"""
TempBench — Temporal KG Indexer
===================================
Implements the dual-index structure (entity index + interval tree temporal index)
described in the TempBench paper.

Usage:
    from indexer import TemporalKGIndexer

    indexer = TemporalKGIndexer()
    indexer.load_tkgl_smallpedia("path/to/tkgl-smallpedia.csv")
    # or from a list of quadruples:
    indexer.build(quadruples)

    # Query: all triples valid at a given timestamp
    valid_triples = indexer.query_valid_at(entity="Q1234", t=2015.5)

    # Query: temporally-filtered 1-hop neighbourhood for an anchor entity
    neighbourhood = indexer.neighbourhood(entity="Q1234", t_query=2015.5)
"""

from __future__ import annotations

import csv
import json
import math
from collections import defaultdict
from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from typing import Iterator, List, Optional, Tuple

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Data structures
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

@dataclass(frozen=True)
class Triple:
    """A single timestamped KG quadruple."""
    subject:    str
    relation:   str
    obj:        str
    t_start:    float   # year as float, e.g. 2015.0 or 2015.583 (Aug)
    t_end:      float   # math.inf for currently-valid facts

    def valid_at(self, t: float) -> bool:
        return self.t_start <= t <= self.t_end

    def to_dict(self) -> dict:
        return {
            "s": self.subject,
            "r": self.relation,
            "o": self.obj,
            "t_start": self.t_start,
            "t_end": self.t_end if not math.isinf(self.t_end) else None,
        }


@dataclass
class ValidityWindow:
    t_start: float
    t_end:   float

    def intersect(self, other: "ValidityWindow", t_query: float) -> Optional["ValidityWindow"]:
        """
        Validity-window intersection clamped to (-inf, t_query], or None if empty.
        This is a building block used by benchmark construction; it is NOT the
        forward-propagating composability operator (that is defined in the
        TempBench paper).
        """
        new_start = max(self.t_start, other.t_start)
        new_end   = min(self.t_end, other.t_end, t_query)
        if new_start <= new_end:
            return ValidityWindow(new_start, new_end)
        return None

    @classmethod
    def full(cls) -> "ValidityWindow":
        return cls(t_start=-math.inf, t_end=math.inf)

    def is_empty(self) -> bool:
        return self.t_start > self.t_end


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Interval tree node (simple augmented BST)
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

class _IntervalNode:
    """Node in an augmented interval tree for O(log n) stabbing queries."""

    def __init__(self, triple: Triple):
        self.triple   = triple
        self.max_end  = triple.t_end
        self.left:  Optional[_IntervalNode] = None
        self.right: Optional[_IntervalNode] = None

    def update_max(self):
        self.max_end = self.triple.t_end
        if self.left:
            self.max_end = max(self.max_end, self.left.max_end)
        if self.right:
            self.max_end = max(self.max_end, self.right.max_end)


class IntervalTree:
    """
    Temporal index over triple validity windows using a sorted flat array + bisect.
    Handles 500K+ records without recursion limits.

    For point-in-time TKGs (t_start == t_end, e.g. tkgl-smallpedia), uses a
    timestamp bucket dict for O(1) exact-match lookup.
    For interval TKGs, uses bisect over sorted t_start array + t_end filter.

    Stabbing query: 'all triples whose [t_start, t_end] contains t'.
    """

    def __init__(self):
        self._triples: List[Triple] = []          # all triples, unsorted until finalised
        self._sorted_starts: List[float] = []     # sorted t_start values (parallel to _sorted)
        self._sorted: List[Triple] = []           # triples sorted by t_start
        self._buckets: defaultdict[float, List[Triple]] = defaultdict(list)  # for point-in-time
        self._finalised = False
        self._size = 0

    def __len__(self) -> int:
        return self._size

    def insert(self, triple: Triple) -> None:
        self._triples.append(triple)
        self._buckets[triple.t_start].append(triple)
        self._size += 1
        self._finalised = False

    def _finalise(self) -> None:
        """Sort triples by t_start for bisect queries. Called lazily before first stab."""
        self._sorted = sorted(self._triples, key=lambda t: t.t_start)
        self._sorted_starts = [t.t_start for t in self._sorted]
        self._finalised = True

    def stab(self, t: float) -> List[Triple]:
        """Return all triples valid at time t (i.e. t_start <= t <= t_end)."""
        if not self._finalised:
            self._finalise()

        import bisect
        # All triples with t_start <= t
        right_idx = bisect.bisect_right(self._sorted_starts, t)
        # Filter for t_end >= t
        return [tr for tr in self._sorted[:right_idx] if tr.t_end >= t]


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Main indexer
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

class TemporalKGIndexer:
    """
    Dual-index structure over a temporal knowledge graph.

