 8 Earth years since this photograph was taken Venus has orbited the Sun almost exactly 13 times, so the Sun and Venus have now returned to the same the configuration in Earth's sky. And since every 8 years the Moon also nearly repeats its phases for a given time of year, a very similar crescent Moon-Venus conjunction will again appear in planet Earth's evening skies tonight. But the February 20, 2015 version of the conjunction will also include planet Mars. Much fainter Mars will wander even closer to Venus by the evening of February 21.",2015-02-20,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Natural Saturn On The Cassini Cruise,"What could you see approaching Saturn aboard an interplanetary cruise ship? Your view would likely resemble this subtly shaded image of the gorgeous ringed gas giant. Processed by the Hubble Heritage project, the picture intentionally avoids overemphasizing color contrasts and presents a natural looking Saturn with cloud bands, storms, nearly edge-on rings, and the small round shadow of the moon Enceladus near the center of the planet's disk. Of course, seats were not available on the only ship currently enroute - the Cassini spacecraft, launched in 1997 and scheduled to arrive at Saturn in the year 2004. After an extended cruise to a world 1,400 million kilometers from the Sun, Cassini will tour the Saturnian system, conducting a remote, robotic exploration with software and instruments designed by denizens of planet Earth. But where is Cassini now? Still about 980 million kilometers from Saturn, last Sunday the spacecraft flew by asteroid 2685 Masursky.",2000-01-29,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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The Early Universe,"What did our universe look like when it was young? To answer this, cosmologists run sophisticated computer programs tracking the locations of millions of particles. The above animated frame is the result of such a calculation and shows how our universe might have looked when it was just a fracton of its current age. The universe started out very smooth - matter and light are spread almost uniformly. As time progressed, gravity caused slight gatherings of mass to accrete so that ever greater conglomerations formed. Galaxies and long filaments formed - which are shown by the bright patches and streaks in the above frame. An IMAX movie including hundreds of these frames was nominated for an academy award.",1997-06-14,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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The Firework Nebula,"Imaged by the WIYN Telescope, the Firework Nebula is the result of a type of stellar explosion called a nova. In a nova, a nuclear detonation on the surface of a compact white dwarf star blasts away material that has been dumped on its surface by a companion star. Also known as GK Persei or Nova Persei, this nova became one of the brightest stars in the night sky in the year 1901. As it faded, astronomers could see an expanding shell of gas that eventually became this spectacular nebula. While not exactly predictable, GK Per undergoes minor outbursts every three or four years.",1998-07-04,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Mt. Etna Lava Plume,"Mt. Etna has been erupting for hundreds of thousands of years. Located in Sicily, Italy, the volcano produces lava fountains over one kilometer high. Mt. Etna is not only one of the most active volcanoes on Earth, it is one of the largest, measuring over 50 kilometers at its base and rising nearly 3 kilometers high. Pictured in mid-March, a spectacular lava plume erupts upwards, dangerous molten volcanic bombs fly off to the sides, while hot lava flows down the volcano's exterior. The Earth's rotation is discernable on this carefully time, moon-lit, long duration image as star trails. Follow APOD on: Facebook, Google Plus, Instagram, or Twitter",2017-04-26,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Aurora over Sweden,"It was bright and green and stretched across the sky. This striking aurora display was captured in 2016 just outside of Östersund, Sweden. Six photographic fields were merged to create the featured panorama spanning almost 180 degrees. Particularly striking aspects of this aurora include its sweeping arc-like shape and its stark definition. Lake Storsjön is seen in the foreground, while several familiar constellations and the star Polaris are visible through the aurora, far in the background. Coincidently, the aurora appears to avoid the Moon visible on the lower left. The aurora appeared a day after a large hole opened in the Sun's corona allowing particularly energetic particles to flow out into the Solar System. The green color of the aurora is caused by oxygen atoms recombining with ambient electrons high in the Earth's atmosphere.",2020-05-31,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Stars and Dust Across Corona Australis,"Cosmic dust clouds sprawl across a rich field of stars in this sweeping telescopic vista near the northern boundary of Corona Australis, the Southern Crown. Probably less than 500 light-years away and effectively blocking light from more distant, background stars in the Milky Way, the densest part of the dust cloud is about 8 light-years long. At its tip (upper right) is a group of lovely reflection nebulae cataloged as NGC 6726, 6727, 6729, and IC 4812. A characteristic blue color is produced as light from hot stars is reflected by the cosmic dust. The smaller yellowish nebula (NGC 6729) surrounds young variable star R Coronae Australis. Magnificent globular star cluster NGC 6723 is at the upper right corner of the view. While NGC 6723 appears to be part of the group, it actually lies nearly 30,000 light-years away, far beyond the Corona Australis dust clouds.",2009-06-05,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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The Large Cloud of Magellan,"The 16th century Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan and his crew had plenty of time to study the southern sky during the first circumnavigation of planet Earth. As a result, two fuzzy cloud-like objects easily visible to southern hemisphere skygazers are known as the Clouds of Magellan, now understood to be satellite galaxies of our much larger, spiral Milky Way galaxy. About 160,000 light-years distant in the constellation Dorado, the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is seen here in a remarkably deep, colorful, image. Spanning about 15,000 light-years or so, it is the most massive of the Milky Way's satellite galaxies and is the home of the closest supernova in modern times, SN 1987A. The prominent patch below center is 30 Doradus, also known as the magnificent Tarantula Nebula, a giant star-forming region about 1,000 light-years across.",2019-09-05,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Galaxies in Pegasus,"This wide, sharp telescopic view reveals galaxies scattered beyond the stars and faint dust nebulae of the Milky Way at the northern boundary of the high-flying constellation Pegasus. Prominent at the upper right is NGC 7331. A mere 50 million light-years away, the large spiral is one of the brighter galaxies not included in Charles Messier's famous 18th century catalog. The disturbed looking group of galaxies at the lower left is well-known as Stephan's Quintet. About 300 million light-years distant, the quintet dramatically illustrates a multiple galaxy collision, its powerful, ongoing interactions posed for a brief cosmic snapshot. On the sky, the quintet and NGC 7331 are separated by about half a degree. Today: Partial Solar Eclipse",2014-10-23,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Rays from an Unexpected Aurora,"This aurora was a bit of a surprise. For starters, on this Friday morning in August 2002, no intense auroral activity was expected at all. Possibly more surprising, however, the aurora appeared to show an usual structure of green rays from some locations. In the above image, captured from North Dakota, USA, a picket fence of green rays stretches toward the horizon. Mirroring the green rays is a red band, somewhat rare in its own right. Lights from the cities of Bismarck and Mandan are visible near the horizon. Large sunspot groups indicate that activity from an active Sun is relatively likely, possibly causing other streams of energetic particles to cascade onto the Earth and so causing more auroras.",2005-11-20,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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A Galaxy is not a Comet,"This gorgeous galaxy and comet portrait was recorded on April 5th in the skies over the Oriental Pyrenees near Figueres, Spain. From a site above 1,100 meters, astrophotographer Juan Carlos Casado used a guided time exposure, fast film, and a telephoto lens to capture the predicted conjunction of the bright Comet Ikeya-Zhang (right) and the Andromeda Galaxy (left). This stunning celestial scene would also have been a rewarding one for the influential 18th century comet hunter Charles Messier. While Messier scanned French skies for comets, he carefully cataloged positions of things which were fuzzy and comet-like in appearance but did not move against the background stars and so were definitely not comets. The Andromeda Galaxy, also known as M31, is the 31st object in his famous not-a-comet catalog. Not-a-comet object number 110, a late addition to Messier's catalog, is one of Andromeda's small satellite galaxies, and can be seen here just below M31. Our modern understanding holds that the Andromeda galaxy is a large spiral galaxy some 2 million light-years distant. The photogenic Comet Ikeya-Zhang, now a lovely sight in early morning skies, is about 80 million kilometers (4 light-minutes) from planet Earth.",2002-04-12,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Hubble's Jupiter and the Shrinking Great Red Spot,"What will become of Jupiter's Great Red Spot? Gas giant Jupiter is the solar system's largest world with about 320 times the mass of planet Earth. Jupiter is home to one of the largest and longest lasting storm systems known, the Great Red Spot (GRS), visible to the left. The GRS is so large it could swallow Earth, although it has been shrinking. Comparison with historical notes indicate that the storm spans only about one third of the exposed surface area it had 150 years ago. NASA's Outer Planets Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program has been monitoring the storm more recently using the Hubble Space Telescope. The featured Hubble OPAL image shows Jupiter as it appeared in 2016, processed in a way that makes red hues appear quite vibrant. Modern GRS data indicate that the storm continues to constrict its surface area, but is also becoming slightly taller, vertically. No one knows the future of the GRS, including the possibility that if the shrinking trend continues, the GRS might one day even do what smaller spots on Jupiter have done -- disappear completely. Tuesday over Zoom: APOD editor to present the Best APOD Space Images of 2021",2022-01-09,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Barred Spiral Galaxy NGC 1300,"NGC 1300 is a large spiral galaxy that appears as a flattened figure eight. A huge bar that spans over 150,000 light-years across the galaxy center dominates its appearance. The picturesque galaxy lies about 75 million light-years distant, so that light that we see now left during the age of the dinosaurs. Although it is well known how fast different parts of NGC 1300 rotate, the specific orbits of many component stars -- including how they interact with the gigantic bar -- remains a topic of research. Our own Milky Way Galaxy is a spiral galaxy with a less prominent bar. NGC 1300 can be seen with a small telescope towards the constellation of Eridanus.",2000-10-04,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Rings and Bar of Spiral Galaxy NGC 1398,"Why do some spiral galaxies have a ring around the center? Spiral galaxy NGC 1398 not only has a ring of pearly stars, gas and dust around its center, but a bar of stars and gas across its center, and spiral arms that appear like ribbons farther out. The featured deep image from Observatorio El Sauce in Chile shows the grand spiral galaxy in impressive detail. NGC 1398 lies about 65 million light years distant, meaning the light we see today left this galaxy when dinosaurs were disappearing from the Earth. The photogenic galaxy is visible with a small telescope toward the constellation of the Furnace (Fornax). The ring near the center is likely an expanding density wave of star formation, caused either by a gravitational encounter with another galaxy, or by the galaxy's own gravitational asymmetries.",2023-07-12,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Spicules: Jets on the Sun,"Imagine a pipe as wide as a state and as long as half the Earth. Now imagine that this pipe is filled with hot gas moving 50,000 kilometers per hour. Further imagine that this pipe is not made of metal but a transparent magnetic field. You are envisioning just one of thousands of young spicules on the active Sun. Pictured above is perhaps the highest resolution image yet of these enigmatic solar flux tubes. Spicules dot the above frame of solar active region 10380 that crossed the Sun in June, but are particularly evident as a carpet of dark tubes on the right. Time-sequenced images have recently shown that spicules last about five minutes, starting out as tall tubes of rapidly rising gas but eventually fading as the gas peaks and falls back down to the Sun. These images also indicate, for the first time, that the ultimate cause of spicules is sound-like waves that flow over the Sun's surface but leak into the Sun's atmosphere.",2004-08-02,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Cassini Approaches Saturn,"What would it look like to approach Saturn in a spaceship? One doesn't have to just imagine -- the Cassini spacecraft did just this in 2004, recording thousands of images along the way, and hundreds of thousands more since entering orbit. Some of Cassini's early images have been digitally tweaked, cropped, and compiled into the featured inspiring video which is part of a larger developing IMAX movie project named In Saturn's Rings. In the concluding sequence, Saturn looms increasingly large on