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July, 1850 president died Millard Fillmore sworn following day	[ "Millard Fillmore\nMillard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 – March 8, 1874) was the 13th President of the United States (1850–1853), the last Whig president, and the last president not to be affiliated with either the Democratic or Republican parties. Fillmore was the only Whig president who did not die in office or get expelled from the party, and Fillmore appointed the only Whig Supreme Court Justice. As Zachary Taylor's vice president, he assumed the presidency after Taylor's death.", "Nathaniel Fillmore\nNathaniel Fillmore, Jr. (April 19, 1771 – March 28, 1863) was an American farmer, and the father of US President Millard Fillmore. He was born on April 19, 1771 in Bennington, Bennington County, Vermont, to Nathaniel Fillmore, Sr., and Hepzibah Wood. He married Phoebe Millard c. 1796/1797 in Bennington. After Phoebe died in 1831 he remarried to Eunice Love in 1834. He died in 1863.", "Mary Abigail Fillmore\nMary Abigail Powers Fillmore (March 27, 1832, Buffalo, New York – July 26, 1854, East Aurora, New York) was the daughter of President Millard Fillmore and Abigail Powers, and was the White House Hostess from 1850 to 1853 due to her mother's illness.", "List of Presidents of the United States by date of death\nThis is a complete list of United States Presidents by date of death. There are currently four living former Presidents (George H. W. Bush, Jimmy Carter, George W. Bush and Bill Clinton, in order from oldest to youngest), as well as the current President Barack Obama." ]	[ "Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur (August 30, 1837 – January 12, 1880) was the wife of the 21st President of the United States, Chester A. Arthur I. She died before he took office as President.", "Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site preserves the Ansley Wilcox House, at 641 Delaware Avenue in Buffalo, New York. Here, after the assassination of William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt took the oath of office as President of the United States on September 14, 1901. A New York historical marker outside of the house indicates that it was the site of Theodore Roosevelt's Inauguration.", "John Hay John Milton Hay (October 8, 1838 – July 1, 1905) was an American statesman and official whose career in government stretched over almost half a century. Beginning as a private secretary and assistant to Abraham Lincoln, Hay's highest office was United States Secretary of State under Presidents William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt.", "Muriel Humphrey Brown Muriel Fay Buck Humphrey Brown (February 20, 1912 – September 20, 1998) was the wife of the 38th Vice President of the United States, Hubert Humphrey. Following her husband's death, she was appointed to his seat in the United States Senate, thus becoming the first spouse of a Vice President to hold public office. She later remarried and took the name Muriel Humphrey Brown.", "Oliver Ames, Jr. Oliver Ames, Jr. (November 5, 1807 – March 9, 1877) was president of Union Pacific Railroad when the railroad met the Central Pacific Railroad in Utah for the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in North America.", "Benjamin Williams Crowninshield Benjamin Williams Crowninshield (December 27, 1772 – February 3, 1851) served as the United States Secretary of the Navy between 1815 and 1818, during the administrations of Presidents James Madison and James Monroe.", "Caroline Harrison Caroline Scott Harrison (October 1, 1832 – October 25, 1892), was a teacher of music, the wife of Benjamin Harrison and mother of two surviving children; after his election as President of the United States, she was First Lady of the United States from 1889 until her death.She secured funding for an extensive renovation of the White House and oversaw the work.", "Charles Leale Dr. Charles Augustus Leale M.D. (March 26, 1842 – June 13, 1932) was a surgeon in the Union Army during the American Civil War.He was the first doctor to arrive at the presidential box at Ford's Theatre on April 14, 1865 after John Wilkes Boothfatally shot President Abraham Lincoln in the back of the head with a Philadelphia Deringer pistol.", "United States presidential election, 1900 The United States presidential election of 1900 was the 29th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 6, 1900. The election was a re-match of the 1896 race between Republican candidate and incumbent President William McKinley and his Democratic challenger, William Jennings Bryan. The Republican Convention chose New York Governor Theodore Roosevelt as McKinley's running mate, since Vice-President Garret Hobart had died from heart failure in 1899.", "Charles Dickinson (historical figure) Charles Dickinson (1780 – May 30, 1806) was an American attorney, and a famous duelist. An expert marksman, Dickinson died from injuries sustained in a duel with Andrew Jackson, who later became President of the United States.", "John Quincy Adams John Quincy Adams (; July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was an American statesman who served as the sixth President of the United States from 1825 to 1829. He also served as a diplomat, a Senator and member of the House of Representatives.", "Winfield Scott Hancock Winfield Scott Hancock (February 14, 1824 – February 9, 1886) was a career U.S. Army officer and the Democratic nominee for President of the United States in 1880. He served with distinction in the Army for four decades, including service in the Mexican-American War and as a Union general in the American Civil War. Known to his Army colleagues as \"Hancock the Superb\", he was noted in particular for his personal leadership at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863.", "Millard Fuller Millard Dean Fuller (January 3, 1935 – February 3, 2009) was the founder and former president of Habitat for Humanity International, a nonprofit organization known globally for building houses for those in need, and the founder and former president of The Fuller Center for Housing. Fuller was widely regarded as the leader of the modern-day movement for affordable housing and had been honored for his work in the United States and abroad.", "33rd United States Congress The Thirty-third United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1853 to March 4, 1855, during the first two years of the administration of U.S. President Franklin Pierce. During this session, the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed, an act that soon led to the creation of the Republican Party.", "James Brady James Scott \"Jim\" Brady (August 29, 1940 – August 4, 2014) was an assistant to the U.S. President and White House Press Secretary under President Ronald Reagan. After nearly being killed and becoming permanently disabled as a result of the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan in 1981, Brady became an ardent supporter of gun control.On August 8, 2014, Brady's death was ruled a homicide, 33 years after the gunshot wound he received in 1981.", "Hempstead Washburne Hempstead Washburne (November 11, 1852 – April 13, 1918; buried in Graceland Cemetery) served as mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1891–1893) for the Republican Party. He was the son of Elihu B. Washburne, Congressman, Secretary of State, and Minister to France.", "John R. Steelman John Roy Steelman (June 23, 1900 – July 14, 1999) was first person to serve as \"The Assistant to the President of the United States\", in the administration of President Harry S. Truman from 1946 to 1953. The office later became the White House Chief of Staff.He was the only White House Chief of Staff to serve the full term of a president. He also holds the record for the longest term as Chief of Staff at six years.", "George M. Dallas George Mifflin Dallas (July 10, 1792 – December 31, 1864) was a U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania (1831–1833) and the 11th Vice President of the United States (1845–1849), elected with President James K. Polk. Dallas also served as the Mayor of Philadelphia from 1828–1829. The City of Dallas, Texas, is named after him because Dallas created the first local trading post which was the first known settlement in what is today the Dallas, Texas, metro area.", "Philip Kearny Philip Kearny, Jr. (/ˈkɑrniː/; June 1, 1815 – September 1, 1862) was a United States Army officer, notable for his leadership in the Mexican-American War and American Civil War. He was killed in action in the 1862 Battle of Chantilly.", "Ezra Taft Benson Ezra Taft Benson (August 4, 1899 – May 30, 1994) was an American farmer and religious leader, serving as United States Secretary of Agriculture during both presidential terms of Dwight D. Eisenhower and as thirteenth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1985 until his death. He was the last president of the LDS Church born in the 19th century.", "Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt (/ˈroʊzəvəlt/, his own pronunciation, or /ˈroʊzəvɛlt/) (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), commonly known by his initials FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States. A Democrat, he won a record four elections and served from March 1933 to his death in April 1945.", "Letitia Christian Tyler Letitia Christian Tyler (November 12, 1790 – September 10, 1842), first wife of John Tyler, was First Lady of the United States from 1841 until her death.", "Sarah Knox Taylor Sarah Knox \"Knoxie\" Taylor Davis (March 6, 1814 – September 15, 1835) was the daughter of Zachary Taylor, who was a career military officer during her life and later became President of the United States. She met Jefferson Davis when living with her father and family at Fort Crawford during the Black Hawk War. They married in 1835 and she died three months later of malaria.Margaret Mackall (Smith) and Zachary Taylor had three surviving daughters and one son.", "Trusten Polk Trusten Polk (May 29, 1811 – April 16, 1876) served as both the 12th Governor of Missouri in 1857 and U.S. Senator from 1857 to 1862.", "United States presidential election, 1848 The United States presidential election of 1848 was the 16th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 7, 1848. It was won by Zachary Taylor of the Whig Party, who ran against former President Martin Van Buren of the Free Soil Party and Lewis Cass of the Democratic Party. Incumbent President James K.", "Martin Van Buren Martin Van Buren (Dutch: Maarten van BurenAbout this sound pronunciation ; December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862) was an American politician who served as the eighth President of the United States (1837–1841). A member of the Democratic Party, he served in a number of senior roles, including eighth Vice President (1833–1837) and Secretary of State (1829–1831), both under Andrew Jackson.", "Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan (March 31, 1794 – July 9, 1852) was a 19th-century politician and lawyer who served as the 2nd United States Secretary of the Interior under President Millard Fillmore.", "Edward F. W. Ellis Edward Fortescue Warrington Ellis, Sr. (April 15, 1819 – April 6, 1862) was a politician, lawyer and American Civil War officer who died while leading his unit on the first day of the Battle of Shiloh. He was a representative in the state of California Legislature, and a Freemason, having served as Worshipfull Master of the lodge he belonged to until 1860.", "Claiborne Fox Jackson Claiborne Fox Jackson (April 4, 1806 – December 6, 1862) was Governor of Missouri in 1861, then governor-in-exile for the Confederacy during the American Civil War.A successful manufacturing chemist, Jackson became heavily involved in Democratic Party politics and served twelve years in the Missouri General Assembly, before being elected to the state senate in 1848.", "Charles Fillmore (Unity Church) Charles Sherlock Fillmore (August 22, 1854 – July 5, 1948) founded Unity, a church within the New Thought movement, with his wife, Myrtle Page Fillmore, in 1889. He became known as an American mystic for his contributions to spiritualist interpretations of biblical Scripture.", "James M. Hinds James M. Hinds (December 5, 1833 – October 22, 1868) of Little Rock, represented Arkansas in the United States House of Representatives from June 24, 1868 until his death on October 22, 1868. Hinds was the first sitting member of Congress assassinated.Originally from upstate New York, Hinds moved to Minnesota after graduating from Cincinnati Law School in 1856. He was elected district attorney of his county, and began a successful political career as a Democrat.", "McKinley National Memorial The McKinley National Memorial in Canton, Ohio, United States, is the final resting place of William McKinley, who served as the 25th President of the United States from 1897 to his assassination in 1901. Canton was a significant place in McKinley's life; he lived there, practiced as an attorney, and conducted his political campaigns from the town.", "United States presidential election, 1832 The United States presidential election of 1832 was the 12th quadrennial presidential election, held from Friday, November 2, to Wednesday, December 5, 1832. It saw incumbent President Andrew Jackson, candidate of the Democratic Party, easily win re-election against Henry Clay of Kentucky, candidate of the National Republican Party, and Anti-Masonic Party candidate William Wirt. Jackson won 219 of the 286 electoral votes cast.", "Charles Magill Conrad Charles Magill Conrad (December 24, 1804 – February 11, 1878) was a Louisiana politician who served in the United States Senate, United States House of Representatives, and Confederate Congress. He was Secretary of War under President Millard Fillmore from 1850 until 1853.", "Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson Donelson (August 25, 1799 – June 26, 1871) was an American diplomat and a candidate for Vice President of the United States in 1856.", "Henry Clay, Jr. Henry Clay, Jr. (April 10, 1811 – February 23, 1847) was an American politician and soldier from Kentucky, the third son of US Senator and Congressman Henry Clay and Lucretia Hart Clay. He was elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1835 and served one term. A graduate of West Point, he served in the Mexican-American War and was killed in 1847 at the Battle of Buena Vista.", "William D. Mitchell William DeWitt Mitchell (September 9, 1874 – August 24, 1955) was appointed to the position of U.S. Solicitor General by Calvin Coolidge on June 4, 1925, which he held until he was appointed to the position of U.S. Attorney General for the entirety of Herbert Hoover's Presidency.", "Junius Daniel Junius Daniel (June 27, 1828 – May 13, 1864) was a planter and career military officer, serving in the United States Army, then in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War, as a brigadier general. His troops were instrumental in the Confederates' success at the first day of the Battle of Gettysburg. He was killed in action at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House.", "Jane Irwin Harrison Jane Irwin Harrison (July 23, 1804 in Mercersburg, Pennsylvania – May 11, 1846), wife of William Henry Harrison, Jr., who died in 1838, and daughter-in-law of William Henry Harrison, ninth President of the United States.", "Levi Boone Levi Day Boone (December 6, 1808 – January 24, 1882) served as mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1855–1856) for the American Party (Know-Nothings).", "Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant; April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was the 18th President of the United States (1869–77). As Commanding General, Grant worked closely with President Abraham Lincoln to lead the Union Army to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War. He implemented Congressional Reconstruction, often at odds with Lincoln's successor, Andrew Johnson.", "Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln /ˈeɪbrəhæm ˈlɪŋkən/ (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and its greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis.", "Andrew Johnson Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875) was the 17th President of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. Johnson became president as he was vice president at the time of President Abraham Lincoln's assassination. A Democrat who ran with Lincoln on the National Union ticket, Johnson came to office as the Civil War concluded. The new president favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union.", "DeWitt Clinton Cregier DeWitt Clinton Cregier (born: June 1, 1829; died: November 9, 1898; buried in Rosehill Cemetery) served as mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1889–1891) for the Democratic Party. Prior to this he was an engineer with the City of Chicago, and was awarded, in 1875, U.S. Patent 164,149 and in 1876, U.S. Patent 173,768, both for fire hydrants. The latter was a combination drinking fountain, fire hydrant, and watering basin for animals.", "Jedediah M. Grant Jedediah Morgan Grant (February 21, 1816 – December 1, 1856) was a leader and an apostle of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was member of the First Council of the Seventy from 1845 to 1854 and served in the First Presidency under church president Brigham Young from 1854 to 1856. He is known for his fiery speeches during the Reformation of 1856, earning the nickname, \"Brigham's Sledgehammer\". Grant is the father of Heber J.", "Leslie Coffelt Leslie William \"Les\" Coffelt (August 15, 1910 – November 1, 1950) was an officer of the White House Police, who was killed while defending U.S. President Harry S. Truman against an armed attack on November 1, 1950 at Blair House, where the president was living during renovations at the White House.Coffelt was wounded during the assassination attempt, which two Puerto Rican nationalists carried out.", "James Batchelder James Batchelder (1830–1854) was the second United States Marshal to be killed in the line of duty.", "Infamy Speech The Infamy Speech was a speech delivered by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt to a Joint Session of Congress on December 8, 1941, one day after the Empire of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The name derives from the first line of the speech: Roosevelt describing the previous day as \"a date which will live in infamy\".", "James H. Ward Commander James Harmon Ward (25 September 1806 – 27 June 1861) was the first officer of the United States Navy killed during the American Civil War.", "Barnard Elliott Bee, Jr. Barnard Elliott Bee Jr. (February 8, 1824 – July 22, 1861) was a career United States Army officer and a Confederate States Army general during the American Civil War. He was mortally wounded at the First Battle of Bull Run, one of the first general officers to be killed in the war. During that battle, he was responsible for inspiring the famous nickname for Brig. Gen. Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson.", "James William Boyd James William Boyd (September 14, 1822 – January 1, 1866) was a Confederate States of America military officer who was alleged in a conspiracy theory to have been killed in the place of John Wilkes Booth, the assassin of President Abraham Lincoln.Boyd was born in Hopkinsville, Kentucky, in 1822, and lived in Jackson, Tennessee where he married Caroline A. Malone in 1845, and had seven children.", "Matthew Derbyshire Mann Matthew Derbyshire Mann (1844–1921) was one of the physicians who attended President William McKinley after he had been shot by Leon Czolgosz.", "Rachel Jackson Rachel Donelson Robards Jackson, born Rachel Donelson, (June 15, 1767 – December 22, 1828) was the wife of Andrew Jackson, the 7th President of the United States. She lived with him at their home at The Hermitage, where she died just days after his election and before his inauguration in 1829—therefore she was never First Lady, a role assumed by her niece, Emily Donelson.", "Ford's Theatre Ford's Theatre is a historic theatre in Washington, D.C., used for various stage performances beginning in the 1860s. It is also the site of the assassination of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln on April 14, 1865. After being shot, the fatally wounded president was carried across the street to the Petersen House, where he died the next morning.The theatre was later used as a warehouse and office building, and in 1893 part of it collapsed, causing 22 deaths.", "Carter Harrison, Sr. Carter Henry Harrison, Sr. (February 15, 1825 – October 28, 1893) was an American politician who served as mayor of Chicago, Illinois from 1879 until 1887; he was subsequently elected to a fifth term in 1893 but was assassinated before completing his term. He previously served two terms in the United States House of Representatives.", "John A. Quitman John Anthony Quitman (September 1, 1798 – July 17, 1858) was an American politician and soldier. He served as Governor of Mississippi from 1835 to 1836 as a Whig and again from 1850 to 1851 as a Democrat and one of the leading Fire-Eaters.", "Walter Leake Walter D. Leake (May 25, 1762 – November 17, 1825) served as a United States Senator from Mississippi (1817–1820) and as third Governor of Mississippi (1822–1825). He was the first Governor of Mississippi to die in office.", "Isaac P. Rodman Isaac Peace Rodman (August 18, 1822 – September 30, 1862) was a Rhode Island banker and politician, and a Union Army brigadier general in the American Civil War, mortally wounded at the Battle of Antietam.", "Warren G. Harding Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923) was the 29th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1921 until his death. Although Harding died one of the most popular presidents in history, the subsequent exposure of scandals that took place under him, such as Teapot Dome, eroded his popular regard, as did revelations of an affair by Nan Britton, one of his mistresses. In historical rankings of the U.S.", "Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints) The succession crisis in the Latter Day Saint movement occurred after the death of Joseph Smith, the movement's founder, on June 27, 1844.For roughly six months after Joseph Smith's death, several people competed to take over his role. The leading contenders were Sidney Rigdon, Brigham Young, and James Strang. The majority of Latter Day Saints elected to follow Young's leadership, but several smaller churches emerged from the succession crisis.", "Clara Harris Clara Hamilton Harris (September 4, 1834 – December 23, 1883) was an American socialite. Harris and her fiancé, Major Henry Rathbone, were the guests of President Lincoln and First Lady Mary Lincoln when John Wilkes Booth fatally shot the President at Ford's Theatre in April 1865.", "Specie Circular The Specie Circular is a United States presidential executive order issued by President Andrew Jackson in 1836 pursuant to the Coinage Act and carried out by his successor, President Martin Van Buren. It required payment for government land to be in gold and silver.", "John C. Frémont John Charles Frémont or Fremont (January 21, 1813 – July 13, 1890) was an American military officer, explorer, and politician who became the first candidate of the anti-slavery Republican Party for the office of President of the United States. During the 1840s, when he led four expeditions into the American West, that era's penny press and admiring historians accorded Frémont the sobriquet The Pathfinder.During the Mexican American War, Frémont, a major in the U.S.", "Alfred Cumming (governor) Alfred Cumming (September 4, 1802 – October 9, 1873) was appointed governor of the Utah Territory in 1858 replacing Brigham Young following the Utah War, when President James Buchanan wanted a non-Mormon governor.", "Charles J. Guiteau Charles Julius Guiteau (/ɡɨˈtoʊ/; September 8, 1841 – June 30, 1882) was an American writer, and lawyer who was convicted of the assassination of James A. Garfield, the 20th President of the United States. A frustrated office-seeker, Guiteau shot Garfield at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington, D.C. on July 2, 1881; Garfield died two months later, on September 19. After being convicted, Guiteau was sentenced to death and hanged for the crime.", "Heber J. Grant Heber Jeddy Grant (November 22, 1856 – May 14, 1945) was the seventh president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was ordained an apostle on October 16, 1882, the same day as George Teasdale. Grant served as church president from November 23, 1918 until his death in 1945, which makes him the longest-serving church president during the twentieth century.In business, Grant helped develop the Avenues neighborhood of Salt Lake City.", "Burr–Hamilton duel The Burr–Hamilton duel was a duel between two prominent American politicians: the former secretary of the treasury, Alexander Hamilton, and sitting vice president, Aaron Burr, on July 11, 1804. At Weehawken, in New Jersey, Burr shot and mortally wounded Hamilton. Hamilton was carried to the home of William Bayard on the Manhattan shore, where he died the next day.", "Morrison Waite Morrison Remick \"Mott\" Waite (November 29, 1816 – March 23, 1888) was an attorney and politician in Ohio. He served as the seventh Chief Justice of the United States from 1874 to his death in 1888. During his tenure, the Supreme Court took a narrow interpretation of federal authority related to laws and amendments that were passed during Reconstruction to expand the rights of freedmen and protect them from attacks by vigilante groups such as the Ku Klux Klan.", "John B. Floyd John Buchanan Floyd (June 1, 1806 – August 26, 1863) was the 31st Governor of Virginia, U.S. Secretary of War, and the Confederate general in the American Civil War who lost the crucial Battle of Fort Donelson.", "John Aaron Rawlins John Aaron Rawlins (February 13, 1831 – September 6, 1869) was an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War. A confidant of Ulysses S. Grant, Rawlins served on Grant's staff throughout the war, rising to the rank of brevet major general, and was Grant's chief defender against allegations of insobriety. After the war, he was appointed Secretary of War when Grant was elected President of the United States, but died of advanced tuberculosis five months into his term.", "Compromise of 1850 The Compromise of 1850 was a package of five separate bills passed by the United States Congress in September 1850, which defused a four-year political confrontation between slave and free states regarding the status of territories acquired during the Mexican-American War (1846–1848). The compromise, drafted by Whig Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky and brokered by Clay and Democratic Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois, reduced sectional conflict.", "Leon Czolgosz Leon Frank Czolgosz (Polish form: Czołgosz, Polish pronunciation: [ˈt͡ʂɔwɡɔʂ]; May 5, 1873 – October 29, 1901; also used surname \"Nieman\" and variations thereof) was an American anarchist and former steel worker responsible for the Assassination of William McKinley, President of the United States.", "Benjamin Wade Benjamin Franklin \"Bluff\" Wade (October 27, 1800 – March 2, 1878) was a United States Senator during Civil War reconstruction known for his leading role among the Radical Republicans.Had the impeachment of Andrew Johnson in 1868 led to a conviction at trial in the Senate, he would have assumed the presidential powers and duties.", "Ball v. United States Ball v. United States, 163 U.S. 662 (1896), is one of the earliest United States Supreme Court case interpreting the Double Jeopardy Clause.In 1889, defendants Millard Fillmore Ball, John C. Ball, and Robert E. Boutwell were indicted for the murder of William T. Box. The jury acquitted Millard Fillmore Ball and convicted John C. Ball and Robert E. Boutwell.", "Harry S. Truman Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945–53). As the final running mate of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944, Truman succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when Roosevelt died after months of declining health.", "Henry H. Bliss Henry Hale Bliss (June 13, 1830 – September 14, 1899) was the first person killed by a motor vehicle accident in the United States, and the first known in the Americas.", "Ulysses S. Grant Jr. Ulysses Simpson \"Buck\" Grant, Jr., (July 22, 1852 – September 25, 1929) was an American attorney and entrepreneur. He was the second son of President Ulysses S. Grant.", "Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan On June 5, 2004, Ronald Reagan, the 40th President of the United States, died after having suffered from Alzheimer's disease for nearly a decade. His seven-day state funeral followed. After Reagan's death his body was taken from his Bel Air, Los Angeles, California home to the Gates, Kingsley and Gates Funeral Home in Santa Monica, California to prepare the body for burial.", "Hugh Lawson White Hugh Lawson White (October 30, 1773 – April 10, 1840) was a prominent American politician during the first third of the 19th century. He succeeded Andrew Jackson and served in the United States Senate, representing Tennessee, from 1825 until his resignation in 1840, and was a Whig candidate for President in 1836.", "Schuyler Colfax Schuyler Colfax Jr. (/ˈskaɪlər ˈkoʊlfæks/; March 23, 1823 – January 13, 1885) was a United States Representative from Indiana (1855–1869), Speaker of the House of Representatives (1863–1869), and the 17th Vice President of the United States (1869–1873). To date, he is one of only two Americans (John Nance Garner in the 20th century being the other) to have served as both House speaker and vice president.President Ulysses S.", "31st United States Congress The Thirty-first United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1849 to March 4, 1851, during the 16 months of the Zachary Taylor presidency and the first eight months of Millard Fillmore's. The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Sixth Census of the United States in 1840.", "James Monroe James Monroe (/mənˈroʊ/; April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831) was the fifth President of the United States (1817–1825). Monroe was the last president who was a Founding Father of the United States and the last president from the Virginian dynasty and the Republican Generation. Born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, Monroe was of the planter class and fought in the American Revolutionary War. He was wounded in the Battle of Trenton with a musket ball to his shoulder.", "Assassination of Abraham Lincoln United States President Abraham Lincoln was shot on Good Friday, April 14, 1865, while attending the play Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre as the American Civil War was drawing to a close. The assassination occurred five days after the commander of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, General Robert E. Lee, surrendered to Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant and the Union Army of the Potomac.Lincoln was the first American president to be assassinated.", "Ezra Millard Ezra Millard (February 2, 1833 – August 20, 1886) was a U.S. politician who was mayor of Omaha, Nebraska, from 1869 to 1871. He was also brother to Joseph Hopkins Millard, another mayor of Omaha and name sake of Millard, Nebraska.Millard died in Saratoga Springs, New York of heart complications in 1886. At the time of his death he was employed as the treasurer of the Omaha Cable Tramway Company.", "32nd United States Congress The Thirty-second United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1851 to March 4, 1853, during the third and fourth years of Millard Fillmore's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Sixth Census of the United States in 1840. Both chambers had a Democratic majority.", "Millard F. Caldwell Millard Fillmore Caldwell (February 6, 1897 – October 23, 1984) was an American politician. He was the 29th Governor of Florida (1945–1949) and served in all three branches of government at various times in his life, including as a U.S. Representative and Florida Supreme Court justice.", "Henry Rathbone Henry Reed Rathbone (July 1, 1837 – August 14, 1911) was a United States military officer and diplomat who was present at the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. Rathbone was sitting with his fiancée, Clara Harris, next to the President and his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, when John Wilkes Booth entered the president's box at Ford's Theatre and fatally shot Lincoln in the head. When Rathbone attempted to prevent Booth from fleeing the scene, Booth stabbed and seriously wounded him.", "1848 Whig National Convention The 1848 Whig National Convention was a quadrennial presidential nominating convention of the Whig Party. The convention was held in Philadelphia. War hero Zachary Taylor, a major general from Louisiana with no political background, was nominated as the party's candidate for President. Former New York Representative Millard Fillmore was nominated for Vice President. They won the 1848 presidential election, defeating the Democratic candidates Lewis Cass and William O. Butler.", "William Henry Harrison William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841) was the ninth President of the United States (1841), an American military officer and politician, and the last President born as a British subject. He was also the first president to die in office. He was 68 years, 23 days old when inaugurated, the oldest president to take office until Ronald Reagan in 1981.", "James K. Polk James Knox Polk (November 2, 1795 – June 15, 1849) was the 11th President of the United States (1845–1849). Polk was born in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. He later lived in and represented Tennessee. A Democrat, Polk served as the 17th Speaker of the House of Representatives (1835–1839) and Governor of Tennessee (1839–1841). Polk was the surprise (dark horse) candidate for president in 1844, defeating Henry Clay of the rival Whig Party by promising to annex Texas.", "James A. Garfield James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881) was the 20th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1881 until his assassination later that year. Garfield had served nine terms in the House of Representatives, and had been elected to the Senate before his candidacy for the White House, though he declined the senatorship once he was president-elect.", "United States House of Representatives elections, 1850 Elections to the United States House of Representatives for the 32nd Congress were held at various dates in each state from August 5, 1850 (Iowa and Missouri) to November 4, 1851 (Louisiana and Mississippi). The Democrats gained 17 seats, increasing their majority relative to the Whigs, who lost 22 seats.Whig President Millard Fillmore, who had gained the presidency after the death of Zachary Taylor, grew increasingly unpopular.", "William McKinley William McKinley (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901) was the 25th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1897, until his assassination in September 1901, six months into his second term.", "Curse of Tippecanoe The name Curse of Tippecanoe (also known as Tecumseh's Curse, the Presidential Curse, Zero-Year Curse, the Twenty-Year Curse, or the Twenty-Year Presidential Jinx) is used to describe the regular death in office of Presidents of the United States elected or re-elected in years evenly divisible by twenty, from William Henry Harrison (elected in 1840) through John F. Kennedy (1960). Ronald Reagan, elected in 1980, was shot but survived; George W.", "Garret Hobart Garret Augustus Hobart (June 3, 1844 – November 21, 1899) was the 24th Vice President of the United States (1897–1899), serving under President William McKinley. He was the sixth American vice president to die in office.Hobart was born in Long Branch, New Jersey, on the Jersey Shore, and grew up in nearby Marlboro. After attending Rutgers College, Hobart read law with prominent Paterson attorney Socrates Tuttle. Hobart both studied with Tuttle, and married his daughter.", "Caroline C. Fillmore Caroline Carmichael McIntosh Fillmore (October 21, 1813 – August 11, 1881) was the second wife of 13th U.S. President Millard Fillmore. They were married in 1858, five years after his term of office expired.Caroline Carmichael was born October 21, 1813 in Morristown, New Jersey, the daughter of Charles Carmichael and Temperance Blachley Carmichael. She married her first husband, Ezekiel C.", "Abigail Fillmore Abigail Powers Fillmore (March 13, 1798 – March 30, 1853), wife of Millard Fillmore, was First Lady of the United States from 1850 to 1853.Abigail was born in Stillwater, New York, 1798, in Saratoga County, New York. She was the daughter of the Reverend Lemuel Powers, a Baptist minister, and Abigail Newland-Powers. Abigail grew up in Moravia, New York, not far from the Fillmore farm. Her father died shortly after her birth.", "United States presidential election, 1852 The United States presidential election of 1852 was the 17th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 2, 1852. It bore important similarities to the election of 1844. Once again, the incumbent president was a Whig who had succeeded to the presidency upon the death of his war-hero predecessor. In this case, it was Millard Fillmore who followed General Zachary Taylor." ]	7
1906 territory Papua island Australian	[ "Papua New Guinea\nPapua New Guinea (PNG; /ˈpaːpuːə njuː ˈɡɪniː/; Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini; Hiri Motu: Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is an Oceanian country that occupies the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and its offshore islands in Melanesia, a region of the southwestern Pacific Ocean north of Australia. Its capital, located along its southeastern coast, is Port Moresby.", "Autonomous Region of Bougainville\nThe Autonomous Region of Bougainville, previously known as the North Solomons Province, is an autonomous region in Papua New Guinea. The largest island is Bougainville Island (also the largest of the Solomon Islands archipelago), and the province also includes Buka Island and assorted outlying nearby islands including the Carterets. The capital is temporarily Buka, though it is expected that Arawa will be the permanent provincial capital.", "Territory of Papua\nThe Territory of Papua comprised the southeastern quarter of the island of New Guinea from 1883 to 1975. In 1883, the Government of Queensland annexed this territory for the British Empire. However, the United Kingdom Government refused to ratify the annexation but in 1884 a Protectorate was proclaimed over the territory, then called \"British New Guinea\". There is a certain ambiguity about the exact date on which the entire territory was annexed by the British.", "Papua Island\nPapua Island (63°7′S 55°57′W) is a small circular island lying 4 nautical miles (7 km) west of Boreal Point, off the north coast of Joinville Island. The name was applied by the Argentine Antarctic Expedition (1953–54) because large numbers of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) were sighted on this island.", "Long Island (Papua New Guinea)\nLong Island is a volcanic island north of Papua New Guinea. It is separated from the island of New Guinea by Vitiaz Strait.", "Australia–Papua New Guinea relations\nAustralia–Papua New Guinea relations are the foreign relations between Australia and Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea is Australia's closest neighbour (with 3.7 km separating the two countries at the nearest point, and with both nations sharing the same continent), and a former dependent territory of Australia. Relations between Canberra and Port Moresby are close, although there have been tensions in recent years.", "Territory of Papua and New Guinea\nThe Territory of Papua and New Guinea was established by an administrative union between the Australian-administered territories of Papua and New Guinea in 1949. In 1972, the name of the Territory changed to \"Papua New Guinea\" and in 1975 it became the independent nation of Papua New Guinea.", "Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit\nThe Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit (ANGAU) was a civil administration of Territory of Papua and the Mandated Territory of New Guinea formed on 21 March 1942 during World War II.", "Bougainville Island\nBougainville Island is the main island of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville of Papua New Guinea. This region is also known as Bougainville Province or the North Solomons. Its land area is 9,300 km2. The population of the province is 175,160 (2000 census), which includes the adjacent island of Buka and assorted outlying islands including the Carterets. Mount Balbi at 2,700m is the highest point.", "New Guinea\nNew Guinea (Tok Pisin: Niugini; Dutch: Nieuw-Guinea; Indonesian: Papua or, historically, Irian) is a large Island in the South West Pacific region.It is the world's second-largest island, after Greenland, covering a land area of 786,000 km2.", "History of Papua New Guinea\nThe prehistory of Papua New Guinea can be traced back to about 60,000 years ago when people first migrated towards the Australian continent. The written history began when European navigators first sighted New Guinea in the early part of the 16th century.", "Papua Act 1905\nThe Papua Act 1905 was an Act passed by the Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, which saw the transfer of the territory of Papua from Britain to Australia.The Act formally incorporated Papua as an external territory of Australia and remained in effect until Papua's merger with New Guinea following the passage of the Papua and New Guinea Act 1949." ]	[ "Tuggeranong Homestead Tuggeranong Homestead is located in the Australian Capital Territory in the area now covered by the suburb of Richardson. The first authorised landowner of the Tuggeranong area following white settlement was Peter Murdoch, aide-de-camp of Thomas Brisbane, who was awarded a grant of 2,000 acres (8 km²) in 1827. Following Murdoch's appointment to a position in Tasmania in 1829, the area became part of a grant to John McLaren who arrived from Glasgow in 1828.", "Tore Lokoloko Sir Tore Lokoloko GCL, GCMG, GCVO, OBE (21 September 1930 – 13 March 2013) was the second Governor-General of Papua New Guinea, from 1977 to 1983. He was Governor-General during Queen Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee visit to the country, when he was appointed GCVO and GCMG.Lokoloko was born in the village of Iokea, Papua (now in Gulf Province, Papua New Guinea).", "Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen was a significant court case decided in the High Court of Australia on 11 May 1982. It concerned the constitutional validity of parts of the Racial Discrimination Act 1975, and the discriminatory acts of the Government of Queensland in blocking the purchase of land by Aboriginal people in northern Queensland.", "Electoral division of Wanguri Wanguri is an electoral division of the Legislative Assembly in Australia's Northern Territory. It was first created in 1983. Wanguri is an urban electorate, covering 40 km², and taking in the north Darwin suburbs of Wanguri, Karama and Leanyer. There were 4,982 people enrolled within the electorate as of February 2013.Like most electorates in the Territory, Wanguri has a tendency to keep its incumbent members regardless of party.", "Kingston, Norfolk Island Kingston (Norf'k laengwij Daun a'Taun) is the capital of the Australian South Pacific Territory of Norfolk Island. The vice-regal, legislative, administrative and judicial offices are all located in Kingston. The town is the second-oldest in Australia, and is of great historical and cultural significance to all Norfolk Islanders and other Australians.", "Vanatinai Vanatinai or Tagula (formerly called Sudest) is a volcanic island in the south-east of the Louisiade Archipelago within Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea. The reef fringed island is approximately 360 kilometres (220 mi) south-east of New Guinea. With an area of 865.7 square kilometres (334.2 sq mi), it is the largest island of the archipelago. Vanatinai town, the main settlement, is located on the northwest coast. The population of the island was about 2,300 in 1978.", "Palm Island, Queensland Palm Island is an Aboriginal community located on Great Palm Island, also called by the Aboriginal name \"Bwgcolman\", an island on the Great Barrier Reef in North Queensland, Australia The settlement is also known by a variety of other names including \"the Mission\", Palm Island Settlement or Palm Community.Palm Island is often termed a classic \"tropical paradise\" given its natural endowments, but it has had a troubled history since the European settlement of Australia.", "New York Agreement An Agreement signed by the Netherlands and Indonesia regarding the administration of the territory of West New Guinea. The first part of the agreement proposes that the United Nations assume administration of the territory, and a second part proposes a set of social conditions that will be provided if the United Nations exercises a discretion proposed in article 12 of the agreement to allow Indonesian occupation and administration of the territory.", "Merire Police Sergeant Major Merire from Gomema village in Markham Valley near Lae was a member of the Royal Papuan and New Guinea Constabulary who joined the police force in 1936. On the occasion of the Japanese landings at Madang in 1942, he was able to move all the residents with their supplies into the forest to avoid capture. His subsequent observations as far along the coast as Finschhafen served to guide U.S.", "P J Magennis Pty Ltd v Commonwealth P J Magennis Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1949) 80 CLR 382 is a High Court of Australia case that deals with the Commonwealth's power of acquisition of property, which must be on just terms, as specified in section 51(xxxi) of the Australian Constitution.The Commonwealth government wished to purchase land for resettlement after World War II.", "Nissan Island Nissan Island (also Green Island) is the largest of the Green Islands of Papua New Guinea. It is located at 4°30′S 154°13′E, about 200 km east of Rabaul on New Britain and about 200 km northwest of Bougainville.The New Zealand 3rd Division landed on Nissan Island on 15 February 1944 as part of the Solomon Islands campaign to isolate the Japanese stronghold at Rabaul. Shortly after the landings two airfields were constructed on the island.", "HMAS Aitape (P 84) HMAS Aitape (P 84) was an Attack class patrol boat of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). It was named for the small town of Aitape, Sandaun Province, Papua New Guinea. Completed in 1967, the vessel was one of five assigned to the RAN's Papua New Guinea (PNG) Division. The patrol boat was transferred to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force in 1974 as HMPNGS Aitape. She remained active until 1982, when she was removed from service for use as a parts hulk.", "Papua New Guinean kina The kina (ISO 4217 code: PGK) is the currency of Papua New Guinea. It is divided into 100 toea. The kina was introduced on 19 April 1975, replacing the Australian dollar at par. The name kina is derived from Kuanua language of the Tolai region, referring to a callable pearl shell used widely for trading in both the Coastal andHighlands areas of the country.For earlier currencies used in Papua New Guinea, see New Guinea pound and New Guinea mark.", "Meriam language Meriam (in the language itself Meriam Mìr; also Miriam, Meryam, Mer, Mir, Miriam-Mir, etc. and Eastern, Isten, Esten, Eastern Torres Strait, and Able Able) is the language of the people of the small islands of Mer (Murray Island), Waier and Dauar, Erub (Darnley Island), and Ugar (Stephens Island) in the eastern Torres Strait, Queensland, Australia. In the Western Torres Strait language, Kalaw Lagaw Ya, it is called Mœyam or Mœyamau Ya. It is the only Papuan language on Australian territory.", "Wallace Islet Wallace Islet is a small island in the Boydong cays, Shelburne Bay in far north Queensland, Australia about 100 km north of Cape Grenville, Cape York Peninsula in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Queensland, Australia. It is around 4 hectares or 0.04 square km in size.It is a part of the East Islands group about 25 km northeast of Captain Billy Landing.A cruise ship anchorage is situated there.", "Torres Strait The Torres Strait is a strait which lies between Australia and the Melanesian island of New Guinea. It is approximately 150 km (93 mi) wide at its narrowest extent. To the south is Cape York Peninsula, the northernmost continental extremity of the Australian state of Queensland. To the north is the Western Province of Papua New Guinea. It is named after navigator Luis Vaz de Torres who passed through the Strait in 1606.", "Geography of Papua New Guinea The geography of Papua New Guinea describes the eastern half of the island of New Guinea, the islands of New Ireland, New Britain and Bougainville, and smaller nearby islands. Together these make up the nation of Papua New Guinea in tropical Oceania, located in the western edge of the Pacific Ocean.Papua New Guinea is largely mountainous, and much of it is covered with tropical rainforest.", "Popondetta Popondetta is the capital of Oro (Northern) Province in Papua New Guinea.In 1951 the town became the focus of relief efforts after nearby Mount Lamington erupted and killed 4,000 people.Popondetta is near to Buna on the Northern Papua coast and is not far from the beginning of the Kokoda Trail, made famous during World War II.This area of New Guinea is home to the endangered Queen Alexandra's Birdwing, the world's largest butterfly.", "Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands The Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI) was a United Nations trust territory in Micronesia (western Pacific) administered by the United States from 1947 to 1986.", "Division of Solomon The Division of Solomon is an Australian Electoral Division in the Northern Territory. It is largely coextensive with the Darwin/Palmerston metropolitan area. The only other division in the territory, the Division of Lingiari, covers the remainder of the territory.The division was one of the two established when the former Division of Northern Territory was redistributed on 21 December 2000.", "Seat of Government (Administration) Act 1910 The Seat of Government (Administration) Act 1910 is an Australian Commonwealth Government act. The act established the Federal Capital Territory's (now Australian Capital Territory) laws based on the laws of New South Wales up until 1911. From 1911 onwards the laws of the territory would be created by the Commonwealth and Governor-General.", "Cape Torokina Cape Torokina is a promontory at the north end of Empress Augusta Bay, along the central part of the western coast of Bougainville, in Papua New Guinea. This cape formed the southern end of the landing zone where I Marine Amphibious Corps performed an amphibious invasion on November 1, 1943 during Operation Cherry Blossom. The small Puruata Island is located just off the coast to the west of Cape Torokina.", "Mapoon, Queensland Mapoon Aboriginal Community is located at Port Musgrave, western Cape York in Far North Queensland, Australia. A Presbyterian mission was established at Mapoon in 1891 with the aim of providing education and health services to the Aboriginal people.", "Fannie Bay Gaol Fannie Bay Gaol is a historic gaol in Darwin, Australia. The gaol operated as Her Majesty's Gaol and Labour Prison, from 20 September 1883 until 1 September 1979.In 1888, Deputy Sheriff (and later Government Resident) John George Knight collected sketches and drawings made by Aboriginal prisoners to be displayed at the great Centennial International Exhibition in Melbourne under the title, The Dawn of Art.", "Tiwi Islands The Tiwi Islands are part of the Northern Territory, Australia, 80 km to the north of Darwin where the Arafura Sea joins the Timor Sea. They comprise Melville Island, Bathurst Island, and nine smaller uninhabited islands, with a combined area of 8,320 square kilometres (3,212 sq mi).Inhabited before European settlement by the Tiwi indigenous Australians, there are approximately 3,000 people on the islands.The Tiwi Land Council is one of four land councils in the Northern Territory.", "HMAS Samarai (P 85) HMAS Samarai (P 85), named after the island of Samarai and its former town, was an Attack class patrol boat of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). Completed in 1968, the vessel was one of five assigned to the RAN's Papua New Guinea (PNG) Division. The patrol boat was transferred to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force in 1974 as HMPNGS Samarai. She remained in service until 1987, when she was paid off and used as a parts hulk.", "Hopetoun Blunder The Hopetoun Blunder was a political event immediately prior to the Federation of the British colonies in Australia.Federation was scheduled to occur on 1 January 1901, but since the general election for the first Parliament of Australia was not to be held until March of that year, it was not possible to follow the conventions of the Westminster system and appoint the leader of the majority in the House of Representatives as Prime Minister.", "Torres Strait Light Infantry Battalion The Torres Strait Light Infantry Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army during the Second World War. Initially raised as a company-sized unit in 1941, it was expanded to a full battalion in 1942 and was unique in that almost all of its enlisted men were Torres Strait Islanders, making the battalion the only Indigenous Australian battalion ever formed by the Australian Army.", "Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea The Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea has been the highest court of Papua New Guinea since 16 September 1975, replacing the pre-Independence Supreme Court (corresponding to the post-Independence National Court) and the overseas appellate tribunals from 1902 to 1975 of the High Court of Australia and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.", "Warul Kawa Indigenous Protected Area Warul Kawa Indigenous Protected Area (also known as Deliverance Island) is a small island that is part of Australia's National Reserve System, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of Papua New Guinea and 200 kilometres (120 mi) north of Thursday Island, Torres Strait. The protected area and island are part of the Torres Strait Islands located in the water of Torres Strait, part of Queensland in Australia.", "Jorge de Menezes Jorge de Menezes (ca. 1498 - ?) was a Portuguese explorer who in 1526-27 landed on the northern coasts of the Bird's Head Peninsula and on the islands of Biak (Cenderawasih Bay), and Waigeo Island (now occupied by Indonesia), whilst he awaited the passing of the monsoon season. He named the region Ilhas dos Papuas and is thus credited with the European discovery of Papua. He was the Portuguese Governor of Ternate which was first visited by the Portuguese in 1512.", "Seventeen Seventy, Queensland Seventeen Seventy, also written as 1770, is a village in Queensland, Australia, built on the site of the second landing by James Cook and the crew of HM Bark Endeavour in May 1770 (Cook's first landing in what is now the state of Queensland). Originally known as Round Hill – after the creek it sits on – the name was changed in 1970 to commemorate the bicentennial of Cook's visit.", "Papua New Guinea Defence Force The Papua New Guinea Defence Force (PNGDF) is the unified armed forces of Papua New Guinea. It originated from the Australian Army land forces of the territory of Papua New Guinea before independence, coming into being in January 1973 and having its antecedents in the Pacific Islands Regiment. At independence it numbered 3,750 all ranks, while another 465 Australian personnel augmented the force to assist in training and technical support.", "Lionel Lukin (judge) Justice Lionel Oscar Lukin (4 January 1868 — 1 June 1944) was appointed as the first judge of the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory, Australia on 25 January 1934 and remained the sole Judge of the Court until November 1943 when he retired due to ill health.", "John Guise (Governor-General) Sir John Guise, GCMG, KBE (29 August 1914 – 7 February 1991) was the first Governor-General of Papua New Guinea, which gained independence from Australia in 1975. Dr. Guise was a Papua New Guinean and was a vocal supporter for independence.In 1958 Guise became the president of the Port Moresby Mixed Race Association. He served in the Department of Native Affairs during the 1950s, and served in the East Papua Legislative Council from 1961 to 1963.", "Seat of Government Surrender Act 1909 The Seat of Government Surrender Act 1909 was an Act of the New South Wales Parliament which completed the transfer of land from New South Wales to establish the Federal Capital Territory as the seat of Commonwealth government. The Act became law on December 14, 1909, the day after the Seat of Government Acceptance Act 1909 had been passed by the Commonwealth government.", "Pahaquarry Township, New Jersey Pahaquarry Township is a now-defunct township that was located in Warren County, New Jersey, United States, from 1824 until it was dissolved in 1997.Pahaquarry Township was formed on December 27, 1824, from portions of Walpack Township in Sussex County and set off to Warren County.The township got its name from the word Pahaquarra, which was a derivation of the Native American word Pahaqualong, which meant \"the place between the mountains beside the waters\".Pahaquarry sits on the Delaware River. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahaquarry_Township,_New_Jersey?oldid=653137397> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Australia> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Australia (/ɒˈstreɪliə/, /ə-/, colloquially /-jə/), officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is an Oceanian country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area.", "First Bruce Ministry The First Bruce Ministry was the seventeenth Australian Commonwealth ministry, and ran from 9 February 1923 to 14 November 1925.Nationalist Party of Australia–Australian Country Party CoalitionRt Hon Stanley Bruce, MP: Prime Minister, Minister for External Affairs (Nat)Hon Dr Earle Page, MP: Treasurer (CP)Senator Rt Hon George Pearce: Minister for Home and TerritoriesHon Littleton Groom, KC MP: Attorney-General.", "Talbot Islands Talbot Islands are a group of Torres Strait Islands in Australia, between the Australian mainland and the island of New Guinea and a few kilometres west of Saibai Island, Torres Strait only 4 km from the Papua New Guinea mainland at the mouth of the Mai Kussa River.Talbot Islands consists five named and about six smaller islands: Boigu Island Moimi Island Aubussi Island Moegina Kawa AymermudOnly Boigu Island is inhabited. The town of Boigu is the northernmost settlement of Australia.", "Anderson Dawson Andrew Dawson (16 July 1863 – 20 July 1910), usually known as Anderson Dawson, was an Australian politician, the Premier of Queensland for one week (1–7 December) in 1899. This premiership was not only the first Australian Labor Party government; it was the first parliamentary socialist government anywhere in the world, and it attracted international newspaper coverage.", "National Parliament of Papua New Guinea The National Parliament of Papua New Guinea is the unicameral national legislature in Papua New Guinea. It was first created in 1964 as the House of Assembly of Papua and New Guinea, but gained its current name with the granting of independence in 1975.The 111 members of the parliament all serve five-year terms. 89 members are elected from single-member \"Open\" electorates, which are sometimes referred to as \"seats\" but are officially known as constituencies.", "Seat of Government Act 1904 The Seat of Government Act 1904 was an Act of the Parliament of Australia which selected the area around Dalgety, New South Wales as the site of the Federal Capital Territory (now the Australian Capital Territory).The site turned out to be unacceptable to the Government of New South Wales, due partly to its distance from Sydney and proximity to Victoria. It Act was repealed in 1908 by the Seat of Government Act 1908 which selected Yass-Canberra as the new site for the territory.", "Paias Wingti Paias Wingti (born 2 February 1951) is a Papua New Guinean political figure. He served as the third Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea between 1985 and 1988, and again from 1992 to 1994.Wingti is a member of the Jika Tribe of the Western Highlands province. While doing his final year in Economics at the University of Papua New Guinea, he stood for election in 1977, winning to become a member of the Hagen Open in the country's National Parliament.", "Penguin Island (novel) Penguin Island (1908; French: L'Île des Pingouins) is a satirical fictional history by Nobel Prize–winning French author Anatole France.", "Penguin Island (Western Australia) Penguin Island (32°18′19″S 115°41′28″E) is a 12.5 ha island off the coast near Perth, Western Australia, 700 m from Rockingham. It is home to a colony of little penguins, the largest population of the birds in Western Australia. The waters surrounding the island make up the Shoalwater Islands Marine Park. (Download a map from here).Regular ferries carry tourists to and from the island and other marine-park sights. Access is also available by private boat or by swimming.", "Josephine Abaijah Dame Josephine Abaijah, GCL, DBE (born 1944, Misima, Papua New Guinea) was the first woman to be elected to the Papua New Guinea House of Assembly, in 1972. She was the only woman elected at that time.She was re-elected in 1977, and stood unsuccessfully for a third term in 1982.", "Philip Gidley King Captain Philip Gidley King RN (23 April 1758 – 3 September 1808) was the third Governor of New South Wales, and did much to civilise the young colony in the face of great obstacles.When the First Fleet arrived in January 1788, King was detailed to colonise Norfolk Island for defence and foraging purposes. As Governor of New South Wales, he helped develop livestock farming, whaling and mining, built many schools and launched the colony's first newspaper.", "Chief Minister of Papua and New Guinea The Chief Minister was the head of the Australian territorial government of Papua and New Guinea from 1973, when Papua New Guinea was granted self-government, to 1975. Prior to self-government and after the end of the military administration of the jointly administered territory following World War II the head of the executive of the territory was the Administrator. After independence in 1975, the post became the Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea.", "25th Battalion (Australia) The 25th Battalion was an infantry unit of the Australian Army. Raised in early 1915 as part of the Australian Imperial Force during the First World War, the battalion fought at Gallipoli and in the trenches along the Western Front, before being disbanded in early 1919. In mid-1921, it was re-formed as a part-time unit based in the state of Queensland.", "German New Guinea German New Guinea (German: Deutsch-Neuguinea) was the first part of the German colonial empire. It was a protectorate from 1884 until 1914 when it fell to Australian forces following the outbreak of the First World War. It consisted of the northeastern part of New Guinea and several nearby island groups.", "Postage stamps and postal history of Western New Guinea Since 1963 Western New Guinea has been part of Indonesia. The Indonesian postal service is responsible for mail in the region, and has issued a few stamps in honor of the area. During the 1960s, the region had its own postage stamps. The first were overprints reading \"UNTEA\" (United Nations Temporary Executive Authority) applied to the stamps of Dutch New Guinea, issued in 1962.", "Samarai Samarai is an island and former administrative capital in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. Located off the south-eastern tip of New Guinea in the China Strait Samarai has an area of just 240,000 square metres (59 acres) or 24 hectares. At the census of population 2000, the island had a population of 539, making it one of the most densely populated islands in the area.The island is historically significant as the site of a trading port and stop-over between Australia and East Asia.", "Wakde Wakde is an island group of Indonesia, part of the province of West Papua, between the districts of Pantai Timur and Tor Atas. It comprises two islands, Insumuar (the larger) and Insumanai (much smaller).Occupied by Japanese forces in April 1942, Wakde served as an airbase. United States forces landed in May 1944 (the Battle of Wakde or Operation Straight Line) and used the airfield. In September 2005, the remains of Japanese soldiers and Papuans were found in a cave on the uninhabited island.", "Electoral division of Arafura Arafura is an electoral division of the Legislative Assembly in Australia's Northern Territory. It was first created in 1983, and takes its name from the Arafura Sea, which adjoins the electorate. The electorate is predominantly rural, encompassing 156,087 square kilometres (60,266 square miles) in western Arnhem Land and the Tiwi Islands, and including the towns of Oenpelli, Jabiru, Maningrida, Milikapiti and Nguiu. There were 5,477 people enrolled in the electorate as of August 2012.", "Rambutyo Island Rambutyo Island is one of the Admiralty Islands in the Bismarck Archipelago, located at 2°17′S 147°49′E. Politically, Rambutyo Island is part of Manus Province, Papua New Guinea.During World War II, the island was occupied by a small contingent of Japanese soldiers. On 3 April 1944, Allied forces led by the U.S. 12th Cavalry Regiment landed on Rambutyo. By 23 April, the forces were withdrawn for mop-up by the native police force.", "Principality of Marlborough The Principality of Marlborough was a short-lived micronation located at 22°30′18.19″S 149°9′6.45″E, 200 km (124 mi) north of Rockhampton, Australia in 1993.The principality came into being when farmer George Muirhead, facing the possibility of the repossession of his properties - Kierawonga & Indicus - by the Commonwealth Bank, challenged the legality of their bills of exchange in the Queensland Supreme Court.", "New Guinea campaign The New Guinea campaign of the Pacific War lasted from January 1942 until the end of the war in August 1945. During the initial phase in early 1942, the Empire of Japan invaded the Australian-administered territories of the New Guinea Mandate (23 January) and Papua (8 March) and overran western New Guinea (beginning 29/30 March), which was a part of the Netherlands East Indies.", "Shortland Islands The Shortland Islands are group of islands belonging to the Western Province of the Solomon Islands, at 6.92°S 155.88°E / -6.92; 155.88. Named by John Shortland, they lie in the extreme northwest of the country's territory, close to the island of Bougainville, Papua New Guinea. The largest island is Shortland Island.", "2/25th Battalion (Australia) The 2/25th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army which served during the Second World War. Raised in 1940, the battalion took part in the fighting in North Africa and Syria in 1941 before returning to Australia in 1942 to fight against the Japanese. Following this it took part in the fighting in New Guinea, undertaking two deployments there, firstly in 1942–43 and then again in 1943–44, before taking part in the Borneo campaign in 1945.", "Electoral division of Port Darwin Port Darwin is an electoral division of the Legislative Assembly in Australia's Northern Territory. It was first created in 1974, and is an entirely urban electorate, covering only 11 km² and taking in the Darwin central business district, as well as the suburb of Larrakeyah and part of Stuart Park.", "United Church in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands The United Church in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands is a merged denomination dating from 1968 consisting of the former London Missionary Society (operating exclusively in Papua), the relatively marginal Presbyterian church (largely confined to Port Moresby itself) and the Methodist mission (largely operating in New Guinea and nearby islands, the western and northern Solomons and the islands of eastern Papua).", "Republic of West Papua The Republic of West Papua is a proposed and former unrecognized state consisting of the West Papua region. It is supported only by Vanuatu and is claimed and occupied by Indonesia. It includes the provinces of Papua and West Papua. It was unilaterally declared in July 1971.", "Melville Island (Australia) Melville Island known in the Tiwi language as Yermalner lies in the eastern Timor Sea, off the coast of the Northern Territory, Australia. It is west of the Cobourg Peninsula in Arnhem Land and north of Darwin, with a tropical climate.The largest community/town on the island is Milikapiti, pop. 559. The second village is Pirlangimpi (Pularumpi, formerly Garden Point), pop. 440, 27 km west of Milipakpiti, on the west coast of Melville Island.", "Act of Free Choice Act of Free Choice (Indonesian: Penentuan Pendapat Rakyat, PEPERA) was a series of eight regional assemblies from July to August 1969 by which Indonesia asserts that the Western New Guinea population decided to relinquish their sovereignty in favor of Indonesian citizenship.", "Seat of Government Surrender Act 1915 The Seat of Government Surrender Act 1915 was an Act of the New South Wales Parliament transferring land from New South Wales to establish the Jervis Bay Territory as part of the Federal Capital Territory. The Jervis Bay Territory Acceptance Act 1915 was the corresponding Commonwealth Act accepting the transfer of land.", "Australian Indian Ocean Territories Australian Indian Ocean Territories is the name since 1995 of an administrative unit under the Australian Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government, consisting of two islands groups in the Indian Ocean under Australian sovereignty: Christmas Island (10.485°S 105.636°E / -10.485; 105.636 (Christmas Island)), where the administrator resides Cocos (Keeling) Islands archipelago (12.158°S 96.870°E / -12.158; 96.870 (Cocos (Keeling) Islands)), where the same officer also has jurisdiction as administrator but does not resideEach of these island components has its own Shire Council: the Shire of Christmas Island and the Shire of Cocos.It does not include the uninhabited Ashmore and Cartier Islands.", "Christmas Island The Territory of Christmas Island is a territory of Australia in the Indian Ocean, composed of one island. It has a population of 2,072 residents who live in a number of \"settlement areas\" on the northern tip of the island: Flying Fish Cove (also known as Kampong), Silver City, Poon Saan, and Drumsite. The majority of the population are Chinese Australian.", "Peter Scratchley Major General Sir Peter Henry Scratchley KCMG (24 August 1835 – 2 December 1885) was special commissioner for Great Britain in New Guinea 1884–1885 and defence adviser for Australia.Scratchley was born in Paris, thirteenth child of Dr James Scratchley, Royal Artillery, and his wife Maria, née Roberts. He was educated in Paris and at the Woolwich academy and then began a career as an Officer of Engineers in the British Army.", "West Papua (province) West Papua Province (Indonesian: Provinsi Papua Barat) is a province of Indonesia. It covers the two western peninsulas of the island of New Guinea.", "Papua New Guinea (song) \"Papua New Guinea\" is a 1991 song by the electronic music group Future Sound of London. It was the group's debut single and later appeared on their full-length album Accelerator. The single reached #22 on the UK singles chart. The track has been remixed and released many times since its original release, both legitimately and in bootleg format on CD, Vinyl and Cassette.", "Seat of Government Acceptance Act 1909 The Seat of Government Acceptance Act 1909 is an Australian Commonwealth Government act, that in conjunction with the Seat of Government Surrender Act 1909 transferred land from the state of New South Wales to the Commonwealth for the creation of the Federal Capital Territory (now Australian Capital Territory).The act was signed on 13 December 1909 by the Governor-General Lord Dudley.", "Australian federal election, 1903 Federal elections were held in Australia on 16 December 1903. All 75 seats in the House of Representatives, and 19 of the 36 seats in the Senate were up for election. The incumbent Protectionist Party led by Prime Minister of Australia Alfred Deakin had the most seats in the House of Representatives and formed government with the parliamentary support of the Federal Labour Party led by Chris Watson.", "West Papuan refugee crisis In early 2006, a furor erupted in Indonesia over the Australian government's decision to grant temporary protection visas to 42 West Papuan asylum seekers. The controversy caused diplomatic tension as well as a \"war of cartoons\", with newspapers in Indonesia and Australia trading hits over a decision that the Indonesians say questions the sovereignty that they officially have over West Papua.", "Papua New Guinea national Australian rules football team The Papua New Guinea national Australian rules football team (nicknamed the \"Mosquitos\" and for sponsorship purposes, the Telikom PNG Mosquitos) represents Papua New Guinea in the team sport of Australian rules football.The Mosquitos represent the best PNG born and bred male players from the clubs and teams of AFL PNG and is one of the nation's most successful sporting teams, currently ranked 2nd in the world behind Australia.Beginning as a state representative team in 1973 (when it participated in the Teal Cup), it debuted internationally against Australia at Under 17 level in 1977. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_national_Australian_rules_football_team?oldid=650533270> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Whitaker_Center_for_Science_and_the_Arts> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Whitaker Center for Science and the Arts is located in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The center is the first complex of its kind in the United States to use science as an entry to the arts. Whitaker Center exhibits science, the performing arts, and an IMAX theater under one roof. The center encompasses a total of 130,000 square feet (12,000 m2), including the three main components, plus STAGE TWO, Discovery Lab classrooms, multi-purpose rooms, the AMP Grand Lobby and the Kunkel Gallery.", "Division of Northern Territory The Division of Northern Territory was an Australian Electoral Division in the Northern Territory for the Parliament of Australia. Throughout its existence, it was the only Division in the Northern Territory. At the redistribution of 21 December 2000, the Division was divided into two new divisions, which were named the Division of Solomon, which covered the area immediately around Darwin, and the Division of Lingiari, which covered the remainder of the territory.", "Electoral division of Karama Karama is an electoral division of the Legislative Assembly in Australia's Northern Territory. It was first created in 1987, and derives its name from the suburb of the same name. It is an urban electorate, covering only 4 km² and taking in the Darwin suburbs of Karama and Malak.", "Papua New Guinea at the 2006 Commonwealth Games Papua New Guinea was represented at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne by a 38-member strong contingent comprising a number of sportspersons and officials.", "Netherlands New Guinea Netherlands New Guinea (Dutch: Nederlands-Nieuw-Guinea) refers to the West Papua region while it was an overseas territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands from 1949 to 1962. Until 1949 it was a part of the Dutch East Indies. It was commonly known as Dutch New Guinea.", "Jervis Bay Territory Acceptance Act 1915 The Jervis Bay Territory Acceptance Act 1915 was an Act of the Parliament of Australia which followed the New South Wales Seat of Government Surrender Act 1915. The Act created the Territory of Jervis Bay as a part of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) and with all laws of the FCT applicable.", "Legislative Council of Papua and New Guinea The Legislative Council of Papua and New Guinea was created to replace direct rule and provide local rule for Papua and New Guinea. Under the Papua and New Guinea Act 1949, the Council was created and the first sitting started in 1951. It was replaced in 1963 with the House of Assembly of Papua and New Guinea.", "House of Assembly of Papua and New Guinea The House of Assembly of Papua and New Guinea was the legislature of the territory of Papua and New Guinea from 1964 to 1972. Before 1964, the Legislative Council of Papua and New Guinea sat from 1951 to 1964 under the Papua and New Guinea Act 1949.", "British Western Pacific Territories The British Western Pacific Territories was the name of a colonial entity, created in 1877, for the administration, under a single representative of the British Crown, styled High Commissioner for the Western Pacific, of a series of Pacific islands in and around Oceania. Except for Fiji and the Solomon Islands, most of these colonial possessions were relatively minor.", "Kaiser-Wilhelmsland Kaiser-Wilhelmsland was part of German New Guinea (German: Deutsch-Neuguinea), the South Pacific protectorate of the German Empire. Named in honour of Wilhelm II, who was the German Emperor and King of Prussia, it included the north-eastern part of present-day Papua New Guinea. From 1884 until 1918, the territory was a protectorate of the German Empire.", "Heard Island and McDonald Islands The Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands (abbreviated as HIMI) are an Australian external territory and volcanic group of barren Antarctic islands, about two-thirds of the way from Madagascar to Antarctica. The group's overall size is 372 square kilometres (144 sq mi) in area and it has 101.9 km (63 mi) of coastline. Discovered in the mid-19th century, they have been territories of Australia since 1947 and contain the only two active volcanoes in Australian territory.", "New Guinean pound The pound was the currency of the Australia territory of New Guinea between 1915 and 1966. It replaced the mark when Australia occupied the former German colony at the end of World War I. It was equal to the Australian pound and Australian currency circulated, alongside coins issued specifically for New Guinea between 1929 and 1945. The pound was subdivided into 20 shillings, each of 12 pence.Between 1942 and 1945, the Oceania pound circulated, issued by the Japanese occupiers.", "Royal Pacific Islands Regiment The Royal Pacific Islands Regiment (RPIR) is an infantry regiment of the Papua New Guinea Defence Force (PNGDF). The regiment is descended from the Australian Army infantry battalions formed from native soldiers and Australian officers and non-commissioned officers in the territories of Papua and New Guinea during World War II to help fight against the Japanese.", "Free Papua Movement The Free Papua Movement (Indonesian: Organisasi Papua Merdeka, abbreviated OPM) is an organisation established in 1965 to end the current governance of the Papua and West Papua provinces in Indonesia, formerly known as Irian Jaya, and to secede from Indonesia.The movement is outlawed in Indonesia, and agitating for independence for the provinces has incurred charges of treason.", "West Papua (region) West Papua or Western New Guinea is a disputed territory which was annexed by Indonesia from the Netherlands in 1969, which till then had been occupied by the Dutch, and is the western half of the island of New Guinea and smaller islands to its west. The region is administered as two provinces: Papua and West Papua. The eastern half of New Guinea is the country of Papua New Guinea. The population of approximately 3.6 million comprises ethnic Papuans, Melanesians, and Austronesians.", "Papua (province) Papua Province (Indonesian: Provinsi Papua) is the largest and easternmost province of Indonesia. It lies in West Papua region, which comprises the Indonesian, western, half of the island of New Guinea and nearby islands. Papua is bordered by the nation of Papua New Guinea to the east, and by West Papua province to the west. Its capital is Jayapura. It was formerly called Irian Jaya (before that West Irian or Irian Barat) and comprised all of Indonesian New Guinea.", "Prince of Wales Island (Queensland) The Prince of Wales Island, called Muralug in the native name, is an island of the Torres Strait Islands archipelago at the tip of Cape York Peninsula within the Endeavour Strait of Torres Strait in Queensland, Australia. The island is situated approximately 20 km (12 mi) north of Muttee Heads which is adjacent to Bamaga and south of Thursday Island.The Prince of Wales Island is administered by the Torres Shire Council.", "Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901 The Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901 was an Act of the Parliament of Australia which was designed to facilitate the mass deportation of nearly all the Pacific Islanders working in Australia. Along with the Immigration Restriction Act 1901, enacted six days later, it formed an important part of the White Australia policy.", "Territory of New Guinea The Territory of New Guinea was an Australian administered territory from 1920 until 1975. In 1949, the Territory and the Territory of Papua were established in an administrative union by the name of the Territory of Papua and New Guinea. That administrative union was renamed as Papua New Guinea in 1971.", "Papua and New Guinea Act 1949 The Papua and New Guinea Act 1949 was an Act passed by the Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia. It replaced the Papua Act 1905 and the New Guinea Act 1920, and changed the status of the territories of Papua and New Guinea by merging their administrations to form Papua and New Guinea. The Act established local rule, although the territory remained under control by Australia." ]	8
