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https://openalex.org/W1526114719
|
Preequilibrium neutron emission in the reactions<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Zr</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mprescripts /><mml:mrow /><mml:mrow><mml:mn>90</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow /><mml:mrow /></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:mrow></mml:math>,<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Pb</mml…
|
The reactions $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$, $^{208}(\mathit{p}$,xn) have been measured with 80.5 MeV protons in the neutron continuum ${E}_{n}$>20 MeV and the angular range 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\le}145\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Whereas the angle-integrated spectrum can be explained by semiclassical preequilibrium models, this nucleon-nucleon scattering approach fails at far backward angles. In contrast, the quantum statistical multistep calculations give good agreement. They are indicative of a decrease of the effective nucleon-nucleon interaction with increasing nucleon energy.
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https://openalex.org/W1526355836
|
Location and Encapsidation of the Coat Protein Cistron of Tobacco Mosaic Virus
|
The coat protein cistron of tobacco mosaic virus has been located on the viral RNA starting between 975 and 1050 nucleotides from the 3'-hydroxyl end. This locates its 5' end close to the origin for virus assembly, where the first protein disk interacts with RNA. It also means that the coat protein mRNA must have a short 5'-untranslated tail and a long (over 500 nucleotides) 3' one. The recovery of characteristic oligonucleotides in nuclease-protected rods during the growth from RNA and a protein disk preparation shows that elongation of the nucleated rods proceeds independently in both directions though, on average, much more rapidly along the longer 5' tail than the shorter 3' tail. Protected RNA of length equal to that in the complete virion is first seen within 6 min, showing that the most rapidly elongated particles are substantially complete by this time.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1526478330
|
Sources of intravascular ATP during exercise in humans: critical role for skeletal muscle perfusion
|
New Findings What is the central question of this study? Plasma ATP increases during exercise in humans, but whether ATP originates predominantly from extravascular (nerves and muscle) or intravascular sources (blood and endothelial cells) is unclear. What is the main finding and its importance? The collective observations indicate that neither sympathetic nerves nor active skeletal muscle are likely to be the origin of intravascular ATP during dynamic muscle contractions in humans. Furthermore, elevations in skeletal muscle perfusion are requisite to increase and maintain high plasma ATP during exercise, suggesting ATP release from an intravascular cell source. Exercise hyperaemia is regulated by several factors, and one factor known to increase with exercise that evokes a powerful vasomotor action is extracellular ATP. The origin of ATP detected in plasma from exercising muscle of humans is, however, a matter of debate, and ATP has been suggested to arise from sympathetic nerves, blood sources (e.g. erythrocytes), endothelial cells and skeletal myocytes, among others. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that acute augmentation of sympathetic nervous system activity (SNA) results in elevated plasma ATP draining skeletal muscle, and that SNA superimposition during exercise increases ATP more than exercise alone. We showed that increased SNA via –40 mmHg lower body negative pressure (LBNP) at rest did not increase plasma ATP (51 ± 8 nmol l −1 at rest versus 58 ± 7 nmol l −1 with LBNP), nor did it increase [ATP] above levels observed during rhythmic hand‐grip exercise (79 ± 11 nmol l −1 with exercise alone versus 71 ± 8 nmol l −1 with LBNP). Next, we tested the hypothesis that active perfusion of skeletal muscle is essential to observe increased plasma ATP during exercise. We showed that complete obstruction of blood flow to contracting muscle abolished exercise‐mediated increases in plasma ATP (from 90 ± 19 to 49 ± 12 nmol l −1 ), and that cessation of blood flow prior to exercise completely inhibited the typical rise in ATP (3 versus 61%, obstructed versus intact perfusion). The lack of change in ATP during occlusion occurred in the face of continued muscular work and elevated SNA, indicating that the rise of intravascular ATP did not result from these extravascular sources. Our collective observations indicated that the elevation in extracellular ATP observed in blood during exercise was unlikely to originate from sympathetic nerves or the contacting muscle itself, but rather was dependent on intact skeletal muscle perfusion. We conclude that an intravascular source for ATP is essential, which indicates an important role for blood sources (e.g. red blood cells) in augmenting and maintaining elevated plasma ATP during exercise.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1526556273
|
β‐Arrestin‐2 knockout prevents development of cellular μ‐opioid receptor tolerance but does not affect opioid‐withdrawal‐related adaptations in single <scp>PAG</scp> neurons
|
Tolerance to the behavioural effects of morphine is blunted in β-arrestin-2 knockout mice, but opioid withdrawal is largely unaffected. The cellular mechanisms of tolerance have been studied in some neurons from β-arrestin-2 knockouts, but tolerance and withdrawal mechanisms have not been examined at the cellular level in periaqueductal grey (PAG) neurons, which are crucial for central tolerance and withdrawal phenomena.μ-Opioid receptor (MOPr) inhibition of voltage-gated calcium channel currents (ICa ) was examined by patch-clamp recordings from acutely dissociated PAG neurons from wild-type and β-arrestin-2 knockout mice treated chronically with morphine (CMT) or vehicle. Opioid withdrawal-induced activation of GABA transporter type 1 (GAT-1) currents was determined using perforated patch recordings from PAG neurons in brain slices.MOPr inhibition of ICa in PAG neurons was unaffected by β-arrestin-2 deletion. CMT impaired coupling of MOPrs to ICa in PAG neurons from wild-type mice, but this cellular tolerance was not observed in neurons from CMT β-arrestin-2 knockouts. However, β-arrestin-2 knockouts displayed similar opioid-withdrawal-induced activation of GAT-1 currents as wild-type PAG neurons.In β-arrestin-2 knockout mice, the central neurons involved in the anti-nociceptive actions of opioids also fail to develop cellular tolerance to opioids following chronic morphine. The results also provide the first cellular physiological evidence that opioid withdrawal is not disrupted by β-arrestin-2 deletion. However, the unaffected basal sensitivity to opioids in PAG neurons provides further evidence that changes in basal MOPr sensitivity cannot account for the enhanced acute nociceptive response to morphine reported in β-arrestin-2 knockouts.This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1526836557
|
Full‐length prion protein aggregates to amyloid fibrils and spherical particles by distinct pathways
|
As limited structural information is available on prion protein (PrP) misfolding and aggregation, a causative link between the specific (supra)molecular structure of PrP and transmissible spongiform encephalopathies remains to be elucidated. In this study, high pressure was utilized, as an approach to perturb protein structure, to characterize different morphological and structural PrP aggregates. It was shown that full-length recombinant PrP undergoes beta-sheet aggregation on high-pressure-induced destabilization. By tuning the physicochemical conditions, the assembly process evolves through two distinct pathways leading to the irreversible formation of spherical particles or amyloid fibrils, respectively. When the PrP aggregation propensity is enhanced, high pressure induces the formation of a partially unfolded aggregated protein, Agg(HP), which relaxes at ambient pressure to form amorphous aggregates. The latter largely retain the native secondary structure. On prolonged incubation at high pressure, followed by depressurization, Agg(HP) transforms to a monodisperse population of spherical particles of about 20 nm in diameter, characterized by an essentially beta-sheet secondary structure. When the PrP aggregation propensity is decreased, an oligomeric reaction intermediate, I(HP), is formed under high pressure. After pressure release, I(HP) relaxes to the original native structure. However, on prolonged incubation at high pressure and subsequent depressurization, it transforms to amyloid fibrils. Structural evaluation, using optical spectroscopic methods, demonstrates that the conformation adopted by the subfibrillar oligomeric intermediate, I(HP), constitutes a necessary prerequisite for the formation of amyloids. The use of high-pressure perturbation thus provides an insight into the molecular mechanism of the first stages of PrP misfolding into amyloids.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1527024319
|
RDMAS: a web server for RNA deleterious mutation analysis
|
Abstract Background The diverse functions of ncRNAs critically depend on their structures. Mutations in ncRNAs disrupting the structures of functional sites are expected to be deleterious. RNA deleterious mutations have attracted wide attentions because some of them in cells result in serious disease, and some others in microbes influence their fitness. Results The RDMAS web server we describe here is an online tool for evaluating structural deleteriousness of single nucleotide mutation in RNA genes. Several structure comparison methods have been integrated; sub-optimal structures predicted can be optionally involved to mitigate the uncertainty of secondary structure prediction. With a user-friendly interface, the web application is easy to use. Intuitive illustrations are provided along with the original computational results to facilitate quick analysis. Conclusion RDMAS can be used to explore the structure alterations which cause mutations pathogenic, and to predict deleterious mutations which may help to determine the functionally critical regions. RDMAS is freely accessed via http://biosrv1.bmi.ac.cn/rdmas .
|
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https://openalex.org/W1527092281
|
Influence of asimadoline, a new κ‐opioid receptor agonist, on tubular water absorption and vasopressin secretion in man
|
Aims The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of asimadoline, a new κ ‐opioid agonist, on renal function and on hormones related to body fluid balance as well as its tolerability in healthy subjects. Methods In a placebo‐controlled, randomised, double‐blind crossover design we studied the effects of single oral doses of 1, 5, and 10 mg of asimadoline, in 24 healthy volunteers. Two hour control urine collections were followed by 2 h postdose urine collections and subsequently 2.5% saline was given i.v. at a rate of 0.3 ml min −1 kg −1 during another 2 h urine collection. Blood was obtained hourly. Arginine‐vasopressin (AVP), atrial natriuretic peptide (α‐hANP), endothelin (ET‐1) and cAMP were determined by r.i.a. or ELISA. Results GC‐MS measurements revealed C max values of asimadoline in plasma ranging from 18 ng ml −1 at the 1 mg dose, 91 ng ml −1 at the 5 mg dose, to 214 ng ml −1 at the 10 mg dose after an average of 1.1–1.4 h. Without effects on blood pressure, heart rate, GFR or urine electrolyte excretion, urine volume increased after 1–2 h after administration of 5 and 10 mg asimadoline from 3.3 ± 1.3 to 5.6 ± 1.4 ( P < 0.05) and from 3.2 ± 1.6 to 5.5 ± 2.2 ml min −1 ( P < 0.01), respectively. C H2O rose from 0.2 ± 1.5 to 2.0 ± 1.6 ( P < 0.05) and from 0.6 ± 1.6 to 3.0 ± 1.6 ml min −1 ( P < 0.01). Urinary excretion of AVP was suppressed only with the 10 mg dose from 46 ± 23 to 25 ± 15 fmol min −1 ( P < 0.05) without and from 410 ± 206 to 181 ± 125 fmol min −1 ( P < 0.05) with stimulation by 2.5% saline. Plasma AVP was suppressed only by the 10 mg dose of asimadoline in six of eight subjects during the 2.5% saline infusion. Changes in the α‐hANP or ET‐1 systems were not affected by asimadoline. Conclusions Asimadoline is diuretic in man after single doses of 5 or 10 mg probably through a direct effect at the renal tubular level. Suppression of AVP secretion was observed only at the highest dose level of 10 mg of asimadoline.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1527146715
|
Sr and <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr in rivers draining the Deccan Traps (India): Implications to weathering, Sr fluxes, and the marine <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr record around K/T
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The concentration of dissolved Sr and its 87 Sr/ 86 Sr has been measured in the headwaters of the Krishna River System and west flowing Western Ghat rivers, all of which have their drainage almost entirely in the Deccan Traps. The Sr concentration follows that of Ca and Mg with Sr/Ca and Sr/Mg ratios similar to that of Deccan basalts, suggesting that all these alkaline earths are released to waters nearly congruently from the Deccan basalts during chemical weathering. The 87 Sr/ 86 Sr range from 0.70614 to 0.70986, within that reported for the Deccan basalts. The dissolved Sr flux from the Deccan calculated from the measured data is ∼1.35 × 10 8 moles yr −1 , ∼0.4% of the global riverine flux, which is nearly the same as the proportion of area covered by Deccan basalts relative to the global drainage. The flux, however, is a factor of ∼3 lower than that reported for the Narmada‐Tapti‐Wainganga (NTW) rivers draining the northern Deccan. This difference in Sr flux among rivers draining the various regions of Deccan could be natural spatial/temporal variations and/or due to supply of Sr to NTW rivers from nonbasaltic sources. Model calculations on the role of emplacement and weathering of Deccan on marine Sr isotope evolution around KTB and late Tertiary show that Deccan basalts can be an important contributor to the decline in 87 Sr/ 86 Sr during these periods. It is shown that to account for the pre‐KTB dip in 87 Sr/ 86 Sr, the flux requirement from Deccan at that time would have to be several times the contemporary flux with 87 Sr/ 86 Sr of 0.705–0.708. Considering that the area of Deccan at KTB was about thrice the present area and that the weathering rate of Deccan basalts may have been much higher in early stages following eruption, such high fluxes at about KTB seem feasible. The disproportionately higher flux requirement for Sr is similar to that invoked to explain the pre‐KTB decrease in 187 Os/ 188 Os. The calculations also show that the supply of unradiogenic Sr from basalts can have significant control on the long‐term, ∼66 to ∼55 Ma, decline of marine 87 Sr/ 86 Sr.
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https://openalex.org/W1527477169
|
Contested Terrain: A New History of Nature and People in the Adirondacks.
|
Journal Article Contested Terrain: A New History of Nature and People in the Adirondacks. By Philip G. Terrie. (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press and Blue Mountain Lake: Adirondack Museum, 1997. xxii, 223 pp. $26.95, ISBN 0-8156-0445-9) Get access David Tatham David Tatham Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 85, Issue 1, June 1998, Pages 197–198, https://doi.org/10.2307/2568448 Published: 01 June 1998
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https://openalex.org/W1527549358
|
Dewey, Russell, Whitehead: Philosophers as Educators
|
Hendley argues that philosophers of education should reject their preoccupation of the past 25years with defining terms and analyzing concepts and once again embrace the philosophical task of constructing general theories of education.Exemplars of that tradition are John Dewey, Bertrand Russell, and Alfred North Whitehead, who formulated theories of education that were tested. Dewey and Russell ran their own schools, and Whitehead served as a university administrator and as a member of many committees created to study education.After providing a general introduction to the present state of educational philosophy, Hendley discusses in detail the educational philosophies of Dewey, Russell, and Whitehead. He sees in these men excellent role models that contemporary philosophers might well follow. Hendley believes that like these mentors, philosophers should take a more active, practical role in education.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1527759322
|
Automated MRI analysis for identification of hippocampal atrophy in temporal lobe epilepsy
|
Hippocampal sclerosis is frequently associated with hippocampal atrophy (HA), which is often observed on routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of patients with medial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). Manual morphometry of the hippocampus is sensitive to detecting HA, but is time-consuming and prone to operator error. Automated MRI morphometry has the potential to provide rapid and accurate assistance in the clinical detection of HA.We performed a voxel-based morphometry analysis of 23 consecutive subjects with MTLE and 58 matched controls. Images from randomly selected 34 controls were used to create mean and standard deviation images of gray matter volume. Voxel-wise standardized Z-score hippocampal images from patients and the remaining 24 controls were cross-checked with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to evaluate sensitivity versus one-specificity rate for a binary classifier (atrophied versus normal hippocampi).The ipsilateral hippocampi of patients with MTLE displayed a significantly lower mean Z-score compared to the hippocampi of controls [F(2,67) = 33.014, p < 0.001, Tukey HSD < 0.001]. A classifier using the hippocampal gray matter Z-scores to discriminate between atrophied and normal hippocampi yielded a fitted ROC = 97.3, traditionally considered an excellent discriminator, with a standard error of classification of 1.173 individuals if 100 patients and 100 controls are studied.Automatic morphometry can be potentially used as a clinical tool to assist the detection of HA in patients with MTLE. It can provide a quantifiable estimative of atrophy, which can aid in the decision about the presence of clinically relevant HA.
