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Isotropy

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While at Juilliard, Rubin was invited to play with Paul Hindemith on his last concert tour of the United States, but Rubin chose instead to play with Peggy Lee at the Village Vanguard.
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Rubin dropped out of Juilliard at 20 to tour with singer Robert Goulet as his lead trumpet player.
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Rubin was a member of the Saturday Night Live Band, with whom he played at the Closing Ceremony of the 1996 Olympic Games.
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As a member of The Blues Brothers, he portrayed Mr. Fabulous in the 1980 film, the 1998 sequel and was a member of the touring band.
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The nickname "Mr Fabulous" was given to Rubin by John Belushi.
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Rubin played with an array of artists, such as Frank Sinatra, Frank Zappa, Duke Ellington, Blood, Sweat & Tears, Gil Evans, Eumir Deodato, Sting, Aerosmith, The Rolling Stones, Paul Simon, James Taylor, Frankie Valli, Eric Clapton, Billy Joel, B.B.
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King, Miles Davis, Yoko Ono, Peggy Lee, Aretha Franklin, James Brown, Ray Charles, Cab Calloway, and Dr. John.
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Rubin contributed to over 6000 recording sessions.
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Rubin's last performance was with The Blues Brotherhood (Blues Brothers tribute show) at B.B.
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King's in NYC on October 12, 2010.
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The performance also featured Tom "Bones" Malone and Lou "Blue Lou" Marini.
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Rubin died from lung cancer at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York City and he was cremated.
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Rubin is survived by his wife, Mary and two siblings, Sharyn Soleimani and Marshall Rubin.
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With Randy Weston
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With Hank Crawford
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With Johnny Hammond
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With Hubert Laws
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With O'Donel Levy
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With Don Sebesky
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With Gato Barbieri
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With Ron Carter
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With Lonnie Smith
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With Patti Austin
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With Herbie Mann
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With Jimmy McGriff
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With Stanley Turrentine
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With The Blues Brothers
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With Billy Joel
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With Jimmy Buffett
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With Fred Lipsius Better Believe It (mja Records, 1996)
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Frisland
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Frisland, also called Frischlant, Friesland, Frislanda, Frislandia, or Fixland, is a phantom island that appeared on virtually all of the maps of the North Atlantic from the 1560s through the 1660s.
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Frisland appears to have been born out of the confusion between an imaginary island and the actual southern part of Greenland.
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Frisland originally may also have been a cartographic approximation of Iceland, but in 1558 the influential Zeno map charted the landmass as an entirely separate island south (or occasionally south-west) of Iceland.
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After this incorrect charting, the phantom island appeared that way on maps for the next 100 years.
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Its existence was given currency in manuscript maps of the 1560s by the Maggiolo family of Genoa, and the island was accepted and reproduced by cartographers Gerardus Mercator and Jodocus Hondius.
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Some early maps by Willem Blaeu, such as his 1617 map of Europe, omit it, but it reappeared on his 1630 world map as one of many islands shown off the eastern coast of Labrador, which was then believed to extend to within a few hundred miles of Scotland.
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It also appeared on a 1652 world map by Visscher, largely copied from that of Blaeu.
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The 1693 Vincenzo Coronelli map places it close to Greenland.
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Frederick J. Pohl identified Frisland with an island he referred to as "Fer Island", modern English Fair Isle, an island lying between mainland Shetland and the Orkney islands in his book arguing the case that Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney visited North America.
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Even in the mid-18th century, explorers' maps clearly depicted Frisland as separated from Greenland by a wide strait.
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The myth of Frisland was gradually dispensed with as explorers, chiefly from England and France, charted and mapped the waters of the North Atlantic.
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Frisland was shown as a roughly rectangular island, with three triangular promontories on its western coast.
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In some mappings, it is identified as ""Fixland"".
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(Matteo Prunes map of 1553, from Library of Congress, see upper right of map; see also, page 88 for other clearer source; See also Catalan map of 1480 showing "Fixland"; original source map copied in this article, page 64)
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Renal physiology
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Renal physiology (Latin "rēnēs", "kidneys") is the study of the physiology of the kidney.
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This encompasses all functions of the kidney, including maintenance of acid-base balance; regulation of fluid balance; regulation of sodium, potassium, and other electrolytes; clearance of toxins; absorption of glucose, amino acids, and other small molecules; regulation of blood pressure; production of various hormones...
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Much of renal physiology is studied at the level of the nephron, the smallest functional unit of the kidney.
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Each nephron begins with a filtration component that filters the blood entering the kidney.
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This filtrate then flows along the length of the nephron, which is a tubular structure lined by a single layer of specialized cells and surrounded by capillaries.
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The major functions of these lining cells are the reabsorption of water and small molecules from the filtrate into the blood, and the secretion of wastes from the blood into the urine.