approach as cloudy Titan swoops below. With Saturn whirling around in the background, Cassini is next depicted flying over Mimas, with large Herschel Crater clearly visible. Saturn's majestic rings then take over the show as Cassini crosses Saturn's thin ring plane. Dark shadows of the ring appear on Saturn itself. Finally, the enigmatic ice-geyser moon Enceladus appears in the distance and then is approached just as the video clip ends. After more than a decade of exploration and discovery, the Cassini spacecraft ran low on fuel in 2017 was directed to enter Saturn's atmosphere, where it surely melted.",2020-04-19,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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The Shifting Tails of Comet NEOWISE,"Keep your eye on the ion tail of Comet NEOWISE. A tale of this tail is the trail of the Earth. As with all comets, the blue ion tail always points away from the Sun. But as Comet C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) rounded our Sun, its ion tail pointed in slightly different directions. This is because between 2020 July 17 and July 25 when the featured images were taken, the Earth moved noticeably in its orbit around the Sun. But the Earth's motion made the Sun appear to shift in the sky. So even though you can't see the Sun directly in the featured image(s), the directions of the ion tails reveal this apparent solar shift. The Sun's apparent motion is in the ecliptic, the common plane where all planets orbit. The featured five image composite was meticulously composed to accurately place each comet image -- and the five extrapolated solar positions -- on a single foreground image of Turó de l'Home Mountain, north of Barcelona, Spain Comet NEOWISE is no longer the impressive naked-eye object it was last month, but it can still be found with a small telescope as it heads back to the outer Solar System.",2020-08-12,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Saturn in Blue and Gold,"Why is Saturn partly blue? The featured picture of Saturn approximates what a human would see if hovering close to the giant ringed world. The image was taken in 2006 March by the robot Cassini spacecraft now orbiting Saturn. Here Saturn's majestic rings appear directly only as a thin vertical line. The rings show their complex structure in the dark shadows they create on the image left. Saturn's fountain moon Enceladus, only about 500 kilometers across, is seen as the bump in the plane of the rings. The northern hemisphere of Saturn can appear partly blue for the same reason that Earth's skies can appear blue -- molecules in the cloudless portions of both planet's atmospheres are better at scattering blue light than red. When looking deep into Saturn's clouds, however, the natural gold hue of Saturn's clouds becomes dominant. It is not known why southern Saturn does not show the same blue hue -- one hypothesis holds that clouds are higher there. It is also not known why Saturn's clouds are colored gold. Next month, Cassini will end its mission with a final dramatic dive into Saturn's atmosphere. Eclipses 2017: Memorable images submitted to APOD -- please ""Like"" your favorites.",2017-08-29,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Galaxies on a String,"Galaxies NGC 5216 (top right) and NGC 5218 really do look like they are connected by a string. Of course, that string is a cosmic trail of gas, dust, and stars about 22,000 light-years long. Also known as Keenan's system (for its discoverer) and Arp 104, the interacting galaxy pair is some 17 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major. The debris trail that joins them, along with NGC 5218's comma-shaped extension and the distorted arms of NGC 5216 are a consequence of mutual gravitational tides that disrupt the galaxies as they repeatedly swing close to one another. Drawn out over billions of years, the encounters will likely result in their merger into a single galaxy of stars. Such spectacular galactic mergers are now understood to be a normal part of the evolution of galaxies, including our own Milky Way.",2008-07-31,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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ISS Fisheye Fly-Through,"Shot in Ultra HD, this stunning video can take you on a tour of the International Space Station. A fisheye lens with sharp focus and extreme depth of field provides an immersive visual experience of life in the orbital outpost. In the 18 minute fly-through, your point of view will float serenely while you watch our fair planet go by 400 kilometers below the seven-windowed Cupola, and explore the interior of the station's habitable nodes and modules from an astronaut's perspective. The modular International Space Station is Earth's largest artificial satellite, about the size of a football field in overall length and width. Its total pressurized volume is approximately equal to that of a Boeing 747 aircraft.",2016-11-05,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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A Space Shuttle Before Dawn,"This shuttle has launched to space. Pictured above, the Space Shuttle Atlantis sat on Launch Pad 39A before dawn last month as it was prepared for the launch. The shuttle orbiter is visible on the image right, attached to a brown liquid fuel tank and two white solid rocket boosters. In the image center is the Fixed Service Structure that stands just over 100 meters tall, including the white lightning rod at the top. Starting on Sunday, the space shuttle embarked on one of its most ambitious missions ever: its fourth mission to fix and upgrade the ageing Hubble Space Telescope. Hubble's replacement, the James Webb Space Telescope, is currently scheduled for launch in 2014.",2009-05-13,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Grand Spiral Galaxy NGC 1232,"Galaxies are fascinating not only for what is visible, but for what is invisible. Grand spiral galaxy NGC 1232, captured in detail by one of the new Very Large Telescopes, is a good example. The visible is dominated by millions of bright stars and dark dust, caught up in a gravitational swirl of spiral arms revolving about the center. Open clusters containing bright blue stars can be seen sprinkled along these spiral arms, while dark lanes of dense interstellar dust can be seen sprinkled between them. Less visible, but detectable, are billions of dim normal stars and vast tracts of interstellar gas, together wielding such high mass that they dominate the dynamics of the inner galaxy. Invisible are even greater amounts of matter in a form we don't yet know - pervasive dark matter needed to explain the motions of the visible in the outer galaxy. Discovery + Outreach: Graduate student research position open for APOD",2012-01-07,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Infrared Mars,"Was Mars wetter and more Earth-like in its distant past? This false-color composite image of Mars is part of the mounting evidence that liquid water once did play a significant role in Martian surface geology. Constructed from infrared imaging data obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope in July 1997, the north polar cap is near the top of the picture and the large reddish region indicates potential water-bearing mineral deposits. Mars Pathfinder landed at the southern edge of this area, known as the Mare Acidalium, also finding evidence of water-worn conglomerate rocks. Large scale surface features in this region appear to have been sculpted by massive flooding in the early history of Mars.",1999-03-03,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Anticrepuscular Rays over Florida,"What's happening behind those clouds? Although the scene may appear somehow supernatural, nothing more unusual is occurring than a Sun setting on the other side of the sky. Pictured here are anticrepuscular rays. To understand them, start by picturing common crepuscular rays that are seen any time that sunlight pours though scattered clouds. Now although sunlight indeed travels along straight lines, the projections of these lines onto the spherical sky are great circles. Therefore, the crepuscular rays from a setting (or rising) sun will appear to re-converge on the other side of the sky. At the anti-solar point 180 degrees around from the Sun, they are referred to as anticrepuscular rays. Featured here is a particularly striking display of anticrepuscular rays photographed in 2016 over Dry Tortugas National Park in Florida, USA.",2020-03-18,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 72 |
+
A Plurality of Singularities at the Galactic Center,"A recent informal poll found that astronomers don't yet have a good collective noun for a group of black holes, but they need one. The red circles in this Chandra Observatory X-ray image identify a group of a dozen black holes that are members of binary star systems. With 5 to 30 times the mass of the Sun, the black hole binaries are swarming within about 3 light-years of the center of our galaxy where the supermassive black hole identified as Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*) resides. Yellow circles indicate X-ray sources that are likely less massive neutron stars or white dwarf stars in binary star systems. Alone, black holes would be invisible, but as part of a binary star system they accrete material from their normal companion star and generate X-rays. At the distance of the galactic center Chandra can detect only the brighter of these black hole binary systems as point-like sources of X-rays, hinting that many fainter X-ray emitting black hole binaries should exist there, as yet undetected.",2018-05-12,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 73 |
+
The Supermassive Black Holes of NGC 6240,"The Hubble optical image on the left shows NGC 6240 in the throes of a titanic galaxy - galaxy collision 400 million light-years away. As the cosmic catastrophe plays out, the merging galaxies spew forth distorted tidal tails of stars, gas, and dust and undergo frantic bursts of star formation. Using the orbiting Chandra Observatory's x-ray vision to peer within the bright central regions of NGC 6240 astronomers believe they have uncovered, for the first time, not one but two enormous orbiting black holes, by detecting the characteristic x-ray radiation from the interstellar debris swirling toward them. In the false-color close-up view at right, the x-ray data clearly show the black hole sources (shaded blue) separated by about 3,000 light-years. Einstein's theory of gravity predicts that such a pair of black holes must spiral closer together, and ultimately coalesce into a single, even more massive black hole after several hundred million years. In the final moments the merging supermassive black holes will produce an extremely powerful burst of gravitational radiation.",2002-11-28,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 74 |
+
Rings and Seasons of Saturn,"On Saturn, the rings tell you the season. On Earth, today marks a solstice, the time when the Earth's spin axis tilts directly toward the Sun. On Earth's northern hemisphere, today is the Summer Solstice, the day of maximum daylight. Since Saturn's grand rings orbit along the planet's equator, these rings appear most prominent -- from the direction of the Sun -- when the Saturn's spin axis points toward the Sun. Conversely, when Saturn's spin axis points to the side, an equinox occurs and the edge-on rings are hard to see. In the featured montage, images of Saturn over the past 11 years have been superposed to show the giant planet passing from southern summer toward northern summer. Although Saturn will only reach its northern summer solstice in 2017 May, the image of Saturn most analogous to today's Earth solstice is the bottommost one. Follow APOD on: Facebook, Google Plus, or Twitter",2015-06-21,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 75 |
+
"Tethys, Rings, and Shadows","Seen from ice moon Tethys, rings and shadows would play across fantastic views of the Saturnian system. Haven't dropped in on Tethys lately? Then this gorgeous ringscape from the Cassini spacecraft will have to do for now. Caught in sunlight just below and left of picture center, Tethys itself is about 1,000 kilometers in diameter and orbits not quite five saturn-radii from the center of the gas giant planet. At that distance (around 300,000 kilometers) it is well outside Saturn's main bright rings, but Tethys is still one of five major moons that find themselves within the boundaries of the faint and tenuous outer E ring. Discovered in the 1980s, two very small moons Telesto and Calypso are locked in stable locations along Tethys' orbit. Telesto precedes and Calypso follows Tethys as the trio circles Saturn.",2005-07-22,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 76 |
+
433 Eros (A898 PA),NEO with diameter between 22.01 and 49.21 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 77 |
+
719 Albert (A911 TB),NEO with diameter between 2.03 and 4.53 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 78 |
+
887 Alinda (A918 AA),NEO with diameter between 4.53 and 10.14 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 79 |
+
1036 Ganymed (A924 UB),NEO with diameter between 38.78 and 86.70 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 80 |
+
1221 Amor (1932 EA1),NEO with diameter between 0.89 and 1.99 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 81 |
+
1566 Icarus (1949 MA),NEO with diameter between 1.30 and 2.91 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 82 |
+
1580 Betulia (1950 KA),NEO with diameter between 3.08 and 6.89 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 83 |
+
1620 Geographos (1951 RA),NEO with diameter between 2.35 and 5.25 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 84 |
+
1627 Ivar (1929 SH),NEO with diameter between 7.22 and 16.15 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 85 |
+
1685 Toro (1948 OA),NEO with diameter between 3.70 and 8.28 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 86 |
+
1862 Apollo (1932 HA),NEO with diameter between 1.62 and 3.61 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 87 |
+
1863 Antinous (1948 EA),NEO with diameter between 2.15 and 4.81 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 88 |
+
1864 Daedalus (1971 FA),NEO with diameter between 2.85 and 6.37 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 89 |
