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With the fall of Arce and the triumph of Morazán, Barrundia became interim president of the United Provinces (July 1829), with a mandate to organize elections.
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Elections were held in July 1830, and in September Morazán succeeded him as president.
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From 1831 to 1835 he was secretary of education of the state government of Guatemala, under Dr. Mariano Gálvez.
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It was during this time that he translated the Livingston Code.
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However, he became estranged from Gálvez, and in 1838 contributed to his fall from power.
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This led to the ascent of Conservative Rafael Carrera.
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In 1839 he proposed to the Guatemalan Congress the withdrawal of the state from the Central American Federation.
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This was approved by Congress.
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In 1848 he founded the newspaper "Album Republicano".
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A strong supporter of human rights, in 1850 he opposed Carrera, because of his bloody regime and his ignorance.
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He also challenged the influence of the Church.
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Before his death he became minister of Honduras, negotiating in Washington, D.C. for annexation to the United States.
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Though not a rich man, Barrundia refused his salary for the public positions he held.
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He died in New York in 1854 while serving as Honduran minister plenipotentiary.
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Guatemalan President Manuel Estrada Cabrera had his remains repatriated in 1913.
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Đồng Nai Province
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Đồng Nai () is a province in the Southeast region of Vietnam, located east and northeast of Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon).
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The largest city in Đồng Nai is Biên Hòa.
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Prior to Vietnamese colonization, the area was dominated by the Funan, Chenla, Khmer empire and subsequent influences until 1627.
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The area was known as "Kâmpéâp Srâkatrey" (កំពាប់ [កំពប់] ស្រកាត្រី) in Khmer.
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Đồng Nai is situated in southeastern Vietnam and bordered by: Bình Thuận, Lâm Đồng, Bình Dương and Bình Phước, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu, and Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon).
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Đồng Nai province has an advanced traffic system with many backbone national roads crossing, such as: National route 1A, national route 20, National route 51, North–South railway lines; Located adjacent to the Saigon Port and Tan Son Nhat International Airport, it offers many advantages to economic activities in the ar...
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Its location is very important for the development of the Southern economic main hub and a junction of the South Eastern and Tây Nguyên Highland.
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Đồng Nai Province is based essentially on the system of lakes, dams and rivers, of which Trị An Lake with 323 km² and over 60 rivers, rivulets and canals are very favorable for the development of a number of aquatic products: raft bred fish and shrimp.
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The seasonal tropical forests are protected in Cát Tiên National Park, located on the north of Đồng Nai and the adjacent Vĩnh Cửu Nature Reserve; the former has been recognized internationally as a significant biosphere reserve.
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From the mountainous area, Đồng Nai River, Vietnam's largest internal waterway, flows southeast through Biên Hòa City, Ho Chi Minh City, and villages along its way.
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This river plays an important role on supplying fresh water for the whole area.
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Đồng Nai lies in the monsoon tropical zone and is affected by the north-east and south-west monsoon.
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It is also under the influence of Pacific Ocean tropic atmosphere between April and October.
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Climate is divided in two distinct seasons.
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The rainy season lasts from March or April to November and the dry season from December to March or April of the following year.
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Average temperature is between 23.9 and 29.0 °C, much lower than standard level of the tropical regions (26-30 °C).
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Its annual rainfall is quite high with 1,500 - 2,700 mm.
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On average, the weather is sunny for 4.0-9.5 hours a day and does not exceed 11.5 hours per day, even on the hottest and sunniest days.
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Total rainy days within a year are between 120 and 170 days (standard level of tropical region is 150–160 days) with total rainfall of some 1,500 - 2,750 mm.
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The average humidity is around 80 - 82% and humidity in the dry season is 10-12%, lower than that of the rainy season; humidity varies considerably between areas.
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Đồng Nai Province's weather with regular sunshine, rain, and high humidity, equally found in the localities, facilitates agricultural production and development of industry and cultural and tourism activities.
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Đồng Nai is plentiful with forest resources, granite mines, construction stone, clay, kaolin, pozzolan, sand, gravel, etc.
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Đồng Nai is one of Vietnam's most populous provinces (ranked fifth) with a population of 2,838,600 in 2014.
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Its population has been growing rapidly in recent years, mainly driven by migrant workers coming to the province to work in factories.
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Population growth was 1.95% in 2005, between 2.5% from 2008 to 2010 and 3.5% in 2011.
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Net migration contributed 2.2% to this figure.
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Đồng Nai is second only to Bình Dương Province in both population growth and net migration.
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The population of Đồng Nai is primarily the dominant Kinh (Viet) ethnicity, although there are residents of the Chinese, Stieng, Mạ, Nùng, Tay, and Cham minorities.
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Đồng Nai has made significant progress in upgrading its transport infrastructure, especially roads.
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National highways in the province have a total length of 244.5 km and have been improved and widened up to level 1 and 2 standards (National Highway No 5 and 6) or up to third grade like National Highway No 20 to Đà Lạt.