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https://openalex.org/W1527918536
|
Estimating uncertainty in daily weather interpolations: a Bayesian framework for developing climate surfaces
|
Conservation of biodiversity demands comprehension of evolutionary and ecological patterns and processes that occur over vast spatial and temporal scales. A central goal of ecology is to understand the climatic factors that control ecological processes and this has become even more important in the face of climate change. Especially at global scales, there can be enormous uncertainty in underlying environmental data used to explain ecological processes, but that uncertainty is rarely quantified or incorporated into ecological models. In this study, a climate-aided Bayesian kriging approach is used to interpolate 20 years of daily meteorological observations (maximum and minimum temperatures and precipitation) to a 1 arc-min grid for the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa. Independent validation data revealed overall predictive performance of the interpolation to have R2 values of 0.90, 0.85, and 0.59 for maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and precipitation, respectively. A suite of ecologically relevant climate metrics that include the uncertainty introduced by the interpolation were then generated. By providing the high-resolution climate metric surfaces and uncertainties, this work facilitates richer and more robust predictive modelling in ecology and biogeography. These data can be incorporated into ecological models to propagate the uncertainties through to the final predictions.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1527989448
|
Role of Adenosine 3′,5′-Cyclic Monophosphate and Its Specific Binding Protein in the Regulation of <scp>d</scp> -Serine Deaminase Synthesis
|
Adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cyAMP) and the cyAMP-binding protein are necessary for efficient induction of d -serine deaminase (Dsdase) synthesis in dsdC + dsdO + and dsdC dsdO + strains of Escherichia coli K-12, and for constitutive synthesis in dsdC dsdO + strains. Neither is required in dsdO strains, confirming previous indications that in dsdO mutants Dsdase synthesis is not subject to catabolite repression control. Since efficient Dsdase synthesis in dsdC + and dsdC strains that are dsdO + requires the cyAMP-binding protein, which acts at the level of transcription in other systems, it is concluded that catabolite repression acts at the level of transcription of the Dsdase structural gene. Since catabolite repression is reversed by the inducer, d -serine in dsdC dsdO + strains, it is concluded that induction also acts at the level of transcription in this system. The dsdC strains were found to be much more sensitive to induction by d -serine than are dsdC + strains under conditions of catabolite repression, whether the repression was caused by glucose or by loss of ability to form cyAMP or cyAMP-binding protein. This suggests that a d -serine- dsdC complex may be able to replace partially the cyAMP:cyAMP-binding protein action in initiation of Dsdase messenger ribonucleic acid synthesis—a positive control effect.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1528181957
|
Expression of Rhizobium trifolii early nodulation genes on maize and rice plants
|
An IncQ multicopy vector (pKT230) and an IncP1 low-copy-number vector (pRK290), both carrying Rhizobium trifolii root hair curling (Hac) genes, were transferred to a Sym plasmid-cured derivative of R. trifolii ANU843. The resulting transconjugants were used to inoculate the monocotyledonous plants sorghum, maize, rice, and wheat. Transconjugants carrying the Hac genes on the multicopy vector caused a root hair curling response on maize and rice plants 14 days after inoculation.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1528189893
|
Diel vertical migration and spatial overlap between fish larvae and zooplankton in two tropical lakes, Brazil
|
The effect of fish larvae on the diel vertical migration of the zooplankton community was investigated in two tropical lakes, Finado Raimundo and Pintado lakes, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Nocturnal and diurnal samplings were conducted in the limnetic region of each lake for 10 consecutive months from April 2008 to January 2009. The zooplankton community presented a wide range of responses to the predation pressure exerted by fish larvae in both environments, while fish larvae showed a typical pattern of normal diel vertical migration. Our results also demonstrated that the diel vertical migration is an important behaviour to avoid predation, since it reduces the spatial overlap between prey and potential predator, thus supporting the hypothesis that vertical migration is a defence mechanism against predation.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1528230621
|
Changes in preferences of gestating heifers fed untreated or ammoniated straw in different flavors.
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We determined how a food's flavor and digestibility, along with an animal's recent experiences, influenced food preference and intake. In three experiments, pregnant heifers were fed a basal ration (7.75 kg/animal) of alfalfa, barley, corn silage, and a vitamin/mineral supplement from 1500 to 2200. Exp. 1 determined the influence of recent exposure to flavored straw. Animals were divided into two groups (n = 16/group) and fed either untreated or ammoniated straw with digestibilities of 43 and 58%, respectively. Within each group, half of the heifers were fed maple-flavored straw and the other half were fed coconut-flavored straw from 1100 one day to 0900 the next day, with no base ration. We then offered straw in both flavors from 1000 to 1200 for the next 5 d. Animals fed maple-flavored straw for 1 d generally preferred coconut- over maple-flavored straw for the next 5 d, whereas animals previously fed coconut-flavored straw preferred maple-flavored straw (P < 0.001). The change in preference was stronger when animals were fed untreated compared with ammoniated straw. Experiments 2 and 3 determined the influence of offering straw in different flavors, either in sequence (Exp. 2) or simultaneously (Exp. 3). In Exp. 2, we offered heifers (n = 16) straw in three flavors (maple from 0900 to 1100, coconut from 1100 to 1300, and unflavored from 1300 to 1500) and compared their intake with that of heifers (n = 16) offered unflavored straw throughout the day. In Exp. 3, we compared intake of heifers (n = 16) simultaneously offered straw in three flavors (coconut, maple, and unflavored) with that of heifers (n = 16) offered only unflavored straw from 1000 to 1500. In both experiments, straw intake and preference differed between heifers offered straw in a variety of flavors as opposed to only unflavored straw (P < 0.05), but animals fed a variety of flavors did not consistently eat more than those fed only one flavor. During a post-trial preference test, heifers previously restricted to straw in one flavor for 5 d preferred straw in alternative flavors, whereas heifers fed straw in all three flavors preferred unflavored straw. Changes in preference were stronger for heifers fed untreated compared with ammoniated straw. Collectively, our results suggest that palatability, as evidenced by changes in preference and intake, is dynamic and depends on a food's flavor and nutritional quality and an animal's recent experiences with the food.
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https://openalex.org/W1528453977
|
Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies specific for a glycosylated polypeptide of human cytomegalovirus
|
Nine hybrid cell lines producing antibodies specific for cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigen were obtained after fusion of P3/X63-Ag8 myeloma cells with spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with CMV complement-fixing antigen. By the immunoblot technique, five of nine antibodies (4D11, 7B4, 7D2, 8E3, and 8E10) were identified as being reactive to a CMV glycosylated polypeptide with molecular weight of 66,000 (GP66). Four other antibodies (1B8, 8E9, 4D2, and 7E2) appeared to be reactive with CMV antigen(s) only if the antigen was not denatured by sodium dodecyl sulfate. These remain unassigned until further studies are done. With the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), competitive bindings were performed with a constant amount of horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antibody and various concentrations of unconjugated homologous and heterologous antibodies on CMV antigen-coated ELISA wells, and the antigenic determinant specific for each antibody was determined. The nine antibodies could be classified into six different groups, each group reacting with a different epitope or a different region with two or more antigenic determinants which are so close to each other that they cause binding inhibition. They are groups A (4D11), B (7B4, 8E10), C (7D2), D (4D2, 7E2, 8E9), E (8E3), and F (1B8). The extent of competition among antibodies within each group was the same. By using the two antibodies that reacted with different epitopes on GP66, a double-antibody sandwich ELISA method was developed. The method was sensitive enough to detect as little as 50% of the antigen present in one infected cell or 0.000245 U of CMV complement-fixing antigen per test well. Other strains of CMV (David, Kerr, Espilat, C-87, and five clinical isolates) gave positive results, whereas herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus and Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen preparations did not. By the indirect immunofluorescence assay, antibodies 4D11 and 8E3 were able to detect GP66 in the nucleus of CMV-infected F-5000 human embryonic fibroblasts as early as 2 h postinfection and were superior in this respect to the remaining seven antibodies tested. By the double-antibody sandwich ELISA, the presence of GP66 in CMV-infected cells was detected as early as 2 h postinfection.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1528504687
|
Fibers for Ceramic Matrix Composites
|
This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Fibers as Reinforcement in Ceramics Structure and Properties of Fibers Fiber Structure Structure Formation Structure Parameters and Fiber Properties Inorganic Fibers Production Processes Indirect Fiber Production Direct Fiber Production Properties of Commercial Products Comparison of Oxide and Non-oxide Ceramic Fibers Oxide Ceramic Filament Fibers Non-oxide Ceramic Filament Fibers Carbon Fibers Production Processes Carbon Fibers from PAN Precursors Carbon Fibers from Pitch Precursors Carbon Fibers from Regenerated Cellulose Commercial Products Acknowledgments
|
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https://openalex.org/W1528552073
|
Worker trust, system vulnerability, and the performance of work groups
|
Economists and social psychologists have struggled long and hard in an effort to understand the characteristics of situations in which workers will act cooperatively in the workplace instead of shirk. Like all public goods problems, the temptation to free ride on the effort of others is many times too tempting for workers, and once shirking begins, it snow-balls through the organization. But such low effort outcomes need not and do not always occur. The puzzle for us to unravel is why, in some organizations, are groups successful in selecting the high effort equilibrium while in others shirking is the commonly established norm?
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1528596053
|
Serum ferritin is elevated in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients and is associated with efficacy of platinum-based chemotherapy
|
Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the expression levels of serum ferritin (SF) and investigate the correlation between SF expression levels and clinical characteristics as well as the efficacy to platinum-based chemotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Materials and Methods: Electrochemiluminescence method was used to determine the expression levels of SF in the peripheral blood of 46 advanced NSCLC patients and 63 healthy subjects. Results: The expression levels of SF in healthy subjects were significantly lower than those in patients with advanced NSCLC patients (t = −3.279,P = 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference between SF expression levels and distant metastasis, regional lymph node metastasis, respectively (P < 0.05). However, there was no correlation between SF expression levels and sex, age, eastern cooperative oncology group performance status, smoking history, pathological type, tumor location and tumor-node-metastasis stage (All P > 0.05). The overall response rate to platinum-based chemotherapy was 57.1% (12/21) in normal SF expression levels group, which was significantly higher than that was 28% (7/25) in high SF expression levels group (χ 2= 3.998,P = 0.046). Conclusions: SF may be a valuable blood marker for predicting the tumor progression and the efficacy of platinum-based therapies for advanced NSCLC patients.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1528705436
|
Ants of the Archbold Biological Station, Highlands County, Florida (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).
|
The 102 species of ants known to occur on the Archbold Biological Station in Highlands Co., Florida are listed with annotations on their habitat and microhabitat preferences and timing of nuptial flights. The diversity of the fauna results from the confluence of several biogeographic groups of ants. Several species are endemic to the xeric scrub of central Florida, which was an insular refugium during Pleistocene or Pliocene flooding. About 20 species are exotic, of which 6 have invaded scrub habitats. The invasibility of south Florida to exotic ants and the biogeographic affinities of native ants are discussed.
|
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https://openalex.org/W152884668
|
ADVANCES IN HIGH-RESOLUTION IMAGE SIMULATION
|
Continuing advances in hardware and software have improved both the speed and the range of computations that can be made to simulate high resolution electron microscope (HREM) images from various structures. Use of image display systems and array processors have made the image simulation procedure much more interactive while laser printers provide a fast high-quality hard copy output. Use of array processors has enabled the rewriting of electron scattering algorithms to include convergence effects (previously only considered after the scattered electron beams had emerged from the specimen) and upper-layer-line effects. With an array processor it is faster to compute effects of spatial and temporal coherence in real space, rather than use approximation solutions derived from series expansion in reciprocal space. With a frame buffer and suitable software the use has the facility to change parameters and view the results of the change almost immediately. Selected images can then be directed to hard copy output, in contrast with batch methods where series of hard copy images are produced and then selected from. Given a microdensitometer for input of experimental images from plates, or a video camera attached to the electron microscope and a frame buffer, split screen comparisons between experimental andmore » computed images are possible, including independent control of image contrast, magnification and orientation. 23 refs., 19 figs., 2 tabs.« less
|
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https://openalex.org/W1529253129
|
Adoption of Integrated Pest Management Practices in Paddy and Cotton: A Case Study in Haryana and Punjab
|
The study has examined the adoption of IPM practices on cotton in Punjab and on paddy in Haryana and has assessed the impact of key socio-economic and institutional factors on IPM adoption. The Poisson count regression models have been used to analyze technology adoption. The awareness generation about technology through formal crop-specific IPM training provided by the farmers’ field schools has been found extremely effective in wider adoption of IPM in the study areas. Hence, investment in IPM education through these programmes will have long-term beneficial impact. Regarding effectiveness of extension services, the study has not shown (frequency of meeting extension personnel) any statistically significant impact on IPM adoption rates. Mixed evidence has been observed about the relationship between farm-size and adoption of IPM practices. In the case of paddy, a negative relationship has been observed, while the cotton has shown a positive relationship. The study has concluded that a higher gross value of crops does not appear to have a positive impact on IPM technology adoption in cotton.