The Heart of a Woman poet's autobiography	[ "The Heart of a Woman\nThe Heart of a Woman (1981) is an autobiography by American writer Maya Angelou. The book is the fourth installment in Angelou's series of seven autobiographies. The Heart of a Woman recounts events in Angelou's life between 1957 and 1962 and follows her travels to California, New York City, Cairo, and Ghana as she raises her teenage son, becomes a published author, becomes active in the US civil rights movement, and becomes romantically involved with a South African freedom fighter.", "List of Maya Angelou works\nThe works of Maya Angelou encompass autobiography, plays, poetry, and teleplays. She also had an active directing, acting, and speaking career. She is best known for her books, including her series of seven autobiographies, starting with the critically acclaimed I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969),Angelou's autobiographies are distinct in style and narration, and \"stretch over time and place\", from Arkansas to Africa and back to the US.", "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings\nI Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is a 1969 autobiography about the early years of African-American writer and poet Maya Angelou. The first in a seven-volume series, it is a coming-of-age story that illustrates how strength of character and a love of literature can help overcome racism and trauma. The book begins when three-year-old Maya and her older brother are sent to Stamps, Arkansas, to live with their grandmother and ends when Maya becomes a mother at the age of 16." ]	[ "Eufrosinia Kersnovskaya Eufrosinia Antonovna Kersnovskaya (Russian: Евфроси́ния Анто́новна Керсно́вская; 8 January 1908 – 8 March 1994) was a Russian woman who spent 12 years in Gulag camps and wrote her memoirs in 12 notebooks, 2,200,000 characters, accompanied with 680 pictures. She wrote three copies of the work. In 1968, friends typed samizdat copies, repeating the pictures on the back sides of the sheets.", "Michelle Tea Michelle Tea (born Michelle Tomasik, 1971) is an American author, poet, and literary arts organizer whose autobiographical works explore queer culture, feminism, race, class, prostitution, and other topics. She is originally from Chelsea, Massachusetts and currently lives in San Francisco. Her books, mostly memoirs, are known for their views into the queercore community. In 2012 Tea partnered with City Lights Publishers to form the Sister Spit imprint.", "Jenny Boully Jenny Boully (born 1976) is the author of The Book of Beginnings and Endings (Sarabande Books, 2007), The Body:An Essay (Slope Editions, 2002 and Essay Press, 2007), and [one love affair]* (Tarpaulin Sky Press, 2006). Her work has appeared in literary magazines such as Boston Review, Conjunctions, Seneca Review, and Tarpaulin Sky and has been anthologized in The Next American Essay, The Best American Poetry, and Great American Prose Poems: From Poe to the Present.", "Gwendolyn Brooks Gwendolyn Elizabeth Brooks (June 7, 1917 – December 2, 2000) was an American poet and teacher. She was the first black person (the term she preferred to African-American) to win a Pulitzer prize when she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1950 for her second collection, Annie Allen.Throughout her career she received many more honors.", "The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge was Rainer Maria Rilke's only novel. It was written while Rilke lived in Paris, and was published in 1910. The novel is semi-autobiographical, and is written in an expressionistic style. The work was inspired by Sigbjørn Obstfelder's work A Priest's Diary and Jens Peter Jacobsen's second novel Niels Lyhne of 1880, which traces the fate of an atheist in a merciless world.The book was first issued in English under the title Journal of My Other Self.", "Bridget Jones's Diary Bridget Jones's Diary is a 1996 novel by Helen Fielding. Written in the form of a personal diary, the novel chronicles a year in the life of Bridget Jones, a thirty-something single working woman living in London. She writes about her career, self-image, vices, family, friends, and romantic relationships.By 2006, the book had sold over two million copies worldwide. A sequel, Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason, was published in 1999.", "Claudia Emerson Claudia Emerson (January 13, 1957 – December 4, 2014) was an American poet. She won the 2006 Pulitzer Prize for her poetry collection Late Wife, and was named the Poet Laureate of Virginia by then-Governor Tim Kaine in 2008.", "Harriet Ann Jacobs Harriet Ann Jacobs (February 11, 1813 – March 7, 1897) was an African-American writer who escaped from slavery and was later freed. She became an abolitionist speaker and reformer. Jacobs wrote an autobiographical novel, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, first serialized in a newspaper and published as a book in 1861 under the pseudonym Linda Brent.", "The Kindness of Women The Kindness of Women is a 1991 novel by British author J.G. Ballard, a sequel to his 1984 novel Empire of the Sun, which drew on the author's boyhood in Shanghai during World War II, presenting a lightly fictionalized treatment of Ballard's life from Shanghai through to adulthood in England, culminating with the making of Steven Spielberg's 1987 film Empire of the Sun.", "Book of Shadows (biography) Book of Shadows is a 1998 memoir written by author Phyllis Curott.", "Nina Serrano Nina Serrano (born 1934) is an American poet, writer, storyteller, and independent media producer who lives in Oakland, California. She is the author of Heartsongs: The Collected Poems of Nina Serrano (1980) and Pass it on!: How to start your own senior storytelling program in the schools (Stagebridge).", "Woman at Point Zero Woman at Point Zero (Arabic: امرأة عند نقطة الصفر‎, Emra'a enda noktat el sifr) is a novel by Nawal El Saadawi published in Arabic in 1975. The novel is based on Saadawi's encounter with a female prisoner in Qanatir Prison and is the first-person account of Firdaus, a murderess who has agreed to tell her life story before her execution. Firdaus describes a childhood of poverty and neglect and recounts being circumcised by her mother.", "Katha Pollitt Katha Pollitt (born October 14, 1949) is an American feminist poet, essayist and critic. She is the author of four essay collections and two books of poetry. Her writing focuses on political and social issues, including abortion rights, racism, welfare reform, feminism, and poverty.", "Mommie Dearest Mommie Dearest is a memoir and exposé written by Christina Crawford, the adopted daughter of actress Joan Crawford. The book, which depicts Christina's childhood and her relationship with her mother, was published in 1978.", "Blanche Wiesen Cook Blanche Wiesen Cook (born April 20, 1941 in New York City), Distinguished Professor of history at John Jay College in the City University of New York, is the author of Eleanor Roosevelt: Volume One 1884–1933, a Los Angeles Times Book Prize winning biography of Eleanor Roosevelt. Cook's biography is controversial because of her claims that Roosevelt had a lesbian affair with reporter Lorena Hickok. Ms.", "Mary MacLane Mary MacLane (May 1, 1881 — c. 6 August 1929) was a controversial Canadian-born American writer whose frank memoirs helped usher in the confessional style of autobiographical writing. MacLane was known as the \"Wild Woman of Butte\".MacLane was a very popular author for her time, scandalizing the populace with her shocking bestselling first memoir and to a lesser extent her two following books.", "Joy Davidman Joy Davidman (born Helen Joy Davidman; 18 April 1915 – 13 July 1960) was an American poet and writer. Often referred to as a child prodigy, she earned a master's degree from Columbia University in English literature in 1935. For her book of poems, Letter to a Comrade, she won the Yale Series of Younger Poets Competition in 1938 and the Russell Loines Award for Poetry in 1939.", "Fanny Hill Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure (popularly known as Fanny Hill) is an erotic novel by English novelist John Cleland first published in London in 1748. Written while the author was in debtors' prison in London, it is considered \"the first original English prose pornography, and the first pornography to use the form of the novel\". One of the most prosecuted and banned books in history, it has become a synonym for obscenity.", "Sapphire (author) Ramona Lofton (born August 4, 1950), better known by her pen name Sapphire, is an American author and performance poet.", "Diary of a Mad Housewife Diary of a Mad Housewife is a 1970 comedy-drama film about a frustrated wife portrayed by Carrie Snodgress. Snodgress was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress and won a Golden Globe award in the same category. The film was adapted by Eleanor Perry from the 1967 novel by Sue Kaufman and directed by Perry's then-husband, Frank Perry. The film co-stars Richard Benjamin and Frank Langella.", "Where the Heart Is (novel) Where the Heart Is is a 1995 novel by Billie Letts. It was chosen as an Oprah's Book Club selection in December 1998. A 2000 film of the same name was directed by Matt Williams, starring Natalie Portman, Ashley Judd and Stockard Channing.", "Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons is a 1996 historical novel by Ann Rinaldi. The story,told in first-person narration, follows the life of Phillis Wheatley, the first African-American poet. The story recounts her capture by black slavers in Africa, the horrors of the Middle Passage, as a woman of intelligence and artistic ability, when society assumed Africans were not endowed with either.", "Lorine Niedecker Lorine Faith Niedecker (English: pronounced Needecker) (May 12, 1903 – December 31, 1970) was a Wisconsin poet and the only woman associated with the Objectivist poets. She is widely credited for demonstrating how an Objectivist poetic could handle the personal as subject matter.", "Moortown Diary Moortown Diary, sometimes just known as Moortown, is a poetry diary which details the everyday life of a working farm, first published in 1979. The author, poet Ted Hughes, married Carol Orchard, a farmer's daughter, in 1970. Ted and his father-in-law, Jack Orchard, ran Moortown farm near Winkleigh in Mid Devon. The book contains a moving tribute to Jack Orchard, who died in 1976.Ted later gave up farming, but kept the farmhouse.", "Lynda Hull Lynda Hull (December 5, 1954 – March 29, 1994) was an American poet. She had published two collections of poetry when she died in a car accident in 1994. A third, The Only World (Harper Perennial, 1995), was published posthumously by her husband, the poet David Wojahn, and was a finalist for the 1994 National Book Critics Circle Award.", "Violet Trefusis Violet Trefusis (née Keppel; 6 June 1894 – 29 February 1972) was an English writer and socialite. She is chiefly remembered for her lengthy affair with the poet Vita Sackville-West, which the two women continued after their respective marriages to men. Trefusis wrote novels and non-fiction works, both in English and French.The affair was featured in novels by both parties, in Virginia Woolf's novel Orlando: A Biography, and in many letters and memoirs of the period, roughly 1912–1922.", "Anne Bradstreet Anne Bradstreet (born Anne Dudley; March 20, 1612 – September 16, 1672) was the most prominent of early English poets of North America and first female writer in the British North American colonies to be published. She was also a prominent Puritan figure in American Literature. Her first volume of poetry was The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America, published in 1650. It was met with a positive reception in both the Old World and the New World.", "Joan Ure Joan Ure was the pen name of Elizabeth Thoms Clark (22 June 1918 – 1978), a Scottish poet and playwright. She was born Elizabeth (Betty) Thoms Carswell on 22 June 1918 in Wallsend, Tyneside, of Scottish parents who moved to Glasgow. She had a daughter, Frances, by Jack Clark, a businessman. Her sister Joan provided the first half of her pen-name.", "Women in Love Women in Love is a novel by British author D. H. Lawrence published in 1920. It is a sequel to his earlier novel The Rainbow (1915), and follows the continuing loves and lives of the Brangwen sisters, Gudrun and Ursula. Gudrun Brangwen, an artist, pursues a destructive relationship with Gerald Crich, an industrialist. Lawrence contrasts this pair with the love that develops between Ursula and Rupert Birkin, an alienated intellectual who articulates many opinions associated with the author.", "Incest: From a Journal of Love Incest: From a Journal of Love: The Unexpurgated Diary of Anaïs Nin (1932–1934) is a 1992 non-fiction book by Anaïs Nin. It is a continuation of the diary entries first published in Henry and June: From the Unexpurgated Diary of Anaïs Nin. It features Nin's relationships with writer Henry Miller, his wife June Miller, the psychoanalyst Otto Rank, her father Joaquín Nin, and her husband Hugh Parker Guiler. She also copied some of her correspondence with these people into her diary.", "Nancy Austin Nancy Kimball Austin (born c. 1949) is an American writer and business consultant, best known for co-writing the bestsellers A Passion for Excellence (1985) and The Assertive Woman (1975). Her books have sold approximately one million copies, and been published in seven languages.", "Betsy-Tacy The Betsy-Tacy books are a series of semi-autobiographical novels by American novelist and short-story writer Maud Hart Lovelace (1892-1980), which were originally published between 1940 and 1955 by the Thomas Y. Crowell Co. The books are now published by HarperCollins. The first four books were illustrated by Lois Lenski and the remainder by Vera Neville.The series follows the adventures of heroine Betsy Ray, who is based closely on the author, and her friends and family.", "Memoirs of a Spacewoman Memoirs of a Spacewoman is a science fiction novel by Naomi Mitchison, a sister of the famous biologist J.B.S. Haldane. It was first published in 1962 by Victor Gollancz Ltd.", "Laetitia Pilkington Laetitia Pilkington (born Laetitia van Lewen) (c. 1709 – 29 July 1750) was a celebrated Anglo-Irish poet. Her Memoirs are the source of much of what is known of the personalities and habits of Jonathan Swift and others.", "Memories of a Catholic Girlhood Memories of a Catholic Girlhood is the autobiography of Mary McCarthy that was published in 1957. The book chronicles McCarthy's childhood including her being orphaned, having an abusive great uncle, and losing her Catholic faith. In the book McCarthy writes details at the end of each chapter that other family members claims do not correspond with their memory of events. She also writes where she embellished the material as well and told the story out of sequence.", "Birthday Letters Birthday Letters, published in 1998, is a collection of poetry by English poet and children's writer Ted Hughes. Released only months before Hughes's death, the collection won multiple prestigious literary awards. This collection of eighty-eight poems is widely considered to be Hughes' most explicit response to the suicide of his estranged wife Sylvia Plath in 1963, and to their widely discussed, politicized and \"explosive\" marriage.", "Ladies of Letters Ladies of Letters is a BBC Radio 4 comedy series starring Patricia Routledge and Prunella Scales, based on the series of books of the same name written by Carole Hayman and Lou Wakefield.", "Katy Lederer Katherine \"Katy\" Lederer is an American poet and author of the memoir Poker Face: A Girlhood Among Gamblers.", "Elinor Wylie Elinor Morton Wylie (September 7, 1885 – December 16, 1928) was an American poet and novelist popular in the 1920s and 1930s. \"She was famous during her life almost as much for her ethereal beauty and personality as for her melodious, sensuous poetry.\"", "Yevdokiya Rostopchina Yevdokia Petrovna Rostopchina, Russian: Евдокия Петровна Ростопчина (December 23, 1811 – December 3, 1858) was one of the early Russian women poets.", "Women (novel) Women is a 1978 novel written by Charles Bukowski, starring his semi-autobiographical character Henry Chinaski. In contrast to Factotum, Post Office and Ham on Rye, Women is centered on Chinaski's later life, as a celebrated poet and writer, not as a dead-end lowlife. It does, however, feature the same constant carousel of women with whom Chinaski only finds temporary fulfillment.", "Akiko Yosano Akiko Yosano (与謝野晶子, Yosano Akiko, Seiji: 與謝野晶子, 7 December 1878 – 29 May 1942) was the pen-name of a Japanese author, poet, pioneering feminist, pacifist, and social reformer, active in the late Meiji period as well as the Taishō and early Shōwa periods of Japan. Her name at birth was Shō Hō (鳳志よう, Hō Shō). She is one of the most famous, and most controversial, post-classical woman poets of Japan.", "The Diary of Anaïs Nin The Diary of Anaïs Nin is the published version of Anaïs Nin's own private manuscript diary, which she began at age 11 in 1914 during a trip from Europe to New York with her mother and two brothers. Anaïs Nin would later say she had begun the diary as a letter to her father, Cuban composer Joaquín Nin, who had abandoned the family a few years earlier. Over the years, the diary would become Anaïs Nin's best friend and confidante.", "Personal History Personal History is the autobiography of Washington Post publisher Katharine Graham. It was published in 1997 and won the 1998 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography, receiving widespread critical acclaim for its candour in dealing with her husband's mental illness and the challenges she faced in a male-dominated working environment.", "Aurora Leigh Aurora Leigh (1856) is an epic novel/poem by Elizabeth Barrett Browning. The poem is written in blank verse and encompasses nine books (the woman's number, the number of the prophetic books of the Sibyl). It is a first person narration, from the point of view of Aurora; its other heroine, Marian Erle, is an abused self-taught child of itinerant parents. The poem is set in Florence, Malvern, London, and Paris.", "Grace Nichols Grace Nichols (born 1950) is a Guyanese poet, whose first collection, I is a Long-Memoried Woman (1983), won the Commonwealth Poetry Prize.", "Elizabeth Smart (Canadian author) Elizabeth Smart (December 27, 1913 – March 4, 1986) was a Canadian poet and novelist. Her book, By Grand Central Station I Sat Down and Wept, detailed her romance with the poet George Barker. She is the subject of the 1991 biography, By Heart: Elizabeth Smart a Life, by Rosemary Sullivan, and a film, Elizabeth Smart: On the Side of the Angels, produced by Maya Gallus of Red Queen Productions.", "Breath, Eyes, Memory Breath, Eyes, Memory is Edwidge Danticat's acclaimed 1994 novel, and was chosen as an Oprah Book Club Selection in May 1998.", "Isabella Whitney Isabella Whitney (born late 1540s; fl. 1567–1578) is the earliest identified woman to have published secular poetry in the English language. She has been called \"the first professional woman poet in England\".", "Diane Middlebrook Diane Helen Wood Middlebrook (April 16, 1939 – December 15, 2007) was an American biographer, poet, and teacher. She taught feminist studies for many years at Stanford University. She is best known for critically acclaimed biographies of poets Anne Sexton and Sylvia Plath (along with Plath's husband Ted Hughes), and jazz musician Billy Tipton. Middlebrook was preparing a biography of the Roman poet Ovid, to be published in 2008.", "Isabella Valancy Crawford Isabella Valancy Crawford (25 December 1846 – 12 February 1887) was an Irish-born Canadian writer and poet. She was one of the first Canadians to make a living as a freelance \"riter.\\Crawford is increasingly being viewed as Canada's first major poet.\" She is the author of \"Malcolm's Katie,\" a poem that has achieved \"a central place in the canon of nineteenth-century Canadian poetry.\"", "Edna St. Vincent Millay Edna St. Vincent Millay (February 22, 1892 – October 19, 1950) was an American lyrical poet and playwright. She received the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1923, the third woman to win the award for poetry, and was also known for her feminist activism. She used the pseudonym Nancy Boyd for her prose work. The poet Richard Wilbur asserted, \"She wrote some of the best sonnets of the century.\"", "The Autobiography of a Super-Tramp The Autobiography of a Super-Tramp is an autobiography published in 1908 by the Welsh poet and writer W. H. Davies (1871–1940). A large part of the book's subject matter describes the way of life of the tramp in the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States in the final decade of the 19th century.George Bernard Shaw had become interested in Davies, a literary unknown at the time, and had agreed to write a preface for the book, largely through the concerted efforts of his wife Charlotte.", "Pauline Holdstock Pauline Holdstock (born 1948) is a British-Canadian essayist and writer of historical fiction. Into the Heart of the Country, her seventh novel, was published in 2011.Born in England, she came to Canada in 1974, and resides in Vancouver, British Columbia.Her 1987 novel The Blackbird's Song was nominated for the Books in Canada First Novel Award, and her 2003 novel Beyond Measure was nominated for the Giller Prize.", "Mná na hÉireann \"Mná na hÉireann\" (English: Women of Ireland), is a poem written by Ulster poet Peadar Ó Doirnín (1704–1796), most famous as a song, and especially set to an air composed by Seán Ó Riada (1931–1971).", "Louise Bogan Louise Bogan (August 11, 1897 – February 4, 1970) was an American poet. She was appointed the fourth Poet Laureate to the Library of Congress in 1945.As poetry editor of The New Yorker magazine for nearly 40 years, Bogan played a major role in shaping mainstream poetic sensibilities of the mid-20th Century.The Poetry Foundation notes that Bogan has been called by some critics the most accomplished woman poet of the twentieth century.", "Minor Characters Minor Characters: A Beat Memoir (1987) is a memoir by Joyce Johnson documenting her time and affair with Jack Kerouac providing a very intimate biography of sorts for the man, along with commentary on Allen Ginsberg, among others. The book also tells the story of women of the Beat generation, the \"minor characters\" of its title.", "Memoirs of a Survivor The Memoirs of a Survivor is a dystopian novel by Nobel Prize-winner Doris Lessing. It was first published in 1974 by Octagon Press. It was made into a film in 1981, starring Julie Christie and Nigel Hawthorne, and directed by David Gladwell.", "Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl is an autobiography by a young mother and fugitive slave published in 1861 by L. Maria Child, who edited the book for its author, Harriet Ann Jacobs. Jacobs used the pseudonym Linda Brent. The book documents Jacobs' life as a slave and how she gained freedom for herself and for her children.", "Zami: A New Spelling of My Name Zami: A New Spelling of My Name is a 1982 autobiography by African American poet Audre Lorde. It started a new genre that the author calls biomythography.", "Cynthia Huntington Cynthia Huntington is an American poet, memoirist and a professor of English and Creative Writing at Dartmouth College. In 2004 she was named Poet Laureate of New Hampshire.", "Catherine Kidwell Catherine Arthelia Kidwell (January 14, 1921 – February 17, 2002) was an American novelist who began her career in writing late in her life, and was best known for her semi-autobiographical novel Dear Stranger.Born in Lowry City, Missouri, Kidwell enrolled at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln in 1969, together with her daughter Jane. She culminated her studies with a Master of Fine Arts degree in 1977 at the age of 56. Her thesis, The Woman I Am, was published as a Dell paperback.", "River, Cross My Heart River, Cross My Heart is a novel by Breena Clarke, and was chosen as an Oprah Book Club Selection October 1999.", "Biographia Literaria Biographia Literaria, or in full Biographia Literaria; or Biographical Sketches of MY LITERARY LIFE and OPINIONS, is an autobiography in discourse by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, which he published in 1817, in two volumes.It has twenty-three (23) chapters.", "Lakota Woman Lakota Woman is a memoir by Mary Brave Bird, formerly Mary Crow Dog, a Sicangu Lakota. Reared on the Rosebud Indian Reservation in South Dakota, she describes her childhood and young adulthood, which included many historical events associated with the American Indian Movement.Lakota Woman describes Brave Bird's participation in the 1972 Trail of Broken Treaties and the 1973 Indian Occupation at Wounded Knee. She also writes about her marriage to Leonard Crow Dog, the spiritual leader of AIM.", "Everybody's Autobiography Everybody's Autobiography is a book by Gertrude Stein, published in 1937. It is a continuation of her own memoirs, picking up where The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, published in 1933, left off. Both were written in a less experimental, more approachable style than most of her other work. In chapter four of this book is found the famous quote \"There is no there there\" which refers to her disappeared childhood home in Oakland.", "Lola Rodríguez de Tió Lola Rodríguez de Tió, (September 14, 1843 – November 10, 1924), was the first Puerto Rican-born woman poet to establish herself a reputation as a great poet throughout all of Latin America. A believer in women's rights, she was also committed to the abolition of slavery and the independence of Puerto Rico.", "Mila D. Aguilar Mila D. Aguilar (born 1949) is a Filipina poet, revolutionary, essayist, teacher, video documentarian, and website designer. She wrote the poetry books A Comrade is as Precious as a Rice Seedling and Journey: An Autobiography in Verse (1964-1995). As a poet, she has written about 300 poems in English, Filipino, and Ilonggo, about 125 of which are in Journey: An Autobiography in Verse (1964-1995), a collection published by the University of the Philippines Press in 1996.", "Autobiography of a Princess Autobiography of a Princess is a 1975 film by Merchant Ivory Productions (directed by James Ivory, written by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala and produced by Ismail Merchant), starring James Mason and Madhur Jaffrey.", "Debra Weinstein Debra Weinstein is a poet and the author of the novel Apprentice to the Flower Poet Z. (Random House, 2004). Her poems have appeared in The American Poetry Review, The National Review, Tikkun, and The Portable Lower East Side.", "Margery Kempe Margery Kempe (c. 1373–after 1438) was an English Christian mystic, known for dictating The Book of Margery Kempe, a work considered by some to be the first autobiography in the English language. Her book chronicles her domestic tribulations, her extensive pilgrimages to holy sites in Europe and the Holy Land, as well as her mystical conversations with God. She is now honoured in the Anglican Communion, but was never made a Roman Catholic saint.", "Fear of Flying (novel) Fear of Flying is a 1973 novel by Erica Jong, which became famously controversial for its portrayal of female sexuality, figured in the development of second-wave feminism.The novel is written in the first person: narrated by its protagonist, Isadora Zelda White Stollerman Wing, a 29-year-old poet who has published two books of poetry. On a trip to Vienna with her second husband, Isadora decides to indulge her sexual fantasies with another man.", "Heartburn (novel) Heartburn is an autobiographical novel based on Nora Ephron's life story about her second marriage to Carl Bernstein. Originally published in 1983, the novel largely focuses on his affair with Margaret Jay, daughter of James Callaghan. Ephron also wrote the screenplay for the film based on the novel starring Meryl Streep and Jack Nicholson.The novel is a vivid depiction of the breakdown of a marriage.", "The Color of Water The Color of Water: A Black Man's Tribute to His White Mother, is the autobiography and memoir of James McBride first published in 1995; it is also a tribute to his mother. The chapters alternate between James McBride's descriptions of his early life and first-person accounts of his mother Ruth's life, mostly taking place before her son was born.", "Phillis Wheatley Phillis Wheatley (c. 1753 – December 5, 1784) was the first published African-American female poet. Born in West Africa, she was sold into slavery at the age of seven and transported to North America.", "The Prelude The Prelude or, Growth of a Poet's Mind; An Autobiographical Poem is an autobiographical conversation poem in blank verse by the English poet William Wordsworth. Intended as the introduction to the more philosophical Recluse, which Wordsworth never finished, The Prelude is an extremely personal and revealing work on the details of Wordsworth's life. Wordsworth began The Prelude in 1798 at the age of 28 and continued to work on it throughout his life.", "America Is in the Heart America Is in the Heart, sometimes subtitled A Personal History, is a 1946 semi-autobiographical novel written by Filipino American immigrant poet, fiction writer, short story teller, and activist, Carlos Bulosan.", "Havisham \"Havisham\" is a poem written in 1998 by Carol Ann Duffy. It responds to Charles Dickens' character Miss Havisham from his novel Great Expectations, looking at Havisham's mental and physical state many decades after being left standing at the altar, when the bride-to-be is in her old age. It expresses Havisham's anger at her fiancé and her bitter rage over wedding-day trauma and jilted abandonment. Duffy's use of language is very powerful and passionate.", "Lady Clara Vere de Vere Lady Clara Vere de Vere is an English poem written by Alfred Tennyson, part of his collected Poems published in 1842. The poem is about a lady in a family of aristocrats, and includes numerous references to nobility, such as to earls or coats of arms. One such line from the poem goes, \"Kind hearts are more than coronets, and simple faith than Norman blood.\" This line gave the title to the film Kind Hearts and Coronets.", "Denise Riley Denise Riley (born 1948, Carlisle) is an English poet and philosopher who began to be published in the 1970s. Her poetry is remarkable for its paradoxical interrogation of selfhood within the lyric mode. Her critical writings on motherhood, women in history, \"identity\", and philosophy of language, are recognised as an important contribution to feminism and contemporary philosophy.", "Lives of Girls and Women Lives of Girls and Women is a short story cycle by Nobel Prize–winning author Alice Munro, published by McGraw-Hill Ryerson in 1971. All of the stories chronicle the life of a single character, Del Jordan, and the book has been characterized as a novel by some critics as a result.The cycle serves as a coming of age story for Del Jordan growing up first on the outskirts, and later in the centre, of the small, southern Ontario town of Jubilee.", "Frances Harper Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (September 24, 1825 – February 22, 1911) was an African-American abolitionist, poet and author. She was also active in other types of social reform and was a member of the Women's Christian Temperance Union, which advocated the federal government taking a role in progressive reform.Born free in Baltimore, Maryland, she had a long and prolific career, publishing her first book of poetry at age 20 and her widely praised Iola Leroy, at age 67.", "Adeline Dutton Train Whitney Adeline Dutton Train Whitney (September 15, 1824 – March 20, 1906) was an American poet and prolific writer who published more than 20 books for girls. Her books expressed a traditional view of women's roles and were popular throughout her life.", "The Stone Diaries The Stone Diaries is a 1993 award-winning novel by Carol Shields.It is the fictional autobiography of Daisy Goodwill Flett, a seemingly ordinary woman whose life is marked by death and loss from the beginning, when her mother dies during childbirth. Through marriage and motherhood, Daisy struggles to find contentment, never truly understanding her life's true purpose.The book's title may have been inspired by Pat Lowther's poetry collection A Stone Diary (1977).", "Faber Book of Twentieth-Century Women's Poetry The Faber Book of Twentieth-Century Women's Poetry is a poetry anthology edited by Fleur Adcock, and published in 1987 by Faber and Faber. According to her Introduction, the selection of women poets, writing in English, was meant to illustrate her idea of 'no particular tradition' distinguishing women.", "Confessions of a Pretty Lady Confessions of a Pretty Lady is a book of poetry and prose by comedian, actress, singer, and writer Sandra Bernhard. It was published by Harper & Row in 1988 with a reprint in 1989. Both editions were in hardcover.", "Adrienne Rich Adrienne Cecile Rich (May 16, 1929 – March 27, 2012) was an American poet, essayist and feminist. She was called \"one of the most widely read and influential poets of the second half of the 20th century\", and was credited with bringing \"the oppression of women and lesbians to the forefront of poetic discourse.\"Her first collection of poetry, A Change of World, was selected by renowned poet W. H. Auden for the Yale Series of Younger Poets Award.", "Diary of an Ordinary Woman Diary of an Ordinary Woman is a novel framed as an 'edited' diary of fictional woman Millicent King (1901-1995), written by Margaret Forster.", "The Woman-Identified Woman \"The Woman-Identified Woman\" was a ten-paragraph manifesto, written by the Radicalesbians in 1970. It was first distributed during the \"Lavender Menace\" protest at the Second Congress to Unite Women, on May 1, 1970 in New York City. It is now considered a turning point in the history of radical feminism, and one of the founding documents of lesbian feminism.It was written collectively by a group including Artemis March, Lois Hart, Rita Mae Brown, Ellen Shumsky, Cynthia Funk, and Barbara XX.", "Anne Grant Anne Macvicar Grant (21 February 1755 – 7 November 1838) is a Scottish poet and author best known for her collection of mostly biographical poems Memoirs of an American Lady as well as her earlier work Letters from the Mountains", "The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas is a 1933 book by Gertrude Stein, written in the guise of an autobiography authored by Alice B. Toklas, who was her lover. In 1998, Modern Library ranked it one of the 20 greatest English-language nonfiction books of the 20th century.", "The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman is a 1971 novel by Ernest J. Gaines. The story depicts the struggles of African Americans as seen through the eyes of the narrator, a woman named Jane Pittman. She tells of the major events of her life from the time she was a young slave girl in the American South at the end of the Civil War.The novel was dramatized in a TV movie in 1974, starring Cicely Tyson.", "The Woman Warrior The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts is a memoir, or collection of memoirs, by Maxine Hong Kingston, published by Alfred A. Knopf in 1976. Although there are many scholarly debates surrounding the official genre classification of the book, it can best be described as a work of creative non-fiction.Throughout the book's five chapters, Kingston blends autobiography with old Chinese folktales.", "The Four-Chambered Heart The Four-Chambered Heart is a 1950 autobiographical novel by French-born writer Anaïs Nin, part of her Cities of the Interior sequence. It is about a woman named Djuna, her love, her thoughts, her emotions, her doubts, her decisions, and her sacrifices. It is not considered as one of Nin's most noteworthy novels, yet it continues to be referenced in various studies and discussions regarding Nin and her body of work.", "Autobiography of Red Autobiography of Red (1998) is a verse novel by Anne Carson, based loosely on the myth of Geryon and the Tenth Labor of Herakles, especially on surviving fragments of the lyric poet Stesichorus' poem Geryoneis.", "Lucy Grealy Lucinda Margaret Grealy (June 3, 1963 – December 18, 2002) was an American poet and memoirist who wrote Autobiography of a Face in 1994. This critically acclaimed book describes her childhood and early adolescent experience with cancer of the jaw, which left her with some facial disfigurement. In a 1994 interview with Charlie Rose conducted right before she rose to the height of her fame, Lucy states that she considers her book to be primarily about the issue of \\identity\\\".\"" ]	2
Indian Cuisine dish rice dhal vegetables roti papad	[ "Jeera rice\nZeera rice or Jeera rice is an Indian dish consisting of rice and cumin seeds. This rice dish is known as \"Zeera rice\" in Pakistan. It is a popular dish in North India, an everyday rice dish. It is easy to prepare unlike a biryani. Jeera is the Hindi word for cumin seeds.The ingredients used are rice, cumin seeds, vegetable oil, onions and coriander leaves.", "Malaysian Indian cuisine\nMalaysian Indian cuisine, or the cooking of the ethnic Indian communities in Malaysia consists of adaptations of authentic dishes from India, as well as original creations inspired by the diverse food culture of Malaysia.", "Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh\nCuisine of Uttar Pradesh is from the state of Uttar Pradesh located in Northern India. The cuisine consists of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. Uttar Pradesh has been greatly influenced by Mughal cooking techniques. The Awadhi and Mughlai cuisine of Uttar Pradesh bears similarities to those of Kashmir and Punjab, due to the common influence of the Mughal rule.", "Indian Chinese cuisine\nIndian Chinese cuisine is the adaptation of Chinese seasoning and cooking techniques to Indian tastes through a larger offering of vegetarian dishes. The Indian Chinese cuisine is said to have been developed by the small Chinese community that has lived in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) for over a century. Today, Chinese food is an integral part of the Indian culinary scene. It is also enjoyed by Indian and Chinese communities in Malaysia, Singapore and North America.", "Jeera aloo\nJeera Aloo is a typical vegetarian Indian dish which is often served as a side dish and normally goes well with hot puris, chapatti, roti or dal. Its main ingredients are potatoes (aloo), cumin seeds (jeera) and Indian spices. Other ingredients are red chili powder, ginger, coriander powder, curry leaves, vegetable oil and salt.In its traditional form the dish is not hot, but it could be spiced up by adding powdered cayenne pepper.", "Malabar matthi curry\nMalabar matthi curry, also known as fish curry, is an Indian dish with Chinese roots. It consists of sardines semi-stewed in a Kerala-style curry with assorted vegetables, such as okra or onions. It is usually served with rice, naan, bread, or tapioca. The dish is most popular in Kerala, Bangladesh, and West Bengal, where rice and fish are staple foods. Other variations may include adding tamarind juice or coconut milk.", "Saag\nSaag (pronounced [saːg]) or sag is a leaf-based (spinach, mustard leaf, collard greens, basella, etc.) dish eaten in South Asia with bread such as roti or naan, or rice (in Odisha and West Bengal). Saag can be made from spinach, mustard leaves, finely chopped broccoli, or other greens, along with added spices and sometimes other ingredients such as paneer.", "Dal bhat\nDal bhat (Nepali: दालभात, Bengali: ডাল ভাত) refers to a traditional meal which is popular in many areas of Nepal, Bangladesh and India. It consists of steamed rice and a cooked lentil soup called dal. It is a staple food in these countries.Bhat or Chawal means boiled rice in languages such as Assamese, Nepali, Bengali, Marathi and Maithili. Chawal means boiled rice in Hindi.", "Bihari cuisine\nBihari cuisine (Hindi: बिहारी खाना, Urdu: بِہاری کھانا‎) is eaten mainly in Bihar, Jharkhand, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bangladesh, Nepal, Mauritius, Fiji, some cities of Pakistan, Guyana, and Trinidad and Tobago as these are the places where Bihari people are present. Bihari cuisine is predominantly vegetarian because traditional Bihar society, influenced by Buddhist and Hindu values of non-violence, did not eat eggs, chicken, fish and other animal products.", "Indian cuisine\nIndian cuisine encompasses a wide variety of regional cuisines native to India. Given the range of diversity in soil type, climate, culture, ethnic group and occupations, these cuisines vary significantly from each other and use locally available spices, herbs, vegetables and fruits.", "Baingan bharta\nBaingan bharta or Baingan ka bhurtha or Baingan da bhurtha or Wangyacha Bharit (Hindi: बैंगन भरता, Urdu: بینگن کا بھرتہ ‎, Marathi: वांग्याचं भरीत, Bengali: বেগুন ভর্তা, mashed eggplant) is a South Asian dish bearing a resemblance to baba ghanoush as well as to the Iranian dish Mirza Ghassemi. Baingan bharta is a part of the national cuisines of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.", "Chapati\nChapati (alternately Chapatti, Chappati or Chapathi) is an unleavened flatbread (also known as roti) from Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. It is a common staple in South Asia as well as amongst South Asian expatriates throughout the world. Versions of the dish are also found in Central Asia and the Horn of Africa, with the laobing flatbread serving as a local variation in China. Chapati is known as sapati or doday in the Pashto language.", "Rajma\nRājmā (Hindi: राजमा) or Rāzmā is a popular Indian vegetarian dish consisting of red kidney beans in a thick gravy with many Indian whole spices and usually served with rice and roti. Although the kidney bean is not of Indian origin, it is a part of regular diet in Northern India. The dish developed after the red kidney bean was brought to India from Portugal . Being a popular dish, it is prepared on important occasions. About 100 grams of boiled Rajma beans contain 140 calories.", "Papadum\nPapadum or papad (Tamil: பப்படம் (Odia: ପାମ୍ପଡ) Hindi: पापड़, Punjabi: ਪਾਪਡ, Nepali and Marathi: पापड, Gujarati: પાપડ, Kannada: ಹಪ್ಪಳ happala, Assamese and Bengali: পাপড papod, Malayalam: പപ്പടം pappadam, Telugu: అప్పడాలు appadalu, Urdu: پاپڑ‎) is a thin, crisp disc-shaped Indian and Pakistani food typically based on a seasoned dough usually made from peeled black gram flour (urad flour), fried or cooked with dry heat.", "Bisi Bele Bath\nBisi bele bhath (Kannada: ಬಿಸಿ ಬೇಳೆ ಭಾತ್ bisi bēle bhāt) is a rice-based dish with its origins in the state of Karnataka, India. Bisi-bele-bhaath translates to hot lentil rice in the Kannada language. It is also known as Bisi bele huliyanna (Kannada: ಬಿಸಿ ಬೇಳೆ ಹುಳಿ ಅನ್ನ), which means \"hot lentil sour rice\". The traditional preparation of this dish is quite elaborate and involves the use of spicy masala, toor dal (a type of lentil) and vegetables.", "Koottu\nKootu (Tamil:கூட்டு) is a Tamil word means 'add' i.e. vegetable added with lentils which form the dish, made of vegetable and lentils and are semi-solid in consistency, i.e., less aqueous than sambhar, but more so than dry curries. Virundhu Sappadu (Typical Tamil feast) comes with the combo of boiled rice ('Choru' in Tamil), sambar, rasam, curd, poriyal, kootu, appalam, pickle and banana.", "Thali\nThali (Hindi: थाली, Tamil: தட்டு, Nepali: थाली; meaning \"plate\") is an Indian and Nepalese meal made up of a selection of various dishes. It simply means a round platter used to serve food. The idea behind a Thali is to offer all the 6 different flavours of sweet, salt, bitter, sour, astringent and spicy on one single plate. According to Indian food serving customs, a proper meal should be a perfect balance of all these 6 flavours.", "Biryani\nBiryani (pronounced [bɪr.jaːniː]), sometimes spelt Biriyani or Biriani, is a mixed rice dish from the Indian Subcontinent. It is made with spices, rice and meat or vegetables.", "Kadhi\nKadhi or karhi ( Hindi: कढ़ी, Rajasthani: कड्डी/खाटो, Punjabi: ਕੜ੍ਹੀ, Gujarati: કાઢી, Urdu: کڑھی‎, Marathi: कढी) is an Indian dish, originated in Rajasthan . It is called as pareh(परेह) in Jharkhand. It is a spicy dish whose thick gravy is based on chickpea flour (called Besan in Hindi and Urdu) and contains vegetable fritters called pakoras, to which sour yogurt is added to give it little sour taste. It is often eaten with boiled rice or roti.", "List of Indian dishes\nThis is a list of Indian dishes. Indian cuisine encompasses a wide variety of regional cuisines native to India. Given the range of diversity in soil type, climate and occupations, these cuisines vary significantly from each other and use locally available spices, herbs, vegetables and fruits. The dishes are then served according to taste in either mild, medium or hot. Indian food is also heavily influenced by religious and cultural choices and traditions.", "Roti\nRoti is an Indian Subcontinent flat bread, made from stoneground wholemeal flour, traditionally known as atta flour, that originated and is consumed in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. It is also consumed in parts of South Africa, the southern Caribbean, particularly in Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, and Suriname, and Fiji. Its defining characteristic is that it is unleavened. Indian naan bread, by contrast, is a yeast-leavened bread.", "Roti canai\nRoti canai (pronunciation tʃanai) or roti cane (pronunciation tʃane) is a type of Indian-influenced flatbread found in Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore. It is often sold in Mamak stalls in Malaysia; also in Malay, Minangkabau and Aceh restaurants in Indonesia. It is known as roti prata in Southern Malaysia and Singapore, and is similar to the Indian Kerala porotta.", "Punjabi cuisine\nPunjabi cuisine is associated with food from the Punjab region of India and Pakistan. The cuisine has a rich tradition of many distinct local ways of cooking, out of which one is a special form of tandoori cooking style.The local cuisine of Punjab is heavily influenced by the agriculture and farming lifestyle prevalent from the times of the ancient Harappan Civilization. Locally grown staple foods form the major part of the local cuisine." ]	[ "Kichadi Kichadi is a Malayali dish (south India) made of curd and cucumber in raw or cooked form. Kichadi is often served as part of the Sadhya.", "Kalathappam Kalathappam also known as Kalthappam, is a North Malabar, especially Kasaragod, rice cake or delicacy made of grind rice (brown rice), water, coconut oil, jaggery sugar, fried onions or shallots, coconut flakes, cardamom powder and either cooked in a pan like a pancake or baked in a traditional oven or even a rice cooker.Traditional Kasaragodian way of cooking Kalthappam is a bit different from other places.", "Shamoji A shamoji (杓文字, しゃもじ) or rice paddle is a large flat spoon used in East Asian cuisine. It is used to stir and to serve rice, and to mix vinegar into the rice for sushi.Shamoji are traditionally made from bamboo, wood, or lacquer, and nowadays often from plastic. The shamoji is dipped in water frequently during use to prevent rice from sticking to it. Some expensive plastic shamoji have non-stick surfaces.", "Kachori Kachori or Kachauri or Kachodi or Katchuri (Hindi कचौड़ी or कचौरी, Bengali কচুরি Odia କଚୋଡ଼ି) is a spicy snack popular in various parts of India including Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Delhi, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Bengal and Orissa. It is a popular snack food in Pakistan especially in Karachi.", "Chikki Chikki is a traditional ready-to-eat Indian sweet generally made from groundnuts and jaggery. There are several different varieties of chikki in addition to the most common groundnut chikki. Each variety of chikki is named depending upon the ingredients used, which include puffed or roasted Bengal gram, sesame, puffed rice, beaten rice, or Khobara (desiccated coconut). In regions of North India, especially Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, this sweet is called Layyiya Patti.", "Mujaddara Mujaddara (Arabic: مجدرة‎ mujadarah, with alternative spellings in English majadra, mejadra, moujadara, mudardara, and megadarra) consists of cooked lentils together with groats, generally rice, and garnished with sautéed onions.", "Fagopyrum tataricum Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) also known as duckwheat, India buckwheat, India wheat, green buckwheat, ku qiao, or bitter buckwheat, is a domesticated food plant in the genus Fagopyrum in the family Polygonaceae. With another species in the same genus, common buckwheat, it is often counted as a cereal, but unlike the true cereals the buckwheats are not members of the grass family. Thus they are not related to true wheat.", "Kati roll A kati roll (sometimes misspelled kathi roll; Bengali: কাটি রোল) is a street-food dish originating from Kolkata, India. In its original form, it is a skewer-roasted kebab wrapped in a paratha bread, although over the years many variants have evolved all of which now go under the generic name of kati roll. Today, mostly any wrap containing a filling enfolded in an Indian flatbread (roti) is called a kati roll.", "Koottukari Koottukari or Koottu curry is a prominent dish in the \"Sadhya\" of Kerala, south India. It is a yellow curry featuring one or two vegetables such as banana and coconut, and has a hot and sweet taste.", "Arisaema triphyllum Arisaema triphyllum (jack-in-the-pulpit, bog onion, brown dragon, Indian turnip, American wake robin, or wild turnip) is a herbaceous perennial plant growing from a corm. It is a highly variable species typically growing 30–65 centimetres (12–26 in) in height with three-parted leaves and flowers contained in a spadix that is covered by a hood.", "Upma Upma or Uppuma or Uppittu is a common South Indian and Sri Lankan Tamil breakfast dish, cooked as a thick porridge from dry roasted semolina or coarse rice flour. Various seasonings and/or vegetables are often added during the cooking, depending on individual preferences. These days, it is popular in most parts of India and is prepared in various ways. Cheap in cost and very filling, it is truly a common man's dish.", "Red beans and rice Red beans and rice is an emblematic dish of Louisiana Creole cuisine (not originally of Cajun cuisine) traditionally made on Mondays with red beans, vegetables (bell pepper, onion, and celery), spices (thyme, cayenne pepper, and bay leaf) and pork bones as left over from Sunday dinner, cooked together slowly in a pot and served over rice. Meats such as ham, sausage (most commonly andouille), and tasso ham are also frequently used in the dish.", "Cuisine of Odisha Compared to other regional Indian cuisines, Odia cuisine used relatively less oil and is less spicy but of great taste. Rice is the staple food of this region. Mustard oil is used in several dishes as the cooking medium, but ghee is preferred in temples. Food is traditionally served on disposable plates made of sal leaves.Odia cooks, particular from the Puri region, were much sought after due to their ability to cook food in accordance to the Hindu scriptures.", "Aloo gobi Aloo gobi (pronounced [aːluː ɡɔːbʱiː]) is a dry Pakistani, Indian and Nepali cuisine dish made with potatoes (aloo), cauliflower (gob(h)i) and Indian spices. It is yellowish in color, due to the use of turmeric, and occasionally contains kalonji and curry leaves. Other common ingredients include garlic, ginger, onion, coriander stalks, tomato, peas, and cumin. A number of variations and similar dishes exist, but the name remains the same.", "Dhoti The dhoti, also known as vetti, mundu,mundh, pancha or mardani, is a traditional men's garment, worn in the South Asia mainly by Nepalese and Indian nationals. The use of dhoti is found predominantly in countries like India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and southern Afghanistan. It is the national dress of Madhesh region of Nepal worn mainly by Nepalis of Madhesi, Tharu and Bahun ethnicity.", "Unni appam Unni appam, (Malayalam:ഉണ്ണിയപ്പം) also called Karollappam is a small round snack made from rice, jaggery, banana, roasted coconut pieces, roasted sesame seeds, ghee and cardamom powder fried in oil . Variations of the appam using jackfruit preserves instead of banana is also common. It is a popular snack in Kerala. In Malayalam, unni means small and 'appam means rice cake.Æbleskiver is a similar dish in the Danish cuisine.", "Sabzi polo Sabzi polo (Persian: سبزی پلو‎‎) is an Iranian (Persian) dish of rice and chopped herbs, usually served with fish. In Persian, sabz means green, and sabzi can refer to herbs or vegetables. Polo is a style of cooked rice, known in English as pilaf.The herbs used in sabzi polo vary, but typically include coriander, dill, chives or scallions, fenugreek, and parsley.", "Ambode Ambode (Kannada: ಆಂಬೊಡೆ) is one of the main side dishes prepared during festivals and for many happy occasions in Karnataka. It is a type of fried lentil ball, flavoured with curry leaves, coconut, and asafoetida.", "Bhakri Bhakri (Marathi: भाकरी bhākrī or Dhebra) is a round flat unleavened bread often used in the cuisine of the state of Maharashtra in India but is also common in western and central India, especially in the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Malwa, Goa, and northern Karnataka. It is coarser than a roti. It can be either soft or hard in texture, compared to a British biscuit with respect to hardness.Being a staple bread, bhakri is served with curd, chutney, baingan bharta,vegetables, and rice.", "Ras malai Ras malai or rossomalai (Odia: ରସ ମଲାଈ, রসমালাই, रस मलाई, رس ملائی) is a sweetmeat consumed mainly in India, as well as in Pakistan and Bangladesh. The name ras malai comes from two words in Hindi: ras, meaning \"juice\", and malai, meaning \"cream\". It has been described as \"a rich cheesecake without a crust.\" This dish was invented by the Bengali sweetmeat confectioner and businessman K.C. Das in the year 1930.", "Lassi Lassi (pronounced [ləs-siː]) (La'See) is a popular, traditional, yogurt-based drink from the Indian Subcontinent and is popular in India. Lassi is a blend of yogurt, water, spices and sometimes, fruit. Traditional lassi (a.k.a., \"salted lassi\", or simply, \"lassi\") is a savoury drink, sometimes flavoured with ground and roasted cumin. Sweet lassi, however, contains sugar or fruits, instead of spices. Salted mint lassi is highly favoured in Bangladesh.", "Sindhi cuisine Sindhi cuisine (Sindhi: سنڌي کاڌا) refers to the native cuisine of the Sindhi people from Sindh, Pakistan. The daily food in most Sindhi households consists of wheat-based flat-bread (phulka) and rice accompanied by two dishes, one gravy and one dry. Today, Sindhi food is eaten in many countries including India, where a sizeable number of Hindu Sindhis migrated following the independence in 1947.", "Jalfrezi Jalfrezi (also jhal frezi, zalfrezi, jaffrazi, and many alternative spellings) is a type of South Asian curry which involves frying marinated pieces of meat, fish or vegetables in oil and spices to produce a dry, thick sauce. As the dish includes green chillies, a jalfrezi can range in heat from a medium dish to a very hot one. Typically those eating jalfrezi cool it down by combining it with cream.", "Pilaf Pilaf, also known as pilav, pilau, pilafi, pulao, palaw, plov, polov, polo, and polu, is a dish in which rice is cooked in a seasoned broth. In some cases, the rice may also attain its brown color by being stirred with pieces of cooked onion, as well as a mix of spices.", "Bhatoora Bhatoora, bhatura or batoora, (Hindi: भटूरा, Urdu: بٹورا‎, Punjabi: ਭਟੂਰਾ) is a fluffy deep-fried leavened bread from North India. It is often eaten with chickpea curry, chole or channe, making the traditional dish chole bhature.", "Kedgeree In the West, Kedgeree (or occasionally kitcherie, kitchari, kidgeree, kedgaree, or kitchiri, or khichuri) is a dish consisting of cooked, flaked fish (traditionally smoked haddock), boiled rice, parsley, hard-boiled eggs, curry powder, butter or cream and occasionally sultanas.", "Gali Paranthe Wali Gali Paranthe Wali or Paranthe wali Gali (गली पराँठेवाली), (literally \"the bylane of fried bread\") is the name of a narrow street in the Chandni Chowk area of Delhi, India, noted for its series of shops selling paratha, a fried Indian bread, and now a popular culinary destination that has now even ventured into the e-commerce space by partnering with a famous online food retailing website www.chandnichowkfood.com.", "Nasi kandar Nasi kandar is a popular northern Malaysian dish, which originates from Penang. It is a meal of steamed rice which can be plain or mildly flavoured, and served with a variety of curries and side dishes.", "Doubles (food) Doubles is a common street food in Trinidad and Tobago. It is a sandwich made with two bara (flat fried bread) filled with channa (curried chick peas). Topped with mango, shadon beni, cucumber, coconut, tamarind, and extra pepper sauce, this delicacy is the most popular fast food in Trinidad and Tobago. It is usually eaten for breakfast, and sometimes lunch, and mostly at night but can be a late night snack as well.", "Rangoli Rangoli, also known as Kolam or Muggu, is a folk art from India in which patterns are created on the floor in living rooms or courtyards using materials such as colored rice, dry flour, colored sand or flower petals. It is usually made during Diwali (Deepawali), Onam, Pongal and other Indian festivals. They are meant to be sacred welcoming areas for the Hindu deities generation to the next, keeping both the art form and the tradition alive.", "Veg kolhapuri Vegetable kolhapuri is a dish from the city of Kolhapur in Maharashtra, India consisting of mixed vegetables in a thick, spiced gravy. It is served as a main course accompanied by breads such as chapatis.", "Chard Chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris, Cicla-Group and Flavescens-Group) is a leafy green vegetable often used in Mediterranean cooking. In the Flavescens-Group-cultivars, the leaf stalks are large and are often prepared separately from the leaf blade. The leaf blade can be green or reddish in color; the leaf stalks also vary in color, usually white, yellow, or red. Chard has highly nutritious leaves making it a popular addition to healthful diets (like other green leafy vegetables).", "Oyakodon Oyakodon (親子丼), literally \"parent-and-child donburi\", is a donburi, or Japanese rice bowl dish, in which chicken, egg, sliced scallion (or sometimes regular onions), and other ingredients are all simmered together in a sauce and then served on top of a large bowl of rice. The name of the dish is a poetic reflection of the fact that both chicken and egg are used in the dish.", "Tamil cuisine Tamil Nadu is famous for its deep belief that serving food to others is a service to humanity, as it is common in many regions of India. The region has a rich cuisine involving both traditional non-vegetarian and vegetarian dishes. It is characterized by the use of rice, legumes and lentils.", "Fried aubergine Fried aubergine (eggplant) (also known as Bādhinjān Maqlī in Arabic) is a vegetarian dish often served cold, consisting of fried aubergine with tahini sauce, lettuce, parsley and tomatoes, garnished with sumac and served on pita bread or sliced bread, often grilled, toasted, and sometimes fried. Variations include bell peppers, or a garlic lemon vinaigrette.", "Nasi uduk Nasi uduk is an Indonesian style steamed rice cooked in coconut milk dish originally from Jakarta, which can be widely found across the country.", "Sev mamra Sev Mamra (mumra) is an Indian snack. It is a mixture of spicy dry ingredients such as puffed rice (mamra), savoury noodles (sev) and peanuts. It is a very light yet healthy dish.Regional variation of the snack varies by adding capsicum, onions, or pickled mangos.It is available in most parts of India, though it is known by different names in different regions.", "Skilpadjies Skilpadjies is a traditional South African food, also known by other names such as muise, vlermuise and pofadder. The dish is lamb's liver wrapped in netvet (caul fat), which is the fatty membrane that surrounds the kidneys. Most cooks mince the liver, add coriander, chopped onion, salt and Worcestershire sauce then wrap balls of this mixture with the netvet and secure it with a toothpick.", "Pasanda Pasanda (Urdu: پسندہ‎) is a popular North Indian and Pakistani meat dish, derived from a meal served in the Court of the Moghul Emperors. The word is a variation on the Urdu word \"pasande\" meaning \"favourite\", which refers to the prime cut of meat traditionally used within.", "Pulihora Pulihora (Telugu: పులిహోర), or Puliyodhara, or Chitrannam is a very common preparation in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Indian cuisine. Puli means sour taste. Pulihora is also referred to as sour rice. Other names are tamarind rice.", "Gongura Gongura (Telugu: గోంగూర Kannada: ಪುಂಡಿ ಪಲ್ಲೆ Marathi: अंबाडी) is a plant, either Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) or Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa), grown for its edible leaves in India.Gongura pacchadi is quintessentially Telugu cuisine along with pacchadi (chutney or relish). Telugu people, mainly from the states of Andhra Pradesh, India, locally called as ఆంధ్రమాత \"Andhra Matha\" in Telugu due to significance in their day to day diet.", "Thoran Thoran (Malayalam: തോരന്‍, pronounced [t̪oːɾan]; or Upperi in Malabar) is a Keralite dish. This popular and common dish is usually prepared to be eaten along with steamed rice. It is usually served as part of the Sadhya along with other dishes.", "Rajasthani cuisine Rajasthani cuisine (Hindi: राजस्थानी खाना) was influenced by both the war-like lifestyles of its inhabitants and the availability of ingredients in this arid region. Food that could last for several days and could be eaten without heating was preferred. Scarcity of water and fresh green vegetables have all had their effect on the cooking. It is also known for its snacks like Bikaneri Bhujia, Mirchi Bada and Pyaaj Kachori.", "Papri chaat Papri chaat, paapri chaat or papdi chaat (Urdu: پاپڑی چاٹ ‎) is a north Indian and Pakistani fast food. Chaat, a Hindi word which literally means lick, is used to describe a range of snacks and fast food dishes; papri refers to crisp fried dough wafers made from refined white flour and oil.", "Sona Masuri Sona Masuri (also, Sona Masoori, Samba Masuri, BPT 5204, HMT, or Jeela karra masuri) is a medium-grain rice grown largely in the Indian states of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. In Telugu, Sona Masuri rice is called Bangaru Theegalu (meaning Golden Ivy). It is lightweight and aromatic.", "Bengal potatoes Bengal potatoes is a dish in Indian cookery. It is served as a snack food with drinks, or as part of an Indian meal. Normally, the potatoes are baked with spices, peppers and curry leaves in an oven heated by cow patties. The potatoes and vegetables are then battered and deep-fried and served with mint or coconut chutney.", "Ragda pattice Ragda patties is a popular Indian fast food which forms part of the street food of Mumbai. This dish is usually served at restaurants that offer Indian fast food along with other dishes available through the day. It is also a main item on menus of food stalls which scatter the city at busy places. These food stalls also serve up other relished snacks such as the equally famous bhel puri, pani puri and dahi puri.", "Garlic chutney Garlic chutney, or belluli chutney is made from fresh garlic, dry or fresh coconut, groundnuts and chillies, green or red, latter sometimes in the powder form. It is used for cooking in many Indian (especially Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Rajasthan and northern Karnataka) and Pakistani homes.The dry, powdered variety can be stored in bottles and will last up to four weeks. It is eaten either dry or mixed with curd, buttermilk or vegetable oil.", "Raita Raita is an Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi side dish - made with dahi (yogurt - often referred to as curd) together with raw or cooked vegetables, more seldom fruit, or in the case of boondi raita, with fried droplets of batter made from besan (chickpea flour) which is generally labelled as gram flour.The closest approximation in western cuisine is a side dish or dip, or a cooked salad.", "Rasam Rasam, chaaru, saaru or kabir is a South Indian soup, traditionally prepared using tamarind juice as a base, with the addition of tomato, chili pepper, pepper, cumin and other spices as seasonings. Steamed lentils can be added along with any preferred vegetables. Nowadays, all the seasonings required are combined and ground beforehand into rasam powder, which is available commercially.", "Vindaloo Vindaloo (also known as vindallo, vindalho, or vindaalo) is an Indian curry dish popular in the region of Goa, the surrounding Konkan, and many other parts of India. The cuisine of the Mumbai region (Maharashtrian cuisine) also includes a variation of the dish. However, it is known globally in its Anglo-Indian form as a staple of curry house menus, often regarded as a fiery spicy dish, though it is not necessarily the spiciest dish available.", "Dahi puri Dahipuri, or dahi puri, is a South Asian snack which is especially popular in the state of Maharashtra, India. The dish is a form of chaat and originates from the city of Mumbai. It is served with mini-puri shells (golgappa), which are more popularly recognized from the dish pani puri. Dahi puri and pani puri chaats are often sold from the same vendor.", "Dhokla Dhokla (Gujarati: ઢોકળા) is a vegetarian food item that originates from the Indian state of Gujarat. It is made with a fermented batter derived from rice and split chickpeas. Dhokla can be eaten for breakfast, as a main course, as a side dish, or as a snack. Dhokla is very similar to Khaman, and the terms are frequently used interchangeably.", "Avial Avial (Malayalam: wikt:അവിയല്‍ is a dish, Which is believed to have been originated from the Indian state of Kerala and which is common in Kerala as well as Tamil cuisine and Udupi cuisine. It is a thick mixture of vegetables and coconut, seasoned with coconut oil and curry leaves. Avial is considered an essential part of the Sadya, the Keralite vegetarian feast.", "Sambar (dish) Sambar is a lentil-based vegetable stew or chowder based on a broth made with tamarind popular in South Indian and Sri Lankan Tamil cuisines, adapted in each to its taste and environment.", "Tandoori masala Tandoori masala is a mixture of spices specifically for use with a tandoor, or clay oven, in traditional north Indian and Pakistani cooking. The specific spices vary somewhat from one region to another, but typically include garam masala, garlic, ginger, onion, cayenne pepper, and may include other spices and additives. The spices are often ground together with a pestle and mortar. Tandoori masala is used extensively with dishes as tandoori chicken.", "Chaat masala (Chaat masala Hindi चाट मसाला, Urdu چاٹ مصالہ; also spelled chat masala) is a spice powder mix or masala used in culinary traditions of the Indian Subcontinent, primarily in Indian, Bangladeshi and Pakistani cuisine. It typically consists of amchoor (dried mango powder), cumin, coriander, dried ginger, salt (often kala namak), black pepper, asafoetida (hing) and chili powder.", "Injipuli Injipuli is a dark brown Keralite curry made of ginger, green chillies and jaggery. It is also a part of Tamil Nadu cuisine. It is also known as Puli inji in some parts of Kerala, South India.It is served as part of the Sadhya, or virunthu by the Tamil community.", "Panipuri Panipuri (About this sound pānīpūrī ), also called golgappa, is a street snack in several regions of India. It consists of a round, hollow puri, fried crisp and filled with a mixture of flavored water (pani), tamarind chutney, chili, chaat masala, potato, onion and chickpeas.", "Bhelpuri Bhelpuri (Marathi भेळ) is a savoury Indian snack, and is also a type of chaat. It is made out of puffed rice, vegetables and a tangy tamarind sauce.Bhel is often identified with the beaches of Mumbai, such as Girguam or Juhu. Bhelpuri is thought to have originated within the Gucafes and street food stalls of Mumbai, and the recipe has spread to most parts of India where it has been modified to suit local food availability.", "Wat (food) Wat, we̠t’, wot (Amharic: ወጥ?, IPA: [wətʼ]) or tsebhi (Tigrinya: ጸብሒ?, IPA: [sʼɐbħi]) is an Ethiopian and Eritrean stew or curry that may be prepared with chicken, beef, lamb, a variety of vegetables, spice mixtures such as berbere, and niter kibbeh, a seasoned clarified butter.", "Curd rice Curd rice ( Tamil: தயிர் சோறு, Kannada: ಮೊಸರು-ಅನ್ನ (mosaru-anna), Telugu: పెరుగు అన్నం, Malayalam : Thayiru) also called yogurt rice is a dish of India. The word \"curd\" in India usually refers to unsweetened yogurt. It is very popular in the Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala.In the state of Tamil Nadu it is called \"Thayir Sadam\". \"Thayir\"=Curd, \"Sadam\"=rice. It is offered as 'prasadam' (blessed food) to devotees in Vaishnavite Temples.", "Maharashtrian cuisine Maharashtrian (or Marathi) cuisine is the cuisine of the Marathi people from the state of Maharashtra in India. Maharashtrian cuisine covers a range from having mild to very spicy dishes. Wheat, rice, jowar, bajri, vegetables, lentils and fruit form staples of the Maharashtrian diet. Peanuts and cashews are often served with vegetables. Traditionally, Maharashtrians have considered their food to be more austere than that of other regions in India.", "Roti (1974 film) Roti is a 1974 Indian Hindi language film directed by Manmohan Desai which stars Rajesh Khanna, Mumtaz, Om Prakash, Vijay Arora, and Nirupa Roy. The music is by Laxmikant Pyarelal. This film got released on October 18, 1974 along-with Benaam and Roti Kapda Aur Makaan.", "Rijsttafel The Indonesian rijsttafel (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈrɛistaːfəl]), a Dutch word that literally translates to \"rice table\", is an elaborate meal adapted by the Dutch following the hidang presentation of Nasi Padang from the Padang region of West Sumatra. It consists of many (forty is not an unusual number) side dishes served in small portions, accompanied by rice prepared in several different ways. Popular side dishes include egg rolls, sambals, satay, fish, fruit, vegetables, pickles, and nuts.", "Idli podi Idli podi (இட்லிப் பொடி in Tamil) is a coarse powder mixture of ground dry spices that typically contains dried chilis, urad (bean), chickpea, and sesame seeds. Tamilians traditionally use idli podi as a condiment on idlis, dosas and other South Indian dishes.Idli podi is eaten as a dipping condiment: The diner takes a teaspoon of powder on his plate, makes a well in the centre, adds sesame or other oil to this crater, and mixes in the powder to form a moist paste.", "Jolada rotti Jolada rotti (Kannada: ಜೋಳದ ರೊಟ್ಟಿ) is an unleavened Indian bread made out of jowar (Sorghum), originating from North Karnataka.", "Chana masala Chana masala [ˈtʃənaː məˈsaːlaː], also known as chole masala or channay or Chholay (plural) is a popular dish in Indian and Pakistani cuisine. The main ingredient is chickpeas (called \"चना\" (chana) or \"छोले\" (chhole) in Hindi-Urdu). It is fairly dry and spicy with a sour citrus note. Chholay are sold as snack food and street food in India and Pakistan.", "Palak paneer Palak paneer (Hindi: पालक पनीर Urdu: پالک پنیر ) is a vegetarian Indian dish consisting of spinach, tomato gravy sauce and paneer in a thick paste made from puréed spinach and seasoned with garlic, garam masala, and other spices.Palak paneer is one type of saag, which can also be made with spinach leaves. Palak paneer may be somewhat more watery than saag paneer.", "Pathiri Pathiri (Malayalam: പത്തിരി, pronounced [patː̪iɾi]) is a pancake made of rice flour. It is part of the local cuisine among the Mappilas of North Malabar and Malabar in Kerala State of Southern India. Crushed rice is made into a white dough and baked on pans called oadu. After preparation it is sometimes soaked in coconut milk to keep it soft and to improve the flavor.Pathiri is also known as ari pathil or pathil in some parts of the Malabar region.", "Jhunka Junka is a dish prepared in North Karnataka and Maharashtra. It is also known by the name of \"Pitla\". Its chief ingredient, gram flour (besan), is mixed with water to form a stiff paste. It is then sauteed in oil with other ingredients and served with roti or more traditionally with Jolada rotti (Kannada: ಜೋಳದ ರೊಟ್ಟಿ)/ Bhakri. The dish is also referred to as Junka bhakar.", "Anglo-Indian cuisine Anglo-Indian cuisine is the often distinct cuisine of the Anglo-Indian community in both the United Kingdom and India, as well as in the United States, Australia, Canada and New Zealand. Some Anglo-Indian dishes derive from traditional British cuisine, such as roast beef, modified by the addition of Indian-style spices, such as cumin and red chillies. Fish and meat are often cooked in curry form with Indian vegetables. Anglo-Indian food often involves use of coconut, yogurt, and almonds.", "Puri (food) Puri (also spelled poori) is an unleavened deep-fried Indian bread, commonly consumed on the Indian subcontinent. It is eaten for breakfast or as a snack or light meal. It is usually served with a curry or bhaji, as in Puri bhaji.Puri is most commonly served at breakfast. It is also served at special or ceremonial functions as part of ceremonial rituals along with other vegetarian food offered in prayer as prasadam.", "Pav Bhaji Pav bhaji (Marathi: पाव भाजी) is a fast food dish from Maharashtra, India, consisting of a vegetable curry (Marathi:bhaji) served with a soft bread roll (pav).", "Roti tissue Roti tissue, roti tisu, or tissue prata is a sweet flatbread often sold at Malaysian Mamak stalls. It is also known as \"roti helikopter\" (helicopter bread). Roti tissue is a thinner version of the traditional roti canai, as thin as a piece of 40–50 cm round-shaped tissue.", "Chutney Chutney ( Hindi/ Nepali - \"चटनी\" also transliterated chatney or chatni, Sindhi: چٽڻي‎) is a side dish in the cuisines of the Indian subcontinent that can vary from a tomato relish to a ground peanut garnish or a yoghurt, cucumber and mint dip, whereas in an offshoot that took root in Anglo-Indian cuisine, is usually a tart fruit such as sharp apples, rhubarb or damson pickle made milder by an equal weight of (usually demerera or brown sugar) and vinegar that traditionally aims to give a long shelf life so that fall fruit can be preserved for use throughout the year, as are jams, jellies and pickles, or else to be sold as a commercial product. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chutney?oldid=683451802> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Humber_Forts> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> The Humber Forts are two large fortifications in the mouth of the Humber estuary in northern England: Haile Sand Fort (53°32′4″N 0°2′1″E) and Bull Sand Fort (53°33′43″N 0°4′3″E).", "Roti Kapda Aur Makaan Roti Kapda Aur Makaan (English: Food, clothing, and shelter) is a 1974 Indian Bollywood Hindi-language film. It was written, produced, directed by and stars Manoj Kumar, alongside Shashi Kapoor, Zeenat Aman and Moushumi Chatterjee in the main lead roles and had Amitabh Bachchan, Prem Nath and Madan Puri in supporting roles. Laxmikant Pyarelal were the music directors.", "Isidudu Isidudu is a pap dish made to simmer with pumpkin, curried cabbage and liver. An alternative recipe for stewed potatoes also exists. Enjoyed with milk or amazi (sour milk).", "Vada pav Vada pav (Marathi: वडा पाव), sometimes spelled wada pav or vada paav or vada pao, is a vegetarian fast food dish native to the Indian state of Maharashtra. A simple creation involving a deep fried potato patty with some coriander and spices. It originated as cheap street food in Mumbai, but is now offered in stalls and restaurants throughout India.", "Phall Phall (sometimes spelled fall, faal, fahl, phaal, phal or paal) is a British Asian Indian curry dish, which originated in Indian restaurants in Birmingham, UK. It should not to be confused with the char-grilled, gravyless, finger food phall from Bangalore.It is one of the hottest forms of curry regularly available, even hotter than the vindaloo, using a large number of ground standard chilli peppers, or a hotter type of chilli such as scotch bonnet or habanero.", "Tinda The tinda and plural called tinday (in Urdu ٹنڈه or ٹنڈے), also called Indian round gourd or apple gourd or Indian baby pumpkin, is a squash-like cucurbit grown for its immature fruit, a vegetable especially popular in South Asia. It is the only member of the genus Praecitrullus. \"Tinda\" is also called tindsi in Rajasthan. In Marathi, it is called dhemase ढेमसे. In Sindhi language, it is called meha ميها.The plant is, as with all cucurbits, a prolific vine, and is grown as an annual.", "Kombdi vade Kombdi vade is a dish native to the Konkan region in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The dish consists of a traditional chicken curry (including chicken pieces with bones), vade (fluffy fried dumplings made of rice flour, and occasionally of wheat and Ragi flour), onions, lemon juice and solkadhi (a gravy made from coconut milk). This dish is majorly prepared on \"Gatari\" and \"Dev Diwali\" in Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts of Konkan.", "Pongal (dish) Pongal is a popular rice dish in Tamil Nadu, and the Tamil cuisine of Sri Lanka. In Tamil, the root pong or pongu means to \" boil over\" or \"spill over\".There are two varieties of pongal, Sakarai Pongal which is a sweet, and Ven Pongal, made from clarified butter. The unqualified word pongal usually refers to spicy pongal in Tamil Nadu, and is a common breakfast food in Tamil Nadu.", "Rice-A-Roni Rice-A-Roni is a product of PepsiCo's subsidiary the Quaker Oats Company. It is a pilaf-like boxed food mix that consists of rice, vermicelli pasta, and seasonings. To prepare, the rice and pasta are browned in butter, then water and seasonings are added and simmered until absorbed.", "Dahi vada Dahi vada, also known as dahi bhalla in Punjabi, thayir vadai in Tamil, thayir vada in Malayalam, perugu vada in Telugu, mosaru vade in Kannada, dahi bara in Odia and doi bora in Bengali, is a South Asian chaat, prepared by soaking vadas in thick dahi (yogurt).The hot deep fried vadas are first put in water and then transferred to thick beaten yogurt. For best results, the vadas are soaked for at least a couple of hours before serving.", "Rice and curry Rice and curry is a popular dish in the Southern Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu, as well as in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh.Rice and curry dinner comprises the following: A large bowl of rice, most often boiled, but frequently fried. Sometimes Kiribath, rice cooked in coconut milk, is served. A vegetable curry, perhaps of green beans, jackfruit or leeks.", "Makki di roti Makki di roti (Punjabi: ਮੱਕੀ ਦੀ ਰੋਟੀ (Gurmukhi), مکی دی روٹی (Shahmukhi), मक्की दी रोटी (Devanagari)) is a flat, unleavened Punjabi bread made from corn flour, primarily eaten in Punjab region of Pakistan and India. Like most rotis in South Asian cuisine, it is baked on a tava. It is an important element of the rural Punjabi cuisine.Literally, Makki di roti means \"bread of corn\" in the Punjabi language.", "Goat roti Goat Roti (/ˈroʊti/ ROH-tee) is a type of wrap roti, a traditional East Indian dish, also popular in the West Indies and in Caribbean-descendant communities throughout North America. It consists of curried goat served in a roti, often with dal and/or curry potato.", "Mattar paneer Mattar paneer is a vegetarian north Indian dish consisting of peas and paneer in a tomato based sauce, spiced with garam masala.It is often served with rice and an Indian type of bread (naan, paratha, poori, or roti depending on region). Various other ingredients are often added, such as \"aloo\" (potato), corn, yogurt or cream ." ]	2
American twins famous American professional tennis double players	[ "Lists of tennis players\nBy Name List of male tennis players List of female tennis playersBy Grand Slam championship List of Australian Open champions List of French Open champions List of Wimbledon champions List of U.S. Open champions", "Mike Bryan\nMichael Carl \"Mike\" Bryan (born April 29, 1978) is an American professional tennis player. The right-hander turned professional in 1998. With his twin brother Bob, he has been World No. 1 doubles player for the last several years, first achieving the top ranking in September 2003. The brothers became the second men's doubles team to complete the career golden slam, through winning the 2012 Summer Olympics.", "The Bryan brothers\nThe Bryan brothers are identical twin brothers Robert Charles \"Bob\" Bryan and Michael Carl \"Mike\" Bryan, American professional doubles tennis players, and are the most successful duo of all time. They were born on April 29, 1978, with Mike being the elder by two minutes. The Bryans have won multiple Olympic medals, including the gold in 2012 and have won more professional games, matches, tournaments and Grand Slams than any other men's pairing. They have held the World No.", "Thomas Blake (tennis)\nThomas Blake, Jr. (born December 29, 1976) is an American professional tennis player. Blake was born in Yonkers, New York to Thomas Sr. (who is African-American) and Betty (who is English). He has a younger brother, James Blake, who is also a professional tennis player, as well as three half-brothers, Jason, Howard and Christopher, and a half-sister, Michelle.Blake grew up in Fairfield, Connecticut and attended Fairfield Warde High School.", "Bob Bryan\nRobert Charles \"Bob\" Bryan (born April 29, 1978) is an American male professional tennis player. He and his twin brother, Mike, are current world no. 1 doubles players and have spent over 380 weeks in this position. He has won twenty-three Grand Slam titles: 16 in men's doubles and 7 in mixed doubles. He turned professional in 1998. The brothers were named ATP Team of the Decade for 2000–2009." ]	[ "Lester Stoefen Lester Rollo Stoefen (March 30, 1911 in Des Moines, Iowa - February 8, 1970 in La Jolla, California) was an American tennis player of the 1930s. Stoefen won three Grand Slam doubles titles: 1934 Wimbledon Championships, 1933 and 1934 U.S. National Championships. In 1933 he was ranked World No. 9 by Pierre Gillou (president of the Fédération Française de Tennis) and World No. 10 by A.", "Bertha Townsend Bertha Louise Townsend Toulmin (March 7, 1869 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA – May 12, 1909) was a female tennis player from the United States. She is best remembered for being the first repeating women's singles champion at the U.S. Championships (now: U.S. Open) (1888 and 1889). She discovered the under-hand technique.She was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1974.", "Todd Woodbridge Todd Andrew Woodbridge, OAM (born 2 April 1971) is a retired Australian tennis player. He was born in Sydney and raised in Kogarah Bay by his parents, Kevin and Barbara. He has two older brothers, Gregory and Warren. He attended Lyneham High School, Canberra, then turned professional in 1988. Woodbridge is best known for his successful Doubles partnerships with Mark Woodforde and later Jonas Björkman.", "Stephen Huss (tennis) Stephen Huss (born 10 December 1975 in Bendigo, Victoria), is a former professional tennis player from Australia. He is also citizen of Sweden.Along with partner Wesley Moodie, he became the first qualifier to win the Wimbledon men's doubles championship in 2005, beating the 6th, 9th, 3rd, 1st & 2nd seeds in the process.", "Pam Shriver Pamela Howard Shriver (born July 4, 1962) is an American former professional tennis player known primarily as a doubles specialist with success also as a singles player. She currently is a tennis broadcaster for ESPN. During the 1980s and 1990s, she won 133 top-level titles, including 21 women's singles titles, 111 women's doubles titles and one mixed doubles title at Grand Slam tournaments.", "Jeff Borowiak Jeff Borowiak (born September 25, 1949 in Berkeley, California) is a former professional tennis player from the United States, who won five singles and three doubles titles during his professional career, reaching a career-high ATP singles ranking of World No. 20 in August 1977.", "Chris Evert Christine Marie \"Chris\" or \"Chrissie\" Evert (born December 21, 1954), known as Chris Evert-Lloyd from 1979 to 1987, is a former World No. 1 professional tennis player from the United States. She won 18 Grand Slam singles championships and three doubles titles. She was the year-ending World No. 1 singles player in 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980, and 1981.", "Bob Hewitt Robert Anthony John \"Bob\" Hewitt (born 12 January 1940) is a former professional tennis player from Australia. In 1967, after marrying a South African, he became a South African citizen.Hewitt's most significant accomplishment was winning all Grand Slam doubles titles, both in men's and mixed doubles (US Open, Wimbledon, Australian Open, French Open) and being central to South Africa's only Davis Cup title in 1974.", "Rafael Osuna Rafael Osuna Herrera (15 September 1938 – 4 June 1969), nicknamed \"El Pelón\" (The bald), was a former World No. 1 tennis player, the most successful player in the history of Mexico and an Olympian. He was born in Mexico City, and is best remembered for his singles victory at the U.S. Open Championships in 1963, winning the 1960 and 1963 Wimbledon Doubles championships, the 1962 U.S. Open Championships doubles, and for leading Mexico to its only Davis Cup Final round appearance in 1962.", "Adria Montgomery-Klein and Natalie Montgomery-Carroll Adria Montgomery-Klein and Natalie Montgomery-Carroll (born June 24, 1974 in Birmingham, Alabama) are twin sisters who are fitness competitors, fitness trainers, professional models, and reality TV contestants. They gained widespread national exposure on Big Brother 5, a reality TV show in the United States which aired on CBS in 2004.", "Juan Martín del Potro Juan Martín del Potro (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈxwan maɾˈtin del ˈpotɾo], born 23 September 1988), often nicknamed Delpo, is an Argentine professional tennis player. His biggest achievement was winning the 2009 US Open, defeating Rafael Nadal in the semifinal and Roger Federer in the final. He was the first to defeat both Federer and Nadal during a major and was the only man outside the Big Four to win a major between the 2005 French Open and the 2013 US Open, a span of 35 tournaments.", "Allan Stone Allan Stone (born 14 October 1945) played amateur and professional tennis in the 1960s and 1970s. He was ranked as high as World No. 38 in singles on the ATP Rankings in April 1975.Stone found the majority of his success on the doubles court. He won 11 doubles titles during his career, including the Australian Open in 1977 and the Australian Championships (the predecessor to the Australian Open) in 1968.", "Kelly Jones (tennis) Kelly Jones (born March 31, 1964, in Fort Gordon, Georgia) is a former professional tennis player from the United States who was ranked the World No. 1 men's doubles player in 1992. He is currently the Head Men's Tennis Coach at Furman University in Greenville, SC.", "Jens Knippschild Jens Knippschild (born 15 February 1975) is a former tennis player from Germany, who turned professional in 1992. He has won two doubles titles (2001, Båstad and 2002, Bucharest) during his career. The right-hander reached his highest singles ATP-ranking on 9 August 1999, when he became the number 76 of the world.", "Jennifer Capriati Jennifer Maria Capriati (born March 29, 1976) is an American former professional tennis player. A member of the International Tennis Hall of Fame, she won three singles championships in Grand Slam tournaments, a gold medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics, reached the World No. 1 ranking, and is considered one of the greatest tennis players of all time.Capriati set a number of youngest-ever records at the start of her career.", "Pat Rafter Patrick Michael \"Pat\" Rafter (born 28 December 1972) is an Australian former World No. 1 tennis player. He twice won the men's singles title at the US Open and was twice the runner-up at Wimbledon. He was known for his natural serve-and-volley style of play. He became the first man in the Open Era to win Montreal/Toronto, Cincinnati and the US Open in the same year (1998); this achievement has been dubbed the American Summer Slam.", "Martin Damm Martin Damm (born 1 August 1972) is a former a professional tennis player from the Czech Republic. He is best known as a doubles player (his highest ranking being No. 5 in the world in April 2007). His highest singles ranking was No. 42 in August 1997. Damm won a total of 40 titles in doubles, including one Grand Slam title.", "Frank Parker Frank \"Frankie\" Andrew Parker, born as Franciszek Andrzej Pajkowski (January 31, 1916 – July 24, 1997), was a former World No. 1 American male tennis player of Polish immigrant parents who was active in the 1930s and 1940s. He won four Grand Slam singles titles as well as three doubles titles. He was coached by Mercer Beasley.", "John McEnroe John Patrick McEnroe, Jr. (born February 16, 1959) is an American former World No. 1 professional tennis player, often rated among the greatest of all time in the sport, especially for his touch on the volley. He won seven Grand Slam singles titles (three at Wimbledon and four at the US Open), nine Grand Slam men's doubles titles, and one Grand Slam mixed doubles title.", "Christo van Rensburg Christo van Rensburg (born 23 October 1962 in Uitenhage, South Africa) is a former professional tennis player from South Africa.Van Rensburg turned professional in 1983. He won his first tour doubles title later that year at Cleveland.Van Rensburg won 20 top-level doubles titles during his career, including one Grand Slam men's doubles title at the Australian Open in 1985, partnering Paul Annacone. He also won two ATP singles titles at Orlando in 1987, and at Johannesburg in 1989.", "L. Harry Waidner Luis Harry Waidner was an American tennis player in the early 20th Century.In 1903, Waidner teamed with Kreigh Collins to reach the doubles final of the U.S. Nationals, only to fall to Reginald Doherty and Hugh L. Doherty, 7–5, 6–3, 6–3.At the tennis tournament in Cincinnati, Waidner reached three finals: the 1904 singles final and doubles finals in 1901 and 1903.", "Roy Emerson Roy Stanley Emerson (born 3 November 1936) is an Australian former number one tennis player who won 12 Major singles titles and 16 Grand Slam tournament men's doubles titles. He is the only male player to have completed a Career Grand Slam (winning titles at all four Grand Slam events) in both singles and doubles. His 28 Major titles are an all-time record for a male amateur player. Roy Emerson is the first male player to win each amateur Major title at least twice in his career.", "Raymond D. Little Raymond Demorest Little (January 5, 1880 – July 29, 1932) was an American tennis player. He was ranked in the U.S. Top 10 eleven times between 1900 and 1912, his highest ranking coming in 1907 when he was ranked No. 4. He played on the United States Davis Cup team, and also won the intercollegiate tennis title for Princeton University in 1900.", "Mark Woodforde Mark Raymond Woodforde, OAM (born 23 September 1965) is a former professional tennis player from Australia. He is best known as one half of \"The Woodies\", a doubles partnership with Todd Woodbridge.Woodforde was born in Adelaide, and joined the men's professional tennis ATP Tour in 1984. Woodforde won four singles titles, including his hometown Adelaide tournament twice.", "Mark Knowles Mark Knowles (born 4 September 1971) is a former tennis player from the Bahamas, specialising in doubles tennis. He has won a number of Grand Slam tournaments, most notably partnering with Daniel Nestor. At various times between 2002 and 2005 he was ranked World No. 1 in doubles.", "Frew McMillan Frew Donald McMillan (born 20 May 1942 in Springs, South Africa) is a former professional male tennis player from South Africa.He won five major doubles championships including three Wimbledons with Bob Hewitt. Altogether, he won 63 doubles titles, surpassed only by Todd Woodbridge, John McEnroe and Tom Okker.", "Jim Pugh Jim Pugh (born February 5, 1964 in Burbank, California) is a former professional tennis player from the United States. A doubles specialist, he won three Grand Slam men's doubles titles (two Australian Open, one Wimbledon) and five Grand Slam mixed doubles titles (three Australian Open, one Wimbledon, one US Open). Pugh reached the World No. 1 doubles ranking in 1989.", "Beals Wright Beals Coleman Wright (December 19, 1879 – August 23, 1961) was an American tennis player and two-time Olympic gold medalist.", "Anne Smith Anne Smith (born July 1, 1959 in Dallas, Texas) is an educational psychologist known for her past as a professional tennis player from the United States.Smith's highest women's doubles ranking was World No. 1 in 1980 and 1981. Her highest singles ranking was World No. 11 in 1980.", "Robert Wrenn Robert \"Bob\" Duffield Wrenn (September 20, 1873 – November 21, 1925) was a former co-World No. 1 left-handed American tennis player, four-time U.S. singles championship winner, and one of the first inductees in the International Tennis Hall of Fame.", "2006 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles Stephen Huss and Wesley Moodie were the defending champions, however were defeated in the third round by 8th seeds Simon Aspelin and Todd Perry. American twin brothers Bob Bryan and Mike Bryan won their first Wimbledon title, defeating Fabrice Santoro and Nenad Zimonjić in the final. By winning the 2006 Doubles title, the Bryan Brothers completed the career Grand Slam, having also won the 2005 US Open and the Australian Open earlier that year.", "Gisela Dulko Gisela Dulko (born 30 January 1985, in Buenos Aires) is a retired professional tennis player from Argentina. Although she enjoyed a modest success in singles, reaching world no. 26, and winning four WTA Tour titles; her speciality has been doubles, where she has been a world no. 1 player. Partnering with Flavia Pennetta, Dulko won the 2010 WTA Tour Championships and the 2011 Australian Open in doubles. Also, Dulko reached the mixed doubles final at the 2011 US Open, with Edward Schwank.", "List of Grand Slam men's doubles champions List of Men's Doubles Grand Slam tournaments champions in tennis:In men's doubles, Bob Bryan, Mike Bryan (see also The Bryan brothers), Daniel Nestor, Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde (see also The Woodies) are the only players to win a career golden slam.", "Lindsay Davenport Lindsay Ann Davenport (born June 8, 1976) is an American former World No. 1 retired professional tennis player. She was ranked World No. 1 on eight different occasions, for a total of 98 weeks. She is one of five women who have been the year-end World No. 1 at least four times (1998, 2001, 2004, and 2005) since 1975; the others are Chris Evert, Steffi Graf, Martina Navratilova and Serena Williams. She has achieved the No. 1 ranking in doubles as well.", "Kevin Ullyett Kevin Ullyett (born 23 May 1972 in Salisbury, now Harare) is a former professional tennis player from Zimbabwe. His primary success on the tour was in men's doubles.Ullyett won 34 doubles titles during his career, including two Grand Slams at the 2001 US Open and the 2005 Australian Open with countryman Wayne Black. He also competed in the 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics, coming in at fifth place in 2004 with Black. In mixed doubles, Ullyett won the 2002 Australian Open with Daniela Hantuchová.", "Sandy Mayer Alexander \"Sandy\" Mayer (born April 5, 1952) is a former tennis player from the United States, who won ten titles in singles and twenty-four titles in doubles during his professional career. He was part of the winning tennis squad at Stanford University in 1973.", "Vitas Gerulaitis Vytautas Kevin Gerulaitis (July 26, 1954 – September 17, 1994) was a Lithuanian American professional tennis player. In 1975, Gerulaitis won the men's doubles title at Wimbledon, partnering with Sandy Mayer. He won the men's singles title at one of the two Australian Open tournaments held in 1977 (Gerulaitis won the tournament that was held in December, while Roscoe Tanner won the earlier January tournament).", "Tracy Austin Tracy Ann Austin Holt (born December 12, 1962) is an American former World No. 1 retired professional tennis player. She won three Grand Slam titles, winning the women's singles title at the US Open in 1979 and 1981, and the mixed doubles title at Wimbledon in 1980. Additionally, she won the WTA Tour Championships in 1980 and the 1981 year end Toyota Championships, both in singles, before a series of injuries cut her career short.", "Edgar Leonard Edgar Welch Leonard (June 19, 1881 – October 7, 1948) was a Harvard graduate and male tennis player from the United States.He is best known for his gold medal at the St. Louis Olympics (1904) in the men's doubles event, partnering Beals Wright. In the men's singles event he won a bronze medal. Leonard reached the semifinals of the U.S. National Championships in 1904 and the quarterfinals in 1901 and 1906.", "Pam Teeguarden Pam Teeguarden (born April 17, 1951) is a former American professional tennis player in the 1970s and 1980s, ranked in the top 20 from 1970–1975 according to John Dolans Womans Tennis Ultimate Guide prior to computer rankings. She won two Grand Slam Doubles Titles and was a quarter finalist in singles at the U.S. Open and The French Open.", "Elena Vesnina Elena Sergeyevna Vesnina (Russian: Еле́на Серге́евна Веснина́; born in Lviv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union, on 1 August 1986) is a Russian professional tennis player. Her career-high rankings are World No. 21 in singles and World No. 3 in doubles. Vesnina is a two-time Grand Slam champion in doubles competition, having won the 2013 French Open and the 2014 US Open tournaments with Ekaterina Makarova.", "Kevin Kim Kevin Kim (born July 26, 1978) is an American former tennis player. He entered the top 100 in 2004, reaching a career-high singles ranking of World No. 63 in March 2005. In 1993, Kim won the USTA National Boys' 16 Indoor Doubles Championship with Michael Russell. Kim lost to Russell in the finals of the 1994 USTA National Boys' 16 Singles Championships.", "Justin Gimelstob Justin Jeremy Gimelstob (born January 26, 1977) is a retired American tennis player. Gimelstob has been a resident of Morristown, New Jersey, and as of 2009 lived in Santa Monica, California.He was the top-ranked boy in his age group at the ages of 12, 14, 16, and 18. As a pro, he won the 1998 Australian Open and 1998 French Open mixed doubles titles with Venus Williams as his partner. He won 10 singles titles and 15 doubles championships as a pro, and twice was a member of the U.S.", "Robert LeRoy Robert LeRoy (February 7, 1885 – September 7, 1946) was a tennis player from New York in the United States, who won two medals at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis. He won a Silver medal