+
1865 Cerberus (1971 UA),NEO with diameter between 1.17 and 2.61 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 90 |
+
1866 Sisyphus (1972 XA),NEO with diameter between 8.41 and 18.79 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 91 |
+
1915 Quetzalcoatl (1953 EA),NEO with diameter between 0.56 and 1.25 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 92 |
+
1916 Boreas (1953 RA),NEO with diameter between 2.72 and 6.08 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 93 |
+
1917 Cuyo (1968 AA),NEO with diameter between 3.50 and 7.84 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 94 |
+
1943 Anteros (1973 EC),NEO with diameter between 1.93 and 4.31 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 95 |
+
1980 Tezcatlipoca (1950 LA),NEO with diameter between 4.56 and 10.19 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
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title,description,date,data_type,source,scrape_timestamp
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, Keywords: ,,quantum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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| 47 |
+
, Keywords: ,,quantum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,quantum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,quantum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,quantum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,quantum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,quantum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,quantum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,quantum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,quantum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,quantum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,quantum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,quantum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
, Keywords: ,,quantum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
, Keywords: ,,quantum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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| 102 |
+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
, Keywords: ,,vacuum,NIST,2024-12-20 20:03:24.955179
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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spacetime/propulsion/nasascraper_data.csv
CHANGED
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@@ -1,72 +1,71 @@
|
|
| 1 |
title,description,date,data_type,source,scrape_timestamp
|
| 2 |
-
M100 and the Expanding Universe,"The distance to the swirling grand design spiral M100 is causing quite a stir among astronomers. Many believe that the Hubble Space Telescope's recent distance measurement to this galaxy accurately calibrates the expansion rate of the universe. Others believe this distance measurement is misleading. The universe's expansion rate is usually given as a quantity called ""Hubble's constant"", a factor dividing well-measured recession velocity of a galaxy to give actual distance. Scientific debate over the value of Hubble's constant has been ongoing since it was first measured by Edwin Hubble in 1929. A real live debate involving the value of Hubble's constant titled ""The Scale of the Universe"" will occur in April 1996 in Washington, DC.",1996-01-09,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 3 |
-
Infrared Saturn,"This delightfully detailed false color image of Saturn has been earmarked to celebrate the 8th anniversary of the orbiting Hubble Space Telescope. The picture is a combination of three images taken in January of this year with the Hubble's new NICMOS instrument and shows the lovely ringed planet in reflected infrared light. Different colors indicated varying heights and compositions of cloud layers generally thought to consist of ammonia ice crystals. The eye-catching rings cast a shadow on Saturn's upper hemisphere, while the bright stripe seen within the left portion of the shadow is infrared sunlight streaming through the large gap in the rings known as the Cassini Division. Two of Saturn's many moons have also put in an appearance, Tethys just beyond the planet's disk at the upper right, and Dione at the lower left.",1998-04-24,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 4 |
-
The Hills of Mars,"Distant hills rise above a rocky, windswept plain in this sharp stereo scene from the Spirit rover on Mars. When viewed with red/blue glasses, the picture combines left and right images from Spirit's high resolution panoramic camera to yield a dramatic 3D perspective. The hills were estimated to lie about 2 kilometers away and be approximately 50 to 100 meters high. Along with other features of the landscape, determining their direction and distance will help pinpoint the exact location of the Spirit landing site when compared with high resolution images of the region taken from Mars orbit. Much stereo image data, allowing important estimates of three dimensional shapes, sizes, and distances, is anticipated from the rover's cameras. (Editor's note: Red/blue glasses for viewing stereo pictures can be purchased or simply constructed using red and blue plastic for filters. Try it! To view this image, the red filter is used for the left eye.)",2004-01-08,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 5 |
-
A Rainbow Pileus Cloud over Zimbabwe,"Yes, but how many dark clouds have a multicolored lining? Pictured, behind this darker cloud, is a pileus iridescent cloud, a group of water droplets that have a uniformly similar size and so together diffract different colors of sunlight by different amounts. The above image was taken just before sunset when it was noticed by chance by a photographer in Murambi East, near Odzi Valley and the Mtanda Range of Zimbabwe. Also captured were unusual cloud ripples above the pileus cloud. The formation of a rare pileus cloud capping a common cumulus cloud is an indication that the lower cloud is expanding upward and might well develop into a storm. In this case, however, only a few minutes after the colorful cloud was noticed, it disappeared. Follow APOD on: Facebook (Daily) (Sky) (Spanish) (Arabic) or Google Plus (Daily)",2014-02-19,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 6 |
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The Snake Nebula in Ophiuchus,"What slithers there? The dark winding lanes visible in part of the constellation Ophiuchus belong to the Snake Nebula. The Snake Nebula is a series of dark absorption clouds made up of Interstellar dust. Interstellar dust grains - composed predominantly of carbon - absorb visible starlight and reradiate much of it in the infrared. This absorption causes stars behind the clouds to be obscured from view, hence the appearance of starless voids on the sky.",1997-08-24,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 7 |
-
Observatory Aligned with Moon Occulting Jupiter,"Sometimes we witness the Moon moving directly in front of -- called occulting -- one of the planets in our Solar System. Earlier this month that planet was Jupiter. Captured here was the moment when Jupiter re-appeared from behind the surface of our Moon. The Moon was in its third quarter, two days before the dark New Moon. Now, our Moon is continuously half lit by the Sun, but when in its third quarter, relatively little of that half can be seen from the Earth. Pictured, the Moon itself was aligned behind the famous Lick Observatory in California, USA, on the summit of Mount Hamilton. Coincidentally, Lick enabled the discovery of a moon of Jupiter: Amalthea, the last visually detected moon of Jupiter after Galileo's observations. Gallery: Moon Occults Jupiter in 2023 May: Notable Submissions to APOD",2023-05-24,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 8 |
-
A Sirius Leonid Meteor,"In the sky or on the web, did you watch this year's Leonid meteor shower? If you did, meteors flashing through the night sky should be a familiar sight. Recorded last year during the 1998 apparition of the Leonids, this time-exposure of the sky around the constellation Canis Major (big dog) shows the trail of a spectacular fireball meteor. The meteor, by chance, seems to leap from the constellation's brightest star Sirius, near the top right. In the foreground is the beautiful desert scenery of Joshua Tree National Park. At this year's peak of the cosmic dust storm, observers in Europe and Africa reported intense rates of over 1600 meteors per hour for a brief period near 0215 November 18 (UTC). Awe inspiring as they were, the Leonids posed no danger to earthbound skywatchers.",1999-11-18,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 9 |
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LDN 1471: A Windblown Star Cavity,"What is the cause of this unusual parabolic structure? This illuminated cavity, known as LDN 1471, was created by a newly forming star, seen as the bright source at the peak of the parabola. This protostar is experiencing a stellar outflow which is then interacting with the surrounding material in the Perseus Molecular Cloud, causing it to brighten. We see only one side of the cavity -- the other side is hidden by dark dust. The parabolic shape is caused by the widening of the stellar-wind blown cavity over time. Two additional structures can also be seen either side of the protostar, these are known as Herbig-Haro objects, again caused by the interaction of the outflow with the surrounding material. What causes the striations on the cavity walls, though, remains unknown. The featured image was taken by NASA and ESA’s Hubble Space Telescope after an original detection by the Spitzer Space Telescope.",2020-05-06,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 10 |
-
M51: The Whirlpool Galaxy in Dust and Stars,"The Whirlpool Galaxy is a classic spiral galaxy. At only 30 million light years distant and fully 60 thousand light years across, M51, also known as NGC 5194, is one of the brightest and most picturesque galaxies on the sky. The above image is a digital combination of a ground-based image from the 0.9-meter telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory and a space-based image from the Hubble Space Telescope highlighting sharp features normally too red to be seen. Anyone with a good pair of binoculars, however, can see this Whirlpool toward the constellation of the Hunting Dogs (Canes Venatici. M51 is a spiral galaxy of type Sc and is the dominant member of a whole group of galaxies. Astronomers speculate that M51's spiral structure is primarily due to its gravitational interaction with a smaller galaxy just off the top of the image. Ask Me Anything: APOD Editor to answer questions on reddit at 11 am EST this Thursday",2013-02-24,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 11 |
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The N44 Emission Nebula,"N44 is one of the largest and most intricate nebulas in this part of the universe. Located in our galactic neighbor the Large Magellanic Cloud, N44 houses numerous massive bright stars, lengthy lanes of dark dust, and vast clouds of hydrogen gas that glows red. The red color of the N44 emission nebula comes from pervasive hydrogen atoms re-acquiring electrons that were knocked away by energetic light from massive stars. The central stars also appear to have somehow created the huge superbubble visible in the lower left. N44, pictured above, spans about 1,000 light years and lies about 170,000 light years distant.",2006-02-13,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 12 |
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The Dark Tower in Scorpius,"In silhouette against a crowded star field toward the constellation Scorpius, this dusty cosmic cloud evokes for some the image of an ominous dark tower. In fact, clumps of dust and molecular gas collapsing to form stars may well lurk within the dark nebula, a structure that spans almost 40 light-years across this gorgeous telescopic portrait. Known as a cometary globule, the swept-back cloud, extending from the lower right to the head (top of the tower) left and above center, is shaped by intense ultraviolet radiation from the OB association of very hot stars in NGC 6231, off the upper edge of the scene. That energetic ultraviolet light also powers the globule's bordering reddish glow of hydrogen gas. Hot stars embedded in the dust can be seen as bluish reflection nebulae. This dark tower, NGC 6231, and associated nebulae are about 5,000 light-years away.",2011-04-27,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
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| 13 |
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Three Month Composite of Comet Holmes,"How has Comet Holmes changed? Since brightening unexpectedly by nearly one million fold in late October, the last three months have found the coma of Comet 17P/Holmes both expanding and fading. This spectacular composite image shows how the coma and tail of Comet Holmes have changed. Due to Earth's changing vantage point, Comet Holmes, out beyond the orbit of Mars, was seen in November nearly head-on, but in recent months is seen more from the side. Additionally, the comet's motion, when combined with Earth's changing perspective, has caused the comet to have shifted relative to the background stars. The curved path of Comet Holmes shows it to be undergoing apparent retrograde motion as the Earth orbits quickly in front of it. The extent of the coma currently makes Comet Holmes over five times the physical size of our Sun. Anecdotal evidence holds that the comet is hard to see without long photographic exposures, but on such exposures the comet may still be an impressive sight.",2008-02-05,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 14 |
-
Pluto in True Color,"Pluto is mostly brown. The above picture captures the true colors of Pluto as well as the highest surface resolution so far recovered. Although no spacecraft has yet visited this distant world, the New Horizons spacecraft launched early this year is expected to reach Pluto in 2015. Pluto recent reclassification, by the International Astronomical Union, from planet to dwarf planet remains a topic of much debate. The above map was created by tracking brightness changes from Earth of Pluto during times when it was being partially eclipsed by its moon Charon. The map therefore shows the hemisphere of Pluto that faces Charon. Pluto's brown color is thought dominated by frozen methane deposits metamorphosed by faint but energetic sunlight. The dark band below Pluto's equator is seen to have rather complex coloring, however, indicating that some unknown mechanisms may have affected Pluto's surface.",2006-09-03,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 15 |