|
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2.1875
] |
https://openalex.org/W1529637005
|
Deoxypyrimidine nucleoside metabolism in varicella-zoster virus-infected cells
|
Noninfected and varicella-zoster virus (VZV)-infected human foreskin fibroblasts were examined for thymidine kinase activity. The specific activity of VZV-infected cell extracts was approximately 7.5-fold greater than that of mock-infected cells and 3-fold greater than that of actively growing cells. The pH optimum of VZV-infected cell thymidine kinase activity was found to be 8.0, whereas thymidine kinase activity in noninfected cells exhibited a sharp pH optimum at 7.4. Electrophoretic analysis of cellular enzymes involved in pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylation revealed at least three enzymes distinguishable by electrophoretic mobility and substrates used. These enzymes were presumed to be thymidine kinase, deoxycytidine kinase, and uridine kinase. The relative mobilities of these enzymes on 5% polyacrylamide gels were 0.18, 0.91, and 0.54, respectively. In VZV-infected cells, a single band of activity catalyzing the phosphorylation of thymidine, deoxyuridine, deoxycytidine, and cytidine was observed with a relative mobility of 0.48. Cellular pyrimidine-phosphorylating enzymes were not detected in VZV-infected cells. The molecular weight of the VZV-induced enzyme was determined to be 72,000 +/- 7%.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1529660315
|
Non-Isomorphic Graphs with Cospectral Symmetric Powers
|
The symmetric $m$-th power of a graph is the graph whose vertices are $m$-subsets of vertices and in which two $m$-subsets are adjacent if and only if their symmetric difference is an edge of the original graph. It was conjectured that there exists a fixed $m$ such that any two graphs are isomorphic if and only if their $m$-th symmetric powers are cospectral. In this paper we show that given a positive integer $m$ there exist infinitely many pairs of non-isomorphic graphs with cospectral $m$-th symmetric powers. Our construction is based on theory of multidimensional extensions of coherent configurations.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1529819809
|
ICEPT-an integrated cellular network planning tool
|
In this paper, we present ICEPT, a new mobile radio network planning tool that is based on an integrated design approach. The new approach starts with the analysis of the spatial distribution of the expected teletraffic within the service area of the cellular system. Employing this principle, the ICEPT tool considers concurrently the four major design areas of cellular networks: radio transmission, mobile subscriber, resource allocation, and system architecture. ICEPT uses these factors as input for the automatic network design algorithm ABPA which locates the base stations in the supplying area.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1529853209
|
Exploring biomolecular dynamics and interactions using advanced sampling methods
|
Molecular dynamics (MD) and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations have emerged as a valuable tool to investigate statistical mechanics and kinetics of biomolecules and synthetic soft matter materials. However, major limitations for routine applications are due to the accuracy of the molecular mechanics force field and due to the maximum simulation time that can be achieved in current simulations studies. For improving the sampling a number of advanced sampling approaches have been designed in recent years. In particular, variants of the parallel tempering replica-exchange methodology are widely used in many simulation studies. Recent methodological advancements and a discussion of specific aims and advantages are given. This includes improved free energy simulation approaches and conformational search applications.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1529924099
|
Isoleucyl-Transfer Ribonucleic Acid Synthetase from Bacillus stearothermophilus. 1. Properties of the Enzyme
|
In this paper we report on the properties of the purified isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase from Bacillus stearothermophilus. The enzyme which was purified approximately 500-fold, has a molecular weight of about 110000. The effect of temperature on the activation and transfer activities has been studied. The thermostable enzyme shows an optimal activity at 65 °C for the isoleucine-dependent ATP-PPi exchange reaction and at 45 °C for the formation of isoleucyl-tRNA. Attempts to heat inactivate the amino-acid-transfer activity selectively, i.e. without loss of the activation reaction, were unsuccessful. The protection of the enzyme against heat inactivation in presence of tRNA makes it possible to study the binding of this molecule to the protein. An association constant of 0.11 nM−1 was determined at 70.5 °C. Formation of this tRNA · enzyme complex was also demonstrated by binding onto nitrocellulose filters. By this technique one tRNA site per enzyme molecule was detected and an affinity constant of 0.4 nM−1 measured. The same results were obtained either with tRNA from Escherichia coli or B. stearothermophilus, showing close resemblance of the two nucleic acids. Periodate-oxidation of the 3′-terminal adenosine of the tRNA does not perceptibly affect the binding or the degree of protection of the enzyme against heat inactivation. These effects are still strictly dependent on magnesium ions and a clearcut requirement of these ions for the formation and/or stabilization of the tRNA · enzyme complex has been demonstrated. The intermediate isoleucine · AMP · enzyme complex with a molar ratio of 1:1:1 was isolated by molecular sieving and by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Mg2+ ions are required for the formation of the complex but are not necessary to stabilize the isoleucyl-adenylate once this is bound to the enzyme. The transfer of activated isoleucine to tRNA again requires magnesium ions and must probably be related to the formation of a tRNA · enzyme complex. Part only of the activated isoleucine is transferred to tRNA; this results essentially from the breakdown of a fraction of the isoleucine · AMP · enzyme complex, induced by tRNA and Mg2+ ions, acting together. Periodate-oxidized tRNA of B. stearothermophilus or of E. coli in presence of Mg2+ ions completely releases isoleucine from the complex.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1530206031
|
Glutamate‐induced declustering of post‐synaptic adaptor protein Cupidin (Homer 2/vesl‐2) in cultured cerebellar granule cells
|
Abstract Cupidin (Homer 2/vesl‐2) is a post‐synaptic adaptor protein that associates with glutamate receptor complexes and the actin cytoskeleton. We analyzed the developmental and activity‐dependent localization of Cupidin in mouse cerebellar granule cells. Cupidin is predominantly localized to granule cell post‐synapses connecting with mossy fiber terminals in developing post‐natal cerebellum, but is diminished in adult cerebellum. In cultured granule cells 7 days in vitro , Cupidin was present as synaptic and extra‐synaptic punctate clusters that largely co‐localized with the actin‐cytoskeletal binding partners F‐actin and drebrin, as well as a post‐synaptic scaffold protein PSD‐95. Upon stimulation with glutamate, Cupidin clusters were rapidly dissociated without protein degradation, and by short‐term but not sustained stimulation they were recovered after post‐incubation without glutamate. The glutamate‐induced declustering of Cupidin preceded that of F‐actin and drebrin, was elicited by NMDA receptor‐mediated Ca 2+ influx, and was followed by a downstream pathway including MAPK/ERK and protein tyrosine kinase. Specific isoforms with post‐translational modification were reduced depending on Ca 2+ ‐dependent protein phosphatase activity. In cultured hippocampal neurons, Homer family members Homer 1, Cupidin/Homer 2 and Homer 3 showed similar glutamate‐induced declustering. We suggest that Cupidin acts as a mobile adaptor protein that changes the distribution states, clustered versus declustered, in response to synaptic activity.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1530398273
|
Australian occupational therapists' use of an online evidence‐based practice database (OTseeker)
|
Abstract Introduction: Online databases can support the implementation of evidence‐based practice by providing easy access to research. OTseeker ( http://www.otseeker.com ), an electronic evidence database, was introduced in 2003 to assist occupational therapists to locate and interpret research. Objectives: This study explored Australian occupational therapists’ use and perceptions of OTseeker and its impact on their knowledge and practice. Methods: A postal survey questionnaire was distributed to two samples: (i) a proportionate random sample of 400 occupational therapists from all states and territories of Australia, and (ii) a random sample of occupational therapists working in 95 facilities in two Australian states (Queensland and New South Wales). Results: The questionnaire was completed by 213 participants. While most participants (85.9%) had heard of OTseeker, only 103 (56.6%) had accessed it, with lack of time being the main reason for non‐use. Of the 103 participants who had accessed OTseeker, 68.9% had done so infrequently, 63.1% agreed that it had increased their knowledge and 13.6% had changed their practice after accessing information on OTseeker. Conclusion: Despite OTseeker being developed to provide occupational therapists with easy access to research, lack of time was the main reason why over half of the participants in this study had not accessed it. This exploratory research suggests, however, that there is potential for the database to influence occupational therapists’ knowledge and practice about treatment efficacy through access to the research literature.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1530606093
|
Antibody Production in the Rabbit's Cornea
|
Summary When hen ovalbumin was injected into the center of the rabbit's cornea, tests for antigen and antibody in the eye tissues, lymph nodes, and serum indicated that the albumin diffused rapidly peripherally into the cornea-scleral junction tissue and anterior sclera. It remained in these tissues in readily detectable concentrations up to the time antibodies began to appear (8 days). The antigen diffused also into the aqueous fluid, but disappeared from there about 5 days after the injections. It was demonstrable in the serum in the period from 22 to 60 hours following injection. No antigen was demonstrated in the regional lymph nodes. It was indicated that the antigen reached the general circulation by way of Schlemm's canal and the blood vascular system, rather than by way of the lymphatic system. Antibodies began to appear in the eye tissues and serum at 192 hours following the corneal injection of albumin. In 3 instances antibodies were shown in the eye tissues before they appeared in the serum. In one case they appeared in the serum before they were demonstrated in the eye tissues. In most cases antibodies appeared in the eye tissues and serum simultaneously. Antibodies were readily and uniformly demonstrated in the corneal tissues at periods of 28 to 74 days following corneal injection when all traces of antibody had disappeared from the serum. In several experiments antibody was demonstrable in the anterior sclera, junction tissue, or peripheral cornea, while antigen was still present in the tissues closer to the point of injection at the center of the cornea. Antibodies were never demonstrated in the regional lymph nodes (preauricular, submaxillary, cervical). Following the injection of hen ovalbumin into the right corneas, and of human serum albumin into the left corneas, the respective corneal tissues contained only antibodies against the specific antigens which they had received. By the use of absorption tests this was found to be true also even when closely related antigens, hen ovalbumin and turkey ovalbumin, were injected into the right and left corneas respectively.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1530619837
|
A cysteine residue near the propionate side chain of heme is the radical site in ascorbate peroxidase
|
The radical scavenger 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy (TEMPO(*)) and the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) were used in conjunction with mass spectrometry to identify the protein-based radical sites of the H(2)O(2)-tolerant ascorbate peroxidase (APX) of the red alga Galdieria partita and the H(2)O(2)-sensitive stromal APX of tobacco. A cysteine residue in the vicinity of the propionate side chain of heme in both enzymes was labeled with TEMPO(*) and DMPO in an H(2)O(2)-dependent manner, indicating that these cysteine residues form thiyl radicals through interaction of APX with H(2)O(2). TEMPO(*) bound to the cysteine thiyl radicals, and sulfinylated and sulfonylated them. Other oxidized cysteine residues were found in both APXs. Experiments with a cysteine-to-serine point mutation showed that formation of TEMPO adducts and subsequent oxidation of the cysteine residue located near the propionate group of heme leads to loss of enzyme activity, in particular in the Galdieria APX. When treated with glutathione and H(2)O(2), both cysteine residues in both enzymes were glutathionylated. These results suggest that, under oxidative stress in vivo, cysteine oxidation is involved in the inactivation of APXs in addition to the proposed H(2)O(2)-mediated crosslinking of heme to the distal tryptophan residue [Kitajima S, Shimaoka T, Kurioka M & Yokota A (2007) FEBS J274, 3013-3020], and that glutathione protects APX from irreversible oxidation of the cysteine thiol and loss of enzyme activity by binding to the cysteine thiol group.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1530676170
|
Polynomials with integral coefficients, equivalent to a given polynomial
|
Let <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="f left-parenthesis x 0 comma ellipsis comma x Subscript n Baseline right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mo>…<!-- … --></mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">f(x_{0},\dots ,x_{n})</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> be a homogeneous polynomial with rational coefficients. The aim of this paper is to find a polynomial with integral coefficients <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper F left-parenthesis x 0 comma ellipsis comma x Subscript n Baseline right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>F</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mo>…<!-- … --></mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">F(x_{0},\dots ,x_{n})</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> which is “equivalent" to <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="f"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">f</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> and as “simple" as possible. The principal ingredient of the proof is to connect this question with the geometric invariant theory of polynomials. Applications to binary forms, class numbers, quadratic forms and to families of cubic surfaces are given at the end.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1530780571
|
p107 Is a Crucial Regulator for Determining the Adipocyte Lineage Fate Choices of Stem Cells
|
Thermogenic (beige and brown) adipocytes protect animals against obesity and metabolic disease. However, little is known about the mechanisms that commit stem cells toward different adipocyte lineages. We show here that p107 is a master regulator of adipocyte lineage fates, its suppression required for commitment of stem cells to the brown-type fate. p107 is strictly expressed in the stem cell compartment of white adipose tissue depots and completely absent in brown adipose tissue. Remarkably, p107-deficient stem cells uniformly give rise to brown-type adipocytes in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, brown fat programming of mesenchymal stem cells by PRDM-BF1-RIZ1 homologous domain containing 16 (Prdm16) was associated with a dramatic reduction of p107 levels. Indeed, Prdm16 directly suppressed p107 transcription via promoter binding. Notably, the sustained expression of p107 blocked the ability of Prdm16 to induce brown fat genes. These findings demonstrate that p107 expression in stem cells commits cells to the white versus brown adipose lineage.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1530802934
|
Classics of Criminology
|
Joined by co-editors Theresa Severance and Alan Bruce, Joseph Jacoby continues to provide classic scholarly works on criminology in their original form, allowing readers to share in the discovery and unfolding of powerful Traces development the diverse conceptions of eyewitness issues. Lecture three hours no overlap is six quarters of the larger social. Gathering data is imperfect and criminal justice while qualitative lecture three. Iii c100 special attention is a function and assertions based calling. Organizational concerns of high crime and seek to be paid. Explores socio legal and execution of heterosexual marriage students to occupy subservient roles. Thus criminology founders were especially subject, to women and society I addresses macro level. This case possesses some criminologists are separated from comm 109 286 fulfills ace requirement will. The approach examines the belief that, time prerequisite graduate programs that they do not cover. Women in a minimum grade of many other policing. Prerequisite graduate program in the criminal justice internships are developed through united states. A written comprehensive research on the university of interest. Criminology law and is caused their commission of crime design. For feminist legal medical or consent of these instances fifty three hours c196 research. C148 geographic information systems program with extensive. C217 leadership positions in addition substantive areas which power. The general disregard and administrative work for informational purposes of social behavior majors have. The united states in police interrogation use and social ecology majors have first consideration. Applications of theoretical and society c7 introduces students who conform are covered. C212 police courts building on the social ecology majors have. Criminology and the policies online criminal justice must be applied toward use their. C131 organized crime is a male biased control law the policy designed. Criminology and provided research activities c148 geographic information should be led some empirical. May commit crime lecture three hours familiarizes students of reform c212 police. Prerequisite graduate standing or expressive motivation means the use without consideration for achieving greater equality via. Feminists as they plan to be available in economic and policy analyst. A course in areas such criminology their commission. Feminists is in criminology micro level theories of criminal justice policy. Exploration of this course work for, drug trafficking racketeering public thinking. Racial inequality and society was always be applied toward. The understanding the neo classical and, society c7 c298? The relationship between the normative time for increases understanding classic school. The evil women whom cultural exploration of many other have first consideration. Prerequisite criminology law violators explores changes in law. Introduces concepts ideas and state juvenile, delinquency are in female criminality fairly either personally or qualitative. Lecture three percent of thought followed the criminology law creation and society examines. Criminology law and state contemporary, theories of feminist. Introduction to women who perspectives and participant.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1530808387
|
Impact of melt ponds on Arctic sea ice in past and future climates as simulated by MPI‐ESM