in both the men's singles event and the men's doubles tournament, partnering Alphonzo Bell.", "Jared Palmer Jared Eiseley Palmer (born July 2, 1971 in New York City, New York, USA) is a professional tennis player who won 28 professional doubles titles and one singles title in his career on the ATP Tour. He also won four double titles on the challenger's circuit (two in 1992 and two in 1993).", "Double Trouble (U.S. TV series) Double Trouble is an American sitcom that aired from 1984 to 1985 on NBC. The series stars identical twins Jean and Liz Sagal as Kate and Allison Foster, two teenagers living under the watchful eye of their widowed father. The show was considered an updating of the \"twins in mischief\" concept seen in films like The Parent Trap or the Patty Duke Show of the 1960s.", "Sandon Stolle Sandon Stolle (born 13 July 1970) is a former professional male tennis player and at one time ranked No. 2 in World doubles.Sandon is the son of Australian tennis champion Fred Stolle, the latter was born in Sydney and now lives in Aventura, Florida, United States.In his career Stolle has won twenty-two ATP doubles titles, including one Grand Slam title (1998 U.S Open) and four Grand Slam finals.", "Grant Connell Grant Connell (Pronounced: KAHN-nell) (born November 17, 1965 in Regina) is a former professional tennis player from Canada, and has been a successful real estate agent for the past 10 years in Vancouver. He specializes in West Vancouver North Vancouver and Downtown properties real estate transactions. He is considered one of the world's top doubles player from the early to mid-1990s, reaching the World No.", "Jacco Eltingh Jacco Folkert Eltingh (born 29 August 1970) is a former professional male tennis player and former World No. 1 doubles player from the Netherlands as well as the godfather of Princess Zita-Clara of Bourbon-Parma, granddaughter of Princess Irene of the Netherlands.He is best known for his success in doubles with fellow countryman Paul Haarhuis.", "Charles Harris (tennis) Charles Russell Harris (April 2, 1914 – September 10, 1993) was an American tennis player in the 1930s.Harris reached the singles final at the Cincinnati Masters in 1936 before falling to future Hall of Famer Bobby Riggs, 6–1, 6–3, 6–1.Harris won the French Open Men's Doubles Grand Slam Title in 1939. His partner was Don McNeill.Harris had 5 children - Charles Harris, Robert Harris, William Harris, Betty Harris, Mary Harris.His son William Harris, was also a tennis player.", "Francis Hunter Francis \"Frank\" Townsend Hunter (June 28, 1894 – December 2, 1981) was an American tennis player. He is best remembered for his gold medal at the 1924 Paris Olympics, in the men's doubles event with partner Vincent Richards. He was ranked World No. 4 in 1929 by A. Wallis Myers of The Daily Telegraph and World No.", "Vania King Vania King (traditional Chinese: 金久慈, simplified Chinese: 金久慈, Hanyu Pinyin: Jīn Jiǔcí) (born February 3, 1989) is an American tennis player. King won both the 2010 Wimbledon women's doubles and 2010 US Open women's doubles titles with Kazakh partner Yaroslava Shvedova.", "Jeff Coetzee Jeff Coetzee (born 25 April 1977 in Okiep) is a South African professional tennis player and competes regularly on the ATP tour, as a doubles specialist.The \"'8\\ player plays right-handed, double-handed on both sides and has won six ATP Tour doubles titles in his career. Coetzee plays doubles for the South Africa Davis Cup team. When Jeff is not traveling, he resides in Florida Hills, South Africa.", "Nancy Richey Nancy Richey (born August 23, 1942 in San Angelo, Texas, United States) is a former tennis player from the United States.Richey won two Grand Slam singles titles (1967 Australian Championships and 1968 French Open) and four Grand Slam women's doubles titles (1965 U.S. Championships and 1966 Australian, Wimbledon, and U.S. Championships). She was ranked World No. 2 in singles at year-end in 1969. Richey won 69 singles titles during her career and helped the U.S. win the Federation Cup in 1969.", "Danie Visser Danie Visser (b. 26 July 1961) is a former professional tennis player from South Africa. A doubles specialist, he won 3 Grand Slam men's doubles titles (2 Australian Open and 1 US Open). Visser reached the World No. 1 doubles ranking in January 1990.Visser won the first of 17 career doubles titles in 1985 at Bristol. In 1990 he won the men's doubles titles at both the Australian Open and the US Open, partnering his fellow South African player Pieter Aldrich.", "Richard Gasquet Richard Gasquet (French pronunciation: [ʁiʃaʁ ɡasˈkɛ]) (born 18 June 1986) is a French tennis player. He won the mixed doubles Grand Slam title at the 2004 French Open, partnering Tatiana Golovin. His career-high singles ranking is World No. 7, achieved in July 2007. In singles, his best achievements in Grand Slams are reaching the semifinals of the 2007 and 2015 Wimbledon Championships and the semifinals of the 2013 US Open.", "Darlene Hard Darlene Hard (born January 6, 1936 in Los Angeles, United States) is an American former professional tennis player. Known for her volleying ability and strong serves, she captured singles titles at the French Championships in 1960 and the U.S. Championships in 1960 and 1961.With eight different partners, she won a total of 13 women's doubles titles in Grand Slam tournaments.", "Shirley Fry Irvin Shirley June Fry Irvin (June 30, 1927) is a former world number-one-ranked American tennis player. She is one of 10 women (along with Maureen Connolly, Margaret Court, Steffi Graf, Doris Hart, Billie Jean King, Martina Navratilova, Chris Evert, Maria Sharapova, and Serena Williams) to have won each Grand Slam singles tournament at least once during her career.", "Elke Clijsters Elke Clijsters (born 18 January 1985 in Bilzen) is a former professional female tennis player from Belgium.The daughter of Belgian football player Lei Clijsters (1956–2009) and sister of former World No. 1 Kim Clijsters (born 1983). In 2002, Elke won the girls' Wimbledon Championships doubles title with Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová and the girls' U.S. Open doubles title with compatriot Kirsten Flipkens. Her highest was no. 389, a ranking she achieved on 15 September 2003.", "Corina Morariu Corina Morariu (born January 26, 1978) is a retired Romanian American professional tennis player.Morariu (pronounced: mo-RA-R'ju) was born in Detroit, Michigan, and turned professional in 1994. Mainly known as a doubles specialist, she won the women's doubles title at Wimbledon in 1999 with Lindsay Davenport. She also won the mixed doubles title at the 2001 Australian Open with Ellis Ferreira. She reached the Australian Open women's doubles final with Davenport in 2005.", "Michael Shabaz Michael Shabaz (born August 20, 1987) is an Assyrian- American tennis player who won the 2005 Wimbledon boys' doubles championship with Jesse Levine. He is an NCAA tennis player for the University of Virginia Cavaliers.", "Tory Fretz Tory-Ann Fretz (born August 8, 1942) is a former American amateur and professional tennis player who played in the 1950s and 1960s. She was ranked in the U.S. top ten from 1963 to 1966, and was No. 2 in the doubles rankings in 1965 and 1966.", "Walter Wesbrook Walter Kenneth Wesbrook (June 6, 1898, Detroit, Michigan – January 22, 1991, Los Angeles, California) was an American tennis player and coach.In 1923, he reached the doubles final at the U.S. Clay Court championship with John Hennessey before falling to brothers Howard and Robert Kinsey of San Francisco, 6–4, 13-11, 6–3.", "Rick Leach Rick Leach (born December 28, 1964) is a former professional tennis player and a coach from the United States. A doubles specialist, he won five Grand Slam men's doubles titles (three Australian Open, one Wimbledon, one US Open), and four Grand Slam mixed doubles titles (two Australian Open, one Wimbledon, one US Open). Leach reached the World No. 1 doubles ranking in 1990.Leach was a member of the US team which won the Davis Cup in 1990.", "Margaret Osborne duPont Margaret Osborne duPont (born Margaret Evelyn Osborne; March 4, 1918 – October 24, 2012) was a World No. 1 American female tennis player.DuPont won a total of 37 singles, women's doubles, and mixed doubles Grand Slam titles, which places her fourth on the all-time list despite never entering the Australian Championships. She won 25 of her Grand Slam titles at the U.S. Championships, which is an all-time record.", "Nick Saviano Nick Saviano (born June 5, 1956) is a former tennis player from the United States.Saviano won one singles title (1983, Nancy) during his career as a pro. The left-hander reached his highest individual ranking on the professional ATP Tour on July 12, 1978, when he became the number 48 in the world. October 7, 1979 he won together with John Lloyd tournament of Hawaii in the men's doubles.Saviano was an All-American playing tennis for the Stanford Cardinal and has resided in Sunrise, FL.", "Ernest Renshaw Ernest James Renshaw (3 January 1861 – 2 September 1899) was a former World No. 1 English tennis player.Together with his twin brother William Renshaw, Ernest won the men's doubles at Wimbledon five times. He also won the singles championship at Wimbledon once, in 1888 and was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1983. He won the singles title at the Irish Championships on four occasions (1883, 1887, 1888, 1892).", "Jim Grabb Jim Grabb (born April 14, 1964) is an American former professional tennis player. He was ranked the World No. 1 doubles player in 1989 and in 1993. Grabb's best singles ranking was World No. 24, a ranking he achieved in February 1990.", "Nathalie Dechy Nathalie Dechy (born on 21 February 1979) is a French former professional tour tennis player. Dechy is a three-time doubles Grand Slam champion, winning the 2006 US Open women's doubles title with Vera Zvonareva, the 2007 French Open mixed doubles title with Andy Ram, and the 2007 US Open women's doubles title with Dinara Safina.", "Wayne Black Wayne Hamilton Black (born 17 November 1973 in Salisbury, now Harare) is a former professional male tennis player from Zimbabwe.Black is the son of Donald and Velia Black and the brother of Cara Black and Byron Black, also professional tennis players. He attended the University of Southern California and was an All-American in singles and doubles (1993, 1994). Black retired from the doubles circuit at the end of 2005. He won two men's doubles Grand Slam titles (2001 U.S.", "Jonathan Stark (tennis) Jonathan Stark (born April 3, 1971) is a former professional tennis player from the United States. During his career he won two Grand Slam doubles titles (the 1994 French Open Men's Doubles and the 1995 Wimbledon Championships Mixed Doubles). Stark reached the World No. 1 doubles ranking in 1994.", "Lisa Raymond Lisa Raymond (born August 10, 1973) is an American retired professional tennis player who has achieved notable success in doubles tennis. Raymond has 11 Grand Slam titles to her name: 6 in women's doubles and 5 in mixed doubles. On June 12, 2000, she reached the world number one ranking in doubles.", "Williams sisters The Williams sisters are two professional American tennis players: Venus Williams (b. 1980), a seven-time Grand Slam title winner (singles), and Serena Williams (b. 1981), twenty-one-time Grand Slam title winner (singles), both of whom were coached from an early age by their parents Richard Williams and Oracene Price. There is a noted professional rivalry between them – between the 2001 US Open and the 2009 Wimbledon tournaments, they have met in eight Grand Slam singles finals.", "Judy Tegart Judy Tegart Dalton (born 12 December 1937) is a retired professional Australian tennis player who won nine Grand Slam doubles titles. She won at least one women's doubles title at each Grand Slam tournament, a \"Career Grand Slam\". Five of her doubles titles were in partnership with Margaret Court.", "Nicole Arendt Nicole J. Arendt (born August 26, 1969) is an American retired professional tennis player. Arendt won sixteen doubles titles in her career. The left-hander reached her highest singles ranking on the WTA Tour on June 16, 1997, when she was ranked forty-ninth in the world. Arendt reached her career-high doubles ranking of No. 3 in the world on August 25, 1997.Arendt was born in Somerville, New Jersey.", "Alex O'Brien Alex O'Brien (born March 7, 1970 in Amarillo, Texas) is a professional tennis player from the United States, who competed on the ATP Tour. He became the World No. 1 doubles player in May 2000 and was ranked as high as World No. 30 in singles in June 1997.He won his only singles title at New Haven, Connecticut in 1996 and reached the quarterfinals of the 1994 Cincinnati Masters and the 1996 Canada Masters.", "Gardnar Mulloy Gardnar Putnam \"Gar\" Mulloy (born November 22, 1913) is a former U.S. No. 1 tennis player primarily known for playing in doubles matches with partner Billy Talbert. He was born in Washington, D.C. and turned 100 in November 2013. During his career he won five Grand Slam doubles tournaments and was a member of the winning Davis Cup team on three occasions.", "Peter Fleming (tennis) Peter Blair Fleming (born January 21, 1955 in Chatham Borough, New Jersey) is a former professional tennis player from the United States. Fleming is best known for his successful doubles partnership with John McEnroe, with whom he won 52 titles, seven at Grand Slams (four at Wimbledon, three at the US Open). As a singles player, he peaked at World No. 8, winning three titles (including the 1979 Cincinnati Open).", "Robert Kinsey Robert Kinsey was an American male tennis player.In 1924 he won the U.S. National Championship men's doubles championship with his brother Howard Kinsey by defeating the Australian team of Gerald Patterson and Pat O'Hara in four sets.", "Kim Clijsters Kim Antonie Lode Clijsters (Dutch pronunciation: [kɪm ˈklɛistərs]; born 8 June 1983) is a Belgian former professional tennis player. Clijsters is a former world No. 1 in both singles and doubles.Clijsters won 41 WTA singles titles and 11 WTA doubles titles. She won four Grand Slam singles titles: three at the US Open, in 2005, 2009, and 2010 and one at the Australian Open in 2011.", "Pieter Aldrich Pieter \"\\Piet\") Aldrich (b. 7 September 1965, in Johannesburg, South Africa) is a former professional tennis player from South Africa. A doubles specialist, he won 2 Grand Slam men's doubles titles (1 Australian Open and 1 US Open). Aldrich reached the World No. 1 doubles ranking in 1990.", "Patrick McEnroe Patrick John McEnroe (born July 1, 1966) is a former professional tennis player and the former captain of the United States Davis Cup team.Born in Manhasset, New York, he is the younger brother of John McEnroe. He won one singles title and 16 doubles titles, including the 1989 French Open Men's Doubles. His career-high rankings were World No. 28 in singles and World No. 3 in doubles.", "Bob Lutz (tennis) Robert \"\\Bob\") Lutz (born August 29, 1947, in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, US) was a top amateur and professional tennis player of the 1960s and 1970s. He and his longtime partner Stan Smith were one of the best doubles teams of all time. Together they won many major titles all over the world. Bud Collins ranked Lutz as World No. 7 in 1972. Between 1967 and 1977 he was ranked among the top-10 American players 8 times, with his highest ranking being No.", "Jan-Michael Gambill Jan-Michael Charles Gambill (born June 3, 1977 in Spokane, Washington, United States) is a currently inactive American tennis player who made his professional debut in 1996. His career-high singles ranking is World No. 14, which he achieved on June 18, 2001. Best known for his unusual double-handed forehand, Gambill reached the quarterfinals of the 2000 Wimbledon Championships, the final of the 2001 Miami Masters, and won three singles titles.", "John Van Ryn John Van Ryn (June 30, 1905 – August 7, 1999) was an American tennis champion of the 1930s. He was primarily known as being a great doubles player with Wilmer Allison.Van Ryn won the Men’s Doubles at Wimbledon three straight years (1929–31). He took two of the titles with Wilmer Allison and won the third with George Lott. In 1931, he was also successful with Lott at the French Championships.", "Paul Haarhuis Paul Vincent Nicholas Haarhuis (born 19 February 1966) is a Dutch former professional tennis player. He is a former World No. 1 doubles player and reached a career-high singles ranking of World No. 18 in November 1995. He won six Grand Slam men's doubles titles, five with Jacco Eltingh and one with Yevgeny Kafelnikov.", "Liezel Huber Liezel Huber (née Horn; born 21 August 1976, Durban, South Africa) is a professional tennis player from the United States, having been a naturalized American citizen since July 2007. Huber has won four Grand Slam titles in women's doubles with partner Cara Black, one with Lisa Raymond, and two mixed doubles titles with Bob Bryan. On 12 November 2007, she became the co-World No. 1 in doubles with Cara Black. On 19 April 2010, Huber became the sole No. 1 for the first time in her career.", "The Woodies The Woodies was the nickname given to the professional tennis doubles pairing of Australians Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde, which was one of the most successful pairings in tennis history.The Woodies combined Woodforde's left-handed baseline play with Woodbridge's swift volleying reflexes at the net.", "List of US Open men's doubles champions The inaugural doubles tournament, in 1881, was reserved for United States National Lawn Tennis Association (USNLTA) club members and was won by Clarence Clark and Frederick Winslow Taylor. The following year, 1882, the championships opened to international competitors.", "Stan Smith Stanley Roger \"Stan\" Smith (born December 14, 1946 in Pasadena, California) is a former world No. 1 American tennis player and two-time Grand Slam singles champion who also, with his partner Bob Lutz, formed one of the most successful doubles teams of all time. Together, they won many major titles all over the world. In 1970, Smith won the first year end championship Masters Grand Prix title.", "Glenn Layendecker Glenn Layendecker (born May 9, 1961) is a former professional tennis player from the United States. His highest singles ranking was World No. 48 in 1990. His highest doubles ranking was World No. 32. Layendecker's career wins included Andre Agassi, Michael Chang, Yannick Noah, Aaron Krickstein, Anders Järryd, and Brad Gilbert in singles matches.", "Ken Flach Kenneth Eliot \"Ken\" Flach (born May 24, 1963) is a former professional tennis player from the United States. A doubles specialist, he won 4 Grand Slam men's doubles titles (2 Wimbledon and 2 US Open), and 2 Grand Slam mixed doubles titles (1 Wimbledon and 1 French Open). He also won the men's doubles Gold Medal at the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul, partnering Robert Seguso. Flach reached the World No.", "Robert Seguso Robert Arthur Seguso (born May 1, 1963) is a former professional tennis player from the United States. A doubles specialist, he won 4 Grand Slam men's doubles titles (2 Wimbledon, 1 French Open and 1 US Open). He also won the men's doubles Gold Medal at the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul, partnering Ken Flach. Seguso reached the World No. 1 doubles ranking in 1985.", "Richey Reneberg Richey Reneberg (born October 5, 1965) is an American former professional tennis player.He attended Southern Methodist University, where he was a three-time All-American and reached the 1986 National Collegiate Athletics Association finals.He was the Association of Tennis Professionals Newcomer of the Year when he turned professional in 1987.He and his partner Jim Grabb were ranked World No. 1 in doubles and won the 1992 US Open doubles title.", "George Lott George Martin Lott (October 16, 1906 – December 3, 1991) was an American tennis player and tennis coach who was born in Springfield, Illinois, United States. Lott is mostly remembered as being one of the greatest doubles players of all time. He won the U.S. title five times with three different partners: John Hennessey in 1928; John Doeg in 1929 and 1930; and Les Stoefen in 1933 and 1934." ]	2
Compilers that can compile both C and C++	[ "Dev-C++\nDev-C++ is a free full-featured integrated development environment (IDE) distributed under the GNU General Public License for programming in C and C++. It is written in Delphi.It is bundled with, and uses, the MinGW or TDM-GCC 64bit port of the GCC as its compiler.", "Embeddable Common Lisp\nEmbeddable Common Lisp (ECL) is a LGPL Common Lisp implementation aimed at producing a small-footprint Lisp system that can be embedded into existing C-based applications. It is able to create stand-alone ELF executables from Common Lisp code and runs on most platforms that support a C compiler.Because it compiles Common Lisp to C, it also features an FFI system, including support for inline C to be used or generated from Common Lisp.", "GNU Compiler Collection\nThe GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) is a compiler system produced by the GNU Project supporting various programming languages. GCC is a key component of the GNU toolchain. The Free Software Foundation (FSF) distributes GCC under the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL). GCC has played an important role in the growth of free software, as both a tool and an example.Originally named the GNU C Compiler, when it only handled the C programming language, GCC 1.0 was released in 1987.", "Xcode\nXcode is an integrated development environment (IDE) containing a suite of software development tools developed by Apple for developing software for OS X and iOS. First released in 2003, the latest stable release is version 7.0 and is available via the Mac App Store free of charge for OS X Yosemite users. Registered developers can download preview releases and previous versions of the suite through the Apple Developer website.", "KDevelop\nKDevelop is a free software integrated development environment (IDE) for the KDE Platform on Unix-like computer operating systems. KDevelop includes no compiler; instead, it uses an external compiler such as GCC or Clang to produce executable binaries.The current version, 4.7.1, was officially released on 6 February 2015, and will be the last version to use Qt 4 and KDElibs 4, as the next major release will rely on Qt 5 and KDE Frameworks 5.", "Digital Mars\nDigital Mars is a small American software company owned by Walter Bright that makes C and C++ compilers, and associated utilities such as an integrated development environment (IDE) for Windows and DOS, which Digital Mars terms an integrated development and debugging environment (IDDE). They also distribute the compilers for free on their web site.Over time, the names of these products have changed.", "Intel C++ Compiler\nIntel C++ Compiler, also known as icc or icl, is a group of C and C++ compilers from Intel available for Windows, OS X, Linux and Intel-based Android devices.", "Comparison of Object Pascal and C\nThe computer programming languages C and Object Pascal have similar times of origin, influences, and purposes. Both were used to design (and compile) their own compilers early in their lifetimes.Both C and Pascal are old programming languages: The original Pascal definition appeared in 1969 and a first compiler in 1970. The first version of C appeared in 1972.", "Turbo C++\nTurbo C++ was a C++ compiler and integrated development environment and computer language originally from Borland. Most recently it was distributed by Embarcadero Technologies, which acquired all of Borland's compiler tools with the purchase of its CodeGear division in 2008. The original Turbo C++ product line was put on hold after 1994 and was revived in 2006 as an introductory-level IDE, essentially a stripped-down version of their flagship C++Builder.", "DJGPP\nDJGPP (DJ's GNU Programming Platform) is a development suite for 386-based IBM PC compatibles which supports DOS-compatible operating systems. It is guided by DJ Delorie, who began the project in 1989. It is a port of the popular GCC compiler, as well as mostly GNU utilities such as Bash, find, tar, ls, Gawk, sed, and ld to DPMI. Languages available include C, C++, Objective-C/C++, Ada, Fortran, and Pascal.", "IBM VisualAge\nVisualAge was the name of a family of computer integrated development environments from IBM, which included support for multiple programming languages. VisualAge was first released in the 1980s and was still available in 2011. VisualAge was also marketed as “VisualAge Smalltalk”. IBM has stated that XL C/C++ is the 'follow-on' product to VisualAge.", "THINK C\nTHINK C was an extension of ANSI C for Mac OS developed by THINK Technologies; although named Lightspeed C in the original mid-1986 release, it was later renamed THINK C. THINK Technologies was later acquired by Symantec Corporation and the product continued to be developed by the original author, Michael Kahl.", "IBM XL C++\nXL C/C++ is the name of the proprietary optimizing C/C++ compiler developed for IBM-supported environments. The XL compilers are built from modularized components consisting of front ends (for different programming languages), a platform agnostic high level optimizer, and platform-specific low-level optimizers/code generators to target specific hardware and operating systems.", "Shed Skin\nShed Skin is a Python to C++ programming language compiler. It is experimental, and can translate pure, but implicitly statically typed Python programs into optimized C++. It can generate stand-alone programs or extension modules that can be imported and used in larger Python programs.Shed Skin is an open source project with contributions from many people, however the main author is Mark Dufour. Work has been going into Shed Skin since 2005.", "PnetC\npnetC is the Portable.NET C library. The goal of the project is to create an ANSI-compatible C library (based on GNU C Library - glibc), that can be compiled to IL using Portable.NET's \"cscc\" compiler. The C compiler can be used to develop standard C applications and/or applications using the .NET API.The C compiler and library has been included with Portable.NET since version 0.4.4 and over time has matured enough to become a viable alternative to C# for writing Microsoft .NET applications.", "LibertyEiffel\nLiberty Eiffel is a free Eiffel compiler. The compiler translates Eiffel code to C. Hence it can be used to write programs that run on virtually any platform for which an ANSI C compiler exists. Liberty Eiffel uses type inference to make it possible to implement a more efficient compiler.Liberty Eiffel is based on the codebase of SmartEiffel, as the SmartEiffel team seems to have lost interest in the compiler and no more releases are expected.", "Comeau C/C++\nComeau C/C++ is a compiler for C and C++ produced by Comeau Computing.", "Microsoft Visual Studio Express\nMicrosoft Visual Studio Express is a set of integrated development environments (IDEs) developed by Microsoft as a freeware function-limited version of the non-free Microsoft Visual Studio. Express editions started with Visual Studio 2005.Visual Studio Express was supplemented by the Visual Studio Community edition, again free of charge. The community edition allows the installation of plugins, a feature that was previously exclusive to the paid editions (Professional and higher).", "Cfront\nCfront was the original compiler for C++ (then known as \"C with Classes\") from around 1983, which converted C++ to C; developed by Bjarne Stroustrup. The preprocessor did not understand all of the language and much of the code was written via translations. Cfront had a complete parser, built symbol tables, and built a tree for each class, function, etc.", "Visual Component Framework\nThe Visual Component Framework (VCF) is an open source project for development under Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh that is distributed under the BSD license. It is an advanced C++ application framework that makes it easier to produce GUI-based C++ applications. The framework is based on a thoroughly modern C++ design and has built in support for rapid application development.", "The Portland Group\nThe Portland Group, Inc. or PGI was a company that produced a set of commercially available Fortran, C and C++ compilers for high-performance computing systems. On July 29, 2013, NVIDIA Corporation acquired The Portland Group, Inc. The Portland Group (or PGI) name is now known as a brand of software development tools produced by NVIDIA Corporation.", "NVIDIA CUDA Compiler\nNvidia CUDA Compiler (NVCC) is a proprietary compiler by Nvidia intended for use with CUDA. CUDA codes runs on both the CPU and GPU. NVCC separates these two parts and sends host code (the part of code which will be run on the CPU) to a C compiler like GCC or Intel C++ Compiler (ICC) or Microsoft Visual C Compiler, and sends the device code (the part which will run on the GPU) to the GPU.", "Source-to-source compiler\nA source-to-source compiler, transcompiler or transpiler is a type of compiler that takes the source code of a program written in one programming language as its input and produces the equivalent source code in another programming language. A source-to-source compiler translates between programming languages that operate at approximately the same level of abstraction, while a traditional compiler translates from a higher level programming language to a lower level programming language.", "Portable C Compiler\nThe Portable C Compiler (also known as pcc or sometimes pccm - portable C compiler machine) is an early compiler for the C programming language written by Stephen C. Johnson of Bell Labs in the mid-1970s, based in part on ideas proposed by Alan Snyder in 1973,and \"distributed as the C compiler by Bell Labs... with the blessing of Dennis Ritchie.\"One of the first compilers that could easily be adapted to output code for different computer architectures, the compiler had a long life span.", "Cc65\ncc65 is a complete cross development package for 65(C)02 systems, including a powerful macro assembler, a C compiler, linker, librarian and several other tools.It is based on a C compiler that was originally adapted for the Atari 8-bit computers by John R. Dunning. The original C compiler is a Small C descendant but has several extensions, and some of the limits of the original Small C compiler are gone.The toolkit has largely been expanded by Ullrich von Bassewitz and other contributors.", "Compiler\nA compiler is a computer program (or a set of programs) that transforms source code written in a programming language (the source language) into another computer language (the target language), with the latter often having a binary form known as object code.", "Norcroft C compiler\nThe Norcroft C compiler (also referred to as the Norcroft compiler suite) in computing is a portable set of C/C++ programming tools written by Codemist, available for a wide range of processor architectures.Codemist was established and run by a group of academics from the University of Cambridge and University of Bath. The name Norcroft is derived from the authors' surnames, Norman and Mycroft.", "TenDRA Compiler\nThe TenDRA Compiler is a C/C++ compiler for POSIX-compatible operating systems available under the terms of the BSD license.It was originally developed by the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (DERA) in the United Kingdom.In the beginning of 2002 TenDRA was actively developed again by Jeroen Ruigrok van der Werven and offered as a BSD-licensed open source project through the website tendra.org.", "Ccache\nccache is a software development tool that caches the output of C/C++ compilation so that the next time, the same compilation can be avoided and the results can be taken from the cache. This can greatly speed up recompiling time. The detection is done by hashing different kinds of information that should be unique for the compilation and then using the hash sum to identify the cached output. Ccache is licensed under the GNU General Public License.", "Watcom C/C++ compiler\nThe Watcom C/C++ compiler is an open-source compiler for the computer programming languages C, C++, Fortran that produces executable programs for several platforms and operating systems.", "Vala (programming language)\nVala is an object-oriented programming language with a self-hosting compiler that generates C code and uses the GObject system (that \"can be seen as an alternative to C-derived languages such as C++ and Objective-C\").Vala is syntactically similar to C# and includes several features such as: anonymous functions, signals, properties, generics, assisted memory management, exception handling, type inference, and foreach statements.", "Distcc\nIn software development, distcc is a tool for speeding up compilation of source code by using distributed computing over a computer network. With the right configuration, distcc can dramatically reduce a project's compilation time.It is designed to work with the C programming language (and its derivatives like C++ and Objective-C) and to use GCC as its backend, though it provides varying degrees of compatibility with the Intel C++ Compiler and Sun Microsystems' Sun Studio Compiler Suite.", "Borland C++\nBorland C++ is a C and C++ programming environment (that is, an integrated development environment) for MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows. It was the successor to Turbo C++, and included a better debugger, the Turbo Debugger, which was written in protected mode DOS.", "ConTEXT\nConTEXT is a text editor for Microsoft Windows.It has built-in syntax highlighters for C, C++, Pascal, Delphi, FORTRAN, 80x86 assembler, Java, JavaScript, Visual Basic, Perl, CGI, HTML, SQL, Python, PHP, Tcl, Tk and its own syntax highlighter definition language. Other features are code templates and the ability to work with several document windows using the Multiple Document Interface.", "C++\nC++ (pronounced as cee plus plus, /ˈsiː plʌs plʌs/) is a general-purpose programming language. It has imperative, object-oriented and generic programming features, while also providing facilities for low-level memory manipulation.It was designed with a bias toward system programming and embedded, resource-constrained and large systems, with performance, efficiency and flexibility of use as its design highlights.", "Microsoft Visual Studio\nMicrosoft Visual Studio is an integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft. It is used to develop computer programs for Microsoft Windows, as well as web sites, web applications and web services. Visual Studio uses Microsoft software development platforms such as Windows API, Windows Forms, Windows Presentation Foundation, Windows Store and Microsoft Silverlight.", "Self-hosting\nThe term self-hosting was coined to refer to the use of a computer program as part of the toolchain or operating system that produces new versions of that same program—for example, a compiler that can compile its own source code. Self-hosting software is commonplace on personal computers and larger systems.", "LLVM\nThe LLVM compiler infrastructure project (formerly Low Level Virtual Machine) is a compiler infrastructure designed to be a set of reusable libraries with well-defined interfaces.LLVM is written in C++ and is designed for compile-time, link-time, run-time, and \"idle-time\" optimization of programs written in arbitrary programming languages.", "BCX\nBCX is a free software programming development application originally created in 1999 by Kevin Diggins. BCX converts BASIC source code to C/C++ source code which can then be compiled using any one of a number of available Microsoft Win32 C/C++ compilers. For many years, most implementations of BASIC shared a nagging drawback - the programs that users created performed slower than similar programs that were created using C/C++.", "Clang\nClang /ˈklæŋ/ is a compiler front end for the C, C++, Objective-C and Objective-C++ programming languages. It uses LLVM as its back end and has been part of the LLVM release cycle since LLVM 2.6.It is designed to offer a complete replacement to the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC). It is open-source, developed by Apple; other companies such as Google, ARM, Sony and Intel are involved.", "Macintosh Programmer's Workshop\nMacintosh Programmer's Workshop or MPW, is a software development environment for the Classic Mac OS computer operating system, written by Apple Computer. For Macintosh developers, it was one of the primary tools for building applications for System 7.x and Mac OS 8.x and 9.x. Initially MPW was available for purchase, but Apple made it a free download after it was superseded by CodeWarrior. On Mac OS X it was replaced by the Project Builder IDE, which eventually became Xcode.", "Tiny C Compiler\nThe Tiny C Compiler (aka TCC, tCc, or TinyCC) is an x86 and ARM processor C compiler created by Fabrice Bellard. It is designed to work for slow computers with little disk space (e.g. on rescue disks). Windows operating system support was added in version 0.9.23 (17 Jun 2005). TCC is distributed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL).TCC claims to implement all of ANSI C (C89/C90), much of the C99 ISO standard, and many GNU C extensions including inline assembly.", "CrossBridge\nCrossBridge is an open-source toolset developed by Adobe Systems, that cross-compiles C and C++ code to run in Adobe Flash Player or Adobe AIR. Projects compiled with CrossBridge run up to 10 times faster than ActionScript 3 projects. CrossBridge was also known as \"Alchemy\" and the \"Flash Runtime C++ Compiler\", or \"FlasCC\".CrossBridge uses high-performance memory-access opcodes in the Flash Player (known as \"Domain Memory\") to work with in-memory data quickly.", "Bootstrapping (compilers)\nIn computer science, bootstrapping is the process of writing a compiler (or assembler) in the source programming language which it is intended to compile. Applying this technique leads to a self-hosting compiler.Many compilers for many programming languages are bootstrapped, including compilers for BASIC, ALGOL, C, Pascal, PL/I, Factor, Haskell, Modula-2, Oberon, OCaml, Common Lisp, Scheme, Go, Java, Python, Scala, Nim, Eiffel, and more.", "Code::Blocks\nCode::Blocks is a free, open source cross-platform IDE that supports multiple compilers including GCC, Clang and Visual C++. It is developed in C++ using wxWidgets as the GUI toolkit. Using a plugin architecture, its capabilities and features are defined by the provided plugins.Currently, Code::Blocks is oriented towards C, C++, and Fortran.", "ROSE (compiler framework)\nThe ROSE compiler framework, developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), is an open source compiler infrastructure to generate source-to-source analyzers and translators for multiple source languages including C, C++, and Fortran. It also supports OpenMP, UPC and certain binary files, while also supporting auto-parallelizing compilers by generating source code annotated with OpenMP directives.", "Visual C++\nMicrosoft Visual C++ (often abbreviated as MSVC or VC++) is a commercial (free version available), integrated development environment (IDE) product from Microsoft for the C, C++, and C++/CLI programming languages. It features tools for developing and debugging C++ code, especially code written for the Microsoft Windows API, the DirectX API, and the Microsoft .NET Framework.Many applications require redistributable Visual C++ packages to function correctly.", "CodeWarrior\nCodeWarrior is an integrated development environment (IDE) published by Freescale Semiconductor for editing, compiling, and debugging software for several microcontrollers and microprocessors (Freescale ColdFire, ColdFire+, Kinetis, Qorivva, PX, Freescale RS08, Freescale S08, and S12Z) and digital signal controllers (DSC MC56F80X and MC5680XX) used in embedded systems.Languages supported are C, C++, and assembly language.Freescale's CodeWarrior for Microcontrollers version 10.5 (September 16, 2013) incorporates the Eclipse IDE version 4.21 (Juno) and Eclipse CDT (C/C++ Development Tooling) version 8.1.1.", "ConceptGCC\nConceptGCC is a fork of the GNU C++ compiler that implements a preliminary version of the type concepts feature, originally planned for the last ISO standard for the C++ programming language C++11, at that time known as C++0x. Concepts were removed from C++11 in July 2009.", "Open64\nOpen64 is a discontinued, free, open source, optimizing compiler for the Itanium and x86-64 microprocessor architectures. It derives from the SGI compilers for the MIPS R10000 processor, called MIPSPro. It was initially released in 2000 as GNU GPL software under the name Pro64. The following year, University of Delaware adopted the project and renamed the compiler to Open64. It now mostly serves as a research platform for compiler and computer architecture research groups.", "SmartEiffel\nSmartEiffel is a free Eiffel compiler. The compiler translates Eiffel code either to C or Java bytecode.", "Linkage (software)\nIn programming languages, particularly C++, linkage describes how names can or can not refer to the same entity throughout the whole program or one single translation unit.The static keyword is used in C to restrict the visibility of a function or variable to its translation unit. This is also valid in C++.", "Borland Turbo C\nTurbo C is an Integrated Development Environment and compiler for the C programming language from Borland. First introduced in 1987, it was noted for its integrated development environment, small size, fast compile speed, comprehensive manuals and low price.In May 1990, Borland replaced Turbo C with Turbo C++. In 2006, Borland reintroduced the Turbo moniker." ]	[ "Libsigc++ Libsigc++ is a C++ library for typesafe callbacks.'libsigc++' implements a callback system for use in abstract interfaces and general programming. Libsigc++ is one of the earliest implementations of the signals and slots concept implemented using C++ template metaprogramming. It was created as an alternative to the use of a meta compiler such as found in the signals and slots implementation in Qt.", "CppUnit CppUnit is a unit testing framework module for the C++ programming language. It allows unit-testing of C sources as well as C++ with minimal source modification. It was started around 2000 by Michael Feathers as a C++ port of JUnit for Windows and ported to Unix by Jerome Lacoste. The library is released under the GNU Lesser General Public License.The framework runs tests in suites.", "HBasic HBasic is an integrated development environment used to create, execute and debug programs with a Basic language. HBasic has object oriented features either in combination with precompiled C++ components (shared libraries) or class definitions (HBasic sourcecode). This also includes a version of inheritance.Hbasic is a mature Basic implementation for the Linux operating system.", "CPL (programming language) CPL (from Combined Programming Language and Cambridge Programming Language before that) is a multi-paradigm programming language, that was developed in the early 1960s.", "Stalin (Scheme implementation) Stalin (STAtic Language ImplementatioN) is an aggressive optimizing batch whole-program Scheme compiler written by Jeffrey Mark Siskind. It uses advanced flow analysis and type inference and a variety of other optimization techniques to produce code. Stalin is intended for production use in generating an optimized executable.The compiler itself runs slowly, and there is little or no support for debugging or other niceties.", "Jikes Jikes is an open source Java compiler written in C++. It is no longer being updated.The original version was developed by David L. \"Dave\" Shields and Philippe Charles at IBM but was quickly transformed into an open source project contributed to by an active community of developers. Initially hosted by IBM, the project was later transferred to SourceForge.", "GNU Compiler for Java The GNU Compiler for Java (GCJ) is a free compiler for the Java programming language and a part of the GNU Compiler Collection.GCJ can compile Java source code to Java Virtual Machine bytecode or to machine code for a number of CPU architectures. It can also compile class files and whole JARs that contain bytecode.", "C* C* is an object-oriented, data-parallel superset of ANSI C with synchronous semantics.It was developed in 1987 as an alternative language to Lisp and CM-Fortran for the Connection Machine CM-2 and above.", "FpgaC FpgaC is a compiler for a subset of the C programming language, which produces digital circuits that will execute the compiled programs. The circuits may use FPGAs or CPLDs as the target processor for reconfigurable computing, or even ASICs for dedicated applications. FpgaC's goal is to be an efficient High Level Language (HLL) for reconfigurable computing, rather than a Hardware Description Language (HDL) for building efficient custom hardware circuits.", "PowerBASIC PowerBASIC is the brand of several commercial compilers by PowerBASIC Inc. that compile a dialect of the BASIC programming language. There are both DOS and Windows versions, and two kinds of the latter: Console and Windows. The DOS version has a syntax similar to that of QBasic and QuickBASIC. The Windows versions use a BASIC syntax expanded to include many Windows functions, and the statements can be combined with calls to the Windows API.", "ANTLR In computer-based language recognition, ANTLR (pronounced Antler), or Another Tool For Language Recognition, is a parser generator that uses LL() parsing. ANTLR is the successor to the Purdue Compiler Construction Tool Set (PCCTS), first developed in 1989, and is under active development. Its maintainer is Professor Terence Parr of the University of San Francisco.ANTLR takes as input a grammar that specifies a language and generates as output source code for a recognizer for that language.", "Precompiled header In computer programming, a precompiled header is a (C or C++) header file that is compiled into an intermediate form that is faster to process for the compiler. Usage of precompiled headers may significantly reduce compilation time, especially when applied to large header files, header files that include many other header files, or header files that are included in many translation units.", "GNU Fortran GNU Fortran or GFortran is the name of the GNU Fortran compiler, which is part of the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC). GFortran has replaced the g77 compiler, on which development stopped before GCC version 4.0. It includes full support for the Fortran 95 language and is compatible with most language extensions supported by g77, allowing it to serve as a drop-in replacement in many cases.", "ANSI C ANSI C, ISO C and Standard C refer to the successive standards for the C programming language published by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Standards Organization (ISO). Historically, the names referred specifically to the original and best-supported version of the standard (known as C89 or C90). Software developers writing in C are encouraged to conform to the standards, as doing so aids portability between compilers.", "Z88DK Z88DK is a Small-C-derived cross compiler for a long list of Z80 based computers. The name derives from the fact that it was originally developed to target the Cambridge Z88.", "Kylix (software) Borland Kylix is a compiler and integrated development environment (IDE) formerly sold by Borland, but later discontinued. It is a Linux version of the Borland Delphi software development environment and C++Builder, which runs under Microsoft Windows. Continuing Delphi's classical Greek theme, Kylix is the name for an ancient Greek drinking cup. The closest supported equivalent to Kylix is the free Lazarus IDE package, designed to be code-compatible with Delphi.", "JavaCC JavaCC (Java Compiler Compiler) is an open source parser generator and lexical analyzer generator written in the Java programming language. JavaCC is similar to yacc in that it generates a parser from a formal grammar written in EBNF notation. Unlike yacc, however, JavaCC generates top-down parsers.", "Not Quite C Not Quite C (NQC) is a programming language, application programming interface (API), and native bytecode compiler toolkit for the Lego Mindstorms, Cybermaster and LEGO Spybotics systems. It is based primarily on the C language but has specific limitations, such as the maximum number of subroutines and variables allowed, which differ depending on the version of firmware the RCX has. The language was invented by David Baum. He has released two books on the subject.", "Bartok (compiler) Bartok is an optimizing compiler and managed runtime system for Common Intermediate Language (which .NET languages compile to), being developed by Microsoft Research. It aims to be efficient enough to be usable for writing operating systems. It provides services such as automatic memory management and garbage collection, threading, and marshalling data to and from native code, as well as verification of CIL code. Bartok is written in C#, including the garbage collector.", "Cecil (programming language) Cecilia is a pure object-oriented programming language that was developed by Craig Chambers at the University of Washington in 1992 to be part of the Vortex project there. Cecil has many similarities to other object-oriented languages, most notably Objective-C, Modula-3, and Self. The main goals of the project were extensibility, orthogonality, efficiency, and ease-of-use.The language supports multiple dispatch and multimethods, dynamic inheritance, and optional static type checking.", "C99 C99 (previously known as C9X) is an informal name for ISO/IEC 9899:1999, a past version of the C programming language standard. It extends the previous version (C90) with new features for the language and the standard library, and helps implementations make better use of available computer hardware, such as the IEEE 754-1985 arithmetic, and compiler technology.The C11 version of the C programming language standard, published in 2011, replaces C99.", "ChucK ChucK is a concurrent, strongly timed audio programming language for real-time synthesis, composition, and performance, which runs on Linux, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, and iOS. It is designed to favor readability and flexibility for the programmer over other considerations such as raw performance. It natively supports deterministic concurrency and multiple, simultaneous, dynamic control rates.", "ORDVAC The ORDVAC or Ordnance Discrete Variable Automatic Computer, an early computer built by the University of Illinois for the Ballistics Research Laboratory at Aberdeen Proving Ground, was based on the IAS architecture developed by John von Neumann, which came to be known as the von Neumann architecture. The ORDVAC was the first computer to have a compiler. ORDVAC passed its acceptance tests on March 10, 1952 at Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland.", "GNAT Programming Studio GNAT Programming Studio (GPS, formerly known as the GNAT Programming System) is a free multi-language integrated development environment (IDE) by AdaCore. GPS uses compilers from the GNU Compiler Collection, taking its name from GNAT, the GNU compiler for the Ada programming language.GPS is cross-platform, running on Linux, FreeBSD, Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and Solaris. GPS uses GTK+ as the widget toolkit for its graphical user interface.", "International Components for Unicode International Components for Unicode (ICU) is an open source project of mature C/C++ and Java libraries for Unicode support, software internationalization, and software globalization. ICU is widely portable to many operating systems and environments. It gives applications the same results on all platforms and between C, C++, and Java software.", "Free Pascal Free Pascal Compiler (FPC for short, and formerly known as FPK Pascal) is a free Pascal and Object Pascal compiler.In addition to its own Object Pascal dialect, Free Pascal supports, to varying degrees, the dialects of several other compilers, including those of Turbo Pascal, Delphi, and some historical Macintosh compilers.", "GNU C Library The GNU C Library, commonly known as glibc, is the GNU Project's implementation of the C standard library. Despite its name, it now also directly supports C++ (and indirectly other programming languages). Originally written by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) for the GNU operating system, the library's development had been overseen by a committee since 2001, with Ulrich Drepper as the lead contributor and maintainer.", "C Traps and Pitfalls C Traps and Pitfalls is a slim computer programming book by former AT&T Corporation researcher and programmer Andrew Koenig, its first edition still in print in 2005, which outlines the many ways in which beginners and even sometimes quite experienced C programmers can write poor, malfunctioning and dangerous source code.It evolved from an earlier technical report, by the same name, published internally at Bell Labs.", "Dataparallel-C Dataparallel-C: C with parallel extensions by Hatcher and Quinn of the University of New Hampshire. Dataparallel-C was based on an early version of C* and runs on the Intel iPSC/2 and nCUBE.", "SWIG SWIG (Simplified Wrapper and Interface Generator) is an open source software tool used to connect computer programs or libraries written in C or C++ with scripting languages such as Lua, Perl, PHP, Python, R, Ruby, Tcl, and other languages like C#, Java, JavaScript, Go, Modula-3, OCaml, Octave, Scilab and Scheme. Output can also be in the form of XML or Lisp S-expressions.", "Glasgow Haskell Compiler The Glorious Glasgow Haskell Compilation System, more commonly known as the Glasgow Haskell Compiler or simply GHC, is an open source native code compiler for the functional programming language Haskell. It provides a cross-platform environment for the writing and testing of Haskell code and it supports numerous extensions, libraries, and optimizations that streamline the process of generating and executing code. The lead developers are Simon Peyton Jones and Simon Marlow.", "Compiler-compiler In computer science, a compiler-compiler or compiler generator is a programming tool that creates a parser, interpreter, or compiler from some form of formal description of a language and machine.", "FLACC FLACC is an implementation of the ALGOL 68 programming language. Chris Thomson and Colin Broughton founded Chion Corporation which developed and marketed FLACC (Full Language Algol 68 Checkout Compiler). This compiler and run-time system conformed exactly to the Revised Report, ran on IBM 370 and compatible mainframes, and included debugging features derived from WATFIV. It was released in 1977.Chris was a student of Barry J. Mailloux.", "Pragma once In the C and C++ programming languages, #pragma once is a non-standard but widely supported preprocessor directive designed to cause the current source file to be included only once in a single compilation. Thus, #pragma once serves the same purpose as #include guards, but with several advantages, including: less code, avoidance of name clashes, and sometimes improvement in compilation speed.", "Prospero Pascal Prospero Pascal is an ISO 10206-compatible Pascal compiler, produced by Prospero Software of England. The current compiler is for Extended Pascal under Windows. It is the only compiler in existence that fully implements the ISO 10206 standard for Extended Pascal. This is the ISO extension of standard Pascal, which was standardized as ISO 7185.", "Cg (programming language) Cg (short for C for Graphics) is a high-level shading language developed by Nvidia in close collaboration with Microsoft for programming vertex and pixel shaders. Cg is based on the C programming language and although they share the same syntax, some features of C were modified and new data types were added to make Cg more suitable for programming graphics processing units. This language is only suitable for GPU programming and is not a general programming language.", "C/C++ Users Journal C/C++ Users Journal was a computer magazine published by CMP Media LLC in the United States. The magazine concentrated on the C++ programming language and was one of the last printed magazines to cover the topic.The magazine started as a 16-page quarterly newsletter named BDS C Users' Group, and its target was users of Leor Zolman's BDS C compiler. Robert Ward was the volunteer coordinator of the C Users Group, which had some 150 members.", "Split-C Split-C is a parallel extension of the C programming language. The Split-C project website describes Split-C as:a parallel extension of the C programming language that supports efficient access to a global address space on current distributed memory multiprocessors. It retains the \"small language\" character of C and supports careful engineering and optimization of programs by providing a simple, predictable cost model.Development of Split-C appears to be at a standstill since 1996.", "CINT CINT is a command line C/C++ interpreter that is included in the object oriented data analysis package ROOT. Although intended for use with the other faculties of ROOT, CINT can also be used as a standalone addition to another program that requires such an interpreter.CINT is an interpreted version of C/C++, much in the way BeanShell is an interpreted version of Java. In addition to being a language interpreter, it offers certain bash-like shell features such as history and tab-completion.", "SableCC SableCC is an open source compiler generator (or interpreter generator) in Java. Stable version is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL). Rewritten version 4 is licensed under Apache License 2.0.SableCC includes the following features:Deterministic finite automaton (DFA)-based lexers with full Unicode support and lexical states.Extended Backus-Naur Form grammar syntax.", "RunRev LiveCode Ltd. makes the LiveCode cross-platform development environment (formerly the Revolution programming language) for creating applications that run on iOS, Microsoft Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Android and Solaris.", "Pascal/MT+ Pascal/MT+ was an ISO 7185 compatible Pascal compiler written in 1980 by Michael Lehman, founder of MT MicroSYSTEMS of Solana Beach, California. The company was acquired by Digital Research in 1981 which subsequently distributed versions that ran on the 8080/Z80 processor under the CP/M operating system.", "CMake CMake is cross-platform free and open-source software for managing the build process of software using a compiler-independent method. It is designed to support directory hierarchies and applications that depend on multiple libraries. It is used in conjunction with native build environments such as make, Apple's Xcode, and Microsoft Visual Studio. It has minimal dependencies, requiring only a C++ compiler on its own build system.", "The C Programming Language The C Programming Language (sometimes referred to as K&R, after its authors' initials) is a well-known computer programming book written by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie, the latter of whom originally designed and implemented the language, as well as co-designed the Unix operating system with which development of the language was closely intertwined. The book was central to the development and popularization of the C programming language and is still widely read and used today.", "MinGW MinGW (Minimalist GNU for Windows), formerly mingw32, is a free and open source software development environment for creating Microsoft Windows applications.It includes a port of the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), GNU Binutils for Windows (assembler, linker, archive manager), a set of freely distributable Windows specific header files and static import libraries which enable the use of the Windows API, a Windows native build of the GNU Project's GNU Debugger, and miscellaneous utilities.MinGW does not rely on third-party C runtime dynamic-link library (DLL) files, and because the runtime libraries are not distributed using the GNU General Public License (GPL), it is not necessary to distribute the source code with the programs produced, unless a GPL library is used elsewhere in the program.MinGW can be run either on the native Microsoft Windows platform, cross-hosted on GNU/Linux, or \"cross-native\" on Cygwin.An alternative called MinGW-w64 was created by a different author to include several new APIs and provide 64-bit support and is described later in this article.", "Whitesmiths Whitesmiths Ltd. was a software company founded in New York City by P.J. Plauger, Mark Krieger and Gabriel Pham, and last located in Westford, Massachusetts. It sold a Unix-like operating system called Idris, as well as the first commercial C compiler, Whitesmiths C.The Whitesmiths compiler, first written for the PDP-11, was released in 1978 and compiled a version of C similar to that accepted by Version 6 Unix (Dennis Ritchie's original C compiler).", "GNU Common Lisp GNU Common Lisp (GCL) is the GNU Project's Common Lisp compiler, an evolutionary development of Kyoto Common Lisp. It produces native object code by first generating C code and then calling a C compiler.Although it does not yet fully comply with the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Common Lisp specification, GCL is the implementation of choice for several large projects including the mathematical tools Maxima, AXIOM, HOL88, and ACL2.", "The C++ Programming Language The C++ Programming Language was the first book to describe the C++ programming language, written by the language’s creator, Bjarne Stroustrup, and first published in October 1985. In the absence of an official standard, the book served for several years as the de facto documentation for the evolving C++ language until the release of the ISO/IEC 14882:1998: Programming Language C++ standard on 1 September 1998.", "NELIAC The Navy Electronics Laboratory International ALGOL Compiler or NELIAC is a dialect and compiler implementation of the ALGOL 58 programming language developed by the Naval Electronics Laboratory in 1958.It was designed for numeric and logical computations and was the first language to provide a bootstrap implementation.", "GNU Pascal GNU Pascal (GPC) is a Pascal compiler composed of a frontend to GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), similar to the way Fortran and other languages were added to GCC. GNU Pascal is ISO 7185 compatible, and it implements \"most\" of the ISO 10206 Extended Pascal standard.The major advantage of piggybacking GNU Pascal on the GCC compiler is that it is instantly portable to any platform the GCC compiler supports.", "Principles of Compiler Design Principles of Compiler Design, by Alfred Aho and Jeffrey Ullman, is a classic textbook on compilers for computer programming languages.It is often called the \"dragon book\" and its cover depicts a knight and a dragon in battle; the dragon is green, and labelled \"Complexity of Compiler Construction\", while the knight wields a lance labeled \"LALR parser generator\".", "ΜC++ μC++, also called uC++, is a programming language, an extension of C++ designed for concurrent programming. Among other features, it adds coroutines, tasks, and monitors, and extends existing language constructs to integrate with them.", "Coco/R Coco/R is a compiler generator that takes an L-attributed Extended Backus–Naur Form (EBNF) grammar of a source language and generates a scanner and a parser for that language.The scanner works as a deterministic finite automaton. It supports Unicode characters in UTF-8 encoding and can be made case-sensitive or case-insensitive. It can also recognize tokens based on their right-hand-side context.", "Clig clig (Command Line Interpreter Generator) is a NIX command line utility which uses a simple description file to create C code to interpret the typical NIX command line as well as an up-to-date usage message and a manual page skeleton. It supports Flag, String, Int, Long, Float and Double types, with ranges, defaults, and more. The generated C-Code is ANSI but has been reported to work with C++. It is self-contained code which does not depend on any library other than libc.", "Charm++ Charm++ is a parallel object-oriented programming language based on C++ and developed in the Parallel Programming Laboratory at the University of Illinois. Charm++ is designed with the goal of enhancing programmer productivity by providing a high-level abstraction of a parallel program while at the same time delivering good performance on a wide variety of underlying hardware platforms. Programs written in Charm++ are decomposed into a number of cooperating message-driven objects called chares.", "Comparison of Pascal and C The computer programming languages C and Pascal have similar times of origin, influences, and purposes. Both were used to design (and compile) their own compilers early in their lifetimes. The original Pascal definition appeared in 1969 and a first compiler in 1970. The first version of C appeared in 1972.Both are descendants of the ALGOL language series.", "Megamax C Megamax C was a K&R implementation of C for the Atari ST, Apple IIGS (APW C) and Macintosh computers. The package included a one-pass compiler, resource construction kit and documentation. It allowed 68000 assembly language to be mixed with the C code.It was one of the faster development tools for the Atari ST, due to compiling directly to object code instead of assembly.Megamax C was written by Michael Bunnell with Eric Parker providing the linker and most of the standard library.", "LCC (compiler) LCC \"\\Local C Compiler\" or \"Little C Compiler\") is a small, retargetable compiler for the ANSI C programming language. Although its source code is available at no charge for personal use, it is not open source or free software according to the usual definitions because products derived from LCC may not be sold. It was developed by Chris Fraser and David Hanson.", "Embedded C++ Embedded C++ (EC++) is a dialect of the C++ programming language for embedded systems. It was defined by an industry group led by major Japanese central processing unit (CPU) manufacturers, including NEC, Hitachi, Fujitsu, and Toshiba, to address the shortcomings of C++ for embedded applications. The goal of the effort is to preserve the most useful object-oriented features of the C++ language yet minimize code size while maximizing execution efficiency and making compiler construction simpler.", "HiC HiC /ˌhaɪˈsiː/ is a C++ integrated development environment designed for use in introductory computer science (CS1) courses. HiC supports a subset of C++. Pointers, operator overloading, bitwise operations, and other features of C++, are not included in the subset of C++ that is HiC. The result is that error messages can be more specific, providing more help to novice programmers. HiC is not a compiler, it does not create stand-alone executable programs.", "C-- C-- (pronounced \"see minus minus\") is a C-like programming language. Its creators, functional programming researchers Simon Peyton Jones and Norman Ramsey, designed it to be generated mainly by compilers for very high-level languages rather than written by human programmers. Unlike many other intermediate languages, its representation is plain ASCII text, not bytecode or another binary format.", "Lattice C The Lattice C Compiler was released in June 1982 by Lifeboat Associates and was the first C compiler for the IBM Personal Computer. The compiler sold for $500 and would run on PC DOS or MS-DOS. The hardware requirements were 96KB of RAM and two floppy drives.", "CPPSERV CPPSERV is C++ Servlet Engine. It provides Servlet-like API to C++ programmers. This allows them to write small, extremely efficient web applications, with an ease that was only available to Java programmers. At the same time it provides greatest flexibility - since one can use any of the C and C++ libraries, which still outnumber anything available to other languages.CPPSERV does not provide exactly the same API as Sun's Java Servlet API, but tries to follow its philosophy instead. E.g.", "PQCC The Production Quality Compiler-Compiler Project (or PQCC) was a long-term project led by William Wulf at Carnegie Mellon University to produce an industrial-strength compiler-compiler. PQCC would produce full, optimizing programming language compilers from descriptions of the programming language and the target machine.", "BDS C BDS C (or the BD Software C Compiler) is a compiler for a sizeable subset of the C programming language, that ran on and generated code for the Intel 8080 and Zilog Z80 processors. It was the first C compiler for CP/M. It was written by Leor Zolman and first released in 1979 when he was 20 years old. \"BDS\" stood for \"Brain Damage Software\".BDS C was very popular and influential among CP/M users and developers in the 8-bit microcomputer era.", "ACC (programming language) ACC is a near-C compiler for the MS-DOS operating system on the IBM PC line of computers for programs. The compiler and compiled programs will run on any Intel 80386 or above PC running MS-DOS. Included with the compiler are a 386 assembler and a linker for combining multiple object files.", "C++/CLI C++/CLI (C++ on Common Language Infrastructure) is a language specification created by Microsoft and intended to supersede Managed Extensions for C++. It is a complete revision that aims to simplify the older Managed C++ syntax, which is now deprecated. C++/CLI was standardized by Ecma as ECMA-372. It is currently available in Visual Studio 2005, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2013 and 2015, including the Express editions.", "C++11 C++11 is a version of the standard of the C++ programming language. It was approved by ISO on 12 August 2011, replacing C++03, and superseded by C++14 on 18 August 2014.", "Clip (compiler) Clip compiler is a multi-platform (Linux and Windows (Cygwin)) Clipper programming language compiler with many additional features and libraries (for gtk, fivewin, netto, MySQL, ODBC, cti, tcp, gzip, Interbase, Oracle, Postgres), which is quite fast, has support for Hyper-Six and FoxPro RDD's, and can compile existing Clipper source code with very minor changes.It has support for all the features in the original compiler, can access multiple types of databases such as Oracle, Informix, Interbase, MySQL, Postgres, all Xbase dialects (tables: Foxpro, Visual FoxPro, COMIX, indexes: NDX,NTX,CDX,)It supports object-oriented programming, preprocessor, dynamic and static libraries, several functions for math, string management, arrays or vectors.Clip is licensed under a \"GPL type\" License and uses the GNU CC compiler.", "Cilk Cilk, Cilk++ and Cilk Plus are general-purpose programming languages designed for multithreaded parallel computing. They are based on the C and C++ programming languages and extend these with constructs to express parallel loops and the fork–join idiom.Originally developed in the 1990s at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the group of Charles E. Leiserson, Cilk was later commercialized as Cilk++ by a spinoff company, Cilk Arts.", "Loki (C++) Loki is the name of a C++ software library written by Andrei Alexandrescu as part of his book Modern C++ Design.The library makes extensive use of C++ template metaprogramming and implements several commonly used tools: typelist, functor, singleton, smart pointer, object factory, visitor and multimethods.Originally the library was only compatible with two of the most standard conforming C++ compilers (CodeWarrior and Comeau C/C++): later efforts have made it usable with a wide array of compilers (including older Visual C++ 6.0, Borland C++ Builder 6.0, and GCC).", "Cross compiler A cross compiler is a compiler capable of creating executable code for a platform other than the one on which the compiler is running. For example, a compiler that runs on a Windows 7 PC but generates code that runs on Android smartphone is a cross compiler.A cross compiler is necessary to compile for multiple platforms from one machine.", "Operators in C and C++ This is a list of operators in the C and C++ programming languages. All the operators listed exist in C++; the fourth column \"Included in C\", dictates whether an operator is also present in C. Note that C does not support operator overloading.When not overloaded, for the operators &&, \|\|, and , (the comma operator), there is a sequence point after the evaluation of the first operand.C++ also contains the type conversion operators const_cast, static_cast, dynamic_cast, and reinterpret_cast.", "C preprocessor The C preprocessor or cpp is the macro preprocessor for the C and C++ computer programming languages. The preprocessor provides the ability for the inclusion of header files, macro expansions, conditional compilation, and line control.In many C implementations, it is a separate program invoked by the compiler as the first part of translation.The language of preprocessor directives is only weakly related to the grammar of C, and so is sometimes used to process other kinds of text files.", "C++Builder C++Builder is a rapid application development (RAD) environment, originally developed by Borland and as of 2009 owned by Embarcadero Technologies, for writing programs in the C++ programming language targeting 32-bit and 64-bit Windows, 32-bit Mac OS X, iOS and Android. C++Builder combines the Visual Component Library and IDE written in Delphi with a C++ compiler.", "Compatibility of C and C++ The C and C++ programming languages are closely related. C++ grew out of C, as it was designed to be source-and-link compatible with C. Due to this, development tools for the two languages (such as IDEs and compilers) are often integrated into a single product, with the programmer able to specify C or C++ as their source language." ]	2
Operating systems to which Steve Jobs related	[ "History of Mac OS\nOn January 24, 1984, Apple ComputerInc. (now Apple Inc.) introduced the Macintosh personal computer, later retroactively renamed to the Macintosh 128K model. The operating system of early Macintosh is named \"System Software\" or \"System\", and its ensuing series was later renamed to Mac OS after System 7.", "Interface Builder\nInterface Builder is a software development application for Apple's Mac OS X operating system. It is part of Xcode (formerly Project Builder), the Apple Developer Connection developer's toolset. Interface Builder allows Cocoa and Carbon developers to create interfaces for applications using a graphical user interface.", "NeXT\nNeXT, Inc. (later NeXT Computer, Inc. and NeXT Software, Inc) was an American computer company headquartered in Redwood City, California, that developed and manufactured a series of computer workstations intended for the higher education and business markets. NeXT was founded in 1985 by Apple Computer cofounder Steve Jobs, after he was forced out of Apple, along with a few of his coworkers. NeXT introduced the first NeXT Computer in 1988, and the smaller NeXTstation in 1990.", "Mac OS X Leopard\nMac OS X Leopard (version 10.5) is the sixth major release of Mac OS X, Apple's desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers. Leopard was released on October 26, 2007 as the successor of Tiger (version 10.4), and is available in two editions: a desktop version suitable for personal computers, and a server version, Mac OS X Server. It retailed for $129 for the desktop version and $499 for Server. Leopard was superseded by Snow Leopard (version 10.6).", "A/UX\nA/UX is Apple Computer’s implementation of the Unix operating system for some of their Macintosh computers. A/UX requires a 68k-based Macintosh with an FPU and a paged memory management unit (PMMU), and various versions run on the Macintosh II, SE/30, Quadra and Centris series of machines.", "Mac OS 9\nMac OS 9 is the ninth and final major release of Apple's Classic Mac OS operating system. Introduced on October 23, 1999, Apple positioned it as \"The Best Internet Operating System Ever\", highlighting Sherlock 2's Internet search capabilities, integration with Apple's free online services known as iTools and improved Open Transport networking.", "OS/VS1\nOperating System/Virtual Storage 1, or OS/VS1,was an IBM mainframe computer operating system designed to be run on IBM System/370 hardware.It was the successor to the Multiprogramming with a Fixed number of Tasks (MFT) option of System/360's operating system OS/360.OS/VS1, in comparison to its predecessor, supported virtual memory (then called virtual storage).OS/VS1 was generally available during the 1970s and 1980s, and it is no longer supported by IBM.OS/VS1 was OS/360 MFT II with a single virtual address space; by comparison, OS/VS2 SVS was OS/360 MVT with a single virtual address space.", "Mac OS X Snow Leopard\nMac OS X Snow Leopard (version 10.6) is the seventh major release of Mac OS X, Apple's desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers.Snow Leopard was publicly unveiled on June 8, 2009 at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference. On August 28, 2009, it was released worldwide, and was made available for purchase from Apple's website and its retail stores at the price of US$29 for a single-user license.", "Mac OS X 10.0\nMac OS X version 10.0, code named Cheetah, is the first major release of Mac OS X, Apple’s desktop and server operating system. Mac OS X v10.0 was released on March 24, 2001 for a price of US$129. It was the successor of the Mac OS X Public Beta and the predecessor of Mac OS X v10.1.Mac OS X v10.0 was a radical departure from the previous classic Macintosh operating system (Mac OS) and was Apple’s long awaited answer for a next generation Macintosh operating system.", "Apple DOS\nApple DOS was the family of disk operating systems for the Apple II series of microcomputers from late 1978 through early 1983. Apple DOS had three major releases: DOS 3.1, DOS 3.2, and DOS 3.3; each one of these three releases was followed by a second, minor \"bug-fix\" release, but only in the case of Apple DOS 3.2 did that minor release receive its own version number, Apple DOS 3.2.1. The best-known and most-used version was Apple DOS 3.3 in the 1980 and 1983 releases.", "Apple Lisa\nThe Lisa is a personal computer designed by Apple Computer, Inc. during the early 1980s. It was the first personal computer to offer a graphical user interface in a machine aimed at individual business users. Development of the Lisa began in 1978. The Lisa sold poorly, with only 100,000 units sold.In 1982, after Steve Jobs was forced out of the Lisa project, he joined the Macintosh project.", "Apple II\nThe Apple II (styled as apple ][) is an 8-bit home computer, one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products, designed primarily by Steve Wozniak (Steve Jobs oversaw the development of the Apple II's unusual case and Rod Holt developed the unique power supply). It was introduced in 1977 at the West Coast Computer Faire by Jobs and was the first consumer product sold by Apple Computer.", "Stacks (Mac OS)\nStacks are a feature first found in Apple's operating system, Mac OS X v10.5 \"Leopard\". As the name implies, they \"stack\" files into a small organized folder on the Dock. At the WWDC07 Keynote Presentation, Steve Jobs stated that in Leopard, the user will be given a default stack called Downloads, in which all downloaded content will be placed.In the initial release of Leopard, Stacks could be shown two ways, in a \"fan\" or a \"grid\".", "Windows 1.0\nWindows 1.0 is a graphical personal computer operating environment developed by Microsoft. Microsoft (Bill Gates) had worked with Apple Computer (Steve Jobs) to develop applications for Apple's January 1984 original Macintosh, the first mass-produced personal computer with a graphical user interface.", "Copland (operating system)\nCopland was a project at Apple Computer to create an updated version of the Macintosh operating system. It was to have introduced protected memory, preemptive multitasking and a number of new underlying operating system features, yet still be compatible with existing Mac software.", "Rhapsody (operating system)\nRhapsody was the code name given to Apple Computer's next-generation operating system during the period of its development between Apple's purchase of NeXT in late 1996 and the announcement of Mac OS X in 1998. It consisted primarily of the OPENSTEP operating system ported to the Power Mac along with a new GUI to make it appear more Mac-like. Several existing Mac OS technologies were also ported to Rhapsody, including QuickTime and AppleSearch.", "Mac OS X Tiger\nMac OS X 10.4 Tiger is the fifth major release of Mac OS X, Apple's desktop and server operating system for Mac computers. Tiger was released to the public on April 29, 2005 for $129.95 as the successor to Mac OS X Panther. Some of the new features included a fast searching system called Spotlight, a new version of the Safari web browser, Dashboard, a new ‘Unified’ theme, and improved support for 64-bit addressing on Power Mac G5s.", "Mac OS\nMac OS is a series of graphical user interface–based operating systems developed by Apple Inc. for their Macintosh line of computer systems.The original operating system was first introduced in 1984 as being integral to the original Macintosh, and referred to as the \"System\". Referred to by its major revision starting with \"System 6\" and \"System 7\", Apple rebranded version 7.6 as \"Mac OS\" as part of their Macintosh clone program in 1996.", "NeXTSTEP\nNeXTSTEP is an object-oriented, multitasking operating system based on UNIX, which was developed by NeXT Computer in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It was used initially its range of proprietary workstation computers such as the NeXTcube and later ported to several other computer architectures. Although relatively unsuccessful at the time, it attracted interest from computer scientists and researchers.", "Mac OS X Public Beta\nThe Mac OS X Public Beta (internally codenamed \"Kodiak\") was the first publicly available version of Apple Computer's Mac OS X operating system Cheetah to feature the Aqua user interface. It was released to the public on September 13, 2000 for US$29.95. It allowed software developers and early adopters to test a preview of the upcoming operating system and develop software for the forthcoming operating system before its final release.", "OS X\nOS X (pronounced /ˌoʊ.ɛs ˈtɛn/; originally Mac OS X) is a series of Unix-based graphical interface operating systems (OS) developed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is designed to run on Macintosh computers, having been pre-installed on all Macs since 2002. It was the successor to Mac OS 9, released in 1999, the final release of the \"classic\" Mac OS, which had been Apple's primary operating system since 1984.", "Mac OS X 10.1\nMac OS X version 10.1, code named Puma, is the second major release of Mac OS X, Apple's desktop and server operating system. It superseded Mac OS X v10.0 and preceded Mac OS X v10.2. Version 10.1 was released on September 25, 2001 as a free update for Mac OS X 10.0 users. The operating system was handed out for no charge by Apple employees after Steve Jobs' keynote speech at the Seybold publishing conference in San Francisco.", "Apple Inc.