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Proper function of the kidney requires that it receives and adequately filters blood.
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This is performed at the microscopic level by many hundreds of thousands of filtration units called renal corpuscles, each of which is composed of a glomerulus and a Bowman's capsule.
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A global assessment of renal function is often ascertained by estimating the rate of filtration, called the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
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The kidney's ability to perform many of its functions depends on the three fundamental functions of "filtration", "reabsorption", and "secretion", whose sum is called renal clearance or renal excretion.
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That is:
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Although the strictest sense of the word "excretion" with respect to the urinary system is urination itself, renal clearance is also conventionally called excretion (for example, in the set term "fractional excretion of sodium").
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The blood is filtered by nephrons, the functional units of the kidney.
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Each nephron begins in a renal corpuscle, which is composed of a glomerulus enclosed in a Bowman's capsule.
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Cells, proteins, and other large molecules are filtered out of the glomerulus by a process of ultrafiltration, leaving an ultrafiltrate that resembles plasma (except that the ultrafiltrate has negligible plasma proteins) to enter Bowman's space.
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Filtration is driven by Starling forces.
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The ultrafiltrate is passed through, in turn, the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule, and a series of collecting ducts to form urine.
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Tubular reabsorption is the process by which solutes and water are removed from the tubular fluid and transported into the blood.
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It is called "reabsorption" (and not "absorption") both because these substances have already been absorbed once (particularly in the intestines) and because the body is reclaiming them from a postglomerular fluid stream that is well on its way to becoming urine (that is, they will soon be lost to the urine unless they...
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Reabsorption is a two-step process beginning with the active or passive extraction of substances from the tubule fluid into the renal interstitium (the connective tissue that surrounds the nephrons), and then the transport of these substances from the interstitium into the bloodstream.
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These transport processes are driven by Starling forces, diffusion, and active transport.
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In some cases, reabsorption is indirect.
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For example, bicarbonate (HCO) does not have a transporter, so its reabsorption involves a series of reactions in the tubule lumen and tubular epithelium.
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It begins with the active secretion of a hydrogen ion (H) into the tubule fluid via a Na/H exchanger:
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Some key regulatory hormones for reabsorption include:
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Both hormones exert their effects principally on the collecting ducts.
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Tubular secretion occurs simultaneously during reabsorption of Filtrate.
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Substances, generally produced by body or the by-products of cell metabolism that can become toxic in high concentration, and some drugs (if taken).
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Tubular secretion can be either active or passive or co-transport.
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Substances mainly secreted into renal tubule are; H+, K+, NH3, urea, creatinine, histamine and drugs like penicillin.
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Tubular secretion occurs at PCT and DCT; for example, at proximal convoluted tubule, potassium is secreted by means of sodium-potassium pump, hydrogen ion is secreted by means of active transport and co-transport, i.e.
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antiporter, and ammonia diffuses into renal tubule.
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The kidneys secrete a variety of hormones, including erythropoietin, calcitriol, and renin.
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Erythropoietin is released in response to hypoxia (low levels of oxygen at tissue level) in the renal circulation.
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It stimulates erythropoiesis (production of red blood cells) in the bone marrow.
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Calcitriol, the activated form of vitamin D, promotes intestinal absorption of calcium and the renal reabsorption of phosphate.
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Renin is an enzyme which regulates angiotensin and aldosterone levels.
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The kidney is responsible for maintaining a balance of the following substances:
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The body is very sensitive to its pH.
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Outside the range of pH that is compatible with life, proteins are denatured and digested, enzymes lose their ability to function, and the body is unable to sustain itself.
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The kidneys maintain acid-base homeostasis by regulating the pH of the blood plasma.
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Gains and losses of acid and base must be balanced.
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Acids are divided into "volatile acids" and "nonvolatile acids".
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See also titratable acid.
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The major homeostatic control point for maintaining this stable balance is renal excretion.
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The kidney is directed to excrete or retain sodium via the action of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and other hormones.
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Abnormal ranges of the fractional excretion of sodium can imply acute tubular necrosis or glomerular dysfunction.
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Two organ systems, the kidneys and lungs, maintain acid-base homeostasis, which is the maintenance of pH around a relatively stable value.
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The lungs contribute to acid-base homeostasis by regulating carbon dioxide (CO) concentration.
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The kidneys have two very important roles in maintaining the acid-base balance: to reabsorb and regenerate bicarbonate from urine, and to excrete hydrogen ions and fixed acids (anions of acids) into urine.
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The kidneys help maintain the water and salt level of the body.
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Any significant rise in plasma osmolality is detected by the hypothalamus, which communicates directly with the posterior pituitary gland.
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An increase in osmolality causes the gland to secrete antidiuretic hormone (ADH), resulting in water reabsorption by the kidney and an increase in urine concentration.
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The two factors work together to return the plasma osmolality to its normal levels.