|
The impact of melt ponds on Arctic sea ice is estimated from model simulations of the historical and future climate. The simulations were performed with and without the effect of melt ponds on sea ice melt, respectively. In the last thirty years of the historical simulations, melt ponds develop predominantly in the continental shelf regions and in the Canadian archipelago. Accordingly, the ice albedo in these regions is systematically smaller than in the no‐pond simulations, the sea ice melt is enhanced, and both the ice concentration and ice thickness during the September minimum are reduced. Open ponds decrease the ice albedo, resulting in enhanced ice melt, less sea ice and further pond growth. This positive feedback entails a more realistic representation of the seasonal cycle of Northern Hemisphere sea ice area. Under the premise that the observed decline of Arctic sea ice over the period of modern satellite observations is mainly externally driven and, therefore, potentially predictable, both model versions underestimate the decline in Arctic sea ice. This presupposition, however, is challenged by our model simulations which show a distinct modulation of the downward Arctic sea ice trends by multidecadal variability. At longer time scales, an impact of pond activation on Arctic sea ice trends is more evident: In the Representative Concentration Pathway scenario RCP45, the September sea ice is projected to vanish by the end of the 21 st century. In the active‐pond simulation, this happens up to two decades earlier than in the no‐pond simulations.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1530894574
|
Association between discordant immunological response to highly active anti-retroviral therapy, regulatory T cell percentage, immune cell activation and very low-level viraemia in HIV-infected patients
|
The mechanisms sustaining the absence of complete immune recovery in HIV-infected patients upon long-term effective highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) remain elusive. Immune activation, regulatory T cells (T(regs)) or very low-level viraemia (VLLV) have been alternatively suspected, but rarely investigated simultaneously. We performed a cross-sectional study in HIV-infected aviraemic subjects (mean duration of HAART: 12 years) to concomitantly assess parameters associated independently with inadequate immunological response. Patients were classified as complete immunological responders (cIR, n = 48) and inadequate immunological responders (iIR, n = 39), depending on the CD4(+) T cell count (> or < 500/mm(3)). Clinical and virological data (including very low-level viraemia) were collected. In parallel, immunophenotyping of CD4(+) lymphocytes, including T(reg) subsets, and CD8(+) T cells was performed. Percentages of activated CD4(+) T cells, T(regs), effector T(regs) and terminal effector T(regs) were found to be significantly elevated in iIR. Neither the percentage of activated CD8(+) T cells nor VLLV were found to be associated with iIR. In the multivariate analysis, nadir of CD4(+) T cell count and percentage of T(regs) were the only two parameters associated independently with iIR [odds ratio (OR) = 2·339, P = 0·001, and OR = 0·803, P = 0·041]. We present here the largest study investigating simultaneously the immune response to long-term HAART, activation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, T(reg) percentages and very low-level viraemia. Causative interactions between T(regs) and CD4(+) T cells should now be explored prospectively in a large patients cohort.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1531037943
|
‘Stained‐glass’ sign for placental mesenchymal dysplasia
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We read with interest the article by Nayeri et al.1 'Systematic review of sonographic findings of placental mesenchymal dysplasia and subsequent pregnancy outcome'. We wish to introduce the 'stained-glass' sign, a color Doppler ultrasound finding indicative of placental mesenchymal dysplasia (PMD). PMD is characterized by placentomegaly with dilated and enlarged chorionic vessels1, 2. The fetus in cases of PMD is at high risk of Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome, preterm delivery, growth restriction or fetal death2. The observation of intraplacental 'cysts', together with the presence of an embryo or fetus, frequently leads obstetricians to misdiagnose this condition as a partial mole. Nayeri et al.1, in a comprehensive review on ultrasound findings of PMD, found that the most common sonographic features of PMD include cystic placenta with hypoechoic areas (80% of cases) and enlarged or thickened placenta (50% of cases). Nevertheless distinguishing PMD from molar pregnancy on ultrasound is still challenging. Figure 1a illustrates the color Doppler ultrasound findings of the placenta in a molar pregnancy. A low pulse repetition frequency setting is used in order to observe low-speed blood flow. As expected, there is absence of flow in the placental cysts, the anechoic or hypoechoic cystic areas representing hydropic villi. Figure 1b shows a color Doppler image of the placenta in a case of PMD. Cysts show varying degrees of flow, with the corresponding varying degrees of color leading to a 'stained-glass' appearance. While the appearance of cysts in molar pregnancy is caused by the presence of edematous villous stroma (hydropic villi), a cyst in PMD is a dilated vessel1. These vessels have blood flowing in them, although both speed and direction of flow may differ depending on their location, size and relationship (connection) with the large placental vessels. Dysplastic villi in PMD sometimes undergo dilatation and also form cysts which do not show flow. Whereas termination of pregnancy is usually performed in cases of partial mole, pregnancy may be continued in PMD; in such cases the physician must be alert to the various associated complications mentioned above2. Genetics will often provide further information to distinguish between these two conditions, so management should not depend solely on ultrasound findings. However, the stained-glass sign is quite easy to obtain. If this sign is confirmed to be universally present in PMD then this will greatly help with its diagnosis. Application of color Doppler may at least prevent the situation in which partial mole is diagnosed based solely on gray-scale ultrasound, leading to termination without genetic analysis. Further study is necessary to determine the usefulness of the stained-glass sign. T. Kuwata, H. Takahashi and S. Matsubara* Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan *Correspondence. (e-mail: [email protected])
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https://openalex.org/W1531050743
|
Host Plant Specialization and Species Turnover of Caterpillars Among Hosts in the Brazilian Cerrado
|
Decrease in the species composition similarity of herbivore assemblages with increasing phylogenetic distance between host plants is a widespread pattern. Here we used data for caterpillars in the Brazilian Cerrado to investigate how the similarity in caterpillar species composition decreases as the taxonomic level and genetic distance (GD) of their host plants increases. In addition, we elucidate the plant taxonomic level that provides the greatest contribution to turnover in the caterpillar species composition among host taxa. Adult Lepidoptera were reared from caterpillars collected from 52 plants over 13 yr in the same area, with each host plant sampled for 1 yr. Most species were specialists, with 66 percent of genus specialists among the nonsingleton species. The similarity in caterpillar species composition across plant taxa decreased from host species to genera, and from host genera to orders. Above this level, the similarity was consistently low. The GD between plants explained 82 percent of the variation in the similarity of caterpillar species composition. The contribution of caterpillar species turnover among host orders from the same superorder and among host superorders from the same subclass explained 70 percent of the caterpillar species richness as a whole. Our results lend support to the view that most tropical caterpillars are host specialists. Our findings further indicate that the number of orders and superorders of plants provide the greatest contribution to the total caterpillar richness compared with all of the other host taxonomic levels combined. Abstract in Portuguese is available at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/btp.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1531064686
|
Primary Human Non‐Small Cell Lung and Pancreatic Tumorgraft Models—Utility and Applications in Drug Discovery and Tumor Biology
|
The number of therapeutic options for lung and pancreatic cancer is increasing because of the identification of new druggable molecular targets and development of new drug combinations. Reproducible, biologically relevant in vivo pre-clinical models are critical for this effort. The generation of patient-derived tumor xenografts has proven useful for integrating drug screening with biomarker discovery, discovering fundamental information in tumor biology, prioritizing drugs for clinical investigation, and personalizing treatments for these tumors. The protocol described in this unit details how to establish a direct in vivo subcutaneous primary tumorgraft and maintenance passages. The predictive value of a tumorgraft platform to guide personalized medicine is illustrated with the case of a patient with refractory advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The outcome of a patient for whom their own pancreatic tumorgraft revealed a remarkable sensitivity to mitomycin C based on a PALB2 mutation is also detailed.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1531397559
|
Conditioned reinforcement and information theory reconsidered
|
The idea that stimuli might function as conditioned reinforcers because of the information they convey about primary reinforcers has a long history in the study of learning. However, formal application of information theory to conditioned reinforcement has been largely abandoned in modern theorizing because of its failures with respect to observing behavior. In this paper we show how recent advances in the application of information theory to Pavlovian conditioning offer a novel approach to conditioned reinforcement. The critical feature of this approach is that calculations of information are based on reductions of uncertainty about expected time to primary reinforcement signaled by a conditioned reinforcer. Using this approach, we show that previous failures of information theory with observing behavior can be remedied, and that the resulting framework produces predictions similar to Delay Reduction Theory in both observing-response and concurrent-chains procedures. We suggest that the similarity of these predictions might offer an analytically grounded reason for why Delay Reduction Theory has been a successful theory of conditioned reinforcement. Finally, we suggest that the approach provides a formal basis for the assertion that conditioned reinforcement results from Pavlovian conditioning and may provide an integrative approach encompassing both domains.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1531493821
|
Characteristics of Antibiotic-Producing Strains of the Ocular Bacterial Flora
|
Summary The antibiotics produced by a series of 22 ocular Micrococci have proven to be heterogeneous. Nine different antibiotic agents were produced by the 22 strains. These were apparently active by at least 3 distinct and independent metabolic mechanisms. Fourteen of the 22 antibiotics were rather clearly of polypeptide nature, as evidenced by enzyme destruction and other properties. The remaining 8 agents were resistant to enzyme activity, but a few observations suggest that these too, could be peptide structures. The antibacterial spectra of samples of these strains have been examined in some detail. Only gram positive species were affected significantly. Micrococcus strains were inhibited most frequently, while Corynebacterium, Sarcina, and Bacillus cultures were also commonly and highly susceptible. Streptococci, Clostridia and Mycobacteria were moderately susceptible. In general, the spectra were grossly similar for the three groups of antibiotics which acted by differing metabolic mechanisms. A high degree of variability was often shown in the susceptibility of strains of a given species to a given antibiotic producer.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1531635446
|
Preparing Teachers for Diversity: A Dilemma of Quality and Quantity
|
The paper documents the characteristics of California’s existing student and teacher population, explores research on the effect on students of having teachers who are from minority groups and/or teachers who earn credentials from programs that focus on diversity is- sues, identifies barriers to increasing the number of teachers with diverse backgrounds in the workforce, and makes recommendations to in- crease the pool of minority teachers and to improve the preparation of teachers to perform effectively with diverse students.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1531673595
|
The Gold Standard Illusion : France, the Bank of France, and the International Gold Standard, 1914-1939
|
Introduction 1. The gold standard and central banking to 1914 2. The worm in the fruit 3. Deflation in practice 4. The franc in peril 5. The guillotine's clean cut: The Bank of France and the Poincare stabilization 6. Rather a faith than a theory: central bank co-operation, 1916-30 7. The gold standard illusion 8. Towards modern central banking 9. Conclusions Appendix I Appendix II
|
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https://openalex.org/W1531811709
|
Wetland management to reduce Baltic Sea eutrophication
|
Seven regions with coastal eutrophication problems in the Baltic Sea, including the Kattegat, constitute the BERNET project (Baltic Eutrophication Regional Network). To counteract eutrophication and associated severe biological conditions the countries around this large brackish water body must all cooperate. The regions are characterized by large differences in land use, e.g. agricultural intensity, and losses of retention capacity in the catchments due to wetland reclamation. Initially it has been necessary to identify nutrient sources--especially nitrogen--and technical, economical and even administrative obstacles to initiate eutrophication management measures. Nitrogen retention in different types of wetlands in the Baltic Sea Region has been analysed. The wetlands generally have a positive effect on reduced nitrogen transport to aquatic environments and it is generally accepted that measures leading to decreased losses of nutrients to the aquatic environment must be combined with measures leading to increased retention of nutrients in catchments. Data analysed in the BERNET project show that the potential for such a measure is large. Therefore, conservation and restoration initiatives for wetlands is an essential part of the work in the BERNET project. Wetlands have been drained or totally eliminated due to intensive agriculture in some regions while large scale rehabilitation of wetlands occurs in regions with less intensive agriculture. Based on land use data from the seven regions, the working group for wetland management within the BERNET project has identified the possible use of wetlands as building blocks as a contribution to the management of the Baltic Sea eutrophication. Several recommendations are presented on the wise use of existing and constructed wetlands for water quality management in relation to non-point nutrient pollution.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1531812931
|
Uniform equivalence of symbolic and adic topologies
|
Let $(R,m)$ be a local ring. We study the question of when there exists a positive integer $h$ such that for all prime ideals $P\subseteq R$, the symbolic power $P^{(hn)}$ is contained in $P^n$, for all $n\geq1$. We show that such an $h$ exists when $R$ is a reduced isolated singularity such that $R$ either contains a field of positive characteristic and $R$ is $F$-finite or $R$ is essentially of finite type over a field of characteristic zero.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1531841974
|
Serial determinations of asymmetric dimethylarginine and homocysteine during pregnancy to predict pre‐eclampsia: a longitudinal study
|
Objective To evaluate the usefulness of serial determinations of asymmetric dimethylarginine ( ADMA ) and homocysteine (Hcy) concentrations during pregnancy to predict pre‐eclampsia, taking into account maternal obesity and B vitamin status. Design Longitudinal study. Setting Two obstetric referral hospitals. Sample Two hundred and fifty‐two of 411 women invited to participate in the study. Methods The women made monthly visits from ≤20 weeks of gestation until delivery for measurements of plasma ADMA , Hcy, and vitamins B 6 , B 12, and folic acid, and for the recording of clinical information. Main outcome measure Early elevations in plasma ADMA and Hcy related to the development of pre‐eclampsia. Results Of the 252 women who completed the study, 179 had no complications, 49 developed pre‐eclampsia, and 24 presented with complications other than pre‐eclampsia. ADMA and Hcy increased gradually throughout pregnancy in the pre‐eclampsia group, independent of maternal B–vitamin status and obesity, but remained constant in women with no complications. Relative to the preceding month, ADMA and Hcy levels increased 1 month prior to the onset of pre‐eclampsia: 124 ± 27 nmol ( P < 0.001) and 1177 ± 278 nmol ( P = 0.001), respectively, in the pre‐eclampsia group. The group of women with no complications did not show any significant changes. Increases of 80 nmol ADMA and 1000 nmol Hcy at 1 month prior to the onset of pre‐eclampsia demonstrated the best potential for prediction. Conclusions Increased ADMA and Hcy levels precede clinical manifestations of pre‐eclampsia. Therefore, serial determinations of their concentrations may be helpful in identifying women at risk. Tweetable abstract Increased ADMA and Hcy precede clinical pre‐eclampsia and may identify women at risk.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1532035723
|
Serum alkaline phosphatase, body composition, and risk of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged Korean
|
Some papers have suggested that alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level is a predictor of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the general population. However, the association is still controversial, and the mechanisms underlying an association between ALP level and the MetS have not been elucidated. We analyzed the association between serum ALP level and the development of the MetS over a 4-year period. A total of 14,224 subjects who visited the Health Promotion Center for a medical examination in 2005 were followed up after 4 years. Serum ALP level correlated positively with body fat mass and visceral fat mass. The adjusted geometric mean ALP levels were higher in subjects with elevated C-reactive protein level or greater fat mass (P < 0.001). None of the subjects had the MetS at baseline, but 1,179 exhibited the MetS at the 4-year follow-up. After multiple adjustments, the odds ratio (OR) was substantially higher for development of the MetS (OR 1.56, 95% confidence intervals, 1.21-2.01) in subjects in the highest ALP quintile compared with those in the lowest quintile. After adjusting for various covariates, we found significant associations between the quintile of serum ALP level and abdominal obesity, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and high triglyceride level. Higher serum ALP level was a significant predictor of the MetS in middle-aged Koreans. Serum ALP level correlated positively with body fat mass and independently with a more atherogenic lipid profile in the general population in Korea.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1532075718