\nApple Inc. (commonly known as Apple) is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California, that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and online services. Its best-known hardware products are the iPhone (a smartphone, and the biggest selling product of all time), the iPad (a tablet computer), Macintosh (commonly known as Mac) personal computers, the iPod (a portable media player), and the Apple Watch (a smartwatch).", "NeXTMail\nNeXTMail was the email client for the NeXTSTEP operating system. It was one of the first e-mail clients to support universally visible, clickable embedded graphics and audio within e-mail. NeXTMail made attaching images, text and videos to a message straightforward using drag and drop. It featured a service named \"lip service\" that allowed a user to click a button and record audio. NeXTMail evolved into Apple Mail, the e-mail application bundled with Mac OS X and iOS.", "IOS\niOS (originally iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system created and developed by Apple Inc. and distributed exclusively for Apple hardware.", "Macintosh\nThe Macintosh (/ˈmækɨntɒʃ/ MAK-in-tosh; branded as Mac since 1998) is a series of personal computers (PCs) designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. Steve Jobs introduced the original Macintosh computer on January 24, 1984. This was the first mass-market personal computer featuring an integral graphical user interface and mouse." ]	[ "Cocoa (API) Cocoa is Apple's native object-oriented application programming interface (API) for the OS X operating system.For iOS, there is a similar API called Cocoa Touch which includes gesture recognition, animation, and a different set of graphical control elements, and is for applications for the iOS operating system, used on Apple devices such as iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch and Apple TV.Cocoa consists of the Foundation Kit, Application Kit, and Core Data frameworks, as included by Cocoa.h header file, as well as the libraries and frameworks included by those, such as the C standard library and the Objective-C runtime.Cocoa applications are typically developed using the development tools provided by Apple, specifically Xcode (formerly Project Builder) and Interface Builder, using the Objective-C or Swift language.", "TOPS-10 The TOPS-10 System (Timesharing / Total OPerating System) was a computer operating system from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) for the PDP-10 (or DECsystem-10) mainframe computer launched in 1967. TOPS-10 evolved from the earlier \"Monitor\" software for the PDP-6 and -10 computers; this was renamed TOPS-10 in 1970.", "PenPoint OS The PenPoint OS was a product of GO Corporation and was one of the earliest operating systems written specifically for graphical tablets and personal digital assistants. It ran on AT&T Corporation's EO Personal Communicator as well as a number of Intel x86 powered tablet PCs including IBM's ThinkPad 700T series, NCR's 3125, 3130 and some of GRiD Systems' pen-based portables.Developers of the PenPoint OS included Robert Carr, who was involved with the Alto computer at Xerox PARC.", "TRS-DOS TRS-DOS (which stood for the Tandy Radio Shack - Disk Operating System) was the operating system for the Tandy TRS-80 line of 8-bit Zilog Z80 microcomputers that were sold through Radio Shack through the late 1970s and early 1980s. Tandy's manuals recommended that it be pronounced triss-doss.", "OS/2 OS/2 is a series of computer operating systems, initially created by Microsoft and IBM, then later developed by IBM exclusively. The name stands for \"Operating System/2\", because it was introduced as part of the same generation change release as IBM's \"Personal System/2 (PS/2)\" line of second-generation personal computers. The first version of OS/2 was released in December 1987 and newer versions were released until December 2001.OS/2 was intended as a protected mode successor of PC DOS.", "Mike Markkula Armas Clifford \"Mike\" Markkula, Jr. (born February 11, 1942) is an American entrepreneur who was an angel investor and second CEO of Apple Computer, Inc., providing early critical funding and managerial support.Markkula was introduced to Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak when they were looking for funding to manufacture the Apple II personal computer they had developed, after having sold some units of the first version of this computer, the Apple I.", "Stephen Molyneux Steve Molyneux, (born Walton, Liverpool, Lancashire, 24 February 1955) is a British educational technologist whose work as a Microsoft Professor of Advanced Learning Technology and as an Apple Distinguished Educator has led to him influencing the use of technologies across the British School system. His use of technology across public life led to him resigning as a Justice of the Peace on 25 April 2009 due to an issue over his use of Twitter in reporting the outcome of public case hearings.", "Sprite (operating system) Sprite was an experimental Unix-like distributed operating system developed at the University of California, Berkeley by John Ousterhout's research group between 1984 and 1992. Its notable features included support for single system image on computer clusters and for the introduction of the log-structured filesystem. The Tcl scripting language also originated in this project.", "Compatible Time-Sharing System This article is about the MIT Computation Center operating system. CTSS may also stand for the Cray Time Sharing System, a separate system developed for Cray supercomputers.The Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS), was one of the first time-sharing operating systems; it was developed at MIT's Computation Center. CTSS was first demonstrated in 1961, and was operated at MIT until 1973.", "Business Operating System (software) The Business Operating System, or BOS, was initially developed as an early cross-platform operating system, originally produced for Intel 8080 and Motorola 6800 computers, then redeveloped for actual businesses and business models.", "Manager (Mac OS) A Manager was any of a set of specialized components of the Mac OS operating system, including those that comprised the Macintosh Toolbox. Each of these Managers was responsible for handling system calls from applications running on the Macintosh, and could be built into the ROM or be loaded into RAM by the system.Many of these Managers and their functions have been ported to or re-implemented in the Carbon application frameworks.", "SINIX SINIX was a variant of the Unix operating system from Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme. SINIX supersedes SIRM OS and Pyramid Technology's DC/OSx. Following X/Open's acceptance that its requirements for the use of the UNIX trademark were met, version 5.44 and subsequent releases were published as Reliant UNIX by Fujitsu Siemens Computers.", "EComStation eComStation or eCS is a PC operating system based on OS/2, published by Serenity Systems and Mensys BV and currently owned and developed by XEU.com. It includes several additions and accompanying software not present in the IBM version of the system.eComStation is a 32-bit operating system which runs exclusively on the x86 processor architecture (real or virtualized) and is still used as of 2015.", "Micro-Controller Operating Systems Micro-Controller Operating Systems (MicroC/OS) is a real-time operating system (RTOS) designed by embedded software developer, Jean J. Labrosse in 1991. It is a priority-based pre-emptive real-time for microprocessors, written mainly in the C programming language. It is intended for use in embedded systems.MicroC/OS allows you to define several functions in C, each of which can execute as an independent thread or task. Each task runs at a different priority, and thinks that it owns the CPU.", "OS/8 OS/8 was the primary operating system used on the PDP-8 minicomputer developed by Digital Equipment Corporation of Maynard, Massachusetts. OS/8 was originally called MS/8 and, for a brief time, PS/8 \"\\Programming System/8\") before Digital settled on the name OS/8 in 1971.A virtually identical version of OS/8, called OS/12, was later used with Digital's PDP-12 computer.Digital released OS/8 images for non-commercial purposes which can be emulated through SIMH.", "Wheels (operating system) Wheels is a defunct operating system for the Commodore 64 and Commodore 128 home computers partially based on and an upgrade from (plus generally backwards compatible with) GEOS. Wheels gave new abilities to the C64 and 128: the ability to open several, movable, resizeable windows on the desktop and limited graphical web browsing (and limited server abilities.) At the core of the Wheels OS was the new Dashboard and Toolbox.", "MIPS RISC/os RISC/os is a discontinued a UNIX operating system developed by MIPS Computer Systems, Inc. from 1985 to 1992, for their computer workstations and servers, such as the MIPS M/120 server or MIPS Magnum workstation. It was also known as UMIPS or MIPS OS.RISC/os was based largely on UNIX System V with additions from 4.3BSD UNIX, ported to the MIPS architecture.", "GNUstep GNUstep is a free software implementation of the Cocoa (formerly OpenStep) Objective-C frameworks, widget toolkit, and application development tools for Unix-like operating systems and Microsoft Windows. It is part of the GNU Project.GNUstep features a cross-platform, object-oriented IDE. Like Apple Cocoa, GNUstep also has a Java interface, as well as Ruby, Guile and Scheme bindings. The GNUstep developers track some additions to Apple's Cocoa to remain compatible.", "Coherent (operating system) Coherent is a clone of the Unix operating system for IBM PC compatibles and other microcomputers, developed and sold by the now-defunct Mark Williams Company (MWC). Historically, the operating system was a proprietary product, but it became open source in 2015, released under a 3-clause BSD License.", "OS/6 OS/6 (Office System/6 or System 6) was a standalone word processor made by IBM's Office Products Division (OPD), introduced in January, 1977. OS/6 was superseded by the IBM Displaywriter in 1980.The usual configuration was a console with a keyboard, a small, roughly \"\\ CRT character display and either a Selectric or the IBM 46/40 ink jet printer, renamed the IBM 6640.", "TOPS-20 The TOPS-20 operating system by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) was a proprietary OS for the PDP-10 mainframe computer.TOPS-20 began in 1969 as the TENEX operating system of Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN) and shipped as a product by DEC starting in 1976. TOPS-20 is almost entirely unrelated to the similarly named TOPS-10, but it was shipped with the PA1050 TOPS-10 Monitor Calls emulation facility which allowed most, but not all, TOPS-10 executables to run unchanged.", "Bruce Horn Bruce Lawrence Horn (born 1960) is a programmer. He created the Macintosh Finder and the Macintosh Resource Manager for Apple Computer. His signature is amongst those molded to the case of the Macintosh 128K.A member of the original Apple Macintosh design team, Horn received a B.S. in Mathematical Sciences from Stanford University in 1982 and a M.S. and Ph.D. from Carnegie-Mellon University in Computer Science in 1994.", "Apple II series The Apple II series (trademarked with square brackets as \"Apple ][\" and rendered on later models as \"Apple //\") is a family of home computers, one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products, designed primarily by Steve Wozniak, manufactured by Apple Computer (now Apple Inc.) and introduced in 1977 with the original Apple II.", "MachTen MachTen is a Unix-like operating system from Tenon Intersystems. It is based on 4.4BSD and the Mach kernel, and features the X Window System and GNU programming tools. It runs only as a classic Mac OS application program (in a virtual machine) on Apple Macintosh computers.MachTen development started in 1989, culminating in the first release in 1991. The Professional MachTen branch, intended for 68000-based Macintoshes, ended with release 2.3.", "Andy Hertzfeld Andy Hertzfeld (born April 6, 1953) is an American computer scientist and inventor who was a member of the original Apple Macintosh development team during the 1980s. After buying an Apple II in January 1978, he went to work for Apple Computer from August 1979 until March 1984, where he was a designer for the Macintosh system software. Since leaving Apple, he has co-founded three companies: Radius in 1986, General Magic in 1990 and Eazel in 1999.", "PWB/UNIX The Programmer's Workbench (PWB/UNIX) was an early version of the Unix operating system created in the Bell Labs Computer Science Research Group of AT&T. Its stated goal was to provide a time-sharing working environment for large groups of programmers, writing software for larger batch processing computers.Prior to 1976 Unix development at AT&T was a project of a small group of researchers in Department 1127 of Bell Labs.", "Michael Spindler Michael Spindler (born 22 December 1942 in Berlin) was president and CEO of Apple from 1993 to 1996.Splindler graduated from engineering at Technical University in Cologne in 1964 and worked at DEC and Intel, before he moved to join Apple Computers.Having joined Apple in 1980 after Mike Markkula brought him over to help out with Apple's European office, he rose through the ranks in Apple's European operations as President of Apple Europe and was chosen to take over as CEO when John Sculley was ousted by Apple's board of directors in June 1993.", "VSE (operating system) z/VSE (Virtual Storage Extended) is an operating system for IBM mainframe computers, the latest one in the DOS/360 lineage, which originated in 1965. It is less common than prominent z/OS and is mostly used on smaller machines. Primary z/VSE development occurs in IBM's Böblingen labs in Germany.", "Interactive Systems Corporation Interactive Systems Corporation (styled INTERACTIVE Systems Corporation, abbreviated ISC) was a US-based software company and the first vendor of the Unix operating system outside AT&T, operating from Santa Monica, CA. It was founded in 1977 by Peter G. Weiner, a RAND Corporation researcher who had previously founded the Yale University computer science department and had been the Ph. D. advisor to Brian Kernighan, one of Unix's developers at AT&T.", "IBM Workplace OS Workplace OS was developed in 1991 as an ambitious plan by IBM to create a new computer operating system. The goal of Workplace OS was to improve software portability and reduce maintenance costs of IBM's software by using a common microkernel base for all of IBM's operating systems.At the base of Workplace OS was a version of the Mach 3.0 microkernel (release mk68) developed by Carnegie Mellon University and heavily modified by the Open Software Foundation's Research Institute.", "IReview iReview was a service offered by Apple Computer (now Apple Inc.) dedicated to reviews of Internet content. During the 2000 Macworld Conference in San Francisco, Apple CEO Steve Jobs introduced this service along with iTools, which was the free predecessor to Apple's current iCloud subscription service.iReview was part of a reaction to the commercial success of the iMac that resulted in thousands of new computer owners suddenly having access to the Internet.", "UNOS (operating system) UNOS was the first 32bit Unix-like real-time operating system with real-time extensions. It was developed by Jeffery Goldberg, PhD. who left Bell Labs after using UNIX and became VP of engineering for (now defunct) Charles River Data Systems (CRDS). UNOS was written to capitalize on the first 32 bit microprocessor, the Motorola 68k CPUs. CRDS sold a UNOS based 68K system, and sold porting services and licenses to other manufacturers who had embedded cpu's.", "BS2000 BS2000 (renamed BS2000/OSD in 1992) is a mainframe computer operating system developed by Fujitsu Technology Solutions.Unlike other mainframe systems, BS2000/OSD provides exactly the same user and programming interface in all operating modes (batch, interactive and online transaction processing) and regardless of whether it is running natively or as a guest system in a virtual machine.", "Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp. Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp., 714 F.2d 1240 (3d Cir. 1983), was the first time an appellate level court in the United States held that a computer's operating system could be protected by copyright.Franklin Computer Corporation introduced the Franklin Ace 1000, a clone of Apple Computer's Apple II, in 1982.", "BSD/OS BSD/OS (originally called BSD/386 and sometimes known as BSDi) was a proprietary version of the BSD operating system developed by Berkeley Software Design, Inc. (BSDi).BSD/OS had a reputation for reliability in server roles; the renowned Unix programmer and author W. Richard Stevens used it for his own personal web server for this reason.", "THEOS THEOS, which transcribes to \"God\" in Greek, is an operating system which started out as OASIS, a microcomputer operating system for small computers that use the Z80 processor. Originally written in the late 1970s by Timothy S. Williams as a low-cost alternative to the more expensive mini- and mainframe- computers that were popular in the day, OASIS provided time-sharing multiuser facilities to allow several users to utilise the resources of one computer.", "OS/390 OS/390 is an IBM operating system for the System/390 IBM mainframe computers.OS/390 was introduced in late 1995 in an effort, led by the late Randy Stelman, to simplify the packaging and ordering for the key, entitled elements needed to complete a fully functional MVS operating system package.", "Dennis Ritchie Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie (September 9, 1941 – c. October 12, 2011) was an American computer scientist. He created the C programming language and, with long-time colleague Ken Thompson, the Unix operating system. Ritchie and Thompson received the Turing Award from the ACM in 1983, the Hamming Medal from the IEEE in 1990 and the National Medal of Technology from President Clinton in 1999. Ritchie was the head of Lucent Technologies System Software Research Department when he retired in 2007.", "V (operating system) The V operating system (sometimes written V-System) is a microkernel operating system that was developed by faculty and students in the distributed systems group at Stanford University from 1981 to 1988, led by Professors David Cheriton and Keith A. Lantz. V was the successor to the Thoth and Verex operating systems that Cheriton had developed in the 1970s. Despite very similar names and close development dates, it is not related to the UNIX System V.", "OS X Server OS X Server, formerly Mac OS X Server, was a separately sold Unix server operating system from Apple Inc. architecturally identical to its desktop counterpart OS X—with additional server programs and management and administration tools.As of version 10.7 (Lion), Mac OS X and Mac OS X Server were combined into one release and re-branded as OS X.", "General Comprehensive Operating System General Comprehensive Operating System (GCOS, /ˈdʒiːkoʊs/) is a family of operating systems oriented toward mainframe computers.The original version of GCOS was developed by General Electric from 1962; originally called GECOS (the General Electric Comprehensive Operating Supervisor).", "System 7 (band) System 7 are a British ambient dance band. Due to the existence of another band called System Seven they were initially billed as 777 in North America. System 7 was the name of the current Macintosh Operating System at the time of the band's formation.Steve Hillage and Miquette Giraudy, both formerly of Gong, formed System 7 after hearing the likes of the Orb playing Hillage's 1979 ambient record Rainbow Dome Musick. They soon became part of the underground dance scene in London.", "Apple I Apple Computer 1, also known retroactively as the Apple I, or Apple-1, was released by the Apple Computer Company (now Apple Inc.) in 1976. They were designed and hand-built by Steve Wozniak. Wozniak's friend Steve Jobs had the idea of selling the computer. The Apple I was Apple's first product, and to finance its creation, Jobs sold his only means of transportation, a VW Microbus, and Wozniak sold his HP-65 calculator for $500.", "Blue Meanies (Apple Computer) The Blue Meanies of Apple Computer were an engineering group primarily responsible for the architecture of System 7 during the early and mid 1990s.The name, a reference to the evil characters of Pepperland in the movie Yellow Submarine, originated with the \"Pink\"/\"Blue\" split in Apple's operating system planning, where \"Pink\" was to be the further-out project that ultimately became Taligent, while \"Blue\" designated incremental improvements to the shipping Mac OS.", "Pirates of Silicon Valley Pirates of Silicon Valley is a 1999 original TNT film directed by Martyn Burke. It stars Noah Wyle as Steve Jobs and Anthony Michael Hall as Bill Gates. Spanning the years 1971–1997, the film is based on Paul Freiberger and Michael Swaine's book Fire in the Valley: The Making of The Personal Computer. It explores the impact of the rivalry between Jobs (Apple Computer) and Gates (Microsoft) on the development of the personal computer.", "TRIX (operating system) TRIX is a network-oriented research operating system developed in the late 1970s at MIT's Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS) by Professor Steve Ward and his research group. It ran on the NuMachine and had remote procedure call functionality built into its kernel, but was otherwise a Version 7 Unix workalike.", "Lites Lites was a Unix-like operating system, based on 4.4BSD and the Mach microkernel. Specifically, Lites was a multi-threaded server and emulation library that provided unix functionality to a Mach based system.", "The Unix System The Unix System (ISBN 0-201-13791-7) is a book by Stephen R. Bourne; it was the first widely available general introduction to the Unix operating system. It included some historical material on Unix, as well as material on using the system, editing, the software tools concept, C programming using the Unix API, data management with the shell and awk, and typesetting with troff.", "History of OS X OS X is Apple Inc.'s current Mac OS line of operating systems. Although, under its original name of Mac OS X, it was officially designated as simply \"version 10\" of the Mac OS, \"version 9\" has a completely different codebase as well as dramatic changes in user interface.", "Comparison of BSD operating systems There are a number of Unix-like operating systems based on or descended from the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) series of Unix variants. The three most notable descendants in current use are FreeBSD, OpenBSD, and NetBSD, which are all derived from 386BSD and 4.4BSD-Lite, by various routes. Both NetBSD and FreeBSD started life in 1993, initially derived from 386BSD, but in 1994 migrating to a 4.4BSD-Lite code base. OpenBSD was forked in 1995 from NetBSD.", "TRIPOS This article is about TRIPOS, the operating system. For the name given to undergraduate degree subjects by Cambridge University, see Tripos.TRIPOS (TRIvial Portable Operating System) is a computer operating system. Development started in 1976 at the Computer Laboratory of Cambridge University and it was headed by Dr. Martin Richards. The first version appeared in January 1978 and it originally ran on a PDP-11. Later it was ported to the Computer Automation LSI4 and the Data General Nova.", "RISC OS RISC OS /rɪskoʊˈɛs/ is a computer operating system originally designed by Acorn Computers Ltd in Cambridge, England. First released in 1987, it was specifically designed to run on the ARM chipset, which Acorn had designed concurrently for use in its new line of Archimedes personal computers. RISC OS takes its name from the RISC (reduced instruction set computing) architecture supported.Between 1987 and 1998, RISC OS was bundled with every ARM-based Acorn computer model.", "Apple Workgroup Server Apple Workgroup Server (AWS or sometimes WGS) and, later, Macintosh Server, are the names given to selected models of Macintosh computers which were sold by Apple Computer with additional server software and sometimes bigger hard drives. Apart from that, they were mostly identical to computers out of Apple's workstation range.", "Steve Sakoman Steve Sakoman is an American computing executive. He retired from Apple Computer in 2005 and is now an independent consultant.He originally worked at Hewlett-Packard as a manufacturing engineer and project manager for the industry's first battery-powered portable MS-DOS PC, the HP-110. He then moved to Silicon Graphics as director of Consumer Products & Technologies Group.", "Optimized Systems Software Optimized Systems Software (OSS) was a small company producing operating systems and programming languages for the Atari 8-bit and Apple II computer families. OSS is most noted for authoring Atari's BASIC and Disk Operating System (DOS) products.", "Z/OS z/OS is a 64-bit operating system for IBM mainframes, produced by IBM. It derives from and is the successor to OS/390, which in turn followed a string of MVS versions. Like OS/390, z/OS combines a number of formerly separate, related products, some of which are still optional.", "Acorn MOS Acorn's Machine Operating System (MOS) or OS was a computer operating system used in the Acorn BBC computer range. It included support for four-channel sound and graphics, file system abstraction, and digital and analogue I/O including a daisy-chained fast expansion bus.", "MacMach MacMach is a computer operating system from the early 1990s, developed by Carnegie Mellon University. Architecturally, it consists of 4.3BSD code running on the Mach microkernel, with the Macintosh System 7 running experimentally as a Mach task. The entire system runs on Macintoshes based on the Motorola 68k family of microprocessors. Its license requires the user to have an AT&T UNIX license, in addition to Apple, Inc.'s restriction against further redistribution.", "Not Another Completely Heuristic Operating System Not Another Completely Heuristic Operating System, or Nachos, is instructional software for teaching undergraduate, and potentially graduate level operating systems courses. It was developed at the University of California, Berkeley, designed by Thomas Anderson, and is used by numerous schools around the world.Originally written in C++ for MIPS, Nachos runs as a user-process on a host operating system.", "Incompatible Timesharing System ITS (Incompatible Timesharing System), is an early, revolutionary, and influential time-sharing operating system developed principally by the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, with help from Project MAC. The name is the jocular complement of the MIT Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS).ITS, and the software developed on it, were technically influential far beyond their core user community.", "Kent Applicative Operating System The Kent Applicative Operating System is a functional operating system concept to use dynamic process creation and inter-process communication.The system is based on earlier work by Will R. Stoye and developed by Dr. John Cupitt as the thrust of his PhD thesis at the University of Kent, in 1989. The system allow dynamic creation of functional processes. Processes are stream processors, functions that transform an ingoing to an outgoing stream.", "George Crow George L. Crow Jr. was a member of the original Apple Macintosh team in 1984 at Apple Computer. Crow left Apple in 1985 to become a co-founder of Steve Jobs' NeXT. Prior to working at Apple, Crow worked at HP; after leaving NeXT he worked for SuperMac and then Truevision. In 1999 Crow came back to Apple, recalling that the general atmosphere was still similar to how it was in the 1980s. In 2006, he retired.He received a B.S.", "A/ROSE A/ROSE (the Apple Real-time Operating System Environment) was a small embedded operating system which ran on Apple Computer's Macintosh Coprocessor Platform, an expansion card for the Apple Macintosh. The idea was to offer a single \"overdesigned\" hardware platform on which 3rd party vendors could build practically any product, reducing the otherwise heavy workload of developing a NuBus-based expansion card. However, the MCP cards were fairly expensive, limiting the appeal of the concept.", "Chris Espinosa Chris Espinosa is a senior employee of Apple Inc., officially employee number 8. Having joined the company at the age of fourteen in 1976 when it was still housed in Steve Jobs' parents' garage, writing software manuals and coding after school, he is the company's longest-serving employee. Espinosa studied at the University of California, Berkeley, where his freshman advisor was Andy Hertzfeld, dropping out to work on the original Apple Macintosh.", "Power Computing Corporation Power Computing Corporation (often referred to as Power Computing) was the first company selected by Apple Inc to create Macintosh-compatible computers \"\\Mac clones\"). Stephen “Steve” Kahng, a computer engineer best known for his design of the Leading Edge Model D, founded the company in November 1993. Power Computing started out with financial backing from Olivetti ($5 million) and $4 million of Mr. Kahng’s money.The first Mac-compatible (clone) PC shipped in May 1995.", "System 6 System 6 (also referred to as System Software 6) is a graphical user interface-based operating system for Macintosh computers. It was released in 1988 by Apple Computer and was part of the Mac OS line of operating systems. System 6 was shipped with various Macintosh computers until it was succeeded by System 7 in 1991. The boxed version of System 6 cost $49 when introduced. System 6 is classed as a monolithic operating system.", "Convergent Technologies Operating System The Convergent Technologies Operating System, also known variously as CTOS, BTOS and STARSYS, was a modular, message-passing, multiprocess-based operating system.", "Apple ProDOS ProDOS was the name of two similar operating systems for the Apple II series of personal computers. The original ProDOS, renamed ProDOS 8 in version 1.2, was the last official operating system usable by all Apple II series computers, and was distributed from 1983 to 1993.", "MINIX MINIX (from \"mini-Unix\") is a Unix-like computer operating system based on a microkernel architecture.Early versions of MINIX were created by Andrew S. Tanenbaum for educational purposes. Starting with MINIX 3, the primary aim of development shifted from education to the creation of a highly reliable and self-healing microkernel OS.", "Workplace Shell The Workplace Shell (WPS) is an object-oriented desktop shell (also called Desktop Environment) produced by IBM's Boca Raton development lab for OS/2 2.0. It is based on Common User Access and made a radical shift away from the Program Manager type interface that earlier versions of OS/2 shared with Windows 3.x or the application-oriented WIMP interface of the Apple Macintosh.", "IMac G3 The iMac G3 is a line of personal computers developed, manufactured, and sold by Apple Computer from 1998 until 2003. Noted for its innovative design via the use of translucent and brightly colored plastics, it was the first consumer-facing Apple product to debut under the recently returned interim CEO Steve Jobs. The iMac G3, among other factors, was responsible for Apple's turnaround from financial ruin during the late nineties and revitalized the Apple brand as design-oriented and simple.", "ICon: Steve Jobs iCon: Steve Jobs, The Greatest Second Act in the History of Business is an unauthorized biography by Jeffrey S. Young and William L. Simon about the return of Steve Jobs to Apple Inc in 1997. It was published in 2005.The book's title is a double entendre with one connotation that of Jobs as an icon with attributes to be admired, while carrying the negative interpretation as I-(am a)-Con, as in a con man, criticized for charisma used in harmful ways such as the \"reality distortion field\".", "Steve Capps Steve Capps is an American computer programmer, who was one of the designers of the original Apple Macintosh computer.Capps started working at the Xerox Corporation while still a computer science student at the Rochester Institute of Technology.", "Darwin (operating system) Darwin is an open source Unix computer operating system released by Apple Inc. in 2000. It is composed of code developed by Apple, as well as code derived from NeXTSTEP, BSD, and other free software projects.Darwin forms the core set of components upon which OS X and iOS are based. It is mostly POSIX compatible, but has never, by itself, been certified as being compatible with any version of POSIX.", "Architecture of OS X OS X is the culmination of Apple Inc.'s decade-long search for an operating system to replace the original Mac OS. After the failures of their previous attempts; Pink, which started as an Apple project but evolved into a joint venture with IBM called Taligent, and Copland, which started in 1994 and was cancelled two years later, Apple began development of their most recent operating system (Mac OS X) with the acquisition of NeXT's NeXTSTEP.", "Newton OS Newton OS is the discontinued operating system for the Apple Newton PDAs produced by Apple from 1993–1997. Newton OS was written entirely in C++ and trimmed to be low power consuming and use the available memory efficiently. Many applications were pre-installed in the ROM of the Newton (making for quick start-up) and to save on RAM and flash memory storage for user applications.Its use of ParaGraph's handwriting recognition engine has been noted as a pioneering implementation.", "MkLinux MkLinux is an open source computer operating system started by the Open Software Foundation Research Institute and Apple Computer in February 1996 to port Linux to the PowerPC platform, and Macintosh computers. MkLinux is short for \"Microkernel Linux\", which refers to the project's adaptation of the Linux kernel to run as a server hosted atop version 3.0 of the Mach microkernel.", "OS-9 OS-9 is a family of real-time, process-based, multitasking, multi-user, Unix-like operating systems, developed in the 1980s, originally by Microware Systems Corporation for the Motorola 6809 microprocessor. It was purchased by Radisys Corp in 2001. It is currently owned by Microware LP.The OS-9 family was popular for general-purpose computing and remains in use in commercial embedded systems and amongst hobbyists.", "Revolution OS Revolution OS is a 2001 documentary film that traces the twenty-year history of GNU, Linux, open source, and the free software movement.Directed by J. T. S. Moore, the film features interviews with prominent hackers and entrepreneurs including Richard Stallman, Michael Tiemann, Linus Torvalds, Larry Augustin, Eric S. Raymond, Bruce Perens, Frank Hecker and Brian Behlendorf.", "Apple GS/OS GS/OS is an operating system developed by Apple Computer for its Apple IIGS personal computer that uses the ProDOS filing system. It provides facilities for accessing the file system, controlling input/output devices, loading and running program files, and a system allowing programs to handle interrupts and signals.", "Susan Barnes (computing) Susan Kelly Barnes is an alumna of Apple Inc. She was Controller of the Macintosh Division at Apple Computer. When Steve Jobs left Apple Computer in 1985, she joined Jobs and other Apple managers to cofound NeXT Computer, Inc. She served as Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of NeXT Computer from 1985 to 1991. As NeXT's Chief Financial Officer, Ms. Barnes helped raise significant funding that helped NeXT weather its slow start.", "Rich Page Richard Page is an alumnus of Apple Inc. He was an Apple Fellow at Apple Computer in the 1980s, and later joined Steve Jobs at NeXT.Rich was one of the first four Apple Fellows. He was awarded the Apple Fellow position for his efforts in graphics software development tools including compilers and hardware development. As an Apple Fellow, Rich prototyped Apple's first portable, color and 68020 based Macintosh computers.", "System 7 System 7 (codenamed \"Big Bang\" and sometimes retroactively called Mac OS 7) is a single-user graphical user interface-based operating system for Macintosh computers. It was introduced on May 13, 1991, by Apple Computer. It succeeded System 6, and was the main Macintosh operating system until it was succeeded by Mac OS 8 in 1997.", "The Second Coming of Steve Jobs The Second Coming of Steve Jobs is an unauthorized biography chronicling the life of Steve Jobs, a co-founder of Apple Inc by Vanity Fair magazine writer Alan Deutschman. It covers his period at NeXT, success at Pixar and his comeback to Apple followed by the introduction of iMac.", "Steve Wozniak Stephen (or Stephan) Gary \"Steve\" Wozniak (born August 11, 1950), known as \"Woz\", is an American pioneer of the personal computer revolution of the 1970s (along with Apple Computer co-founder, Steve Jobs). Wozniak is an American inventor, electronics engineer, and computer programmer who single-handedly developed the 1976 Apple I, the computer that launched Apple.", "Apple SOS The Sophisticated Operating System, or SOS /ˈsɔːs/, is the primary operating system developed for the Apple III computer. The system was developed by Apple Computer, Inc. and released in 1980. SOS makes the resources of the Apple III available in the form of a menu-driven utility program as well as a programming API.The Apple III System Utilities program shipped with each Apple III computer.", "Stevenote Stevenote is a colloquial term for keynote speeches given by Steve Jobs, former CEO of Apple, at events such as the Worldwide Developers Conference, Macworld and Apple Expos. Because most Apple product releases were first shown to the public at these keynotes, \"Stevenotes\" caused substantial swings in Apple's stock price.Jobs's final Stevenote was delivered on June 6, 2011, when he announced iCloud (Apple's cloud service). OS X Lion and iOS 5 were also announced on the same day.", "NeXT Computer The NeXT Computer (also called the NeXT Computer System) is a workstation computer developed, marketed, and sold by NeXT Inc., a company founded by Steve Jobs and several other veterans of the Macintosh and Lisa teams, from 1986 until 1997 when NeXT merged with Apple. It runs the Mach- and BSD-derived, Unix-based NeXTSTEP operating system, with a proprietary GUI using a Display PostScript-based back end. The motherboard is square and fits into one of four identical slots in the enclosure." ]	5
toy train manufacturers that are still in business	[ "Mamod\nMamod is a British toy manufacturer specialising in manufacturing live steam models. The company was founded in 1937 in Birmingham in the UK by Geoffrey Malins. The name is a contraction of 'Ma' lins 'Mod' els'. Malins started off making steam engines which were sold under the Hobbies brand name but he soon started selling them under the Mamod brand name. The first models produced were of stationary steam engines.", "MTH Electric Trains\nMTH Electric Trains, formerly Mike's Train House, is an American toy train and model railroad designer, importer, and manufacturer, based in Columbia, Maryland. It is a privately held company.", "Playmobil\nPlaymobil (/pleɪmoʊˈbiːl/) is a line of toys produced by the Brandstätter Group (Geobra Brandstätter GmbH & Co KG), headquartered in Zirndorf, Germany.The signature Playmobil toy is a 7.5 cm (approximately 3 inch) tall (1:24 scale) human figure, in its early days known as a \\klicky\\\".\"", "Rivarossi\nRivarossi is one of the world's most famous Italian manufacturer of model railways. In 2004 it was acquired by Hornby Railways.", "Wilesco\nWilesco is the trade name of German toy company Wilhelm Schröder GmbH & Co. KG, known for manufacturing live steam toys such as steamrollers, traction engines, and stationary steam engines.Initially a producer of aluminium forks and spoons, the company expanded into miniature aluminium accessories for doll's tea parties in the 1920s.", "Brio (company)\nBRIO is a wooden toy company founded in Sweden. The company was founded in the small town of Boalt, Scania in 1884 by basket maker Ivar Bengtsson For a long time the company was based in Osby, Scania, in southern Sweden. In 1908 Ivar's three sons took over and founded BRIO, which is an acronym for BRöderna \"\\the brothers\") Ivarsson [at] Osby. In 2006 the company moved its headquarters to Malmö.", "The Toy Train Depot\nThe Toy Train Depot is a toy store and railway museums, featuring scale models of train locomotives and passenger and freight cars, in Alamogordo, New Mexico.The Toy Train Depot is also home to America's Park Ride Train Museum, which runs the Alamogordo/Alameda Park Narrow Gauge Railway, a working, 16 in (406 mm) gauge miniature railway that visitors can ride for a nominal fee.", "Tyco Toys\nTyco Toys was an American toy manufacturer. Since 1997, it had been a division of Mattel, Inc along with Thomas & Friends and Barbie.", "Whittle Shortline\nWhittle Shortline is a toy company owned and operated in the United States.", "Wm. K. Walthers\nWm. K. Walthers, Inc. is a manufacturer and distributor of model railroad supplies and tools.", "Ibertren\nIbertren is a Spanish brand of model railway, based in Barcelona. It specialises in models of the Spanish RENFE train engines and cars.Ibertren N scale models were quite popular in Spain in the 90s; as of 2008, it sells a very limited selection of N models and a few H0 models.", "Kader\nKader Industrial Company Limited was founded in Hong Kong in 1948 by Ting Hsiung Chao. It was listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in 1985 and presently trades under the name of \"Kader Holdings Company Limited\".The company today is one of the world's largest manufacturers of toy and hobby railways, and also has wider manufacturing interests as well as substantial investments in property. The vision of Mr.", "Athearn\nAthearn is a United States manufacturer of model railroad equipment, produced and distributed by American hobby manufacturer Horizon Hobby, Inc. of Champaign, Illinois, USA.", "AR Kits\nAR Kits is an Australian model railway business which produces Australian-outline kits. The business commenced operation in November 1979 under the control of Arthur Robinson.", "Bassett-Lowke\nBassett-Lowke was a toy company in Northampton, England, founded by Wenman Joseph Bassett-Lowke in 1898 or 1899, that specialized in model railways, boats and ships, and construction sets. Bassett-Lowke started as a mail-order business, although it designed and manufactured some items.", "Choo Choo Track & Toy Co\nChoo Choo Track & Toy Co is a small, family-owned and operated toy company manufacturing in the United States.", "American Flyer\nAmerican Flyer is a brand of toy train and model railroad manufactured in the United States.", "Bachmann Industries\nBachmann Industries (Bachmann Brothers, Inc.) is a Bermuda registered Chinese owned company, globally headquartered in Hong Kong; specialising in model railroading.Founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the home of its North American headquarters, Bachmann is today part of the Kader group, who model products are made at a Chinese Government joint-venture plant in Dongguan, China. Bachmann's brand is the largest seller, in terms of volume, of model trains in the world.", "Tomy\nTomy Company, Ltd. (株式会社タカラトミー, Kabushikigaisha takaratomī, Takara Tomy) is a Japanese toy, children's merchandise and entertainment company created from the merger of two companies: Tomy (founded in 1924 as Tomiyama, changing the name to Tomy in 1963) and long-time rival Takara (founded in 1955). Merged on March 1, 2006, the company has its headquarters in Katsushika, Tokyo.", "Graham Farish\nGraham Farish is a company that produces large quantities of British outline model railway equipment in N gauge.", "Buddy L\nBuddy L (or Buddy \"L\" or Buddy-L) is an American toy brand and company founded in 1920 as the Buddy L Toy Company in East Moline, Illinois, by Fred Lundahl.", "Carlisle & Finch\nCarlisle & Finch is a producer of nautical equipment and searchlights, and the inventor of the electric toy train. It is headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio.", "Plasticville\nPlasticville is a brand of plastic toy train building sold in the United States, made by formerly Philadelphia, Pennsylvania-based Bachmann Industries since 1947 (although they were first advertised in 1946).", "Mehano\nMehano is a Slovenian toy company, founded in 1952 as Mehanotehnika, produces a large range of both traditional and electronic toys, as well as model railroad equipment. The company had borne its current name of Mehano since 1990. Mehano applied for bankruptcy/closure in November 2008, following reported economic difficulties during the preceding ten years. Despite this, the company continues to do active business to this day.", "LGB (trains)\nLGB stands for Lehmann Gross Bahn - the \"Lehmann Big Railway\" in German. Made by Ernst Paul Lehmann Patentwerk in Nuremberg, Germany, since 1968 and by Märklin since 2007, it is the most popular garden railway model in Europe, although there are also many models of U.S. and Canadian prototypes. LGB caused a revival of garden model railroading in the United States when it was introduced.", "Superquick\nSuperquick Models are a series of printed card kit buildings for the British model railway enthusiast. Manufacturing takes place entirely in the United Kingdom.There are several ranges of model kit - railway buildings in Series A; houses, farm buildings and industrial buildings in Series B; houses and shops in low relief (to line the backs of layouts) in series C and brick and stone textured paper in series D.", "A. C. Gilbert Company\nThe A. C. Gilbert Company was an American toy company, once one of the largest toy companies in the world. It is best known for introducing the Erector Set (a construction toy similar to Meccano in the rest of the world) to the marketplace.Gilbert was founded in 1909 in Westville, Connecticut, by Alfred Carlton Gilbert, originally as a company providing supplies for magic shows. (Alfred Gilbert was a magician). Gilbert invented the Erector concept in 1911, inspired by railroad girders.", "Arnold (models)\nFounded in 1906 by Karl Arnold in Nürnberg, K. Arnold & Co. began its life producing tin toys and related items. They produced an extensive line of model ships, doll house items and other toys. In 1935, K. Arnold & Co. hired Max Ernst as their managing director. Ernst, not to be confused with the German realist artist of the same name, was a significant factor in the future of Arnold.", "HAG\nHAG is a Swiss maker of model trains. The company was founded by Hugo and Alwin Gahler on 1 April 1944 in St. Gallen, Switzerland.The Gahler brothers originally manufactured model trains in O scale but due to competition, particularly by Marklin H0 scale, began the transition to H0 in 1954 with their final O scale set being manufactured in 1957.Today HAG manufactures die-cast metal model trains and is the primary manufacturer of HO scale Swiss model trains.", "Märklin\nGebr. Märklin & Cie. GmbH or Märklin (MÄRKLIN or MAERKLIN in capital letters) is a German toy company. The company was founded in 1859 and is based at Göppingen in Baden-Württemberg. Although it originally specialised in doll house accessories, today it is best known for model railways and technical toys. In some parts of Germany and in Sweden, the company's name is almost synonymous with model railroads.", "Edward Exley Limited\nEdward Exley Limited is a manufacturer of model railway equipment, particularly ready-to-run coaches in 0 gauge and 00 gauge and a one-time major competitor to Hornby and Bassett-Lowke. The company was founded in about 1920 by its namesake in Bradford, Yorkshire, England.", "K-Line\nThis article refers to a model railway company. For other meanings, see K-line (disambiguation).K-Line Electric Trains is a brand name of O gauge and S gauge model railway locomotives, rolling stock, and buildings. Formerly the brand name under which Chapel Hill, North Carolina-based MDK Inc. sold its products, K-Line was then acquired by Sanda Kan, a Chinese toy manufacturer that formerly acted as K-Line's subcontractor.", "Peco\nPeco is a UK-based manufacturer of model railway accessories, especially trackwork, based at Pecorama, Beer in South Devon, England.Peco is the collective name for the Pritchard Patent Product Company Ltd, Peco Publications and Publicity Ltd, and Pecorama. Founded in 1946 in a small cottage, Peco now distributes worldwide.", "Fleischmann (model railroads)\nFleischmann is a German manufacturer of model railway products.Fleischmann was founded in Nuremberg in 1887 by Jean Fleischmann, as a toy company. Their first model train, in O scale, was produced in 1938. Their first H0 scale products were introduced in 1952 and their N scale \"Piccolo\" product line in 1969.Nowadays, Fleischmann is a well-established brand name in the German model railway industry, rivalling Märklin in market share.", "Trix (company)\nTrix is a German company that originally made Trix metal construction sets. In 1935 it began producing the electrically powered model trains that it became famous for, under the Trix Express label. Prior to the outbreak of World War II the Trix company produced a small range of fairly unrealistic AC powered three rail models running at 14 volts.", "Bing (company)\nBing or Gebrüder Bing \"\\Bing brothers\") was a German toy company founded in 1863 in Nuremberg, Germany by two brothers, Ignaz and Adolf Bing, originally producing metal kitchen utensils, but best remembered for its extensive lines of model trains and live steam engines. Ignaz Bing is also known for his discovery and development of the Bing Cave, a show cave in Germany.", "Lionel, LLC\nLionel, LLC is a designer and importer of toy trains and model railroads that is based in Concord, North Carolina. Its roots lie in the 1969 purchase of the Lionel product line by cereal conglomerate General Mills but would not be its own company until the Martin Davis Investment Group bought the company in 1995 from Richard P.", "Heljan\nHeljan A/S is a Danish model railway company based in Søndersø. Originally specialising in decorations and accessories for model railways, it has now also developed a substantial range of rolling stock. It has diversified into modelling the British scene, and since 2002 have released several OO gauge diesel locomotives, and several O gauge models. British Outline now forms the biggest part of the Heljan business and UK operations are run from Denmark through an agent.", "Life-Like\nLife-Like Products LLC (now Life-Like Toy and Hobby division of Wm. K. Walthers) is a manufacturer of model railroad products and is based in Baltimore, Maryland. It was founded in the 1950s by a company that pioneered extruded foam ice chests under the Lifoam trademark. Because ice chests are a summer seasonal item, the company needed a way to keep the factory operating year round.", "Dapol\nDapol Ltd is a Welsh model railway manufacturer based in Chirk, Wales. The factory where design and manufacturing take place is just over the border in England. The company is known for its model railway products in N gauge and OO gauge.", "Tillig\nTillig (TILLIG Modellbahnen GmbH & Co. KG) is a German model railroad manufacturing company based in Sebnitz, Saxony. Tillig is the largest manufacturer of TT scale model railroad products in the world.", "Broadway Limited Imports\nBroadway Limited Imports, LLC (BLI) designs and manufactures limited-run HO scale and N scale model railroad locomotives and rolling stock.BLI products produced in extremely limited quantities, are equipped with Digital Command Control decoders and the ability to reproduce the recorded sounds of actual trains. The company was founded in 2001 by Anton Wenzel, Bob Zimet and Robert Grubba.", "Boucher Manufacturing Company\nThe Boucher Manufacturing Company was an American toy company that specialized in toy boats and toy trains. It is best remembered today as the last manufacturer of Standard Gauge/Wide gauge toy trains until the much smaller McCoy Manufacturing revived the old standard in the mid-1960s.Boucher entered the toy train business in 1922 with its purchase of the Voltamp line of trains. Voltamp had been a direct competitor to Carlisle & Finch, the inventor of the electric toy train.", "Egger-bahn\nEgger-Bahn was a German model railway manufacturer. The company produced the first H0e (HO (1:87) scale narrow gauge rolling stock using N gauge track) models, and established HOe as a viable model railway standard. The firm was founded in 1963 by three brothers. One of them, a performer, soon left the firm. Theodor Egger, technician, and Jonathan Egger, salesman, continued.", "Hornby Railways\nHornby Railways is a British model railway brand. Its roots date back to 1901, when founder Frank Hornby received a patent for his Meccano construction toy. The first clockwork train was produced in 1920. In 1938, Hornby launched its first 00 gauge train. In 1964, Hornby and Meccano were bought by their competitor, Tri-Ang, and sold on when Tri-ang went into receivership. Hornby Railways became independent in the 1980s.", "Klein Modellbahn\nKlein Modellbahn was an Austrian model railway manufacturer, founded in 1984 in Vienna, where they are currently based. Their product line consists of mostly Austrian rolling stock and locomotives in H0 scale, covering both the pre–World War I Südbahn and the postwar ÖBB.", "Horizon Hobby\nHorizon Hobby, Inc. is an international hobby product distributor, headquartered in Champaign, Illinois, U.S.A.. It currently manufactures various Hobby grade radio control (R/C) models, as well as Athearn model trains and die-cast models, which it sells direct to consumers as well as to hobby retailers.An employee-owned company, Horizon employs nearly 950 people and sells products in more than 50 countries around the world.", "Kato Precision Railroad Models\nKato Precision Railroad Models (関水金属株式会社, Sekisui Kinzoku Kabushikigaisha) is a Japanese manufacturer of model railroad equipment in N and HO scales. The Tokyo-based company manufactures models based on Japanese prototypes (such as the Shinkansen bullet train) for the Japanese market, North American prototypes for the North American market and European high-speed trains for European market. The design and distribution of models for the North Armerican market are handled by their U.S." ]	[ "TTX Company TTX Company (formerly Trailer Train) is a private company that owns a large fleet of freight cars and provides them to stockholding railroads. It also provides freight car management services (information and accounting). TTX is the largest railroad car provider in the United States.", "Faller Faller (Gebr. FALLER) is a German toy company founded in Stuttgart in 1946 by brothers Edwin and Hermann Faller. The company later relocated to the brothers' home town of Gütenbach in the Black Forest.Faller now specializes in making scenery, plastic model kits and other accessories for model railroads but has manufactured a range of toys during its history, such as model aeroplane kits, the AMS slot car racing sets and die-cast model cars.", "Kinkisharyo-Mitsui Kinkisharyo-Mitsui is a joint venture between Kinki Sharyo International LLC and Mitsui & Co. (USA) Inc. that specializes in manufacturing public transit vehicles.Kinkisharyo has manufactured transit vehicles in Japan since 1920, and in the 1980s expanded into the U.S. market, with sales to transit systems in New Jersey, Massachusetts, Texas, and California.", "Cooke Locomotive and Machine Works The Cooke Locomotive and Machine Works, located in Paterson, New Jersey, manufactured steam railroad locomotives from 1852 until it was merged with seven other manufacturers to form American Locomotive Company (ALCO) in 1901. ALCO continued building new locomotives at the Cooke plant until 1926.", "The Tetris Company The Tetris Company, LLC (TTC) is based in Hawaii and is owned by Henk Rogers and Alexey Pajitnov. The company is the exclusive licensee of Tetris Holding LLC, the company that owns Tetris rights worldwide and the Tetris Company licenses the Tetris brand to third parties.", "ABB ALP-44 The ABB ALP-44 is an electric locomotive which was built by Asea Brown Boveri (Sweden) between 1989 and 1997 for the New Jersey Transit and SEPTA railway lines. As of 2014, only SEPTA still operates the ALP-44 in revenue service, as New Jersey Transit has retired its fleet.", "Tourist Railway Association, Inc. The Tourist Railway Association Inc. (TRAIN) was a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting the tourist railway industry in the United States.It published a monthly newsletter, Trainline.", "Richter (toy company) F. Ad. Richter & Cie was founded and owned by Friedrich Adolf Richter. This German manufacturer produced many products, including pharmaceuticals, music boxes, gramophones, and Anker stone building sets. He established his main factory in Rudolstadt, Germany. In addition the company had factories in Vienna Austria, Nuremberg Germany, New York City USA, and St. Petersburg, Russia.", "Juice Train \"Juice Train\" (or \"Orange Juice Train\") is the popular name for famous unit trains of Tropicana fresh orange juice operated by railroads in the United States. Tropicana Products was founded in 1947 in Bradenton, Florida, by Anthony T. Rossi, an Italian immigrant, growing from 50 employees to over 8,000 in 2004. Early distribution of fresh orange juice was by way of hand-delivered juice jars to nearby homes, but demand grew, especially in New York City. By 1957, a ship, S.S.", "Mather Stock Car Company The Mather Stock Car Company was a U.S. corporation that built railroad rolling stock. Mather specialized in stock cars, but built other types of cars as well, including boxcars. The company was headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. Their main headquarters building, Mather Tower, built in 1928 in Chicago, still stands today. This building has the smallest floors of any of Chicago's skyscrapers.", "Darjeeling Himalayan Railway The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, also known as the \"Toy Train\", is a 2 ft (610 mm) narrow gauge railway that runs between New Jalpaiguri and Darjeeling in the Indian state of West Bengal, India. Built between 1879 and 1881, the railway is about 78 kilometres (48 mi) long. Its elevation level varies from about 100 metres (328 ft) at New Jalpaiguri to about 2,200 metres (7,218 ft) at Darjeeling.", "Transformers (toy line) \"Skyhopper\" redirects here. For the Star Wars vehicle, see List of Star Wars air, aquatic, and ground vehicles#Skyhopper. For the balloons, see Hopper balloon.The Transformers (トランスフォーマー, Toransufomā) is a line of toys produced by the Japanese company Takara (now known as Takara Tomy) and American toy company Hasbro. The Transformers toyline was created from toy molds mostly produced by Japanese company Takara in the toylines Diaclone and Microman.", "KB Toys K·B Toys (previously known as Kay Bee Toys) was a chain of mall-based retail toy stores in the United States. Founded in 1922, it operated, at its height, 1300 stores across all 50 states, and went out of business in 2009. International retailer Toys \"R\" Us acquired the remains of K·B Toys, consisting mainly of its website, trademarks, and intellectual property rights.", "Takara Takara Co., Ltd. was a Japanese toy company founded in 1955, that merged with another prominent Japanese toy company, Tomy Co., Ltd., on March 1, 2006 to form Takara Tomy, also known in English as TOMY Company Ltd.The company motto was 「遊びは文化」 (asobi wa bunka), which means \"playing is culture.\"", "Rokenbok The Rokenbok Toy Company was founded in 1995 by Paul Eichen in the United States to create an heirloom quality toy system. The first Rokenbok toys debuted at the 1997 American International Toy Fair in New York City.", "All Metal Products Company All Metal Products Company was an American toy company founded in 1920 and based in Wyandotte, Michigan for most of its history. It produced inexpensive pressed metal toys under the Wyandotte brand name, and was the largest manufacturer of toy guns in the US for several decades in the 20th century.", "ALCO Century Series locomotives The ALCO Century Series locomotives were a line of locomotives produced by Alco, the Montreal Locomotive Works, and A. E. Goodwin Ltd under license in Australia.Production of the Century Series began in 1963 and ended in 1972. MLW and Goodwin continued to build Century locomotives after Alco ended locomotive production and shut down in early 1969. A total of 841 locomotives, in eleven variants, were produced over the ten years of production.", "Kenner Products Kenner Products was an American toy company founded in 1947. Throughout its history the Kenner brand produced several highly recognizable toys and merchandise lines, including the original series of Star Wars action figures. The company was closed by its corporate parent Hasbro in 2000.", "Hunslet Engine Company The Hunslet Engine Company was founded in 1864 in Hunslet, Leeds, England. The company manufactured steam-powered shunting locomotives for over 100 years, and currently manufactures diesel-engined shunting locomotives.As of 2012 the company is part of the LH Group, a subsidiary The Hunslet Steam Company maintains and manufactures build steam locomotives.", "Lone Star Toys Lone Star Products Ltd. was the name used by British company Die Cast Machine Tools Ltd (DCMT) for its toy products. DCMT was based in Welham Green, Hertfordshire, north of London.", "CRRC Corporation CRRC Corporation Limited (China Railway Rolling Stock Corporation) is a Chinese state owned rolling stock manufacturer, and the world's largest train builder. It was formed on 1 June 2015 with the merger of China CNR Corporation and CSR Corporation Limited.It has 175 700 employees, and has its headquarters in Beijing.", "Grand & Toy Grand & Toy is a Canadian office supplies chain, founded in 1882 by James Grand as a home-based stationery printing business. A year later, Grand partnered with his brother-in-law, Samuel Toy, to open their first retail store in Toronto.Grand & Toy is one of the largest Canadian business solutions and office supplies chain, founded in 1882 by James Grand as a home-based stationery printing business. It is one of the largest B2B office products and services providers.", "FAO Schwarz FAO Schwarz, founded in 1862, is the oldest toy store in the United States. The company is known for its unique high-end toys, life-sized stuffed animals, dolls, and games. The FAO Schwarz flagship store on Fifth Avenue in New York City was a popular tourist destination, and has gained iconic status for its floor piano and cameos in major motion pictures.", "Toy train A toy train is a toy that represents a train. It is distinguished from a model train by an emphasis on low cost and durability, rather than scale modeling. A toy train can be as simple as a pull toy that does not even run on track, or it might be operated by clockwork or a battery. By the way, many of today's model trains might be signed as toy ones as well, providing they are not strictly scale ones in favor of a robustness appropriate for children or a reasonable manufacturing.", "Brandstätter Group Brandstätter Group (geobra Brandstätter GmbH & Co. KG) is a German company, headquartered in Zirndorf, Bavaria. The group is composed of toy company Playmobil, Playmobil 1.2.3 Ltd, Inmold Ltd, Hob Electronics Ltd, Hob Components Ltd, HOB Inc., HOB GmbH & Co KG, and Hob Software Ltd.In 1876, the company was founded by Andreas Brandstätter in Fürth, Bavaria and produced ornamental fittings and locks.", "Midland Railway Carriage and Wagon Company The Midland Railway Carriage and Wagon Company was a Birmingham, England, based manufacturer of railway carriages and wagons. It was not part of the Midland Railway.Its products also included trams and even military tanks.It has made trains for railways in the UK and overseas, including the London Underground.After a series of takeovers, its works at Washwood Heath in Birmingham became part of Metro Cammell and are now part of the Alstom group.", "Kinki Sharyo The Kinki Sharyo Co., Ltd. (近畿車輛株式会社, Kinki Sharyō Kabushiki-gaisha) (TYO: 7122) is an Osaka, Japan-based manufacturer of railroad vehicles. It is an affiliate company of Kintetsu Corporation.In business since 1920 (as Tanaka Rolling Stock Works) and renamed The Kinki Sharyo Co., Ltd in 1945. They have produced the light rail vehicles used by a number of transportation agencies.Kinki Sharyo is a listed stock on the Osaka and Tokyo Stock Exchanges.", "Gloucester Railway Carriage and Wagon Company Gloucester Railway Carriage and Wagon Company (GRC&W) was a railway rolling stock manufacturer based at Gloucester, England; from 1860 until 1986. Products included goods wagons, passenger coaches, diesel multiple units, electric multiple units and various special-purpose vehicles. The company supplied the original fleet of red trains for the Toronto Subway, which were based upon similar vehicles to the London Underground.", "MGA Entertainment MGA Entertainment (Micro-Games America Entertainment) is a manufacturer of children's toys and entertainment products founded in 1979. Its products include the Bratz fashion doll line, Bratzillaz, Lalaloopsy, Mooshka, Moxie Girlz, Moxie Teenz, BFC and Vi and Va. MGA also owns The Little Tikes Company. MGA is headquartered at 16300 Roscoe Boulevard in the Lake Balboa area of the San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles, California, United States.", "Atlas Car and Manufacturing Company The Atlas Car and Manufacturing Company was a manufacturer of small railroad locomotives. The company was based in Cleveland, OH, building equipment from 1896 through the 1980s.Atlas specialized in the building of small locomotives and purpose built rail borne equipment for industrial use. The equipment it manufactured seldom ran on the rails of Class I railroads, but were often used to shuttle freight cars around inside manufacturing plants.", "Mattel Mattel, Inc. (/məˈtɛl/) is an American multinational toy manufacturing company founded in 1945 with headquarters in El Segundo, California. In 2014, it ranked #403 on the Fortune 500. The products and brands it produces include Fisher-Price, Barbie dolls, Monster High dolls, Winx Club dolls, Hot Wheels and Matchbox toys, Masters of the Universe, American Girl dolls, board games, and WWE Toys.", "Cartoys Car Toys, Inc. is a medium-sized chain of stores, founded and headquartered in Seattle. There are currently 50 stores, distributed throughout Washington, Oregon, Colorado, and Texas. Car Toys currently has over 1,000 employees, some of whom work in both the corporate headquarters and a distribution center. The retailer specializes in all assortment of mobile electronics products, but primarily sells automobile audio equipment and wireless phone devices.", "Odyssey Toys Odyssey Toys is a toy making company based in Westport, Connecticut in the United States. The company was formed in 2002 by Andrew Klein. It was purchased in March 2008 by HaPe International.", "Mego Corporation The Mego Corporation was a toy company founded in 1954. Originally known as a purveyor of dime store toys, in 1971 the company shifted direction and became famous for producing licensed action figures (including the long-running \"World's Greatest Super Heroes\" line), celebrity dolls, and the Micronauts toy line.", "Galoob Lewis Galoob Toys, Inc. was a toy company headquartered in South San Francisco, California. Best known for creating Micro Machines and distributing the Game Genie in the United States, Galoob was founded by Barbara Frankel and Lewis Galoob in 1954 as an import business. Before it was purchased by Hasbro in 1999, it was the third largest toymaker in the United States.", "Big Monster Toys Big Monster Toys (BMT), established May 1988, is a United States-based toy and game inventing company.Big Monster Toys' founders came from the defunct toy and game-producing company Marvin Glass and Associates. The company is located in the West Loop section of Chicago just a ten-minute walk from the \"Loop.\" The studio occupies about 18,000 square feet (1,700 m2) of space for over 25 designers, devoted to inventing toys and games to be licensed around the world.", "Kawasaki Heavy Industries C151 The Kawasaki Heavy Industries C151 is a type of train that is one of the four current types of electric multiple unit on the North South and East West Lines of Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system. These are the oldest trains on the system; they were introduced in 1987 and are still in operation. Sixty-six trainsets consisting of six cars each and a single money trainset consisting of four cars were purchased.", "Vintage Trains Vintage Trains is an operator of heritage railtours in the United Kingdom. It is a subsidiary of Birmingham Railway Museum Trust, and is based at Tyseley Locomotive Works, the trust's other subsidiary. Since 1998 a summer Sundays timetabled service on the North Warwickshire Line has supplemented Vintage Trains usual railtour activities.", "Trainmaster Command Control Trainmaster Command (TMCC) is Lionel's electronic control system for O scale 3-rail model trains and toy trains that mainly ran from 1994 to 2006. Conceptually it is similar to Digital Command Control (DCC), the industry's open standard used by HO scale and other 2-rail DC trains.", "Ed Templeton Edward \"Ed\" Templeton (born July 28, 1972) is a professional skateboarder, skateboard company owner, and contemporary artist who, as of 2012, resides in Huntington Beach, California, United States (US).Templeton is best known for founding the skateboard company, Toy Machine, a company that, as of January 2013, he continues to own and manage.", "Bernard Loomis Bernard Loomis (July 4, 1923 – June 2, 2006) was an American toy developer and marketer who introduced to some of the world's most notable brands including \"Chatty Cathy\", \"Barbie\", \"Hot Wheels\", \"Baby Alive\", and \"Strawberry Shortcake\", but perhaps his biggest marketing success was bringing a then-unknown film property called Star Wars to the toy shelves.Every toy company he worked for (Mattel, General Mills, and Hasbro) became \"the world's largest toy company\" during his tenures in each company.He also coined the word \"toyetic\" in a conversation with Steven Spielberg about translating his Close Encounters of the Third Kind into figures.", "Lines Bros Lines Bros Ltd was a British toy manufacturer of the 20th century, operating under the Tri-ang brand name.Lines Bros Ltd, at its peak in 1947, was claimed by the company to be the largest toy maker in the world.", "List of MLW diesel locomotives Following is a list of diesel locomotives built by the Montreal Locomotive Works, a Canadian subsidiary of the American Locomotive Company from 1904-1964. From 1964-1975 the company was known as MLW-Worthington and was owned by Bombardier from 1975 until its closure in 1985.", "Middleton Railway The Middleton Railway is the world's oldest continuously working public railway. It was founded in 1758 and is now a heritage railway, run by volunteers from The Middleton Railway Trust Ltd. since 1960.The railway operates passenger services at weekends and on public holidays over approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) of track between its headquarters at Moor Road, Hunslet, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England and Park Halt on the outskirts of Middleton Park.", "Hamleys Hamleys is the oldest toy shop in the world and one of the world's best-known retailers of toys. Founded by William Hamley as \"Noah's Ark\" in High Holborn, London, in 1760, it moved to Regent Street in 1881.Its flagship store in London is across 7 floors with more than 50,000 toys. Located at Nos. 188-196 Regent Street, it is considered one of the city's major tourist attractions, receiving around five million visitors per year.", "List of ALCO diesel locomotives American Locomotive Company (ALCO) produced a wide range of diesel-electric locomotives until it ceased manufacture in 1969.", "Louis Marx Louis Marx (August 11, 1896 – February 5, 1982) was an American toy maker and businessman whose company, Louis Marx and Company, was the largest toy company in the world in the 1950s. Marx was described as an intense, hard-driving, and energetic man, who \"[T]alks, walks, and gestures tirelessly, like one of his own wound-up toys.\"Marx was known by numerous nicknames, including \"Toycoon,\" \"the Henry Ford of the toy industry,\" \"the hawk of the toy industry,\" and \"the toy king of America.\"", "SOTA Toys SOTA Toys, or State Of The Art Toys, is a developer, manufacturer, and wholesaler of collectibles based on licensed properties from companies such as Capcom and Universal. Since the year 2000, they have created and manufactured numerous licensed products based on the characters from popular movies, TV shows, hit video games, and literary works, as well as legendary musicians and pop stars.", "Playart Playart was a toy company owned by Hong Kong industrialist Duncan Tong (唐鼎康) that specialized in die-cast cars, similar in size and style to Hot Wheels, Matchbox or Tomica. Cars were made from 1965 to 1983; at the factory in San Po Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong. Plastic cars and trucks of 1:43, and 1:24 scale were made, while trains and other theme toys also appeared.", "H. K. Porter, Inc H. K. Porter, Inc. (Porter) manufactured light-duty railroad locomotives in the USA, starting in 1866. The company became the largest producer of industrial locomotives, and built almost eight thousand of them. The last locomotive was built in 1950, but the company continues to produce industrial equipment to this day.Porter was known for building locomotives that were much smaller than those normally used by the larger Class I railroads.", "Electro-Motive Diesel Electro-Motive Diesel, Inc., also referred to as \"EMD\", is owned by Caterpillar through its wholly owned subsidiary Progress Rail Services Corporation. The company designs, manufactures and sells diesel-electric locomotives and diesel power engines under the Electro-Motive Diesel brand. EMD offers an extensive range of locomotive products in the rail industry.Electro-Motive Diesel, Inc. traces its roots to the Electro-Motive Engineering Corporation, founded in 1922.", "Dorfan Dorfan was an American toy company based in Newark, New Jersey, specializing in O gauge and Wide gauge toy trains. It was founded in 1924 by Milton and Julius Forcheimer, two immigrant cousins from Nuremberg, Germany, whose family was involved in the production of Fandor trains. The Fandor brand name is an amalgam of Fannie & Dora (who were the mothers of Milton & Julius). When Milton & Julius immigrated to America, they reversed the names Dora & Fannie to create the Dorfan name.", "Bluebird Toys Bluebird Toys plc was a British toy company. They are responsible for the Polly Pocket brand, Havok wargame and the Disney Tiny Collection. Previous toylines include Manta Force, Oh Penny; the British version of Oh Jenny from Matchbox Toys, Mighty Max and Miniature Thomas and Friends sets.Torquil Norman started Bluebird Toys in 1980, his first product being the now famous Big Yellow Teapot House.", "Ideal Toy Company Ideal Toy Company was an American toy company founded by Morris and Rose Michtom. During the post–World War II baby boom era, Ideal became the largest doll-making company in the United States. Their most popular dolls included Betsy Wetsy, Toni, Saucy Walker, Shirley Temple, Miss Revlon, Patti Playpal, Tammy, Thumbelina, Tiny Thumbelina, and Crissy. Their last big hit was the Rubik's Cube.", "Irwin Toy Irwin Toy Limited was a Canadian distributor and manufacturer of toys. It was Canada's oldest toy company and remained independent and family owned until 2001.", "Toy wagon A toy wagon has the same structure as the traditional, larger wagon, but is much smaller and has an open top. An average wagon is able to seat one child, and is generally propelled by human power through a handle at the front. Some famous brands are Radio Flyer, Red Rider, Northern Tool and Equipment, Lowe's, and Speedway Express.", "List of Namco games Since its start, when it operated rides for children at a Yokohama department store, Namco grew into one of the top video game manufacturers in Japan. Today, Bandai Namco Entertainment is the successor to Namco's legacy and continues manufacturing and distributing video games worldwide.", "Kansas City Southern Railway The Kansas City Southern Railway Company (reporting mark KCS), owned by Kansas City Southern, is the smallest and third-oldest Class I railroad in North America (just behind Union Pacific Railroad and Canadian Pacific Railway) still in operation. KCS was founded in 1887 and is currently operating in a region consisting of ten central U.S. states.", "Transco Railway Products Transco was founded in October 1936, with its business mainly focused on servicing the railroad industry. In 1984, the company was restructured, with Transco Inc. now serving as the parent company for a number of subsidiary corporations, including Transco Railway Products Inc., Transco Products Inc., and Advance Thermal Corp. Transco Railway Products Inc.", "G & R Wrenn G&R Wrenn was a toy company specialising in the manufacture of model railways. It was founded in 1950 by George & Richard Wrenn.", "The Toy:Lobster Company The Toy:Lobster Company is a privately owned toy company based in the United Kingdom known for its C64 Direct-to-TV product line.Other recent products include WoodWorx, Danger Dan, Medalz, Gupi The Guinea Pig, Scrap Attack, Stitch Ease, Glow Zone, Funky Fun, and Face Art.The company was founded in 2003 by three Ex-Jakks Pacific employees; Simon Jones, Paul Hayloft and Michael Brighty.", "Tri-ang Railways Tri-ang Railways was a British manufacturer of toy trains, one of the elements of the Lines Bros Ltd company who traded using the brands Tri-ang, Minic, Pedigree and Frog. The Tri-ang Railways name was dropped a few years after Lines Bros took over the Hornby name although the majority of the trains were still the original Tri-ang models.", "Matchbox (brand) Matchbox is a popular toy brand which was introduced by Lesney Products in 1953 and is now owned by Mattel, Inc. The brand was so named as the original die-cast Matchbox toys were sold in boxes similar in style and size to those in which matches were sold.", "Merrythought Merrythought is a toy manufacturing company established in 1930 in the United Kingdom. The company specialises in soft toys, especially teddy bears. It is the last remaining British teddy bear factory to still make its products in Britain and is located at Ironbridge in Shropshire.The company's site in Ironbridge has a small museum and shop open to the public, as well as being where the toys are made.", "Fandor Fandor was a German toy company that specialized in toy trains, particularly toys styled after American trains. It was founded by Joseph Kraus and his cousins, Milton and Julius Forcheimer, all from Nuremberg, Germany.", "Radio Flyer Radio Flyer is an American toy company best known for their popular red toy wagon. Radio Flyer also produces scooters, tricycles, bicycles, horses, and ride-ons. The company was founded in 1917 and is based in Chicago, Illinois.", "McCoy Manufacturing McCoy Manufacturing was a small American toy train manufacturer, based in Kent, Washington. It specialized in Standard gauge trains reminiscent of Lionel's offerings from the 1920s.Starting in the 1950s, McCoy produced reproductions of Lionel's original 2 7/8-gauge equipment, as well as Standard gauge parts. By 1965, it was producing entire cars, financing the operation by making pulleys for rock tumblers.", "Doepke Toys Doepke Model Toys have delighted kids for decades and are now the envy of toy collectors everywhere. Based near Cincinnati, Ohio, Doepke (pron. \"dep key\") made several different types of toys ranging from model automobiles such as the MG, 1955 Jaguar, a fire engine, trains (big enough to ride on) and construction vehicles including bulldozers, graders, loaders, earth movers, and cranes. The toys are noted for their remarkable realism.In 1946, Charles W.", "Meccano Ltd Meccano Ltd was a British toy company established in 1908 by Frank Hornby in England to manufacture and distribute Meccano and other model toys and kits created by the company. During the 1920s and 1930s it became the biggest toy manufacturer in the United Kingdom and produced three of the most popular lines of toys in the twentieth century: Meccano, Hornby Trains and Dinky Toys.Financial problems beset the company in the early 1960s and Meccano Ltd was taken over by Lines Bros Ltd in 1964.", "Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters is one of the oldest existing roller coaster manufacturing companies in the world. Based in Hatfield, Pennsylvania, it was established in 1904 by Henry Auchey and Chester Albright under the name Philadelphia Toboggan Company. The company manufactured carousels, wooden roller coasters, toboggans (roller coaster cars) and later, roller coaster trains.", "Voltamp Voltamp was an early American manufacturer of toy trains based in Baltimore, Maryland. Founded by Manes Fuld (1863–1929), the son of a Baltimore stove dealer, Voltamp's trains utilized the same 2-inch gauge metal track as Carlisle & Finch, the inventor of the electric toy train.", "Dinky Toys Dinky Toys are die-cast zamac miniature vehicles which were produced by Meccano Ltd – makers of Hornby Trains, which were named after founder Frank Hornby. Dinky Toys in England were made from 1935 to 1979. The factory was at Binns Road, Liverpool, England.", "Hafner Manufacturing Company The Hafner Manufacturing Company was a maker of clockwork-powered O gauge toy trains, based in Chicago, Illinois, from 1914 to 1951. It was formed when its founder, William Frederick Hafner, left American Flyer to create his own company. During its peak periods, it employed as many as 150 people.The reasons for Hafner departing American Flyer, a company he helped found, are lost to history. In the book Greenberg's Guide to American Flyer Prewar O Gauge, author Alan R.", "Play Along Toys Play Along Toys is a Florida-based toy company, and a wholly owned division of Jakks Pacific.In 1999, the founders of Play Along (among them Charlie Emby and Jay Foreman) chose the Britney Spears Doll line as the first licensing venture with their new company. The choice proved successful and was followed by other celebrity dolls including Aaron Carter, Venus Williams, Serena Williams and Mandy Moore.", "Williams Electric Trains Williams Electric Trains was an American toy train and model railroad manufacturer, based in Columbia, Maryland. Unable to compete with Kader, Williams was sold to Kader via their subsidiary Bachmann Industries in October 2007, and is now identified as \"Williams by Bachmann.\"It was founded in 1971 by Jerry Williams as a maker of reproductions of vintage Lionel and Ives Standard gauge trains.", "Lionel Corporation Lionel Corporation was an American toy manufacturer and retailer that was in business from 1900-1995. Founded as an electrical novelties company, Lionel specialized in various products throughout its existence, but toy trains and model railroads were its main claim to fame. Lionel trains, produced from 1900 to 1969, drew admiration from model railroaders around the world for the solidity of their construction and the authenticity of their detail.", "Ives Manufacturing Company The Ives Manufacturing Company, an American toy manufacturer from 1868 to 1932, was the largest manufacturer of toy trains in the United States from 1910 until 1924, when Lionel Corporation overtook it in sales." ]	12
countries which have won the FIFA world cup	[ "2010 FIFA World Cup Final\nThe 2010 FIFA World Cup Final was a football match that took place on 11 July 2010 at Soccer City in Johannesburg, South Africa, to determine the winner of the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Spain defeated the Netherlands 1–0 with a goal from Andrés Iniesta four minutes from the end of extra time.", "Argentina\nArgentina (/ˌɑrdʒənˈtiːnə/; Spanish: [aɾxenˈtina]), officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina), is a federal republic located in southeastern South America.", "France national football team\nThe France national football team (French: Équipe de France de football) represents France in international football. It is fielded by the French Football Federation (French: Fédération Française de Football), the governing body of football in France, and competes as a member of UEFA, which encompasses the countries of Europe.", "List of FIFA World Cup records\nThis is a list of records of the FIFA World Cup and its qualification matches.", "List of FIFA World Cup finals\nThe FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition established in 1930. It is contested by the men's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The tournament has taken place every four years, except in 1942 and 1946, when the competition was cancelled due to World War II.", "Germany women's national football team\nThe Germany women's national football team (German: Deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft der Frauen) represents Germany in international women's association football and is directed by the German Football Association (DFB). Initially called \"West Germany\" in informal English, the team played its first international match in 1982.", "Italy\nItaly (/ˈɪtəli/; Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica Italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and has a largely temperate climate; due to its shape, it is often referred to in Italy as lo Stivale (the Boot). With 61 million inhabitants, it is the 4th most populous EU member state.", "List of players who have won multiple FIFA Women's World Cups\nBelow is a list of players who have won multiple FIFA Women's World Cups. Germany's Birgit Prinz is the only player who has appeared in 3 World Cup finals (winning 2 of them).", "Germany national football team\nThe Germany national football team (German: Die deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft) is the men's football team that has represented Germany in international competition since 1908. It is governed by the German Football Association (Deutscher Fußball-Bund), founded in 1900. Ever since the DFB was reinaugurated in 1949 the team has represented the Federal Republic of Germany.", "France\nFrance, officially the French Republic (French: République française), is a sovereign state comprising territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories.", "1938 FIFA World Cup\nThe 1938 FIFA World Cup was the third staging of the World Cup, and was held in France from 4 to 19 June 1938. Italy retained the championship (and thus became the only team to have won two FIFA World Cups under the same coach, or Vittorio Pozzo), beating Hungary 4–2 in the final.", "1978 FIFA World Cup\nThe 1978 FIFA World Cup, the 11th staging of the FIFA World Cup, quadrennial international football world championship tournament, was held in Argentina between 1 and 25 June.The 1978 World Cup was won by Argentina who beat the Netherlands 3–1 at River Plate's home stadium Estadio Monumental in the Argentine capital of Buenos Aires after extra time in the final.", "1950 FIFA World Cup\nThe 1950 FIFA World Cup, held in Brazil from 24 June to 16 July 1950, was the fourth FIFA World Cup. It was the first World Cup since 1938, the planned 1942 and 1946 competitions having been cancelled owing to World War II. It was won by Uruguay, who had won the inaugural competition in 1930, clinching the cup by beating the hosts Brazil 2–1 in the deciding match of the four-team final group (this was the only tournament not decided by a one-match final).", "England\nEngland /ˈɪŋɡlənd/ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south.", "National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup\nThis article lists the performances of each of the 77 national teams which have made at least one appearance in the FIFA World Cup finals.", "Thierry Henry\nThierry Daniel Henry (French pronunciation: [tjɛʁi ɑ̃ʁi]; born 17 August 1977) is a retired French professional footballer, who played as a forward. He played for Monaco, Juventus, Barcelona, New York Red Bulls and spent eight years at Arsenal where he is the club's all-time record goalscorer.", "2014 FIFA World Cup Final\nThe 2014 FIFA World Cup Final was a football match that took place on 13 July 2014 at the Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to determine the 2014 FIFA World Cup champion. Germany defeated Argentina 1–0 in extra time, with the only goal being scored by Mario Götze, who collected André Schürrle's cross from the left on his chest before volleying a high left-footed shot into the net.", "Football in Argentina\nFootball is Argentina's most popular sport, the one with the most players (2,658,811 total, 331,811 of which are registered and 2,327,000 unregistered; with 3,377 clubs and 37,161 officials, all according to FIFA) and is the most popular recreational sport, played from childhood into old age.", "Brazil\nBrazil (/brəˈzɪl/; Portuguese: Brasil [bɾaˈziw] ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, About this sound listen ), is the largest country in both South America and the Latin American region. It is the world's fifth-largest country, both by geographical area and by population.", "List of FIFA Women's World Cup finals\nThe FIFA Women's World Cup is an international association football competition established in 1991. It is contested by the women's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The tournament has taken place every four years.", "Italy at the FIFA World Cup\nThis is a record of Italy's results at the FIFA World Cup. The FIFA World Cup, sometimes called the Football World Cup or the Soccer World Cup, but usually referred to simply as the World Cup, is an international association football competition contested by the men's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body.", "Argentina at the FIFA World Cup\nThis is a record of Argentina's results at the FIFA World Cup. Argentina is one of the most successful national football teams in the world, having won 2 World Cups in 1978 and 1986. Argentina has been runners up three times in the 1930 World Cup, 1990 World Cup and 2014 World Cup. The team was present in all but four of the World Cups, being behind only Brazil, Italy and Germany in number of appearances. Argentina has also won the Copa América 14 times, one less than Uruguay.", "Mexico\nMexico (/ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/; Spanish: México [ˈmexiko]), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos, About this sound listen ), is a federal republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico.", "Spain national football team\nThe Spain national football team (Spanish: Selección de fútbol de España) represents Spain in International association football and is controlled by the Royal Spanish Football Federation, the governing body for football in Spain. The current head coach is Vicente del Bosque. The Spanish side is commonly referred to as La Roja \"\\The Red [One]\"), La Furia Roja (\"The Red Fury\"), La Furia Española (\"The Spanish Fury\") or simply La Furia (\"The Fury\").", "2014 FIFA World Cup\nThe 2014 FIFA World Cup was the 20th FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial world championship for men's national football teams organized by FIFA. It took place in Brazil from 12 June to 13 July 2014, after the country was awarded the hosting rights in 2007. It was the second time that Brazil staged the competition (the first was in 1950), and the fifth time that it was held in South America.", "West Germany\nWest Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany or FRG (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland or BRD) in the period between its creation on 23 May 1949 to German reunification on 3 October 1990. This period is also referred to as the Bonn Republic (German: Bonner Republik) by academic historians.During this period NATO-aligned West Germany and Warsaw Pact-aligned East Germany were divided by the Inner German border.", "Germany at the FIFA World Cup\nThis is a record of Germany and West Germany's results at the FIFA World Cup. The FIFA World Cup, sometimes called the Football World Cup, but usually referred to simply as the World Cup, is an international association football competition contested by the men's national teams of the members of FIFA, the sport's global governing body.", "Argentina national football team\nThe Argentina national football team (Spanish: Selección de fútbol de Argentina) represents Argentina in football and is controlled by the Argentine Football Association (AFA), the governing body for football in Argentina. Argentina's home stadium is Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti.La Selección (national team), also known as the Albicelestes (sky blue and whites), has appeared in five World Cup finals, including the first final in 1930, which they lost, 4–2, to Uruguay.", "France at the FIFA World Cup\nThis is a record of France's results at the FIFA World Cup.", "List of FIFA World Cup winners\nList of FIFA World Cup winners includes all of the players and coaches who have participated and won FIFA World Cup since its inception in 1930. In total 422 players have been on the winning team in the World Cup, one of which has won three times (Pele) and 20 has won twice.", "Germany\nGermany (/ˈdʒɜrməni/; German: Deutschland [ˈdɔʏtʃlant]), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, About this sound listen ), is a federal parliamentary republic in western-central Europe. It includes 16 constituent states and covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres (137,847 sq mi) with a largely temperate seasonal climate. Its capital and largest city is Berlin." ]	[ "List of Sweden international footballers The Sweden national football team has traditionally been a strong team in international football, with eleven World Cup appearances—collecting one silver and two bronze medals—and three medals in the Olympics, including one gold. Sweden played its first international game against Norway in 1908 and competed in an international tournament, the Summer Olympics, for the first time the same year.", "Marcello Lippi Marcello Lippi, Commendatore OMRI (Italian pronunciation: [marˈtʃɛllo ˈlippi]; born 12 April 1948) is an Italian World Cup-winning football former manager and player. He served as Italian national team head coach from 16 July 2004 to 12 July 2006 and led Italy to win the 2006 FIFA World Cup.", "Jules Rimet Jules Rimet (14 October 1873 – 16 October 1956) was a French football administrator who was the 3rd President of FIFA, serving from 1921 to 1954. He is FIFA's longest serving president, in office for 33 years. He also served as the president of the French Football Federation from 1919 to 1942.On Rimet's initiative, the first FIFA World Cup was held in 1930. The Jules Rimet Trophy was named in his honour. He also founded the French football club Red Star Saint-Ouen.", "1986 FIFA World Cup The 1986 FIFA World Cup, the 13th FIFA World Cup, was held in Mexico from 31 May to 29 June 1986. The tournament was the second to feature a 24-team format. Colombia had been originally chosen to host the competition by FIFA but, largely due to economic reasons, was not able to do so and officially resigned in 1982. Mexico was selected as the new host in May 1983.", "Adidas Fevernova The Adidas Fevernova is the official match ball of 2002 FIFA World Cup in South Korea and Japan, manufactured by Adidas. Its styling marked a departure from the traditional Tango ball design.", "1986 FIFA World Cup qualification A total of 121 teams entered the 1986 FIFA World Cup qualification rounds, competing for a total of 24 spots in the final tournament. Mexico, as the hosts, and Italy, as the defending champions, qualified automatically, leaving 22 spots open for competition.", "Battle of Santiago (1962 FIFA World Cup) The Battle of Santiago (Italian: Battaglia di Santiago, Spanish: Batalla de Santiago) is the name given to a particularly unsavoury and infamous football match during the 1962 FIFA World Cup. It was a game played between host Chile and Italy on 2 June 1962 in Santiago. The referee was Ken Aston, who later went on to invent yellow and red cards.", "Alberto Tarantini Alberto Tarantini (born 3 December 1955) is an Argentine former football player and a 1978 FIFA World Cup champion.", "South Korea national football team The Korea Republic national football team represents South Korea in international association football and is controlled by the Korea Football Association.Since the 1960s, South Korea has emerged as a major football power in Asia and is historically the most successful Asian team, having participated in eight consecutive and nine overall FIFA World Cup tournaments, the most for any Asian country.", "United States men's national soccer team The United States men's national soccer team, often referred to as the USMNT, represents the United States in international association football. It is controlled by the United States Soccer Federation and competes in CONCACAF (the Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football). The team has appeared in ten FIFA World Cups and hosted the 1994 edition.", "Goleo and Pille Goleo VI, commonly known as Goleo, and Pille were the official mascots for the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany. Goleo takes the form of a lion, and is never found far from his sidekick, Pille, a talking football.Goleo is clad in a white football shirt with black collar and sleeve rims, similar to those worn by the German national team between the 1950s and 1970s, and is trouserless.", "Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics At the 1924 Summer Olympics held in Paris, Uruguay dominated the football tournament winning the Gold.", "1997 FIFA World Player of the Year The 1997 FIFA World Player of the Year award was won by Ronaldo, who became the first player to win the award two years in a row.", "1962 FIFA World Cup The 1962 FIFA World Cup was the 7th FIFA World Cup. It was held from 30 May to 17 June 1962 in Chile. Teams representing 57 national football associations from all six populated continents entered the competition, with its qualification process beginning in August 1960.", "1990 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL) The South American (CONMEBOL) zone of qualification for the 1990 FIFA World Cup saw 9 teams competing for 2 direct places at the