    Attributes
    ----------
    entity_index : dict[str, list[Triple]]
        Maps each entity (subject or object) to all its triples.
    temporal_index : IntervalTree
        Interval tree over all triples for O(log n) temporal filtering.
    """

    def __init__(self):
        self.entity_index: defaultdict[str, List[Triple]] = defaultdict(list)
        self.temporal_index: IntervalTree = IntervalTree()
        self._all_triples: List[Triple] = []

    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Loading
    # ------------------------------------------------------------------

    def build(self, quadruples: List[Tuple[str, str, str, float, float]]) -> None:
        """
        Build index from a list of (subject, relation, object, t_start, t_end) tuples.
        t_end = None or math.inf means currently valid.
        """
        for s, r, o, t_start, t_end in quadruples:
            t_end = t_end if (t_end is not None and not math.isnan(t_end)) else math.inf
            triple = Triple(subject=s, relation=r, obj=o, t_start=t_start, t_end=t_end)
            self._index_triple(triple)

    def load_tkgl_smallpedia(self, path: str, delimiter: str = ",") -> None:
        """
        Load tkgl-smallpedia from TGB 2.0 edge file.
        Handles the actual TGB 2.0 format: ts,head,tail,relation_type
        where ts is a point-in-time year (event-based TKG).
        Each event is normalised to interval [ts, ts].
        """
        count = 0
        with open(path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
            reader = csv.DictReader(f, delimiter=delimiter)
            for row in reader:
                # TGB 2.0 tkgl-smallpedia format: ts, head, tail, relation_type
                if "ts" in row:
                    t = float(row["ts"])
                    triple = Triple(
                        subject=row["head"],
                        relation=row["relation_type"],
                        obj=row["tail"],
                        t_start=t,
                        t_end=t,   # point-in-time event normalised to [t, t]
                    )
                # Fallback: generic interval format
                else:
                    t_start = float(row.get("start_time", row.get("t_start", 0)))
                    raw_end = row.get("end_time", row.get("t_end", None))
                    t_end   = float(raw_end) if raw_end and raw_end.strip() not in ("", "None", "nan") else math.inf
                    triple  = Triple(
                        subject=row.get("subject", row.get("head", "")),
                        relation=row.get("relation", row.get("relation_type", "")),
                        obj=row.get("object", row.get("tail", "")),
                        t_start=t_start,
                        t_end=t_end,
                    )
                self._index_triple(triple)
                count += 1
        print(f"[Indexer] Loaded {count:,} triples from {path}")

    def load_from_json(self, path: str) -> None:
        """Load from a JSON list of {s, r, o, t_start, t_end?} dicts."""
        with open(path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
            data = json.load(f)
        for item in data:
            t_end = item.get("t_end", None)
            triple = Triple(
                subject=item["s"],
                relation=item["r"],
                obj=item["o"],
                t_start=float(item["t_start"]),
                t_end=float(t_end) if t_end is not None else math.inf,
            )
            self._index_triple(triple)
        print(f"[Indexer] Loaded {len(self._all_triples):,} triples from {path}")

    def _index_triple(self, triple: Triple) -> None:
        self._all_triples.append(triple)
        self.entity_index[triple.subject].append(triple)
        self.entity_index[triple.obj].append(triple)
        self.temporal_index.insert(triple)

    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Event-based normalisation (ICEWS-style)
    # ------------------------------------------------------------------

    @staticmethod
    def normalise_event(s: str, r: str, o: str, t: float) -> Triple:
        """Convert a point-in-time event (s, r, o, t) to interval form [t, t]."""
        return Triple(subject=s, relation=r, obj=o, t_start=t, t_end=t)

    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Query interface
    # ------------------------------------------------------------------

    def neighbourhood(self, entity: str, t_query: float) -> List[Triple]:
        """
        Return the temporally-filtered 1-hop neighbourhood of `entity` at `t_query`.
        i.e., all triples (entity, r, o, τ) or (s, r, entity, τ) where t_query ∈ τ.
        O(degree(entity)) — filtered from entity index.
        """
        return [t for t in self.entity_index.get(entity, []) if t.valid_at(t_query)]

    def query_valid_at(self, t: float) -> List[Triple]:
        """
        Return all triples in the graph valid at time t.
        Uses interval tree for O(log n + k) performance.
        """
        return self.temporal_index.stab(t)

    def entities_for_query(self, t_query: float, mention: str) -> List[str]:
        """
        Simple entity linking: return all entities containing `mention` as substring.
        Replace with a proper entity linker (e.g. ELQ, BLINK) in production.
        """
        return [e for e in self.entity_index if mention.lower() in e.lower()]

    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Chain validity-window intersection (benchmark/SFT construction only)
    # ------------------------------------------------------------------

    @staticmethod
    def compose(window: ValidityWindow, triple: Triple, t_query: float) -> Optional[ValidityWindow]:
        """
        Extend `window` by `triple` via validity-window intersection clamped to
        t_query. Used only in benchmark/SFT-data construction, not at inference
        (the retriever uses the per-hop valid_at(t_q) filter via neighbourhood()).
        Returns None if the composed window is empty.
        """
        hop_window = ValidityWindow(triple.t_start, triple.t_end)
        return window.intersect(hop_window, t_query)

    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Sinusoidal temporal encoding
    # ------------------------------------------------------------------