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Hot Gas In Hydra A,"The Hydra A galaxy cluster is really big. In fact, such clusters of galaxies are the largest gravitationally bound objects in the Universe. But individual galaxies are too cool to be recorded in this false-color Chandra Observatory X-ray image which shows only the 40 million degree gas that permeates the Hydra A cluster. Astronomers have discovered that such X-ray hot gas clouds, millions of light-years across, are common in galaxy clusters. They expected the gas to be cooling and smoothly flowing into the clusters' central regions to form new galaxies and stars. Instead, the Chandra image shows details around the X-ray bright cluster core which suggest that magnetic fields and explosive events disturb the flow, deflecting the gas into loops and long structures and possibly inhibiting the formation of more cluster galaxies and stars.",1999-12-17,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 16 |
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In the Core of the Carina Nebula,"What's happening in the core of the Carina Nebula? Stars are forming, dying, and leaving an impressive tapestry of dark dusty filaments. The entire Carina Nebula, cataloged as NGC 3372, spans over 300 light years and lies about 8,500 light-years away in the constellation of Carina. The nebula is composed predominantly of hydrogen gas, which emits the pervasive red and orange glows seen mostly in the center of this highly detailed featured image. The blue glow around the edges is created primarily by a trace amount of glowing oxygen. Young and massive stars located in the nebula's center expel dust when they explode in supernovas. Eta Carinae, the most energetic star in the nebula's center, was one of the brightest stars in the sky in the 1830s, but then faded dramatically. Your Sky Surprise: What picture did APOD feature on your birthday? (post 1995)",2024-02-05,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 17 |
-
Cat's Eye,"Staring across interstellar space, the alluring Cat's Eye nebula lies three thousand light-years from Earth. A classic planetary nebula, the Cat's Eye (NGC 6543) represents a final, brief yet glorious phase in the life of a sun-like star. This nebula's dying central star may have produced the simple, outer pattern of dusty concentric shells by shrugging off outer layers in a series of regular convulsions. But the formation of the beautiful, more complex inner structures is not well understood. Seen so clearly in this sharp Hubble Space Telescope image, the truly cosmic eye is over half a light-year across. Of course, gazing into the Cat's Eye, astronomers may well be seeing the fate of our sun, destined to enter its own planetary nebula phase of evolution ... in about 5 billion years.",2005-09-24,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 18 |
-
Messier 96,"Spiral arms seem to swirl around the core of Messier 96 in this colorful, detailed portrait of a beautiful island universe. Of course M96 is a spiral galaxy, and counting the faint arms extending beyond the brighter central region it spans 100 thousand light-years or so. That's about the size of our own Milky Way. M96 is known to be 38 million light-years distant, a dominant member of the Leo I galaxy group. Background galaxies and smaller Leo I group members can be found by examining the picture. The most intriguing one is itself a spiral galaxy seen nearly edge on behind the outer spiral arm near the 1 o'clock position from center. Its bright central bulge cut by its own dark dust clouds, the edge-on background spiral appears to be about 1/5 the size of M96. If that background galaxy is similar in actual size to M96, then it would be about 5 times farther away.",2022-04-14,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 19 |
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Ancient Layered Hills on Mars,"Is this a picture of Mars or Earth? Oddly enough, it is a picture of Mars. What may appear to some as a terrestrial coastline is in fact a formation of ancient layered hills and wind-blown sand on Mars. The above-pictured region spans about three kilometers in Schiaparelli Crater. What created the layers of sediment is still a topic of research. Viable hypotheses include ancient epochs of deposit either from running water or wind-blown sand. Winds and sandstorms have smoothed and eroded the structures more recently. The ""water"" that appears near the bottom is actually dark colored sand. The image was taken with the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft that operated around Mars from 1996-2006 and returned over 200,000 images.",2009-11-29,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 20 |
-
A Spring Sky Over Hirsau Abbey,"What's in the sky tonight? When strolling outside just after sunset, even if just going out to your car, a casual glance upwards can reveal a beautiful night sky also seen by many people across the Earth. To see your local version of the above image, start by facing south, and then tilt your head back. Visible nearly above you, during springtime at sunset in much of the northern hemisphere, will be the Big Dipper, part of the constellation of the Big Bear. The cup end of the Big Dipper will point to the North Star Polaris, the star around which the whole sky would seem to spin, if you could watch for hours. Polaris is at the tip of the Little Dipper, otherwise known as the constellation of the Little Bear. Depending on the time of night, other visible constellations would include Bootes, Leo, Gemini, and Auriga. The above fisheye image was taken from Germany last week. Visible around the entire image edge is the courtyard of Hirsau Abbey, once a Benedictine Monastery founded in the year 830. Moving your cursor over the image will bring up an annotated version of the above image, including the location of the planet Saturn.",2009-05-06,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 21 |
-
A Gravity Map of Earth,"Is gravity the same over the surface of the Earth? No -- it turns out that in some places you will feel slightly heavier than others. The above relief map shows in exaggerated highs and lows where the gravitational field of Earth is relatively strong and weak. A low spot can be seen just off the coast of India, while a relative high occurs in the South Pacific Ocean. The cause of these irregularities is unknown since present surface features do not appear dominant. Scientists hypothesize that factors that are more important lay in deep underground structures and may be related to the Earth's appearance in the distant past. To better map Earth's gravity and hence better understand its interior and past, NASA plans to launch the Gravity Recovery and Climate (GRACE) satellite in February.",2001-11-13,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
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| 22 |
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Rocket Fuel,"This gorgeous image of Orion shows off the constellation's young stars and cosmic clouds of hydrogen gas and dust. Made with a film camera tracking the stars on November 11, the exposure lasted some 40 minutes. It includes the Great Orion Nebula (near center), a string of well-known nebulae leading upwards to Orion's three belt stars, and the large semi-circular arc known as Barnard's Loop that seems to end at the bottom right, next to bluish supergiant star Rigel. Serendipitously, the picture also recorded a bright, comet-shaped cloud not known to share the sky with Orion's famous stars and nebulae. Also spotted by other skywatchers, the mystery cloud was quickly recognized as a fuel dump from a booster rocket used to place a satellite in geosynchronous orbit. Reflecting sunlight, the fuel dump plume begins on the west (right) side of the star field and expands as it slowly drifts eastward and fades during the time exposure, creating the wedge-shaped streak.",2007-11-16,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 23 |
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Looking Back Over Mars,"Pictured above, the path of the robot rover Spirit on Mars can be traced far into the distance. Spirit has now crossed kilometers of plains covered with rocks and sand, approached the lip of a crater 200-meters across, and climbed a series of hills. Spirit's path has been not only one of adventure but discovery. Landing inside vast Gusev crater near the beginning of this year, Spirit, along with its sister robot Opportunity across the planet, has uncovered key evidence for ancient Martian water. The recent discovery of goethite, a mineral only known to form on Earth in the presence of water, bolsters the case. Spirit and Opportunity continue to roam the red planet in search of different and more detailed clues to the unfolding ancient past of Mars.",2004-12-15,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 24 |
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The Moon and Jupiter over the Alps,"What are those bright lights in the sky ahead? When hiking a high mountain pass in northern Italy three weeks ago, a conjunction between our Moon and the distant planet Jupiter was visible toward the south just after sunset. The picturesque mountains in the distance are Tre Cime di Lavaredo (Three Peaks of Lavaredo), a UNESCO World Heritage Site and three of the best known mountain peaks in Italy, the Dolomites, and the entire Alps. In the foreground on the left is Locatelli Hut, a refuge for tired hikers as it is located over an hour from nearest parking lot. The bright sky object on the upper left is Saturn. The entire scene was captured on a single 8-second exposure. Jupiter and Saturn will remain prominent in the southwestern sky after sunset this month, while the Moon, in its monthly orbit around the Earth, will pass near Jupiter again in about four days.",2019-09-02,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 25 |
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Messier 5,"""Beautiful Nebula discovered between the Balance [Libra] & the Serpent [Serpens] ..."" begins the description of the 5th entry in 18th century astronomer Charles Messier's famous catalog of nebulae and star clusters. Though it appeared to Messier to be fuzzy and round and without stars, Messier 5 (M5) is now known to be a globular star cluster, 100,000 stars or more, bound by gravity and packed into a region around 165 light-years in diameter. It lies some 25,000 light-years away. Roaming the halo of our galaxy, globular star clusters are ancient members of the Milky Way. M5 is one of the oldest globulars, its stars estimated to be nearly 13 billion years old. The beautiful star cluster is a popular target for earthbound telescopes. Even close to its dense core, the cluster's red and blue giant stars, and rejuvenated blue stragglers stand out with yellowish and blue hues in this sharp color image.",2019-05-09,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
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| 26 |
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The Heart Shaped Antennae Galaxies,"Are these two galaxies really attracted to each other? Yes, gravitationally, and the result appears as an enormous iconic heart -- at least for now. Pictured is the pair of galaxies cataloged as NGC 4038 and NGC 4039,known as the Antennae Galaxies. Because they are only 60 million light years away, close by intergalactic standards, the pair is one of the best studied interacting galaxies on the night sky. Their strong attraction began about a billion years ago when they passed unusually close to each other. As the two galaxies interact, their stars rarely collide, but new stars are formed when their interstellar gases crash together. Some new stars have already formed, for example, in the long antennae seen extending out from the sides of the dancing duo. By the time the galaxy merger is complete, likely over a billion years from now, billions of new stars may have formed. Open Science: Browse 3,300+ codes in the Astrophysics Source Code Library",2024-02-07,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 27 |
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Globular Cluster Omega Centauri,"Does an old, red globular cluster have any hot, blue stars? The rightmost picture, taken by the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope in ultraviolet light, shows that indeed it does. Pictured, Omega Centauri is the largest known globular cluster of over 200 in our Galaxy, containing well over a million stars. Many of these stars are evident in the visible light photograph on the left. When photographed in ultraviolet light, however, different and less numerous stars emerge, as evident on the photograph on the right. Most of these stars are thought to have evolved past the current stage of our Sun. These stars no longer fuse hydrogen to helium in their core but rather fuse helium into carbon. These stars will soon shed their outer envelopes and end up as smoldering carbon embers known as white dwarf stars.",2000-10-15,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
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Microlensing of the Einstein Cross,"The famous ""Einstein Cross"" is a
|
| 29 |
case where a single object is seen four times. Here a very distant
|
| 30 |
QSO happened to be placed right behind
|
| 31 |
a massive galaxy. The gravitational
|
| 32 |
effect of the galaxy on the distant QSO
|
| 33 |
was similar to the lens effect of an empty wine glass on a distant
|
| 34 |
street light - it created multiple images. But stars in the foreground
|
| 35 |
galaxy have been found to act as gravitational lenses
|
| 36 |
here too! These stars make the images change brightness relative
|
| 37 |
to each other. These brightness changes are visible on these two
|
| 38 |
photographs of the Einstein Cross,
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| 39 |
taken about 3 years apart.