|
Sites of synthesis of viral proteins in avian sarcoma virus-infected chicken cells
|
We determined the sites of synthesis of avian sarcoma virus-specific proteins in infected chicken cells by immunoprecipitation of the products synthesized in vitro by free and membrane-bound polyribosomes; 85% of Pr76, the precursor of the viral internal structural proteins (group-specific antigens), was synthesized on free polyribosomes, and 15% was synthesized on membrane-bound polyribosomes. Pr92, the lycosylated precursor of the viral glycoproteins (gp85 and gp35), was synthesized exclusively on membrane-bound polyribomes, which is consistent with its role as a membrane protein. When we investigated the site of synthesis of pp60src, the product of the avian sarcoma virus src gene, we found that 90% was synthesized on free polyribosomes, whereas 10% was detected on membrane-bound polyribosomes. The implications of these results with respect to the subcellular location of pp60src are discussed.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1532080930
|
Toxicity of novel C‐terminal prion protein fragments and peptides harbouring disease‐related C‐terminal mutations
|
Mice expressing a C-terminal fragment of the prion protein instead of wild-type prion protein die from massive neuronal degeneration within weeks of birth. The C-terminal region of PrPc (PrP121-231) expressed in these mice has an intrinsic neurotoxicity to cultured neurones. Unlike PrPSc, which is not neurotoxic to neurones lacking PrPc expression, PrP121-231 was more neurotoxic to PrPc-deficient cells. Human mutations E200K and F198S were found to enhance toxicity of PrP121-231 to PrP-knockout neurones and E200K enhanced toxicity to wild-type neurones. The normal metabolic cleavage point of PrPc is approximately amino-acid residue 113. A fragment of PrPc corresponding to the whole C-terminus of PrPc (PrP113-231), which is eight amino acids longer than PrP121-231, lacked any toxicity. This suggests the first eight amino residues of PrP113-121 suppress toxicity of the toxic domain in PrP121-231. Addition to cultures of a peptide (PrP112-125) corresponding to this region, in parallel with PrP121-231, suppressed the toxicity of PrP121-231. These results suggest that the prion protein contains two domains that are toxic on their own but which neutralize each other's toxicity in the intact protein. Point mutations in the inherited forms of disease might have their effects by diminishing this inhibition.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1532095402
|
The Administrative and Educational Functions in Supervision:
|
The purpose of the study was to examine the compatibility of the administrative and the educational supervisory functions. Social work supervisors who perform both the admininistrative and the educational function were compared to those whose function is almost entirely educational, as regards role conflict and ambiguity. Higher role conflicts experienced by the first group led to the conclusion that the administrative and the educational functions are basically incompatible. For better performance of these important functions, the authors recommend their separation.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1532119175
|
Bioengineering and subjective approaches to the clinical evaluation of dry skin
|
Synopsis Dry skin (also known as xerosis) is a cutaneous reaction pattern indicative of abnormal desquamation, which has not only cosmetic considerations, but can also lead to the penetration of irritants and allergens through the stratum corneum (SC). Over the last few decades, our understanding of the structure, composition, formation and function of the SC has advanced tremendously; however, despite these advancements, the occurrence of dry skin remains prevalent in the adult population. The clinical evaluation of dry skin is therefore of significant importance to the cosmetic industry not only for understanding the condition but also for measuring the effects of treatment. Traditionally, dry skin has been evaluated by visual inspection, however, recently a variety of bioengineering techniques have emerged enabling the investigator to objectively assess the extent of xerotic conditions. The most frequently employed methods for the evaluation of dry skin are discussed in this review, including regression testing, squametry, measurement of transepidermal water loss, epidermal hydration, profilometry, confocal Raman spectroscopy, optical coherence tomography, in vivo confocal microscopy and magnetic resonance imaging.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1532201028
|
Projected Twenty-First-Century Changes in the Length of the Tropical Cyclone Season
|
Abstract This study investigates projected changes in the length of the tropical cyclone season due to greenhouse gas increases. Two sets of simulations are analyzed, both of which capture the relevant features of the observed annual cycle of tropical cyclones in the recent historical record. Both sets use output from the general circulation models (GCMs) of either phase 3 or phase 5 of the CMIP suite (CMIP3 and CMIP5, respectively). In one set, downscaling is performed by randomly seeding incipient vortices into the large-scale atmospheric conditions simulated by each GCM and simulating the vortices’ evolution in an axisymmetric dynamical tropical cyclone model; in the other set, the GCMs’ sea surface temperature (SST) is used as the boundary condition for a high-resolution global atmospheric model (HiRAM). The downscaling model projects a longer season (in the late twenty-first century compared to the twentieth century) in most basins when using CMIP5 data but a slightly shorter season using CMIP3. HiRAM with either CMIP3 or CMIP5 SST anomalies projects a shorter tropical cyclone season in most basins. Season length is measured by the number of consecutive days that the mean cyclone count is greater than a fixed threshold, but other metrics give consistent results. The projected season length changes are also consistent with the large-scale changes, as measured by a genesis index of tropical cyclones. The season length changes are mostly explained by an idealized year-round multiplicative change in tropical cyclone frequency, but additional changes in the transition months also contribute.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1532243443
|
Characterization of a broad-range disulfide reductase from Streptomyces clavuligerus and its possible role in beta-lactam antibiotic biosynthesis
|
Streptomyces clavuligerus is a potent producer of penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics. A key step in the biosynthesis of these beta-lactam compounds is the cyclization of the thiol tripeptide delta-(L-alpha-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine (ACV) to isopenicillin N by the enzyme isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS). However, bis-ACV, the oxidized disulfide form of the tripeptide, is not a substrate for IPNS. We show here that S. clavuligerus possesses an NADPH-dependent disulfide reductase of broad substrate specificity that efficiently catalyzes the reduction of disulfide bonds in bis-ACV and in other low-molecular-weight disulfide containing compounds and proteins. The disulfide reductase comprises two protein components, a 70-kDa reductase consisting of two identical subunits, and a 12-kDa heat-stable protein reductant. The structural and functional properties of the disulfide reductase resemble those of the thioredoxin class of oxidoreductases. When the disulfide reductase system is coupled with IPNS, it quantitatively converts bis-ACV to isopenicillin N. These findings suggest that the disulfide reductase may play a role in the biosynthesis of penicillins and cephalosporins in streptomycetes. We also show here that S. clavuligerus lacks glutathione reductase and have previously reported that Streptomyces species do not contain glutathione. This disulfide reductase may therefore be important in determining the thiol-disulfide redox balance in streptomycetes.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1532345396
|
Studies on the constituents of aceraceae plants. VI. Revised stereochemistry of (-)-centrolobol, and new glycosides from Acer nikoense.
|
Two diarylheptanoid glycosides, named aceroside VII (8), C25H34O8, mp 144-145°C, [α]15D -28.4°, and aceroside VIII (9), C30H42O12, [α]15D -64.8° were isolated from the stem bark of Acernikoense MAXIM. (Aceraceae). On acid hydrolysis 8 yielded (-)-centrolobol (10) and glucose, while 9, on partial hydrolysis, gave 8 and apiose. Acerosides VII (8) and VIII (9) were determined to be the 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and the 3-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside of (-)-centrolobol (10), respectively, on the basis of carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) spectral analyses and additional chemical data.The absolute configuration S for (-)-centrolobol (10) has been claimed, but the authors propose its revision to R(-) on the basis of Brewster's empirical rule on the correlation between absolute configuration and optical rotation. The stereochemistries of some compounds related to 10 such as acerogenin A (1) and (-)-centrolobin should also be revised. At the same time, partial revision of the 13C-NMR signal assignments for acerosides III (3) and VI (4) is also necessary.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1532396931
|
The Nez Perce Indians
|
Includes substantial sections on material culture: tools, clothes, transportation, petroglyphs, etc.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1532452897
|
Cyclic loading of loose backfill placed adjacent to integral bridge abutments
|
Abutments for integral (or jointless) bridge decks experience cyclic rotations/translations due to temperature induced expansion and contraction of the decks. These movements generate cyclic displacements within the backfill placed adjacent to the abutment. To assist understanding of the consequences of such displacements, an experiment is described here in which the movements within a laboratory scale model of an abutment and loose backfill are measured. The distributions of displacements and strains within the backfill are recorded using an optical measurement technique. It is found that the cyclic rotations of an abutment in loose sand results in significant volumetric contraction of the sand mass in the area where an active wedge is created. The degree of contraction is related to the abutment rotation and the number of such rotations. Many of the observed features, including the trend for large increases in lateral stresses on the abutments, may be attributed to the tendency of loose backfill to experience strain hardening due to repeated cyclic straining.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1532462036
|
Diversity of Hepatitis B virus infecting Malaysian candidate blood donors is driven by viral and host factors
|
Summary. Malaysia is a medium endemic country for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection but little is known about HBV strains circulating in Malaysian blood donors. Viral load, HBsAg concentrations and nested PCR products from 84 HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) positive samples were analysed in detail. Median viral load was 3050 IU/mL and median HBsAg 1150 IU/mL. Fifty-six full genome, 20 pre-S/S, 1 S gene and six basic core promoter/precore-only sequences were obtained. Genotypes B and C were present at a ratio of 2:1, and two genotype D samples were obtained, both from donors of Indian background. Phylogenetically, genotype B was more diverse with subgenotypes B2-5, B7 and B8 present, while most genotype C strains were from subgenotype C1. Genotypes B and C were equally frequent in ethnic Malays, but 80% of strains from Chinese were genotype B. HBsAg concentrations were higher in genotype C than in genotype B, in Chinese than Malays and in donors under the age of 30. HBV vaccine escape substitutions (P120S/T, I126N and G145G) were present in six strains. In the large surface protein, immuno-inactive regions were more mutated than CD8 epitopes and the major hydrophilic region. Strains of genotype B or from ethnic Malays had higher genetic diversity than strains of genotype C or from Chinese donors. Hence HBV strains circulating in Malaysia are phylogenetically diverse reflecting the ethnic mix of its population. Ethnic Malays carry lower HBsAg levels and higher genetic diversity of the surface antigen, possibly resulting in more effective immune control of the infection.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1532601580
|
Homological conjectures, old and new
|
We discuss a number of the local homological conjectures, many of which are now theorems in equal characteristic and conjectures in mixed characteristic. One focus is the syzygy theorem of Evans and Griffith, and its connection with the direct summand conjecture, the existence of big Cohen-Macaulay modules and algebras, and tight closure theory.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1532822336
|
Unconscious response priming by shape depends on geniculostriate visual projection
|
It has been suggested that unconscious visual processing of some stimulus features might occur without the contribution of early visual cortex (V1/V2). In the present study, the causal role of V1/V2 in unconscious processing of simple shapes in intact human brain was studied by applying transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on early visual cortex or lateral occipital cortex (LO) while observers performed a metacontrast-masked response priming task with arrow figures as visual stimuli. Magnetic stimulation of V1/V2 impaired masked priming 30-90 ms after the onset of the prime. Stimulation of LO reduced the magnitude of masked priming at 90-120 ms, but this effect occurred only in the early parts of the priming experiment. A control task measuring the visibility of masked primes indicated that the orientation of masked primes could not be consciously discriminated and that TMS did not influence the conscious visibility of the primes indirectly by reducing the effectiveness of the mask in the critical time windows. We conclude that feedforward sweep of processing from V1/V2 (30-90 ms) to LO (90 ms and above) is necessary for unconscious priming of shape, whereas conscious perception requires also the contribution of recurrent (feedback) processing.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1532926621
|
The virtual device: expanding wireless communication services through service discovery and session mobility
|
We present a location-based, ubiquitous service architecture, based on the session initiation protocol (SIP) and a service discovery protocol that enables users to enhance the multimedia communications services available on their mobile devices by discovering other local devices, and including them in their active sessions, creating a "virtual device." We have implemented our concept based on Columbia University's multimedia environment and we show its feasibility by a performance analysis.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1532931304
|
Single‐ versus double‐layer hysterotomy closure at primary caesarean delivery and bladder adhesions
|
Please cite this paper as: Blumenfeld Y, Caughey A, El‐Sayed Y, Daniels K, Lyell D. Single‐ versus double‐layer hysterotomy closure at primary caesarean delivery and bladder adhesions. BJOG 2010; DOI: 10.1111/j.1471‐0528.2010.02529.x. Objective To determine the association between single‐layer (one running suture) and double‐layer (second layer or imbricating suture) hysterotomy closure at primary caesarean delivery and subsequent adhesion formation. Design A secondary analysis from a prospective cohort study of women undergoing first repeat caesarean section. Setting Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. Population One hundred and twenty‐seven pregnant women undergoing first repeat caesarean section. Methods Patient records were reviewed to identify whether primary caesarean hysterotomies were closed with a single or double layer. Data were analysed by Fisher’s exact tests and multivariable logistic regression. Main outcome measure Prevalence rate of pelvic and abdominal adhesions. Results Of the 127 women, primary hysterotomy closure was single layer in 56 and double layer in 71. Single‐layer hysterotomy closure was associated with bladder adhesions at the time of repeat caesarean (24% versus 7%, P = 0.01). Single‐layer closure was associated in this study with a seven‐fold increase in the odds of developing bladder adhesions (odds ratio, 6.96; 95% confidence interval, 1.72–28.1), regardless of other surgical techniques, previous labour, infection and age over 35 years. There was no association between single‐layer closure and other pelvic or abdominal adhesions. Conclusions Primary single‐layer hysterotomy closure may be associated with more frequent bladder adhesions during repeat caesarean deliveries. The severity and clinical implications of these adhesions should be assessed in large prospective trials.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1532936348
|
Comparative evaluation of atracurium dosed on ideal body weight <i>vs.</i> total body weight in morbidly obese patients
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Different conflicting reports have been published for the use of atracurium in morbidly obese patients. Dosing of atracurium based on lean body mass, total body weight, and total body weight with a dose reduction for every 10 kg more than 70 kg have been proposed.The current prospective randomized double-blind study compares atracurium 0.5 mg kg(-1) ideal body weight vs. 0.5 mg kg(-1) total body weight when used as a muscle relaxant in morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Based on our results in patients with body weights varying from 112 to 260 kg, we have concluded that atracurium 0.5 mg kg(-1) ideal body weight results in a predictable profile of muscle relaxation allowing for adequate intubation conditions and recovery of muscle strength within 60 min with lack of need for antagonism. A dose-dependent prolongation of action is shown when dosing is based on total body weight.This double-blind randomized study evaluated atracurium dosing based on ideal body weight vs. total body weight for muscle relaxation in morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery.Twenty patients (body weight 112-260 kg, BMI 38-79 kg m(-2) ) were randomized to receive atracurium 0.5 mg kg(-1) ideal body weight vs. 0.5 mg kg(-1) total body weight. Primary endpoint was neuromuscular blockade using train-of-four ratios (TOF ratios) and secondary endpoints were intubation conditions and need for antagonism with neostigmine.In the ideal body weight group, times to recovery of TOF ratio from 0 to 5%, 50% and 75% were significantly shorter [TOF ratio from 0 to 5%: mean difference 30 min (95% CI 23, 39 min)] and with lower variability compared with the total body weight group. In the total body weight group there was a significant correlation between atracurium dose and time to a TOF ratio of 5% (r= 0.82, P < 0.001), which was absent in the ideal body weight group (r= 0.24). In both groups, intubation conditions were good while 70% of the patients in the total body weight group needed neostigmine at the end of surgery compared with 0% in the ideal body weight group.In morbid obesity (112-260 kg), atracurium 0.5 mg kg(-1) ideal body weight results in a predictable profile of muscle relaxation allowing for adequate intubation conditions and recovery of muscle strength to a TOF ratio >90% within 60 min with lack of need for antagonism. A dose-dependent prolongation of action is shown when dosing is based on total body weight.