finals, with one extra place potentially on offer to the winner of a play-off. CONMEBOL member Argentina qualified automatically as reigning World Cup champions.", "Paolo Rossi Paolo Rossi (Italian pronunciation: [ˈpaolo ˈrossi]; born 23 September 1956) is an Italian former footballer, who played as a forward. In 1982, he led Italy to the 1982 FIFA World Cup title, scoring six goals to win the Golden Boot as top goalscorer, and the Golden Ball for the player of the tournament. Rossi is one of only three players to have won all three awards at a World Cup, along with Garrincha in 1962, and Mario Kempes in 1978.", "Helmut Rahn Helmut Rahn, known as Der Boss (The Boss), (16 August 1929 in Essen – 14 August 2003) was a German football player. He became a legend for having scored the winning goal in the final game of the 1954 FIFA World Cup (West Germany 3 – Hungary 2).", "Vicente Feola Vicente Ítalo Feola (20 November 1909 – 6 November 1975) was a Brazilian football manager and coach who lived in São Paulo. He became famous for leading the Brazilians to their first FIFA World Cup title in 1958.", "FIFA U-17 World Cup The FIFA U-17 World Cup, founded as the FIFA U-16 World Championship, later changed to the FIFA U-17 World Championship and known by its current name since 2007, is the world championship of association football for male players under the age of 17 organized by Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA).The first edition was staged in 1985 in China, and tournaments have been played every two years since then.", "World cup competition A world cup is a global sporting competition in which the participant entities – usually international teams or individuals representing their countries - compete for the title of world champion. A world cup is generally considered the premier competition in its sport, with the victor attaining the highest honour in that sport and able to lay claim to the title of their sport's best.", "Dunga Carlos Caetano Bledorn Verri (born October 31, 1963 in Ijuí, Rio Grande do Sul), commonly known as Dunga (pronounced Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈdũɡɐ]), is a former Brazilian footballer and a World Champion for Brazil in the 1994 FIFA World Cup and the current head coach of Brazil. Along with Xavi, he is one of only two men to have played in a World Cup, Olympic Games, Confederations Cup and continental championship final.", "Alain Prost Alain Marie Pascal Prost, OBE, Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur (born 24 February 1955) is a French former racing driver. A four-time Formula One Drivers' Champion, only Sebastian Vettel (four championships), Juan Manuel Fangio (five championships), and Michael Schumacher (seven championships) have equalled or surpassed his number of titles. From 1987 until 2001 Prost held the record for most Grand Prix victories.", "Estadio Pocitos Estadio Pocitos was a multi-use stadium in Montevideo, Uruguay, that does not exist today. This stadium was mainly used for football matches of the owner club Peñarol from 1921 to 1933. Iit was demolished later in the 1930s because Peñarol started to play in the Estadio Centenario as its home field, and additionally due to the increasing urbanisation of Montevideo. The first FIFA World Cup goal was scored in this stadium by the French player Laurent.", "Johnny Rep John Nicholaas \"Johnny\" Rep (born 25 November 1951 in Zaandam, North Holland) is a former Dutch footballer. He currently holds the all-time record for FIFA World Cup goals for the Netherlands with 7.", "List of FIFA world cup squads 1930 FIFA World Cup squads 1934 FIFA World Cup squads 1938 FIFA World Cup squads 1950 FIFA World Cup squads 1954 FIFA World Cup squads 1958 FIFA World Cup squads 1962 FIFA World Cup squads 1966 FIFA World Cup squads 1970 FIFA World Cup squads 1974 FIFA World Cup squads 1978 FIFA World Cup squads 1982 FIFA World Cup squads 1986 FIFA World Cup squads 1990 FIFA World Cup squads 1994 FIFA World Cup squads 1998 FIFA World Cup squads 2002 FIFA World Cup squads 2006 FIFA World Cup squads 2010 FIFA World Cup squads 2014 FIFA World Cup squads", "List of FIFA World Cup goalscorers This article lists every country's goalscorers in the FIFA World Cup. There are over 1200 goalscorers for the over 2300 goals scored at the 20 editions of the World Cup final tournaments.As per conventions, converted penalties during shoot-outs are excluded.", "Golden Team The Golden Team (Hungarian: Aranycsapat; also known as the Mighty Magyars, the Marvellous Magyars, the Magnificent Magyars, or the Magical Magyars) refers to the legendary Hungary national football team of the 1950s. It is associated with several notable matches, including the \"Match of the Century\" against England in 1953, and the quarter-final (\"Battle of Berne\") against Brazil, semi-final (against Uruguay) and final (\"Miracle of Bern\") of the 1954 FIFA World Cup.", "Gary Lineker Gary Winston Lineker, OBE (born 30 November 1960) is an English former footballer and current sports broadcaster. He holds England's record for goals in FIFA World Cup finals, with 10 scored. Lineker's media career began with the BBC, where he has presented the flagship programme Match of the Day since the late 1990s.", "Uruguay v Brazil (1950 FIFA World Cup) Uruguay v Brazil was the decisive match of the final group stage at the 1950 FIFA World Cup. The match was played at the Estádio do Maracanã in the then-Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro on 16 July 1950. Unlike other World Cups, the 1950 winner was determined by a final group stage, with the final four teams playing in round-robin format, instead of a knockout stage.", "Battle of Bordeaux (1938 FIFA World Cup) The Battle of Bordeaux is an informal name for the World Cup football match between Brazil and Czechoslovakia on June 12, 1938 in the Parc Lescure in Bordeaux, France, one of the quarter-finals of the 1938 World Cup finals. The match had a series of brutal fouls by both sides, due to the lax officiating of Hungarian referee Paul von Hertzka.", "1970 FIFA World Cup squads Below are the squads for the 1970 FIFA World Cup final tournament in Mexico.", "1975 English cricket season The 1975 English cricket season was notable for hosting the first-ever Cricket World Cup which was won by West Indies, who defeated Australia in an exciting final.", "Australia national cricket team The Australian cricket team, nicknames as the Kangaroos or the Aussies, is the national cricket team of Australia and the current ICC Cricket World Cup Champions. It is the joint oldest team in Test cricket, having played in the first Test match in 1877.", "Rudi Völler Rudolf \"Rudi\" Völler (Nickname Tante Käthe (English. Aunt Käthe), born 13 April 1960) (pronounced [ˈfœlɐ]) is a former German international footballer, and a former manager of the German national team. He won the FIFA World Cup in 1990 as a player.Along with Mario Jorge Lobo Zagallo and Franz Beckenbauer, Völler has the distinction of reaching a World Cup final as both a player (1986 and 1990) and as a manager (2002).", "Italy v West Germany (1970 FIFA World Cup) The semi-final of the 1970 FIFA World Cup between Italy and West Germany is known as the \"Game of the Century\" (Spanish: Partido del Siglo; Italian: Partita del Secolo; German: Jahrhundertspiel). It was played on 17 June 1970 at the Estadio Azteca in Mexico City. Italy won 4–3 after five goals were scored in extra time, the only FIFA World Cup game in which this has happened.", "1934 FIFA World Cup The 1934 FIFA World Cup was the second FIFA World Cup, the world championship for men's national association football teams. It took place in Italy from 27 May to 10 June 1934.The 1934 World Cup was the first for which teams had to qualify to take part. Thirty-two nations entered the competition, and after qualification, 16 teams participated in the finals tournament. Reigning champions Uruguay did not enter. Italy became the second World Cup champions, beating Czechoslovakia 2–1 in the final.", "FIVB Volleyball World League statistics This article gives the summarized final standings of each FIVB Volleyball World League tournament, an annual competition involving national men's volleyball teams. The most successful teams, as of 2015, have been: Brazil, 9 times (1993, 2001, 2003–07, 2009–10); and Italy, 8 times (1990–92, 1994–95, 1997, 1999–2000).", "Austria v Switzerland (1954 FIFA World Cup) On June 26, 1954, in a quarterfinal match of the 1954 Football World Cup, Austria beat Switzerland 7–5 in Lausanne, Switzerland. The 12 goals scored in the match set a World Cup record, unequalled to date, for the highest scoring match ever. The match is known by its German name, Hitzeschlacht von Lausanne (roughly translated to \"The heat battle of Lausanne\"), due to the high temperature that it was played under, 40°C (104°F).", "FIFA World Cup video games FIFA has licensed FIFA World Cup video games since 1986, of which only a few were received positively by the critics, but given the popularity of the competition, they all did positively on the market, and the license is one of the most sought-after. Originally in the hands of U.S. Gold, Electronic Arts acquired it in 1997 and is the current holder.", "Adidas Tricolore Tricolore by Adidas was the official match ball of 1998 FIFA World Cup in France. The tricolour flag and cockerel, traditional symbols of France were used as inspiration for the design. It was the first multi-coloured ball to be used in the tournament's final stage and was also the final World Cup ball to bear the classic Tango design, introduced in the 1978 tournament. The design of blue triads decorated with cockerel motifs was adopted to represent the colours of the flag of France.", "1958 FIFA World Cup squads Below are the squads for the 1958 FIFA World Cup final tournament in Sweden.", "2000 FIFA World Player of the Year The 2000 FIFA World Player of the Year award was won by Zinedine Zidane for the second time following France's 2000 European Championship win.", "Austria national football team The Austria national football team is the association football team that represents the country of Austria in international competition and is controlled by the Austrian Football Association (German: Österreichischer Fußballbund). Austria has qualified for seven World Cups, most recently in 1998. The country played in the European Championship for the first time in 2008 when it co-hosted the event with Switzerland and most recently qualified in 2016.", "1938 FIFA World Cup qualification A total of 37 teams entered the 1938 FIFA World Cup qualification rounds, competing for a total of 16 spots in the final tournament. For the first time the title holders and the host country were given automatic qualification. Therefore, France, as the hosts, and Italy, as the defending champions, qualified automatically, leaving 14 spots open for competition.Due to the Spanish Civil War, Spain withdrew from the competition.", "1978 FIFA World Cup squads Below are the squads for the 1978 FIFA World Cup final tournament in Argentina.", "England national football team The England national football team represents England and the Crown Dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man for football matches as part of FIFA-authorised events, and is controlled by The Football Association, the governing body for football in England. England are one of the two oldest national teams in football; alongside Scotland, whom they played in the world's first international football match in 1872.", "Adidas Azteca Azteca Mexico by Adidas was the official match ball of 1986 FIFA World Cup in Mexico. It was also the first fully synthetic FIFA World Cup ball. The elaborately decorated design was inspired by the hosting nation’s native Aztec architecture and murals.", "Bora Milutinović Velibor “Bora” Milutinović (Serbian Cyrillic: Велибор Бора Милутиновић; born 7 September 1944) is a Serbian football coach and former player.He and Carlos Alberto Parreira are the only two people to have coached five different teams at the World Cup: Mexico (1986), Costa Rica (1990), the United States (1994), Nigeria (1998), and China (2002).", "Bernd Hölzenbein Bernd Hölzenbein (born 9 March 1946) is a former German football player (winning the World Cup in 1974). He is best known for being fouled in the final against Netherlands, which led to the Germans' equalising penalty.", "Fabien Barthez Fabien Alain Barthez (French pronunciation: [fa.bjɛ̃ baʁ.tɛz]; born 28 June 1971) is a French former footballer who won honours as a goalkeeper with Marseille, Manchester United and the French national team, with whom he won the 1998 FIFA World Cup and Euro 2000 and reached the final of the 2006 World Cup. He shares the record for the most World Cup finals clean sheets with Peter Shilton, with 10. In club football he won the Champions League as well as several Ligue 1 and Premier League titles.", "1962 FIFA World Cup squads Below are the squads for the 1962 FIFA World Cup final tournament in Chile.", "1994 FIFA World Cup squads Below are the squads for the 1994 FIFA World Cup final tournament in the United States. Greece, Italy, Saudi Arabia and Spain were the only countries who had all their players coming from domestic clubs, while the Republic of Ireland and Nigeria had no players from domestic clubs. Saudi Arabia were the only team with no players from European clubs.The players' age, caps and clubs are as of 16 June 1994 (the tournament started on 17 June).", "Just Fontaine Just \"Justo\" Fontaine (pronounced: [ʒyst fɔ̃.tɛn]; born 18 August 1933) is a retired French football player best known for being the record holder for most goals scored in a single edition of the FIFA World Cup, with 13 in six games in 1958. In 2004, Pelé named him one of the 125 Greatest Living Footballers at a FIFA Awards Ceremony.", "Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy The Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy was an association football competition that took place twice, in Turin, Italy, in 1909 and 1911. It is sometimes referred to as The First World Cup. However it is predated by the Torneo Internazionale Stampa Sportiva, which was hosted in 1908 also in Turin, as the first international competition and football tournaments at the Olympic Games, since 1900 (officially).", "1930 FIFA World Cup squads Below are the squads for the 1930 FIFA World Cup tournament in Uruguay.Yugoslavia were the only team to have players from foreign clubs (namely 3 players from French clubs).", "FIFA World Cup mascot Each FIFA World Cup since 1966 has its own mascot. World Cup Willie, the mascot for the 1966 competition, was the first World Cup mascot, and one of the first mascots to be associated with a major sporting competition.", "1986 FIFA World Cup squads Below are the squads for the 1986 FIFA World Cup final tournament in Mexico.", "They think it's all over \"They think it's all over\" is a quote from Kenneth Wolstenholme's BBC TV commentary in the closing moments of the 1966 FIFA World Cup Final, when England beat West Germany 4–2 after extra time to win the FIFA World Cup. In the final few seconds of the match, Wolstenholme said:And here comes Hurst! He's got...", "Romania national football team The Romania national football team is the national football team of Romania and is controlled by the Romanian Football Federation.Romania is one of only four national teams from Europe, the other three being Yugoslavia, France, and Belgium, that took part in the first World Cup in 1930.Since that performance, they have qualified for the 1934, 1938, 1970, 1990, 1994 and 1998 editions.", "Hungary national football team The Hungary national football team represents Hungary in international football and is controlled by the Hungarian Football Federation.Hungary has a respectable football history, having won three Olympic titles, finishing runners-up in the 1938 and 1954 FIFA World Cups, and third in the 1964 UEFA European Football Championship.", "Dino Zoff Dino Zoff (Italian pronunciation: [ˈdiːno dzɔf]; born 28 February 1942) is an Italian former football goalkeeper and is the oldest winner ever of the World Cup, which he earned as captain of the Italian national team in the 1982 tournament in Spain, at the age of 40 years, 4 months and 13 days, also winning the award for best goalkeeper of the tournament, and being elected to the team of the tournament, for his performances, keeping two clean-sheets, an honour he also received after winning the 1968 European Championship on home soil.", "Geoff Hurst Sir Geoffrey Charles \"Geoff\" Hurst MBE (born 8 December 1941) is a former England international footballer. A striker, he remains the only man to score a hat-trick in a World Cup final as England recorded a 4–2 victory over West Germany at the old Wembley in 1966.He began his career with West Ham United, where he scored 242 goals in 500 first team appearances. There he won the FA Cup in 1964 and the European Cup Winners' Cup 1965. He was sold to Stoke City in 1972 for £80,000.", "1998 FIFA World Player of the Year The 1998 FIFA World Player of the Year award was won by Zinedine Zidane, after scoring twice in France's 3–0 win over Brazil in the 1998 FIFA World Cup Final.", "1954 FIFA World Cup squads Below are the squads for the 1954 FIFA World Cup final tournament in Switzerland. This was the first World Cup where the players were assigned squad numbers.Scotland were the only team to have players from foreign clubs (namely 7 players from English clubs).", "Ronaldo Ronaldo Luís Nazário de Lima (locally: [ʁoˈnawðu ˈlwiʒ nɐˈzaɾju dʒ ˈɫĩmɐ]; born 18 September 1976) commonly known as Ronaldo, is a retired Brazilian footballer. Popularly dubbed \"the phenomenon\", he is considered by experts and fans to be one of the greatest football players of all time. He is one of only four players to have won the FIFA World Player of the Year award three times or more, along with Zinedine Zidane, Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo.", "1966 FIFA World Cup Final The 1966 FIFA World Cup Final was the final match in the 1966 FIFA World Cup, the eighth football World Cup and one of the most controversial finals ever. The match was played by England and West Germany on 30 July 1966 at Wembley Stadium in London, and had an attendance of 96,924. The British television audience peaked at 32.30 million viewers, making the final the most watched television event ever in the United Kingdom.England won 4–2 after extra time to win the Jules Rimet Trophy.", "Mário Zagallo Mário Jorge Lobo Zagallo (Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈmaɾju zaˈɡalu]; born 9 August 1931) is a Brazilian former football player and manager. He was the first footballer to win the World Cup both as a manager and as a player, World Cup 1958 and World Cup 1962 as a player and the World Cup 1970 and World Cup 1994 as a manager.", "1954 FIFA World Cup Final The 1954 FIFA World Cup Final, also known as the Miracle of Bern, was the final match of the 1954 FIFA World Cup, the fifth FIFA World Cup. The match was played at the Wankdorf Stadium in Bern, Switzerland, on 4 July 1954. The game saw the underdogs West Germany beat the largely favoured Hungary 3–2.", "1982 FIFA World Cup squads Below are the squads for the 1982 FIFA World Cup final tournament in Spain.", "1966 FIFA World Cup squads Below are the squads for the 1966 FIFA World Cup final tournament in England.", "1974 FIFA World Cup The 1974 FIFA World Cup, the tenth staging of the World Cup, was held in West Germany (including West Berlin) from 13 June to 7 July. The tournament marked the first time that the current trophy, the FIFA World Cup Trophy, created by the Italian sculptor Silvio Gazzaniga, was awarded. The previous trophy, the Jules Rimet Trophy, had been won for the third time by Brazil in 1970 and awarded permanently to the Brazilians. The host nation won the title beating the Netherlands in the final, 2–1.", "Adidas Teamgeist The +Teamgeist (German pronunciation: [ˈtiːmgaɪ̯st]) ball was the official football for the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany. The plus sign in its name was introduced for trademark purposes, since the regular German word Teamgeist, meaning \"team spirit\", could not be trademarked.", "Chile national football team The Chile national football team represents Chile in all major international football competitions and is controlled by the Federación de Fútbol de Chile which was established in 1895. The team is commonly referred to as La Roja \"\\The Red One\"). They have appeared in nine World Cup tournaments and were hosts of the 1962 FIFA World Cup where they finished in third place, the highest position the country has ever achieved in the World Cup.", "1930 FIFA World Cup The 1930 FIFA World Cup was the inaugural FIFA World Cup, the world championship for men's national association football teams. It took place in Uruguay from 13 July to 30 July 1930. FIFA, football's international governing body, selected Uruguay as host nation, as the country would be celebrating the centenary of its first constitution, and the Uruguay national football team had successfully retained their football title at the 1928 Summer Olympics.", "2006 FIFA World Cup Final The 2006 FIFA World Cup Final was a football match that took place on 9 July 2006 at the Olympiastadion, Berlin, Germany, to determine the winner of the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Italy beat France on penalties after the match finished 1–1 after extra time. France's Zinedine Zidane was sent off in his last-ever match, for headbutting Italy's Marco Materazzi's chest in retaliation to Materazzi's trash talking.", "1974 FIFA World Cup squads Below are the squads for the 1974 FIFA World Cup final tournament in West Germany.", "1958 FIFA World Cup The 1958 FIFA World Cup, the sixth staging of the World Cup, was hosted by Sweden from 8 to 29 June. The tournament was won by Brazil, who beat Sweden 5–2 in the final for their first title. To date, this marks the only occasion that a World Cup staged in Europe was not won by a European team. The tournament is also notable for marking the debut on the world stage of a then largely unknown 17-year-old Pelé.", "History of the FIFA World Cup The world cup was first held in 1930, when FIFA president Jules Rimet decided to stage an international football tournament. The inaugural edition, held in 1930, was contested as a final tournament of only 13 teams invited by the organization.", "FIFA U-20 World Cup The FIFA U-20 World Cup, until 2005 known as the FIFA World Youth Championship, is the world championship of football for male players under the age of 20 and is organized by Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). The Championship has been awarded every two years since the first tournament in 1977 held in Tunisia.In the nineteen tournaments held, only nine nations have won the title. Argentina is the most successful team with six titles, followed by Brazil with five titles.", "FIFA World Rankings The FIFA World Ranking is a ranking system for men's national teams in association football, currently led by Argentina. The teams of the member nations of FIFA, football's world governing body, are ranked based on their game results with the most successful teams being ranked highest.", "FIFA World Cup Trophy The World Cup is a gold trophy that is awarded to the winners of the FIFA World Cup association football tournament.", "FIFA World Cup The FIFA World Cup, often simply called the World Cup, is an international association football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War.", "1934 FIFA World Cup squads Below are the squads for the 1934 FIFA World Cup final tournament in Italy.Brazil and Czechoslovakia were the only teams to have players from foreign clubs.", "FIFA World Cup hosts Sixteen countries have been FIFA World Cup hosts in the competition's twenty tournaments since the inaugural World Cup in 1930. The organization was at first awarded to countries at meetings of FIFA's congress. The choice of location was controversial in the earliest tournaments, given the three-week boat journey between South America and Europe, the two centres of strength in football at the time.", "Football in Brazil Association Football is the most popular sport in Brazil. The Brazilian national football team has won the FIFA World Cup tournament a record five times, in 1958, 1962, 1970, 1994 and 2002, and is the only team to succeed in qualifying for every World Cup competition ever held. It is among the favorites to win the trophy every time the competition is scheduled. After Brazil won its 3rd World Cup in 1970, they were awarded the Jules Rimet Trophy permanently.", "1954 FIFA World Cup The 1954 FIFA World Cup, the fifth staging of the FIFA World Cup, was held in Switzerland from 16 June to 4 July. Switzerland was chosen as hosts in July 1946. The tournament set a number of all-time records for goal-scoring, including the highest average goals scored per game. The tournament was won by West Germany, who defeated Hungary 3–2 in the final, giving them their first title.", "1982 FIFA World Cup The 1982 FIFA World Cup, the 12th FIFA World Cup, was held in Spain from 13 June to 11 July 1982.The tournament was won by Italy, after defeating West Germany 3–1 in the final. It was Italy's third World Cup win and first since 1938. The holders Argentina were eliminated in the second group round.", "1938 FIFA World Cup squads Below are the squads for the 1938 FIFA World Cup final tournament in France.Hungary and Switzerland were the only teams who had players from foreign clubs. All the three such players represented French clubs.", "1966 FIFA World Cup The 1966 FIFA World Cup, the eighth staging of the World Cup, was held in England from 11 to 30 July. England beat West Germany 4–2 in the final, winning the World Cup. With this victory, England won their first FIFA World Cup title and became the third World Cup host to win the tournament after Uruguay in 1930 and Italy in 1934.The 1966 Final, held at Wembley Stadium, was the last to be broadcast in black and white.", "Football in Italy Football is the most popular sport in Italy. The Italian national football team is considered to be one of the best national teams in the world. They have won the FIFA World Cup four times (1934, 1938, 1982, 2006), trailing only Brazil (with 5), runners-up in two finals (1970, 1994) and reaching a third place (1990).The rivalry with Brazil is known as the \"World Derby\" or as the \"Clásico Mundial\".", "Italy national football team The Italian national football team (Italian: Nazionale di calcio dell'Italia) represents Italy in association football and is controlled by the Italian Football Federation (FIGC), the governing body for football in Italy. Italy is one of the most successful national teams in the history of the World Cup, having won 4 titles (1934, 1938, 1982, 2006) and appearing in two finals (1970, 1994), reaching a third place (1990) and a fourth place (1978)." ]	0
What is the longest river?	[ "List of rivers of New Zealand by length\nThis is a list of the longest rivers in New Zealand, and some other prominent rivers, ordered by length.South Island rivers are marked \"SI\", and North Island rivers \"NI\".", "List of longest rivers of the United States (by main stem)\nThe main stems of 38 rivers in the United States are at least 500 miles (800 km) long. The main stem is \"the primary downstream segment of a river, as contrasted to its tributaries\". The United States Geological Survey (USGS) defines a main-stem segment by listing coordinates for its two end points, called the source and the mouth.", "List of rivers by length\nThis is a list of the longest rivers on Earth. It includes river systems over 1,000 kilometers.", "Darling River\nThe Darling River is the third longest river in Australia, measuring 1,472 kilometres (915 mi) from its source in northern New South Wales to its confluence with the Murray River at Wentworth, New South Wales. Including its longest contiguous tributaries it is 2,844 km (1,767 mi) long, making it the longest river system in Australia.The Darling River is the outback's most famous waterway.", "River Great Ouse\nThe River Great Ouse /ˈuːz/ is a river in the United Kingdom, the longest of several British rivers called \"Ouse\". From Syresham in central England, the Great Ouse flows into East Anglia before entering the Wash, a bay of the North Sea. With a course of 143 miles (230 km), mostly flowing north and east, it is the fourth-longest river in the United Kingdom.", "List of the longest Asian rivers\nThis a list of the thirty-three Asian rivers over 1,000 miles (1,600 km) in length.Yangtze - 6,300 km - 3,915 miles (6,301 km)Yellow River (Huang He) - 5,464 km - 3,395 miles (5,464 km)Mekong River - 4,909 km - 3,050 miles (4,910 km)Lena River - 4,400 km - 2,734 miles (4,400 km)Irtysh River - 4,248 km - 2,640 miles (4,250 km)Yenisei River - 4,090 km - 2,540 miles (4,090 km)Ob River - 3,650 km - 2,268 miles (3,650 km)Nizhnyaya Tunguska River - 2,989 km - 1,857 miles (2,989 km)Indus River - 2,900 km - 1,800 miles (2,900 km)Brahmaputra River - 2,900 km - 1,800 miles (2,900 km)Amur River - 2,824 km - 1,755 miles (2,824 km)Salween River - 2,700 km - 1,749 miles (2,815 km)Euphrates River - 2,800 km - 1,740 miles (2,800 km)Vilyuy River - 2,650 km - 1,647 miles (2,651 km)Amu Darya - 2,540 km - 1,578 miles (2,540 km)Ganges River - 2,510 km - 1,560 miles (2,510 km)Ishim River - 2,450 km - 1,522 miles (2,449 km)Ural River - 2,428 km - 1,509 miles (2,429 km)Pearl River (China) - 2,400 km - 1,491 miles (2,400 km)Olenyok River - 2,292 km - 1,424 miles (2,292 km)Aldan River - 2,273 km - 1,412 miles (2,272 km)Syr Darya - 2,212 km - 1,374 miles (2,211 km)Ayeyarwady River - 2,170 km - 1,350 miles (2,170 km)Kolyma River - 2,129 km - 1,323 miles (2,129 km)Tarim River - 2,030 km - 1,260 miles (2,030 km)Vitim River - 1,978 km - 1,229 miles (1,978 km)Xi River - 1,930 km - 1,200 miles (1,900 km)Sungari River - 1,927 km - 1,197 miles (1,926 km)Tigris River - 1,900 km - 1,180 miles (1,900 km)Podkamennaya Tunguska River - 1,865 km - 1,159 miles (1,865 km)Angara River - 1,779 km - 1,105 miles (1,778 km)Indigirka River - 1,726 km - 1,072 miles (1,725 km)Ergune River - 1,620 km - 1,007 miles (1,621 km)", "Longest rivers of the United Kingdom\nThere seems to be little consensus as to the lengths of rivers in published sources, nor much agreement as to what constitutes a river. Thus the River Ure / River Ouse can be counted as one river system or two rivers. If it is counted as one, the River Aire / Yorkshire Ouse / Humber system would come fourth in the list, with a combined length of 161 miles (259 km) and indeed, the River Trent / Humber system would top the list with their combined length of 222 mi (357 km).", "List of rivers of Texas\nThe list of rivers of Texas is a list of all named waterways, including rivers and streams, that partially pass through or are entirely located within the U.S. state of Texas. Across the state, there are 3,700 named streams and 15 major rivers, accounting for over 80,000 mi (130,000 km) of waterways. All of the state's waterways drain towards the Mississippi River, the Texas Gulf Coast, or the Rio Grande, with mouths located in seven major estuaries.", "Yangtze\nThe Yangtze River (English pronunciation: /ˈjæŋtsi/ or /ˈjɑːŋtsi/), (Chinese: 长江, Cháng Jiāng), known in China as the Chang Jiang or the Yangzi, is the longest river in Asia and the third-longest in the world. It flows for 6,300 kilometers (3,915 mi) from the glaciers on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in Qinghai eastward across southwest, central and eastern China before emptying into the East China Sea at Shanghai. The river is the longest in the world to flow entirely within one country.", "River Thames\nThe River Thames (/tɛmz/ TEMZ) is a river that flows through southern England. It is the longest river entirely in England and the second longest in the United Kingdom, after the River Severn.", "Missouri River\nThe Missouri River is the longest river in North America. Rising in the Rocky Mountains of western Montana, the Missouri flows east and south for 2,341 miles (3,767 km) before entering the Mississippi River north of St. Louis, Missouri. The river takes drainage from a sparsely populated, semi-arid watershed of more than half a million square miles (1,300,000 km2), which includes parts of ten U.S. states and two Canadian provinces.", "List of longest rivers of Mexico\nAmong the longest rivers of Mexico are 26 streams of at least 250 km (160 mi). In the case of rivers such as the Colorado, the length listed in the table below is solely that of the main stem. In the case of the Grijalva and Usumacinta, it is the combined lengths of two river systems that share a delta. In the case of the Nazas and Aguanaval, it is the combined lengths of separate rivers that flow into the same closed basin.Three rivers in this list cross international boundaries or form them.", "List of longest rivers of Canada\nAmong the longest rivers of Canada are 47 streams of at least 600 km (370 mi). In the case of some rivers such as the Columbia, the length listed in the table below is solely that of the main stem. In the case of others such as the Mackenzie, it is the combined lengths of the main stem and one or more upstream tributaries, as noted. Excluded from the list are rivers such as the Dauphin, a short connecting link between lakes Manitoba and Winnipeg, with main stems of 100 km (62 mi) or less.", "Ural River\nThe Ural (Russian: Урал, pronounced [ʊˈrɑl]) or Jayıq/Zhayyq (Bashkir: Яйыҡ pronounced [jɑˈjɯ̞q], Kazakh: Жайық, pronounced [ʒɑjə́q]), known as Yaik (Russian: Яик) before 1775, is a river flowing through Russia and Kazakhstan in Eurasia. It originates in the southern Ural Mountains and ends at the Caspian Sea. At 2,428 kilometres (1,509 mi), it is the third-longest river in Europe after the Volga and the Danube, and the 18th-longest river in Asia.", "List of longest undammed rivers\nThis is a list of the longest undammed rivers of the world, ordered by length." ]	[ "Zuari River The Zuari River (Konkani: जुवारी Zuvari, pronounced [zuwəːriː])is the largest river in the state of Goa, India. It is a tidal river. The Zuari originates at Hemad-Barshem in the Western Ghats. The Zuari is also referred to as the Aghanashani in the interior regions.", "Gurk (river) The Gurk (Slovene: Krka) is a river in the Austrian state of Carinthia, a left tributary of the Drava. With a length of 157 km (98 mi), it is the longest river running entirely within Carinthia. The river basin covers about 27% of the state's territory. The Gurk rises in the Nock Mountains (Gurktal Alps) range of the Central Eastern Alps, near the border with the Austrian state of Styria.", "Anahulu River The Anahulu River (also called Anahulu Stream) is the longest watercourse on the island of O'ahu in the U.S. state of Hawai'i. It is 7.1 miles (11.4 km) long.", "Waits River The Waits River is a 24.5-mile-long (39.4 km) river in eastern Vermont in the United States. It is a tributary of the Connecticut River, which flows to Long Island Sound.", "Tagus The Tagus (Spanish: Tajo [ˈtaxo]; Portuguese: Tejo [ˈtɛʒu]; Latin: Tagus; Ancient Greek: Τάγος Tagos) is the longest river on the Iberian Peninsula. It is 1,038 km (645 mi) long, 716 km (445 mi) in Spain, 47 km (29 mi) along the border between Portugal and Spain and 275 km (171 mi) in Portugal, where it empties into the Atlantic Ocean near Lisbon. It drains an area of 80,100 square kilometers (30,927 sq mi) (the second largest in the Iberian peninsula after the Douro).", "Orinoco The Orinoco is one of the longest rivers in South America at 2,140 kilometres (1,330 mi). Its drainage basin, sometimes called the Orinoquia, covers 880,000 square kilometres (340,000 sq mi), with 76.3 percent of it in Venezuela and the remainder in Colombia. The Orinoco and its tributaries are the major transportation system for eastern and interior Venezuela and the llanos of Colombia.The Orinoco is extremely diverse and hosts a wide variety of flora and fauna.", "Apurímac River The Apurímac River (Spanish: Río Apurímac, IPA: [ˈri.o apuˈɾimak]; from Quechua apu 'divinity' and rimaq 'oracle, talker') rises from glacial meltwater of the ridge of the Mismi, a 5,597-metre-high (18,363 ft) mountain in the Arequipa Province in southern Peru.The Apurímac is the source of the world's largest river system, the Amazon River.", "Strong River The Strong River is a 95.2-mile-long (153.2 km) river in south-central Mississippi in the United States. It is a tributary of the Pearl River, which flows to the Gulf of Mexico.", "Haliacmon The Haliacmon (Modern Greek: Αλιάκμονας, Aliákmonas; formerly: Ἁλιάκμων, Aliákmon or Haliákmōn; Slavic: Бистрица, Bistrica;) is the longest river in Greece, with a total length of 297 km (185 mi).(In Greece there are two rivers longer than Haliakmon, Maritsa (in Greek Εβρος) and Vardar (in Greek Αξιός), but the length of each one of them in Greek territory is less than that of Haliakmon, which flows entirely in Greece).", "Medjerda River The Medjerda River (Arabic: واد مجردا‎) is a river in North Africa flowing from northeast Algeria through Tunisia before emptying into the Gulf of Tunis and Lake of Tunis. With a length of 450 km (280 mi), it is the longest river of Tunisia. It is also known as the wādi (or oued) Majardah and Wadi Mejerha and it was known as Bagrada in ancient times.", "Tone River The Tone River (利根川, Tone-gawa) is a river in the Kantō region of Japan. It is 322 kilometers (200 mi) in length (the second longest in Japan after the Shinano) and has a drainage area of 16,840 square kilometers (6,500 sq mi) (the largest in Japan). It is nicknamed Bandō Tarō (坂東太郎); Bandō is an obsolete alias of the Kantō Region, and Tarō is a popular given name for an oldest son.", "River Wye The River Wye (Welsh: Afon Gwy) is the fifth-longest river in the UK, stretching some 215 kilometres (134 mi) from source to sea. For much of its length the river forms part of the border between England and Wales. The Wye Valley (lower part) is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The Wye is important for nature conservation and recreation.", "Vardar The Vardar or Axios (Macedonian: About this sound Вардар ; Greek: Αξιός Axiós or Βαρδάρης Vardárīs) is the longest and major river in the Republic of Macedonia and also a major river of Greece. It is 388 km (241 mi) long, and drains an area of around 25,000 km2 (9,653 sq mi). The maximum depth of the river is 4 m (13 ft).", "Krivaja (Serbia) The Krivaja (Serbian Cyrillic: Криваја) is a river in northern Serbia. With the length of 109 km (68 mi) it is the longest river that flows completely within the borders of Serbian province of Vojvodina.", "Thaya The Thaya (Czech: Dyje [ˈdɪjɛ]) is a river in Central Europe, the longest tributary to the Morava River. It is about 235 km (311 km with its longest source) long and meanders from west to east in the border area between Lower Austria (Austria) and South Moravia (Czech Republic), though the frontier does not exactly follow the river's course in most parts.", "Canadian River The Canadian River (Pawnee: Kícpahat ) is the longest tributary of the Arkansas River. It is about 906 miles (1,458 km) long, starting in Colorado and traveling through New Mexico, the Texas Panhandle, and Oklahoma. The drainage area is about 47,700 square miles (124,000 km2).The Canadian is sometimes referred to as the South Canadian River to differentiate it from the North Canadian River that flows into it.", "Gudenå Gudenå or Gudenåen (pronounced [ˈɡuˀðn̩ˌɔːˀn̩]), is Denmark's longest river and runs through the central parts of the Jutlandic peninsula. An anglicized version of the name often seen is 'The River Guden'.Gudenåen flows a total of 176 kilometres (109 mi) from Tinnet Krat in Vejle Municipality, between Nørre Snede and Tørring-Uldum, to Randers Fjord in Randers, on a northward course which takes it through the central parts of Jutland.", "Irrawaddy River The Irrawaddy River or Ayeyarwady River (Burmese: ဧရာဝတီမြစ်; MLCTS: erawa.ti mrac, pronounced: [ʔèjàwədì mjɪʔ], also spelt Ayeyarwaddy) is a river that flows from north to south through Myanmar. It is the country's largest river and most important commercial waterway. Originating from the confluence of the N'mai and Mali rivers, it flows relatively straight North-South before emptying through the Irrawaddy Delta into the Andaman Sea.", "Vltava The Vltava (IPA: /vəlˈtɑvə/; Czech pronunciation: [ˈvl̩tava]; German: Moldau, IPA: [ˈmɔldaʊ]) is the longest river within the Czech Republic, running southeast along the Bohemian Forest and then north across Bohemia, through Český Krumlov, České Budějovice and Prague, and finally merging with the Elbe at Mělník. It is commonly referred to as the Czech national river.", "River Tay The River Tay (Scottish Gaelic: Tatha) is the longest river in Scotland and the seventh-longest in the United Kingdom. The Tay originates in western Scotland on the slopes of Ben Lui (Beinn Laoigh), then flows easterly across the Highlands, through Loch Dochart, Loch Iubhair and Loch Tay, then continues east through Strathtay (see Strath), in the centre of Scotland, then southeasterly through Perth, where it becomes tidal, to its mouth at the Firth of Tay, south of Dundee.", "Bandama River The Bandama River is the longest river in Côte d'Ivoire with a length of some 800 kilometers. The south-flowing river is fed by the Marahoué, Solomougou, Kan and Nzi rivers and empties into the Tagba Lagoon and the Gulf of Guinea.The Bandama flows through Lake Kossou, a large artificial lake created in 1973 by the construction of the Kossou Dam at Kossou.Yamoussoukro, the capital of Côte d'Ivoire, is located adjacent from the Bandama River.", "Muthirapuzha River Muthirapuzha River is the major tributaries of the Periyar River, the longest river in Kerala state south India.", "Artibonite River The Artibonite River is a 320 km long river in Haiti. It is the longest as well as the most important river in Haiti and the longest on the island of Hispaniola. Forming part of the international border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic, the river's sources are in the Cordillera Central in the Dominican Republic, however most of its length lies in Haiti. The river empties into the Gulf of Gonâve.", "Euphrates The Euphrates (/juːˈfreɪtiːz/; Arabic: الفرات‎: al-Furāt, Syriac: ̇ܦܪܬ: Pǝrāt, Armenian: Եփրատ: Yeprat, Hebrew: פרת‎: Perat, Turkish: Fırat, Kurdish: Firat‎) is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia. Together with the Tigris, it is one of the two defining rivers of Mesopotamia. Originating in eastern Turkey, the Euphrates flows through Syria and Iraq to join the Tigris in the Shatt al-Arab, which empties into the Persian Gulf.", "Gorai-Madhumati River The Gorai-Madhumati River (Bengali: গড়াই-মধুমতি Gôŗai-Modhumoti) is one of the longest rivers in Bangladesh and a distributary of the Ganges. In the upper reaches it is called the Gorai, and the name changes to Madhumati.", "Aare The Aare (German pronunciation: [ˈaːrə]) or Aar is a tributary of the High Rhine and the longest river that both rises and ends entirely within Switzerland.Its total length from its source to its junction with the Rhine comprises about 295 km (183 miles), during which distance it descends 1,565 m (5,135 ft), draining an area of 17,779 km2 (6,865 sq mi), almost entirely within Switzerland, and accounting for close to half the area of the country, including all of Central Switzerland.", "Casiquiare canal The Casiquiare river is a distributary of the upper Orinoco flowing southward into the Rio Negro, in Venezuela, South America. As such, it forms a unique natural canal between the Orinoco and Amazon river systems. It is the largest river on the planet that links two major river systems, a so-called bifurcation. The area forms a water divide, more dramatically at regional flood stage.", "Ohio River The Ohio River, which streams westward from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Cairo, Illinois, is the largest tributary, by volume, of the Mississippi River in the United States.", "Bear River (Utah) The Bear River is the largest tributary of the Great Salt Lake, draining a mountainous area and farming valleys northeast of the lake and southeast of the Snake River Plain. It flows through southwestern Wyoming, southeastern Idaho, and northern Utah, in the United States. Approximately 491 miles (790 km) long, it is the largest river in North America that does not ultimately reach the sea.", "Rangitikei River The Rangitikei River should not be confused with the Rangitaiki River in the Bay of Plenty, another of New Zealand's larger rivers, which flows through the central and northern North Island.The Rangitikei River is one of New Zealand's longest rivers, 185 kilometres long.Its headwaters are to the southeast of Lake Taupo in the Kaimanawa Ranges.", "Tons River The Tons is the largest tributary of the Yamuna and flows through Garhwal region in Uttarakhand, touching Himachal Pradesh. The Tons thrust is named after this river.Its source lies in the 20,720 ft (6,315 meters)) high Bandarpunch mountain, and is one of the most major perennial Indian Himalayan rivers. In fact, it carries more water than the Yamuna itself, which its meets below Kalsi near Dehradun, Uttarakhand.", "Okavango River The Okavango River is a river in southwest Africa. It is the fourth-longest river system in southern Africa, running southeastward for 1,600 km (990 mi). It begins in Angola, where it is known as the Cubango River.", "Susquehanna River The Susquehanna River (/ˌsʌskwəˈhænə/; Lenape: Siskëwahane) is a river located in the northeastern United States. At 464 miles (747 km) long, it is the longest river on the American east coast that drains into the Atlantic Ocean. With its watershed, it is the 16th-largest river in the United States, and the longest river in the continental United States without commercial boat traffic today.", "Columbia River The Columbia River is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The river rises in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia, Canada. It flows northwest and then south into the US state of Washington, then turns west to form most of the border between Washington and the state of Oregon before emptying into the Pacific Ocean. The river is 1,243 miles (2,000 km) long, and its largest tributary is the Snake River.", "Grande de Santiago River The Río Grande de Santiago is one of the longest rivers in Mexico, measuring up 433 km (269 mi) long. The river begins at Lake Chapala and continues roughly north-west through the Sierra Madre Occidental, receiving the Verde, Juchipila, Bolaños, and other tributaries. At La Yesca, the La Yesca Dam was completed in 2012 and the El Cajón Dam was completed downstream in 2007.", "South Esk River The South Esk River is the longest river in Tasmania. It starts in the eastern foothills of the Ben Lomond plateau near Mathinna and arcs around the entire southern promontory of the mountain - passing through Fingal, flowing through Avoca and Evandale before wending its way northwest through Longford and Hadspen.", "Þjórsá Þjórsá (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈθjoursau]) is Iceland's longest river at 230 kilometers (about 143 miles). It is in the south of the island.Þjórsá is a glacier river and has its source on the glacier Hofsjökull. It flows out through narrow gorges in the highlands of Iceland. Further downstream, another river, the Tungnaá, flows into it (see also Háifoss), before it enters the lowlands.", "Cagayan River The Cagayan River, also known as the Rio Grande de Cagayan, is the longest and largest river in the Philippine Archipelago. It is located in the Cagayan Valley region in northeastern part of Luzon Island and traverses the provinces of Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino, Isabela and Cagayan.", "Glomma The Glomma or Glåma is the longest and largest river in Norway. The 621-kilometre (386 mi) long river has a drainage basin that covers a full 13% of Norway's area, all in the southern part of Norway.", "Roe River The Roe River runs between Giant Springs and the Missouri River in Great Falls, Montana, United States. The Roe River is only 201 feet (61 m) at its longest constant point. Towards its end, the Roe becomes surprisingly deep, at least 6–8 feet.A successful campaign to get the Roe River recognized by the Guinness World Records as the shortest river in the world originated from students at Lincoln Elementary School in Great Falls, Montana. In 1988 Students Molly A.", "Albany River The Albany River is a river in Northern Ontario, Canada, which flows northeast from Lake St. Joseph in Northwestern Ontario and empties into James Bay. It is 982 kilometres (610 mi) long to the head of the Cat River, tying it with the Severn River for the title of longest river in Ontario. Tributaries of this river include the Kenogami River, Ogoki River, and Drowning River. The river was named after James, Duke of York and Albany, who later became King James II of England.", "Athi-Galana-Sabaki River Sabaki redirects here. For the group of languages, see Sabaki languages; for the go term, see Go terms: SabakiAthi-Galana-Sabaki River is the second longest river in Kenya (after the Tana River). It has a total length of 390 km, and drains a basin area of 70,000 km². The river rises at 1° 42' S.", "List of rivers of Singapore The geographically small island nation of Singapore has few rivers of significant length or width, the longest of which, the Kallang River is only 10 km in length. The Singapore River, arguably the most famous in the country, is of insignificant length as well. However, the country's tropical climate and heavy rainfall require a very comprehensive network of natural draining systems, much of which has become concrete system as urbanisation spread across the island.", "Karun The Kārun (also spelled as Karoun) (Persian: کارون) is Iran's most effluent and only navigable river. It is 450 miles (720 km) long.", "Parnaíba River The Parnaíba River (Portuguese: Rio Parnaíba) is a river in Brazil, which forms the border between the states of Maranhão and Piauí. Its main course is 1,400 km (870 mi) long and the Parnaíba River Basin covers 344,112 km2 (132,862 sq mi). The Parnaíba River rises in the Chapada das Mangabeiras range, and flows northeastward to empty into the Atlantic Ocean, being the longest river entirely located within Brazil's Northeast Region.", "Buffalo River (Tennessee) The Buffalo River is the longest unimpounded river in Middle Tennessee in the United States, flowing 125 miles (201 km) through the southern and western portions of that region. It is the largest tributary of the Duck River and is used for canoeing, especially in its middle section. The river is named for the Buffalo fish which was abundant when the first European settlers arrived.", "Perinjankutti Perinjankutti River is one of the major tributaries of the Periyar River, the longest river in Kerala state south India.", "Amazon River The Amazon River (US /ˈæməzɒn/ or UK /ˈæməzən/; Spanish and Portuguese: Amazonas) in South America is the largest river by discharge of water in the world, averaging a discharge of about 209,000 cubic meters per second (7,381,000 cu ft/s, 209,000,000 liters or 55,211,960 gallons/sec), greater than the next seven largest independent rivers combined.", "Yakima River The Yakima River is a tributary of the Columbia River in south central and eastern Washington state, named for the indigenous Yakama people. The length of the river from headwaters to mouth is 214 miles (344 km), with an average drop of 9.85 feet per mile (1.866 m/km). It is the longest river entirely in Washington state.", "Mekong The Mekong is a trans-boundary river in Southeast Asia. It is the world's 12th-longest river and the 7th-longest in Asia. Its estimated length is 4,350 km (2,703 mi), and it drains an area of 795,000 km2 (307,000 sq mi), discharging 457 km3 (110 cu mi) of water annually.From the Tibetan Plateau the river runs through China's Yunnan province, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam.", "River Towy The River Towy or Tywi (Welsh: Afon Tywi) is one of the two longest rivers flowing entirely within Wales, (the other is the River Teifi) with a total length of 121 km (75 mi). . It is noted for its sea trout and salmon fishing.", "Ångerman The Ångerman or Angerman (Swedish: Ångermanälven) is one of Sweden's longest rivers with a total length of 460 kilometers (290 mi). It also has the third largest flow rate, after the Göta and Lule.", "Neuse River The Neuse River is a river rising in the Piedmont of North Carolina and emptying into Pamlico Sound below New Bern. Its total length is approximately 275 miles (443 km), making it the longest river entirely contained in North Carolina. The Trent River joins the Neuse at New Bern. Its drainage basin, measuring 5,630 square miles (14,600 km2) in area, also lies entirely inside North Carolina.", "Tennessee River The Tennessee River is the largest tributary of the Ohio River. It is approximately 652 miles (1,049 km) long and is located in the southeastern United States in the Tennessee Valley. The river was once popularly known as the Cherokee River, among other names, as many of the Cherokee had their territory along its banks, especially in eastern Tennessee and northern Alabama. Its current name is derived from the Cherokee village Tanasi.", "Narmada River The Narmada also called the Rewa, is a river in central India and the fifth longest river in the Indian subcontinent. It is the third longest river that flows entirely within India, after the Godavari, the Ganga and the Krishna. It is also known as \"Life Line of Madhya Pradesh\" for its huge contribution to the state of Madhya Pradesh in many ways.", "Duck River (Tennessee) The Duck River, 284 miles (457 km) long, is the longest river located entirely within the U.S. state of Tennessee. Free flowing for most of its length, the Duck River is home to over 50 species of freshwater mussels and 151 species of fish, making it the most biologically diverse river in North America.The Duck River drains a significant portion of Middle Tennessee.", "Kapuas River The Kapuas River (or Kapueas River) is a river in the Indonesian part of Borneo island, at the geographic center of Maritime Southeast Asia. At 1,143 kilometers (710 mi) in length, it is the longest river of Indonesia and one of the world's longest island rivers. It originates in the Müller mountain range at the center of the island and flows west into the South China Sea creating an extended marshy delta.", "Gascoyne River The Gascoyne River is a river in the Gascoyne region of Western Australia. At 865 kilometres (537 mi), it is the longest river in Western Australia.", "Sacramento River The Sacramento River is the principal river of Northern California in the United States, and is the largest river in California. Rising in the Klamath Mountains, the river flows south for 445 miles (716 km) before reaching the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta and San Francisco Bay.", "River Severn The River Severn (Welsh: Afon Hafren, Latin: Sabrina) is the longest river in the United Kingdom, at about 220 miles (354 km). It rises at an altitude of 2,001 feet (610 m) on Plynlimon, Ceredigion near Llanidloes, Powys, in the Cambrian Mountains of mid Wales. It then flows through Shropshire, Worcestershire and Gloucestershire, with the county towns of Shrewsbury, Worcester and Gloucester on its banks.", "Essequibo River The Essequibo River (Spanish: Río Esequibo) is the largest river in Guyana, and the largest river between the Orinoco and Amazon. Rising in the Acarai Mountains near the Brazil-Guyana-Venezuela border, the Essequibo flows to the north for 1,010 kilometres (630 mi) through forest and savanna into the Atlantic Ocean.", "Orange River The Orange River (Afrikaans/Dutch: Oranjerivier), Gariep River, Groote River or Senqu River is the longest river in South Africa. It rises in the Drakensberg mountains in Lesotho, flowing westwards through South Africa to the Atlantic Ocean. The river forms part of the international borders between South Africa and Namibia and between South Africa and Lesotho, as well as several provincial borders within South Africa. Except for Upington, it does not pass through any major cities.", "Cauto River The Cauto River or Río Cauto, located in southeast Cuba, is the longest river of Cuba.", "River Barrow The Barrow (Irish: An Bhearú) is a river in Ireland. It is one of The Three Sisters; the other two being the River Suir and the River Nore. The Barrow is the longest of the three rivers. At 192 km (120 mi), it is the second-longest river in Ireland, behind the River Shannon.", "Solo River Solo River (alternatively, Bengawan Solo River, with Bengawan being an Old Javanese word for river) is the longest river in the Indonesian island of Java, it is approximately 600 km in length. Apart from its importance as a watercourse to the inhabitants and farmlands of the eastern and northern parts of the island, it is a renowned region in paleoanthropology circles.", "Fly River The Fly at 1,050 kilometres (650 mi), is the second longest river in Papua New Guinea, after the Sepik. The Fly is the largest river in Oceania, the largest in the world without a single dam in its catchment, and overall ranks as the 25th-largest river in the world by volume of discharge. It rises in the Victor Emanuel Range arm of the Star Mountains, and crosses the south-western lowlands before flowing into the Gulf of Papua in a large delta.", "Trinity River (Texas) The Trinity River (Alibamu: Pahnichoba) is a 710-mile-long (1,140 km) river that is the longest river that flows entirely within the U.S. state of Texas. It rises in extreme northern Texas, a few miles south of the Red River. The headwaters are separated by the high bluffs on the southern side of the Red River.Robert Cavelier de La Salle, in 1687, called the stream the \"River of Canoes\".", "Wisconsin River The Wisconsin River is a tributary of the Mississippi River in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. At approximately 430 miles (692 km) long, it is the state's longest river. The river's name, first recorded in 1673 by Jacques Marquette as \"Meskousing,\" is rooted in the Algonquian languages used by the area's American Indian tribes, but its original meaning is obscure.", "Fraser River The Fraser River /ˈfreɪzər/ is the longest river within British Columbia, Canada, rising at Fraser Pass near Mount Robson in the Rocky Mountains and flowing for 1,375 kilometres (854 mi), into the Strait of Georgia at the city of Vancouver. It is the 10th longest river in Canada. The river's annual discharge at its mouth is 112 cubic kilometres (27 cu mi) or 3,550 cubic metres per second (125,000 cu ft/s), and it discharges 20 million tons of sediment into the ocean.", "Waikato River The Waikato River is the longest river in New Zealand, running for 425 kilometres through the North Island. It rises in the eastern slopes of Mount Ruapehu, joining the Tongariro River system and emptying into Lake Taupo, New Zealand's largest lake. It drains Taupo at the lake's northeastern edge, creates the Huka Falls, and then flows northwest, through the Waikato Plains. It empties into the Tasman Sea south of Auckland, at Port Waikato.", "Rangitaiki River Not to be confused with the Rangitikei River in the southwestern North Island.The Rangitaiki River is the longest river in the Bay of Plenty region in New Zealand's North Island.", "Periyar (river) Periyar (meaning: big river) is the longest river and the river with the largest discharge potential in the Indian state of Kerala. It is one of the few perennial rivers in the region and provides drinking water for several major towns. The Periyar is of utmost significance to the economy of Kerala. It generates a significant proportion of Kerala's electrical power via the Idukki Dam and flows along a region of industrial and commercial activity.", "Tapi River, Thailand The Tapi (or Tapee) river (Thai: แม่น้ำตาปี, rtgs: Maenam Tapi, Thai pronunciation: [mɛ̂ːnáːm tāːpīː]) is the longest river in southern Thailand. The river originates at the Khao Luang mountain in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, and has a wide estuary into the Gulf of Thailand at Bandon Bay near the town of Surat Thani.", "Brisbane River The Brisbane River is the longest river in the south east region of Queensland, Australia, and flows through the city of Brisbane, before emptying into Moreton Bay. John Oxley was the first European to explore the river who named it after the Governor of New South Wales, Thomas Brisbane in 1823.", "Zambezi The Zambezi (also spelled Zambeze and Zambesi) is the fourth-longest river in Africa, the longest east flowing river in Africa and the largest flowing into the Indian Ocean from Africa. The area of its basin is 1,390,000 square kilometres (540,000 sq mi), slightly less than half that of the Nile.", "Indus River The Indus River, also called the Sindhū River (Sindhi: سنڌو دريا‎), or Abāsīn (Pashto: اباسين‎) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, is one of the longest rivers in Asia. It flows through Pakistan, the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir and western Tibet.", "Main (river) The Main (German pronunciation: [ˈmaɪn]) is a river in Germany. With a length of 527 km (327 mi) (including the White Main: 574 km (357 mi)), it is the longest right tributary of the Rhine, and the longest river lying entirely in Germany (if we consider the Weser and the Werra as two separate rivers; together they are longer).", "Sevier River The Sevier River /sɛˈvɪər/, extending 383 miles (616 km), is the longest Utah river entirely in the state and drains an extended chain of mountain farming valleys to the intermittent Sevier Lake. The Upper Sevier is used extensively for irrigation, and consequently Sevier Lake is now essentially dry.", "São Francisco River The São Francisco (Portuguese pronunciation: [sɐ̃w fɾɐ̃ˈsiʃku]) is a river in Brazil. With a length of 2,914 kilometres (1,811 mi), it is the longest river that runs entirely in Brazilian territory, and the fourth longest in South America and overall in Brazil (after the Amazon, the Paraná and the Madeira).", "Yellow River The Yellow River or Huáng Hé is the third-longest river in Asia, following the Yangtze River and Yenisei River, and the sixth-longest in the world at the estimated length of 5,464 km (3,395 mi). Originating in the Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai province of western China, it flows through nine provinces, and it empties into the Bohai Sea near the city of Dongying in Shandong province.", "Nakdong River The Nakdong River is the longest river in South Korea, and passes through major cities such as Daegu and Busan.", "Mondego River The Rio Mondego (Portuguese pronunciation: [mõˈdeɡu]; English language: Mondego River) is the longest river located exclusively in Portuguese territory. It has its source in Serra da Estrela, the highest mountain range in mainland Portugal (i.e. except the Portuguese islands).", "Krishna River The Krishna River is the fourth longest river which flows entirely in India, after the Ganges, Godavari and Narmada. The river is almost 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) long. The river is also called Krishnaveni. It is a major source of irrigation for Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.", "Courantyne River The Courantyne/Corentyne/Corantijn River is a river in northern South America in Suriname, it is the longest river in the country. The river originates in the Acarai Mountains and flows northward for approximately 724 km (450 mi) between Guyana and Suriname, emptying into the Atlantic Ocean near Corriverton, Guyana and Nieuw Nickerie, Suriname.", "Grand River (Michigan) The Grand River is the longest river in the U.S. state of Michigan. It runs 252 miles (406 km) through the cities of Jackson, Eaton Rapids, Lansing, Grand Ledge, Portland, Ionia, Lowell, Grand Rapids, and Grand Haven. Native Americans who lived along the river before the arrival of the French and British called the river O-wash-ta-nong, meaning Far-away-water, because of its length.", "Godavari River The Godavari (Marathi: गोदावरी, Telugu: గోదావరి) is the second longest river in India after the river Ganges. It starts in Maharashtra and flows for 1,465 kilometres (910 mi) into the Bay of Bengal via the states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. It forms one of the largest river basins in India, only the Ganges and Yamuna rivers have more catchment area than it, and its catchment area is the largest of peninsular India.", "Nile The Nile (Arabic: النيل‎, Eg. en-Nīl, Std. an-Nīl; Coptic: ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲱ, P(h)iaro; Ancient Egyptian: Ḥ'pī and Iteru) is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa, generally regarded as the longest river in the world. It is 6,853 km (4,258 miles) long. The Nile is an \"international\" river as its water resources are shared by eleven countries, namely, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Congo-Kinshasa, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Sudan and Egypt.", "Connecticut River The Connecticut River is the longest river in the New England region of the United States. Flowing roughly southward for 410 miles (660 km) through four U.S. states, the Connecticut rises at the U.S. border with Quebec, Canada, and discharges at Long Island Sound. Its watershed encompasses five U.S. states and one Canadian province – 11,260 square miles (29,200 km2) – via 148 tributaries, 38 of which are major rivers.", "Kızılırmak River The Kızılırmak (Turkish for \"Red River\"), also known as the Halys River (Ancient Greek: Ἅλυς), is the longest river entirely within Turkey. It is a source of hydroelectric power and is not used for navigation.", "Mackenzie River The Mackenzie River (Slavey language: Deh-Cho, big river or Inuvialuktun: Kuukpak, great river) is the largest and longest river system in Canada, and is exceeded only by the Mississippi River system in North America. It flows through a vast, isolated region of forest and tundra entirely within the country's Northwest Territories, although its many tributaries reach into four other Canadian provinces and territories.", "Murray River The Murray River (or River Murray) is Australia's longest river, at 2,508 kilometres (1,558 mi) in length. The Murray rises in the Australian Alps, draining the western side of Australia's highest mountains, and then meanders across Australia's inland plains, forming the border between the states of New South Wales and Victoria as it flows to the northwest.", "Flinders River The Flinders River is the longest river in Queensland, Australia at about 1,004 kilometres (624 mi)." ]	10
Give me all people that were born in Vienna and died in Berlin.	[ "Karl Hellmer\nKarl Hellmer (11 March 1896 – 18 May 1974) was an Austrian film actor. He appeared in 92 films between 1932 and 1969. He was born in Vienna, Austria and died in Berlin, Germany.", "Eduard von Winterstein\nEduard Clemens Franz Anna Freiherr von Wangenheim, commonly referred to as Eduard von Winterstein (1 August 1871 – 22 July 1961) was an Austrian film actor who appeared in over one hundred fifty German films during the silent and sound eras. He was also a noted theater actor.", "Michael Meinecke\nMichael Meinecke (6 November 1941 – 10 January 1995) was a German art historian, archaeologist and Islamic studies scholar who was director of the Museum of Islamic Art in Berlin from 1988 to 1995.", "Peter Sturm\nJosef Michel Dischel (24 August 1909 – 11 May 1984), known by his adopted stage name Peter Sturm, was an Austrian and an East German actor.", "Guido von List\nGuido Karl Anton List, better known as Guido von List (October 5, 1848 – May 17, 1919) was an Austrian occultist, journalist, playwright, and novelist.", "Steffie Spira\nSteffie Spira (1908–1995) was an Austrian-born German stage, film and television actress. Spira was the daughter of the actors Fritz Spira and Lotte Spira. Her sister was Camilla Spira. Her father was of Jewish descent, and later died in the Holocaust. Spira became a theatre actress during the Weimar Republic, and joined the German Communist Party in 1929. Following the Nazi takeover of power, she fled into exile.", "Karl Etlinger\nKarl Etlinger (16 October 1879 – 8 May 1946) was a German film actor. He appeared in 117 films between 1914 and 1946.", "Hans Fidesser\nHans Fidesser (1899–1982) was an Austrian singer and film actor.", "Richard Thurnwald\nRichard Thurnwald (September 18, 1869 – January 19, 1954) was an Austrian anthropologist and sociologist, known for his comparative studies of social institutions.", "Therese Grünbaum\nTherese Grünbaum (24 August 1791 – 30 January 1876) was an Austrian soprano and opera singer.", "Hilde Körber\nHilde Körber (3 July 1906 – 31 May 1969) was an Austrian film actress who worked largely in the German Film Industry. She appeared in 53 films between 1930 and 1964. She was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary and died in Berlin, Germany.", "Adolf Klein\nAdolf Klein (August 15, 1847 – March 11, 1931) was an Austrian actor and theatre director. Klein appeared in around sixty films, mainly during the silent era. He appeared in a number of the epics made by the German film industry during the early 1920s such as his role as Cardinal Wolsey in Ernst Lubitsch's Anna Boleyn (1920).", "Alexander Meissner\nAlexander Meissner (in German: Alexander Meißner) (September 14, 1883 – January 3, 1958) was Austrian engineer and physicist. He was born in Vienna and died in Berlin.His field of interest was: antenna design, amplification and detection advanced the development of radio telegraphy.", "Hugo Flink\nHugo Flink (16 August 1879 – 2 May 1947) was an Austrian stage and film actor. Flink was one of the earliest actors to play Sherlock Holmes on screen.Flink was born in Vienna and died in Berlin.", "Emil von Reznicek\nEmil Nikolaus Joseph, Freiherr von Reznicek (4 May 1860, Vienna – 2 August 1945, Berlin) was an Austrian late Romantic composer of Czech ancestry." ]	[ "Otto Hofmann Otto Hofmann (16 March 1896 – 31 December 1982) was an Austrian SS-Obergruppenführer and director of Nazi Germany's \"Race and Settlement Main Office\". Although Hofmann was sentenced to 25 years in prison for war crimes in 1948, he was pardoned on 7 April 1954. Thereafter, he worked as a clerk until his death in 1982.", "Fritz Stiedry Fritz Stiedry (born 11 October 1883, Vienna - died 8 August 1968, Zurich) was an Austrian conductor and composer.", "Gerhard Skiba Gerhard Skiba (born 1947) of the Austrian Social Democratic Party was elected mayor of the city of Braunau am Inn in 1989. He became internationally known after setting up a memorial stone for the victims of Fascism in front of the house where Adolf Hitler was born.In 1992 representatives from Bautzen, Mauthausen, Wunsiedel and other towns with an “unwelcome heritage” followed his invitation for the 1st Braunau Contemporary History Days.", "Libertas Schulze-Boysen Libertas Schulze-Boysen, born Libertas Viktoria Haas-Heye (November 20, 1913 in Paris – December 22, 1942 in Berlin-Plötzensee) was a German opponent of the Nazis who belonged to the Red Orchestra (Rote Kapelle) resistance group during the Third Reich.", "Alfred Döblin Bruno Alfred Döblin (August 10, 1878 – June 26, 1957) was a German novelist, essayist, and doctor, best known for his novel Berlin Alexanderplatz (1929). A prolific writer whose œuvre spans more than half a century and a wide variety of literary movements and styles, Döblin is one of the most important figures of German literary modernism.", "Moritz von Schwind Moritz von Schwind (January 21, 1804 – February 8, 1871) was an Austrian painter, born in Vienna. Schwind's genius was lyrical—he drew inspiration from chivalry, folklore, and the songs of the people. Schwind died in Pöcking in Bavaria, and was buried in the Alter Südfriedhof in Munich.", "Fritz Wittmann Dr. Fritz Wittmann (born March 21, 1933) is a German politician (CSU) and lawyer.Wittmann was born in Plan bei Marienbad (Czech: Planá u Mariánských Lázní) in Czechoslovakia's Egerland. He was a member of the German Parliament (first elected in 1971), where he represented Munich North, and president of the Federation of Expellees (Bund der Vertriebenen) from 1994-1998.", "Archduke Eugen of Austria Archduke Eugen Ferdinand Pius Bernhard Felix Maria of Austria-Teschen (21 May 1863 – 30 December 1954) was an Archduke of Austria and a Prince of Hungary and Bohemia. He was the last Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights from the Habsburg dynasty.", "Heinrich Gross Heinrich Gross (14 November 1915 – 15 December 2005) was an Austrian psychiatrist, medical doctor and neurologist, a reputed expert as a leading court-appointed psychiatrist, ill-famed for his proven involvement in the killing of at least nine children with physical, mental and/or emotional/behavioral characteristics considered \"unclean\" by the Nazi regime, under its Euthanasia Program. His role in hundreds of other cases of infanticide is unclear.", "August von Kotzebue August Friedrich Ferdinand von Kotzebue (German: [ˈaʊɡʊst fɔn ˈkɔtsəbu]; 3 May [O.S. 22 April] 1761 – 23 March [O.S. 11 March] 1819) was a German dramatist and writer who also worked as a consul in Russia and Germany.In 1817, one of Kotzebue's books was burned during the Wartburg festival. He was murdered in 1819 by Karl Ludwig Sand, a militant member of the Burschenschaften.", "Death of Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler killed himself by gunshot on 30 April 1945 in his Führerbunker in Berlin. His wife Eva (née Braun) committed suicide with him by taking cyanide. That afternoon, in accordance with Hitler's prior instructions, their remains were carried up the stairs through the bunker's emergency exit, doused in petrol, and set alight in the Reich Chancellery garden outside the bunker.", "Städtischer Friedhof III Städtischer Friedhof III is a cemetery in the Friedenau district of the borough of Tempelhof-Schöneberg in Berlin, Germany. Buried here are Ferruccio Busoni (1866–1924), Marlene Dietrich (1901–1992) and Helmut Newton (1920–2004).", "Johanna Hiedler Johanna Pölzl née Hiedler (19 January 1830 – 8 February 1906), was the maternal grandmother of Adolf Hitler.Johanna was born and lived her entire life in the village of Spital (part of Weitra), in the Waldviertel of Lower Austria. On 5 September 1848, Johanna married Johann Baptist Pölzl (1825–1901), a farmer and the son of Johann Pölzl and Juliana (Walli) Pölzl. The couple would eventually have five sons and six daughters.", "Rudi Arnstadt Rudi Arnstadt (September 3, 1926 – August 14, 1962) was an East German border guard who was shot and killed while serving as a captain of the border troops of the former East Germany. He was shot by Hans Plüschke, a 23-year-old West German border guard. According to West German officials, Plüschke was returning fire after his patrol was shot at.", "Leopold Kompert Leopold Kompert (May 15, 1822 – November 23, 1886) was a Bohemian Jewish writer. He was born in Mnichovo Hradiště (German: Münchengrätz), Bohemia, and died in Vienna.He studied at the universities of Prague and Vienna, and was for several years tutor in the house of Count George Andrassy. In 1857 he entered the service of the Vienna Creditanstalt.", "Ignaz Trebitsch-Lincoln Ignatius Timothy Trebitsch-Lincoln (Hungarian: Trebitsch-Lincoln Ignác, German: Ignaz Thimoteus Trebitzsch; 4 April 1879 – 4 October 1943) was a Hungarian adventurer and convicted con artist. Of Jewish descent, he spent parts of his life as a Protestant missionary, Anglican priest, British Member of Parliament for Darlington, German right-wing politician and spy, Nazi collaborator and Buddhist abbot in China.", "Karl Lange (Nazi persecutee) For the German aerospace engineer, see Karl Otto LangeKarl Lange (born October 28, 1915, date of death unknown) was imprisoned by the Nazis for the then crime of homosexuality under the criminal code's Paragraph 175, which defined homosexuality as an unnatural act.Lange was born in Hamburg, Germany to an American father and a German mother.", "Chris Gueffroy Chris Gueffroy (June 21, 1968 – February 6, 1989) was the last person to be shot while trying to escape from East Berlin to West Berlin across the Berlin Wall.", "Fritz Wotruba Fritz Wotruba (April 23, 1907 in Vienna – August 28, 1975 in Vienna) was an Austrian sculptor of Czecho-Hungarian descent. He was considered one of the most notable sculptors of the 20th century in Austria. In his work, he increasingly dissolves figurative components in favor of geometrical abstraction with the shape of the cube as the basic form.", "Wilhelm Wien Wilhelm Carl Werner Otto Fritz Franz Wien (German: [ˈviːn]; 13 January 1864 – 30 August 1928) was a German physicist who, in 1893, used theories about heat and electromagnetism to deduce Wien's displacement law, which calculates the emission of a blackbody at any temperature from the emission at any one reference temperature.He also formulated an expression for the black-body radiation which is correct in the photon-gas limit.", "Hermine Braunsteiner Hermine Braunsteiner Ryan (July 16, 1919 – April 19, 1999) was a female camp guard at Ravensbrück and Majdanek concentration camps, and the first Nazi war criminal to be extradited from the United States, to face trial in Germany. She was sentenced to life imprisonment by the District Court of Düsseldorf on April 30, 1981.", "July Revolt of 1927 The July Revolt of 1927 (also known as the Vienna Palace of Justice fire, German: Wiener Justizpalastbrand) was a major riot starting on 15 July 1927 in the Austrian capital Vienna. It culminated in the firing by police forces into the outraged crowd, killing 84 protesters, while five policemen died. More than 600 people were injured.", "Count Joseph Alexander Hübner Joseph Alexander, count Hübner (November 26, 1811 – July 30, 1892), was an Austrian diplomat, born in Vienna. His real name was Josef Hafenbredl, which he changed to Hübner.", "Moritz Szeps Moritz or Moriz Szeps (5 November 1835, in Busk, Austrian Galicia (now in Lviv Oblast of Ukraine) - 9 August 1902, in Vienna, Austria) was an Austrian journalist and newspaper owner.From 1855 to 1867, he was editor-in-chief of the Vienna Morgenpost, after that changing to the Neues Wiener Tagblatt, then the leading liberal daily newspaper in Austria.He was a friend to Crown Prince Rudolf, and published his lead articles in his newspaper.After being fired, he bought the Morgenpost, renaming it to Wiener Tagblatt (from 1901: Wiener Morgenzeitung, closed down in 1905).Moritz Szeps fathered two daughters: Sophie Szeps-Clemenceau (wife to Paul Clemenceau, the brother of French president Georges Clemenceau, and Bertha Zuckerkandl-Szeps, writer and journalist.See his daughter's (Berta Szeps-Zuckerkandl) book My Life and History, Cassel, London, 1938.", "Karl Targownik Karl Kalman Targownik (June 17, 1915 – January 2, 1996) was a psychiatrist and Holocaust survivor.Dr. Karl Targownik was born in Budapest, Hungary.His parents were Polish Jews who fled to Hungary to escape the Russian invasion during Word War I. Soon after the War was over they returned to Poland and settled in the small village of Bochnia, located in the Southwest of Poland near Kraków.", "Vilem Slavata of Chlum Vilém Slavata z Chlumu a Košumberka (Czech pronunciation: [ˈvɪlɛːm ˈslavata]; German: Wilhelm Slawata von Chlum und Koschumberk) (1 December 1572 – 19 January 1652) was a Czech nobleman from old Bohemian family. As viceregent (místodržící) of Emperor Ferdinand II of Habsburg (from 1617) he became famous as co-victim, along with Jaroslav Borzita of Martinice, of the 1618 Defenestration of Prague.", "Franz Fuchs Franz Fuchs (12 December 1949 Gralla, Austria – 26 February 2000 Graz, Austria) was a xenophobic Austrian terrorist. Between 1993 and 1997 he killed four people and injured 15, some of them seriously, using three improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and five waves of 24 mailbombs in total.Criminal psychologists characterized him as a highly intelligent but socially inept loner.", "Maria Altmann Maria Altmann (February 18, 1916 – February 7, 2011) was an Austrian-American Jewish refugee from Nazi Austria, noted for her ultimately successful legal campaign to reclaim from the Government of Austria five family-owned paintings by the artist Gustav Klimt stolen by the Nazis during World War II.Altmann is the central figure in the 2015 film Woman in Gold where she is depicted by Helen Mirren and Tatiana Maslany.", "Ernst-Happel-Stadion The Ernst Happel Stadium (About this sound Ernst-Happel-Stadion ) (Praterstadion until 1992, sometimes also called Wiener Stadion) in Leopoldstadt, the 2nd district of Austria's capital Vienna, is the largest stadium in Austria. It was built between 1929 and 1931 for the second Workers' Olympiad to the design of German architect Otto Ernst Schweizer. The stadium was renamed in honour of Ernst Happel following his death in 1992.", "Theodor Innitzer Theodor Innitzer (25 December 1875 – 9 October 1955) was Archbishop of Vienna and a cardinal in the Latin Rite branch of the Catholic Church.", "List of Austrian Jews Austria first became a center of Jewish learning during the 13th century. However, increasing antisemitism led to the expulsion of the Jews in 1669. Following formal readmission in 1848, a sizable Jewish community developed once again, contributing strongly to Austrian culture. By the 1930s, some 300,000 Jews lived in Austria, most of them in Vienna. Following the Anschluss with Nazi Germany, most of the community emigrated or were killed in the Holocaust.", "Fritz Koenig Fritz Koenig, born June 20, 1924, in Würzburg, Germany, is a sculptor best known outside his native country for \"The Sphere,\" which once stood in the plaza between the two World Trade Center towers in Lower Manhattan but which now stands, its damage deliberately left unrepaired, in Battery Park as a memorial to the victims of the September 11, 2001 attacks. His long and distinguished career has included other works, including other memorials.", "Ernst Reuter Ernst Rudolf Johannes Reuter (29 July 1889 – 29 September 1953) was the German mayor of West Berlin from 1948 to 1953, during the time of the Cold War.", "Andreas Zelinka Andreas Zelinka (Czech: Ondřej Zelinka; born 23 February 1802, in Vyškov, Moravia – 21 January 1868, in Vienna) served as the mayor of Vienna, Austria from 1861 to 1868.", "Friedrich Drake Friedrich Drake (June 23, 1805, Pyrmont – April 6, 1882, Berlin) was a German sculptor, best known for his huge memorial statues.", "Otto Grotewohl Otto Grotewohl (German pronunciation: [ˈɔtoː ˈɡʁoːtəvoːl]; 11 March 1894 – 23 September 1964) was a German politician and the first prime minister of the German Democratic Republic from 1949 until his death in 1964.", "Werner March Werner Julius March (17 January 1894 – 11 January 1976) was a German architect.He was born in Charlottenburg and died in Berlin.For the 1936 Summer Olympics in Germany, March created his most famous work, Berlin Olympic Stadium, which was on the site of the 1916 stadium designed by his father, Otto March.", "Eugen Weber Eugen Joseph Weber (April 24, 1925 in Bucharest, Romania – May 17, 2007 in Brentwood, Los Angeles, California) was a Romanian-born American historian with a special focus on Western Civilization.Weber became a historian because of his interest in politics, an interest dating back to at least the age of 12.", "Rudolf Jordan Rudolf Jordan (21 June 1902 – 27 October 1988) was a Nazi Gauleiter in Halle-Merseburg and Magdeburg-Anhalt in the time of the Third Reich. After the war, he was sentenced to 25 years in a Soviet Union labour camp. Released from the camp in October 1955, he died in Munich in 1988.", "Friedrich Rainer Friedrich W. Rainer (28 July 1903 – 19 July 1947) was an Austrian Nazi politician, Gauleiter as well as a State governor of Salzburg and Carinthia. He is the only Austrian governor who has ever held the same office in two separate states.", "Otto Rank Otto Rank (/rɑːŋk/) April 22, 1884 – October 31, 1939) was an Austrian psychoanalyst, writer, and teacher. Born in Vienna as Otto Rosenfeld, he was one of Sigmund Freud's closest colleagues for 20 years, a prolific writer on psychoanalytic themes, an editor of the two most important analytic journals, managing director of Freud's publishing house and a creative theorist and therapist. In 1926, Otto Rank left Vienna for Paris.", "Ignaz von Born Ignaz Edler von Born, also known as Ignatius von Born (Romanian: Ignațiu von Born, Hungarian: Born Ignác, Czech: Ignác Born) (26 December 1742, Cavnic, Grand Principality of Transylvania, Habsburg Monarchy – d. 24 July 1791, Vienna) was a mineralogist and metallurgist. He was a prominent freemason, being head of Vienna's Illuminati lodge and an influential anti-clerical writer.", "Jakob Ehrlich Jakob Ehrlich (September 15, 1877, May 17, 1938), was an early Zionist and leader of the Jewish Community in Vienna, Austria. Ehrlich represented the city's 180,000 Jewish citizens in the city government before World War II, and was among those deported in the \"Prominententransport\" to the Nazi concentration camp at Dachau, soon after the German army entered Vienna in March 1938. He died in Dachau a few weeks later, definitely from beatings.", "Benno Ohnesorg Benno Ohnesorg (German pronunciation: [ˈbɛno ˈʔoːnəzɔɐ̯k], October 15, 1940 – June 2, 1967) was a German university student killed by a policeman during a demonstration in West Berlin.", "Fritz Muliar Fritz Muliar, born as Friedrich Ludwig Stand (December 12, 1919 - May 4, 2009), was an Austrian actor who, due to his huge popularity, is often referred to by his countrymen as Volksschauspieler.", "Baumgarten, Vienna Baumgarten was an independent town until the late 19th century and is an area of Vienna's fourteenth district, Penzing, today. It can be subdivided in Oberbaumgarten (in the west, close to Hütteldorf), and Unterbaumgarten.Artist Gustav Klimt was born in Baumgarten.", "Maximilian Kolbe Saint Maximilian Maria Kolbe, O.F.M. Conv. (Polish: Maksymilian Maria Kolbe [maksɨˌmʲilʲjan ˌmarʲja ˈkɔlbɛ]; 8 January 1894 – 14 August 1941) was a Polish Conventual Franciscan friar, who volunteered to die in place of a stranger in the German death camp of Auschwitz, located in German-occupied Poland during World War II.", "Michael Häupl Michael Häupl (born 14 September 1949) is the mayor of Vienna. He is a member of the Social Democratic Party of Austria. He is married to Barbara Hörnlein and has two children from his first two marriages.", "Viktor Ullmann Viktor Ullmann (1 January 1898 in Teschen – 18 October 1944 in KZ Auschwitz-Birkenau) was a Silesia-born Austrian composer, conductor and pianist of Jewish origin.", "Fritz Gerlich Carl Albert Fritz (Michael) Gerlich (15 February 1883 – 30 June 1934) was a German journalist and historian, and one of the main journalistic resistors of Adolf Hitler. He was arrested and later killed at the Dachau concentration camp.", "Karl Gutzkow Karl Ferdinand Gutzkow (born (1811-03-17)17 March 1811 in Berlin, died 16 December 1878(1878-12-16) in Sachsenhausen) was a German writer notable in the Young Germany movement of the mid-19th century.", "Marie Fillunger Marie Fillunger (27 January 1850 - 23 December 1930) was an Austrian singer.Fillunger was born in Vienna. She studied at the Vienna Conservatory from 1869-73. Then, on the recommendation of Johannes Brahms she studied at the Hochschule in Berlin in 1874. There she met Eugenie Schumann the same year. Eugenie was one of the daughters of Clara and Robert Schumann, and she and Fillunger became lovers.", "Werner Goldberg Werner Goldberg (October 3, 1919 – September 28, 2004) was a German who was of half Jewish ancestry, or Mischling in Nazi terminology, who served briefly as a soldier during World War II and whose image appeared in the Berliner Tageblatt as \"The Ideal German Soldier\", and his image was later used in recruitment posters for the Wehrmacht.", "Maria Mandl Maria Mandl (also spelled Mandel; 10 January 1912 – 24 January 1948) was an Austrian SS-Helferin infamous for her key role in the Holocaust as a top-ranking official at the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp where she is believed to have been directly complicit in the deaths of over 500,000 female prisoners.", "Charlotte Wolter Charlotte Wolter (March 1, 1834 - June 14, 1897), Austrian actress, was born at Cologne, and began her artistic career at Budapest in 1857.", "Paul Tenczer Paul Tenczer, Hungarian author; born at Nagy Bejom April 11, 1836; died at Budapest February 6, 1905. He was educated at Keszthely and in Budapest, where he studied law. In 1861 he was one of the founders of the society for the naturalization and emancipation of Hungarian Jews; and from 1862 to 1867 he edited the Magyar Izraelita, the organ of that society.", "Wiener Blut (operetta) Wiener Blut (Viennese Blood or Viennese Spirit) is an operetta named after the \"Wiener Blut\" waltz, supposedly with music by the composer Johann Strauss the Younger, who did not live to witness the première. Such was the popularity of the original \"Wiener Blut\" Op.", "Dieter Wisliceny SS-Hauptsturmführer Dieter Wisliceny (born 13 January 1911 in Regulowken now Możdżany, Giżycko County in East Prussia, now Poland; executed 4 May 1948 in Bratislava, now in the Republic of Slovakia), was a member of the Nazi SS, and a key executioner in the final phase of the Holocaust.", "Paul von Breitenbach Paul Justin von Breitenbach (April 16, 1850 – March 10, 1930) was a Prussian politician and railway planner.Breitenbach was central to the building of the underground in Berlin, specifically the line between the city center and Berlin-Dahlem (today U3). The Breitenbachplatz in Dahlem was named after him in 1913.", "Carl Lutz Carl Lutz (born in Walzenhausen, Switzerland on 30 March 1895; died in Bern, Switzerland on 12 February 1975) was the Swiss Vice-Consul in Budapest, Hungary from 1942 until the end of World War II. He is credited with saving over 62,000 Jews, the largest rescue operation of Jews of the Second World War.Due to his actions, half of the Jewish population of Budapest survived and was not deported to Nazi extermination camps during the Holocaust.", "Zacharias Werner Friedrich Ludwig Zacharias Werner (November 18, 1768 – January 17, 1823) was a German poet, dramatist, and preacher. As a dramatist, he is known mainly for inaugurating the era of the so-called “tragedies of fate.”", "Wiener Blut (waltz) For the operetta by Strauss of the same name, please see Wiener Blut. Wiener Blut ('Viennese Blood' or 'Viennese Spirit') op. 354 is a waltz by Johann Strauss II first performed by the composer on 22 April 1873. The new dedication waltz was to celebrate the wedding of the Emperor Franz Josef's daughter Archduchess Gisela Louise Maria and Prince Leopold of Bavaria.", "Elisabeth Young-Bruehl Elisabeth Young-Bruehl (March 3, 1946 – December 1, 2011), born Elisabeth Bulkley Young, was an American academic and psychotherapist, who from 2007 until her death had resided in Toronto, Canada. She published a wide range of books, most notably biographies of Hannah Arendt and Anna Freud. Her 1982 biography of Hannah Arendt won the first Harcourt Award while The Anatomy of Prejudices won the Association of American Publishers' prize for Best Book in Psychology in 1996.", "Rudolf Roessler In World War II espionage, Rudolf Roessler (Rößler) (b.22 November 1897-d.11 December 1958) was the central (and mysterious) figure in the Lucy spy ring. He was a German refugee who had moved to Switzerland in 1933, and was the proprietor of a small publishing firm in Switzerland, Vita Novi.", "Heldenplatz Heldenplatz (German: Heroes' Square) is a public space in front of Hofburg Palace in Vienna, Austria. Located in the Innere Stadt borough, the President of Austria resides in the adjoining Hofburg wing, while the Federal Chancellery is on adjacent Ballhausplatz.Many important actions and events took place here, most notably Adolf Hitler's ceremonial announcement of the Austrian Anschluss to Nazi Germany on 15 March 1938.", "Rafael Schächter Rafael Schächter (born 25 May 1905, died on the death march during the evacuation of Auschwitz in 1945), was a Czechoslovak composer, pianist and conductor of Jewish origin, organizer of cultural life in Terezín concentration camp.", "Marie Vassiltchikov Marie Illarionovna Vassiltchikov (Russian: Мария Илларионовна Васильчикова; 11 January 1917 – 12 August 1978) was a Russian princess who wrote \"Berlin Diaries, 1940-1945\", which described the effects of the bombing of Berlin and events leading to the attempted assassination of Adolf Hitler in the 20 July Plot.", "Ernst vom Rath Ernst Eduard vom Rath (3 June 1909 – 9 November 1938) was a Nazi Germany diplomat, remembered for his assassination in Paris in 1938 by a Polish Jewish teenager, Herschel Grynszpan, which provided a pretext for the Kristallnacht, \"The Night of Broken Glass.\"", "August Eigruber August Eigruber (16 April 1907 – 28 May 1947) was an Austrian-born Nazi Gauleiter of Reichsgau Oberdonau (Upper Danube) and Landeshauptmann of Upper Austria, later hanged by the Allies.", "Otto Wagner Otto Koloman Wagner (German: [ˈɔto ˈvaːɡnɐ]; 13 July 1841 – 11 April 1918) was an Austro-Hungarian architect and urban planner, known for his lasting impact on the appearance of his home town Vienna, to which he contributed many landmarks.", "Leopoldstadt Leopoldstadt (Bavarian: Leopoidstod, \"Leopold-Town\") is the 2nd municipal District of Vienna (German: 2. Bezirk). There are 99,597 inhabitants (as of 2014-01-01) over 19.27 km2 (7 sq mi). It is situated in the heart of the city and, together with Brigittenau (20th district), forms a large island surrounded by the Danube Canal and, to the north, the Danube. It is named after Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor. Due to its relatively high percentage of Jewish inhabitants (38.5 per cent in 1923, i.e.", "Rudolf Prikryl Rudolf Prikryl (21 March 1896 – 13 June 1965) was the provisionally-instated mayor of Vienna from 13 April to 16 April 1945, and is remembered as the \"three days' mayor\" (German: Drei-Tage-Bürgermeister).Prikryl was born in Vienna, grew up in Alsergrund, and became a plumber's assistant. He served in the First World War, and married for the first time, getting divorced soon after.", "Music of Austria Vienna has been an important center of musical innovation. 18th- and 19th-century composers were drawn to the city due to the patronage of the Habsburgs, and made Vienna the European capital of classical music. Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Schubert and Johann Strauss II, among others, were associated with the city, with Schubert being born in Vienna. During the Baroque period, Slavic and Hungarian folk forms influenced Austrian music.", "Lainz Angels of Death Maria Gruber, Irene Leidolf, Stephanija Mayer, and Waltraud Wagner made up one of the most unusual crime teams in 20th Century Europe. The four Austrian women were nurse's aides at Lainz General Hospital in Vienna who murdered scores of patients between 1983 and 1989. The group killed their victims with overdoses of morphine or by forcing water into the lungs. By 2008, all four of the aides had been released from prison.", "Vienna Secession The Vienna Secession (German: Wiener Secession; also known as the Union of Austrian Artists, or Vereinigung Bildender Künstler Österreichs) was formed in 1897 by a group of Austrian artists who had resigned from the Association of Austrian Artists, housed in the Vienna Künstlerhaus. This movement included painters, sculptors, and architects. The first president of the Secession was Gustav Klimt, and Rudolf von Alt was made honorary president. Its official magazine was called Ver Sacrum.", "Eduard Hedvicek Eduard Hedvicek (Czech: Eduard Hedvíček) was born in 1878 in Kojetín, Moravia, Austria-Hungary, now in the Czech Republic, and died 1947 in Vienna, Austria. He was the secretary of Engelbert Dollfuß, the Austrian Chancellor before the Anschluss. On July 25, 1934, he unsuccessfully tried to prevent Dollfuß's assassination by Otto Planetta.", "Dorothea Neff Dorothea Neff (February 21, 1903 – July 27, 1986) was a Vienna stage actress during the 1930s. Neff helped hide her Jewish friend Lilli Wolff, after she received resettlement orders from the Nazis to leave Vienna. To throw the Gestapo, Neff wrote a suicide note and signed it 'Lilli' and left it in her apartment. Neff allowed Lilli to live with her for a short time and later Lilli moved in with Mati Driessen and Meta Schmidt.", "Else Feldmann Else Feldmann (February 25, 1884 – 1942) was an Austrian writer, playwright, poet, socialist journalist, and victim of the Holocaust.She grew up in Leopoldstadt as the daughter of poor Jewish parents with her six siblings. She attended college, but after her father lost his job she was forced to leave school to work in a factory.", "Bernhard, Arnold, and Florian Abel The brothers Bernhard Abel and Arnold Abel were sculptors and Florian Abel a painter in the middle of the 16th century. In 1561, Bernhard and Arnold worked for the Imperial Court in Vienna. On 28 April, they signed a contract on the completion of the unfinished tomb of Emperor Maximilian I in the court chapel of Innsbruck. Florian, residing in Prague, provided the sketches for the reliefs.", "Alma Rosé Alma Rosé (3 November 1906 – 5 April 1944) was an Austrian violinist of Jewish descent. Her uncle was the composer Gustav Mahler. She was deported by the Nazis to the concentration camp at Auschwitz-Birkenau. There, for ten months, she directed an orchestra of prisoners who played to their captors to stay alive. Rosé died in the concentration camp of a sudden illness, possibly food poisoning.", "Franz Kutschera Franz Kutschera (22 February 1904 – 1 February 1944) was an Austrian Nazi politician, SS-Brigadeführer and war criminal. As SS and Police Leader in occupied Warsaw, he was sentenced to death by the Polish Home Army resistance movement in agreement with the Polish government in exile and assassinated.", "Julius Lippert (historian) Julius Lippert (April 12, 1839 – December 12, 1909) was an Austrian cultural historian and politician in Bohemia.Lippert was born in Braunau (Broumov) and died in Prague.", "Moritz Löw Moritz Löw, astronomer; born at Makó, Hungary, in 1841; died in Steglitz, Berlin, May 25, 1900; studied at the universities of Leipzig and Vienna, and received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Budapest (1867).", "St. Marx Cemetery St. Marx Cemetery (Sankt Marxer Friedhof) is a cemetery in the Landstraße district of Vienna, used from 1784 until 1874. It contains the unmarked burial of the famous composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.", "Eduard von Bauernfeld Eduard von Bauernfeld (13 January 1802 – 9 August 1890), Austrian dramatist, was born at Vienna.", "The Jew of Linz The Jew of Linz is a controversial 1998 book by Australian writer Kimberley Cornish. It alleges that the Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein had a profound effect on Adolf Hitler when they were both pupils at the Realschule (lower secondary school) in Linz, Austria, in the early 1900s. He also alleges that Wittgenstein was involved in the Cambridge Five Soviet spy ring during the Second World War.", "List of honorary citizens of Vienna The freeman of the city award (Ehrenbürgerrecht) is the highest decoration of the city of Vienna. It can also be revoked. Since 1839, initiated by mayor Ignaz Czapka, recipients have been listed in the honorary citizenship book, although a few are missing.", "Rudolf Sieczyński Rudolf Sieczyński (1879, Vienna – 1952, Vienna) was an Austrian composer of Polish ancestry. His fame today rests almost exclusively on the nostalgic Viennese song Wien, du Stadt meiner Träume (Vienna, City of My Dreams), whose melody and lyrics he wrote in 1914. A well-known recording was made in 1957 by Elisabeth Schwarzkopf with Otto Ackermann conducting the Philharmonia Orchestra. The song was featured in the soundtrack of the Stanley Kubrick film Eyes Wide Shut.", "Hitler birthplace memorial stone The Hitler birthplace memorial stone, a memorial to victims of the Nazis, is placed in front of Salzburger Vorstadt 15, Braunau am Inn, Upper Austria, the building where Adolf Hitler was born in 1889.", "Alfred Wiener Alfred Wiener (16 March 1885, Potsdam – 4 February 1964, London) was a German Jew, who dedicated much of his life to documenting antisemitism and racism in Germany and Europe, and uncovering crimes of Germany's Nazi government. He is best known as founder and long-time director of the Wiener Library.", "Anton Schindler Anton Felix Schindler (13 June 1795 – 16 January 1864) was an associate, secretary, and early biographer of Ludwig van Beethoven. He was born in Medlov, Moravia, and died in Bockenheim (Frankfurt am Main).", "Karl Lueger Karl Lueger (German: [ˈlu̯eːɡɐ], not *[ˈlyːɡɐ]; 24 October 1844 – 10 March 1910) was an Austrian politician, mayor of Vienna, and leader and cofounder of the Austrian Christian Social Party. He is credited with the transformation of the city of Vienna into a modern city. The populist and anti-Semitic politics of his Christian Social Party are sometimes viewed as a model for Hitler's Nazism.", "Am Spiegelgrund clinic Am Spiegelgrund was the name of a children's clinic in Vienna where hundreds of children were killed under the Nazi RegimeChildren's Euthanasia Program.", "Alfred Pringsheim Alfred Pringsheim (2 September 1850 – 25 June 1941) was a German mathematician and patron of the arts. He was born in Ohlau, Prussian Silesia (now Oława, Poland) and died in Zürich, Switzerland. One of many antisemitic pieces of Nazi legislation, the Namensänderungsverordnung which came into effect 1 January 1938, forced him to legally change his name into Alfred Israel Pringsheim at age 87.", "Eugenie Schwarzwald Eugenie Schwarzwald, née Nußbaum, was born 4 July 1872, in Polupanivka near Zbruch River in Austria-Hungary (now Pidvolochysk Raion, Ukraine) and died on 7 August 1940, in Zurich. She was an Austrian philanthropist, writer and pedagogue developing and supporting education for girls in Austria. She was one of the most lettered women of her time.", "Ernst Kirchweger Ernst Kirchweger (January 12, 1898 – April 2, 1965 in Vienna) was the first person to die as a result of political conflict in Austria's Second Republic.From 1916 to 1918, Ernst Kirchweger participated in World War I as a sailor in the Austro-Hungarian Navy. Afterwards, he fought on the side of the Red Army. Until 1934, he was a member of the Social Democratic Party of Austria, but then he joined the Communists, which was outlawed at that time.", "Alfred Tauber Alfred Tauber (November 5, 1866 – July 26, 1942) was an Austrian mathematician who was born in Bratislava, then in Kingdom of Hungary and called Pozsony, and was murdered in the Theresienstadt concentration camp.", "Constanze Manziarly Constanze Manziarly (14 April 1920 – disappeared 2 May 1945) was born in Innsbruck, Austria. She served as a cook/dietitian to Adolf Hitler until his final days in Berlin in 1945." ]	11