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The total roads system in the province is 3.339 kilometers long, of which almost 700 kilometers are tar roads.
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All communes and wards are connected to the road network.
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Under scheme in the near future, highways to Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu Province and Ho Chi Minh City, a railway connecting Biên Hòa to Vũng Tàu, upgraded provincial roads No 726 and connecting national highway No 20 and No 1 with national highway No 51 will create a complete system, promoting socioeconomic development in the pro...
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A new airport, Long Thanh International Airport, is planned for construction in Long Thanh district, Đồng Nai, approximately 40 km northeast of Ho Chi Minh City.
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Upon completion, it will handle international flights in place of Tan Son Nhat International Airport, which will serve domestic flights.
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Đồng Nai is subdivided into 11 district-level sub-divisions:
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They are further subdivided into eight commune-level towns (or townlets), 122 communes, and 40 wards.
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Đồng Nai is one of Vietnam's main manufacturing centers and one of the most developed provinces.
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Despite its strong focus on industrial development, Đồng Nai still has a substantial agricultural sector.
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Agricultural land accounts for 47% of the province's area as of 2011, a total of 277,600ha.
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This is lower than in other provinces in the Southeast region, except for Ho Chi Minh City.
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Cereals were grown on 118,600ha in 2011, an area that has been decreasing gradually in recent years, from 139,300ha in 2005.
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Output of rice has however remained stable and was at 335,200t in 2011.
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The province also produced 305,300t of maize, making it the largest producer of maize outside the country's mountainous regions and contributing 6.3% to the national maize output.
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Đồng Nai also produced 619,700t of sugar cane (3.5% of the national output), sweet potatoes and cassava.
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Đồng Nai is the largest livestock producer among Vietnam's provinces and plans to further invest in the sector.
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The government reserved 15,000ha for livestock farming in 2012, mostly for poultry and pigs.
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In 2011 there were 1.33 million pigs and 10.655 million poultry.
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Despite not being located along the coast, Đồng Nai produced 41,600t of fishery products in 2011.
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Over 90% of this was produced in 33,500ha of aquaculture farms.
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This makes Đồng Nai the largest aquaculture producer outside the Mekong Delta.
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Đồng Nai is one of Vietnam's main manufacturing centers.
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It has attracted 9.1% of FDI into Vietnam by 2011, an accumulated US$18.2 billion, the fourth largest after Ho Chi Minh City, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu Province and Hanoi.
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Industrial gross output in 2011 was VND 314 trillion, 10.6% of the national value.
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It has received a broad range of FDI projects, including a Bosch auto component plant,
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a Toshiba motor plant,
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a PepsiCo beverage factory,
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a Posco steel plant,
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and a Nestlé coffee factory.
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As defined by a 2008 World Bank survey, the province is one of the five most polluted in Vietnam.
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Manuel José Arce
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General Manuel José Arce y Fagoaga (January 1, 1787 in San Salvador – December 14, 1847 in San Salvador) was a decorated General and president of the Federal Republic of Central America from 1825 to 1829, followed by Francisco Morazán.
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Manuel José Arce was the son of Spaniard Bernardo José de Arce, the Colonial Intendent of the Province of San Salvador from 1800 until 1801, and Antonia Fagoaga.
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He was born in what is now El Salvador.
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In 1801 he was sent to Guatemala to continue his education.
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There he graduated in philosophy from the Colegio de San Francisco Borja.
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He began the study of medicine at the Universidad de San Carlos de Borromeo, but it was interrupted because of his father's sickness.
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In December 1808, he married Felipa de Aranzamendi y Aguiar in San Salvador.
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Arce joined the movement for independence from Spain, joining in the first "Cry for Independence" on November 5, 1811 in San Salvador.
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It was led by his uncle, Jose Matias Delgado, the vicar of San Salvador.
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The rebels held the government for nearly a month before royal authority was restored from Guatemala.
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Arce was also involved in the second uprising that began January 22, 1814.
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This cost him four years in prison.
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He strongly opposed the Mexican Empire of Agustín de Iturbide.
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In April 1822 Manuel Arzú, in command of Guatemalan troops supporting Mexico, occupied the cities of Santa Ana, El Salvador, and Sonsonate.
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On June 3, 1822, Arzú entered San Salvador, reaching the Plaza Mayor.
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Nine hours of fighting resulted in many casualties and burned houses.
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Colonel Arce was one of the commanders of the Salvadoran defenders.
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Arce was also a member of the resistance towards the movement that was requesting annexation to the United States.
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The government of El Salvador had requested annexation to the United States on December 2, 1822.
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In October 1823 he left the United States to return to El Salvador.
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He stopped in Mexico.
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There he tried to raise a force to liberate Cuba from Spanish rule but it failed.
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Also in October 1823 he was elected a member of the executive triumvirate of Central America.