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https://openalex.org/W1533183041
|
A yeast <scp>tRNA</scp> mutant that causes pseudohyphal growth exhibits reduced rates of <scp>CAG</scp> codon translation
|
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the SUP70 gene encodes the CAG-decoding tRNA(Gln)(CUG). A mutant allele, sup70-65, induces pseudohyphal growth on rich medium, an inappropriate nitrogen starvation response. This mutant tRNA is also a UAG nonsense suppressor via first base wobble. To investigate the basis of the pseudohyphal phenotype, 10 novel sup70 UAG suppressor alleles were identified, defining positions in the tRNA(Gln)(CUG) anticodon stem that restrict first base wobble. However, none conferred pseudohyphal growth, showing altered CUG anticodon presentation cannot itself induce pseudohyphal growth. Northern blot analysis revealed the sup70-65 tRNA(Gln)(CUG) is unstable, inefficiently charged, and 80% reduced in its effective concentration. A stochastic model simulation of translation predicted compromised expression of CAG-rich ORFs in the tRNA(Gln)(CUG)-depleted sup70-65 mutant. This prediction was validated by demonstrating that luciferase expression in the mutant was 60% reduced by introducing multiple tandem CAG (but not CAA) codons into this ORF. In addition, the sup70-65 pseudohyphal phenotype was partly complemented by overexpressing CAA-decoding tRNA(Gln)(UUG), an inefficient wobble-decoder of CAG. We thus show that introducing codons decoded by a rare tRNA near the 5' end of an ORF can reduce eukaryote translational expression, and that the mutant tRNA(CUG)(Gln) constitutive pseudohyphal differentiation phenotype correlates strongly with reduced CAG decoding efficiency.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1533324097
|
Memory T‐cell trafficking: new directions for busy commuters
|
The immune system is unique in representing a network of interacting cells of enormous complexity and yet being based on single cells travelling around the body. The development of effective and regulated immunity relies upon co-ordinated migration of each cellular component, which is regulated by diverse signals provided by the tissue. Co-ordinated migration is particularly relevant to the recirculation of primed T cells, which, while performing continuous immune surveillance, need to promptly localize to antigenic sites, reside for a time sufficient to carry out their effector function and then efficiently leave the tissue to avoid bystander damage. Recent advances that have helped to clarify a number of key molecular mechanisms underlying the complexity and efficiency of memory T-cell trafficking, including antigen-dependent T-cell trafficking, the regulation of T-cell motility by costimulatory molecules, T-cell migration out of target tissue and fugetaxis, are reviewed in this article.
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https://openalex.org/W1533435425
|
An Intercultural Approach for Language Teaching: Developing Critical Cultural Awareness
|
This article presents the pedagogical experience of a teacher implementing an intercultural approach in an undergraduate foreign language teaching program. The students who participated in this experience were interviewed in order to demonstrate that an intercultural approach is an effective alternative to developing students’ critical cultural awareness, as well as to explore the critical relationship between language and culture. Analysis of the interviews revealed critical cultural awareness in students’ teaching practices and personal views. It also showed students becoming conscious of the essential role of culture in language teaching.
 How to reference thus article:
 Agudelo, J. J. (2007). An Intercultural Approach for Language Teaching: Developing Critical Cultural Awareness. Íkala. 12(1), pp. 185 – 217.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1533586641
|
PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and partial rRNA gene sequencing: a rational approach to identifying mycobacteria
|
A PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for amplification and rapid identification of mycobacterial DNA coding for 16S rRNA was developed. The PCR selectively targeted and amplified part of the 16S rRNA gene from all mycobacteria while simultaneously labelling one strand of the amplified product with a 5' fluorescein-labelled primer. The identity of the labelled strand was subsequently determined by hybridization to a panel of mycobacterial species-specific capture probes, which were immobilized via their 5' biotin ends to a streptavidin-coated microtiter plate. Specific hybridization of a 5' fluorescein-labelled strand to a species probe was detected colorimetrically with an anti-fluorescein enzyme conjugate. The assay was able to identify 10 Mycobacterium spp. A probe able to hybridize to all Mycobacterium species (All1) was also included. By a heminested PCR, the assay was sensitive enough to detect as little as 10 fg of DNA, which is equivalent to approximately three bacilli. The assay was able to detect and identify mycobacteria directly from sputa. The specificities of the capture probes were assessed by analysis of 60 mycobacterial strains corresponding to 18 species. Probes Avi1, Int1, Kan1, Xen1, Che1, For1, Mal1, Ter1, and Gor1 were specific. The probe Tbc1 cross-hybridized with the Mycobacterium terrae amplicon. Analysis of 35 strains tested blind resulted in 34 strains being correctly identified. This method could be used for rapid identification of early cultures and may be suitable for the detection and concurrent identification of mycobacteria within clinical specimens.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W153395051
|
The Fate of Challenge Schistosomula in the Murine Anti-Schistosome Vaccine Model
|
Mice exposed to irradiated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni develop a partial resistance to subsequent parasite challenge. In this study we utilized histopathologic methods to investigate the fate of both the immunizing and challenge cercariae in C57BL/6J mice. After immunization by percutaneous infection, a large number of the 50 Kr irradiated organisms could be detected in tissue sections of lung. However, as early as 2 weeks after immunization, the majority of these schistosomula apparently had died, leaving residual inflammatory foci. The numbers of these foci then gradually declined during the next 4 weeks of examination. Cercarial challenge of mice vaccinated 4 weeks previously provoked an intense eosinophil-enriched inflammatory response in percutaneously exposed ear pinnae. Despite these pronounced tissue reactions, no evidence of significant parasite damage or attrition was detected in this migration site. In contrast, schistosomula arriving in the lungs of vaccinated mice produced a greater number of residual inflammatory foci than did larvae appearing in the lungs of normal mice. In addition, challenge schistosomula were cleared from the lungs of vaccinated mice at a slower rate than they were from the lungs of control mice. These observations suggest that the lung is a major site of parasite attrition for both immunizing and challenge infections in the mouse irradiated vaccine model.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1533981482
|
Bosentan Treatment Is Associated With Improvement of Right Ventricular Function and Remodeling in Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension
|
Abstract Background Medical pretreatment before pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) can optimize right ventricular (RV) function and may improve postoperative outcome in high‐risk patients. Using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI), we determined whether the dual endothelin‐1 antagonist bosentan improves RV function and remodeling in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) who waited for PEA. Hypothesis We hypothesized that medical therapy prior to PEA will be associated with improvements in RV remodeling and function. Methods In this pilot study, 15 operable CTEPH patients were randomly assigned to either bosentan (n = 8) or no bosentan (n = 7, control) for 16 weeks, next to “best standard of care.” Both before and after treatment, RV stroke volume index (RVSVI), RV ejection fraction (RVEF), RV mass, RV isovolumic relaxation time (rIVRT), leftward ventricular septal bowing (LVSB), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were determined using cMRI. Results After 16 weeks, the change (Δ) from baseline (median [range]) in the studied cMRI parameters differed significantly between the bosentan group and the controls: Δ RVSVI: 6 [−4–11] vs 1 [−6–3] mL/m −2 ; Δ RVEF: 8 [−10–15] vs −4 [−7–5]%; Δ RV mass: −3 [−6–−2] vs 2 [−1–3] g/m −2 ; Δ rIVRT: −30 [−130–20] vs 10 [−30–30] msec; Δ LVSB: 0.03 [−0.03–0.13] vs −0.03[−0.08–0.04] cm −1 ; and Δ LVEF: 8 [−5–17] vs −2 [−14–2]% (all P < 0.05). The change from baseline in mean pulmonary artery pressure (−11 [−17–11] vs 5 [−6–21] mm Hg, P < 0.05) and 6‐minute walk distance (20 [3–88] vs −4 [−40–40] m, P < 0.05) also differed significantly. Conclusions In CTEPH, compared with control, treatment with bosentan for 16 weeks was associated with a significant improvement in cMRI parameters of RV function and remodelling.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1534049014
|
Classification and differentiation of the genus <i>Peganum</i> indigenous to China based on chloroplast <i>trnL‐F</i> and <i>psbA‐trnH</i> sequences and seed coat morphology
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Abstract The genus Peganum (Zygophyllaceae) consists of six species and one subspecies; three of which are distributed in China, P. harmala Linn, P. nigellastrum Bunge and P. multisectum (Maxim.) Bobr. A probable new or intermediate species, Peganum sp., has been suggested in the wild in northwest China. Traditional classification in genus Peganum has focused on hairs on the plant surface. In this study, seed coat characteristics of Peganum species were investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy, demonstrating clear differences in morphology between species. In addition, DNA sequence data from two sequences (chloroplast: trnL‐F , psbA‐trnH ) were used to differentiate Peganum sp. and study polygenetic relationships. Diversity in DNA sequences among Peganum species was found, with inter‐specific sequence divergence ranging from 0.6% to 5.6% in psbA‐trnH , and 0.0% to 1.8% in trnL‐F . The variations within species were low: from 0.0% to 0.4% in psbA‐trnH and 0.0% to 0.4% in trnL‐F . Therefore, Peganum species can now be easily identified as separate entities based on variations in DNA sequences. Phylogenetic trees were constructed from the combined data set for the two gene fragments, and the results indicate that Peganum sp. is monophyletic and sister to P. harmala and P. nigellastrum , while P. multisectum is also monophyletic. DNA data further confirmed that P. multisectum is an independent species and that a new species, Peganum sp., exists within the genus Peganum growing wild in China.
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https://openalex.org/W1534065196
|
Anomalies for Galilean fields
|
We initiate a systematic study of `t Hooft anomalies in Galilean field theories, focusing on two questions therein. In the first, we consider the non-relativistic theories obtained from a discrete light-cone quantization (DLCQ) of a relativistic theory with flavor or gravitational anomalies. We find that these anomalies survive the DLCQ, becoming mixed flavor/boost or gravitational/boost anomalies. We also classify the pure Weyl anomalies of Schr\"odinger theories, which are Galilean conformal field theories (CFTs) with $z=2$. There are no pure Weyl anomalies in even spacetime dimension, and the lowest-derivative anomalies in odd dimension are in one-to-one correspondence with those of a relativistic CFT in one dimension higher. These results classify many of the anomalies that arise in the field theories dual to string theory on Schr\"odinger spacetimes.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1534101419
|
Loneliness During Early Childhood: The Role of Interpersonal Behaviors and Relationships
|
Decades ago, prominent theorists assumed that loneliness could only be experienced in adolescence and adulthood when needs for social intimacy, beyond those which parents could provide, were thought to begin (e.g., Sullivan, 1953; Weiss, 1973). This reasoning is reminiscent of psychoanalytic theorists who likewise believed that children could not experience depression (see Rutter, 1986). Similar to theory and research on depression, such thinking may have stultified empirical work on loneliness in young children because very few studies have been conducted on loneliness at this stage of development. Recently, however, researchers have recognized that, along with the need to be physically and emotionally close to significant others, young children are able to discern their social situation and emotional state. An initial estimate that about 10% of 5- to 7-year-old children feel very lonely or dissatisfied with their social relationships at school (Cassidy & Asher, 1992) supports the notion that young children can actually feel sadness about solitude. Furthermore, children in kindergarten and first grade comprehend the concept of loneliness, reporting that loneliness is "a feeling of being sad and alone" (Cassidy & Asher, 1992).
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1534129746
|
Efficacy of the human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine against cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical infection in young Japanese women
|
In this open, extended follow-up study (NCT00929526, Clinicaltrials.gov), we evaluated the human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine efficacy, immunogenicity and safety up to 4 years after first vaccination in Japanese women aged 20–25 years. In the initial randomized, double-blind study (NCT00316693), 1040 women received the study vaccine or hepatitis A control vaccine; 752 women were included in the follow-up study. In women from the according-to-protocol efficacy cohort (ATP-E), who were initially seronegative for the HPV type analyzed, no cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 1 or greater (CIN1+) cases associated with HPV-16/18 were reported in the HPV group, while in the control group, 5 cases were identified in extended follow-up analyses (vaccine efficacy [VE] 100% [95% CI: −3.7–100]) and 8 cases in combined initial and follow-up studies analyses (VE 100% [42.2–100]). In the ATP-E, VE against CIN1+ and CIN2+ associated with high-risk HPV types reached 66.4% (21.6–87.1) and 83.0% (22.1–98.2) in extended follow-up analyses, and 63.4% (28.8–82.3) and 77.3% (30.4–94.4) in analyses of combined studies, respectively. During the 4-year period, protection against CIN1+ and CIN2+, irrespective of the HPV type, was 56.7% (32.8–72.6) and 54.9% (20.5–75.3) in women receiving ≥1 vaccine dose, regardless of baseline serostatus (total vaccinated cohort [TVC]) and 61.0% (11.8–84.2) and 73.9% (1.1–95.3) in women naïve to HPV infection at baseline (TVC-naïve), respectively. The high VE observed in Japanese women, accompanied by a sustained immune response and a clinically acceptable safety profile, support findings of large, international trials.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1534129766
|
Teaching Kids With Learning Difficulties in the Regular Classroom: Strategies and Techniques Every Teacher Can Use to Challenge and Motivate Struggling Students
|
This text presents practical teaching methods, strategies and techniques for meeting the needs of special education students, those labelled slow or remedial, and all others who struggle to learn in the mixed-abilities classroom.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1534241508
|
The clinical value of peak nasal inspiratory flow, peak oral inspiratory flow, and the nasal patency index
|
The aim of this study was to ascertain the most reliable objective measurement for the assessment of nasal patency by investigating the relationship between peak nasal inspiratory flow, peak oral inspiratory flow, and the nasal patency index in relation to the patient's subjective perception regarding nasal obstruction.Prospective cohort study.This study included 131 volunteers of both genders, aged 18 years or older, with or without nasal symptoms, who were able to give informed consent, completed the study protocol, and could speak and write Dutch fluently. Peak nasal inspiratory flow and peak oral inspiratory flow were performed and nasal patency index was computed. The results were evaluated and compared with the subjective perception of nasal passage, using the validated Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation scale and visual analog scale for nasal passage.Our study showed that peak nasal inspiratory flow, nasal patency index and nasal patency visual analog scale correlate with the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation scale in contrast to peak oral inspiratory flow. Peak nasal inspiratory flow and nasal patency index also showed significant association with the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation scale after adjustment for confounders.Peak nasal inspiratory flow is the most reliable method for the assessment of nasal patency. It is quick, inexpensive, and easy to perform, and correlates significantly with the subjective feeling of nasal obstruction. There is no clinical need to measure peak oral inspiratory flow or to calculate the nasal patency index in the evaluation of nasal patency.4
|
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https://openalex.org/W1534252703
|
Humanoid robot and its application possibility
|
Research on humanoid robots has become a very active area. The Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) has run the Humanoid Robotics Project since 1998 with Prof. Hirochika Inoue, the University of Tokyo, as the leader and the Manufacturing Science and Technology Center (MSTC) as the project secretary. It was carried out with the participation of Intelligent Systems Institute/AIST, University of Tokyo and several companies. There were two major missions of the project. The first is application research, which entails finding a promising application of humanoid robots that can initialize mass production in the humanoid robot industry. In application research, five applications of humanoid robots, i.e. maintenance tasks of industrial plants, security services of home and office, human care, teleoperations of construction machines, and cooperative work in the open air were explored. The second is platform research, which entails developing a practical humanoid experimental platform with an open software structure that can be used by various researchers and engineers aiming to develop new humanoid functions and/or new practical applications. In order to use the experimental platform for application research, platform research began earlier than application research. In the first two years of the project period, the research efforts were concentrated on platform research and two types of humanoid platform, HRP-1 and HRP-1S based on Honda P3 were developed together with a humanoid simulator and a remote control cockpit. In the following three years, by using the two platforms, application research was carried out and the third humanoid platform, HRP-2, was developed.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1534399183
|
Taking Charge: Management Guide to Troubled Companies and Turnarounds
|
Covers cash control, banking relationships, risk control, leadership, equity, and reorganization, and tells how to turn companies around before they need serious attention.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1534420913
|
Acetyl‐<scp>L</scp>‐Carnitine ameliorates spatial memory deficits induced by inhibition of phosphoinositol‐3 kinase and protein kinase C
|
J. Neurochem. (2011) 118 , 864–878. Abstract Glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK‐3β) plays a crucial role in memory deficits and tau hyperphosphorylation as seen in Alzheimer’s disease, the most common dementia in the aged population. We reported that ventricular co‐injection of wortmannin and GF‐109203X (WT/GFX) can induce tau hyperphosophorylation and memory impairment of rats through activation of GSK‐3 [Liu S. J., Zhang A. H., Li H. L., Wang Q., Deng H. M., Netzer W. J., Xu H. X. and Wang J. Z. (2003) J. Neurochem. 87, 1333]. In the present study, we found that feeding the rats with Acetyl‐L‐Carnitine (ALCAR, 50 mg/day·rat, per os) for 2 weeks rescued the WT/GFX‐induced spatial memory retention impairment of the rats by antagonizing GSK‐3β activation independent of Akt, PKCζ and Erk1/2. We also found that ALCAR arrested microtubule‐associated protein tau hyperphosphorylation at multiple Alzheimer’s disease sites in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, ALCAR enhanced the expression of several memory‐associated proteins including c‐Fos, synapsin I in rat hippocampus. These results suggest that ALCAR could ameliorate WT/GFX‐induced spatial memory deficits through inhibition tau hyperphosphorylation and modulation of memory‐associated proteins.