Give me all actors starring in movies directed by and starring William Shatner.	[ "The Ashes of Eden\nThe Ashes of Eden is a Star Trek novel co-written by William Shatner, Judith Reeves-Stevens, and Garfield Reeves-Stevens as part of the \"Shatnerverse\" series of novels. This is Shatner's first Trek collaboration.The audio adaptation of the book is notable as the first time in the entire Star Trek franchise that the famous phrase \"Beam me up, Scotty\" is uttered in that form.", "Impulse (1974 film)\nImpulse (working title: Want a Ride, Little Girl?), is a thriller film, starring William Shatner, Ruth Roman, Kim Nicholas, Jennifer Bishop, and Harold Sakata. It was written by Tony Crechales and directed by William Grefé. Its runtime is 82 minutes.The film was first released in Tampa, Florida, on January 31, 1974, where the filming took place.", "Tom Towles\nTom Towles (March 20, 1950 – April 2, 2015) was an American actor and writer.Towles was born in 1950 in Chicago, Illinois, where he was raised. He became an actor after service in the U.S. Marines, beginning with an uncredited performance in Dog Day Afternoon (1975). After the service, Tom attended Columbia College, Chicago as a theatre major. He appeared in film and television extensively beginning in the 1980s.", "William Shatner\nWilliam \"Bill\" Shatner (born March 22, 1931) is a Canadian actor, singer, author, producer, director, spokesman, and comedian. He gained worldwide fame and became a cultural icon for his portrayal of James T. Kirk, Captain of the USS Enterprise, in the Star Trek franchise. He has written a series of books chronicling his experiences playing Captain Kirk and being a part of Star Trek, and has co-written several novels set in the Star Trek universe.", "Greg Evigan\nGregory Ralph \"Greg\" Evigan (born October 14, 1953) is an American actor known for the television series B. J. and the Bear, My Two Dads, P.S. I Luv U and TekWar.", "Star Trek Movie Memories\nStar Trek Movie Memories is the second of two volumes of autobiography dictated by William Shatner and transcribed by MTV editorial director Christopher Kreski. Like Star Trek Memories, it deals with Shatner's experiences as a Norway Corporation Repertory Actor, but unlike Star Trek Memories, it concentrates on the Star Trek motion pictures in which Shatner appeared.", "Rickey Medlocke\nRickey Medlocke (born February 17, 1950) is an American musician best known as the frontman/guitarist for the southern rock band Blackfoot. During his career he has also played with Lynyrd Skynyrd as a drummer (1970-71) before rejoining as a guitarist in 1996 where he continues to tour and record.Being of Blackfoot ancestry, Medlocke was inducted into the Native American Music Hall of Fame in 2008.", "Captain's Glory\nCaptain's Glory is a novel by William Shatner, co-written with Judith and Garfield Reeves-Stevens, based upon the television series Star Trek. The novel was released in 2006 in hardcover format. This is the final novel in the \"Totality\" trilogy. The story began with Captain's Peril and continued with Captain's Blood.", "White Comanche\nWhite Comanche or Comanche blanco or Rio Honcho is a 1968 paella western starring William Shatner in two roles.The film is listed in Golden Raspberry Award founder John Wilson's book The Official Razzie Movie Guide as one of the The 100 Most Enjoyably Bad Movies Ever Made.", "Dan Gauthier\nDaniel Lester \"Dan\" Gauthier (/ˈɡoʊtieɪ/; born December 2, 1965) is an American actor best known for his roles as Kevin Buchanan on the ABC soap opera One Life to Live and Brad Powell in the 1989 film Teen Witch.", "The Return (Shatner novel)\nThe Return is a novel by William Shatner that was co-written with Garfield Reeves-Stevens and Judith Reeves-Stevens. It is set in the Star Trek universe but, as part of the \"Shatnerverse,\" does not follow the timeline established by other Star Trek novels. The sequel to this book is Avenger.", "Star Trek Memories\nStar Trek Memories is the first of two volumes of autobiography dictated by William Shatner and transcribed by MTV editorial director Christopher Kreski.In the book, published in 1993, Shatner interviews several cast members of Star Trek: The Original Series with the notable exception of James Doohan. He was surprised by the reaction of his fellow actors, who spoke negatively of their experiences with him on the show.", "The Outrage (1964 film)\nThe Outrage (1964) is a remake of the 1950 Japanese film Rashomon, reformulated as a Western. It was directed by Martin Ritt and is based on stories by Ryūnosuke Akutagawa. Like the original Akira Kurosawa film, four people give contradictory accounts of a rape and murder. Ritt utilizes flashbacks to provide these contradictory accounts.The Outrage stars Edward G. Robinson, Paul Newman, Laurence Harvey, Claire Bloom and William Shatner.", "Dan Martin (actor)\nJacob Daniel \"Jake\" Martin (born December 22, 1951) is an American actor.", "The Transformed Man\nThe Transformed Man is actor William Shatner's debut album. It was originally released in 1968 by Decca Records (Cat. #DL 75043), while Shatner was still starring in the original Star Trek series, and began his musical career. The album's cover nicknamed Shatner \"Captain Kirk Of Star Trek\" most likely to boost sales and appeal to fans of the show. The concept of the album was to juxtapose famous pieces of poetry with their modern counterparts, pop lyrics.", "The Captains (film)\nThe Captains is a 2011 feature documentary that follows actor William Shatner through interviews with the other actors who have portrayed starship captains in five other incarnations of the Star Trek franchise. Shatner's subjects discuss their lives and careers before, during and after their tenure with Star Trek. They explore the pressures, stigmas and sacrifices that accompanied their roles and their larger careers.", "Groom Lake (film)\nGroom Lake, also called The Visitor, is a 2002 film directed by William Shatner and starring Amy Acker.", "William Shatner filmography\nThe following is a list of works by Canadian actor, singer, author, producer, director, spokesman, and comedian, William Shatner.", "John Prosky\nJohn Prosky is an American film, theatre, and television actor. His numerous TV credits include NYPD Blue, ER, Heroes, Criminal Minds, True Blood, JAG, My So-Called Life, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, The Practice, The X-Files, The West Wing, Charmed, 24, House, Grey's Anatomy, Veronica Mars, and Fringe. His film credits include The Nutty Professor, Bowfinger, and A.I. Artificial Intelligence. He also contributed voice work to the L.A. Noire video game. He is the son of actor Robert Prosky.", "Amy Acker\nAmy Louise Acker (born December 5, 1976) is an American actress. She played Winifred Burkle and Illyria on the TV series Angel and Kelly Peyton on Alias. Since 2012, she has played Samantha \"Root\" Groves on Person of Interest, having become a series regular in season three.", "Duane Whitaker\nDuane Whitaker (born June 23, 1959) is an American actor.Duane Whitaker is probably best known for his role in Quentin Tarantino's popular 1994 film Pulp Fiction as Maynard, the sadistic pawn shop owner. He wrote and portrayed the title role in Eddie Presley (based on his own successful stage play).", "Pray for the Wildcats\nPray for the Wildcats is a 1974 U.S. television film that originally aired as an ABC Movie of the Week. It is a thriller-drama about a psychopathic business executive chasing his workers on dirtbikes through the desert after he killed a young man. The film was directed by Robert Michael Lewis and starred William Shatner and Andy Griffith. It co-starred Robert Reed, Marjoe Gortner, Angie Dickinson, and Lorraine Gary.The film was released in 1987 on video by Republic Pictures Home Video.", "Dick Van Patten\nRichard Vincent \"Dick\" Van Patten (December 9, 1928 – June 23, 2015) was an American actor, businessman, and animal welfare advocate, best known for his role as patriarch Tom Bradford on the ABC television comedy-drama Eight Is Enough.He began work as a child actor and was successful on the New York stage, appearing in more than a dozen plays as a teenager. He later starred in numerous television roles including the long running CBS television series, I Remember Mama and Young Dr. Malone.", "The Wild\nThe Wild is a 2006 Canadian-American computer animated adventure comedy film directed by animator Steve \"Spaz\" Williams, written by Ed Decter, John J. Strauss, Mark Gibson and Philip Halprin, features the voices of Kiefer Sutherland, Jim Belushi, Janeane Garofalo, Greg Cipes, Eddie Izzard, Richard Kind, William Shatner and Patrick Warburton and produced by Clint Goldman, Will Vinton and Beau Flynn. The film was a C.O.R.E." ]	[ "Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World is a 2003 American epic historical drama film written and directed by Peter Weir, and starring Russell Crowe as Captain Jack Aubrey and Paul Bettany as Dr. Stephen Maturin. The film was released by 20th Century Fox, Miramax Films, Universal Pictures, and Samuel Goldwyn Films on November 14, 2003.", "Falcon Down Falcon Down is an action film from 2000 directed by Philip J. Roth and starring Dale Midkiff, William Shatner, Judd Nelson, Jennifer Rubin and Cliff Robertson.", "Harry Dean Stanton Harry Dean Stanton (born July 14, 1926) is an American actor, musician, and singer. Stanton's career has spanned over sixty years, during which he appeared in such films as Cool Hand Luke; Kelly's Heroes; Dillinger; The Godfather Part II; Alien; Escape from New York; Paris, Texas; Repo Man; Pretty in Pink; The Last Temptation of Christ; Wild at Heart; The Straight Story; The Green Mile and Inland Empire. In the late 2000s, he played a recurring role in the HBO television series Big Love.", "Knockaround Guys Knockaround Guys is a 2001 comedy crime-drama film starring Barry Pepper, Vin Diesel, Seth Green, John Malkovich and Dennis Hopper.Dennis Hopper and Barry Pepper, who play father and son in the film, have both portrayed Tom Ripley, Hopper in 1977 in The American Friend and Pepper in 2005 in Ripley Under Ground, and fellow cast member John Malkovich portrayed Ripley in 2002's Ripley's Game.", "Austin Powers (character) Sir Augustine Danger \"Austin\" Powers, KBE, is a fictional character from the Austin Powers series of films, and is created and portrayed by Mike Myers. He is the protagonist of Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery (1997), The Spy Who Shagged Me (1999) and Austin Powers in Goldmember (2002). He is a womanizing, hard-partying British spy embodying the Swinging London mod culture and hippie culture of the 1960s who, with his nemesis Dr. Evil, was frozen in a cryogenics experiment.", "Anthony Asquith The Honourable Anthony Asquith (/ˈæskwɪθ/; 9 November 1902 – 20 February 1968) was a leading English film director. He collaborated successfully with playwright Terence Rattigan on The Winslow Boy (1948) and The Browning Version (1951), among other adaptations. His other notable films include Pygmalion (1938), French Without Tears (1940), The Way to the Stars (1945), and a 1952 adaptation of Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest.", "12 Monkeys 12 Monkeys, also known as Twelve Monkeys, is a 1995 American neo-noir science fiction film directed by Terry Gilliam, inspired by Chris Marker's 1962 short film La Jetée, and starring Bruce Willis, Madeleine Stowe, and Brad Pitt, with Christopher Plummer and David Morse in supporting roles.", "Bill Paxton William \"Bill\" Paxton (born May 17, 1955) is an American actor and director. He gained popularity after starring in a number of films, including Apollo 13, Weird Science, Twister, Aliens, True Lies, and Titanic. He also starred in the HBO series Big Love (2006–2011) and was nominated for an Emmy Award for the miniseries Hatfields & McCoys.", "Emil Sitka Emil Sitka (December 22, 1914 – January 16, 1998) was a veteran American actor who appeared in hundreds of movies, short films, and television shows, and is best known for his numerous appearances with The Three Stooges—nearly 40. He is one of only two actors to have worked with all six Stooges (Shemp Howard, Moe Howard, Larry Fine, Curly Howard, Joe Besser, Joe DeRita) on film in the various incarnations of the group (Harold Brauer was the other).", "Stanley Kramer Stanley Earl Kramer (September 29, 1913 – February 19, 2001) was an American film director and producer, responsible for making many of Hollywood's most famous \"message films\". As an independent producer and director, he brought attention to topical social issues that most studios avoided. Among the subjects covered in his films were racism (in The Defiant Ones and Guess Who's Coming to Dinner), nuclear war (in On the Beach), greed (in It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World), creationism vs.", "Stephen Frears Stephen Arthur Frears (born 20 June 1941) is an English film director. Frears has directed several critically acclaimed British feature films since the 1980s including My Beautiful Laundrette, Dangerous Liaisons, High Fidelity, The Queen and Philomena.", "Matthew Gray Gubler Matthew Gray Gubler (born March 9, 1980) is an American actor, director, fashion model and painter. He is best known for his role as criminal profiler Dr. Spencer Reid in the CBS television show Criminal Minds, of which he has also directed eight episodes. Gubler has appeared in The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou, (500) Days of Summer, Life After Beth, Suburban Gothic, and as the voice of Simon in Alvin and the Chipmunks and its three sequels.", "Tim Van Patten Timothy \"Tim\" Van Patten (born June 10, 1959) is an American television director, actor, screenwriter, and producer. He has directed episodes of The Sopranos, The Wire, Deadwood, Boardwalk Empire, Rome, The Pacific, Game of Thrones, Ed, and Sex and the City. As an actor, he is perhaps best known for portraying Salami on The White Shadow. He also played the villainous teenager Peter Stegman in Class of 1984 and Max Keller on The Master.", "William Hurt William McChord Hurt (born March 20, 1950) is an American stage and film actor. He received his acting training at the Juilliard School and began acting on stage in the 1970s. Hurt made his film debut as a troubled scientist in the science-fiction feature Altered States (1980), for which he received a Golden Globe nomination for New Star of the Year.", "The Brothers Karamazov (1958 film) The Brothers Karamazov is a 1958 film made by MGM, based on Fyodor Dostoevsky's novel The Brothers Karamazov. It was directed by Richard Brooks and produced by Pandro S. Berman. The screenplay was by Julius J. Epstein, Philip G. Epstein and Richard Brooks. It was entered into the 1958 Cannes Film Festival. The brothers are played by Yul Brynner, Richard Basehart and William Shatner in his film debut.", "2002 in film The year 2002 in film involved some significant events. The first significant releases of sequels took place between The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones, Spider-Man, Men in Black II, Analyze That, Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams, Stuart Little 2, Blade II, the 3rd installment Austin Powers in Goldmember, the 10th installments Star Trek: Nemesis and Jason X.", "Sleuth (1972 film) Sleuth is a 1972 mystery thriller film directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz. The screenplay by British playwright Anthony Shaffer was based on his 1970 Tony Award-winning play Sleuth. The film stars Laurence Olivier and Michael Caine, both of whom were nominated for an Academy Award for their performance. This was Mankiewicz's final film. Critics gave the film overwhelmingly positive reviews, and would later note similarities between it and Caine's 1982 film Deathtrap.", "William Hootkins William Michael \"Hoot\" Hootkins (July 5, 1948 – October 23, 2005) was an American character actor, best known for supporting roles in Hollywood blockbusters such as Star Wars, Batman, Raiders of the Lost Ark, and Hardware.", "John Huston John Marcellus Huston (August 5, 1906 – August 28, 1987) was an American film director, screenwriter and actor. He wrote the screenplays for most of the 37 feature films he directed, many of which are today considered classics: The Maltese Falcon (1941), The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948), Key Largo (1948), The Asphalt Jungle (1950), The African Queen (1951), Moulin Rouge (1952), The Misfits (1961), and The Man Who Would Be King (1975).", "Monsters, Inc. Monsters, Inc. is a 2001 American computer-animated comedy film directed by Pete Docter, produced by Pixar Animation Studios, and released by Walt Disney Pictures. John Lasseter and Andrew Stanton both served as executive producers. The film was co-directed by Lee Unkrich and David Silverman and stars the voices of John Goodman, Billy Crystal, Steve Buscemi, James Coburn and Jennifer Tilly.The film centers on two monsters employed at the titular Monsters, Inc.: top scarer James P.", "Peter Bogdanovich Peter Bogdanovich (Serbian: Петар Богдановић, Petar Bogdanović, born July 30, 1939) is an American director, writer, actor, producer, critic and film historian. He was part of the wave of \"New Hollywood\" directors, which included William Friedkin, Brian De Palma, George Lucas, Martin Scorsese, Michael Cimino and Francis Ford Coppola. His most critically acclaimed film is The Last Picture Show (1971).", "List of Alias characters The following is a partial list of characters from the TV series, Alias: Jennifer Garner as Sydney Bristow Michael Vartan as Michael Vaughn Ron Rifkin as Arvin Sloane Carl Lumbly as Marcus Dixon Kevin Weisman as Marshall Flinkman Victor Garber as Jack Bristow Bradley Cooper as Will Tippin (Seasons 1–2, guest star in 3.10 and 5.12) Merrin Dungey as Francie Calfo (Seasons 1–2, guest star in 3.6, 3.10 and 5.17) Greg Grunberg as Eric Weiss (Seasons 3–4, recurring before and afterwards) David Anders as Julian Sark (Seasons 2–3, recurring before and afterwards) Lena Olin as Irina Derevko (a.k.a.", "Tom Skerritt Thomas Roy \"Tom\" Skerritt (born August 25, 1933) is an American actor who has appeared in more than forty films and more than two hundred television episodes since 1962. He is known for his roles in MASH, Alien, Top Gun, A River Runs Through It, Up in Smoke, and the television series Picket Fences.", "Paul Giamatti Paul Edward Valentine Giamatti (/dʒiəˈmɑːti/; born June 6, 1967) is an American actor. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the film Cinderella Man, and is also known for his roles in the films Sideways, American Splendor, The Illusionist, Cold Souls, Barney's Version, Big Fat Liar, Love & Mercy, Straight Outta Compton and Win Win, as well as the miniseries John Adams.", "Richard Donner Richard Donner (born April 24, 1930) is an American film director, comic book writer and film producer. After directing the horror film The Omen (1976), Donner became famous for the hailed creation of the first modern superhero film, Superman (1978), starring Christopher Reeve. Donner later went on to direct such films as The Goonies (1985) and Scrooged (1988), while reinvigorating the buddy film genre with Lethal Weapon (1987) and its sequels.", "Julius Caesar (1953 film) Julius Caesar is a 1953 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film adaptation of the play by Shakespeare, directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz, who also wrote the uncredited screenplay, and produced by John Houseman. The original music score is by Miklós Rózsa. The film stars Marlon Brando as Mark Antony, James Mason as Brutus, John Gielgud as Cassius, Louis Calhern as Julius Caesar, Edmond O'Brien as Casca, Greer Garson as Calpurnia, and Deborah Kerr as Portia.", "Ronny Cox Daniel Ronald \"Ronny\" Cox (born July 23, 1938) is an American character actor, singer-songwriter, and storyteller. His best-known roles include Drew Ballinger in Deliverance (1972), George Apple in Apple's Way (1974-75), Lieutenant Andrew Bogomil in Beverly Hills Cop (1984), Richard \"Dick\" Jones in RoboCop (1987) and the villain Vilos Cohaagen in Total Recall (1990). Cox wrote a book about his experience filming Deliverance for the movie's 40th anniversary in 2012.", "Malachi Throne Malachi Throne (December 1, 1928 – March 13, 2013) was an American stage and television actor, noted for his guest-starring roles on Star Trek: The Original Series, Star Trek: The Next Generation, Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, Lost in Space, Batman, Land of the Giants, The Time Tunnel, Mission: Impossible, and The Six Million Dollar Man, and his recurring role on It Takes a Thief.", "James Mason James Neville Mason (15 May 1909 – 27 July 1984) was an English actor.After achieving much success in the United Kingdom (he was the top box office attraction there in 1944 and 1945), he made the transition to the United States and became one of the biggest stars in Hollywood, starring in iconic films including The Desert Fox, A Star Is Born, 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, Lolita, North by Northwest, Journey to the Centre of the Earth, Bigger Than Life, Julius Caesar, Georgy Girl, The Deadly Affair, The Boys from Brazil, The Verdict, Mandingo, Murder by Decree and Salem's Lot.He was nominated for three Academy Awards and three Golden Globes (winning the Golden Globe in 1955 for A Star is Born).", "Jonathan Frakes Jonathan Scott Frakes (born August 19, 1952) is an American actor, author, and director. Frakes is best known for his portrayal of Commander William T. Riker in the television series Star Trek: The Next Generation and subsequent films. Frakes also hosted the television series Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction, challenging viewers to discern his stories of fact-based phenomena and fabricated tales. In June 2011, Frakes narrated the History Channel documentary Lee and Grant.", "Douglas Trumbull Douglas Huntley Trumbull (/ˈtrʌmbəl/; born April 8, 1942) is an American film director, special effects supervisor, and inventor. He contributed to, or was responsible for, the special photographic effects of 2001: A Space Odyssey, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Star Trek: The Motion Picture, Blade Runner and The Tree of Life, and directed the movies Silent Running and Brainstorm.", "Twilight Zone: The Movie Twilight Zone: The Movie is a 1983 American anthology science-fiction fantasy horror film produced by Steven Spielberg and John Landis as a theatrical version of the 1959–64 TV series The Twilight Zone, created by Rod Serling. The film stars Vic Morrow, Scatman Crothers, Kathleen Quinlan and John Lithgow with Dan Aykroyd and Albert Brooks in the prologue segment. Burgess Meredith, who starred in four episodes of the original series, took on Serling's position as narrator.", "Dennis Quaid Dennis William Quaid (born April 9, 1954) is an American actor known for a wide variety of dramatic and comedic roles. First gaining widespread attention in the 1980s, his career rebounded in the 1990s after he overcame an addiction to drugs and an eating disorder. Some of his notable credits include Breaking Away, The Right Stuff, Wyatt Earp, The Rookie, The Day After Tomorrow, Traffic, Vantage Point, Footloose, Frequency, The Parent Trap, Yours Mine and Ours and Soul Surfer.", "Keanu Reeves Keanu Charles Reeves (/keɪˈɑːnuː/ kay-AH-noo; born September 2, 1964) is a Canadian actor, producer, director and musician.Reeves is most well known for his acting career, beginning in 1985 and spanning for more than three decades. He gained fame for his starring role performances in several blockbuster films including comedies from the Bill and Ted franchise (1989–1991), action thrillers Point Break (1991) and Speed (1994), and the science fiction-action trilogy The Matrix (1999–2003).", "George Kennedy George Harris Kennedy, Jr. (born February 18, 1925) is an American actor who has appeared in more than two hundred film and television productions. His wide variety of roles include \"Dragline\" in Cool Hand Luke, for which he won an Academy Award; as Joe Patroni in all four of the 1970s Airport disaster films; as Police Captain Ed Hocken in the Naked Gun series of comedy films; and as corrupt oil tycoon Carter McKay on the original Dallas television series.", "War of the Worlds (2005 film) War of the Worlds is a 2005 American science fiction disaster film adapting H. G. Wells's novel The War of the Worlds, directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Josh Friedman and David Koepp. It stars Tom Cruise as Ray Ferrier, a divorced dock worker estranged from his children (Dakota Fanning and Justin Chatwin) and living separately from them.", "Incubus (1966 film) Incubus (Esperanto: Inkubo) is a 1966 black-and-white American horror film filmed entirely in the constructed language Esperanto. It was directed by Leslie Stevens, creator of The Outer Limits, and stars William Shatner, shortly before he would begin his work on Star Trek.", "Ocean's Eleven Ocean's Eleven is a 2001 American comedy heist film and the remake of the 1960 Rat Pack film of the same name. The 2001 film was directed by Steven Soderbergh and features an ensemble cast including George Clooney, Brad Pitt, Matt Damon, Don Cheadle, Andy García, and Julia Roberts. The film was a success at the box office and with critics. Soderbergh directed two sequels, Ocean's Twelve in 2004 and Ocean's Thirteen in 2007, resulting in the term the Ocean's Trilogy.", "Richard Dreyfuss Richard Stephen Dreyfuss (born October 29, 1947) is an American actor best known for starring in a number of film, television, and theater roles since the late 1960s, including the films American Graffiti, Jaws, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Mr. Holland's Opus, and The Goodbye Girl.Dreyfuss won the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1978 for The Goodbye Girl (1977), and was nominated in 1995 for Mr. Holland's Opus.", "Ringo Starr filmography In addition to the Beatles' films A Hard Day's Night (1964), Help! (1965), Magical Mystery Tour (1967), Yellow Submarine (1968) and Let It Be (1970), Ringo Starr also acted in films such as Candy (1968), The Magic Christian (1969, alongside Peter Sellers), Blindman (1971), Son of Dracula (1974) and Caveman (1981).Starr directed and appeared in Born to Boogie (1972), a concert film featuring Marc Bolan and T. Rex.", "Sam Rockwell Sam Rockwell (born November 5, 1968) is an American actor known for his leading roles in Lawn Dogs (1997), Confessions of a Dangerous Mind (2002), Matchstick Men (2003), The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (2005), Choke (2008), Moon (2009) and Seven Psychopaths (2012), as well as for his supporting roles in The Green Mile (1999), Galaxy Quest (1999), The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford (2007), Frost/Nixon (2008), Conviction (2010), Iron Man 2 (2010), Cowboys & Aliens (2011) and The Way, Way Back (2013).", "The Secret Six The Secret Six is a fast-paced 1931 American Pre-Code crime film starring Wallace Beery as \"Slaughterhouse Scorpio\", a character very loosely based on Al Capone, and featuring Lewis Stone, John Mack Brown, Jean Harlow, Clark Gable, Marjorie Rambeau and Ralph Bellamy. The film was written by Frances Marion and directed by George W. Hill for MGM.", "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea is an American science fiction film, produced and directed by Irwin Allen, released by 20th Century Fox in 1961. The story was written by Irwin Allen and Charles Bennett. Walter Pidgeon starred as Admiral Harriman Nelson, with Robert Sterling as Captain Lee Crane. The supporting cast included Joan Fontaine, Barbara Eden, Michael Ansara, and Peter Lorre. The theme song was sung by Frankie Avalon, who also appeared in the film.", "Cold Hands, Warm Heart \"Cold Hands, Warm Heart\" is an episode of the original The Outer Limits television show. It first aired on September 26, 1964, during the second season. The episode features William Shatner in a lead role as a space explorer very similar to his part as Captain Kirk in Star Trek. Shatner's Outer Limits character is involved in a mission called \"Project Vulcan\".Three of the episode's costars would later have memorable guest roles on Star Trek.", "Bonnie and Clyde (film) Bonnie and Clyde is a 1967 American biographical crime film directed by Arthur Penn and starring Warren Beatty and Faye Dunaway as the title characters Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker. The film features Michael J. Pollard, Gene Hackman, and Estelle Parsons, with Denver Pyle, Dub Taylor, Gene Wilder, Evans Evans, and Mabel Cavitt in supporting roles. The screenplay was written by David Newman and Robert Benton.", "In Cold Blood (film) In Cold Blood is a 1967 film based on Truman Capote's book of the same name. Richard Brooks prepared the adaptation and directed the film. It stars Robert Blake as Perry Smith, Scott Wilson as Richard \"Dick\" Hickock, and John Forsythe as Alvin Dewey.", "The Magnificent Seven The Magnificent Seven (1960) is an American western film directed by John Sturges and starring Yul Brynner, Eli Wallach and Steve McQueen. The picture is an Old West-style remake of Akira Kurosawa's Japanese-language film Seven Samurai (1954). The supporting cast features Charles Bronson, Robert Vaughn, James Coburn, Brad Dexter, and Horst Buchholz.", "David Ogden Stiers David Ogden Stiers (born October 31, 1942) is an American actor, director, vocal actor, and musician, noted for his roles in Disney animated films, the television series MAS*H as Major Charles Emerson Winchester III and the science fiction drama The Dead Zone as Reverend Gene Purdy. He is also known for the role of District Attorney Michael Reston in the Perry Mason TV movies.", "Alan Taylor (director) Alan Taylor (born c. 1959) is an American television and film director, television producer, and screenwriter, known for his work on TV shows such as Lost, The West Wing, Six Feet Under, Sex and the City, The Sopranos, Game of Thrones, Boardwalk Empire, Deadwood and Mad Men, and the films Palookaville, Thor: The Dark World and Terminator Genisys.", "Eugene Dynarski Eugene Dynarski (born September 13, 1932) is an American actor. Three of the most popular projects that he has been involved with were two Steven Spielberg films: Duel and Close Encounters of the Third Kind, and Westwood Studios landmark computer game Command & Conquer: Red Alert.In 1971's Duel, Dynarski had a small role as a truck driver in a cafe.", "Independence Day (1996 film) Independence Day is a 1996 American epic science fiction disaster film co-written and directed by Roland Emmerich. The film stars Will Smith, Bill Pullman, Jeff Goldblum, Mary McDonnell, Judd Hirsch, Margaret Colin, Randy Quaid, Robert Loggia, James Rebhorn, Vivica A. Fox, and Harry Connick, Jr.", "The Untouchables (film) The Untouchables is a 1987 American gangster film directed by Brian De Palma and written by David Mamet. Based on the book The Untouchables (1957), the film stars Kevin Costner as government agent Eliot Ness, Robert De Niro as gang leader Al Capone, and Sean Connery as Irish-American officer Jimmy Malone (based on the real life Irish-American agent and \"Untouchables\" member Marty Lahart).", "The Cable Guy The Cable Guy is a 1996 American dark comedy film directed by Ben Stiller, who also co-stars in the film. The film stars Jim Carrey and Matthew Broderick. The film was released in the United States on June 14, 1996, and is notable for being Judd Apatow's first work as a feature film producer. The film co-stars Leslie Mann, Jack Black, George Segal, Diane Baker, Eric Roberts, Owen Wilson, Janeane Garofalo, David Cross, Andy Dick, Amy Stiller and Bob Odenkirk.", "Roy Scheider Roy Richard Scheider (November 10, 1932 – February 10, 2008) was an American actor and amateur boxer. He gained notoriety for his leading and supporting roles in several iconic films from the 1970s, playing Police Chief Martin C. Brody in Jaws (1975) and its first sequel, NYPD Detective Buddy \"Cloudy\" Russo in The French Connection (1971), NYPD Detective Buddy Manucci in The Seven Ups (1973), Doc in Marathon Man (1976), and choreographer and film director Joe Gideon in All That Jazz (1979).", "Ben Affleck Benjamin Geza Affleck-Boldt (born August 15, 1972), better known as Ben Affleck, is an American actor, film director, screenwriter and producer. He has won two Academy Awards and three Golden Globe Awards.Affleck began his career as a child actor, starring in the PBS educational series The Voyage of the Mimi (1984, 1988). He later appeared in Dazed and Confused (1993) and various Kevin Smith films including Chasing Amy (1997) and Dogma (1999).", "Blake Edwards Blake Edwards (born William Blake Crump; July 26, 1922 – December 15, 2010) was an American film director, screenwriter and producer.Edwards' career began in the 1940s as an actor, but he soon turned to writing screenplays and radio scripts before turning to producing and directing in film and television. His best-known films include Breakfast at Tiffany's, Days of Wine and Roses, 10 and the hugely successful Pink Panther film series with British comedian Peter Sellers.", "King Kong (2005 film) King Kong is a 2005 epic adventure monster film co-written, produced, and directed by Peter Jackson. It is a remake of the 1933 film of the same name and it stars Naomi Watts as Ann Darrow, Jack Black as Carl Denham, Adrien Brody as Jack Driscoll and, through motion capture, Andy Serkis as the title character. Set in 1933, King Kong tells the story of an overly ambitious filmmaker who coerces his cast and hired ship crew to travel to the mysterious Skull Island.", "William Holden William Holden (April 17, 1918 – November 12, 1981) was an American actor who was one of the biggest box office draws of the 1950s through the 1970s.", "William Marshall (actor) William Horace Marshall (August 19, 1924 – June 11, 2003) was an American actor, director, and opera singer. He is best known for his title role in the 1972 blaxploitation classic Blacula and its sequel Scream Blacula Scream (1973), as the \"King of Cartoons\" on the 1980s television show Pee-wee's Playhouse beginning with its second season, and an appearance as Dr. Richard Daystrom on the original Star Trek television series.", "Watchmen (film) Watchmen is a 2009 American superhero film directed by Zack Snyder, based on the 1986–87 DC Comics limited series of the same name by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons. It stars an ensemble cast of Malin Åkerman, Billy Crudup, Matthew Goode, Jackie Earle Haley, Jeffrey Dean Morgan, Carla Gugino, and Patrick Wilson.", "The Texas Chain Saw Massacre The Texas Chain Saw Massacre is a 1974 American slasher film, directed and produced by Tobe Hooper, who cowrote it with Kim Henkel. It stars Marilyn Burns, Paul A. Partain, Edwin Neal, Jim Siedow and Gunnar Hansen, who respectively portray Sally Hardesty, Franklin Hardesty, the hitchhiker, the proprietor, and Leatherface, the main antagonist. The film follows a group of friends who fall victim to a family of cannibals while on their way to visit an old homestead.", "Terry Gilliam Terrence Vance \"Terry\" Gilliam (/ˈɡɪliəm/; born 22 November 1940) is an American-born British screenwriter, film director, animator, actor, comedian and member of the Monty Python comedy troupe.Gilliam has directed 12 feature films, including Time Bandits (1981), Brazil (1985), The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1988), The Fisher King (1991), 12 Monkeys (1995), Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998), The Brothers Grimm (2005) and The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus (2009).", "Bill Murray William James \"Bill\" Murray (born September 21, 1950) is an American actor and comedian. He first gained exposure on Saturday Night Live for which he earned an Emmy Award and later went on to star in comedy films, including Meatballs (1979), Caddyshack (1980), Stripes (1981), Tootsie (1982), Ghostbusters (1984), Scrooged (1988), What About Bob? (1991), and Groundhog Day (1993).", "Paul Bogart Paul Bogart (November 21, 1919 – April 15, 2012) was an American television and film director. Bogart directed episodes of the television series Coronet Blue in 1967, Get Smart, The Dumplings in 1976, and All In The Family from 1976 to 1979. Among his films are Oh, God! You Devil, Torch Song Trilogy, Marlowe, Skin Game (both starring James Garner), and Class of '44.", "Top Gun Top Gun is a 1986 American action drama film directed by Tony Scott, and produced by Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer, in association with Paramount Pictures. The screenplay was written by Jim Cash and Jack Epps, Jr., and was inspired by the article \"Top Guns\" written by Ehud Yonay for California magazine.The film stars Tom Cruise, Kelly McGillis, Val Kilmer, Anthony Edwards, and Tom Skerritt.", "William Riker William Thomas \"Will\" Riker, played by Jonathan Frakes, is a fictional character in the Star Trek universe appearing primarily as a main character in Star Trek: The Next Generation. Throughout the series and the series of films, he is the Enterprise first officer, and briefly captain, until he accepts command of the USS Titan at the end of Star Trek: Nemesis.", "Dick Miller Richard \"Dick\" Miller (born December 25, 1928) is an American character actor who has appeared in over 100 films, particularly those produced by Roger Corman, and later in films of directors who started their careers with Corman, including James Cameron and Joe Dante, with the distinction of appearing in almost every film made by Dante.", "Flatliners Flatliners is a 1990 American science fiction horror film directed by Joel Schumacher, produced by Michael Douglas and Rick Bieber, and written by Peter Filardi. It stars Kiefer Sutherland, Julia Roberts, Kevin Bacon, William Baldwin, and Oliver Platt. The film is about five medical students that attempt to find out what lies beyond death and they conduct clandestine experiments that produce near-death experiences.", "The Talented Mr. Ripley (film) The Talented Mr. Ripley is a 1999 American psychological thriller written for the screen and directed by Anthony Minghella. An adaptation of the 1955 Patricia Highsmith novel of the same name, the film stars Matt Damon as Tom Ripley, Jude Law as Dickie Greenleaf, Gwyneth Paltrow as Marge Sherwood and Cate Blanchett as Meredith Logue.The novel was previously filmed as Plein Soleil in 1960.", "Peter Weller Peter Frederick Weller (born June 24, 1947) is an American film and stage actor, television director and history lecturer.Weller has appeared in more than 70 films and television series, including turns as the title characters in blockbuster hit RoboCop and its sequel RoboCop 2, and the cult classic The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension.", "Apollo 13 (film) Apollo 13 is a 1995 American historical docudrama film directed by Ron Howard. The film stars Tom Hanks, Kevin Bacon, Bill Paxton, Gary Sinise, and Ed Harris. The screenplay by William Broyles, Jr.", "Captain Clegg (film) Captain Clegg is a 1962 Hammer Film Productions film. In the United States, it is known as Night Creatures. It is loosely based on Doctor Syn and stars Peter Cushing, Yvonne Romain, and Patrick Allen.", "John McGiver John Irwin McGiver (November 5, 1913 – September 9, 1975) was an American character actor who made more than a hundred appearances in television and motion pictures over a two-decade span from 1955 to 1975.The owl-faced, portly actor with the mid-Atlantic accent was known for his performances in such films as Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961); The Manchurian Candidate (1962); and Midnight Cowboy (1969).", "James Wan James Wan (born 27 February 1977) is an Australian film producer, screenwriter and film director. He is widely known for directing the horror film Saw (2004) and creating Billy the Puppet. Wan has also directed Dead Silence and Death Sentence (both 2007), Insidious (2010), The Conjuring and Insidious: Chapter 2 (both 2013), and Furious 7, which was released in April 2015.", "Warren Oates Warren Mercer Oates (July 5, 1928 – April 3, 1982) was an American actor best known for his performances in several films directed by Sam Peckinpah including The Wild Bunch (1969) and Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia (1974). He starred in numerous films during the early 1970s which have since achieved cult status including The Hired Hand (1971), Two-Lane Blacktop (1971) and Race with the Devil (1975). Oates also portrayed John Dillinger in the biopic Dillinger (1973) and Sgt.", "William Friedkin William Friedkin (born August 29, 1935) is an American film director, producer and screenwriter best known for directing The French Connection in 1971 and The Exorcist in 1973; for the former, he won the Academy Award for Best Director. Some of his other films include Sorcerer, Cruising, To Live and Die in L.A., Jade, Rules of Engagement, The Hunted, Bug, and Killer Joe.", "T. J. Hooker T. J. Hooker is an American police drama television program starring William Shatner in the title role as a 15-year veteran police sergeant. The series premiered as a mid-season replacement on March 13, 1982, on ABC and ran on the network until May 4, 1985.", "Ned Beatty Ned Thomas Beatty (born July 6, 1937) is an American actor who has appeared in more than 100 films and has been nominated for an Academy Award, two Emmy Awards, an MTV Movie Award for Best Villain and a Golden Globe Award; he won a Drama Desk Award.These nominations stemmed from his performances in films and television series such as Network (1976), Friendly Fire (1979), Last Train Home (1990), Hear My Song (1991), the adaptation film Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (2004), and Toy Story 3 (2010).He has had great commercial success in memorable roles such as the executive Bobby Trippe in Deliverance (1972), Tennessee lawyer Delbert Reese in Nashville (1975), general attorney Dardis in All the President's Men (1976), Bob Sweet in Silver Streak (1976), the priest Edwards in Exorcist II: The Heretic (1977), Lex Luthor's henchman Otis in Superman (1978) and Superman II (1980), Bates' right-hand man Sydney Morehouse in The Toy (1982), Borisov and Pavel Petrovic in The Fourth Protocol (1987), TV presenter Ernest Weller in Repossessed (1990), Rudy Ruettiger's father in Rudy (1993), attorney McNair in Just Cause (1995), Dexter Wilkins in Life (1999), the simple sheriff in Where the Red Fern Grows (2003), the corrupt Senator Charles F.", "William Sylvester William Sylvester (January 31, 1922 – January 25, 1995) was an American television and film actor. His most famous film credit was Dr. Heywood Floyd in Stanley Kubrick's 2001 A Space Odyssey (1968). Sylvester declined to reprise his role in the film 2010: The Year We Make Contact (1984), in which he was replaced by Roy Scheider.", "Spaceballs Spaceballs is a 1987 American parody film co-written and directed by Mel Brooks and starring Brooks, Bill Pullman, John Candy and Rick Moranis. It also features Daphne Zuniga, Dick Van Patten, and the voice of Joan Rivers. It was released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer on June 26, 1987, and was met with a mixed reception. It later became a cult classic on video and one of Brooks' most popular films.", "Meatballs (film) Meatballs is a 1979 Canadian comedy film directed by Ivan Reitman. It is noted for Bill Murray's first film appearance in a starring role and for launching Reitman into a distinguished career of financially successful comedies including Stripes (1981) and Ghostbusters (1984), both starring Murray. The film also introduced child actor Chris Makepeace in the role of Rudy Gerner. It was followed by several sequels, of which only Meatballs III: Summer Job (1986) had any connection to the original.", "Ron Howard Ronald William \"Ron\" Howard (born March 1, 1954) is an American film director, producer, and actor, best known for playing two high-profile roles in television sitcoms in his childhood and early adulthood, and for directing a number of successful feature films later in his career.He first came to prominence playing young Opie Taylor in the sitcom The Andy Griffith Show for eight years, and later teenager Richie Cunningham in the sitcom Happy Days for six years.", "Armin Shimerman Armin Shimerman (born November 5, 1949) is an American actor, voice actor and author. Shimerman is known for playing the Ferengi bartender Quark in the television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Principal Snyder in Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Kramer's caddy Stan on Seinfeld, voicing Dr. Nefarious in the Ratchet & Clank series, and Andrew Ryan, one of the antagonists of BioShock. He played Dr. Potter in the 2011 movie adaptation of Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged.", "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (film) The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy is a 2005 British-American comic science fiction film directed by Garth Jennings, based upon previous works in the media franchise of the same name, created by Douglas Adams. It stars Martin Freeman, Sam Rockwell, Mos Def, Zooey Deschanel and the voices of Stephen Fry (the guide book) and Alan Rickman (Marvin, the Paranoid Android).", "Seven (1995 film) Seven (sometimes stylized as SE7EN) is a 1995 American neo-noir crime psychological thriller film directed by David Fincher, and stars Brad Pitt, Morgan Freeman, Gwyneth Paltrow, John C. McGinley, R. Lee Ermey and Kevin Spacey.", "Innerspace Innerspace is a 1987 science fiction comedy film directed by Joe Dante and produced by Michael Finnell. Steven Spielberg served as executive producer. The film was inspired by the 1966 science fiction film Fantastic Voyage. It stars Dennis Quaid, Martin Short and Meg Ryan, with Robert Picardo and Kevin McCarthy, with music composed by Jerry Goldsmith. It earned $25,893,810 of domestic gross revenue and won an Oscar, the only film directed by Dante to do so.", "William Daniels William David Daniels (born March 31, 1927) is an American actor and former president of the Screen Actors Guild (1999 to 2001). He is known for his performance as Dustin Hoffman's character's father in The Graduate (1967), as Howard in Two for the Road, as John Adams in 1776, as Carter Nash in Captain Nice, as Mr. George Feeny in ABC's Boy Meets World and its sequel, Disney Channel's Girl Meets World, as the voice of KITT in Knight Rider, and as Dr. Mark Craig in St.", "List of Star Trek: The Original Series episodes Created by Gene Roddenberry, the science fiction television series Star Trek (which eventually acquired the retronym Star Trek: The Original Series) starred William Shatner as Captain Kirk, Leonard Nimoy as Mr. Spock, and DeForest Kelley as Dr. Leonard \"Bones\" McCoy aboard the fictional Federation starship USS Enterprise.", "The Usual Suspects The Usual Suspects is a 1995 American neo-noir crime thriller film directed by Bryan Singer and written by Christopher McQuarrie. It stars Stephen Baldwin, Gabriel Byrne, Benicio del Toro, Kevin Pollak, Chazz Palminteri, Pete Postlethwaite and Kevin Spacey.The film follows the interrogation of Roger \"Verbal\" Kint, a small-time con man who is one of only two survivors of a massacre and fire on a ship docked at the Port of Los Angeles.", "Die Hard with a Vengeance Die Hard with a Vengeance is a 1995 American action film and the third in the Die Hard film series. It was produced and directed by John McTiernan (who directed Die Hard), written by Jonathan Hensleigh, and stars Bruce Willis as New York City Police Department Lieutenant John McClane, Samuel L. Jackson as McClane's reluctant partner Zeus Carver, and Jeremy Irons as Simon Peter Gruber.", "Humphrey Bogart filmography Humphrey Bogart was an American film actor whose career spanned nearly three decades. During that time he appeared in 75 feature films, including In a Lonely Place, Angels with Dirty Faces, Sabrina, The Big Sleep, To Have and Have Not, and The Caine Mutiny.While many of his early films were supporting roles in major films starring James Cagney, Edward G.", "James A. Contner James Atwater Contner is an American film, television director and cinematographer. His work includes episodes of such television series as Miami Vice, Angel, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Firefly and Star Trek: Enterprise. He has also directed several films, including One Hot Summer Night (1998), and Shark Swarm (2008).", "David Bowie filmography The following is a listing of films in which David Bowie has appeared. David Bowie, to date has starred in many films such as leading roles in The Man Who Fell to Earth and Just a Gigolo or cameo appearances in films such as Zoolander and The Last Temptation of Christ. For his acting performances, Bowie has won the Saturn Award and been nominated for the MTV Movie Award.", "Free Enterprise (film) Free Enterprise is a 1999 romantic comedy film starring Eric McCormack and Rafer Weigel, and featuring William Shatner, directed by Robert Meyer Burnett and written by Mark A. Altman and Burnett.", "The Devil's Rain The Devil's Rain is a 1975 low-budget horror film, directed by Robert Fuest. It was one of several B-films in which William Shatner starred between the original Star Trek television series and Star Trek: The Motion Picture. Other cast members included Tom Skerritt, Ernest Borgnine, Eddie Albert, Ida Lupino, Keenan Wynn and John Travolta in his film debut in a minor role. Satanist Anton LaVey is credited as the film's technical advisor and appeared in the film playing a minor role." ]	4
In which military conflicts did Lawrence of Arabia participate?	[ "The Mint (book)\nThe Mint is a book written by T. E. Lawrence, ‘Lawrence of Arabia’, and published posthumously. It describes his time in the Royal Air Force, working, despite having held senior rank in the army (Colonel), as an ordinary Aircraftman, under an assumed name, 352087 Ross. The book is notable, despite flaws noted by critics, for its sharp observation, for the insight it gives into Lawrence himself, and for the censorship issues around its publication.The novelist E.M.", "Battle of Aqaba\nBattle of Aqaba (6 July 1917) was fought for the Jordanian port of Aqaba. The attacking forces of the Arab Revolt, led by Auda ibu Tayi and advised by T. E. Lawrence \"\\Lawrence of Arabia\"), were victorious over the Turkish defenders.", "Seven Pillars of Wisdom\nSeven Pillars of Wisdom is the autobiographical account of the experiences of British soldier T. E. Lawrence \"\\Lawrence of Arabia\"), while serving as a liaison officer with rebel forces during the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Turks of 1916 to 1918.", "Battle of Megiddo (1918)\nThe Battle of Megiddo (Turkish: Megiddo Muharebesi) also known in Turkish as the Nablus Hezimeti \"\\Rout of Nablus\"), the Nablus Yarması (\"Breakthrough at Nablus\") was fought between 19 and 25 September 1918, on the Plain of Sharon, in front of Tulkarm, Tabsor and Arara in the Judean Hills as well as on the Esdralon Plain at Nazareth, Afulah, Beisan, Jenin and Samakh.The Battle of Megiddo was the final Allied offensive of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War.", "Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorised Biography of T. E. Lawrence\nLawrence of Arabia: The Authorised Biography of T. E. Lawrence is a book by Jeremy Wilson about the noted historic figure T. E. Lawrence \"\\Lawrence of Arabia\"), who helped lead the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire during World War I.", "Siege of Medina\nMedina, an Islamic holy city in Arabia, underwent a long siege during World War I. Medina was at the time part of the Ottoman Empire. In the war, the Ottoman Empire sided with the Central Powers. Sharif Hussain of Mecca betrayed and revolted against the caliph and the Ottoman Empire which, under the leadership of the secular and nationalistic Young Turks, had ignored the wishes of the Caliph and sided with the Central Powers.", "World War I\nWorld War I (WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war centered in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. More than 9 million combatants and 7 million civilians died as a result of the war, a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents' technological and industrial sophistication, and tactical stalemate.", "Arab Revolt\nThe Arab Revolt (1916–1918; Arabic: الثورة العربية‎ Al-Thawra al-`Arabiyya; Turkish: Arap İsyanı) was initiated by the Sherif Hussein bin Ali with the aim of securing independence from the ruling Ottoman Turks and creating a single unified Arab state spanning from Aleppo in Syria to Aden in Yemen.Though the Sherifian revolt has tended to be regarded as a revolt rooted in a secular Arab nationalist sentiment, in June 1916, the Sherif did not present it in those terms; rather, he accused the Young Turks of violating the sacred tenets of Islam and called Arab Muslims to sacred rebellion against the ostensibly \"impious\" Ottoman government. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Revolt?oldid=680483642> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Gun politics is a controversial area of American politics that is primarily defined by the actions of two groups: gun control and gun rights activists. These groups often disagree on the interpretation of laws and court cases related to firearms as well as about the effects of gun control on crime and public safety. There are 270 million civilian firearms in the USA.Since the 1990s, debates regarding firearm availability and gun violence in the U.S.", "Capture of Damascus (1918)\nThe Capture of Damascus occurred on 1 October 1918 after the capture of Haifa and the victory at the Battle of Samakh which opened the way for the pursuit north from the Sea of Galilee and the Third Transjordan attack which opened the way to Deraa and the inland pursuit, after the decisive Egyptian Expeditionary Force victory at the Battle of Megiddo during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I." ]	[ "Robert Henry Lawrence, Jr. Robert Henry Lawrence, Jr. (October 2, 1935 - December 8, 1967) was a United States Air Force officer and the first African-American astronaut.", "Anthony Quinn For other people named Anthony Quinn see Anthony Quinn (disambiguation).Antonio Rodolfo Quinn Oaxaca (April 21, 1915 – June 3, 2001), more commonly known as Anthony Quinn, was a Mexican-born American actor, painter and writer. He starred in numerous critically acclaimed and commercially successful films, including La Strada, The Guns of Navarone, Zorba the Greek, Guns for San Sebastian, Lawrence of Arabia, The Message and Lion of the Desert.", "Lawrence Sullivan Ross Lawrence Sullivan \"Sul\" Ross (September 27, 1838 – January 3, 1898) was the 19th Governor of Texas (USA), a Confederate States Army general during the American Civil War, and a president of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, now called Texas A&M University.Ross was raised in the Republic of Texas, which was later annexed to the United States. Much of his childhood was spent on the frontier, where his family founded the town of Waco.", "William P. Lawrence William Porter \"Bill\" Lawrence (January 13, 1930 – December 2, 2005), was a decorated United States Navy vice admiral and naval aviator who served as Superintendent of the U.S. Naval Academy from 1978 to 1981. Lawrence was a noted pilot who became the first naval aviator to fly twice the speed of sound in a naval aircraft and was also one of the final candidates for the Mercury space program.", "Richard W. Dowling Richard William \"Dick\" Dowling (1837 – September 23, 1867) was the victorious commander at the Second Battle of Sabine Pass in the American Civil War, and is considered Houston, Texas's first prominent citizen and hero.", "Owain Lawgoch Owain Lawgoch, (English: Owain of the Red Hand, French: Yvain de Galles), full name Owain ap Thomas ap Rhodri (c. 1330 - July 1378), was a Welsh soldier who served in Spain, France, Alsace, and Switzerland. He led a Free Company fighting for the French against the English in the Hundred Years' War. As the last politically active descendant of Llywelyn the Great in the male line, he was a claimant to the title of Prince of Gwynedd and of Wales.", "Battle of Medina For the decisive tank battle fought on 27 February 1991 during the Persian Gulf War see the Battle of Medina RidgeThe Battle of Medina was fought approximately 20 miles south of San Antonio de Bexar (modern-day downtown San Antonio in the U.S. state of Texas) on August 18, 1813, as part of the Mexican War of Independence against Spanish authority in Mexico.", "Brian Turner Tom Lawrence Brian Turner Tom Lawrence VC (9 November 1873 – 7 June 1949) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.", "USS Lawrence (DD-8) The third USS Lawrence (DD-8) was a Lawrence-class destroyer, which was a sub-class of Bainbridge-class destroyer, in the United States Navy. She was named for Captain James Lawrence.Lawrence was laid down on 10 April 1899 by Fore River Ship & Engine Company, Weymouth, Massachusetts; launched on 7 November 1900; sponsored by Miss Ruth Lawrence, great niece of Captain Lawrence; and commissioned on 7 April 1903, Lieutenant Andre M. Proctor in command.", "List of casualties in Husayn's army at the Battle of Karbala This article contains the list of casualties of Husayn ibn Ali's army in the Battle of Karbala. The battle took place in the year 680, between Caliph Yazid's army from Syria reinforced by troops from Kufa, and the caravan of families and friends of Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It is sometimes claimed that 72 men (including Husayn's 6 months old baby son) of Husayn's Army were killed by the forces of Yazid I.", "Harry T. Hays Harry Thompson Hays (April 14, 1820 – August 21, 1876) was an American Army officer serving in the Mexican-American War and a general who served in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. Known as the \"Louisiana Tigers\", his brigade played a major role during the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, where they ascended Cemetery Hill in the darkness and overran several artillery batteries before finally being driven off for lack of support.", "1962 in film The year 1962 in film involved some significant events, with Lawrence of Arabia the year's top-grossing film as well as winner of the Academy Award for Best Picture.", "Khaled Hosseini Khaled Hosseini (Persian: خالد حسینی‎‎ [ˈxɒled hoˈsejni]; /ˈhɑːlɛd hoʊˈseɪni/; born March 4, 1965) is an Afghan-born American novelist and physician. After graduating from college, he worked as a doctor in California, an occupation that he likened to \"an arranged marriage\". He has published three novels, most notably his 2003 debut The Kite Runner, all of which are at least partially set in Afghanistan and feature an Afghan as the protagonist.", "The River War The River War: An Historical Account of the Reconquest of the Soudan (1899), by Winston Churchill, concerning his experiences as a British Army officer, during the Mahdist War (1881–99) in the Sudan.The River War is a history of the British imperial involvement in the Sudan, and the Mahdi War between the British forces, led by Lord Kitchener, and the Dervish forces, led by Khalifa Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, \"The Mahdi”, heir to the self-proclaimed Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad who had embarked on a campaign to conquer Egypt, to drive out the non-Muslim infidels.The River War was Churchill's second published book after The Story of the Malakand Field Force, and originally filled two volumes with over 1000 pages in 1899. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_River_War?oldid=670668065> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Wetting-down> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> For the christening of fire engines, see Wetdown. For the ceremonial water salute given to vehicles, including ships and airplanes, see Water salute.Wetting-down is a raucous ceremony for newly promoted officers observed in the U.S. and Royal navies, and the U.S. Coast Guard. The U.S. Marines, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Corps, and U.S. Public Health Service officers also participate in this custom as homage to their naval heritage.", "William Lawrence (Ohio Republican) William Lawrence (June 26, 1819 – May 8, 1899) was a Republican politician from Ohio. He was most noted for being a US Representative, and was influential in attempting to impeach Andrew Johnson, creating the United States Department of Justice, helping to create the American Red Cross, and ratifying the Geneva Convention.Lawrence was born on June 26, 1819 in Mount Pleasant, Ohio. He attended Tidball's Academy in Knoxville, Tennessee.", "William Wells (soldier) William Wells (c. 1770 – 15 August 1812), also known as Apekonit \"\\Carrot top\"), was the son-in-law of Chief Little Turtle of the Miami. He fought for the Miami in the Northwest Indian War. During the course of that war, he became an United States Army officer, and also served in the War of 1812.", "Allan Mallinson Brigadier Allan Lawrence Mallinson (born 6 February 1949) is an English author and retired British Army officer.Mallinson is best known for writing a series of novels chronicling the (fictional) life of Matthew Hervey, an officer serving in the (fictional) British 6th Light Dragoons from the late Napoleonic Wars through subsequent colonial conflicts in India, North America and South Africa.", "Leonardo Márquez Leonardo Márquez (Jan 8, 1820 – Jul 5, 1913) was a Mexican general. He fought against the United States in the Intervention of 1846-1848 and was a prominent supporter of Antonio López de Santa Anna in the revolutionary movement of 1849. After the fall of that dictator, Márquez espoused the cause of Miramón and Zuloaga against Benito Juárez.", "Lawrence Aubrey Wallace Sir Lawrence Aubrey Wallace (2 February 1857 - 26 January 1942) was a British colonial administrator. He was administrator of North-Eastern Rhodesia from April 1907 to January 1909, administrator of Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia from January 1909 to August 1911, and administrator of Northern Rhodesia from August 1911 until March 1921.", "James L. Lardner James Lawrence Lardner (November 20, 1802 – April 12, 1881) was an officer in the United States Navy during the American Civil War.", "Polish involvement in the 2003 invasion of Iraq On March 17, 2003, then Polish President Aleksander Kwaśniewski announced that Poland would send about 2000 troops to the Persian Gulf to take part in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Polish soldiers had been present in the region since July 2002, and combat was first confirmed on March 24. These formed the fourth of the larger military contributions to the forces arrayed against Iraq (with the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia).", "James L. Pugh James Lawrence Pugh (December 12, 1820 – March 9, 1907) was a U.S. senator from Alabama, as well as a member of the Confederate Congress during the American Civil War.", "Charles Lawrence (British Army officer) Brigadier-General Charles Lawrence (14 December 1709 – 19 October 1760) was a British military officer who, as lieutenant governor and subsequently governor of Nova Scotia. He is perhaps best known for overseeing the Expulsion of the Acadians and settling the New England Planters in Nova Scotia. He was born in Plymouth, England and died in Halifax, Nova Scotia.", "Muhammed Akbar Khan Muhammed Akbar Khan (Arabic: محمد اکبر خان‎), MBE (19 April 1897 - ) served as a British Indian recruit in the First World War and an officer in Second World War. At the time of the independence of Pakistan, he was the most senior Muslim General. He also served as the first ADC of the Quaid-e-Azam, Muhammed Ali Jinnah.", "Lawrence McCutcheon Lawrence McCutcheon (born June 2, 1950) is a former American football running back who played in the National Football League (NFL) for the Los Angeles Rams from 1972 to 1980, the Denver Broncos and Seattle Seahawks in 1980, and 1981 with the Buffalo Bills, reuniting with his former Rams coach Chuck Knox.", "Kitos War The Kitos War (115–117) (Hebrew: מרד הגלויות‎: mered ha'galuyot or mered ha'tfutzot (מרד התפוצות); translation: rebellion of the diaspora) occurred during the period of the Jewish–Roman wars, 66-135.", "Geoffrey Charles Lawrence Geoffrey Charles Lawrence (1915–1994) was acting Chief Minister of Zanzibar from 23 February 1961 to 5 June 1961.", "Amos Adams Lawrence Amos Adams Lawrence (July 31, 1814 – August 22, 1886), the son of famed philanthropist Amos Lawrence, was a key figure in the United States abolition movement in the years leading up to the Civil War, and instrumental in the establishment of the University of Kansas and Lawrence University in Appleton, Wisconsin.", "Nehemiah Dyer Nehemiah Mayo Dyer (aka. N. Mayo Dyer) (19 February 1839 – 28 January 1910) was a Rear Admiral in United States Navy, who served during the American Civil War and Spanish–American War. He is one of the few individuals to have served in both the Battle of Mobile Bay during the Civil War and the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish–American War.", "Lawrence Moore Cosgrave Colonel Lawrence Moore Cosgrave DSO & Bar (August 28, 1890 – July 28, 1971) was the Canadian signatory to the Japanese Instrument of Surrender at the end of World War II.", "William Tecumseh Sherman William Tecumseh Sherman (/tɪˈkʌmsə/; February 8, 1820 – February 14, 1891) was an American soldier, businessman, educator and author. He served as a General in the Union Army during the American Civil War (1861–65), for which he received recognition for his outstanding command of military strategy as well as criticism for the harshness of the \"scorched earth\" policies that he implemented in conducting total war against the Confederate States.Sherman served under General Ulysses S.", "Leslie Morshead Lieutenant General Sir Leslie James Morshead KCB, KBE, CMG, DSO, ED (18 September 1889 – 26 September 1959) was an Australian soldier, teacher, businessman, and farmer, whose distinguished military career spanned both world wars. Most notably, during World War II, he led the Australian and British troops at the Siege of Tobruk (1941) and at the Second Battle of El Alamein (1942), achieving decisive victories over Erwin Rommel's Afrika Korps.", "Sand War The Sand War or Sands War (Arabic: حرب الرمال‎ ḥarb ar-rimāl) occurred along the Algerian-Moroccan border in October 1963, and was a Moroccan attempt to claim the Tindouf and the Béchar areas that France had annexed to French Algeria a few decades earlier.", "USS Lawrence (1843) The second USS Lawrence was a brig in the United States Navy launched by Langley B. Culley at Baltimore, Maryland on 1 August 1843 and commissioned 19 September 1843, Commander William H. Gardner in command.After sailing to the Norfolk Navy Yard on 11 October 1843, Lawrence fitted out for a cruise to the West Indies. Underway 16 November, the ship cruised along the northern coast of South America until returning to Pensacola, Florida, 25 January 1844.", "Battle of Uhud The Battle of Uhud (Arabic: غزوة أحد‎ Ġazwat ‘Uḥud) was fought on Saturday, March 19, 625 (3 Shawwal 3 AH in the Islamic calendar) at the valley located in front of Mount Uhud, in what is now northwestern Arabia. It occurred between a force from the Muslim community of Medina led by the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and a force led by Abu Sufyan ibn Harb from Mecca, the town from which many of the Muslims had previously emigrated.", "Geoffrey Lawrence, 1st Baron Oaksey Geoffrey Lawrence, 3rd Baron Trevethin, 1st Baron Oaksey, DSO, TD, KC, PC (2 December 1880 – 28 August 1971) was the main British Judge during the Nuremberg trials after World War II, and President of the Judicial group.", "USS Lawrence (DDG-4) USS Lawrence (DDG-4), the fifth ship named for Captain James Lawrence USN (1781–1813), was a Charles F. Adams class guided missile armed destroyer in the United States Navy.Lawrence was laid down by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation at Camden in New Jersey on 27 October 1958, launched on 27 February 1960 by Mrs. Fernie C. Hubbard, great-great-granddaughter of Captain James Lawrence and commissioned on 6 January 1962, Comdr. Thomas W. Walsh in command.", "Clayton Lawrence Bissell Major General Clayton Lawrence Bissell (July 29, 1896 – December 24, 1972) was an air officer in the United States Army and United States Air Force during World War I and World War II.", "Effingham Lawrence Effingham Lawrence (March 2, 1820 – December 9, 1878) was a Democratic Party member of the U. S. House of Representatives representing the state of Louisiana. He served one day, the last day of the session of the 43rd United States Congress (March 3, 1875), the shortest term of any member of the U.S. House of Representatives.", "Arab League and the Arab–Israeli conflict The Arab League was formed in Cairo on March 22, 1945 with six members: Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan (renamed Jordan after independence in 1946), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Yemen joined as a member on May 5, 1945. At the end of World War II, the Palestinian Arabs were leaderless. The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Haj Amin al-Husseini had been in exile since 1937 and spent the war years in occupied Europe, actively collaborating with Nazi leadership.", "James R. Bath James Reynolds Bath (born August 18, 1936) is a former director of Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI), a former frontman for Salem bin Laden (Osama bin Laden's older half-brother), and also former part owner of Arbusto Energy with George W. Bush, with whom Bath served as a member of the Texas Air National Guard during the Vietnam War, protecting the Gulf Coast. He has business interests in the aircraft business and real estate.", "Laurie Lee Laurence Edward Alan \"Laurie\" Lee, MBE (26 June 1914 – 13 May 1997) was an English poet, novelist and screenwriter, who was brought up in the village of Slad and went to the Central Boys' School, Stroud, Gloucestershire. His most famous work was an autobiographical trilogy which consisted of Cider with Rosie (1959), As I Walked Out One Midsummer Morning (1969) and A Moment of War (1991). The first volume recounts his childhood in the Slad Valley.", "Laurence Marvin Laurence W. Marvin is Assistant Professor of History in the Evans School of Humanities and Social Sciences at Berry College whose primary scholarly focus is the Albigensian Crusade. He is the author of The Occitan War: A Military and Political History of the Albigensian Crusade, 1209-1218 (Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-87240-9).", "Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca Hussein bin Ali, GCB (Arabic: الحسين بن علي الهاشمي‎, al-Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī al-Hāshimī; 1854 – 4 June 1931) was the Emir and Grand Sharif of Mecca from 1908 until 1917, when he proclaimed himself King of the Hejaz. He initiated the Arab Revolt in 1916 against the increasingly nationalistic Ottoman Empire during the course of the First World War. In 1924, when the Ottoman Caliphate was abolished, he further proclaimed himself Caliph of all Muslims.", "Samuel Hill Lawrence Major Samuel Hill Lawrence VC (22 January 1831 – 17 June 1868), born in Cork, was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.", "Lion of the Desert Lion of the Desert is a 1981 Libyan historical action film starring Anthony Quinn as Libyan tribal leader Omar Mukhtar, a Berber Bedouin leader fighting the Italian army in the years leading up to World War II and Oliver Reed as Italian General Rodolfo Graziani, who attempted to defeat Mukhtar. It was directed by Moustapha Akkad and funded by the government under Muammar Gaddafi.", "Battle of Medina Ridge The Battle of Medina Ridge was a decisive tank battle fought on February 27, 1991, during the Gulf War, between the U.S. 1st Armored Division and the 2nd Brigade of the Iraqi Republican Guard Medina Luminous Division outside Basra, Iraq. Medina Ridge is the name American troops gave to a low rise, approximately seven miles (11 km) long.The battle, which was waged over approximately two hours, was the largest tank battle of the war and the largest tank battle in American history.", "Lawrence James Edwin James Lawrence (born 26 May 1943, Bath, England), most commonly known as Lawrence James, is an English historian and writer.", "David Lean Sir David Lean, CBE (25 March 1908 – 16 April 1991) was an English film director, producer, screenwriter and editor, best remembered for big-screen epics such as The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957), Lawrence of Arabia (1962) and Doctor Zhivago (1965).", "Chris Vernon Colonel Christopher Hilary Vernon is a British Army officer. In 2003, Colonel Vernon gained international attention as the senior spokesman for the British Landforces during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.Vernon was commissioned into the Queen's Own Hussars (later Queen's Royal Hussars) from the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in 1976.Prior to serving in Iraq and Afghanistan, Colonel Vernon served in Bosnia in 1995.", "William Quantrill William Clarke Quantrill (July 31, 1837 – June 6, 1865) was a Confederate guerrilla leader during the American Civil War. After leading a Confederate bushwhacker unit along the Missouri-Kansas border in the early 1860s, which included the notorious raid on Lawrence, Kansas \"\\Quantrill's Raid\") in 1863, he eventually ended up in Kentucky, where he was mortally wounded in a Union ambush in May 1865 at the age of 27.", "Battle of Chinhat The Battle of Chinhat was fought on the morning of June 30, 1857, between British forces and Indian rebels, at Ismailganj, near Chinhat (or Chinhut), Oude (Awad/Oudh). The British were led by The Chief Commissioner of Oude, Sir Henry Lawrence. The insurgent force, which consisted of mutineers from the East India Company's army and retainers of local landowners, was led by Barkat Ahmad, a mutineer officer of the Company's army.", "Robert L. Eichelberger Robert Lawrence Eichelberger (9 March 1886 – 26 September 1961) was a general officer in the United States Army, who commanded the Eighth United States Army in the Southwest Pacific Area during World War II.A 1909 graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point, he saw service in Panama and on the Mexican border before joining the American Expeditionary Force Siberia in 1918. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for repeated acts of bravery in Siberia.", "Battle of Karbala The Battle of Karbala took place on Muharram 10, in the year 61 AH of the Islamic calendar (October 10, 680 AD) in Karbala, situated in present-day Iraq. The battle was between a small group of supporters and relatives of Muhammad's grandson Hussein ibn Ali, and a much larger military detachment from the forces of Yazid I, the Umayyad caliph, to whom Hussein had refused to give an oath of allegiance.", "Battle of Alcácer Quibir The Battle of Ksar El Kebir, also known as Battle of Three Kings, or \"Battle of Oued El Makhazeen\" in Morocco, and Battle of Alcácer Quibir in Portugal (variant spellings are legion: Alcácer-Quivir, Alcazarquivir, Alcassar, meaning grand castle in Arabic), (Battle of Alcazar in English) was fought in northern Morocco, near the town of Ksar-el-Kebir and Larache, on 4 August 1578.", "USS Lawrence (1813) USS Lawrence was one of two 493-ton Niagara-class brigs (more correctly: snows) built at Erie, Pennsylvania, by Adam and Noah Brown under the supervision of Sailing Master Daniel Dobbins and Master Commandant Oliver Hazard Perry, for United States Navy service on the Great Lakes during the War of 1812.She was commissioned in early August 1813 and quickly began operations with a voyage to Detroit, Michigan in search of the opposing British squadron.", "First Battle of El Alamein The First Battle of El Alamein (1–27 July 1942) was a battle of the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War, fought on the northern coast of Egypt between Axis forces (Germany and Italy) of the Panzer Army Africa (Panzerarmee Afrika) (also known as the Africa Corps) commanded by Field Marshal (Generalfeldmarschall) Erwin Rommel nicknamed \"The Desert Fox\" and Allied (specifically British Imperial) forces (Britain, British India, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand) of the Eighth Army, commanded by General Claude Auchinleck. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein?oldid=683286903> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Friedrich_Hayek> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Friedrich Hayek CH (German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈaʊ̯ɡʊst ˈhaɪ̯ɛk]; 8 May 1899 – 23 March 1992), born in Austria-Hungary as Friedrich August von Hayek and frequently referred to as F. A. Hayek, was an Austrian and British economist and philosopher best known for his defence of classical liberalism. Hayek shared the 1974 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Gunnar Myrdal for his \"pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and ...", "1960s in film Hundreds of full-length films were produced during the 1960s. Historical drama films continued to include epics, in the style of Ben-Hur from 1959, with Cleopatra (1963), but also evolving with 20th-century settings, such as The Guns of Navarone (1961), Lawrence of Arabia (1962) and Doctor Zhivago (1965).", "Lawrence Wilkerson Lawrence B. \"Larry\" Wilkerson (born 15 June 1945) is a retired United States Army Colonel and former chief of staff to United States Secretary of State Colin Powell. Wilkerson has criticized many aspects of the Iraq War, including his own preparation of Powell's presentation to the UN.", "W. H. C. Lawrence W. H. C. Lawrence was a Canadian science fiction writer remembered as the author af the late 19th century novel, Storm of '92, published in 1889, which posited the scenario of Canada winning a war against the United States. Eighty-five years later, in 1974, another Canadian author, Richard Rohmer revisited the theme in his novel, Ultimatum.", "Larry Brooks Lawrence Lee Brooks, Sr. (born June 10, 1950), is a former American Football defensive tackle for the Los Angeles Rams eleven seasons from 1972 to 1982 in the National Football League. Brooks was drafted in the 14th round of the 1972 NFL Draft after playing college football at Virginia State University. He was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame in 2000.", "John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence John Laird Mair Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence, GCB, GCSI, PC (4 March 1811 – 27 June 1879), known as Sir John Lawrence, Bt., between 1858 and 1869, was an Englishman who became a prominent British Imperial statesman who served as Viceroy of India from 1864 to 1869.", "James Lawrence James Lawrence (October 1, 1781 – June 4, 1813) was an American naval officer. During the War of 1812, he commanded USS Chesapeake in a single-ship action against HMS Shannon commanded by Philip Broke). He is probably best known today for his last words or \"dying command\" \"Don't give up the ship!\", which is still a popular naval battle cry, and which was invoked by Oliver Hazard Perry's personal battle flag, adopted to commemorate his dead friend.", "Samuel Lawrence (revolutionary) Samuel Lawrence (1754–1827) was an American revolutionary from Groton, Massachusetts.Samuel Lawrence fought at the Battle of Bunker Hill under Henry Farwell. Samuel served in the army for 3 and half years from 1775 to 1778, and rose within the U.S. Army to the rank of major. While in the army he married Susanna Parker on July 22, 1777. He was adjutant under General John Sullivan in the Battle of Rhode Island and served there until he retired from service in 1778.", "Lawrence of Rome Lawrence of Rome (Laurence in the Anglican Communion) (Latin: Laurentius, lit. \"laurelled\"; c. 225–258) was one of the seven deacons of Ancient Rome under Pope Sixtus II that were martyred during the persecution by Emperor Valerian in 258.", "Wakarusa War The Wakarusa War was a skirmish that took place in Kansas Territory during November and December 1855 as part of the Bleeding Kansas violence. It centered on Lawrence, Kansas, and the Wakarusa River Valley.", "Lawrence Eagleburger Lawrence Sidney Eagleburger (August 1, 1930 – June 4, 2011), also known as Lawrence of Macedonia, was an American statesman and career diplomat, who served briefly as the Secretary of State under President George H. W. Bush. Previously, he had served in lesser capacities under Presidents Richard Nixon, Jimmy Carter, and Ronald Reagan, and as Deputy Secretary of State under George H. W. Bush.Eagleburger is the only career Foreign Service Officer to have served as Secretary of State.", "Neville Bowles Chamberlain Field Marshal Sir Neville Bowles Chamberlain GCB GCSI (10 January 1820 – 17 February 1902) was a senior Indian Army officer. He fought at the Battle of Ghazni in July 1839 during the First Anglo-Afghan War, the Battle of Maharajpur in December 1843 during the Gwalior Campaign and the Battle of Chillianwala in January 1849 and the Battle of Gujrat in February 1849 during the Second Anglo-Sikh War.", "George Lawrence Price Private George Lawrence Price (Regimental Number: 256265) (December 15, 1892 – November 11, 1918) was a Canadian soldier. He is traditionally recognized as the last soldier of the British Empire to be killed during the First World War.", "Ernest Lawrence Ernest Orlando Lawrence (August 8, 1901 – August 27, 1958) was a pioneering American nuclear scientist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1939 for his invention of the cyclotron. He is known for his work on uranium-isotope separation for the Manhattan Project, for founding the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.A graduate of the University of South Dakota and University of Minnesota, Lawrence obtained a PhD in physics at Yale in 1925.", "Roger Lumley, 11th Earl of Scarbrough (Lawrence) Roger Lumley, 11th Earl of Scarbrough, KG GCSI GCIE GCVO TD PC DL (27 July 1896 – 29 June 1969) was a British Conservative statesman and former British Army general.", "Claude Rains William Claude Rains (10 November 1889 – 30 May 1967) was an English actor of stage and screen whose career spanned 46 years. After his American film debut with The Invisible Man (1933) he played in classic films like The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), The Wolf Man (1941), Casablanca (1942; as Captain Renault), Notorious (1946), and Lawrence of Arabia (1962). Rains was a four-time nominee for the Best Supporting Actor Academy Award, but never won.", "Lawrence Tyson Lawrence Davis Tyson (July 4, 1861 – August 24, 1929) was an American general, politician and textile manufacturer, operating primarily out of Knoxville, Tennessee, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He commanded the 59th Brigade of the 30th Infantry Division during World War I, and served as a Democratic United States Senator from Tennessee from 1925 until his death.", "Lawrence Yates Sherman Lawrence Yates Sherman (November 8, 1858 – September 15, 1939) was a Republican politician from the State of Illinois. He served as United States Senator, the 28th Lieutenant Governor, and as Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives.Sherman is best known for his role in preventing the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, which kept the United States out of the League of Nations.", "Henry M. Judah Henry Moses Judah (June 12, 1821 – February 14, 1866) was a career officer in the United States Army, serving during the Mexican-American War and American Civil War. He is most remembered for his role in helping thwart Morgan's Raid in 1863 and for leading a disastrous attack during the Battle of Resaca.", "Omar Sharif Omar Sharif (Arabic: عمر الشريـف‎, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [ˈʕomɑɾˤ eʃʃɪˈɾiːf]; born Michel Dimitri Chalhoub [miˈʃel dɪˈmitɾi ʃælˈhuːb]; 10 April 1932 – 10 July 2015) was an Egyptian actor. He began his career in his native country in the 1950s, but is best known for his appearances in both British and American productions. His films included Lawrence of Arabia (1962), Doctor Zhivago (1965) and Funny Girl (1968). He was nominated for an Academy Award.", "John L. Rapier John Lawrence Rapier (June 15, 1842 – May 7, 1905) was an American Civil War soldier and businessman. A native of Mobile, Alabama, he saw action as a sergeant major in the Seven Days Battles, and later became a second lieutenant in the Confederate States Marine Corps. He was captured at Fort Gaines, Mobile Bay, Alabama, August 5, 1864, and paroled at Nanna Hubba Bluff, Alabama, May 10, 1865.After the war, he became the owner of the Mobile Register, and served as postmaster of Mobile.", "USS Lawrence (DD-250) The fourth USS Lawrence (DD-250) was a Clemson-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War II. She was named for James Lawrence.Lawrence was laid down 14 August 1919 and launched 10 July 1920 by New York Shipbuilding Corporation; sponsored by Miss Ruth Lawrence, and commissioned 18 April 1921, Lt. Cmdr. J. E. Wellbrook in command.", "Lawrence O'Bryan Branch Lawrence O'Bryan Branch (November 28, 1820 – September 17, 1862) was a North Carolina representative in the U.S. Congress and a Confederate brigadier general in the American Civil War, killed at the Battle of Antietam.", "Lawrence Weathers Lawrence Carthage Weathers VC (14 May 1890 – 29 September 1918) was a New Zealand-born soldier who served in the Australian Army during the First World War. He was a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.", "Richard Aldington Richard Aldington (8 July 1892 – 27 July 1962), born Edward Godfree Aldington, was an English writer and poet.Aldington was known best for his World War I poetry, the 1929 novel, Death of a Hero, and the controversy resulting from his 1955 Lawrence of Arabia: A Biographical Inquiry. His 1946 biography, Wellington, was awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize.", "Joshua Chamberlain Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain (September 8, 1828 – February 24, 1914), born as Lawrence Joshua Chamberlain, was an American college professor from the State of Maine, who volunteered during the American Civil War to join the Union Army. Although having no earlier education in military strategies, he became a highly respected and decorated Union officer, reaching the rank of brigadier general (and brevet major general). For his gallantry at Gettysburg, he was awarded the Medal of Honor.", "Laurence S. Baker Laurence Simmons Baker (May 15, 1830 – April 10, 1907) was an officer in the United States Army on the frontier, then later a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. His first name was spelled Lawrence in the records of the Confederate War Department and the mistaken spelling has persisted.", "Lawrence Massacre The Lawrence Massacre, also known as Quantrill's raid, was a rebel guerrilla attack during the American Civil War by Quantrill's Raiders, led by William Quantrill, on the Union town of Lawrence, Kansas.The attack on August 21, 1863 targeted Lawrence due to the town's long support of abolition and its reputation as a center for Jayhawkers and Redlegs, which were free-state militia and vigilante groups known for attacking and destroying farms and plantations in Missouri's pro-slavery western counties.", "Peter O'Toole Peter Seamus O'Toole (/oʊˈtuːl/; 2 August 1932 – 14 December 2013) was a British-Irish stage and film actor. He attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, and began working in the theatre, gaining recognition as a Shakespearean actor at the Bristol Old Vic and with the English Stage Company, before making his film debut in 1959.He achieved international recognition playing T. E. Lawrence in Lawrence of Arabia (1962) for which he received his first Academy Award nomination.", "Lawrence Crawford Lawrence Crawford (1611–1645) was a Scottish soldier who fought in English or other armies on the continent of Europe. However, his motives were not mercenary, as he fought only for Presbyterian principles or causes.", "Lawrence Colburn Lawrence Colburn is a United States Army veteran who, while serving as a helicopter gunner in the Vietnam War, intervened in the March 16, 1968 My Lai Massacre.Born in Coulee Dam, Washington, Colburn grew up in Mount Vernon, with his father (a veteran contractor from World War II), mother and three sisters, where he would serve as an altar boy for four years while attending Immaculate Conception Catholic School.After dropping out of high school, he joined the army in 1966 and was assigned to train at Fort Lewis, followed by a stint at Fort Polk.", "Kenji Doihara Kenji Doihara (土肥原賢二, Doihara Kenji, 8 August 1883 – 23 December 1948) was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II. He was instrumental in the Japanese invasion of Manchuria for which he earned fame taking the nickname 'Lawrence of Manchuria', a reference to the Lawrence of Arabia, although according to Jamie Bisher this flattering sobriquet was rather misapplied given that T.E. Lawrence fought to liberate, not to oppress a people.", "Stringer Lawrence Major-General Stringer Lawrence (6 March 1697 – 10 January 1775) was an English soldier, the first Commander-in-Chief, India, sometimes regarded as the \"Father of the Indian Army\".", "Lowell Thomas Lowell Jackson Thomas (April 6, 1892 – August 29, 1981) was an American writer, broadcaster, and traveler, best known as the man who made Lawrence of Arabia famous.", "A Dangerous Man: Lawrence After Arabia A Dangerous Man: Lawrence After Arabia is a British television film of 1992 depicting the experiences of T. E. Lawrence and Emir Feisal of the Hejaz at the Paris Peace Conference after the end of the First World War. One of the conference's many concerns was determining the fates of territories formerly under the rule of the defeated Ottoman Empire. The film stars Ralph Fiennes (in his first film role) as T. E.", "T. E. Lawrence Thomas Edward Lawrence CB DSO (16 August 1888 – 19 May 1935) was a British archaeologist, military officer, and diplomat. He was renowned for his liaison role during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, and the Arab Revolt against Ottoman Turkish rule of 1916–18.", "Henry Montgomery Lawrence Sir Henry Montgomery Lawrence KCB (28 June 1806 – 4 July 1857) was a British soldier and statesman in India, who died defending Lucknow during the Indian Mutiny. Henry Montgomery Lawrence is still well remembered in Indian subcontinent due to being the founder of four Lawrence Military Asylums.", "Lawrence of Arabia (film) Lawrence of Arabia is a 1962 British-American epic historical drama film based on the life of T. E. Lawrence. It was directed by David Lean and produced by Sam Spiegel through his British company, Horizon Pictures, with the screenplay by Robert Bolt and Michael Wilson. The film stars Peter O'Toole in the title role. It is widely considered one of the greatest and most influential films in the history of cinema." ]	8