|
| 40 |
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Sagittarius Dwarf to Collide with Milky Way,"Our Galaxy is being invaded. Recent observations indicate that in the next 100 million years, the Sagittarius Dwarf galaxy will move though the disk of our own Milky Way Galaxy yet again . The Sagittarius Dwarf (Sgr), shown as the extended irregular shape below the Galactic Center, is the closest of 9 known small dwarf spheroidal galaxies that orbit our Galaxy. Don't worry, our Galaxy is not in danger, but no such assurances are issued for the Sagittarius Dwarf: the intense gravitational tidal forces might pull it apart. Oddly, however, Sgr's orbit indicates that is has been through our Galaxy several times before, and survived! One possibility is that Sgr contains a great deal of low-density dark matter that hold it together gravitationally during these collisions.",1998-02-16,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 41 |
-
Touran Sunrise,"Clouds covered the eastern horizon on Monday, when the Sun rose over the expansive Touran Wildlife Reserve in northeastern Iran. Of course, on that day the Moon rose with the Sun, creating a widely enjoyed partial solar eclipse. Along with a mountainous horizon, the cloud cover lent a dramatic aspect to this eclipse sunrise and made it possible for astronomer Babak Tafreshi to record these telephoto images without using a filter. Advancing north in planet Earth's sky, the Sun itself was also approaching the equinox, the astronomical marker for the first day of northern hemisphere spring and the beginning of Norouz, the Persian New Year.",2007-03-23,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
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| 42 |
-
Star Party on Planet Earth,"As twilight sweeps around planet Earth tonight (April 4), many amateur astronomers will set up their telescopes for a 24-hour global star party. The planetwide star party is part of 100 Hours of Astronomy (100HA), a project of the International Year of Astronomy 2009. To join the party, members of the public can find a nearby organized event or planned webcast by consulting the schedules on the 100HA website. What could you see through a telescope tonight? For starters, a bright Moon will shine in the evening sky, offering telescopic observers spectacular views of impact craters, mountains, and lava-flooded mare. Tonight's other celestial targets include the crowd pleasing planet Saturn surrounded by its own moons, its rings tilted nearly edge-on.",2009-04-04,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
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| 43 |
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Kepler 22b: An Almost Earth Orbiting an Almost Sun,"It's the closest match to Earth that has yet been found. Recently discovered planet Kepler 22b has therefore instantly become the best place to find life outside our Solar System. The planet's host star, Kepler 22, is actually slightly smaller and cooler than the Sun, and lies 600 light-years from Earth toward the constellation of the Swan (Cygnus). The planet, Kepler 22b, is over twice the radius of the Earth and orbits slightly closer in, but lies in the habitable zone where liquid water could exist on the surface. Pictured above is an artist's depiction of how Kepler 22b might appear to an approaching spaceship, in comparison to the inner planets of our Solar System. Whether Kepler 22b actually contains water or life is currently unknown. A SETI project, however, will begin monitoring Kepler 22b for signs of intelligence.",2011-12-07,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
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| 44 |
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Unusual Red Glow Over Minnesota,"What in heaven's blazes is that? When landing in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA in 2002, just before his flight ascended above cloud level in the early evening, passenger Tyler Blessing saw and photographed ""huge curved sheets of glowing light extending from cloud to ground."" The glow appeared unlike other unusual lights more typically seen, including crepuscular rays, anticrepuscular rays and the glory. A leading possibility, mentioned initially by the photographer, is that the light sheets are setting sunlight scattered off of falling rain. Alternatively, the phenomenon could just be a peculiar window reflection. APOD readers, who have previously shown an impressive ability to pool their collective intelligence to create a better understanding of photographed sky anomalies, are invited to discuss this online. It might help to know that EXIF data indicates that the image was captured on 2002 September 23 at about 8:07 pm in the evening (local time), and that the camera was reported to be pointing north of west at that time. The oval on the ground, visible in the lower right of the above image, is Canterbury Downs race track.",2009-02-17,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
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| 45 |
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DART Asteroid Impact from Space,"Fifteen days before impact, the DART spacecraft deployed a small companion satellite to document its historic planetary defense technology demonstration. Provided by the Italian Space Agency, the Light Italian CubeSat for Imaging Asteroids, aka LICIACube, recorded this image of the event's aftermath. A cloud of ejecta is seen near the right edge of the frame captured only minutes following DART's impact with target asteroid Dimorphos while LICIACube was about 80 kilometers away. Presently about 11 million kilometers from Earth, 160 meter diameter Dimorphos is a moonlet orbiting 780 meter diameter asteroid Didymos. Didymos is seen off center in the LICIACube image. Over the coming weeks, ground-based telescopic observations will look for a small change in Dimorphos' orbit around Didymos to evaluate how effectively the DART impact deflected its target.",2022-09-29,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
|
| 46 |
-
Restored: First Image of the Earth from the Moon,"Pictured above is the first image ever taken of the Earth from the Moon. The image was taken in 1966 by Lunar Orbiter 1 and heralded by then-journalists as the Image of the Century. It was taken about two years before the Apollo 8 crew snapped its more famous color cousin. Recently, modern technology has allowed the recovery of higher resolution images from old data sources such as Lunar Orbiter tapes than ever before. Specifically, recovery of the above image was initiated 20 years ago by Nancy Evans, and completed recently by Dennis Wingo and Keith Cowing who lead the Lunar Orbiter Image Recovery Project. Lunar Orbiter Image Recovery Project. Images like that above carry more than aesthetic value -- comparison to recent high definition images of the Moon enables investigations into how the Moon has been changing.",2008-11-18,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 19:50:02.720662
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"Starbirth in the Lagoon Nebula
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Credit and Copyright:","Stars are forming even today in the Lagoon
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Nebula. This bright nebula is visible in the constellation of Sagittarius
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with binoculars. The above photo
|
| 51 |
is the result of a new sensitive camera
|
| 52 |
being attached to one of the world's largest telescopes.
|
| 53 |
Curtains of collapsing hydrogen are shown above in green, highlighted
|
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by a special filter that isolates light from this specific atom.
|
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Many young stars are evident in the open cluster M8
|
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in the Lagoon, the result of previously collapsed gas clouds.
|
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Many of the stars appear red because of the high amount of dust
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| 58 |
in the Lagoon Nebula.
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Red light penetrates dust clouds best, although enough dust will
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block all visible light and leave a dark nebula.
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title,description,date,data_type,source,scrape_timestamp
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case where a single object is seen four times. Here a very distant
|
| 3 |
QSO happened to be placed right behind
|
| 4 |
a massive galaxy. The gravitational
|
| 5 |
effect of the galaxy on the distant QSO
|
| 6 |
was similar to the lens effect of an empty wine glass on a distant
|
| 7 |
street light - it created multiple images. But stars in the foreground
|
| 8 |
galaxy have been found to act as gravitational lenses
|
| 9 |
here too! These stars make the images change brightness relative
|
| 10 |
to each other. These brightness changes are visible on these two
|
| 11 |
photographs of the Einstein Cross,
|
| 12 |
taken about 3 years apart.
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Nebula. This bright nebula is visible in the constellation of Sagittarius
|
| 14 |
with binoculars. The above photo
|
| 15 |
is the result of a new sensitive camera
|
| 16 |
being attached to one of the world's largest telescopes.
|
| 17 |
Curtains of collapsing hydrogen are shown above in green, highlighted
|
| 18 |
by a special filter that isolates light from this specific atom.
|
| 19 |
Many young stars are evident in the open cluster M8
|
| 20 |
in the Lagoon, the result of previously collapsed gas clouds.
|
| 21 |
Many of the stars appear red because of the high amount of dust
|
| 22 |
in the Lagoon Nebula.
|
| 23 |
Red light penetrates dust clouds best, although enough dust will
|
| 24 |
block all visible light and leave a dark nebula.
|
| 25 |
|
| 26 |
+
Curly Spiral Galaxy M63,"A bright spiral galaxy of the northern sky, Messier 63 is nearby, about 30 million light-years distant toward the loyal constellation Canes Venatici. Also cataloged as NGC 5055, the majestic island universe is nearly 100,000 light-years across, about the size of our own Milky Way. Its bright core and majestic spiral arms lend the galaxy its popular name, The Sunflower Galaxy, while this exceptionally deep exposure also follows faint, arcing star streams far into the galaxy's halo. Extending nearly 180,000 light-years from the galactic center the star streams are likely remnants of tidally disrupted satellites of M63. Other satellite galaxies of M63 can be spotted in this remarkable wide-field image, made with a small telescope, including five newly identified faint dwarf galaxies, which could contribute to M63's star streams in the next few billion years.",2020-12-04,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 27 |
+
Aerosol Earth,"For August 23, 2018, the identification and distribution of aerosols in the Earth's atmosphere is shown in this dramatic, planet-wide visualization. Produced in real time, the Goddard Earth Observing System Forward Processing (GEOS FP) model relies on a combination of Earth-observing satellite and ground-based data to calculate the presence of types of aerosols, tiny solid particles and liquid droplets, as they circulate above the entire planet. This August 23rd model shows black carbon particles in red from combustion processes, like smoke from the fires in the United States and Canada, spreading across large stretches of North America and Africa. Sea salt aerosols are in blue, swirling above threatening typhoons near South Korea and Japan, and the hurricane looming near Hawaii. Dust shown in purple hues is blowing over African and Asian deserts. The location of cities and towns can be found from the concentrations of lights based on satellite image data of the Earth at night.",2018-09-01,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 28 |
+
Comet 46P/Wirtanen,"Periodic Comet 46P/Wirtanen is now the brightest comet in the night sky, but too faint to be seen by eye. From dark sky sites it could just become naked-eye visible though, as its 5.4 year long looping orbit takes it closest to Earth and the Sun in mid December. Fluorescing in sunlight, its spherical coma is about half the angular size of a full moon in this southern hemisphere telescopic view from November 7. Then the comet was about 2 light-minutes away or 35 million kilometers from Earth-bound telescopes, so the pretty greenish coma seen here is around 150,000 kilometers across. That makes it about the size of Jupiter. The stack of digital images also reveals a very faint tail extending toward 4 o'clock with a distant background galaxy notable at the upper left. As a regular visitor to the inner Solar System, comet 46P/Wirtanen was once the favored rendezvous target for ESA's comet exploring Rosetta mission.",2018-11-15,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 29 |
+
Iridescent Clouds Over Aiguille de la Tsa,"Before the sun rose over the mountains, iridescent colors danced across the sky. The unexpected light show was caused by a batch of iridescent clouds, and captured on film in early September in Arolla, Wallis, Switzerland. The peak in the foreground of the above image is Aiguille de la Tsa. Iridescent clouds contain patches of water droplets of nearly identical size that can therefore diffract sunlight in a nearly uniform manner. Different colors will be deflected by different amounts and so come to the observer from slightly different directions. Iridescent clouds are best seen outside the glare of the direct Sun although they can occasionally be seen to encircle the Sun.",2003-10-14,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