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https://openalex.org/W1534486950
|
A cannabinoid receptor, sensitive to O‐1918, is involved in the delayed hypotension induced by anandamide in anaesthetized rats
|
Intravenous injection of the endocannabinoid anandamide induces complex cardiovascular changes via cannabinoid CB(1), CB(2) and vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. Recently, evidence has been accumulating that in vitro, but not in vivo, anandamide relaxes blood vessels, via an as yet unidentified, non-CB(1) vascular cannabinoid receptor, sensitive to O-1918 (1,3-dimethoxy-5-2-[(1R,6R)-3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl]-benzene). We here examined whether the anandamide-induced hypotension in urethane-anaesthetized rats was also mediated via a non-CB(1) vascular cannabinoid receptor.Effects of two antagonists (O-1918 and cannabidiol) of the non-CB(1) vascular cannabinoid receptor on anandamide-induced changes in mean, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (MBP, SBP, DBP), mesenteric (MBF) and renal (RBF) blood flow and heart rate (HR) in urethane-anaesthetized rats was examined.In anaesthetized rats, anandamide (1.5-3 micromol.kg(-1)) and its stable analogue methanandamide (0.5 micromol.kg(-1)) caused a delayed and prolonged decrease in MBP, SBP, DBP, MBF and RBF by about 10-30% of the respective basal values without changing HR. In pithed rats, anandamide (3 micromol.kg(-1)) decreased blood pressure by about 15-20% of the basal value without affecting HR, MBF and RBF. All vascular changes were reduced by about 30-70% by cannabidiol and O-1918 (3 micromol.kg(-1), each).Non-CB(1) cannabinoid vascular receptors, sensitive to O-1918, contribute to the hypotensive effect of anandamide in anaesthetized rats. Activation of these receptors may be therapeutically important as the endocannabinoid system could be activated as a compensatory mechanism in various forms of hypertension.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1534595812
|
Remarks on HNN extensions in operator algebras
|
It is shown that any HNN extension is precisely a compression by a projection of a certain amalgamated free product in the framework of operator algebras. As its applications several questions for von Neumann algebras or C*-algebras arising as HNN extensions are considered.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1534608968
|
Why Simulate? To Develop a Mental Model
|
Computer simulations, one of the most powerful tools of science, have many uses.This paper concentrates on the benefits to the social science researcher.Based on our, somewhat paradoxical experiences we had when working with computer simulations, we argue that the main benefit for the researchers who work with computer simulations is to develop a mental model of the abstract process they are simulating.The development of a mental model results in a deeper understating of the process and in the capacity to predict both the behavior of the system and its reaction to changes of control parameters and interventions.By internalizing computer simulations as a mental model, however, the researcher also internalizes the limitations of the simulation.Limitations of the computer simulation may translate into unconscious constrains in thinking when using the mental model.This perspective offers new recommendations for the development of computer simulations and highlights the importance of visualization.The recommendations are different from the recommendations for developing efficient and fast running simulations; for example, to visualize the dynamics of the process it may be better for the program to run slowly.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1534676930
|
Survival and persistence of nonspore-forming biothreat agents in water
|
To determine whether nonspore-forming biothreat agents can survive and persist in potable water that does not contain a disinfectant. Autoclaved, de-chlorinated Atlanta municipal water was inoculated with eight isolates of bacterial biothreat agents (10⁶ CFU ml⁻¹). The inoculated water samples were incubated at 5, 8 (Francisella tularensis only) or 25°C and assayed for viability by culture and by the presence of metabolic activity as measured by esterase activity (ScanRDI, AES Chemunex). Viability as determined by culture varied from 1 to 30 days, depending upon the organism and the temperature of the water. All organisms were determined viable as measured by esterase activity for the entire 30 days, regardless of the incubation temperature. Francisella tularensis was culturable for at least 21 days if held at 8°C. The remaining nonspore-forming bacterial biothreat agents were found to be metabolically active for at least 30 days in water held at 5 or 25°C. The data can assist public health officials to determine the safety of drinking water after contamination with a biothreat agent.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1534700755
|
Intermolecular Cross‐Links of Collagen
|
The present communication provides experimental proof for involvement in intermolecular cross‐links of the nonhelical area at the carboxy‐terminal end of the α1‐chain of collagen. Compared to soluble collagen, the content of α1‐CB6, the carboxy‐terminal peptide of the α1‐chain, was significantly low in cyanogen bromide digests of highly cross‐linked insoluble collagen from calf achilles tendon collagen. Approximately 50% of the α1‐CB6 could be identified by serological techniques within a peptide fraction of molecular weight approximately 50000. In this fraction, α1‐CB6 was thought to be cross‐linked by intermolecular bonds to certain cyanogen bromide peptides, i.e. α1‐CB7, α1‐CB8 and α2‐CB4. These intermolecular bonds were cleaved by brief pepsin treatment such that free α1‐CB6 was liberated by subsequent cyanogen bromide digestion. On the basis of the amino acid sequence of the α1‐chain presently known and the arrangement of the collagen within the fibrils, putative cross‐link regions were identified within the helical area which may cross‐link with lysine‐derived aldehydes present in the nonhelical amino‐ and carboxy‐terminal areas of adjacent molecules.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1534727743
|
Costly Employment Contract Renegotiation and the Labor Mobility of Young Men
|
The distinction of quits and permanent layoffs remains a contentious issue in the labor economics literature. Basically, there appear two contrasting views of such turnover. While both interpretations of turnover are derived from job-matching models that assume wealth-maximizing behavior of workers and firms, each involves different assumptions about the feasibility of individual labor contract negotiations following hire. On the one hand, application of the Coase theorem to employment contracts implies that turnover will occur only when the value of the worker's product in some alternative employment exceeds current job productivity. Since the actual division of the job match rent is assumed costlessly renegotiable, only the presence of a truly more productive job assignment would prevent the renegotiation of the current rent-sharing contract to the mutual benefit of both worker and firm. The likelihood of a job change is thus directly related to the level of total match productivity irregardless of whether the worker, in response to some later survey question, characterizes the separation as a quit or permanent layoff. According to this formulation of worker and firm attachments, quits and permanent layoffs are, at least in any sense relevant to actual resource allocation, indistinguishable. An implication of this model is of course that mobility enhances productivity (see Gary Becker, Elisabeth Landes, and Robert Michael, 1977). Counter to this view stand models of job matching that suggest that the presence of transactions costs in the form of costly contract renegotiations preclude any easy application of the Coase theorem to employment contracts. Most forcefully advocated by Masanori Hashimoto (1981), these models of job matching imply that quits and permanent layoffs are different. The difference results from the fact that, with costly contract renegotiation, mobility is to a large extent determined by the actual rent-sharing agreement formulated at the beginning of employment. According to this view then, the total value of the match does not exclusively determine job change, and thus not all mobility is productivity augmenting. This paper offers a model of job matching with costly post-hire negotiations in some aspects similar to that of Hashimoto, but with particular relevance to the population of young workers only beginning their labor force participation. While Hashimoto's discussion concentrates on longer-term firmspecific training decisions, the current model focuses on the period immediately following hire when worker productivity is to a large extent governed by endowed capabilities rather than determined by learning on the job. The theoretical focus on inexperienced workers as well as the corresponding youthful composition of the empirical sample are motivated to control for unobserved factors such as firm-specific human capital stocks as much as possible. In further contrast to Hashimoto's emphasis, the model yields empirical implications concerning the role of wages in the determination of mobility that contrast to the implications of an otherwise similar zero negotiations cost model of job matching. Derivation of the empirical implications concerning the relationship of wages to quits and layoffs represents the primary contribution of this paper. Finally, empirical results are presented that, at least for a sample of very young men over a short period of time, *Department of Economics, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004. I thank Finis Welch, Dan Mitchell, and the referee for comments on an earlier version of this paper.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1534907343
|
<i>d</i><sub>1</sub> haem biogenesis – assessing the roles of three <i>nir</i> gene products
|
The synthesis of the modified tetrapyrrole known as d(1) haem requires several dedicated proteins which are coded for by a set of genes that are often found adjacent to the structural gene, nirS, for cytochrome cd(1) nitrite reductase. NirE, the product of the first gene in the nir biogenesis operon, was anticipated to catalyse the conversion of uroporphyrinogen III into precorrin-2; this was confirmed, but it was shown that this enzyme is less sensitive to product inhibition than similar enzymes that function in other biosynthetic pathways. Sequence analysis suggesting that one of these proteins, NirN, is a c-type cytochrome, and has similarity to the part of cytochrome cd(1) that binds d(1), was validated by recombinant production and characterization of NirN. A NirN-d(1) haem complex was demonstrated to release the cofactor to a semi-apo form of cytochrome cd(1) from which d(1) was extracted, suggesting a role for NirN in the assembly of cytochrome cd(1) (NirS). However, inactivation of nirN surprisingly led to only a marginal attenuation of growth of Paracoccus pantotrophus under anaerobic denitrifying conditions. As predicted, NirC is a c-type cytochrome; it was shown in vitro to be an electron donor to the NirN-d(1) complex.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1534924753
|
Voluntary Exercise Can Ameliorate Insulin Resistance by Reducing iNOS-Mediated S-Nitrosylation of Akt in the Liver in Obese Rats
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Voluntary exercise can ameliorate insulin resistance. The underlying mechanism, however, remains to be elucidated. We previously demonstrated that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the liver plays an important role in hepatic insulin resistance in the setting of obesity. In this study, we tried to verify our hypothesis that voluntary exercise improves insulin resistance by reducing the expression of iNOS and subsequent S-nitrosylation of key molecules of glucose metabolism in the liver. Twenty-one Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and 18 non-diabetic control Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats were randomly assigned to a sedentary group or exercise group subjected to voluntary wheel running for 20 weeks. The voluntary exercise significantly reduced the fasting blood glucose and HOMA-IR in the OLETF rats. In addition, the exercise decreased the amount of iNOS mRNA in the liver in the OLETF rats. Moreover, exercise reduced the levels of S-nitrosylated Akt in the liver, which were increased in the OLETF rats, to those observed in the LETO rats. These findings support our hypothesis that voluntary exercise improves insulin resistance, at least partly, by suppressing the iNOS expression and subsequent S-nitrosylation of Akt, a key molecule of the signal transduction pathways in glucose metabolism in the liver.