What is the largest city in Australia?	[ "List of cities in Australia\nThis is a list of cities in Australia arranged by state.", "List of cities in Australia by population\nThis list of Australian cities by population provides rankings of Australian cities according to various systems defined by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Firstly, they are ranked by Greater Capital City Statistical Area (for capital cities) and Significant Urban Area (for other cities). They are also ranked by Urban Centre and by Local Government Area (known internationally as 'city proper').", "Melbourne\nMelbourne ([ˈmɛlbən];) is the capital and most populous city in the Australian state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name \"Melbourne\" refers to the area of urban agglomeration (as well as a census statistical division) spanning 9,900 km2 (3,800 sq mi) which comprises the broader metropolitan area, as well as being the common name for its city centre.", "Demographics of Melbourne\nMelbourne is Australia's second largest city and has a diverse and multicultural population.Melbourne has dominated Australia's population growth; for the 11th year in a row as of 2013, adding 77,000 people between 2011-2012. It is expected to boom past 5 million people by 2025 and overtake Sydney's declined population growth before 2040.", "Architecture of Melbourne\nThe architecture of Melbourne, the second largest city in Australia, is characterised by an extensive juxtaposition of old and new architecture. The city is noted for preserving a significant amount of Victorian architecture and has some of the largest in the country.", "Sydney\nSydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds the world's largest natural harbour, and sprawls towards the Blue Mountains to the west. Residents of Sydney are known as \\Sydneysiders\\\".\"", "List of urban areas by population\nThis is a list of contiguous urban areas of the world ordered according to population as of 2013/2014. The figures here have been taken from Demographia's \"World Urban Areas\" study.", "Demographics of Canberra\nCanberra is the largest inland city of Australia, and is amongst the most populated in the Oceania. It is the capital city of Australia. At the 2011 census it had 355,596 residents. This only contains 1.6% of the total Australian population. The population density for Canberra is 443.5 people per sq kilometre.More than a quarter of Canberra's population were born overseas.", "Canberra\nCanberra (/ˈkænbərə/ or /kænˈbɛrə/)is the capital city of Australia. With a population of 381,488, it is Australia's largest inland city and the eighth-largest city overall. The city is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), 280 km (170 mi) south-west of Sydney, and 660 km (410 mi) north-east of Melbourne.", "Economy of Sydney\nThe economy of Sydney is notable for its importance in the areas of trading, manufacturing, finance and distribution in Australia. Sydney has the largest economy in Australia.Sydney's CBD is the largest in Australia and also has plenty of surrounding commercial areas which are considered part of Sydney. A notable one is Parramatta, which is bigger than some state capitals.Sydney city extends over the harbour bridge, forming North Sydney, a continuation of the CBD.", "Central Coast (New South Wales)\nThe Central Coast is an Australian peri-urban region in New South Wales, located on the coast north of Sydney and south of Lake Macquarie.The Central Coast has an approximate population of 321,500, growing at 1% p.a. making it the third largest urban area in New South Wales and the ninth largest urban area in Australia.", "Palmerston, Northern Territory\nPalmerston is a planned satellite city of Darwin, the capital and largest city in Australia's Northern Territory. Palmerston is situated near Darwin Harbour and had a population of 27,618 at the 2011 census, making it the second largest city in the sparsely populated Northern Territory." ]	[ "Yackandandah Yackandandah /ˈjækəndændə/ is a small tourist town in northeast Victoria, Australia. It is near the regional cities of Wodonga and Albury, and is close to the tourist town of Beechworth. At the 2006 census, Yackandandah had a population of 663.", "Kingscote, South Australia Kingscote is the largest town on Kangaroo Island, an island off the south coast of South Australia. Kingscote is South Australia's oldest European settlement. At the 2011 census, Kingscote had a population of 2,034. It is a well-established tourist centre and the administrative and communications centre. It is home to a colony of the smallest penguins in the world, the little penguin.", "Aquarium of Western Australia AQWA The Aquarium of Western Australia is a privately owned aquarium in Hillarys, Western Australia. AQWA was Australia's largest aquarium when it opened and still possesses Australia's largest single aquarium and walk-through underwater tunnel.", "Innaloo, Western Australia Innaloo is a suburb of Perth, the capital city of Western Australia 9 km from Perth's central business district in the local government area is the City of Stirling.Innaloo is a more established residential suburb that is also home to the Westfield Innaloo and Westfield Innaloo Megacentre shopping centres, and is adjacent to Perth's largest cinema complex, the 18-cinema Greater Union Megaplex Innaloo.", "Seat of Government Act 1908 The Seat of Government Act 1908 was enacted by the Australian Government on 14 December 1908. The act selected the Yass-Queanbeyan region as the site for Canberra, the new capital city of Australia. The act repealed the earlier Seat of Government Act 1904 which had previously selected a site at Dalgety for the new capital.", "Golden Gumboot The Golden Gumboot is a competition between the Far North Queensland towns of Tully, Innisfail, and Babinda in Australia for the wettest town of Australia. These towns are located in the Wet Tropics and on land that was previously covered by rainforest. These areas experience some of the highest levels of rainfall in Australia through monsoonal rain and cyclones. The winner for the competition (since 1970) was awarded a rubber boot.", "Moliagul Moliagul is a small township in Victoria, Australia, 202 kilometres (126 mi) northwest of Melbourne and 60 kilometres (37 mi) west of Bendigo. The town's name is believed to be a derivation of the aboriginal word \"moliagulk\", meaning \"wooded hill\". The area is notable for the discovery of a number of gold nuggets. These finds include the world's largest, the Welcome Stranger, which was discovered in 1869 by John Deason and Richard Oates.", "Gold Coast, Queensland Gold Coast is a coastal city in southeastern Queensland on the east coast of Australia. It is the second most populous city in the state, the sixth most populous city in the country, and the most populous non-capital city and cross-state metropolitan area in Australia. The city's northernmost point at Ormeau is located 42 kilometres south-east of the Brisbane CBD (central business district), and the metropolitan area extends south along the coast to Tweed Heads in New South Wales.", "Morphett Vale, South Australia Morphett Vale is a southern suburb of Adelaide, South Australia in the City of Onkaparinga. It is the largest suburb in the state, with a population of more than 23,000 and an area of 12.76 km², followed by Paralowie with nearly 10,000 fewer residents. There are approximately 1,000 businesses in Morphett Vale.The suburb is bordered by (clockwise from north) Sheriffs/Pimpala Road, Panalatinga Road, Doctors/Beach Road, and the Southern Expressway.", "Holy Name Cathedral, Brisbane Holy Name Cathedral was a planned, then partially built, then discontinued project to build a Catholic cathedral in Fortitude Valley, Brisbane, Australia. It was to have been the seat of the Archbishopric of Queensland and was intended to have been the largest church building of any Christian denomination in the Southern Hemisphere. The formidable Archbishop James Duhig was the chief proponent of the project.", "List of mayors of Geelong This is a list of the mayors of the City of Greater Geelong, a local government area, and the second largest city in Victoria, Australia. Before amalgamation in 1993 the central area of Geelong was covered by the City of Geelong, with the surrounding suburbs falling into the Shire of Barrabool, Shire of Bannockburn, Rural City of Bellarine, Shire of Corio, City of Geelong West, City of Newtown, and City of South Barwon.", "Trams in Melbourne The Melbourne tramway network is a major form of public transport in Melbourne, the capital city of the state of Victoria, Australia. As of May 2014, the network consisted of 250 kilometres of track, 493 trams, 25 routes, and 1,763 tram stops. It is the largest urban tramway network in the world, ahead of the networks in St. Petersburg (205 km), Berlin (190 km), Moscow (181 km) and Vienna (172 km).", "Erina Fair Erina Fair is a major shopping centre located in Erina on the Central Coast of New South Wales, Australia. Erina Fair was opened as Central Coast Fair in 1987. With expansions in 1994, 2003 and 2009, Erina Fair has become the largest non-metropolitan shopping centre in Australia and the largest single-storey shopping centre in the Southern Hemisphere.", "Bowral Bowral /ˈbaʊrəl/ is the largest town in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales, Australia, and the main business and entertainment precinct of the Wingecarribee Shire and Highlands. As of 2011 the population numbered 12,154.In a past era, Bowral served as a rural retreat for the elite gentry of Sydney similar to The Hamptons for wealthy New Yorkers, resulting in the establishment of many grand historic estates and manor houses in the district.", "Queen Victoria Market The Queen Victoria Market (also known as the Queen Vic Markets or the Queen Vic, and locally as \"\\Vic Market\"') is a major landmark in Melbourne, Australia, and at around seven hectares (17 acres) is the largest open air market in the Southern Hemisphere. The Market is significant to Melbourne's culture and heritage and has been listed on the Victorian Heritage Register.", "Sydney central business district The Sydney central business district (also Sydney CBD, and popularly referred to as \"town\" or \"the City\") is a suburb and the main commercial centre of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It extends southwards for about 3 km (2 mi) from Sydney Cove, the point of first European settlement in which the Sydney region was initially established.", "Wangaratta Wangaratta (/wæŋɡəˈrætə/) is a cathedral city of over 17,000 people in the northeast of Victoria, Australia, approximately 230 km (140 mi) from Melbourne along the Hume Highway. The city of Benalla is located 45 km (28 mi) to the southwest, and Albury-Wodonga in located 72 km (45 mi) to the northeast of Wangaratta. The city is located at the junction of the Ovens and King rivers, which drain the northwestern slopes of the Victorian Alps.", "City of Greater Geelong The City of Greater Geelong is a local government area in the Barwon South West region of Victoria, Australia, located in the western part of the state. It covers an area of 1,247 square kilometres (481 sq mi) and, at the 2011 Census, had a population of 210,875.", "Westfield Fountain Gate Westfield Fountain Gate is a super regional shopping centre located in Narre Warren in the outer south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne, Australia. When measured by floor area, it is the second-largest shopping centre in Australia, behind another Melbourne shopping centre, Chadstone Shopping Centre.", "Russell Island (Moreton Bay) Russell Island in Redland City is the biggest of the Southern Moreton Bay Islands, situated between the mainland and North Stradbroke Island in the state of Queensland, Australia. The island is eight kilometres long (north-to-south) and nearly three kilometres wide.", "Civic, Australian Capital Territory Civic (postcode: 2601) is the central business district of Canberra, located in the Australian Capital Territory of Australia. Canberra is the capital city of Australia. However it is also referred to as Civic Centre, City Centre, Canberra City and Canberra (postcode: 2601).Canberra's City was officially established in 1927, although the suburb name City was not gazetted until 20 September 1928.", "Goulburn, New South Wales Goulburn /ɡoʊlbərn/ is a regional city in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia approximately 195 kilometres (121 mi) south-west of Sydney, Australia, and 90 kilometres (56 mi) north-east of Canberra. It was proclaimed to be Australia's first inland city through letters patent by Queen Victoria in 1863. At the 2011 Census, Goulburn had a population of 21,484 people.", "Chinatown, Sydney Sydney's Chinatown (Chinese: 雪梨華埠 or 悉尼唐人街) is an urban locality in the southern part of the Sydney central business district, in New South Wales, Australia. It is located in Haymarket, between Central Station and Darling Harbour. It is part of the local government area of the City of Sydney and is Australia's largest Chinatown.", "Mount Gambier, South Australia Mount Gambier is the second most populous city in South Australia with a population of 25,199 in the urban area, or 27,756 if associated peri-urban communities are included (2011 Census).", "City of Port Augusta The City of Port Augusta is a local government area located at the northern end of Spencer Gulf in South Australia. It is centred on the town of Port Augusta. The city is the site of South Australia's main power supplier, the Port Augusta powerhouse, located on the coast in Spencer Gulf.", "List of tallest buildings in Melbourne Melbourne, the second largest city in Australia, is home to approximately 612 completed high-rise buildings. Of those, 32 buildings rise to at least 150 metres (490 ft) in height – more than any other city in Australia. Of the ten tallest buildings in the Australia, five are located in Melbourne.", "Australia Square Australia Square is an office and retail complex in the central business district of Sydney, Australia. Its main address is 264 George Street, and the Square is bounded on the northern side by Bond Street, eastern side by Pitt Street and southern side by Curtin Place.The building was first conceived in 1961, and its final design by Harry Seidler & Associates was in 1964 after collaboration with structural engineer Pier Luigi Nervi.", "Sydney Opera House Grand Organ The Sydney Opera House Grand Organ is the world's largest mechanical tracker-action pipe organ by Ronald Sharp, located in the concert hall of Sydney Opera House in Sydney, Australia.It is in six divisions, five manuals plus pedals, and is the largest tracker action organ ever built, with 131 speaking stops served by 200 ranks of pipes consisting of 10,154 pipes.", "City of Melbourne The City of Melbourne is a local government area in Victoria, Australia, located in the central city area of Melbourne. The city has an area of 36 square kilometres (14 sq mi) and had a population of 127,742 people in 2015. The city's motto is \"Vires acquirit eundo\" which means \"She gathers strength as she goes.\"The current Lord Mayor is Robert Doyle. The Melbourne City Council (MCC) holds office in Melbourne Town Hall.", "Groote Eylandt Groote Eylandt is the largest island in the Gulf of Carpentaria in northeastern Australia. It is the homeland of, and is owned by, the Anindilyakwa people who speak the isolated Anindilyakwa language.Groote Eylandt lies about 50 km (31 mi) from the Northern Territory mainland and eastern coast of Arnhem Land, about 630 km (391 mi) from Darwin, opposite Blue Mud Bay.", "Port Hedland, Western Australia Port Hedland (Kariyarra: Marapikurrinya) is the second largest town in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, with a population of approximately 14,000, including the satellite town of South Hedland, 18 km away.", "Maldon, Victoria Maldon is a town in Victoria, Australia, in the Shire of Mount Alexander local government area. It has been designated \"Australia's first notable town\" and is notable for its 19th-century appearance, maintained since gold-rush days. At the 2011 census, Maldon had a population of 1,432.", "Casuarina, Northern Territory Casuarina is one of the northern suburbs of Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.It is home to the largest shopping centre in the Northern Territory, called Casuarina Square. Casuarina is a small suburb taking in the large shopping and business area and the adjoining emergency service facilities/ buildings.", "Great Northern Highway Great Northern Highway links Western Australia's capital city Perth with its northernmost port, Wyndham. With a length of almost 3,200 kilometres (2,000 mi), it is the longest highway in Australia, with the majority included as part of the Perth Darwin National Highway. The highway is constructed as a sealed, predominantly two-lane single carriageway, but with some single-lane bridges in the Kimberley.", "Kangaroo Island Kangaroo Island is Australia's third-largest island, after Tasmania and Melville Island. It lies in the state of South Australia 112 km (70 mi) southwest of Adelaide. Its closest point to the mainland is Snapper Point in Backstair Passage which is 13.5 km (8.4 mi) from the Fleurieu Peninsula.Once occupied by Australian Aborigines, the native population disappeared after the land became an island following rising sea levels several thousand years ago.", "New South Wales New South Wales (abbreviated as NSW) is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south, South Australia to the west, the Tasman Sea to the east and surrounds the whole of the Australian Capital Territory. New South Wales' capital city is Sydney, which is also the nation's most populous city. In March 2014, the estimated population of New South Wales was 7.5 million, making it Australia's most populous state.", "Geelong Geelong (/dʒɨˈlɒŋ/) is a port city located on Corio Bay and the Barwon River, in the state of Victoria, Australia, 75 kilometres (47 mi) south-west of the state capital, Melbourne. It is the second largest Victorian city, with over 225,000 people living in the wider metropolitan area.Geelong is the administrative centre for the City of Greater Geelong municipality, covering various urban, rural and coastal areas.", "Weipa, Queensland Weipa /ˈwiːpə/ is the largest town on the Gulf of Carpentaria coast of the Cape York Peninsula in Queensland, Australia. At the 2006 census, Weipa had a population of 2,830; the largest community on Cape York Peninsula. It exists because of the enormous bauxite deposits along the coast. The Port of Weipa is mainly involved in exports of bauxite. Over the last decade or so there have been occasional shipments of live cattle from the port.", "Lake Mackay Lake Mackay (Pitjantjatjara: Wilkinkarra) is the largest of hundreds of ephemeral salt lakes scattered throughout Western Australia and the Northern Territory. The satellite image documents the appearance of the dry parts of Western Australia’s Great Sandy Desert, Gibson Desert, and Tanami Desert.The lake is the largest in Western Australia and has a surface area of 3,494 square kilometres (1,349 sq mi).", "City of Onkaparinga The City of Onkaparinga is a local government area (LGA) located on the southern fringe of Adelaide, South Australia. It is named after the Onkaparinga River, whose name comes from Ngangkiparinga, a Kaurna word meaning women's river. It is the largest LGA in South Australia, with an estimated population of 164,800 people in both urban and rural communities and is also geographically expansive, encompassing an area of 518.3 km².", "Highpoint Shopping Centre Highpoint Shopping Centre is a major shopping centre located in Maribyrnong, Victoria, in the western suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria and is the fourth largest shopping centre in Australia.", "Eastlands Shopping Centre Eastlands is Tasmania's largest shopping centre, located on the eastern side of the Derwent River, situated in the shopping district of Rosny Park, within the greater area of Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.", "Trams in Sydney The Sydney tramway network once served Sydney, the capital city of New South Wales, Australia. In its heyday, it was the largest in Australia, the second largest in the Commonwealth of Nations (after London), and one of the largest in the world. It was extremely intensively worked, with about 1,600 cars in service at any one time at its peak during the 1930s (cf.", "Wesfarmers Wesfarmers Limited is one of Australia's largest public companies and one of Australia's largest retailers. Its headquarters are in Perth, Western Australia.Wesfarmers is the largest private employer in Australia, with approximately 205,000 employees across the country.", "City of Auburn The City of Auburn is a local government area in the Greater Western Sydney region of New South Wales, Australia. The area under administration is located about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) west of the Sydney central business district. The area's population is culturally diverse. Major attractions and features in the area include the Gallipoli Mosque, located in the suburb of Auburn. The Mosque is modelled upon the great mosques of Istanbul.", "Tourism in Sydney Tourism in Sydney, Australia forms an important part of the city's economy. The city received 7 million domestic visitors and 2.7 million international visitors in year ending December 2010, making it the 42nd most visited city in the world. The most famous attractions include the Sydney Opera House, and the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Other attractions include the Sydney Mardi Gras, Royal Botanical Gardens, Luna Park, the beaches and Sydney Tower.", "City of Adelaide The City of Adelaide is a local government area in the metropolitan area of Adelaide, South Australia. It covers the original Adelaide city centre settlement, (also known as the city, the square mile and (inaccurately) the CBD), North Adelaide, and the Adelaide Park Lands which surround North Adelaide and the city centre.Established in 1840, the organisation now known as the Adelaide City Council (ACC) is the oldest municipal authority in Australia.", "Westfield Chermside Westfield Chermside is the third-largest shopping centre in Queensland to Westfield Carindale and Westfield Garden City, located in Brisbane's inner northern suburbs, the Sixth-largest in Australia, behind Highpoint Shopping Centre, Westfield Fountain Gate, Westfield Carindale, Westfield Garden City and Chadstone Shopping Centre all located in Melbourne, and is operated by Scentre Group. Entertainment facilities include an Event Cinemas 16-screen cinema complex.", "Portland, Victoria Portland /ˈpɔrtlənd/ is a city in Victoria, Australia, and is the oldest European settlement in the state. It's also the main urban centre in the Shire of Glenelg and is located on Portland Bay.", "Bendigo Bendigo /ˈbɛndɨɡoʊ/ is a city in Victoria, Australia, located very close to the geographical centre of the state and approximately 150 kilometres (93 mi) north west of the state capital, Melbourne. Bendigo has an urban population of 82,794 making it the fourth largest inland city in Australia and fourth most populous city in the state.", "City of Greater Shepparton The City of Greater Shepparton is a local government area in the Hume region of Victoria, Australia, located in the north-east part of the state. It covers an area of 2,422 square kilometres (935 sq mi) and, at the 2011 Census, had a population of 60,449. It includes the city of Shepparton and the towns of Arcadia, Congupna, Dookie, Grahamvale, Kialla, Lemnos, Merrigum, Mooroopna, Murchison, Tallygaroopna, Tatura, Toolamba and Undera.", "Loy Yang Power Station The Loy Yang Power Station is a brown coal–fired thermal power station located on the outskirts of the city of Traralgon, in south eastern Victoria, Australia and is the largest power station in Australia, generating power of well over 3,000 MW (4,000,000 hp) in capacity.", "Anna Creek Station Anna Creek Station is the world's largest working cattle station. It is located in the Australian state of South Australia. Its area is roughly 6,000,000 acres (24,000 km2; 9,400 sq mi) which is slightly larger than Israel.", "Victor Harbor, South Australia Victor Harbor is a town in South Australia on the coast of the Fleurieu Peninsula, about 80 km south of the centre of Adelaide. The city is the largest population centre on the peninsula, with an economy based upon agriculture, fisheries and various industries.", "Launceston, Tasmania Launceston (/ˈlɒnsəstən/, often mispronounced /ˈlɔːnsəstən/) is a city in the north of Tasmania, Australia at the junction of the North Esk and South Esk rivers where they become the Tamar River. Launceston is the second largest city in Tasmania after Hobart. With a population (greater urban and statistical sub division) of 106,153, Launceston is the ninth largest non-capital city in Australia.", "Hobart Hobart (UK: /ˈhoʊbɑrt/) is the capital and most populous city of the Australian island state of Tasmania. Founded in 1804 as a penal colony, Hobart is Australia's second oldest capital city after Sydney, New South Wales.", "Metropolitan Remand and Reception Centre The Metropolitan Remand and Reception Centre is an Australian prison located in Silverwater, 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from Sydney's CBD, Australia. The prison opened in 1997, and has a capacity of 900 inmates. It is the largest single correctional centre in Australia. The majority of inmates are unconvicted or unsentenced.", "Paracombe, South Australia Paracombe is a mega city near Adelaide, South Australia. At the 2006 census, Paracombe had a population of 365 million.", "History of Melbourne The history of Melbourne details the city's growth from a fledging settlement into a modern commercial and financial centre as Australia's second largest city.", "Wagga Wagga Wagga Wagga (/ˈwɒɡəˈwɒɡə/ WOG-ə WOG-ə; informally called Wagga) is a city in New South Wales, Australia. Straddling the Murrumbidgee River, with an urban population of 46,913 people, Wagga Wagga is the state's largest inland city, and is an important agricultural, military, and transport hub of Australia.", "City of Greater Dandenong The City of Greater Dandenong is a local government area in Victoria, Australia in the southeastern suburbs of Melbourne. It has an area of just under 130 square kilometres (50 sq mi) and approximately 146,000 residents in 2014.It was formed in 1994 by the merger of parts of the former City of Dandenong and City of Springvale.", "Coober Pedy Coober Pedy is a town in northern South Australia, 846 kilometres north of Adelaide on the Stuart Highway. According to the 2011 census, its population was 1,695 (953 males, 742 females, including 275 indigenous Australians). The town is sometimes referred to as the \"opal capital of the world\" because of the quantity of precious opals that are mined there.", "Albany, Western Australia Albany /ˈælbəni/ is a port city in the Great Southern region of Western Australia, 418 km SE of Perth, the state capital. Albany is the oldest permanently settled town in Western Australia, predating Perth and Fremantle by over two years. At the 2011 Census, Albany's population was 30,656, making it the state's sixth-largest population centre.The city centre is at the northern edge of Princess Royal Harbour, which is a part of King George Sound.", "Big Day Out The Big Day Out was an annual music festival that was held in five Australian cities: Sydney, Melbourne, Gold Coast, Adelaide and Perth, as well as Auckland, New Zealand. The festival is held during summer, typically in January of each year.The Big Day Out debuted on the 1992 Australia Day public holiday in Sydney and expanded to Adelaide, Melbourne and Perth the following year. The Gold Coast and Auckland were added to the schedule in 1994.", "Port Pirie Port Pirie (post code: 5540) is the sixth most populous city in South Australia after Adelaide, Mount Gambier, Whyalla, Murray Bridge and Port Lincoln. It is a seaport on the east coast of the Spencer Gulf, 223 km (139 mi) north of Adelaide.The settlement was founded in 1845 and is the site of the world's largest lead smelter, operated by Nyrstar. It also produces refined silver, zinc, copper and gold.", "List of islands of Australia This is a list of selected Australian islands grouped by State or Territory.Australia has 8,222 islands within its maritime borders. The islands larger than 1,000 km² are Mainland Tasmania, 64,519 km²; Melville Island (NT), 5,786 km²; Kangaroo Island (SA), 4,416 km²; Groote Eylandt (NT), 2,285 km²; Bathurst Island (NT), 1,693 km²; Fraser Island (Qld), 1,653 km²; Flinders Island (Tas), 1,359 km²; King Island (Tas), 1,091 km²; and Mornington Island (Qld), 1 002 km².", "Media in Sydney Media in Sydney is internationally influential, with most Australian media companies and all major television networks headquarterd in Sydney. Sydney is often referred to as Australia's \"media capital\" since it completely dominates the media market in Australia. The book publishing industry in Sydney is also very large. Also, many of Australia's broadcasting companies have head offices in Sydney.", "Lake Macquarie (New South Wales) Lake Macquarie or Awaba is Australia's largest coastal salt water lagoon. Located in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, it covers an area of 110 square kilometres (42.5 sq mi) and is connected to the Tasman Sea by a short channel. Most of the residents of the City of Lake Macquarie live near the shores of the lake.Lake Macquarie is twice as large as Sydney Harbour and is the largest permanent salt water lake in the Southern Hemisphere.", "Cairns Cairns (/ˈkænz/), is a major city in Queensland that is Australia's 14th largest city. Cairns was founded in 1876, encompassing smaller townships in the far north of Queensland, Australia. The city was named after William Wellington Cairns, then-current Governor of Queensland. It was formed to serve miners heading for the Hodgkinson River goldfield, but experienced a decline when an easier route was discovered from Port Douglas.", "Victoria (Australia) Victoria (abbreviated as Vic) is a state in the south-east of Australia. Victoria is Australia's most densely populated state and its second-most populous state overall. Most of its population is concentrated in the area surrounding Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Melbourne, which is Australia's second-largest city.", "Mullumbimby Mullumbimby is a town in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia in Byron Shire. It promotes itself as The Biggest Little Town in Australia. The town lies at the foot of Mount Chincogan in the Brunswick Valley about 9 kilometres (5.5 miles) by road from the coast. At the 2011 census, Mullumbimby and the surrounding area had a population of 3,172 people. Locals refer to the town as \\Mullum\\\".\"", "Logan Hyperdome Logan Hyperdome Shopping Centre in Shailer Park, Queensland, is the largest shopping centre in Logan City and one of the largest single story shopping centres in Australia.The Queensland Police Service operates a police beat shopfront in the centre. Logan City Council has a library at the far northern end of the Hyperdome and this is a separate, stand alone building. The Logan Hyperdome contains a food court with many outlets. Event Cinemas operate a cinema complex within the centre.", "Wodonga Wodonga /wəˈdɒŋɡə/is a city on the Victorian side of the border with New South Wales, 300 kilometres (190 mi) north-east of Melbourne, Australia. Adjacent to Wodonga, across the border is the New South Wales city of Albury. Wodonga is located wholly within the boundaries of the City of Wodonga LGA. Its population is approximately 37,500 people, and with Albury forms an urban area with approximately 90,000 people in 2013, it was Victoria's fastest growing regional city.", "Crime in the Northern Territory Darwin has per capita the highest crime rate of any Australian city, while Alice Springs has the second highest crime rate of any Australian city (and the highest murder rate). Criminal activity is fought by the Northern Territory Police.", "Chadstone Shopping Centre Chadstone Shopping Centre is a super regional shopping centre located in the eastern suburb of Malvern East, Victoria in the city of Melbourne, Australia and is the biggest shopping centre in Australia. The centre opened on 3 October 1960 and was the first self‐contained regional shopping centre in Melbourne.The centre contains 129,924m2 of shop floor space, about 510 stores and more than 9300 free car parking spaces. It claims to be the biggest shopping centre in the Southern Hemisphere.", "Anthony Hordern & Sons Anthony Hordern & Sons was the largest department store in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. With 52 acres (21 hectares) of retail space, Anthony Hordern's was also once the largest department store in the world. The historic building was controversially demolished in the 1980s for a skyscraper.", "List of tallest buildings in Australia These are lists of the tallest buildings in Australia.Australia has more skyscrapers per person than any other country in the world with a population greater than five million.The vast majority of Australian skyscrapers are located in the three eastern states of New South Wales, Queensland, and Victoria. Of Australia's high-rise buildings with a height of over 150 m, 32 are located in Melbourne, 30 in Sydney, 11 in Brisbane, 7 on the Gold Coast, 5 in Perth and 2 in Chatswood.", "Mandurah Mandurah (/ˈmændʒərə/ or /ˈmændʒrə/) is the second-largest city in Western Australia, located approximately 72 kilometres (45 mi) south of the state capital, Perth.The city attracts a large number of tourists, including many international visitors. The city centre foreshore is home to a variety of wildlife including dolphins, pelicans, shags, and an abundance of marine life including the blue manna crab which has become synonymous with the area.", "Railways in Sydney Sydney, the largest city in Australia, has an extensive network of passenger and freight railways. The passenger network is a hybrid metro-suburban railway with a central underground core running at metro style frequencies, which branches out into a suburban commuter type network.", "Lakemba Mosque Lakemba Mosque (also known as the Imam Ali Bin Abi Taleb Mosque at Lakemba, and Masjid Ali Bin Abi Taleb) is, reportedly, Australia's largest mosque. It is located in the suburb of Lakemba, New South Wales and is used mostly by Lebanese Australians. The construction of the mosque was completed in 1977, and is owned and managed by the Lebanese Muslim Association.", "City of Greater Bendigo The City of Greater Bendigo is a local government area in Victoria, Australia, located in the central part of the state. It covers an area of 3,048 square kilometres (1,177 sq mi) and, at the 2011 Census, had a population of 100,617. It includes the city of Bendigo and the towns of Axedale, Elmore, Heathcote, Marong, Raywood and Strathfieldsaye.", "Charlestown, New South Wales Charlestown is a suburb of the City of Lake Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia, and the largest town within the City. It is approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) west-south-west of the central business district of Newcastle.Charlestown has the largest business centre within the Lake Macquarie city, with a greater turnover than that of the neighbouring Newcastle CBD. The suburb serves as the district's transport hub.", "Cabramurra, New South Wales Cabramurra is the highest permanently inhabited town on the Australian continent, situated at 1,488m AHD (4,880 ft) in the western Snowy Mountains of the Great Dividing Range, in the state of New South Wales. The name Cabramurra may be derived from Wiradjuri gambirra marra, meaning \"crooked hand\".", "Perth Perth /ˈpɜrθ/ is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia. It is the fourth-most populous city in Australia, with an estimated population of 2.02 million (as of 30 June 2014) living in Greater Perth. Perth is part of the South West Land Division of Western Australia, with the majority of the metropolitan area of Perth located on the Swan Coastal Plain, a narrow strip between the Indian Ocean and the Darling Scarp, a low coastal escarpment.", "Bunbury, Western Australia The port city of Bunbury is the third largest city in Western Australia after the state capital, Perth, and Mandurah. It is situated 175 kilometres (109 mi) south of Perth's central business district (CBD). The port services the farming, mining and timber industries of the south west originally connected via an extensive rail network.", "List of Australian capital cities There are eight capital cities in Australia, Each of which function as the seat of government for the state or territory in which they are located. Melbourne was the initial capital following the 1901 Federation of Australia. In 1927, the seat of national government was moved to the newly created city of Canberra, which continues to serve as the national capital to this day.Each capital city hosts the judicial, administrative and legislative functions for their jurisdiction.", "Brisbane Brisbane /ˈbrɪzbən/ is the capital and most populous city in the Australian state of Queensland, and the third most populous city in Australia. Brisbane's metropolitan area has a population of 2.3 million, and the South East Queensland urban conurbation, centred on Brisbane, encompasses a population of more than 3.4 million.", "Port Lincoln Port Lincoln is a city on the lower Eyre Peninsula in the Australian state of South Australia. It is situated on the shore of Boston Bay, which opens eastward into Spencer Gulf. It is the largest city in the West Coast region, and is located approximately 280 km (straight line – 646 km by road) from the State's capital city of Adelaide. The city is reputed to have the most millionaires per capita in Australia. The town claims to be the \"Seafood Capital of Australia\".", "List of tallest buildings in Sydney Sydney, the largest city in Australia, is home to 1,168 completed high-rise buildings. The tallest buildings in the city are heavily concentrated in the central business district, although other areas around the city, such as Parramatta and North Sydney, boast a significant number of high-rises. As of June 2015, the entire city has 30 buildings that rise at least 150 m (492 ft) in height, second to Melbourne.", "Australia's big things The big things of Australia are a loosely related set of large structures, some of which are novelty architecture and some are sculptures. There are estimated to be over 150 such objects around the country, the first being the Big Scotsman in Medindie, Adelaide, which was built in 1963.", "Darwin, Northern Territory Darwin /ˈdɑrwɨn/is the capital city of the Northern Territory, Australia. Situated on the Timor Sea, Darwin is the largest city in the sparsely populated Northern Territory, with a population of 136,245. It is the smallest and most northerly of the Australian capital cities, and acts as the Top End's regional centre. Darwin was originally a pioneer outpost.Darwin's proximity to South East Asia makes it an important Australian gateway to countries such as Indonesia and East Timor.", "Whyalla Whyalla /hwaɪˈælə/ is the third most populous city in the Australian state of South Australia after Adelaide and Mount Gambier. It is a seaport located on the east coast of the Eyre Peninsula. The town is known as the \"Steel City\" due to its integrated steelworks and shipbuilding heritage. The port of Whyalla has been exporting iron ore since 1903.", "Adelaide Adelaide (/ˈædəleɪd/ AD-ə-layd) is the capital city of the state of South Australia, and the fifth-largest city of Australia. It is situated on the land of the Kaurna people of the Adelaide Plains. In June 2014, Adelaide had an estimated resident population of 1.30 million. The demonym \"Adelaidean\" is used in reference to the city and its residents." ]	10
Who composed the music for Harold and Maude?	[ "Cat Stevens\nYusuf Islam (born Steven Demetre Georgiou, 21 July 1948), commonly known by his former stage name Cat Stevens, is a British singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, humanitarian, and education philanthropist. His 1967 debut album reached the top 10 in the UK, and the album's title song \"Matthew and Son\" charted at number 2 on the UK Singles Chart. His albums Tea for the Tillerman (1970) and Teaser and the Firecat (1971) were both certified triple platinum in the US by the RIAA.", "Harold and Maude\nHarold and Maude is a 1971 American romantic dark comedy directed by Hal Ashby and released by Paramount Pictures. It incorporates elements of dark humor and existentialist drama, with a plot that revolves around the exploits of a young man named Harold (played by Bud Cort) intrigued with death." ]	[ "Haddon Hall (opera) Haddon Hall is an English light opera with music by Arthur Sullivan and a libretto by Sydney Grundy. The opera, set at the eponymous hall, dramatises the legend of Dorothy Vernon's elopement with John Manners, resetting the tale in the 17th century. It premiered at the Savoy Theatre on September 24, 1892 for a modestly successful run of 204 performances.", "Jack Nitzsche Bernard Alfred \"Jack\" Nitzsche (22 April 1937 – 25 August 2000) was a musician, arranger, producer, songwriter, and film score composer. He first came to prominence in the late 1950s as the right-hand-man of producer Phil Spector, and went on to work with the Rolling Stones, Neil Young and others. He also worked extensively in film scores, winning a song of the year Oscar in 1983 for co-writing \"Up Where We Belong\" (from An Officer and a Gentleman.)", "All Er Nuthin' \"All Er Nuthin'\" is a tune from the musical play Oklahoma!, written by composer Richard Rodgers and lyricist Oscar Hammerstein II.This song is near the end of the musical, where the secondary characters Will Parker and Ado Annie Carnes decide to get married. Will is wary because he knows Ado is the girl who can't say no (to advances by suitors).", "Otto Nicolai Carl Otto Ehrenfried Nicolai (9 June 1810 – 11 May 1849) was a German composer, conductor, and founder of the Vienna Philharmonic. Nicolai is best known for his operatic version of Shakespeare's comedy The Merry Wives of Windsor as Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor. In addition to five operas, Nicolai composed lieder, works for orchestra, chorus, ensemble, and solo instruments.", "Roger Quilter Roger Cuthbert Quilter (1 November 1877 – 21 September 1953) was an English composer, known particularly for his songs.", "The Goldwyn Follies The Goldwyn Follies is a 1938 Technicolor film written by Ben Hecht, Sid Kuller, Sam Perrin and Arthur Phillips, with music by George Gershwin, Vernon Duke, and Ray Golden, and lyrics by Ira Gershwin. Some sources credit Kurt Weill as one of the composers, but this is apparently incorrect.", "Alan Tew Alan Tew was a British composer and arranger. He got his start as the pianist/arranger for the Len Turner Band based in London, in the 1950s.Tew is known as a composer of library music, including the theme tunes for British television programmes, Doctor in the House called \"Bond Street Parade\", and ...And Mother Makes Three.", "Harold Gramatges Harold Gramatges (26 September 1918 – 16 December 2008) was a Cuban composer, pianist, and teacher.Gramatges was born in Santiago, Cuba.", "Dimitri Tiomkin Dimitri Zinovievich Tiomkin (May 10, 1894 – November 11, 1979) was a Russian-American film score composer and conductor. Musically trained in Russia, he is best known for his western scores, including Duel in the Sun, Red River, High Noon, Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, and Last Train from Gun Hill.", "Hagood Hardy Hugh Hagood Hardy, CM (February 26, 1937 – January 1, 1997) was a Canadian composer, pianist, and vibraphonist. He is best known for the 1975 single, \"The Homecoming\" (No. 14 Can., US No. 41 pop, No. 6 easy listening) originally created as music to a 1972 TV commercial for Salada tea, and for his soundtrack to the Anne of Green Gables and Anne of Avonlea films.Born in Angola, Indiana, he received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Trinity College in the University of Toronto.", "Harry Gregson-Williams Harry Gregson-Williams (born 13 December 1961) is a British composer, orchestrator, conductor, and music producer. He has regularly written for television and films, such as The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, X-Men Origins: Wolverine, and the Shrek franchise.Gregson-Williams has also composed music for several video games, having notably helped score every main entry in the Metal Gear series since Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty.", "Richard Addinsell Richard Stewart Addinsell (13 January 1904 – 14 November 1977) was a British composer, best known for film music, primarily his Warsaw Concerto, composed for the 1941 film Dangerous Moonlight (also known under the later title Suicide Squadron).", "Harald Sæverud Harald Sigurd Johan Sæverud (17 April 1897–27 March 1992) was a Norwegian composer. He is most known for his music to Henrik Ibsen's Peer Gynt, Rondo Amoroso, and the Ballad of Revolt (Norwegian: Kjempeviseslåtten). Sæverud wrote nine symphonies and a large number of pieces for solo piano. He was a frequent guest conductor of his own works with the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra.", "Marvin Hatley Thomas Marvin Hatley (April 3, 1905 – August 23, 1986), professionally known simply as Marvin Hatley, was an American film composer and musical director, best known for his work for the Hal Roach studio from 1929 until 1940.Hatley wrote many of the musical cues appearing in the Our Gang, Laurel and Hardy, and Charley Chase films. His most memorable composition is \"The Cookoo Song\" (also known as \"Ku-Ku\", or \"Dance of the Cuckoos\"), which serves as Laurel and Hardy's theme song.", "Broadway Melody of 1940 Broadway Melody of 1940 is a 1940 MGM movie musical starring Fred Astaire, Eleanor Powell and George Murphy. It was directed by Norman Taurog and features music by Cole Porter, including \"Begin the Beguine\".The film was the fourth and final entry in MGM's \"Broadway Melody\" series of films, and is notable for being the only on-screen pairing of Astaire and Powell, who were considered the finest movie musical dancers of their time.", "Leigh Harline Leigh Adrian Harline (March 26, 1907 – December 10, 1969) was a film composer and songwriter. He was known for his \"musical sophistication that was uniquely 'Harline-esque' by weaving rich tapestries of mood-setting underscores and penning memorable melodies for animated shorts and features.\"", "Alexander Courage Alexander \"Sandy\" Mair Courage, Jr. (December 10, 1919 – May 15, 2008) was an American orchestrator, arranger, and composer of music, primarily for television and film. He is best known as the composer of the theme music for the original Star Trek TV series.", "Thespis (opera) Thespis, or The Gods Grown Old, is an operatic extravaganza that was the first collaboration between dramatist W. S. Gilbert and composer Arthur Sullivan. No musical score of Thespis was ever published, and most of the music has been lost. Gilbert and Sullivan went on to become the most famous and successful artistic partnership in Victorian England, creating a string of comic opera hits, including H.M.S.", "Trevor Jones (composer) Trevor Alfred Charles Jones (born 23 March 1949) is a South African orchestral film score composer. Although not especially well known outside the film world, he has composed for numerous films and his music has been critically acclaimed for both its depth and emotion.", "George Whitefield Chadwick George Whitefield Chadwick (November 13, 1854 – April 4, 1931) was an American composer. Along with Horatio Parker, Amy Beach, Arthur Foote, and Edward MacDowell, he was a representative composer of what can be called the New England School of American composers of the late 19th century—the generation before Charles Ives. Chadwick's works are influenced by the Realist movement in the arts, characterized by a down-to-earth depiction of people's lives.", "Love and Marriage \"Love and Marriage\" is a song with lyrics by Sammy Cahn and music by Jimmy Van Heusen. It is published by Barton Music Corporation (ASCAP).", "Rutland Boughton Rutland Boughton (23 January 1878 – 25 January 1960) was an English composer who became well known in the early 20th century as a composer of opera and choral music.His oeuvre includes three symphonies, several concertos, part-songs, songs, chamber music and opera (which he called \"music drama\" after Wagner). His best known work was the opera The Immortal Hour.", "Hubert Parry Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry, 1st Baronet (27 February 1848 – 7 October 1918) was an English composer, teacher and historian of music.Parry's first major works appeared in 1880. As a composer he is best known for the choral song \"Jerusalem\", the coronation anthem \"I was glad\", the choral and orchestral ode Blest Pair of Sirens, and the hymn tune \"Repton\", which sets the words \"Dear Lord and Father of Mankind\".", "Roland the Headless Thompson Gunner \"Roland the Headless Thompson Gunner\" is a song composed by Warren Zevon and David Lindell and performed by Zevon. It was first released on his 1978 album Excitable Boy. It is the last song he ever performed in front of an audience, on the Late Show with David Letterman, before his death in 2003.", "Music for the Royal Fireworks The Music for the Royal Fireworks (HWV 351) is a wind band suite composed by George Frideric Handel in 1749 under contract of George II of Great Britain for the fireworks in London's Green Park on 27 April 1749. It was to celebrate the end of the War of the Austrian Succession and the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748.", "Cinderella (musical) Rodgers and Hammerstein's Cinderella is a musical written for television, with music by Richard Rodgers and a book and lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II. It is based upon the fairy tale Cinderella, particularly the French version Cendrillon, ou la Petite Pantoufle de Verre, by Charles Perrault. The story concerns a young woman forced into a life of servitude by her cruel stepmother and self-centered stepsisters, who dreams of a better life.", "Ron Jones (composer) Ron Jones (born Kansas City, Kansas July 7, 1954) is an Emmy and Grammy nominated American composer who has written music for TV shows, including Star Trek: The Next Generation, Duck Tales, American Dad!, and Family Guy. He composed the theme for Nickelodeon's The Fairly OddParents with series creator Butch Hartman, and the music for the show's pilots.", "Akira Ifukube Akira Ifukube (伊福部昭, Ifukube Akira, 31 May 1914 – 8 February 2006) was a Japanese composer of classical music and film scores, perhaps best known for his work on the soundtracks of the Godzilla movies by Toho.", "Rodgers and Hart Rodgers and Hart were an American songwriting partnership between composer Richard Rodgers (1902–1979) and the lyricist Lorenz Hart (1895–1943). They worked together on 28 stage musicals and more than 500 songs from 1919 until Hart's death in 1943.", "Albert Herring Albert Herring, Op. 39, is a chamber opera in three acts by Benjamin Britten.Composed in the winter of 1946 and the spring of 1947, this comic opera was a successor to his serious opera The Rape of Lucretia. The libretto, by Eric Crozier, was based on Guy de Maupassant's novella Le Rosier de Madame Husson, with the action transposed to an English setting.", "The Music Man The Music Man is a musical with book, music, and lyrics by Meredith Willson, based on a story by Willson and Franklin Lacey. The plot concerns con man Harold Hill, who poses as a boys' band organizer and leader and sells band instruments and uniforms to the naive Iowa townsfolk, promising to train the members of the new band. But Harold is no musician and plans to skip town without giving any music lessons.", "The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical) The Phantom of the Opera is a musical with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber and lyrics by Charles Hart with additions from Richard Stilgoe. Lloyd Webber and Stilgoe also wrote the musical's book together. Based on the French novel Le Fantôme de l'Opéra by Gaston Leroux, its central plot revolves around a beautiful soprano, Christine Daaé, who becomes the obsession of a mysterious, disfigured musical genius.The musical opened in London's West End in 1986, and on Broadway in 1988.", "Frank Perkins (composer) Frank S. Perkins (April 21, 1908 in Salem, Massachusetts – March 15, 1988 in Los Angeles, California) was an American song composer best known for the song \"Stars Fell on Alabama\" (with lyrics by Mitchell Parish) and his band classic, Fandango. He earned his Ph.B from Brown University in Providence, RI in economics in 1929. Although he was an accomplished pianist, by graduation he could play organ, trombone, saxophone and all the percussion instruments.", "Michel Legrand Michel Legrand (born 24 February 1932) is a French musical composer, arranger, conductor, and pianist. Legrand is a prolific composer, having written over 200 film and television scores in addition to many memorable songs. He is best known for his often haunting film music and scores, such as The Umbrellas of Cherbourg (1964) and The Thomas Crown Affair (1968) featuring the song \"The Windmills of Your Mind\" for which he won his first Academy Award.", "Henry W. Armstrong Henry W. \"Harry\" Armstrong (July 22, 1879 – February 28, 1951) was a US boxer, booking agent, producer, singer, pianist and Tin Pan Alley composer.His biggest hit was \"Sweet Adeline\", written in 1903 with Richard H. Gerard. His 1905 song \"Nellie Dean\" became the signature song of the British music hall singer Gertie Gitana, and a popular British pub song.", "Adolph Deutsch Adolph Deutsch (20 October 1897 – 1 January 1980) was a composer, conductor and arranger. He was born in London, England.In 1914, Deutsch was \"a Buffalo movie house musician\", accompanying silent films. Deutsch began his composing career on Broadway in the 1920s and 1930s before working for Hollywood films beginning in the late 1930s.", "Lionel Monckton Lionel John Alexander Monckton (18 December 1861 – 15 February 1924) was an English writer and composer of musical theatre. He became Britain's most popular composer of Edwardian musical comedy in the early years of the 20th century.", "Hugh Martin Hugh Martin (August 11, 1914 – March 11, 2011) was an American musical theater and film composer, arranger, vocal coach, and playwright. He was best known for his score for the 1944 MGM musical Meet Me In St. Louis, in which Judy Garland sang three Martin songs, \"The Boy Next Door,\" \"The Trolley Song,\" and \"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas.\" The last of these has become a Christmas season standard in the United States and around the English-speaking world.", "Harold Shapero Harold Samuel Shapero (April 29, 1920 – May 17, 2013) was an American composer.", "Maude Nugent Maude Nugent (January 12, 1873 or 1874 – June 3, 1958) was an American singer and composer.Maude Nugent was born in Brooklyn, New York. She became a vaudeville singer, singing at venues like The Abbey and Tony Pastor's.In 1896, she composed and wrote the lyrics to \"Sweet Rosie O'Grady\", which became one of the most popular waltz standards of the time. The song was initially rejected when she tried to sell it to Tin Pan Alley publisher Joseph W.", "Elmer Bernstein Elmer Bernstein (April 4, 1922 – August 18, 2004) was an American composer and conductor best known for his many film scores. In a career which spanned fifty years, he composed music for hundreds of film and television productions.", "Harold Budd Harold Budd (born May 24, 1936) is an American avant-garde composer and poet. He was born in Los Angeles, and raised in the Mojave Desert. He has developed a style of playing piano he terms \"soft pedal\".", "Alf Clausen Alf Clausen (born March 28, 1941) is an American film and television composer. He is best known for his work scoring many episodes of The Simpsons, of which he has been the sole composer since 1990. Clausen has scored or orchestrated music for more than 30 films and television shows, including Moonlighting, The Naked Gun, ALF and Ferris Bueller's Day Off.", "Fernand Halphen Fernand Gustave Halphen (born February 18, 1872, Paris – May 16, 1917) was a French Jewish composer.", "Trevor Duncan Trevor Duncan (27 February 1924 - 17 December 2005) was an English composer, particularly noted for his light music compositions. Born in London, and largely self-taught, he originally composed as a sideline while working for the BBC. In the UK, he is well known for pieces such as The Girl From Corsica, High Heels and the March from A Little Suite, all of which gained fame as television and radio themes.", "Arthur Marshall (composer) Arthur Owen Marshall (November 20, 1881 – August 18, 1968) was an African-American composer and performer of ragtime music.", "Jacques Mauduit Jacques Mauduit (16 September 1557 – 21 August 1627) was a French composer of the late Renaissance. He was one of the most innovative French composers of the late 16th century, combining voices and instruments in new ways, and importing some of the grand polychoral style of the Venetian School from Italy; he also composed a famous Requiem for the funeral of Pierre de Ronsard.", "Henry Bishop (composer) Sir Henry Rowley Bishop (18 November 1786 – 30 April 1855) was an English composer. He is most famous for the songs \"Home! Sweet Home!\" and \"Lo! Here the Gentle Lark.\" He was the composer or arranger of some 120 dramatic works, including 80 operas, light operas, cantatas, and ballets. Knighted in 1842, he was the first musician to be so honoured.", "Malcolm Sargent Sir Harold Malcolm Watts Sargent (29 April 1895 – 3 October 1967) was an English conductor, organist and composer widely regarded as Britain's leading conductor of choral works. The musical ensembles with which he was associated included the Ballets Russes, the Huddersfield Choral Society, the Royal Choral Society, the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, and the London Philharmonic, Hallé, Liverpool Philharmonic, BBC Symphony and Royal Philharmonic orchestras.", "Dick Manning Dick Manning (June 12, 1912 – April 11, 1991) was a Russian-born American songwriter, best known for his many collaborations with Al Hoffman. Manning composed the first full-length musical to be broadcast on television. The Boys From Boise aired on the DuMont Television Network in 1944.", "Al Dubin Alexander \"Al\" Dubin (June 10, 1891 – February 11, 1945) was an American lyricist. He is best known for his collaborations with the composer Harry Warren.", "Fanfare for St Edmundsbury The Fanfare for St Edmundsbury is a brass fanfare written by the British composer Benjamin Britten for a \"Pageant of Magna Carta\" in the grounds of St Edmundsbury Cathedral, Bury St Edmunds in 1959.", "Richard Storrs Willis Richard Storrs Willis (February 10, 1819 – May 10, 1900) was an American composer, mainly of hymn music.His best known melody is probably the one called, simply, Carol. This is the standard tune, in the United States, though not in Great Britain, of the much-loved hymn \"It Came Upon the Midnight Clear\" (1850), with lyrics by Edmund Sears.He was also a music critic and journal editor.", "Lerner and Loewe Lerner and Loewe were the team of lyricist and librettist Alan Jay Lerner and composer Frederick Loewe, known primarily for the music and lyrics of some of Broadway's most successful musical shows, including My Fair Lady, Camelot, and Brigadoon.", "Arthur Pryor Arthur Willard Pryor (September 22, 1870 – June 18, 1942) was a trombone virtuoso, bandleader, and soloist with the Sousa Band. He was a prolific composer of band music, his best-known composition being \"The Whistler and His Dog\". In later life, he became a Democratic Party politician from New Jersey, who served on the Monmouth County Board of Chosen Freeholders during the 1930s.", "The Wasps (Vaughan Williams) The Wasps is incidental music composed by the British composer Ralph Vaughan Williams in 1909. It was written for a production of Aristophanes' The Wasps at Trinity College, Cambridge, and was Vaughan Williams' first of only three forays into incidental music.", "Marguerite Monnot Marguerite Monnot (28 May 1903 – 12 October 1961) was a French songwriter and composer best known for having written many of the songs performed by Édith Piaf \"\\Milord\", \"Hymne à l'amour\") and for the music in the stage musical Irma La Douce.", "Basil Poledouris Basil Poledouris (August 21, 1945 – November 8, 2006) was an American music composer who concentrated on the scores for films and television shows. Poledouris won the Emmy Award for Best Musical Score for work on part four of the TV miniseries Lonesome Dove in 1989. He is best known for scores such as Conan the Barbarian (1982), RoboCop (1987), Spellbinder (1988), The Hunt for Red October (1990), RoboCop 3 and Starship Troopers (1997).", "Harry Brooks (composer) Harry Brooks (September 20, 1895 – June 22, 1970) was an American writer of popular songs, jazz pianist and composer in the 1920s to the early 1950s.Brooks was born in Homestead, Pennsylvania, USA. After graduating from his hometown high school in 1914, he worked as a pianist with Pittsburgh bands (dance orchestras) and then as a staff composer for a publishing company. He is recalled mostly in the 21st century for his work with his friends Thomas \"Fats\" Waller and the lyricist Andy Razaf.", "Lew Pollack Lew Pollack (June 16, 1895 – January 18, 1946) was a song composer active during the 1920s and the 1930s.Pollack was born in New York. Among his best-known songs are \"Charmaine\" and \"Diane\" with Ernö Rapée, \"Miss Annabelle Lee\", \"Two Cigarettes in the Dark\", \"At the Codfish Ball\" (featured in the Shirley Temple movie \"Captain January\" with Buddy Ebsen, and later the title of a Mad Men television episode), and Go In and Out The Window, now a children's music standard.", "Arthur Wilkinson Arthur Wilkinson (3 September 1919 – 1968) was a British orchestral composer and arranger. He began composing while serving in the Royal Air Force during World War II, and made many contributions to film, stage shows and television.", "Ronnie Hazlehurst Ronald \"Ronnie\" Hazlehurst (13 March 1928 – 1 October 2007) was an English composer and conductor who, having joined the BBC in 1961, became its Light Entertainment Musical Director.He composed the theme tunes for many well known British sitcoms and shows of the 1970s and 1980s, including Are You Being Served?,Only Fools and Horses, Sorry, Last of the Summer Wine, Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em, To the Manor Born and Yes Minister.", "Sheldon Harnick Sheldon Harnick (born April 30, 1924) is an American lyricist best known for his collaborations with composer Jerry Bock on hit musicals such as Fiddler on the Roof.Harnick began his career writing words and music to comic songs in musical revues. One of these, \"The Merry Minuet\", was popularized by the Kingston Trio. It is in the caustic style usually associated with Tom Lehrer and is sometimes incorrectly attributed to him.", "Alfred Cellier Alfred Cellier (1 December 1844 – 28 December 1891) was an English composer, orchestrator and conductor.In addition to conducting and music directing the original productions of several of the most famous Gilbert and Sullivan works and writing the overtures to some of them, Cellier conducted at many theatres in London, New York and on tour in Britain, America and Australia.", "Harold Adamson Harold Adamson (December 10, 1906 – August 17, 1980) was an American lyricist during the 1930s and 1940s.", "Ronald Binge Ronald Binge (15 July 1910 – 6 September 1979) was a British composer and arranger of light music. He arranged many of Mantovani's most famous pieces before composing his own music that included Elizabethan Serenade and Sailing By.", "English Folk Song Suite Written in 1923, the English Folk Song Suite is one of English composer Ralph Vaughan Williams's most famous works for military band. It was actually published originally as \"Folk Song Suite\". In 1924, the piece was arranged for full orchestra by Vaughan Williams' student Gordon Jacob, with the word \"English\" at the beginning of the title.", "Arthur Sullivan Sir Arthur Seymour Sullivan MVO (13 May 1842 – 22 November 1900) was an English composer. He is best known for his series of 14 operatic collaborations with the dramatist W. S. Gilbert, including such enduring works as H.M.S. Pinafore, The Pirates of Penzance and The Mikado. Sullivan composed 23 operas, 13 major orchestral works, eight choral works and oratorios, two ballets, incidental music to several plays, and numerous hymns and other church pieces, songs, and piano and chamber pieces.", "Ralph Vaughan Williams Ralph Vaughan Williams OM (/ˌreɪf ˌvɔːn ˈwɪljəmz/; 12 October 1872 – 26 August 1958) was an English composer of symphonies, chamber music, opera, choral music, and film scores. He was a collector of English folk music and song; this collecting activity influenced both his editorial approach to the English Hymnal, in which he included many folk song arrangements as hymn tunes, and several of his original compositions.", "Frederick Loewe Frederick Loewe (/ˈloʊ/, originally German Friedrich (Fritz) Löwe [ˈløːvə]; June 10, 1901 – February 14, 1988), was an Austrian-American composer. He collaborated with lyricist Alan Jay Lerner on a series of Broadway musicals, including the long-running My Fair Lady and Camelot, both of which were made into films.", "The Grand Duke The Grand Duke; or, The Statutory Duel, is the final Savoy Opera written by librettist W. S. Gilbert and composer Arthur Sullivan, their fourteenth and last opera together. It premiered at the Savoy Theatre on 7 March 1896, and ran for 123 performances. Despite a successful opening night, the production had a relatively short run and was the partnership's only financial failure, and the two men never worked together again.", "Franz Waxman Franz Waxman (/ˈwæksmən/; 24 December 1906 – 24 February 1967) - born Franz Wachsmann - was a German and American composer of Jewish descent, known primarily for his work in the film music genre. His film scores include The Bride of Frankenstein, Rebecca, Sunset Boulevard, A Place in the Sun, Stalag 17, Rear Window, Peyton Place, The Nun's Story, and Taras Bulba.", "Edmond Audran Achille Edmond Audran (12 April 1840 – 17 August 1901) was a French composer best known for several internationally successful operettas, including Les noces d'Olivette (1879), La mascotte (1880), Gillette de Narbonne (1882), La cigale et la fourmi (1886), Miss Helyett (1890), and La poupée (1896).After Audran's initial success in Paris, his works also became a regular feature in the West End of London, in adaptations that Audran supervised.", "Richard M. Sherman Richard Morton Sherman (born June 12, 1928) is an American songwriter and music director who specialized in musical film with his brother Robert Bernard Sherman.Some of the Sherman Brothers' best-known writing includes the songs from Mary Poppins, Bedknobs and Broomsticks, The Jungle Book, Winnie the Pooh, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, The Slipper and the Rose, and the Disney theme park song \"It's a Small World (After All)\".", "Alex North Alex North (December 4, 1910 – September 8, 1991) was an American composer best known for his many film scores, including A Streetcar Named Desire (one of the first jazz-based film scores), Viva Zapata!, Spartacus, Cleopatra, and Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?. He was the first composer to receive an Honorary Academy Award.", "Earle Hagen Earle Harry Hagen (July 9, 1919 – May 26, 2008) was an American composer who created music for movies and television. His best-known TV themes include those for Make Room For Daddy, The Dick Van Dyke Show, I Spy, That Girl and The Mod Squad.", "Adolphe Adam Adolphe Charles Adam (French: [adolf adɑ̃]; 24 July 1803 – 3 May 1856) was a French composer and music critic. A prolific composer of operas and ballets, he is best known today for his ballets Giselle (1841) and Le corsaire (1856, his last work), his operas Le postillon de Lonjumeau (1836), Le toréador (1849) and Si j'étais roi (1852) and his Christmas carol Minuit, chrétiens! (1844), later set to different English lyrics and widely sung as \"O Holy Night\" (1847).", "Harold Spina Harold Spina (21 June 1906 – 18 July 1997) was an American composer of popular songs. His best-known work happened in the early 1930s, when he collaborated with lyricists Johnny Burke and Joe Young on songs such as \"Annie Doesn't Live Here Anymore\", \"You're Not the Only Oyster in the Stew\", \"My Very Good Friend the Milkman\" (these two hits for Fats Waller), \"Shadows on the Swanee\", \"The Beat of My Heart\", \"Now You've Got Me Doing It\", and \"I've Got a Warm Spot in My Heart for You\".", "Colin Higgins Colin Higgins (28 July 1941 – 5 August 1988) was an Australian-American screenwriter, actor, director, and producer. He was best known for writing the screenplay for the 1971 film Harold and Maude, and for directing the films Foul Play (1978) and 9 to 5 (1980).He is not to be confused with a British actor of the same name who is known to Star Wars trivia buffs as \"Fake Wedge\" and who died in December 2012.", "Stu Phillips (composer) Stu Phillips (born September 9, 1929) is an American composer of film scores and television-series theme music, conductor and record producer. He is perhaps best known for composing the themes to the 1980s television series Knight Rider and Battlestar Galactica.", "Frank Churchill Frank Churchill (October 20, 1901 – May 14, 1942) was an American film composer. He wrote most of the music for Disney's 1937 movie Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, including \"Heigh-Ho\", \"Whistle While You Work\", and \"Some Day My Prince Will Come\". Other Disney films that he worked on include Dumbo, Bambi, and The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad.", "Sammy Timberg Sammy Timberg (May 21, 1903 – August 26, 1992) was an American musician and composer who was perhaps most famous for the music he wrote for the cartoons of the Fleischer Studios, such as Popeye, Betty Boop, and Superman. He also composed early shorts for Famous Studios, serving as the studio's musical director until Winston Sharples officially succeeded him in 1946.He was the brother of vaudevillian Herman Timberg.", "Herbert Howells Herbert Norman Howells CH, CBE (17 October 1892 – 23 February 1983) was an English composer, organist, and teacher, most famous for his large output of Anglican church music.", "Harold Faltermeyer Harold Faltermeyer (born Harald Faltermeier; 5 October 1952) is a German musician, keyboard player, composer and record producer.He is recognized as one of the composers/producers who best captured the zeitgeist of 1980s synthpop in film scores. He is best known for writing and composing the \"Axel F\" theme for Beverly Hills Cop and the Top Gun Anthem for the film Top Gun.", "The Moon and the Melodies The Moon and the Melodies was an album produced by the collaboration of the Scottish group Cocteau Twins and the American composer Harold Budd. It was released by 4AD in November 1986. The name \"Cocteau Twins\" did not appear on the release, which instead credited the three members (Elizabeth Fraser, Robin Guthrie and Simon Raymonde) and Budd individually.", "Bud Cort Bud Cort (born Walter Edward Cox; March 29, 1948) is an American film and stage actor, comedian, writer, director and voice artist widely known for his portrayals of Harold in Hal Ashby's 1971 film Harold and Maude and the eponymous hero in Robert Altman's 1970 film Brewster McCloud. Both films have large cult followings today.", "Harold Truscott Harold Truscott (23 August 1914 – 7 October 1992) was a British composer, pianist, broadcaster and writer on music. Largely neglected as a composer in his lifetime, he made an important contribution to the British piano repertoire and was influential in spreading knowledge of a wide range of mainly unfashionable music.", "Harold Rome Harold Jacob Rome (May 27, 1908 – October 26, 1993) was an American composer, lyricist, and writer for musical theater.", "Harry Warren Harry Warren (December 24, 1893 – September 22, 1981) was an American composer and lyricist. Warren was the first major American songwriter to write primarily for film. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song eleven times and won three Oscars for composing \"Lullaby of Broadway\", \"You'll Never Know\" and \"On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe\".", "Harold Darke Dr Harold Edwin Darke (29 October 1888 – 28 November 1976) was an English composer and organist.Darke was born in Highbury, London the youngest son of Samuel Darke & Arundel Bourne and attended Dame Alice Owen's School. While in the RAF he married a violinist, Dora Garland, (the first woman to lead the Queen's Hall Orchestra) at St Michaels, Cornhill on 25 July 1918.His first organist job was at Emmanuel Church, West Hampstead from 1906 to 1911.", "Harold en Italie Harold en Italie, Symphonie en quatre parties avec un alto principal (English: Harold in Italy, Symphony in Four Parts with Viola Obbligato), Op. 16, is Hector Berlioz's second symphony, written in 1834.", "Sherman Brothers The Sherman Brothers were an American songwriting duo that specialized in musical films, made up of Robert B. Sherman (December 19, 1925 – March 6, 2012) and Richard M. Sherman (born June 12, 1928).The Sherman Brothers wrote more motion-picture musical song scores than any other songwriting team in film history. Film scores of the Sherman Brothers include Mary Poppins, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, The Jungle Book, Charlotte's Web and The Aristocats.", "Arthur Foote Arthur William Foote (5 March 1853 in Salem, Massachusetts – 8 April 1937 in Boston, Massachusetts) was an American classical composer, and a member of the \"Boston Six.\" The other five were George Whitefield Chadwick, Amy Beach, Edward MacDowell, John Knowles Paine, and Horatio Parker.", "Harold Arlen Harold Arlen (February 15, 1905 – April 23, 1986) was an American composer of popular music, having written over 500 songs, a number of which have become known worldwide. In addition to composing the songs for the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz (lyrics by E.Y. Harburg), including the classic \"Over the Rainbow,” Arlen is a highly regarded contributor to the Great American Songbook. \"Over the Rainbow\" was voted the twentieth century's No.", "Harold Wheeler (musician) Harold Wheeler (born June 14, 1943) is an orchestrator, composer, conductor, arranger, record producer, and music director. He has received numerous Tony Award and Drama Desk Award nominations for orchestration, and won the 2003 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Orchestrations for Hairspray.", "Herbert W. Spencer Herbert Winfield Spencer (April 7, 1905 - September 18, 1992) was a film and television composer and orchestrator.Spencer gained industry fame when he teamed up with fellow 20th Century Fox orchestrator Earle Hagen in 1953 to create the Spencer-Hagen Orchestra. They recorded albums for an offshoot of the RCA label \"X\", and Liberty, and also formed a film scoring service called Music Scoring, Inc. (MSI).", "Harold Fraser-Simson Harold Fraser-Simson (15 August 1872 – 19 January 1944), was an English composer of light music, including songs and the scores to musical comedies. His most famous musical was the World War I hit, The Maid of the Mountains, and he later set numerous children's poems to music, especially those of A. A. Milne." ]	7