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NASA Mission to MAP the Universe,"What is our universe made of? How rapidly is our universe expanding? When did galaxies form? These questions, among the most important and baffling to astronomers since the beginning of the modern astronomical era, might well be answered by a new space satellite mission. The Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP) is being designed inspect the universe's microwave background radiation in more detail then ever before. MAP will record the frequency, size and temperature of bumps 20 times smaller than COBE. Astronomers have computed what bumps would be expected from several models of our universe, and comparing these results to MAP's data may yield a new understanding of the composition and structure of our universe. MAP has just won approval as a NASA MIDEX class satellite, and is currently scheduled to launch in the year 2000. Information: The Scale of the Universe Debate in April 1996",1996-04-15,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Where a Black Hole Roams,"Black hole candidate XTE J1118+480 is known to roam the halo of our Milky Way Galaxy. This exotic system - thought to be a stellar mass black hole consuming matter from a companion star - was discovered only last year as a flaring celestial x-ray source. Suggestively termed a microquasar, recent radio and archival optical observations of its motion through the sky have now allowed its orbit to be calculated. Illustrated above, the black hole's present galactic location is indicated by the purple dot, with the Sun's position in yellow. A mere 6,000 light-years from the Sun now, XTE J1118+480's orbit is traced by the orange line, backtracked for some 230 million years into the past based on models of the Galaxy. Astronomers note this black hole's orbit about the galactic center, looping high above and below the Galaxy's plane of gas, dust,and stars, is similar to orbits of globular star clusters, ancient denizens of our Galaxy. It seems likely that XTE J1118+480 too has its origins in the early history and halo of the Milky Way.",2001-09-21,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Zodiacal Light,"Sometimes the sky itself seems to glow. Usually, this means you are seeing a cloud reflecting sunlight or moonlight. If the glow appears as a faint band of light running across the whole sky, you are probably seeing the combined light from the billions of stars that compose our Milky Way Galaxy. But if the glow appears triangular and near the horizon, you might be seeing something called zodiacal light. Pictured above, zodiacal light is just sunlight reflected by tiny dust particles orbiting in our Solar System. Many of these particles were ejected by comets. Zodiacal light is easiest to see in September and October just before sunrise from a very dark location.",1997-08-26,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Gigagalaxy Zoom: Galactic Center,"From Sagittarius to Scorpius, the central Milky Way is a truly beautiful part of planet Earth's night sky. The gorgeous region is captured here, an expansive gigapixel mosaic of 52 fields spanning 34 by 20 degrees in 1200 individual images and 200 hours of exposure time. Part of ESO's Gigagalaxy Zoom Project, the images were collected over 29 nights with a small telescope under the exceptionally clear, dark skies of the ESO Paranal Observatory in Chile. The breathtaking cosmic vista shows off intricate dust lanes, bright nebulae, and star clusters scattered through our galaxy's rich central starfields. Starting on the left, look for the Lagoon and Trifid nebulae, the Cat's Paw, the Pipe dark nebula, and the colorful clouds of Rho Ophiuchi and Antares (right).",2009-09-25,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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The United States At Night,"This is what the United States of America looks like at night! Can you find your favorite US city in this image? Surprisingly, city lights make this task quite possible. The above picture is actually a composite of over 200 images made by satellites orbiting planet Earth. Scans were made by the USAF Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System. The DMSP satellites continue to help in the understanding and prediction of weather phenomena as well as provide key information about population patterns, city light levels, and even forest fires.",2000-07-08,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Central Lagoon in Infrared,"Stars fill this infrared view, spanning 4 light-years across the center of the Lagoon Nebula. Visible light images show the glowing gas and obscuring dust clouds that dominate the scene. But this infrared image, constructed from Hubble Space Telescope data, peers closer to the heart of the active star-forming region revealing newborn stars scattered within, against a crowded field of background stars toward the center of our Milky Way galaxy. This tumultuous stellar nursery's central regions are sculpted and energized by the massive, young Herschel 36, seen as the bright star near center in the field of view. Herschel 36 is actually a multiple system of massive stars. At over 30 times the mass of the Sun and less than 1 million years old, the most massive star in the system should live to a stellar old age of 5 million years. Compare that to the almost 5 billion year old Sun which will evolve into a red giant in only another 5 billion years or so. The Lagoon Nebula, also known as M8, lies about 4,000 light-years away within the boundaries of the constellation Sagittarius.",2021-03-19,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Star Forming Region NGC 6357,"For reasons unknown, NGC 6357 is forming some of the most massive stars ever discovered. Near the more obvious Cat's Paw nebula, NGC 6357 houses the open star cluster Pismis 24, home to these tremendously bright and blue stars. The overall red glow near the inner star forming region results from the emission of ionized hydrogen gas. The surrounding nebula, shown above, holds a complex tapestry of gas, dark dust, stars still forming, and newly born stars. The intricate patterns are caused by complex interactions between interstellar winds, radiation pressures, magnetic fields, and gravity. NGC 6357 spans about 400 light years and lies about 8,000 light years away toward the constellation of the Scorpion.",2006-12-20,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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X-Rays from Comet LINEAR,"Why do comets emit X-rays? First discovered during the passing of Comet Hyakutake in 1996, the reason a cold comet would produce hot X-rays has since remained a mystery. On July 14, however, the orbiting Chandra X-ray Observatory was able to provide an image of passing Comet LINEAR, shown above, in enough detail to unravel the mystery. The key to the solution turns out to be the unusual wind of fast ions emitted by our Sun. These ions apparently collide with gas recently emitted by the comet and cause some ions to acquire a new electron. An electron that starts in a high-energy state will emit an X-ray as it falls in closer to the ion nucleus. As other comets move into the inner Solar System, this discovery should allow future study of the continually evolving gas cloud that surrounds comets as well as the composition of the solar wind.",2000-08-01,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Reflecting Merope,"In the well known Pleiades star cluster, starlight is slowly destroying this wandering cloud of gas and dust. The star Merope lies just off the upper left edge of this picture from the Hubble Space Telescope. In the past 100,000 years, part of the cloud has by chance moved so close to this star - only 3,500 times the Earth-Sun distance - that the starlight itself is having a very dramatic effect. Pressure of the star's light significantly repels the dust in the reflection nebula, and smaller dust particles are repelled more strongly. As a result, parts of the dust cloud have become stratified, pointing toward Merope. The closest particles are the most massive and the least affected by the radiation pressure. A longer-term result will be the general destruction of the dust by the energetic starlight.",2006-07-15,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Hyperion: Sponge Moon of Saturn,"Why is Saturn's moon Hyperion textured like a sponge? Recent high-resolution images from the robot Cassini spacecraft orbiting Saturn show Hyperion to be an even stranger place than thought before. Previously, it was known that the length of a day on Hyperion is unpredictable. The moon's highly elliptical orbit around Saturn, its highly non-spherical shape, and its locked 4:3 orbital resonance with Titan torque Hyperion around so much it is hard to predict when the Sun will rise next. The newly imaged craters on the unusually coarse surface are surely the result of impacts, but for some reason have dark centers. The low density of Hyperion indicates it might even be a spelunker's paradise, riddled with tremendous caverns.",2005-07-26,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Inside the Eagle Nebula,"From afar, the whole thing looks like an Eagle. A closer look at the Eagle Nebula, however, shows the bright region is actually a window into the center of a larger dark shell of dust. Through this window, a brightly-lit workshop appears where a whole open cluster of stars is being formed. In this cavity tall pillars and round globules of dark dust and cold molecular gas remain where stars are still forming. Already visible are several young bright blue stars whose light and winds are burning away and pushing back the remaining filaments and walls of gas and dust. The Eagle emission nebula, tagged M16, lies about 6500 light years away, spans about 20 light-years, and is visible with binoculars toward the constellation of the Serpent (Serpens). This picture combines three specific emitted colors and was taken with the 0.9-meter telescope on Kitt Peak, Arizona, USA.",2009-02-08,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Philae Attempts Comet Nucleus Landing,"Today humanity will make its first attempt to land a probe on the nucleus of a comet. As the day progresses, the Philae (fee-LAY) lander will separate from the Rosetta spacecraft and head down to the surface of Comet 67P/Churyumov�Gerasimenko. Since the texture of the comet's surface is unknown and its surface gravity is surely low, Philae will then attempt to harpoon itself down, something that has never been done before. Featured here is an artist's illustration of dishwasher-sized Philae as it might look on Comet Churyumov�Gerasimenko's surface, along with explanation balloons detailing onboard scientific instruments. Many people on a blue planet across the Solar System will be eagerly awaiting news and updates. Whether Philae actually lands, whether it lands on a smooth patch, whether the harpoons take hold, and how far the robotic lander sinks into the surface should all become known as events unfold today. Comet lander updates: From ESA",2014-11-12,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Epsilon Tauri: Star with Planet,"silon Tauri lies 146 light-years away. A K-type red giant star, epsilon Tau is cooler than the Sun, but with about 13 times the solar radius it shines with nearly 100 times the solar luminosity. A member of the Hyades open star cluster the giant star is known by the proper name Ain, and along with brighter giant star Aldebaran, forms the eyes of Taurus the Bull. Surrounded by dusty, dark clouds in Taurus, epsilon Tau is also known to have a planet. Discovered by radial velocity measurements in 2006, epsilon Tauri b is a gas giant planet larger than Jupiter with an orbital period of 1.6 years. And though the exoplanet can't be seen directly, on a dark night its parent star epsilon Tauri is easily visible to the unaided eye.",2024-01-26,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Sharpless 249 and the Jellyfish Nebula,"Normally faint and elusive, the Jellyfish Nebula is caught in this alluring telescopic mosaic. The scene is anchored below by bright star Eta Geminorum, at the foot of the celestial twin, while the Jellyfish Nebula is the brighter arcing ridge of emission with tentacles dangling below and left of center. In fact, the cosmic jellyfish is part of bubble-shaped supernova remnant IC 443, the expanding debris cloud from a massive star that exploded. Light from the explosion first reached planet Earth over 30,000 years ago. Like its cousin in astrophysical waters the Crab Nebula supernova remnant, the Jellyfish Nebula is known to harbor a neutron star, the remnant of the collapsed stellar core. An emission nebula cataloged as Sharpless 249 fills the field at the upper right. The Jellyfish Nebula is about 5,000 light-years away. At that distance, this narrowband composite image presented in the Hubble Palette would be about 300 light-years across.",2017-01-07,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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The Medulla Nebula Supernova Remnant,"What powers this unusual nebula? CTB-1 is the expanding gas shell that was left when a massive star toward the constellation of Cassiopeia exploded about 10,000 years ago. The star likely detonated when it ran out of elements, near its core, that could create stabilizing pressure with nuclear fusion. The resulting supernova remnant, nicknamed the Medulla Nebula for its brain-like shape, still glows in visible light by the heat generated by its collision with confining interstellar gas. Why the nebula also glows in X-ray light, though, remains a mystery. One hypothesis holds that an energetic pulsar was co-created that powers the nebula with a fast outwardly moving wind. Following this lead, a pulsar has recently been found in radio waves that appears to have been expelled by the supernova explosion at over 1000 kilometers per second. Although the Medulla Nebula appears as large as a full moon, it is so faint that it took 130-hours of exposure with two small telescopes in New Mexico, USA, to create the featured image.",2021-01-18,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Bright Spiral Galaxy M81 from Hubble,"The Hubble Space Telescope has resolved individual stars in a spectacular new image of nearby spiral galaxy M81. The feat is similar to Edwin Hubble's historic images with the Mt. Wilson 100-inch Hooker Telescope in the 1920s that resolved stars in neighboring galaxy M31. Edwin Hubble was able to use individual Cepheid variable stars to show that M31 was not nearby swirling gas but rather an entire galaxy like our Milky Way Galaxy. This above image in visible light taken by the Hubble Space Telescope is being used in conjunction with images being taken in ultraviolet by Galex, infrared by Spitzer, and X-rays with Chandra to study how stars have formed and died over the history M81. Light takes about 12 million years to reach us from M81. M81 is visible with binoculars toward the constellation of the Great Bear (Ursa Major).",2007-05-29,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Betelgeuse,"Here is the first direct picture of the surface of a star other than our Sun. Taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1995, the atmosphere of Betelgeuse reveals some unexpected features, including a large bright hotspot visible below the center. Betelgeuse (sounds like ""beetle juice"") is a red supergiant star about 600 light years distant, easily recognizable from its brightness and reddish color in the constellation of Orion. While Betelgeuse is cooler than the Sun, it is more massive and over 1000 times larger. If placed at the center of our Solar System, it would extend past the orbit of Jupiter. Betelgeuse is nearing the end of its life and will become a supernova in a perhaps a few tens of millions of years.",1998-04-19,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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The Spiral Arms of NGC 4622,"While stirring a morning cup of coffee and thinking cosmic thoughts many astronomers would glance at this Hubble Space Telescope image of spiral galaxy NGC 4622 and assume that the galaxy was rotating counterclockwise in the picture. One hundred million light-years away in the constellation Centaurus, NGC 4622's gorgeous outer spiral arms, traced by bright bluish star clusters and dark dust lanes, should be winding up like ... well, like swirls in a cup of coffee. But a closer look at this galaxy reveals that a pronounced inner spiral arm winds in the opposite direction. So which way is this galaxy rotating? Recent evidence combining ground-based spectroscopy and the sharp Hubble image data surprisingly indicates that the galaxy is likely rotating clockwise in the picture, its outer