    @staticmethod
    def temporal_encoding(t: float, dim: int = 64) -> List[float]:
        """
        Sinusoidal temporal positional encoding (following POSTRA, N04).
        Encodes a year float into a `dim`-dimensional vector.
        """
        encoding = []
        for i in range(0, dim, 2):
            freq = 1.0 / (10000 ** (i / dim))
            encoding.append(math.sin(t * freq))
            encoding.append(math.cos(t * freq))
        return encoding[:dim]

    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Statistics
    # ------------------------------------------------------------------

    def stats(self) -> dict:
        n_triples    = len(self._all_triples)
        n_entities   = len(self.entity_index)
        n_relations  = len({t.relation for t in self._all_triples})
        n_open_ended = sum(1 for t in self._all_triples if math.isinf(t.t_end))
        n_inferred   = 0  # populated during annotation phase; update after tagger runs
        return {
            "n_triples":       n_triples,
            "n_entities":      n_entities,
            "n_relations":     n_relations,
            "n_currently_valid": n_open_ended,
            "n_inferred_windows": n_inferred,
            "pct_timestamped": round(100 * (n_triples - n_inferred) / max(n_triples, 1), 1),
        }

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        s = self.stats()
        return (
            f"TemporalKGIndexer("
            f"{s['n_triples']:,} triples, "
            f"{s['n_entities']:,} entities, "
            f"{s['n_relations']:,} relations, "
            f"{s['pct_timestamped']}% explicitly timestamped)"
        )


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# LLM timestamp tagger scaffold
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

class LLMTimestampTagger:
    """
    Scaffold for the LLM-based temporal tagger used when KG metadata lacks
    explicit timestamps (validity-window annotation).

    Replace `_call_llm` with your actual LLM API call.
    """

    PROMPT_TEMPLATE = """
You are a temporal fact extractor. Given a knowledge graph triple and its associated text,
extract the validity period of the fact as a start year and end year.

Triple: ({subject}, {relation}, {object})
Associated text: {text}

Respond in JSON:
{{"t_start": <year as float or null>, "t_end": <year as float or null, null if currently valid>}}

If no temporal information is available, respond with {{"t_start": null, "t_end": null}}.
""".strip()

    def __init__(self, llm_client=None, default_window_width: float = 50.0):
        """
        Args:
            llm_client: any object with a .complete(prompt: str) -> str method.
            default_window_width: fallback window width (years) for triples
                                  where the tagger returns null (low confidence).
        """
        self.llm_client = llm_client
        self.default_window_width = default_window_width

    def infer_window(self, triple: Triple, associated_text: str = "") -> Tuple[float, float]:
        """
        Infer a validity window for a triple lacking explicit timestamps.
        Returns (t_start, t_end); t_end = math.inf if currently valid.
        """
        if self.llm_client is None:
            # Fallback: return a wide default window centred on 1990
            return (1900.0, math.inf)

        prompt = self.PROMPT_TEMPLATE.format(
            subject=triple.subject,
            relation=triple.relation,
            object=triple.obj,
            text=associated_text,
        )
        try:
            response = self._call_llm(prompt)
            data = json.loads(response)
            t_start = float(data["t_start"]) if data.get("t_start") is not None else 1900.0
            t_end   = float(data["t_end"])   if data.get("t_end")   is not None else math.inf
            return (t_start, t_end)
        except Exception:
            return (1900.0, math.inf)

    def _call_llm(self, prompt: str) -> str:
        """Override this with your actual LLM API call."""
        return self.llm_client.complete(prompt)


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Quick test
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Smoke test with synthetic quadruples
    indexer = TemporalKGIndexer()
    indexer.build([
        ("Deutsche_Bank", "has_CFO",    "John_Cryan",     2015.0, 2018.0),
        ("Deutsche_Bank", "has_CFO",    "Christian_Sewing", 2018.0, math.inf),
        ("Deutsche_Bank", "settled",    "LIBOR_Case",     2015.25, 2015.25),
        ("John_Cryan",    "member_of",  "Deutsche_Bank",  2015.0, 2018.0),
        ("Christian_Sewing", "member_of", "Deutsche_Bank", 2018.0, math.inf),
    ])

    print(indexer)
    print()

    # Test 1: neighbourhood at query time 2015
    nbrs = indexer.neighbourhood("Deutsche_Bank", t_query=2015.5)
    print(f"Deutsche_Bank neighbourhood at 2015.5: {len(nbrs)} triples")
    for t in nbrs:
        print(f"  ({t.subject}, {t.relation}, {t.obj}) [{t.t_start}–{t.t_end}]")

    print()

    # Test 2: composability operator
    w = ValidityWindow.full()
    for triple in nbrs[:2]:
        composed = TemporalKGIndexer.compose(w, triple, t_query=2015.5)
        if composed:
            print(f"Composed window after ({triple.relation}): [{composed.t_start}, {composed.t_end}]")
            w = composed
        else:
            print(f"Chain broken at ({triple.relation}) — temporally inconsistent")

    print()

    # Test 3: temporal encoding
    enc = TemporalKGIndexer.temporal_encoding(2015.5, dim=8)
    print(f"Temporal encoding for 2015.5 (dim=8): {[round(x, 4) for x in enc]}")