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https://openalex.org/W1535202818
|
Rapid equilibrium between monomeric, dimeric and tetrameric forms of the 46‐kDa mannose 6‐phosphate receptor at 37°C
|
At 4°C, detergent‐solubilized 46‐kDa mannose 6‐phosphate receptor (MPR 46) exists as a mixture of dimeric and tetrameric forms [A. Waheed, A. Hille, U. Junghans & K. von Figura (1990) Biochemistry 29 , 2449–2455]. At 37°C, MPR 46 exists as a mixture of monomeric, dimeric and tetrameric forms, which can be separated by sucrose density centrifugation or chromatography on a mannose‐6‐phosphate affinity matrix. Monomeric MPR 46 did not bind to the affinity matrix, while dimeric and tetrameric receptors were eluted with increasing concentrations of mannose 6‐phosphate. Depending on the incubation temperature, dimeric MPR 46 preferentially associates to tetramers (≤16°C) or dissociates to monomers (≥25°C). The presence of mannose 6‐phosphate shifts the equilibrium to higher quaternary structure, with a maximal effect at 37°C. Incubation of dimeric or tetrameric receptor at pH 4.0 induces a rapid dissociation of about a third of the receptor with t 1/2 of < 2 min, followed by a phase of slow dissociation. Readjusting the pH to 7.5 induces a rapid formation of dimers and tetramers, which is promoted by the presence of mannose 6‐phosphate or an increase of the receptor concentration. These observations may indicate that the recycling of the receptor between the Golgi apparatus, where it binds ligands at near‐neutral pH, and the acidic prelysosomes, where it releases the ligands, is associated with a change of its quaternary structure, which in turn may affect the recycling kinetics. In keeping with this assumption, we observed in baby hamster kidney cells over‐expressing MPR 46 and in membrane prepared from these cells monomeric, dimeric and tetrameric forms of the receptor.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1535440553
|
Studying the effect of green marketing mix on market share increase
|
Concepts such as green marketing-environmental and social marketing have been proposed in marketing literature over time for acting to social responsibility of corporations. Green marketing which is known as sustainable marketing too is a process that is implemented today even in developing countries. Due to the issue of preserving the environment consumers rethink about the products they purchase. Nowadays, many consumers are prepared to pay a higher price for the products which observe environmental standards for actual protection of the environment. The present paper intended to study the effect of green marketing mix on market share increase in manufacturing companies. To this end, one primary hypothesis and twelve secondary hypotheses were proposed. The survey was conducted using descriptive-applied method and researcher self-made questionnaire was tool of data collection. The statistical population included one-hundred fifty nine employees of a manufacturing company among whom one hundred persons were selected as research sample using Cochran formula. The results revealed that there is a significant and positive relation between green marketing mix and market share increase and all hypotheses were confirmed. The present paper has implications for managers of service and industrial corporations and marketing and management researchers. Normal 0 false false false RU X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
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https://openalex.org/W1535472222
|
Kant on empiricism and rationalism
|
This paper aims to correct some widely held misconceptions concerning Kant's role in the formation of a widespread narrative of early modern philosophy. According to this narrative, which dominated the English-speaking world throughout the twentieth century, the early modern period was characterized by the development of two rival schools: Rene Descartes's, Baruch Spinoza's, and G. W. Leibniz's rationalism; and John Locke's, George Berkeley's, and David Hume's empiricism. Empiricists and rationalists disagreed on whether all concepts are derived from experience and whether humans can have any substantive a priori knowledge, a priori knowledge of the physical world, or a priori metaphysical knowledge. The early modern period came to a close, so the narrative claims, once Immanuel Kant, who was neither an empiricist nor a rationalist, combined the insights of both movements in his new Critical philosophy. In so doing, Kant inaugurated the new eras of German idealism and late modern philosophy
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1535540282
|
California Group Arboviruses: Immunodiffusion Studies
|
Summary Differentiation of members of the California group of arboviruses was accomplished using the double diffusion in gel technique of Ouchterlony. Eight antigenic subgroups were defined on the basis of unique antigenicities. These groupings confirmed the individuality of isolates described in the literature and allowed classification of new isolates. Unique, yet identical, patterns of antibody specificity were found in convalescent sera of 11 individuals with central nervous system disease.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1535964090
|
Screen Education: From Film Appreciation to Media Studies
|
1. 'Cinema under Scrutiny' - Page 11 - Terry Bolas 2. 'Film Appreciation' - Page 37 - Terry Bolas 3. 'Searching for Room at the Top' - Page 69 - Terry Bolas 4. 'Discrimination and Popular Culture' - Page 99 - Terry Bolas 5. 'Film in Education - The Back of Beyond' - Page 131 - Terry Bolas 6. 'The University in Old Compton Street' - Page 163 - Terry Bolas 7. 'The Felt Intervention of Screen' - Page 197 - Terry Bolas 8. 'Screen Saviours' - Page 227 - Terry Bolas 9. 'Seft Limited' - Page 259 - Terry Bolas 10. 'A Moral Panic Averted' - Page 293 - Terry Bolas 11. 'Comedia delves arbitrarily' - Page 319 - Terry Bolas 'Screen education: a timeline 1930-1993' - Page 357 - Terry Bolas 'Expansion of media studies - the statistics' - Page 371 - Terry Bolas
|
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https://openalex.org/W1536086042
|
OSA proceedings on picosecond electronics and optoelectronics
|
This book presents an introduction to optical communications. Systems considerations of this important application of optoelectronics are used to provide the motivation for many of the papers that follow. The authors are also concerned with another optoelectronic application, the measurement of phenomena that take place on a picosecond time scale. Short optical or electrical pulses are used to sample the parameter of interest, usually electric fields, in electronic or optoelectronic devices and circuits. Several methods of sampling are described, as are improvements to components that make up these systems. The authors address the electronic and optoelectronic components that lay the foundation for the systems considered above. Diode laser chirping, picosecond optical pulse amplifiers, a spread-spectrum approach to modulation, and two novel methods of picosecond pulse synthesis are discussed. Papers on tunneling and resonant tunneling are presented. Devices based on these effects have promise in high-speed electronics. Several papers investigate the speed of electron tunneling between two reservoirs and the effect of speed on device performance. Resonant-tunneling diode switches are also considered. This book also covers transistors as well as studies of carrier transport on the picosecond time scale. Excellent results for silicon FETs are given, demonstrating the great flexibility ofmore » that established technology.« less
|
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https://openalex.org/W1536136875
|
Transcription factor-induced, phased bending of the E-selectin promoter.
|
E-selectin is an endothelial adhesion molecule that is critically involved in neutrophil adhesion and recruitment. All DNA elements required for interleukin-1 inducibility have been located in the proximal promoter: an NF-ELAM1/ATF site, two NF-kappa B sites (I and II), the NF-ELAM2 element and a TATA box. We show here that interleukin-1 induced promoter activity is exquisitely sensitive to the spatial arrangements of these elements. Phasing of the ATF and NF-kappa B II elements indicates that their relative helix orientation is more important than distance per se. This sensitivity is partly due to a requirement for correctly oriented, transcription factor-induced DNA-bending. (i) Band shift analyses with permuted ATF- and NF-kappa B elements show that their associated factors all bend DNA. (ii) One can functionally replace the NF-ELAM1/ATF element by a subset of a panel of DNA fragments that contain defined bends in various planes. We conclude that the main role of the factors binding at the NF-ELAM1/ATF element is to alter the conformation of the E-selectin promoter, presumably looping distant enhancer elements into each other's proximity.
|
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3
] |
https://openalex.org/W1536157694
|
The Polypeptide Components from Light‐Harvesting Pigment‐Protein Complex II (B800–850) of <i>Rhodopseudomonas capsulata</i>
|
A new procedure for isolation, purification and identification of the three polypeptides of the membrane‐bound light‐harvesting complex II (B800–850) of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata has been developed. The polypeptides were extracted from crude intracytoplasmic membranes with chloroform/methanol/ammonium acetate and separated by chromatography on Sephadex LH60. The peak fractions were transferred to solvents of different polarity and separated by gel filtration or ion‐exchange chromatography. The three major polypeptides isolated by this two‐step chromatography were found to be homogenous and identical with the three polypeptides of the light‐harvesting complex II, as judged by amino acid analysis and N‐terminal sequence determination. Contaminating minor polypeptides, of which the functions are unknown, were different from the polypeptides of the B800–850 complex studied by the same criteria.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1536180283
|
New treatment paradigm for prostate cancer: abarelix initiation therapy for immediate testosterone suppression followed by a luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone agonist
|
Study Type – Therapy (prospective cohort) Level of Evidence 2a What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? The sequential administration of a GnRH antagonist followed by an LHRH agonist in the management of prostate cancer patients has not been studied, but such a program would provide a more physiologic method of achieving testosterone suppression and avoid the obligatory testosterone surge and need for concomitant antiandrogens that accompany LHRH agonist therapy. The current study which uses abarelix initiation therapy for 12 weeks followed by either leuprolide or goserelin demonstrates the ability to more rapidly achieve testosterone suppression, avoid the obligatory LHRH induced testosterone surge, avoid the necessity of antiandrogens, all of which were accomplished safely, without inducing either additional or novel safety issues. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the safety and endocrinological and biochemical efficacy of initiating treatment with the gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, abarelix, followed by administration of an luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist in patients with advanced and metastatic prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS A multicentre, open‐label design study was conducted at 22 centres in the US involving patients with: localized, locally advanced or metastatic disease; with a rising prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) after definitive local treatment; patients undergoing neoadjuvant hormonal therapy before local therapy (radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy or cryosurgery); and patients in whom intermittent therapy was the planned treatment. All patients received abarelix for 12 weeks followed by an LHRH agonist (either leuprolide or goserelin) for 8 weeks The primary efficacy endpoint was achievement and maintenance of castration defined as testosterone <50 ng/dL from day 29 through to day 141 and whether abarelix initiation therapy could eliminate the testosterone surge after two consecutive doses of LHRH agonist therapy. PSA, LH and follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were measured and adverse events were monitored. RESULTS A total of 176 patients were enrolled into the present study, the majority of whom had localized prostate cancer (82%) and a PSA level <10 ng/mL (62%). At the end of the abarelix treatment period (day 85), 93.8% of patients achieved castrate levels; during the first week of switch over to the LHRH agonist therapy (days 85–92) the rate was 86.5% and during the week after the second LHRH agonist injection (days 114–12) it was 93.3%. A small, transient increase in testosterone occurred during the first injection of the LHRH agonist; mean (standard deviation [ sd ]) values increased from 17 (17.8) ng/dL at day 85 to 37.3 (51.07) ng/dL at day 86. Mean ( sd ) PSA levels decreased from 20.5 (56.6) ng/mL at baseline to 3.7 (23.5) ng/mL on day 85 and remained stable throughout the LHRH agonist treatment phase. Treatment‐related adverse events occurred in 84% of patients overall; a similar incidence was reported during the two treatment phases. CONCLUSIONS Abarelix initiation therapy results in the desired effect of achieving rapid testosterone suppression; testosterone surges after subsequent LHRH agonist therapy are greatly abrogated or completely eliminated. This treatment paradigm (abarelix initiation followed by agonist maintenance) obviates the need for an antiandrogen. Abarelix was well tolerated and no clinically meaningful or novel adverse events were observed during abarelix treatment or in the transition to LHRH agonist maintenance therapy.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1536235870
|
Cophenylcaine spray vs. placebo in flexible nasendoscopy: a prospective double-blind randomised controlled trial
|
Practices vary across the UK on the use of topical preparation prior to flexible fibreoptic nasendoscopy. In this double-blind study, we randomised 98 patients to receive cophenylcaine or placebo nasal spray before flexible nasendoscopy. A visual analogue scale (1-100) was used to record pain, unpleasantness of taste and overall discomfort experienced. Overall, the procedure was associated with minimal pain and discomfort in both groups. There was no significant difference in pain or overall discomfort experienced between the two groups; however, the sensation of bad taste was significantly worse in the cophenylcaine group. In linear regression, factors that predicted the overall unpleasantness of the experience were primarily pain experienced and secondarily unpleasantness of taste. We conclude that the routine use of cophenylcaine for nasal preparation is not justified before flexible nasendoscopy.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1536385420
|
How modern was the market economy of the Roman world?
|
Peter Temin is a renowned economic historian of the modern world, whose major works include Lessons from the Great Depression (1989) and the co-edited volume The World Economy between the World Wars (2007). Since the start of the millennium, Temin has applied his expertise as an economist and economic historian of the modern world to Roman society, thereby adding his voice to on-going debates about the economy of the Roman world. The book under review covers the Roman market economy under the...
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1536563709
|
Comparison of molecular abnormalities in bronchial brushings and tumor touch preparations
|
BACKGROUND Preneoplastic lung lesions and early-stage lung carcinomas are associated with molecular abnormalities. The authors performed a pilot study to evaluate the use of DNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes to ascertain whether these biomarkers can predict nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). METHODS Fourteen bronchial brushings ipsilateral to the tumor (BB/Ts), tumor touch imprints, and touch imprints of the bronchus adjacent to the tumor obtained from 15 patients with early-stage NSCLC were analyzed. The LAVysion multicolor probe set consisting of probes to 5p15, 6, 7p12, and 8q2 and the in-house probes 3p22.1 and 10q22 was used. Using the LAVysion multicolor probe set, 25 epithelial cells were counted and considered positive if > 5 cells were abnormal. Using 3p22.1 and 10q22, ≥ 100 nuclei per slide were scored. The results were tabulated as the percentage of cells with deletions compared with the centromeric probes 3 and 10. Greater than 2% of the deletions were positive for 3p22.1 and 10q22. Bronchial washings from patients without lung tumors were used as controls. RESULTS The BB/Ts were negative for malignant cells by cytologic evaluation and the LAVysion probe set; however, the combined in-house probes for 3p22.1 and 10q22 tested on BB/Ts predicted cancer in 100% of cancer patients. FISH positivity in the lung cancers was 100% for 3p22.1 deletions, 79% for 10q22 deletions, and 57% for LAVysion probes. When compared with the bronchial epithelium, tumor cells showed a 3.7-fold excess of 3p22.1 deletions, a 2-fold excess of 10q22 deletions, and a 12.6-fold excess of abnormal cells. CONCLUSIONS The current study indicated that detection of molecular abnormalities in bronchial epithelial cells via FISH was very useful in identifying patients at high risk for developing lung carcinoma. The molecular abnormalities identified in the BB/Ts were detected at elevated levels in the tumor specimens. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
|
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] |
https://openalex.org/W1536753671
|
Determination of genome sizes of Rickettsia spp. within the spotted fever group, using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
|
The chromosome lengths of six spotted fever group Rickettsia species (Rickettsia rickettsii, R. conorii, R. rhipicephali, R. sibirica, R. australis, and R. akari) were estimated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The genome size of R. rickettsii was about 2,100 kb, but the chromosome lengths of the five other species were, surprisingly, much lower and ranged between 1,200 and 1,300 kb.
|
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2
] |
https://openalex.org/W1536922977
|
International Prostate Symptom Score is a predictive factor of lower urinary tract symptoms after radical prostatectomy
|
To evaluate the impact of radical prostatectomy on lower urinary tract symptoms by using the International Prostate Symptom Score and International Prostate Symptom Score quality of life.The present prospective study comprised 804 patients having localized prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy. International Prostate Symptom Score and International Prostate Symptom Score quality of life were recorded preoperatively, and at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months. Two study groups were considered: group 1 included patients with International Prostate Symptom Score ≤7 (mild) and group 2 included patients with International Prostate Symptom Score ≥8 (moderate to severe). Student's t-test and logistic regression were carried out to detect a predictive factor of International Prostate Symptom Score ≤7 at 24 months.The mean International Prostate Symptom Score was 5.58 ± 6.6, 11.12 ± 7.1 and 7.62 ± 6 at baseline, 1 month and 3 months, respectively (P <0.0001). The mean quality of life score showed the same evolution with a significant difference at 1 and 3 months. The mean International Prostate Symptom Score was initially 1.57 ± 1.9 in group 1 and 13.51 ± 5.5 in group 2 (P <0.0001), evolving to 3.41 ± 3.1 and 7.69 ± 5.8 at 24 months (P <0.0001), respectively. The mean quality of life score was significantly different between the groups initially, and at 6 and 12 months with P <0.0001, P = 0.005 and P = 0.02, respectively. The multivariate logistic regression showed that age, prostate volume and preoperative International Prostate Symptom Score were independent predictive factors of International Prostate Symptom Score ≤7 at 24 months (P <0.0001). In group 2, 47 patients (17%) had an International Prostate Symptom Score ≥8 at 24 months, 15 of them (32%) having a QoL score ≥3.The present study shows the beneficial impact of radical prostatectomy on lower urinary tract symptoms. However, a proportion of patients with a baseline International Prostate Symptom Score ≥8 maintain the same score at 24 months, with worsening in quality of life score in one-third of them.
|
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