spiral arms opening outward in the direction of rotation. There are further indications that a past collision with a smaller companion galaxy has contributed to this bizarre rotational arrangement of spiral arms, essentially unique among known large spiral galaxies, in NGC 4622.",2002-01-25,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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An Evening Sky Conjunction,"ght years ago, an evening sky held this lovely pairing of a young crescent Moon and brilliant Venus. Seen near the western horizon, the close conjunction and its wintry reflection were captured from Bolu, Turkey, planet Earth on February 19, 2007. In the 8 Earth years since this photograph was taken Venus has orbited the Sun almost exactly 13 times, so the Sun and Venus have now returned to the same the configuration in Earth's sky. And since every 8 years the Moon also nearly repeats its phases for a given time of year, a very similar crescent Moon-Venus conjunction will again appear in planet Earth's evening skies tonight. But the February 20, 2015 version of the conjunction will also include planet Mars. Much fainter Mars will wander even closer to Venus by the evening of February 21.",2015-02-20,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Natural Saturn On The Cassini Cruise,"What could you see approaching Saturn aboard an interplanetary cruise ship? Your view would likely resemble this subtly shaded image of the gorgeous ringed gas giant. Processed by the Hubble Heritage project, the picture intentionally avoids overemphasizing color contrasts and presents a natural looking Saturn with cloud bands, storms, nearly edge-on rings, and the small round shadow of the moon Enceladus near the center of the planet's disk. Of course, seats were not available on the only ship currently enroute - the Cassini spacecraft, launched in 1997 and scheduled to arrive at Saturn in the year 2004. After an extended cruise to a world 1,400 million kilometers from the Sun, Cassini will tour the Saturnian system, conducting a remote, robotic exploration with software and instruments designed by denizens of planet Earth. But where is Cassini now? Still about 980 million kilometers from Saturn, last Sunday the spacecraft flew by asteroid 2685 Masursky.",2000-01-29,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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The Early Universe,"What did our universe look like when it was young? To answer this, cosmologists run sophisticated computer programs tracking the locations of millions of particles. The above animated frame is the result of such a calculation and shows how our universe might have looked when it was just a fracton of its current age. The universe started out very smooth - matter and light are spread almost uniformly. As time progressed, gravity caused slight gatherings of mass to accrete so that ever greater conglomerations formed. Galaxies and long filaments formed - which are shown by the bright patches and streaks in the above frame. An IMAX movie including hundreds of these frames was nominated for an academy award.",1997-06-14,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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The Firework Nebula,"Imaged by the WIYN Telescope, the Firework Nebula is the result of a type of stellar explosion called a nova. In a nova, a nuclear detonation on the surface of a compact white dwarf star blasts away material that has been dumped on its surface by a companion star. Also known as GK Persei or Nova Persei, this nova became one of the brightest stars in the night sky in the year 1901. As it faded, astronomers could see an expanding shell of gas that eventually became this spectacular nebula. While not exactly predictable, GK Per undergoes minor outbursts every three or four years.",1998-07-04,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Mt. Etna Lava Plume,"Mt. Etna has been erupting for hundreds of thousands of years. Located in Sicily, Italy, the volcano produces lava fountains over one kilometer high. Mt. Etna is not only one of the most active volcanoes on Earth, it is one of the largest, measuring over 50 kilometers at its base and rising nearly 3 kilometers high. Pictured in mid-March, a spectacular lava plume erupts upwards, dangerous molten volcanic bombs fly off to the sides, while hot lava flows down the volcano's exterior. The Earth's rotation is discernable on this carefully time, moon-lit, long duration image as star trails. Follow APOD on: Facebook, Google Plus, Instagram, or Twitter",2017-04-26,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Aurora over Sweden,"It was bright and green and stretched across the sky. This striking aurora display was captured in 2016 just outside of Östersund, Sweden. Six photographic fields were merged to create the featured panorama spanning almost 180 degrees. Particularly striking aspects of this aurora include its sweeping arc-like shape and its stark definition. Lake Storsjön is seen in the foreground, while several familiar constellations and the star Polaris are visible through the aurora, far in the background. Coincidently, the aurora appears to avoid the Moon visible on the lower left. The aurora appeared a day after a large hole opened in the Sun's corona allowing particularly energetic particles to flow out into the Solar System. The green color of the aurora is caused by oxygen atoms recombining with ambient electrons high in the Earth's atmosphere.",2020-05-31,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Stars and Dust Across Corona Australis,"Cosmic dust clouds sprawl across a rich field of stars in this sweeping telescopic vista near the northern boundary of Corona Australis, the Southern Crown. Probably less than 500 light-years away and effectively blocking light from more distant, background stars in the Milky Way, the densest part of the dust cloud is about 8 light-years long. At its tip (upper right) is a group of lovely reflection nebulae cataloged as NGC 6726, 6727, 6729, and IC 4812. A characteristic blue color is produced as light from hot stars is reflected by the cosmic dust. The smaller yellowish nebula (NGC 6729) surrounds young variable star R Coronae Australis. Magnificent globular star cluster NGC 6723 is at the upper right corner of the view. While NGC 6723 appears to be part of the group, it actually lies nearly 30,000 light-years away, far beyond the Corona Australis dust clouds.",2009-06-05,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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The Large Cloud of Magellan,"The 16th century Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan and his crew had plenty of time to study the southern sky during the first circumnavigation of planet Earth. As a result, two fuzzy cloud-like objects easily visible to southern hemisphere skygazers are known as the Clouds of Magellan, now understood to be satellite galaxies of our much larger, spiral Milky Way galaxy. About 160,000 light-years distant in the constellation Dorado, the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is seen here in a remarkably deep, colorful, image. Spanning about 15,000 light-years or so, it is the most massive of the Milky Way's satellite galaxies and is the home of the closest supernova in modern times, SN 1987A. The prominent patch below center is 30 Doradus, also known as the magnificent Tarantula Nebula, a giant star-forming region about 1,000 light-years across.",2019-09-05,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Galaxies in Pegasus,"This wide, sharp telescopic view reveals galaxies scattered beyond the stars and faint dust nebulae of the Milky Way at the northern boundary of the high-flying constellation Pegasus. Prominent at the upper right is NGC 7331. A mere 50 million light-years away, the large spiral is one of the brighter galaxies not included in Charles Messier's famous 18th century catalog. The disturbed looking group of galaxies at the lower left is well-known as Stephan's Quintet. About 300 million light-years distant, the quintet dramatically illustrates a multiple galaxy collision, its powerful, ongoing interactions posed for a brief cosmic snapshot. On the sky, the quintet and NGC 7331 are separated by about half a degree. Today: Partial Solar Eclipse",2014-10-23,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Rays from an Unexpected Aurora,"This aurora was a bit of a surprise. For starters, on this Friday morning in August 2002, no intense auroral activity was expected at all. Possibly more surprising, however, the aurora appeared to show an usual structure of green rays from some locations. In the above image, captured from North Dakota, USA, a picket fence of green rays stretches toward the horizon. Mirroring the green rays is a red band, somewhat rare in its own right. Lights from the cities of Bismarck and Mandan are visible near the horizon. Large sunspot groups indicate that activity from an active Sun is relatively likely, possibly causing other streams of energetic particles to cascade onto the Earth and so causing more auroras.",2005-11-20,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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A Galaxy is not a Comet,"This gorgeous galaxy and comet portrait was recorded on April 5th in the skies over the Oriental Pyrenees near Figueres, Spain. From a site above 1,100 meters, astrophotographer Juan Carlos Casado used a guided time exposure, fast film, and a telephoto lens to capture the predicted conjunction of the bright Comet Ikeya-Zhang (right) and the Andromeda Galaxy (left). This stunning celestial scene would also have been a rewarding one for the influential 18th century comet hunter Charles Messier. While Messier scanned French skies for comets, he carefully cataloged positions of things which were fuzzy and comet-like in appearance but did not move against the background stars and so were definitely not comets. The Andromeda Galaxy, also known as M31, is the 31st object in his famous not-a-comet catalog. Not-a-comet object number 110, a late addition to Messier's catalog, is one of Andromeda's small satellite galaxies, and can be seen here just below M31. Our modern understanding holds that the Andromeda galaxy is a large spiral galaxy some 2 million light-years distant. The photogenic Comet Ikeya-Zhang, now a lovely sight in early morning skies, is about 80 million kilometers (4 light-minutes) from planet Earth.",2002-04-12,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Hubble's Jupiter and the Shrinking Great Red Spot,"What will become of Jupiter's Great Red Spot? Gas giant Jupiter is the solar system's largest world with about 320 times the mass of planet Earth. Jupiter is home to one of the largest and longest lasting storm systems known, the Great Red Spot (GRS), visible to the left. The GRS is so large it could swallow Earth, although it has been shrinking. Comparison with historical notes indicate that the storm spans only about one third of the exposed surface area it had 150 years ago. NASA's Outer Planets Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program has been monitoring the storm more recently using the Hubble Space Telescope. The featured Hubble OPAL image shows Jupiter as it appeared in 2016, processed in a way that makes red hues appear quite vibrant. Modern GRS data indicate that the storm continues to constrict its surface area, but is also becoming slightly taller, vertically. No one knows the future of the GRS, including the possibility that if the shrinking trend continues, the GRS might one day even do what smaller spots on Jupiter have done -- disappear completely. Tuesday over Zoom: APOD editor to present the Best APOD Space Images of 2021",2022-01-09,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Barred Spiral Galaxy NGC 1300,"NGC 1300 is a large spiral galaxy that appears as a flattened figure eight. A huge bar that spans over 150,000 light-years across the galaxy center dominates its appearance. The picturesque galaxy lies about 75 million light-years distant, so that light that we see now left during the age of the dinosaurs. Although it is well known how fast different parts of NGC 1300 rotate, the specific orbits of many component stars -- including how they interact with the gigantic bar -- remains a topic of research. Our own Milky Way Galaxy is a spiral galaxy with a less prominent bar. NGC 1300 can be seen with a small telescope towards the constellation of Eridanus.",2000-10-04,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Rings and Bar of Spiral Galaxy NGC 1398,"Why do some spiral galaxies have a ring around the center? Spiral galaxy NGC 1398 not only has a ring of pearly stars, gas and dust around its center, but a bar of stars and gas across its center, and spiral arms that appear like ribbons farther out. The featured deep image from Observatorio El Sauce in Chile shows the grand spiral galaxy in impressive detail. NGC 1398 lies about 65 million light years distant, meaning the light we see today left this galaxy when dinosaurs were disappearing from the Earth. The photogenic galaxy is visible with a small telescope toward the constellation of the Furnace (Fornax). The ring near the center is likely an expanding density wave of star formation, caused either by a gravitational encounter with another galaxy, or by the galaxy's own gravitational asymmetries.",2023-07-12,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Spicules: Jets on the Sun,"Imagine a pipe as wide as a state and as long as half the Earth. Now imagine that this pipe is filled with hot gas moving 50,000 kilometers per hour. Further imagine that this pipe is not made of metal but a transparent magnetic field. You are envisioning just one of thousands of young spicules on the active Sun. Pictured above is perhaps the highest resolution image yet of these enigmatic solar flux tubes. Spicules dot the above frame of solar active region 10380 that crossed the Sun in June, but are particularly evident as a carpet of dark tubes on the right. Time-sequenced images have recently shown that spicules last about five minutes, starting out as tall tubes of rapidly rising gas but eventually fading as the gas peaks and falls back down to the Sun. These images also indicate, for the first time, that the ultimate cause of spicules is sound-like waves that flow over the Sun's surface but leak into the Sun's atmosphere.",2004-08-02,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Cassini Approaches Saturn,"What would it look like to approach Saturn in a spaceship? One doesn't have to just imagine -- the Cassini spacecraft did just this in 2004, recording thousands of images along the way, and hundreds of thousands more since entering orbit. Some of Cassini's early images have been digitally tweaked, cropped, and compiled into the featured inspiring video which is part of a larger developing IMAX movie project named In Saturn's Rings. In the concluding sequence, Saturn looms increasingly large on approach as cloudy Titan swoops below. With Saturn whirling around in the background, Cassini is next depicted flying over Mimas, with large Herschel Crater clearly visible. Saturn's majestic rings then take over the show as Cassini crosses Saturn's thin ring plane. Dark shadows of the ring appear on Saturn itself. Finally, the enigmatic ice-geyser moon Enceladus appears in the distance and then is approached just as the video clip ends. After more than a decade of exploration and discovery, the Cassini spacecraft ran low on fuel in 2017 was directed to enter Saturn's atmosphere, where it surely melted.",2020-04-19,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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The Shifting Tails of Comet NEOWISE,"Keep your eye on the ion tail of Comet NEOWISE. A tale of this tail is the trail of the Earth. As with all comets, the blue ion tail always points away from the Sun. But as Comet C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) rounded our Sun, its ion tail pointed in slightly different directions. This is because between 2020 July 17 and July 25 when the featured images were taken, the Earth moved noticeably in its orbit around the Sun. But the Earth's motion made the Sun appear to shift in the sky. So even though you can't see the Sun directly in the featured image(s), the directions of the ion tails reveal this apparent solar shift. The Sun's apparent motion is in the ecliptic, the common plane where all planets orbit. The featured five image composite was meticulously composed to accurately place each comet image -- and the five extrapolated solar positions -- on a single foreground image of Turó de l'Home Mountain, north of Barcelona, Spain Comet NEOWISE is no longer the impressive naked-eye object it was last month, but it can still be found with a small telescope as it heads back to the outer Solar System.",2020-08-12,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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Saturn in Blue and Gold,"Why is Saturn partly blue? The featured picture of Saturn approximates what a human would see if hovering close to the giant ringed world. The image was taken in 2006 March by the robot Cassini spacecraft now orbiting Saturn. Here Saturn's majestic rings appear directly only as a thin vertical line. The rings show their complex structure in the dark shadows they create on the image left. Saturn's fountain moon Enceladus, only about 500 kilometers across, is seen as the bump in the plane of the rings. The northern hemisphere of Saturn can appear partly blue for the same reason that Earth's skies can appear blue -- molecules in the cloudless portions of both planet's atmospheres are better at scattering blue light than red. When looking deep into Saturn's clouds, however, the natural gold hue of Saturn's clouds becomes dominant. It is not known why southern Saturn does not show the same blue hue -- one hypothesis holds that clouds are higher there. It is also not known why Saturn's clouds are colored gold. Next month, Cassini will end its mission with a final dramatic dive into Saturn's atmosphere. Eclipses 2017: Memorable images submitted to APOD -- please ""Like"" your favorites.",2017-08-29,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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| 66 |
+
Galaxies on a String,"Galaxies NGC 5216 (top right) and NGC 5218 really do look like they are connected by a string. Of course, that string is a cosmic trail of gas, dust, and stars about 22,000 light-years long. Also known as Keenan's system (for its discoverer) and Arp 104, the interacting galaxy pair is some 17 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major. The debris trail that joins them, along with NGC 5218's comma-shaped extension and the distorted arms of NGC 5216 are a consequence of mutual gravitational tides that disrupt the galaxies as they repeatedly swing close to one another. Drawn out over billions of years, the encounters will likely result in their merger into a single galaxy of stars. Such spectacular galactic mergers are now understood to be a normal part of the evolution of galaxies, including our own Milky Way.",2008-07-31,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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| 67 |
+
ISS Fisheye Fly-Through,"Shot in Ultra HD, this stunning video can take you on a tour of the International Space Station. A fisheye lens with sharp focus and extreme depth of field provides an immersive visual experience of life in the orbital outpost. In the 18 minute fly-through, your point of view will float serenely while you watch our fair planet go by 400 kilometers below the seven-windowed Cupola, and explore the interior of the station's habitable nodes and modules from an astronaut's perspective. The modular International Space Station is Earth's largest artificial satellite, about the size of a football field in overall length and width. Its total pressurized volume is approximately equal to that of a Boeing 747 aircraft.",2016-11-05,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 68 |
+
A Space Shuttle Before Dawn,"This shuttle has launched to space. Pictured above, the Space Shuttle Atlantis sat on Launch Pad 39A before dawn last month as it was prepared for the launch. The shuttle orbiter is visible on the image right, attached to a brown liquid fuel tank and two white solid rocket boosters. In the image center is the Fixed Service Structure that stands just over 100 meters tall, including the white lightning rod at the top. Starting on Sunday, the space shuttle embarked on one of its most ambitious missions ever: its fourth mission to fix and upgrade the ageing Hubble Space Telescope. Hubble's replacement, the James Webb Space Telescope, is currently scheduled for launch in 2014.",2009-05-13,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 69 |
+
Grand Spiral Galaxy NGC 1232,"Galaxies are fascinating not only for what is visible, but for what is invisible. Grand spiral galaxy NGC 1232, captured in detail by one of the new Very Large Telescopes, is a good example. The visible is dominated by millions of bright stars and dark dust, caught up in a gravitational swirl of spiral arms revolving about the center. Open clusters containing bright blue stars can be seen sprinkled along these spiral arms, while dark lanes of dense interstellar dust can be seen sprinkled between them. Less visible, but detectable, are billions of dim normal stars and vast tracts of interstellar gas, together wielding such high mass that they dominate the dynamics of the inner galaxy. Invisible are even greater amounts of matter in a form we don't yet know - pervasive dark matter needed to explain the motions of the visible in the outer galaxy. Discovery + Outreach: Graduate student research position open for APOD",2012-01-07,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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| 70 |
+
Infrared Mars,"Was Mars wetter and more Earth-like in its distant past? This false-color composite image of Mars is part of the mounting evidence that liquid water once did play a significant role in Martian surface geology. Constructed from infrared imaging data obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope in July 1997, the north polar cap is near the top of the picture and the large reddish region indicates potential water-bearing mineral deposits. Mars Pathfinder landed at the southern edge of this area, known as the Mare Acidalium, also finding evidence of water-worn conglomerate rocks. Large scale surface features in this region appear to have been sculpted by massive flooding in the early history of Mars.",1999-03-03,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 71 |
+
Anticrepuscular Rays over Florida,"What's happening behind those clouds? Although the scene may appear somehow supernatural, nothing more unusual is occurring than a Sun setting on the other side of the sky. Pictured here are anticrepuscular rays. To understand them, start by picturing common crepuscular rays that are seen any time that sunlight pours though scattered clouds. Now although sunlight indeed travels along straight lines, the projections of these lines onto the spherical sky are great circles. Therefore, the crepuscular rays from a setting (or rising) sun will appear to re-converge on the other side of the sky. At the anti-solar point 180 degrees around from the Sun, they are referred to as anticrepuscular rays. Featured here is a particularly striking display of anticrepuscular rays photographed in 2016 over Dry Tortugas National Park in Florida, USA.",2020-03-18,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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| 72 |
+
A Plurality of Singularities at the Galactic Center,"A recent informal poll found that astronomers don't yet have a good collective noun for a group of black holes, but they need one. The red circles in this Chandra Observatory X-ray image identify a group of a dozen black holes that are members of binary star systems. With 5 to 30 times the mass of the Sun, the black hole binaries are swarming within about 3 light-years of the center of our galaxy where the supermassive black hole identified as Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*) resides. Yellow circles indicate X-ray sources that are likely less massive neutron stars or white dwarf stars in binary star systems. Alone, black holes would be invisible, but as part of a binary star system they accrete material from their normal companion star and generate X-rays. At the distance of the galactic center Chandra can detect only the brighter of these black hole binary systems as point-like sources of X-rays, hinting that many fainter X-ray emitting black hole binaries should exist there, as yet undetected.",2018-05-12,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 73 |
+
The Supermassive Black Holes of NGC 6240,"The Hubble optical image on the left shows NGC 6240 in the throes of a titanic galaxy - galaxy collision 400 million light-years away. As the cosmic catastrophe plays out, the merging galaxies spew forth distorted tidal tails of stars, gas, and dust and undergo frantic bursts of star formation. Using the orbiting Chandra Observatory's x-ray vision to peer within the bright central regions of NGC 6240 astronomers believe they have uncovered, for the first time, not one but two enormous orbiting black holes, by detecting the characteristic x-ray radiation from the interstellar debris swirling toward them. In the false-color close-up view at right, the x-ray data clearly show the black hole sources (shaded blue) separated by about 3,000 light-years. Einstein's theory of gravity predicts that such a pair of black holes must spiral closer together, and ultimately coalesce into a single, even more massive black hole after several hundred million years. In the final moments the merging supermassive black holes will produce an extremely powerful burst of gravitational radiation.",2002-11-28,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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| 74 |
+
Rings and Seasons of Saturn,"On Saturn, the rings tell you the season. On Earth, today marks a solstice, the time when the Earth's spin axis tilts directly toward the Sun. On Earth's northern hemisphere, today is the Summer Solstice, the day of maximum daylight. Since Saturn's grand rings orbit along the planet's equator, these rings appear most prominent -- from the direction of the Sun -- when the Saturn's spin axis points toward the Sun. Conversely, when Saturn's spin axis points to the side, an equinox occurs and the edge-on rings are hard to see. In the featured montage, images of Saturn over the past 11 years have been superposed to show the giant planet passing from southern summer toward northern summer. Although Saturn will only reach its northern summer solstice in 2017 May, the image of Saturn most analogous to today's Earth solstice is the bottommost one. Follow APOD on: Facebook, Google Plus, or Twitter",2015-06-21,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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| 75 |
+
"Tethys, Rings, and Shadows","Seen from ice moon Tethys, rings and shadows would play across fantastic views of the Saturnian system. Haven't dropped in on Tethys lately? Then this gorgeous ringscape from the Cassini spacecraft will have to do for now. Caught in sunlight just below and left of picture center, Tethys itself is about 1,000 kilometers in diameter and orbits not quite five saturn-radii from the center of the gas giant planet. At that distance (around 300,000 kilometers) it is well outside Saturn's main bright rings, but Tethys is still one of five major moons that find themselves within the boundaries of the faint and tenuous outer E ring. Discovered in the 1980s, two very small moons Telesto and Calypso are locked in stable locations along Tethys' orbit. Telesto precedes and Calypso follows Tethys as the trio circles Saturn.",2005-07-22,astronomy,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 76 |
+
433 Eros (A898 PA),NEO with diameter between 22.01 and 49.21 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 77 |
+
719 Albert (A911 TB),NEO with diameter between 2.03 and 4.53 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 78 |
+
887 Alinda (A918 AA),NEO with diameter between 4.53 and 10.14 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 79 |
+
1036 Ganymed (A924 UB),NEO with diameter between 38.78 and 86.70 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 80 |
+
1221 Amor (1932 EA1),NEO with diameter between 0.89 and 1.99 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 81 |
+
1566 Icarus (1949 MA),NEO with diameter between 1.30 and 2.91 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 82 |
+
1580 Betulia (1950 KA),NEO with diameter between 3.08 and 6.89 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 83 |
+
1620 Geographos (1951 RA),NEO with diameter between 2.35 and 5.25 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 84 |
+
1627 Ivar (1929 SH),NEO with diameter between 7.22 and 16.15 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 85 |
+
1685 Toro (1948 OA),NEO with diameter between 3.70 and 8.28 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 86 |
+
1862 Apollo (1932 HA),NEO with diameter between 1.62 and 3.61 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 87 |
+
1863 Antinous (1948 EA),NEO with diameter between 2.15 and 4.81 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 88 |
+
1864 Daedalus (1971 FA),NEO with diameter between 2.85 and 6.37 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 89 |
+
1865 Cerberus (1971 UA),NEO with diameter between 1.17 and 2.61 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 90 |
+
1866 Sisyphus (1972 XA),NEO with diameter between 8.41 and 18.79 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 91 |
+
1915 Quetzalcoatl (1953 EA),NEO with diameter between 0.56 and 1.25 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 92 |
+
1916 Boreas (1953 RA),NEO with diameter between 2.72 and 6.08 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 93 |
+
1917 Cuyo (1968 AA),NEO with diameter between 3.50 and 7.84 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 94 |
+
1943 Anteros (1973 EC),NEO with diameter between 1.93 and 4.31 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
|
| 95 |
+
1980 Tezcatlipoca (1950 LA),NEO with diameter between 4.56 and 10.19 km,,neo,NASA,2024-12-20 20:03:18.128242
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