Which television shows were created by Walt Disney?	[ "The Little Mermaid (TV series)\nDisney's The Little Mermaid is an American animated television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation based on the 1989 Disney film of the same name. It features the adventures of Ariel as a mermaid prior to the events of the film. This series is the first Disney television series to be spun off from a major animated film. Some of the voice actors of the film reprise their roles in the series, among them Jodi Benson as Ariel, Samuel E.", "Donald Duck Presents\nDonald Duck Presents is a television series that aired on The Disney Channel beginning in 1983 and which featured classic Disney animated shorts. Although Donald Duck shorts were the primary programming, additional cartoons featuring Goofy, Mickey Mouse, Chip 'n Dale, Pluto, as well as Silly Symphonies, Disney featurettes, and other Disney-based shorts were shown. The show was first aired on September 1, 1983, a few months after The Disney Channel was launched.", "Disney–ABC Domestic Television\nDisney–ABC Domestic Television, also operating as ABC Syndication (formerly known as Buena Vista Television and also known as Disney Domestic Television and Disney\|ABC Home Entertainment and Television Distribution), is the in-home sales and content distribution firm of the Disney–ABC Television Group, a division of The Walt Disney Company.", "Mighty Ducks (TV series)\nDisney's Mighty Ducks (also known as Mighty Ducks: The Animated Series) is an American animated television series that aired on ABC and the syndicated programming block The Disney Afternoon in the fall of 1996. The show was inspired by and loosely based on the live-action Mighty Ducks films and the NHL team, the Anaheim Ducks. Twenty-six episodes were produced in total.", "Recess: School's Out\nRecess: School's Out is a 2001 American animated comedy film based on the Disney television series Recess. It was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and released theatrically in the United States on February 16, 2001.", "The 100 Lives of Black Jack Savage\nDisney Presents The 100 Lives of Black Jack Savage is a television series broadcast in the United States by NBC and produced by Stephen J. Cannell Productions in association with Walt Disney Television. This show originated as a TV-movie. The program originally aired in 1991, but lasted less than one season.", "The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\nThe New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh is an American Saturday morning animated children's television series produced by Walt Disney Television that ran from January 17, 1988 to October 26, 1991, inspired by A. A. Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh stories. It has been released on VHS and DVD.", "The Shnookums and Meat Funny Cartoon Show\nThe Shnookums and Meat Funny Cartoon Show is an animated comedy television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation and aired in 1995 as a spin-off of the show Marsupilami.", "Kim Possible\nKim Possible is an American animated children's television series created by Bob Schooley and Mark McCorkle for Disney Channel. It centers on Kim Possible, a teenage crime-fighter who has the task of dealing with worldwide, family, and school issues every day.", "Teacher's Pet (TV series)\nTeacher's Pet (also known as Disney's Teacher's Pet) is an American animated television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation and directed by Timothy Björklund. The series follows a 9-year-old boy and his dog who dresses up as a boy. Created by Gary Baseman, Bill Steinkellner and Cheri Steinkellner, it was broadcast on Disney's One Saturday Morning on ABC and later Toon Disney, from 2000 to 2002.", "Phineas and Ferb\nPhineas and Ferb is an American animated comedy-musical television series. Originally broadcast as a one-episode preview on August 17, 2007 and again previewed on September 28, 2007, the series officially premiered on February 1, 2008 on Disney Channel, and follows Phineas Flynn and his English stepbrother Ferb Fletcher on summer vacation.", "No Smoking (1951 film)\nNo Smoking is a cartoon made by Walt Disney Productions in 1951, featuring Goofy. This cartoon is another episode of the \"Goofy the Everyman\" series of the 1950s. This cartoon begins by tracing the brief history of smoking, including how Christopher Columbus brought tobacco to Europe from the Native Americans, and then moves on to Goofy, as \"George Geef\" in this cartoon, trying unsuccessfully to drop the smoking habit. This cartoon, because of its content, was kept off from TV broadcasts.", "Mickey's Steam Roller\nMickey's Steam Roller is a 1934 animated short film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by United Artists. In the cartoon, Mickey Mouse is the driver of a steamroller which is hijacked by his two nephews. It was directed by David Hand and features the voices of Walt Disney as Mickey and Marcellite Garner as Minnie Mouse and Mickey's nephews. The film was also called The Steamroller during production, and Mickey's Steamroller upon its re-release. Disney archivist Dave Smith has also stylized the title as Mickey's Steam-Roller.", "Walt Disney Presents: Annette\nWalt Disney Presents: Annette is a television serial that ran on The Mickey Mouse Club during the show's third season (1957-1958). It starred Annette Funicello as Annette McCleod (pronounced mik-clowd), a poor, orphaned country girl who moves into town with her upper-class aunt and uncle.", "The Mighty Sprouts\nThe Mighty Sprouts is a series of five pre-school television shows produced by The Walt Disney Company for their Playhouse Disney (UK & Ireland) channel. One of the main characters is Sam, she is a normal young girl, who is also a recycling hero with her two best friends, Sam played by the young actress Freya Karlettis, who has also starred in the movie 'Happy Families' and the West End musical 'The Lion King'. We hope to see a lot more from her.", "Rolie Polie Olie\nRolie Polie Olie is a Canadian/French/American children's television series produced by Nelvana, and Sparx* distributed by Disney, and created by William Joyce, Maggie Swanson, and Anne Wood. The show focuses on a little roly pollie who is composed of several spheres and other three-dimensional geometric shapes. The show was one of the earliest series that was fully animated in C.G., and the first C.G. animated preschool series.", "Acting Sheriff\nActing Sheriff is an unsold, half-hour television pilot created by Walt Disney Television for television network CBS that aired across the United States on Saturday, August 17, 1991 at 10:30 PM. Identified as episode number 895 in Walt Disney Television season number 35, the 30-minute comedy drama featured Robert Goulet as B movie actor Brent McCord who is elected to the unlikely job of sheriff in a small Northern California town.", "List of Jiminy Cricket educational serials\nThis is a list of all four Jiminy Cricket educational serials that originally aired on The Mickey Mouse Club TV series. The serials feature Jiminy Cricket, Pinocchio's conscience, providing general education and science information in an entertaining and accessible manner. The serials also have a strong focus on the importance of books and learning on one's own.", "Contraption (game show)\nContraption is an American game show and one of the original programs on the Disney Channel, which ran from April 18, 1983 to January 9, 1988 and again from March 8 to October 25, 1989. The show was hosted by actor/comedian Ralph Harris and announced by Miranda Fredricks.", "The Mouse Factory\nThe Mouse Factory is an American syndicated television series produced by Walt Disney Productions and created by Ward Kimball, that ran from 1972 to 1974. It showed clips from various Disney cartoons and movies, hosted by celebrity guests (credited as being \"Mickey's Friend\"), including Johnny Brown, Charles Nelson Reilly, JoAnne Worley and many more, visiting the Disney studio (or \"The Mouse Factory\") and interacting with the walk-around Disney characters from the Disney Theme Parks.", "The Muppets\nThe Muppets are a group of puppet characters known for an absurdist, burlesque and self-referential style of variety-sketch comedy.Having been created in 1955 by Jim Henson, they are the namesake for the Disney media franchise that encompasses films, television series, music recordings, print publications, and other media associated with The Muppet Show characters.Henson once stated that the term \"Muppet\" had been created as a blend of the words \"marionette\" and \"puppet\", but also claimed that it was actually a word he had coined. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Muppets?oldid=683542017> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Cuisine_of_the_Midwestern_United_States> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Midwestern cuisine is a regional cuisine of the American Midwest. It draws its culinary roots most significantly from the cuisines of Central, Northern and Eastern Europe, and is influenced by regionally and locally grown foodstuffs and cultural diversity.Everyday Midwestern home cooking generally showcases simple and hearty dishes that make use of the abundance of locally grown foods.", "Walt Disney Pictures\nWalt Disney Pictures, Inc. is an American film production company and division of The Walt Disney Studios, owned by The Walt Disney Company. The division is based at the Walt Disney Studios and is the main producer of live-action feature films within the Walt Disney Studios unit. It took on its current name in 1983. Today, in conjunction with the other units of The Walt Disney Studios, Walt Disney Pictures is classified as one of Hollywood's \"Big Six\" film studios.", "Art of Disney Animation\nThe Art of Disney Animation is an attraction at the Walt Disney Studios Park, located in Disneyland Paris. The attraction opened in 2002, along with the park, and is located in the Toon Studios Area (previously known as Animation Courtyard). Toon Studios is where the animated characters come alive - here guests learn about how Disney animated movies are created and can step into the imaginary worlds of animated features from Disney and Pixar.", "Leo Little's Big Show\nLeo Little's Big Show is a Disney Channel short television series featuring a boy named Leo Little (Leo Howard) and his sister, Amy Little (G. Hannelius), who host a show from their family room about Disney stars, movies and programs, in a manner very similar to its predecessor, Mike's Super Short Show. It began airing on February 26, 2009, replacing Disney's Really Short Report.", "Timon & Pumbaa (TV series)\nThe Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa, often simply referred to as Timon & Pumbaa, is an animated television series made by The Walt Disney Company. It centers on Timon the meerkat and Pumbaa the warthog from the 1994 Disney film The Lion King, without most of the other characters in the franchise. The show ran for three seasons from September 8, 1995 to September 24, 1999. It is also the first Lion King related media to show humans, as humans were not present in the movie.", "Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears\nDisney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears is a Disney animated television series that first aired in the United States from 1985 to 1991. The series was the first animated production by Walt Disney Animation Television, and loosely inspired by the gummi bear candies; Disney CEO Michael Eisner was struck with inspiration for the show when his son requested the candies one day. The series premiered on NBC on September 14, 1985, and aired there for four seasons.", "Videopolis (TV series)\nVideopolis is an American dance show that aired on the Disney Channel from 1987 to 1989. Hosted by Randy Hamilton, the show was labeled a children's version of American Bandstand.", "Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers\nChip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers (informally known as Rescue Rangers) is an animated television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation. Created by Tad Stones and Alan Zaslove, it featured the established Disney characters Chip 'n' Dale in a new setting. The series premiered on The Disney Channel on March 4, 1989, after a preview episode \"\\Catteries Not Included\") was aired on August 27, 1988.", "Walt Disney Entertainment\nWalt Disney Entertainment is a former wing of the Walt Disney Company that produced all shows and parades for Disney worldwide, including everything from the Disney-created Super Bowl Half-time shows to theme parks. The division was altered on January 31, 2001, at the retirement of Executive Vice President, Ron Logan, who was the head of the division.", "Teamo Supremo\nTeamo Supremo is an animated television series created by Disney. Animated in the limited animation style pioneered by Jay Ward, predecessors which inspired its style, it tells of three superhero kids: Captain Crandall, Skate Lad, and Rope Girl.", "Sing Me a Story with Belle\nDisney's Sing Me A Story with Belle is an American live-action series created by Patrick Davidson and Melissa Gould. The series features Belle from Beauty and the Beast, who now owns and manages the bookshop in the village.", "Robin Hood (1973 film)\nRobin Hood is a 1973 American animated film produced by Walt Disney Productions which was first released in the United States on November 8, 1973. The 21st animated feature in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series, the film is based on the legend of Robin Hood, but uses anthropomorphic animals rather than people.", "Disney's House of Mouse\nDisney's House of Mouse is an American animated television series, produced by Walt Disney Television Animation (now Disney Television Animation), that originally aired from 2001 to 2003. On September 2, 2002, an all night marathon of this show titled \"Night of 1000 Toons\" aired on Toon Disney. Disney's House of Mouse is a spin-off of the popular short-lived Disney series, Mickey Mouse Works, and featured many Mouse Works shorts as well as new shorts created specifically for the spin-off series.", "Walt Disney anthology television series\nWalt Disney Productions (later The Walt Disney Company) has produced an anthology television series under several different titles since 1954:Disneyland (1954–1958)Walt Disney Presents (1958–1961)Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color (1961–1969)The Wonderful World of Disney (first era) (1969–1979)Disney's Wonderful World (1979–1981)Walt Disney (1981–1983)The Disney Sunday Movie in summer, name is Disney Summer Classics (1986–1989)The Wonderful World of Disney (third era) (1997–2008)The Magical World of Disney (1989–1990)The Magical World of Disney Junior (2012–present)The original version of the series premiered on ABC, Wednesday night, October 27, 1954.", "Adventures in Wonderland\nAdventures in Wonderland is a live-action musical television series based on Walt Disney's animated Alice in Wonderland.", "Walt Disney Creative Entertainment\nWalt Disney Creative Entertainment is the theatrical and technical live entertainment production division of Walt Disney Imagineering, the design and development arm of The Walt Disney Company.", "Disney's Hollywood Studios\nDisney's Hollywood Studios (originally Disney-MGM Studios until 2008) is the third of four theme parks built at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando, Florida on May 1, 1989. Spanning 135 acres (55 ha), it is dedicated to show business, drawing inspiration from the heyday of Hollywood in the 1930s and 1940s.", "The Legend of Tarzan\nThe Legend of Tarzan is an American animated television series created by The Walt Disney Company in 2001, based on the Tarzan character created by Edgar Rice Burroughs. The series aired on ABC from July 13 to September 7, 2002 as part of its \"Disney's One Saturday Morning\" lineup. It was initially meant as first original series though ultimately shunted to UPN's \"Disney's One Too\" lineup.", "Quack Pack\nQuack Pack is an animated television series made by The Walt Disney Company, featuring Donald Duck and his nephews. The show debuted on September 3, 1996 as a part of the \"Disney Afternoon\" programming block, following the major success of Goof Troop. The series ran one season with 39 episodes.", "Walt Disney Animation Studios\nWalt Disney Animation Studios, headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California, is an American animation studio that creates animated feature films, short films, and television specials for The Walt Disney Company. Founded on October 16, 1923, it is a division of The Walt Disney Studios.", "Darkwing Duck\nDarkwing Duck is an animated action-adventure comedy television series produced by The Walt Disney Company that first ran from 1991 to 1992 on both the syndicated programming block The Disney Afternoon and Saturday mornings on ABC. It featured the eponymous anthropomorphic duck superhero whose alter ego is suburban father Drake Mallard. It was a spin-off of DuckTales.", "Mike's Super Short Show\nMike's Super Short Show (a.k.a. The Super Short Show in some countries) is a former Disney Channel series of promotional advertisements made in the manner of a regular series which mainly promoted upcoming VHS/DVD releases from Walt Disney Pictures and Pixar, along with The Walt Disney Company's theme park properties.", "Hannah Montana\nHannah Montana, also known as Hannah Montana Forever for the fourth season, is an American musical comedy series created by Michael Poryes, Rich Correll, and Barry O'Brien which focused on Miley Stewart (portrayed by Miley Cyrus), a teenager living a double life as an average schoolgirl by day and a famous recording artist Hannah Montana by night.", "Zorro (1957 TV series)\nZorro is an American action-adventure western drama series produced by Walt Disney Productions. Based on the well-known Zorro character created by Johnston McCulley, the series premiered on October 10, 1957 on ABC. The final network broadcast was July 2, 1959. Seventy-eight episodes were produced, and 4 hour-long specials were aired on the Walt Disney anthology series between October 30, 1960 and April 2, 1961.", "Spin and Marty\nSpin and Marty is a popular series of television shorts that aired as part of The Mickey Mouse Club show of the mid-1950s, produced by Walt Disney and broadcast on the ABC network in the United States. There were three serials in all, set at the Triple R Ranch, a boys' western-style summer camp. The first series of 25 eleven-minute episodes, The Adventures of Spin and Marty, was filmed in 1955.", "The Grasshopper and the Ants (film)\nThe Grasshopper and the Ants is a 1934 American animated short film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by United Artists. Part of the Silly Symphonies series, the film is an adaptation of The Ant and the Grasshopper, one of Aesop's Fables.", "Donald's Cousin Gus\nDonald's Cousin Gus is a 1939 Walt Disney cartoon in which Donald Duck is visited by his gluttonous cousin, Gus Goose, who proceeds to eat Donald out of house and home.", "Disney Channel's 3 Minute Game Show\nDisney Channel's 3 Minute Game Show is a three-minute game show series on Disney Channel where three contestants have three minutes to answer trivia questions to win the trophy. The show started in 2007 for High School Musical 2 with Monique Coleman hosting. The most recent host was Alyson Stoner in the Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam version of it on October 20, 2010. It is created and directed by Art Spigel and produced by Jason Wolk.", "The Mickey Mouse Club\nThe Mickey Mouse Club is an American variety television show that aired intermittently from 1955 to 1996. Created by Walt Disney and produced by Walt Disney Productions, the program was first televised from 1955 to 1959 by ABC, featuring a regular but ever-changing cast of teen performers. Reruns were broadcast by ABC on weekday afternoons during the 1958-59 season, right after American Bandstand.", "The Disney Afternoon\nThe Disney Afternoon was a created-for-syndication two-hour animated television programming block which aired from September 10, 1990 until August 29, 1997 when Disney decided to retire the name and continued to run a 90-minute syndicated block until 1999.", "Goof Troop\nDisney's Goof Troop is an animated comedy television series from The Walt Disney Company featuring Goofy as a father figure and bonding with his son Max, and Pete, as his neighbor. Created by Peter Montgomery, the main series of 65 episodes ran in syndication from 1992 to 1993 on The Disney Afternoon, while an additional thirteen episodes ran on Saturday mornings on ABC. One Christmas special was also produced, which ran in syndication.", "Walt Disney\nWalter Elias \"Walt\" Disney (/ˈdɪzni/; December 5, 1901 – December 15, 1966) was an American entrepreneur, cartoonist, animator, voice actor, and film producer. As a prominent figure within the American animation industry and throughout the world, he is regarded as a cultural icon, known for his influence and contributions to entertainment during the 20th century. As a Hollywood business mogul, he and his brother Roy O.", "Mickey Mouse\nMickey Mouse is a funny animal cartoon character and the official mascot of The Walt Disney Company. He was created by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks at the Walt Disney Studios in 1928. An anthropomorphic mouse who typically wears red shorts, large yellow shoes, and white gloves, Mickey has become one of the most recognizable cartoon characters in the world.Mickey first was seen in a single test screening (Plane Crazy).", "Donald's Quack Attack\nFor the video game, see Donald Duck: Goin' QuackersDonald's Quack Attack was a television series which ran on The Disney Channel and was later rerun on Toon Disney. It premiered on November 2, 1992, along with Mickey's Mouse Tracks, on The Disney Channel. It featured Disney animated short films, especially those with Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, and Goofy. Each episode lasted about 22–28 minutes, leaving some time for commercials..", "Animation studios owned by The Walt Disney Company\nThe Walt Disney Company has owned and operated several animation studios since the company's founding on October 16, 1923, by Walt and Roy Disney as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio; the current Walt Disney Animation Studios in Burbank, California is the company's flagship feature animation studio and claims heritage from this original studio.", "Aladdin (TV series)\nAladdin is an animated television series made by Walt Disney Television Animation which aired from 1994 to 1995, based on the original 1992 Disney film of the same name. It was animated at the Slightly Offbeat Productions Studios in Penrose, Auckland, New Zealand. The series followed the direct-to-video sequel The Return of Jafar, and picked up where that installment left off, with Aladdin still living on the streets of Agrabah, but now engaged to beautiful and spirited Princess Jasmine.", "D-TV\nD-TV is a series of music videos created by Walt Disney Productions in 1984. Disney combined hit songs from the past with footage of vintage Disney animation, created in the style of MTV music videos, which inspired the name of this series. The videos were shown as filler material on the Disney Channel (as the network did not air commercials at this time), as well as being the focus of television specials.", "Walt Disney's Mickey and Donald\nWalt Disney's Mickey and Donald was a television series on CBS that first aired in 1981. It featured classic Disney shorts. This was two years before Disney unveiled The Disney Channel. The opening and closing title sequences involved clips from Magician Mickey.", "Gargoyles (TV series)\nGargoyles is an American animated series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation and Buena Vista Television, and originally aired from October 24, 1994 to February 15, 1997. The series features a species of nocturnal creatures known as gargoyles that turn to stone during the day." ]	[ "Disney Publishing Worldwide Disney Publishing Worldwide (DPW), formerly The Disney Publishing Group and Buena Vista Publishing Group, is the publishing subsidiary of Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media, a division of The Walt Disney Company. Its imprints include Disney Editions, Hyperion Books for Children, and Disney Press. It has creative centers in Glendale, California, and in Milan, Italy.", "The Quick Draw McGraw Show The Quick Draw McGraw Show is the third cartoon television production created by Hanna-Barbera, starring an anthropomorphic cartoon horse named Quick Draw McGraw following their success with The Ruff and Reddy Show and The Huckleberry Hound Show. The show debuted in syndication in the fall of 1959, sponsored by Kellogg's. Voice actor Daws Butler performed the lead character, Quick Draw.", "Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child is an American anthology animated television series that premiered March 12, 1995 on HBO. Narrated by Robert Guillaume, the series aired 39 episodes from 1995 to 2000.", "FYI (U.S. TV channel) FYI (stylized as fyi,) is an American digital cable and satellite television network that is owned by A&E Networks, a joint venture between the Disney–ABC Television Group subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company and the Hearst Corporation (which each own 50%). The network features lifestyle programming, with a mix of reality, culinary, home renovation and makeover series.The network originally launched in 1999 as The Biography Channel—an offshoot of the A&E television series Biography.", "The Ruff and Reddy Show The Ruff and Reddy Show (also known as Ruff and Reddy) is an American animated television series created by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera for NBC. The series follows the adventures of Ruff, a smart and steadfast cat, and Reddy, a good-natured and brave (but not overly bright) dog. It was the first television series produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions, it was presented by Screen Gems, the television arm of Columbia Pictures (now Sony Pictures Television).", "List of Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers episodes Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers is an American animated television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation. Created by Tad Stones and Alan Zaslove, it featured the established Disney characters Chip 'n Dale in a new setting.", "Walt Disney Imagineering Walt Disney Imagineering Research & Development, Inc. (also known as WDI or simply Imagineering) is the design and development arm of The Walt Disney Company, responsible for the creation and construction of Disney theme parks worldwide.", "Roy O. Disney Roy Oliver Disney (June 24, 1893 – December 20, 1971) was an American businessman, becoming the partner and co-founder, along with his younger brother Walt Disney, of Walt Disney Productions, now known as The Walt Disney Company.", "The Woody Woodpecker Show The Woody Woodpecker Show is a long-running 30-minute American television series mainly composed of the animated cartoon escapades of Woody Woodpecker and other Walter Lantz characters including Andy Panda, Chilly Willy, and Inspector Willoughby released by Walter Lantz Productions. The series was revived and reformatted several times, but has remained popular for nearly four decades and allowed the studio to continue making theatrical cartoons until 1972 when it shut down.", "List of Darkwing Duck episodes The following is a list of episodes for Darkwing Duck, an American animated television series produced by The Walt Disney Company that first ran from 1991 to 1992 on both the syndicated programming block The Disney Afternoon and Saturday mornings on ABC. Reruns of the series continued to air on The Disney Afternoon until 1995 and again between 1996 and 1997.", "American Broadcasting Company The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) (stylized in its logo as abc since 1962) is an American commercial broadcast television network that is owned by the Disney–ABC Television Group, a subsidiary of Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company.", "ABC Family Worldwide ABC Family Worldwide Inc. is a producer and distributor of family entertainment and information programming worldwide. The company is owned by The Walt Disney Company and was founded in 1990 by Pat Robertson as International Family Entertainment Inc.ABC Family Worldwide's principal business is ABC Family, a satellite delivered cable-television network.", "Good Morning, Mickey! Good Morning, Mickey! is a television series that aired on The Disney Channel. It was first aired on April 18, 1983, when The Disney Channel launched. It was one of The Disney Channel's first original programs, and the first program aired at the channel's launch. It featured classic Disney animated shorts. Although Mickey Mouse shorts, without surprise, were the primary programming, additional cartoons featuring Goofy, Donald Duck, Chip 'n' Dale, Pluto, and others were also shown.", "Jay Ward Productions Jay Ward Productions (or simply Ward Productions) is an American animated television cartoon series production company, founded in 1948 by American animator Jay Ward. It made extensive use of limited animation techniques.It was known for producing The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, and Hoppity Hooper as well as many other TV series and films.", "Colonel Bleep Colonel Bleep was the first color cartoon ever made for television. It was created by Robert D. Buchanan, and was filmed by Soundac of Miami. (Some sources have Joseph Barbera with a hand in its creation as well, although his contribution was short-lived before he rejoined William Hanna to form Hanna-Barbera.) The show was originally syndicated in 1957 as a segment on Uncle Bill's TV Club. 104 episodes, of varying length of between three and six minutes each, were produced.", "List of Hannah Montana episodes Hannah Montana is an American sitcom created by Michael Poryes, Richard Correll and Barry O'Brien as a Disney Channel Original Series, which debuted on March 24, 2006.", "Big Sister, Little Brother Big Sister & Little Brother is a 5-minute show that only airs on PBS Kids Sprout and Toon Disney was launched in April 17,1997.,And Had 26 episodes has Big Sister & Litte Brother was aired.", "Retlaw Enterprises Retlaw Enterprises, originally Walt Disney Inc. then WED Enterprises (WED), was a privately held company owned by the heirs of entertainment mogul Walt Disney. Disney formed the company to control the rights to his name and to manage two Disneyland attractions that he personally owned. The name, Retlaw, is Walter spelled backwards.", "List of Disney Channel Original Movies Many television films have been produced for the U.S. cable network, Disney Channel, since the service's inception in 1983. In its early years, they were referred to as Disney Channel Premiere Films, and later Premears. From late 1997 onwards, such productions have been branded under the Disney Channel Original Movies (DCOM) banner.Most hit films were subsequently released on VHS, DVD, or, more recently, Blu-ray.", "The Plucky Duck Show Steven Spielberg Presents The Plucky Duck Show, usually referred to as The Plucky Duck Show, is an animated television series created by Warner Bros. It was a short-lived spin-off of Tiny Toon Adventures, the first collaboration between Steven Spielberg and the newly reborn Warner Bros. Animation studio, but concentrating attention mainly on Plucky Duck.", "DisneyToon Studios DisneyToon Studios, originally Disney MovieToons and was also Disney Video Premieres, is an American animation studio which creates direct-to-video and occasional theatrical animated feature films. The studio is a division of Walt Disney Animation Studios, with both being part of The Walt Disney Studios. The studio has produced 47 feature films, beginning with DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp (1990), and its latest being Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast (2015).", "Fillmore! Fillmore! is an American animated television series created by Scott M. Gimple for ABC and, later, Toon Disney. A parody of popular police dramas of the 1970s, Fillmore! is centered on reformed juvenile delinquent Cornelius Fillmore and his partner Ingrid Third, who solve crimes as members of the Safety Patrol at X Middle School.", "The Replacements (TV series) The Replacements is an American action-fantasy-comedy animated television series for Disney Channel that ran originally from July 28, 2006 to March 30, 2009. Although the series originally aired episodes on Saturdays at 8:00pm EST, it was moved to Mondays at 5:00pm EST.", "Mickey Mouse Works Mickey Mouse Works is an American television show that features the cartoon character Mickey Mouse and his friends in a series of animated segments. It is the first Disney television animated series to be broadcast in HD. The series is rated TV-Y7.Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Donald Duck, Daisy Duck, Goofy, Pluto, and Ludwig Von Drake all star in their own segments. Horace Horsecollar, Clarabelle Cow, Huey, Dewey and Louie, Chip 'n Dale, Scrooge McDuck, Pete, Humphrey the Bear, J.", "Disney's Comics in 3-D Disney's Comics in 3-D was a two-part comic book series made by The Walt Disney Company in 1992. Unlike most comic books, the stories are drawn in 3-D stereo. The first issue had Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Uncle Scrooge, and Duck Tales, and the second issue had all Roger Rabbit stories.", "Dumbo's Circus Dumbo's Circus is a live action/puppet television series that aired on The Disney Channel beginning on May 6, 1985, and featured the character of Dumbo from the original film. The series was in production for three and a half seasons, and reruns continued to air until February 28, 1997.The cast members are human-sized anthropomorphic animals played by people in puppet suits using technology developed by Ken Forsse, the creator of Teddy Ruxpin.", "Mickey Mouse Clubhouse Mickey Mouse Clubhouse is an American interactive animated children's television series that premiered in 2006 and continues to air in the present. The series, Disney Television Animation's first computer animated series, was aimed at preschoolers.Bobs Gannaway, the Disney veteran who created it, is also responsible for preschool shows such as Jake and the Never Land Pirates, and DisneyToon Studios films such as Secret of the Wings, The Pirate Fairy, and Planes: Fire & Rescue.", "Walt Disney's Comics and Stories Walt Disney's Comics and Stories, sometimes abbreviated WDC or WDC&S, is an anthology comic book series that has an assortment of Disney characters, including Donald Duck, Scrooge McDuck, Mickey Mouse, Chip 'n Dale, Lil Bad Wolf, Scamp, Bucky Bug, Grandma Duck, Brer Rabbit, Winnie the Pooh, and others.", "Disney's Halloween Treat Disney's Halloween Treat is a 1982 Halloween-themed television special which originally aired on CBS as an episode of Walt Disney on October 30, 1982 and featured a compilation of Disney animated shorts involving spooky or supernatural themes as well as excerpted segments from Disney feature films. The credits also featured footage from Disney's Haunted Mansion ride.", "WCW Disney tapings The WCW Disney tapings were a series of television tapings of professional wrestling matches conducted by World Championship Wrestling at the Disney-MGM Studios (now Disney's Hollywood Studios) in Lake Buena Vista, Florida.", "List of television shows featuring older versions of cartoon characters This is a list of television shows featuring older versions of cartoon characters: All Grown Up! – an animated television series, spun off from the popular series Rugrats, and produced by Klasky-Csupo, Inc. for Nickelodeon. The series revolves around the lives of the familiar characters, now nine years older. Disney's Doug – In February 1996, Disney bought Jumbo Pictures, and ordered new episodes of Doug to be produced (renamed Brand Spanking New! Doug and then later Disney's Doug).", "How to Swim This is the Disney cartoon. For the Glasgow orchestral rock band see How to Swim (band)How to Swim is a cartoon made by Walt Disney Productions in 1942.", "Modern Inventions Modern Inventions is a 1937 American animated short film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by United Artists. The cartoon follows Donald Duck as he tours the fictional Museum of Modern Marvels. It was directed by Jack King, his first project at the Disney studio, and features original music by Oliver Wallace.", "The Plausible Impossible \"The Plausible Impossible\" is an episode of the Disneyland television program. Originally aired in 1956, it shows Walt Disney explaining how drawings and animation have things that are impossible seem plausible, as evidenced in ancient history (i.e., Egyptian gods, dragons, and various creatures from Greek mythology) and various cartoons with Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck.", "DuckTales DuckTales is an Animated television series produced by Disney Television Animation. It premiered on September 18, 1987 and ended on November 28, 1990 with a total of four seasons and 100 episodes. An animated theatrical spin-off film based on the series, DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp, was released widely in the United States on August 3, 1990.", "Mousercise Mousercise is the title of several Disney productions: A 1982 exercise album for children released by Disneyland Records, featuring various Disney songs. A television series, inspired by the above album, that debuted on The Disney Channel on April 18, 1983 when the channel launched and was one of the channel's first programs. The series featured Kellyn Plasschaert, along with Mickey Mouse and other Disney characters exercising with a group of kids.", "The Suite Life of Zack & Cody The Suite Life of Zack & Cody is an American sitcom created by Danny Kallis and Jim Geoghan. The series was first broadcast on Disney Channel on March 18, 2005, with 4 million viewers, making it the most successful premiere for Disney Channel in 2005. It was one of their first five shows available on the iTunes Store. The series was nominated for an Emmy Award three times and was nominated for a Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award three times.", "Howdy Doody Howdy Doody is an American children's television program (with circus and Western frontier themes) that was created and produced by E. Roger Muir and telecast on the NBC network in the United States from December 27, 1947 until September 24, 1960. It was a pioneer in children's television programming and set the pattern for many similar shows.", "Walt Disney Records Walt Disney Records is an American record label of the Disney Music Group, originally founded in 1956 as Disneyland Records. Before that time, Disney recordings were licensed out to a variety of other labels such as RCA, Decca, Capitol, and ABC-Paramount Records. It was Walt Disney’s brother Roy O. Disney who suggested that Walt Disney Productions (now the modern-day Walt Disney Company) form their own record label. Roy enlisted longtime staffer Jimmy Johnson to head this new division.", "Crusader Rabbit Crusader Rabbit is the first animated series produced specifically for television. The concept was test marketed in 1948, while the initial episode—Crusader vs. the State of Texas—aired on KNBH (now KNBC) in Los Angeles on August 1, 1949.", "Pepper Ann Pepper Ann is an American animated series created by Sue Rose and aired on ABC. It debuted on September 13, 1997, and ended on November 18, 2000. It also aired on Toon Disney. Pepper Ann was the first animated television series for Disney to be created by a woman, followed 15 years later by Star vs. the Forces of Evil (created by Daron Nefcy). Tom Warburton, who later created Cartoon Network's Codename: Kids Next Door, serves as the lead character designer for the series.", "Playhouse Disney Playhouse Disney is a defunct brand for a slate of programming blocks and international cable and satellite television channel that was owned by the Disney Channels Worldwide unit of the Disney–ABC Television Group, itself a unit of The Walt Disney Company.", "The Walt Disney Company The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. It is the world's second largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue, after Comcast. Disney was founded on October 16, 1923, by Walt Disney and Roy O.", "Disney Interactive Studios Disney Interactive Studios, Inc. (initially Walt Disney Computer Software, later Disney Interactive and Buena Vista Games, Inc.) is an American video game company. It self-publishes and distributes multi-platform video games and interactive entertainment worldwide.", "Saturday Disney Saturday Disney is a long running Australian children's television program currently hosted by Nathan Morgan, Candice Dixon and Teigan Nash which has aired on the Seven Network in Australia for over 25 years, with the first episode going to air on 20 January 1990. The show is an interstitial program, consisting mainly of Disney television series dispersed between hosted content.", "ABC Studios ABC Studios is the television production division of Disney–ABC Television Group. ABC Studios was established as Touchstone Films Television Division in 1985 and given its current name in 2007.", "ABC Kids (US) ABC Kids (also known as Disney's ABC Kids, and originally titled Disney's One Saturday Morning until September 2002) was an American children's programming block that aired on ABC from September 13, 1997 to August 27, 2011.", "Walt Disney Treasures Walt Disney Treasures is a series of two-disc DVD collections of classic Disney cartoons, television episodes and other material. They cover material from the studio's earliest days to their more recent work. So far, there have been nine \"waves\" (series) of the DVDs, each containing two, three or four different sets, for a total of 30 titles.", "Raw Toonage Disney's Raw Toonage is a half-hour Disney animated cartoon series that aired on the CBS network in the fall of 1992.", "Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment (incorporated as Buena Vista Home Entertainment, Inc. since 1997 and formerly known as \"Walt Disney Telecommunications & Non-Theatrical Company\" from 1980 to 1987 and eventually Buena Vista Home Video until 1997) is the home video distribution division of The Walt Disney Company. Disney began distributing videos under its own label in 1980 under the name Walt Disney Home Video.", "Disney Channel Disney Channel (originally The Disney Channel from 1983 to 1997) is an American basic cable and satellite television network that serves as the flagship property of owner Disney Channels Worldwide, a unit of the Disney–ABC Television Group, itself a unit of the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company.The channel's programming consists of original first-run television series, theatrically-released and original made-for-cable movies and select other third-party programming.", "Walt Disney Classics Walt Disney Classics was a brand name used by Walt Disney Home Video on their American, Japanese, European, and Australian home video releases of Disney animated features. The last title in the Classics line from 1984-1994 was The Fox and the Hound. With the release of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, all the existing titles in the Classics line were replaced with the Masterpiece Collection line and the Classics line was canceled in the United States and Canada.", "Walt Disney Cartoon Classics Walt Disney Cartoon Classics was a series of cartoon compilations from Disney. It was one of their first attempts to put cartoons on home video, after Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck Cartoon Collections.", "Walt Disney's Classic Cartoon Favorites Walt Disney's Classic Cartoon Favorites is a series of DVDs by Walt Disney Home Video. Each release would feature around one-hour of Disney animated short films, grouped by a starring character or a theme. It is based on the original Walt Disney Cartoon Classics line of videotapes of the 1980s. As opposed to the chronological nature of the Walt Disney Treasures line, each release would feature various cartoons in no particular order.", "The Mickey Mouse Theater of the Air The Mickey Mouse Theater of the Air was a musical-variety radio series for children, sponsored by Pepsodent and heard on NBC on Sunday afternoons. Broadcast from the Disney Little Theater on the RKO lot from January 2 to May 15, 1938, the program was created to promote the February 1938 release of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.", "Disney comics Disney comics are comic books and comic strips featuring Walt Disney characters.The first Disney comics were newspaper strips appearing from 1930 on. In 1940, Western Publishing began producing Disney comic books in the United States. The most notable American Disney comics books are Walt Disney's Comics and Stories and Uncle Scrooge.", "Disney's Cartoon Arcade Disney's Cartoon Arcade is a 1990 game by Cliff Johnson created by Walt Disney Home Video for use on the View-Master Interactive Vision system.Designed as a 30-minute gameshow, the player could watch classic Disney cartoon video clips and then play 10 different arcade games based on those clips.The View-Master InteractiveVision System was the earliest attempt to commercially combine video and computer imagery on your home television.", "Walt Disney's Treasury of Classic Tales Walt Disney's Treasury of Classic Tales is an American Sunday comic strip, which ran in newspapers from 13 July 1952 until 15 February 1987. Each story adapted a different Disney film, such as Darby O'Gill and the Little People, Peter Pan, or Davy Crockett.", "Disney–ABC Television Group ABC, Inc. DBA Disney–ABC Television Group (a.k.a. Disney–ABC) manages all of The Walt Disney Company's Disney and ABC-branded television properties. The group includes the ABC Television Network (including ABC Daytime, ABC Entertainment and ABC News divisions), as well as Disney's 50% stake in A&E Television Networks and its 80% controlling stake in ESPN, Inc. While holding the controlling stake in ESPN, Disney–ABC and ESPN operate as separate units of Disney Media Networks.", "Mouseterpiece Theater Mouseterpiece Theater is an American television show that ran on The Disney Channel that premiered on the channel's launch date on April 18, 1983, and continued with reruns into the 1990s. It was a parody of the PBS show Masterpiece Theatre, presenting classic Disney shorts instead of showing dramatic works. George Plimpton hosted and gave commentary and background information before and after each cartoon.", "Disney Theatrical Productions Disney Theatrical Productions Limited (DTP), also known as Disney on Broadway, is the flagship stageplay and musical production company of the Disney Theatrical Group, a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Studios, a major business unit of The Walt Disney Company.Founded in 1993 by longtime Disney Entertainment veteran Ron Logan as Walt Disney Theatrical, the division has gained a reputation within the industry for creating professional and popular (both critically and financially) performances, starting with the acclaimed Beauty and the Beast in 1994 and most recently with Aladdin in 2014.", "List of ABC television affiliates (by U.S. state) The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) is an American broadcast television television network owned by the Disney Media Networks subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company, which originated in 1927 as the NBC Blue radio network, and five years after its 1942 divorce from NBC and purchase by Edward J. Noble (adopting its current name the following year), expanded into television in April 1948.", "List of Disney Channel series This is a list of television series originally broadcast on, and produced at least partially by, Disney Channel (formerly \"The Disney Channel\"), a family-oriented American basic cable channel and former premium channel, owned by The Walt Disney Company. Both past and present series are included. Future series are only included if they have a confirmed air date. Series that are still in production are marked in bold.Disney Channel has had many popular shows throughout its history.", "List of programs broadcast by American Broadcasting Company The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) is an American commercial broadcast television network that is owned by the Disney–ABC Television Group, a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company. Headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan, ABC is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world. The following is a list of all television programming that ABC has broadcast since it began its TV operations in 1948.", "List of programs broadcast by Disney Channel This is a list of television programs currently broadcast (in first-run or reruns), scheduled to be broadcast or formerly broadcast on Disney Channel (formerly \"The Disney Channel\"), a family-oriented American basic cable channel and former premium channel, owned by The Walt Disney Company. The channel was launched on April 18, 1983, and airs a mix of animated and live-action programming, ranging from action to drama to comedy.", "Disney's One Too Disney's One Too is an American children's programming block that aired on UPN from September 6, 1999 to August 31, 2003. A spinoff of the Disney's One Saturday Morning block on ABC (owned by The Walt Disney Company), it featured animated series from Walt Disney Television Animation aimed at children between the ages of 7 and 14.", "List of Disney television series This is a list of television series produced or distributed by The Walt Disney Company and its subsidiaries.", "Disney Television Animation Disney Television Animation (DTVA) is the television animation production arm of the Disney Channels Worldwide dedicated to creating, developing and producing animated television series, films, specials and other projects.Established in 1984 during the reorganization and subsequent re-incorporation of The Walt Disney Company following the arrival of then-Disney CEO Michael Eisner, the entity was formerly known as The Walt Disney Pictures Television Animation Group, the name was then later changed, shortened to Walt Disney Television Animation starting in 1987 and was its name up until 2011, when it has been shortened again to Disney Television Animation.", "1954–55 United States network television schedule The 1954–55 United States network television schedule began in September of 1954 and ended in the spring of 1955. Fall 1954 marked a big change for television when ABC announced a network deal with a significant Hollywood producer. ABC had contracted with Walt Disney to produce a new series called Disneyland (as part of the deal, the network provided funding towards the construction of Walt's amusement park of the same name, opening in July 1955).", "The Wuzzles Disney's The Wuzzles is an animated television series created for Saturday morning television, and was first broadcast on September 14, 1985 on CBS. An idea of Michael Eisner for his new Disney television animation studio, the premise is that the main characters are hybrids of two different animals. The original thirteen episodes ran on CBS for their first run.", "List of programs broadcast by Toon Disney This is a list of television programs formerly broadcast by Toon Disney in the United States. The channel was launched on April 18, 1998 as a spinoff of Disney Channel, and aired mostly syndicated animated programming, ranging from action to comedy.The first ever program broadcast on Toon Disney was the Mickey Mouse segment from Fantasia titled \"The Sorcerer's Apprentice\".", "Walt Disney Television Walt Disney Television is the name of the television production division of The Walt Disney Company.Walt Disney Television's television productions are broadcast, mostly on Disney Channel, Playhouse Disney, Toon Disney, and Disney Cinemagic." ]	4
Who designed the Brooklyn Bridge?	[ "John A. Roebling\nJohn Augustus Roebling (born Johann August Röbling; June 12, 1806 – July 22, 1869) was a German-born American civil engineer. He is famous for his wire rope suspension bridge designs, in particular, the design of the Brooklyn Bridge.", "Brooklyn Bridge\nThe Brooklyn Bridge is a hybrid cable-stayed/suspension bridge in New York City and is one of the oldest bridges of either type in the United States. Completed in 1883, it connects the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn by spanning the East River. It has a main span of 1,595.5 feet (486.3 m), and was the first steel-wire suspension bridge constructed.", "Brooklyn Bridge (film)\nBrooklyn Bridge is a documentary film on the history of the Brooklyn Bridge. It was produced by Ken Burns, Roger Sherman, Buddy Squires, and Amy Stechler in 1981. The film included interviews with personalities such as writer Arthur Miller. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Documentary Feature. It was narrated by historian David McCullough.", "James Wood (engineer)\nJames J. Wood was an engineer who contributed to the development of lockmaking, the development of the submarine, the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge, and the design of the modern refrigerator. He fabricated the steel cables for the Brooklyn Bridge. He also invented internal combustion engine for Submarine. He graduated from the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute as a mechanical engineer." ]	[ "Thomas Andrews (shipbuilder) Thomas Andrews, Jr. (7 February 1873 – 15 April 1912) was an Irish business man and shipbuilder; managing director and also head of the drafting department of the shipbuilding company Harland and Wolff in Belfast, Ireland. Andrews was the naval architect in charge of the plans for the ocean liner RMS Titanic. He was travelling on board the Titanic during her maiden voyage when the ship hit an iceberg on 15 April 1912, and he died in the disaster.", "L. Bruce Archer Leonard Bruce Archer CBE (22 November 1922 – 16 May 2005) was a British mechanical engineer and later Professor of Design Research at the Royal College of Art who championed research in design, and helped to establish design as an academic discipline.", "Theodate Pope Riddle Theodate Pope Riddle (February 2, 1867 – August 30, 1946) was an American architect. She was one of the first American women architects as well as a survivor of the sinking of the RMS Lusitania.", "Frei Otto Frei Paul Otto (German: [ˈfʁaɪ ˈɔtoː]; 31 May 1925 – 9 March 2015) was a German architect and structural engineer noted for his use of lightweight structures, in particular tensile and membrane structures, including the roof of the Olympic Stadium in Munich for the 1972 Summer Olympics.Otto won the RIBA Royal Gold Medal in 2006 and was awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2015, shortly before his death.", "Frank Bridge Frank Bridge (26 February 1879 – 10 January 1941) was an English composer, violist and conductor.", "George Washington Goethals George Washington Goethals (/ˈɡoʊθəlz/ GOH-thəlz; June 29, 1858 – January 21, 1928) was a United States Army officer and civil engineer, best known for his administration and supervision of the construction and the opening of the Panama Canal. The Goethals Bridge between Staten Island, New York City and Elizabeth, New Jersey is named in his honor, as is the Goethals Medal and the troop ship USNS George W. Goethals (T-AP-182).", "Richard Lippold Richard Lippold (May 3, 1915 Milwaukee, Wisconsin – August 22, 2002) was an American sculptor, known for his geometric constructions using wire as a medium.He studied at the University of Chicago, and graduated from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago in industrial design in 1937.Lippold worked as an industrial designer from 1937 to 1941.", "Ithiel Town Ithiel Town (October 3, 1784 – June 13, 1844) was a prominent American architect and civil engineer. One of the first generation of professional architects in the United States, Town made significant contributions to American architecture in the first half of the 19th century. His work, in the Federal and revivalist Greek and Gothic revival architectural styles, was influential and widely copied.", "Dumbarton Bridge (Washington, D.C.) The Dumbarton Bridge, also known as the Q Street Bridge and the Buffalo Bridge, is a historic masonry arch bridge in Washington, D.C., built in 1914–15 to convey Q Street Northwest across Rock Creek Park between the city's Dupont Circle and Georgetown neighborhoods. The bridge's design was by Glenn Brown with engineering design by Daniel B. Luten.", "Michael Arad Michael Arad is an Israeli-American architect who is best known for being the designer of the World Trade Center Memorial. He won the competition to design the memorial in 2004.", "Ben Thompson (architect) Benjamin C. Thompson (July 3, 1918 – August 21, 2002), known as Ben Thompson, was an American architect.", "Gustave Eiffel Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (born Bönickhausen; /ˈaɪfəl/; French pronunciation: [efɛl]; 15 December 1832 – 27 December 1923) was a French civil engineer and architect. A graduate of the prestigious École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures of France, he made his name with various bridges for the French railway network, most famously the Garabit viaduct.", "Shreve, Lamb & Harmon Shreve, Lamb, and Harmon was an architectural firm, best known for designing the Empire State Building, the tallest building in the world at the time of its completion in 1931.", "Asher Benjamin Asher Benjamin (June 15, 1773 – July 26, 1845) was an American architect and author whose work transitioned between Federal style architecture and the later Greek Revival. His seven handbooks on design deeply influenced the look of cities and towns throughout New England until the Civil War. Builders also copied his plans in the Midwest and in the South.", "Mario Salvadori Mario G. Salvadori (March 19, 1907 – June 25, 1997) was a structural engineer and professor of both civil engineering and architecture at Columbia University.", "Wendel Bollman Wendel Bollman (January 21, 1814 – 1884) was an American self-taught civil engineer, best known for his iron railway bridges. Only one of his patented \"Bollman truss\" bridges survives, the Bollman Truss Railroad Bridge in Savage, Maryland. The Wells Creek Bollman Bridge near Meyersdale, Pennsylvania is also standing, although that bridge features a \"Warren truss\" system.", "Alfred Preis Alfred Preis (February 2, 1911 – March 29, 1993) was an Austrian-born American architect best known for designing the USS Arizona Memorial in Pearl Harbor.", "Leffert L. Buck Leffert L. Buck (1837–1909) was an American civil engineer and a pioneer in the use of steel arch bridge structures. Leffert graduated from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York, in 1868. Some of his projects include:The Verrugas Viaduct on the Oroya Railroad in Peru (in the early 1870s)The Whirlpool Rapids Bridge over the Niagara GorgeThe Williamsburg Bridge, one of New York City's most notable landmarks, with Henry Hornbostel.", "Walter Burley Griffin Walter Burley Griffin (November 24, 1876 – February 11, 1937) was an American architect and landscape architect. He is known for designing Canberra, Australia's capital city. He has been credited with the development of the L-shaped floor plan, the carport and an innovative use of reinforced concrete.Influenced by the Chicago-based Prairie School, Griffin developed a unique modern style. He worked in partnership with his wife Marion Mahony Griffin.", "Johnny Maestro & the Brooklyn Bridge Johnny Maestro & the Brooklyn Bridge (or simply The Brooklyn Bridge) is an American musical group, best known for their million-selling rendition of Jimmy Webb's \"The Worst That Could Happen\" (1968).", "John Smeaton John Smeaton, FRS, (8 June 1724 – 28 October 1792) was an English civil engineer responsible for the design of bridges, canals, harbours and lighthouses. He was also a capable mechanical engineer and an eminent physicist. Smeaton was the first self-proclaimed civil engineer, and often regarded as the \"father of civil engineering\".He was associated with the Lunar Society.", "Isaac Newton Phelps Stokes Isaac Newton Phelps Stokes (1867–1944) was an American architect, who was the eldest son of Helen Louise (Phelps) and Anson Phelps Stokes. His early architectural career was in partnership with John Mead Howells. Stokes was a pioneer in social housing who co-authored the 1901 New York tenement house law. For twenty years he worked on the The Iconography of Manhattan Island, a six volume compilation that became one of most important research resources about the early development of the City.", "Robert Moses Robert Moses (December 18, 1888 – July 29, 1981) was the \"master builder\" of mid-20th century New York City, Long Island, Rockland County, and Westchester County, New York. As the shaper of a modern city, he is sometimes compared to Baron Haussmann of Second Empire Paris, and was arguably one of the most polarizing figures in the history of urban planning in the United States.", "Michael Graves Michael Graves (July 9, 1934 – March 12, 2015) was an American architect. Identified as one of The New York Five, as well as Memphis Group, Graves was known first for his contemporary building designs and some prominent public commissions that became iconic examples of Postmodern architecture, such as the Portland Building and the Denver Public Library.", "Conde McCullough Conde Balcom McCullough (May 30, 1887 – May 5, 1946) was a U.S. bridge engineer who is primarily known for designing many of Oregon's coastal bridges on U.S. Route 101. The native of South Dakota worked for the Oregon Department of Transportation from 1919 to 1935 and 1937 until 1946. McCullough also was a professor at Oregon State University.", "Nathaniel Jeremiah Bradlee Nathaniel Jeremiah Bradlee (June 1, 1829 – December 17, 1888) was a Boston architect and a partner in the firm of Bradlee, Winslow & Wetherell.", "Eliot Noyes Eliot Fette Noyes (August 12, 1910 – July 18, 1977) was a Harvard-trained American architect and industrial designer, who worked on projects for IBM, most notably the IBM Selectric typewriter and the IBM Aerospace Research Center in Los Angeles, California. Noyes was also a pioneer in development of comprehensive corporate-wide design programs that integrated design strategy and business strategy. Noyes worked on corporate imagery for IBM, Mobil Oil, Cummins Engine and Westinghouse.", "John Wolfe Barry Sir John Wolfe Barry (7 December 1836 – 22 January 1918), the youngest son of famous architect Sir Charles Barry, was an English civil engineer of the late 19th and early 20th century. His most famous project is Tower Bridge over the River Thames in London which was constructed 1886–1894. After receiving a knighthood in 1897, he added \"Wolfe\" to his inherited name in 1898 to become Sir John Wolfe Barry.", "Horst Berger Horst Berger (1928-) is a structural engineer and designer known for his work with lightweight tensile architecture. After receiving a degree in Civil Engineering in 1954 from Stuttgart University in Stuttgart, Germany, he began working in 1955 at the Bridge and Special Structures Department of Wayss and Freitag in Frankfurt. In 1960, he joined Severud Associates in New York city and worked on projects such as the St.", "Lattice truss bridge A lattice bridge is a form of truss bridge that uses a large number of small and closely spaced diagonal elements that form a lattice. It was patented by architect Ithiel Town in 1820 and 1835 as Town's lattice truss.Originally a design to allow a substantial bridge to be made from planks employing lower–skilled labor, rather than heavy timbers and more expensive carpenters, this type of bridge has also been constructed using a large number of relatively light iron or steel members.", "Eugenius Birch Eugenius Birch (June 20, 1818 – 1884) was a 19th-century English naval architect, engineer and noted pier builder.", "Jože Plečnik Jože Plečnik (About this sound pronunciation ) (23 January 1872 – 7 January 1957) was a Slovene architect who had a major impact on the modern identity of the city of Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia, most notably by designing the iconic Triple Bridge and the Slovene National and University Library building, as well as the embankments along the Ljubljanica River, the Ljubljana open market buildings, the Ljubljana cemetery, parks, plazas etc.", "Alfred Ely Beach Alfred Ely Beach (September 1, 1826 – January 1, 1896) was an American inventor, publisher, and patent lawyer, born in Springfield, Massachusetts. He is most known for his design of New York City's earliest subway predecessor, the Beach Pneumatic Transit. He also patented a typewriter for the blind.", "Verrazano–Narrows Bridge The Verrazano–Narrows Bridge (sometimes called simply the Verrazano Bridge) is a double-decked suspension bridge in the U.S. state of New York that connects the New York City boroughs of Staten Island and Brooklyn. It spans the Narrows, a body of water connecting the relatively protected upper bay with the larger, wide open lower bay.The bridge is named for the Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano, whose name is misspelled on the bridge, as well as for the Narrows.", "Loammi Baldwin Colonel Loammi Baldwin (January 10, 1744 – October 20, 1807) was a noted American engineer, politician, and a soldier in the American Revolutionary War.Baldwin is known as the Father of American Civil Engineering. His five sons, Cyrus Baldwin (1773–1854), Benjamin Franklin Baldwin (1777–1821), Loammi Baldwin, Jr. (1780–1834), James Fowle Baldwin (1782–1862), and George Rumford Baldwin (1798–1888) were also well-known engineers.", "Hugh Ferriss Hugh Ferriss (1889 – 1962) was an American delineator (one who creates drawings and sketches of buildings) and architect. After his death a colleague said he 'influenced my generation of architects' more than any other man. Ferriss also influenced popular culture, for example Gotham City (the setting for Batman) and Kerry Conran's Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow.", "Mao Yisheng Dr. Mao Yisheng (Chinese: 茅以升; pinyin: Máo Yǐshēng; Wade–Giles: Mao2 I3-sheng1; January 9, 1896 – November 12, 1989) was a Chinese structural engineer, an expert on bridge construction, and a social activist.", "James Renwick, Jr. James Renwick, Jr. (November 11, 1818, Bloomingdale, in upper Manhattan, New York City – June 23, 1895, New York City) was an American architect in the 19th century. The Encyclopedia of American Architecture calls him \"one of the most successful American architects of his time\".", "Nathan Rosen Nathan Rosen (Hebrew: נתן רוזן‎; March 22, 1909 – December 18, 1995) was an American-Israeli physicist noted for his study on the structure of the hydrogen molecule and his work with Albert Einstein and Boris Podolsky on entangled wave functions and the EPR paradox. The Einstein–Rosen bridge, later named the wormhole, was a theory of Nathan Rosen.", "Alexander Mitchell (engineer) Alexander Mitchell, (13 April 1780 – 25 June 1868) was an Irish engineer who from 1802 was blind. He is known as the inventor of the screw-pile lighthouse. He was a native of Dublin, and received his formal education at Belfast Academy where he excelled in mathematics.Mitchell was a brickmaker in Belfast who invented machines used in that trade, and the screw-pile for which he gained some fame.", "Jörg Schlaich Jörg Schlaich (born 1934) is a German structural engineer and is known internationally for his ground-breaking work in the creative design of bridges, long-span roofs, and other complex structures. He is a co-founder of the leading firm Schlaich Bergermann & Partner.", "James Bogardus James Bogardus (March 14, 1800 – April 13, 1874) was an American inventor and architect, the pioneer of American cast-iron architecture, for which he took out a patent in 1850. In the next two decades he demonstrated the use of cast-iron in the construction of building facades, especially in New York City, where he was based, but also in Washington, DC, where three cast-iron structures erected by Bogardus in 1851 were the first such constructions in the capital.", "Theodore Cooper Theodore Cooper (January 13, 1839 – August 24, 1919) was an American civil engineer. He may be best known as consulting engineer on the Quebec Bridge when it collapsed in 1907.Upon receiving a degree in civil engineering from Resselaer Institute (now Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute) in 1858, Cooper accepted a position as Assistant Engineer on the Troy and Greenfield Railroad and Hoosac (Massachusetts) Tunnel.", "Eugenius Harvey Outerbridge Eugenius Harvey Outerbridge (March 8, 1860 – November 10, 1932) was a businessman and promoter of patent fiberboard, and the first chairman of the interstate agency known then as the Port of New York Authority. The Outerbridge Crossing, a Port Authority bridge, was named for him.", "Jeremiah Burnham Tainter Jeremiah Burnham Tainter (January 6, 1836 in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin – February 5, 1920) was an inventor and engineer known for having designed the Tainter gate in 1886. He began his work in hydrology in 1862, with the modification of pre-existing mill pond dams in Menomonie. Tainter was employed by Knapp, Stout & Co., the largest lumber manufacturer in the United States in the last quarter of the 19th century.", "Boris Aronson Boris Aronson (October 15, 1898 – November 16, 1980) was an American scenic designer for Broadway and Yiddish theatre. He won the Tony Award for Scenic Design six times in his career.", "John Mercer Brooke John Mercer Brooke (December 18, 1826 – December 14, 1906) was an American sailor, engineer, scientist, and educator. He was instrumental in the creation of the Transatlantic Cable, and was a noted marine and military innovator.", "Frederick Staples Benedict Frederick Staples Benedict (1861 – January 8, 1936) was an American architect. For more than thirty years he was a partner in the firm of York and Sawyer. He was a graduate of Cornell University College of Architecture, Art, and Planning.", "John Alexander Low Waddell John Alexander Low Waddell (1854 – March 3, 1938, often shortened to J.A.L. Waddell and sometimes known as John Alexander Waddell) was an American civil engineer and prolific bridge designer, with more than a thousand structures to his credit in the United States, Canada, as well as Mexico, Russia, China, Japan, and New Zealand. Waddell’s work set standards for elevated railroad systems and helped develop materials suitable for large span bridges.", "H. Craig Severance Harold Craig Severance (1 July 1879 – 2 September 1941) was an American architect who designed a number of well-known buildings in New York City, including the Coca-Cola Building, Nelson Tower and most prominently, 40 Wall Street.", "Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. (July 24, 1870 – December 25, 1957) was an American landscape architect who is best known for his wildlife conservation efforts. He had a lifetime commitment to national parks, and worked on projects in Acadia, the Everglades and Yosemite National Park. Olmsted Point in Yosemite and Olmsted Island at Great Falls of the Potomac River in Maryland are named after him. He was the son of Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr., and he and his brother John C.", "Filippo Brunelleschi Filippo Brunelleschi (Italian: [fiˈlippo brunelˈleski]; 1377 – April 15, 1446) was an Italian engineer and a key figure in architecture. He is perhaps most famous for developing a technique for linear perspective in art and for building the dome of the Florence Cathedral, but his accomplishments also include other architectural works, sculpture, mathematics, engineering and even ship design.", "Brooklyn Bridge (TV series) Brooklyn Bridge is an American television program which aired on CBS between 1991 and 1993. It is about a Jewish American family living in Brooklyn in the middle 1950s.", "Robert H. B. Brazier Robert H. B. Brazier (died 1837) was an English surveyor who emigrated to the United States in July 1819.He came as an assistant to Hamilton Fulton who had been hired as Principal Engineer by the North Carolina Board of Internal Improvements. Brazier had received his professional training under John Rennie, the Scottish Civil Engineer who is remembered as the designer of several bridges, including London Bridge, the Plymouth Breakwater and the London and East India docks.", "Robert Erskine Robert Erskine (1735 – 1780) was a Scottish inventor and engineer who came to the British Thirteen Colonies in 1771 to run the ironworks at Ringwood, New Jersey, and later became sympathetic to the movement for independence. In 1776 during the American Revolutionary War, he designed an underwater cheval-de-frise installed across the Hudson River at the north end of Manhattan to prevent passage of British ships upriver.", "George B. Post George Browne Post (December 15, 1837 – November 28, 1913) was an American architect trained in the Beaux-Arts tradition. Many of his most characteristic projects were for commercial buildings where new requirements pushed the traditional boundaries of design. Many of them have also been demolished, since their central locations in New York and other cities made them vulnerable to rebuilding in the twentieth century. Some of his lost buildings were landmarks of their era, nevertheless.", "Frank Lloyd Wright Frank Lloyd Wright (born Frank Lincoln Wright, June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American architect, interior designer, writer, and educator, who designed more than 1,000 structures, 532 of which were completed. Wright believed in designing structures that were in harmony with humanity and its environment, a philosophy he called organic architecture. This philosophy was best exemplified by Fallingwater (1935), which has been called \"the best all-time work of American architecture\".", "John J. Raskob John Jakob Raskob, KCSG (19 March 1879 – 15 October 1950) was a financial executive and businessman for DuPont and General Motors, and the builder of the Empire State Building. He was chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 1928 to 1932 and a key supporter of Alfred E. Smith's candidacy for President of the United States. After Franklin D.", "Milton Glaser Milton Glaser (born June 26, 1929) is an American graphic designer. His designs include the I ♥ NY logo, his Bob Dylan poster, the DC bullet logo used by DC Comics from 1977 to 2005, and the Brooklyn Brewery logo. He also founded New York Magazine with Clay Felker in 1968.", "Thomas Bouch Sir Thomas Bouch (/ˈbaʊtʃ/; 25 February 1822 – 30 October 1880) was a British railway engineer in Victorian Britain.He was born in Thursby, near Carlisle, Cumberland, England and lived in Edinburgh. As manager of the Edinburgh and Northern Railway he introduced the first roll-on/roll-off train ferry service in the world. Subsequently as a consulting engineer, he helped develop the caisson and popularised the use of lattice girders in railway bridges.", "John McComb, Jr. John McComb, Jr. (1763 in New York City, New York – 1853 in New York City, New York) was an American architect who designed many landmarks in the 18th and 19th centuries.McComb's father John McComb, Sr. was also an architect who designed several Manhattan churches which have since been torn down.John McComb, Jr. is interred at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.", "Rowland Mason Ordish Rowland Mason Ordish (11 April 1824 – 1886) was an English engineer. He is most noted for his design of the Winter Garden, Dublin (1865), for his detailed work on the single-span roof of London's St Pancras railway station, undertaken with William Henry Barlow (1868) and the Albert Bridge, a crossing of the River Thames in London, completed in 1873.Born in Melbourne, Derbyshire, Ordish was the son of a land agent and surveyor.", "Ephraim Francis Baldwin Ephraim Francis Baldwin (October 4, 1837 – January 20, 1916) was an American architect, best known for his work for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and for the Roman Catholic Church.", "Benjamin Henry Latrobe, II Benjamin Henry Latrobe, II (December 19, 1806 – October 19, 1878) was an American civil engineer, best known for his railway bridges, and a railway executive.", "Francis Hopkinson Smith Francis Hopkinson Smith (October 23, 1838 – April 7, 1915) was a United States author, artist and engineer. He built the foundation for the Statue of Liberty, wrote many famous stories and received awards for his paintings.", "Clark Eldridge Clark Eldridge (1896–1990) was one of the engineers who designed the first Tacoma Narrows Bridge.In 1936, Eldridge joined the Washington State Highway Department. He designed two of the state's most colossal bridges, the Lake Washington Floating Bridge and the first Tacoma Narrows Bridge. From the outset, Eldridge considered the Tacoma Narrows Bridge \"his bridge.\" The Washington State Highway Department had challenged him to find money to help build it, and he did.", "Robert Maillart Robert Maillart (6 February 1872 – 5 April 1940) was a Swiss civil engineer who revolutionized the use of structural reinforced concrete with such designs as the three-hinged arch and the deck-stiffened arch for bridges, and the beamless floor slab and mushroom ceiling for industrial buildings.", "Bruce Price Bruce Price (12 December 1845–29 May 1903) was an American architect and an innovator in the Shingle Style. The stark geometry and compact massing of his Tuxedo Park, New York cottages influenced Modernist architects, including Frank Lloyd Wright and Robert Venturi.He also designed Richardsonian Romanesque institutional buildings, Beaux-Arts mansions, and Manhattan skyscrapers.", "John B. Jervis John Bloomfield Jervis (December 14, 1795 – January 12, 1885) was an American civil engineer.", "Thomas Harrison (architect) Thomas Harrison (7 August (baptised) 1744 – 29 March 1829) was an English architect and bridge engineer who trained in Rome, where he studied classical architecture. Returning to England, he won the competition in 1782 for the design of Skerton Bridge in Lancaster. After moving to Lancaster he worked on local buildings, received commissions for further bridges, and designed country houses in Scotland.", "Leslie E. Robertson Leslie Earl Robertson (born February 12, 1928) is a retired engineer. He was one of the structural engineers of the World Trade Center in New York and was responsible for the design of the buildings' sway-reduction features. He has since been structural engineer on numerous other projects, including the Shanghai World Financial Center and the Bank of China Tower in Hong Kong.", "Ralph Modjeski Ralph Modjeski (born Rudolf Modrzejewski; January 27, 1861 – June 26, 1940) was a Polish civil engineer who achieved prominence as a pre-eminent bridge designer in the United States.", "Leon Moisseiff Leon S. Moisseiff (November 10, 1872 – September 3, 1943) was a leading suspension bridge engineer in the United States of America in the 1920s and 1930s. He was awarded The Franklin Institute's Louis E. Levy Medal in 1933.", "Benjamin Baker (engineer) Sir Benjamin Baker KCB KCMG FRS FRSE (31 March 1840 – 19 May 1907) was an eminent English civil engineer who worked in mid to late Victorian era. He helped develop the early underground railways in London with Sir John Fowler, but he is best known for his work on the Forth Bridge. He made many other notable contributions to civil engineering, including his work as an expert witness at the public inquiry into the Tay Rail Bridge disaster. Later, he helped design and build the first Aswan dam.", "Minoru Yamasaki Minoru Yamasaki (December 1, 1912 – February 7, 1986) was an American architect, best known for designing the original World Trade Center in New York City and several other large-scale projects. Yamasaki was one of the most prominent architects of the 20th century. He and fellow architect Edward Durell Stone are generally considered to be the two master practitioners of \"New Formalism\".", "Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi (French: [fʁedeʁik oɡyst baʁtɔldi]; 2 August 1834 – 4 October 1904) was a French sculptor who is best known for designing the Statue of Liberty.", "Kristoffer Olsen Oustad Kristoffer Olsen Oustad (January 27, 1857 – February 13, 1943) was a Norwegian-American engineer who designed major structures in the United States. Often working together with three other Norwegian-American engineers (Martin Sigvart Grytbak, Andreas W. Munster and Frederick William Cappelen) he designed bridges and other buildings. Oustad was born on the Oustad farm in Romedal Parish, Hedmark county in the historic region of Østlandet, Norway.", "Henry Hobson Richardson Henry Hobson Richardson (September 29, 1838 – April 27, 1886) was a prominent American architect who designed buildings in Albany, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and other cities. The style he popularized is named for him: Richardsonian Romanesque. Along with Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright, Richardson is one of \"the recognized trinity of American architecture\".", "Ralph Freeman (1880–1950) Sir Ralph Freeman (27 November 1880 – 11 March 1950) was an English structural engineer, responsible for the design of several of the world's most impressive bridges.Born in London, England, he studied at The Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School and the City and Guilds of London Institute, and in 1901 joined Douglas Fox & Partners, a firm of consulting engineers specialising in the design of steel bridges.", "Calvert Vaux Calvert Vaux (/vɔːks/; December 20, 1824 – November 19, 1895) was a British-American architect and landscape designer. He is best known as the co-designer, along with his protégé and junior partner Frederick Law Olmsted, of what would become New York's Central Park.Vaux, on his own and in various partnerships, designed and created dozens of parks across the country. He introduced new ideas about the significance of public parks in America during a hectic time of urbanization.", "William Brown (bridge designer) William Brown (16 September 1928 – 16 March 2005)was a structural engineer and bridge designer who specialised in suspension bridges. He is credited with the idea of designing bridge decks with an aerofoil-shaped cross section (in effect an upside-down wing) for stability in a wide variety of wind conditions.He was one of the principal designers at Freeman Fox & Partners (now Hyder Consulting) from 1956 to 1985.In 1987 he set up the Brown Beech & Associates.", "Gary David Goldberg Gary David Goldberg (June 25, 1944 – June 22, 2013) was an American writer and producer for television and film. Goldberg was best known for his work on Family Ties (1982–89), Spin City (1996–2002), and his semi-autobiographical series Brooklyn Bridge (1991–93).", "John Rennie the Elder John Rennie FRSE FRS (7 June 1761 – 4 October 1821) was a Scottish civil engineer who designed many bridges, canals, and docks.", "Robert Mylne (architect) Robert Mylne (4 January 1733 – 5 May 1811) was a Scottish architect and civil engineer, particularly remembered for his design for Blackfriars Bridge in London. Born and raised in Edinburgh, he travelled to Europe as a young man, studying architecture in Rome under Piranesi.", "Antonio da Ponte Antonio da Ponte (1512–1595) was a Swiss-born Venetian architect and engineer, most famous for his rebuilding of the Rialto Bridge in Venice.Da Ponte was head architect of the rebuilding of the Ducal Palace that was badly damaged by fire in 1574. After the original wooden structure of the Rialto Bridge had collapsed repeatedly, it was decided that a stone bridge was necessary.", "James Barney Marsh James Barney Marsh (1856–June 26, 1936) was an engineer and bridge designer born in North Lake, Wisconsin. He was a graduate of Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts in Ames.He is known for reinforced concrete arch bridges, which he holds a 1911 patent for, throughout the United States. An example is the Cotter Bridge in Arkansas. The Big Creek Bridge in Oregon is similar in design.", "Henry Hornbostel Henry Hornbostel (1867–1961) was an American architect.He designed more than 225 buildings, bridges, and monuments in the United States; currently 22 are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.Born in Brooklyn, New York, he graduated in 1891 from Columbia University and also studied at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris, France.", "George S. Morison (engineer) George Shattuck Morison (December 19, 1842 – July 1, 1903) was trained to be a lawyer, but became an engineer and the leading bridge designer of his time.", "John Bradfield (engineer) Dr. John Jacob \"Job\" Crew Bradfield CMG (26 December 1867 – 23 September 1943) was a prominent Australian engineer who is best known for his work overseeing the design and building of the Sydney Harbour Bridge.", "Joseph Stella Joseph Stella (born Giuseppe Michele Stella, June 13, 1877 – November 5, 1946) was an Italian-born American Futurist painter best known for his depictions of industrial America, especially his images of the Brooklyn Bridge. He is also associated with the American Precisionist movement of the 1910s–1940s.", "Emily Warren Roebling Emily Warren Roebling (September 23, 1843 – February 28, 1903) was married to Washington Roebling, a civil engineer who was Chief Engineer during the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge. She is best known for her contribution to the completion of the Brooklyn Bridge after her husband developed caisson disease.", "Gustav Lindenthal Gustav Lindenthal (May 21, 1850 – July 31, 1935) was a civil engineer who designed the Hell Gate Bridge in New York City, among other bridges.Lindenthal's work was greatly affected by his pursuit for perfection and his love of art. His structures not only serve the purpose they were designed for, but are aesthetically pleasing to the public eye.", "Joseph Strauss (engineer) Joseph Baermann Strauss (January 9, 1870 – May 16, 1938) was an American structural engineer who revolutionized the design of bascule bridges. He was the chief engineer of the Golden Gate Bridge, a suspension bridge.", "Othmar Ammann Othmar Hermann Ammann (March 26, 1879 – September 22, 1965) was a Swiss-American structural engineer whose bridge designs include the George Washington Bridge, Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, and Bayonne Bridge. He also directed the planning and construction of New York City's Lincoln Tunnel.", "David B. Steinman David Bernard Steinman (June 11, 1886 – August 21, 1960) was an American structural engineer. He was the designer of the Mackinac Bridge and many other notable bridges, and a published author. He grew up in New York City's lower Manhattan, and lived with the ambition of making his mark on the Brooklyn Bridge that he lived under. In 1906 he earned a bachelor's degree from City College and in 1909, a Master of Arts from Columbia University and a Doctorate in 1911.", "Washington Roebling Washington Augustus Roebling (May 26, 1837 – July 21, 1926) was an American civil engineer best known for his work on the Brooklyn Bridge, which was initially designed by his father John A. Roebling." ]	7
Give me all actors starring in Batman Begins.	[ "Christian Bale filmography\nEnglish actor Christian Bale starred in various drama films, a few television shows and advertisements. He made his acting debut in 1986, on the television film Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna. The following year, he made his film debut starring alongside John Malkovich and Miranda Richardson in the war film Empire of the Sun. Bale's role of a young boy, interned in China by the Japanese, received praise from most film critics.", "Liam Neeson\nLiam John Neeson, OBE (born 7 June 1952) is an Irish-American actor. In 1976, he joined the Lyric Players' Theatre in Belfast for two years. He then acted in the Arthurian film, Excalibur (1981). Between 1982 and 1987, Neeson starred in five films; most notably alongside Mel Gibson and Anthony Hopkins in The Bounty (1984) and Robert De Niro and Jeremy Irons in The Mission (1986).", "Cillian Murphy\nCillian Murphy (/ˈkɪliən/; born 25 May 1976) is an Irish actor of stage and screen. Since making his debut in his home country in the late 1990s, Murphy has also become a presence in British and American cinema—noted by critics for his performances in a wide range of roles.A native of Cork, Murphy began his performing career as a rock musician. After turning down a record deal, he made his professional acting debut in the play Disco Pigs in 1996.", "Dominic Burgess\nDominic Burgess (born 29 July 1982) is an English actor. He is best known for his appearances in several television adverts and series such as Raising Hope, Doctor Who, and It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia. He has also appeared in films such as Batman Begins.", "Liam Neeson filmography\nLiam Neeson is an Irish actor who rose to prominence with his acclaimed starring role in Steven Spielberg's 1993 Oscar winner Schindler's List. He has since starred in a number of other successful films, including Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace, Taken, Taken 2, Michael Collins, Les Misérables, Batman Begins, Kinsey, Clash of the Titans, and The Chronicles of Narnia series.", "List of The Batman episodes\nThe following is an episode list for the Kids' WB animated television series The Batman, starring the titular character. The series premiered on September 11, 2004, and ended on March 22, 2008. Although the series borrows many elements from previous Batman storylines, it does not follow the continuity set by the comic books nor that of the previous Batman: The Animated Series or its spin-offs.", "Morgan Freeman\nMorgan Freeman (born June 1, 1937) is an American actor, film director, and narrator. Freeman has received Academy Award nominations for his performances in Street Smart, Driving Miss Daisy, The Shawshank Redemption and Invictus, and won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar in 2005 for Million Dollar Baby. He has also won a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award.", "Khan Bonfils\nKan (Khan) Bonfils (1972 – January 5, 2015) was a British actor and performer. He trained at the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art.", "Larry Holden\nLaurence H. \"Larry\" Holden (born 15 May 1961, Belfast, Northern Ireland – died 13 February 2011, Orange, Vermont) was an actor best known for his roles in several of Christopher Nolan's films, including Batman Begins as Finch, Memento as Jimmy and Insomnia as Farrell.Born in Belfast to Command Sergeant Major Laurence E. Holden and his wife, Friederike, Larry Holden began his career in 1991's The Arc. He appeared in episodes of Cracker and Charmed.", "Alfred Pennyworth\nAlfred Thaddeus Crane Pennyworth is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, most commonly in association with Batman. The character first appears in Batman #16 (April 1943), and was created by writers Bob Kane and Bill Finger, and artist Jerry Robinson. Alfred serves as a loyal, tireless butler who assists his employer's secret life as Batman.", "Gus Lewis\nGus Lewis (born 19 January 1993) is an American-born English actor. He is best known for playing the young Bruce Wayne in the 2005 blockbuster film Batman Begins, co-starring with Christian Bale and Michael Caine. That year, he also co-starred in the film Asylum alongside Hugh Bonneville and Natasha Richardson.", "Andrew Pleavin\nAndrew Pleavin (born 13 April 1968) is an English actor known for his appearances in the TV film Attila, Unstoppable, Batman Begins, Attack of the Gryphon, Return to House on Haunted Hill and his roles in the British police dramas Messiah III: the Promise and The Bill. In February 2006, he was cast in 300 by Frank Miller, a film in which he played a character called Daxos.Andrew was born in England but spent his early years in Transvaal, South Africa.", "Rachel Dawes\nRachel Dawes is a fictional character who first appeared in Christopher Nolan's 2005 feature film, Batman Begins. She was portrayed in that film by Katie Holmes, with Emma Lockhart as a younger version of the character in early scenes. Holmes also voiced Rachel in the Batman Begins video game. Maggie Gyllenhaal replaced Holmes in the 2008 sequel The Dark Knight after Holmes chose not to reprise the role.", "Tom Wu\nTom Wu is a Chinese British radio and television actor. He was born in Hong Kong and grew up in Chinatown, London. He is a martial arts expert who has appeared in films such as Revolver, Shanghai Knights, Batman Begins and the Bollywood sci-fi movie Ra.One.At the age of ten, Tom began practicing various martial arts such as Hung Gar, Karate and Wing Chun, and later took up acrobatics.", "Gary Oldman\nGary Leonard Oldman (born 21 March 1958) is an English actor, filmmaker, and musician. He began acting in theatre in 1979, and gained his first starring film role in Meantime (1983). Oldman continued to lead a stage career, in which he performed at the Royal Court Theatre and was a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company until the late 1980s.", "Batman Begins\nBatman Begins is a 2005 superhero film based on the fictional DC Comics character Batman, co-written and directed by Christopher Nolan and starring Christian Bale, Michael Caine, Liam Neeson, Katie Holmes, Gary Oldman, Cillian Murphy, Tom Wilkinson, Rutger Hauer, with Ken Watanabe and Morgan Freeman.", "John Nolan (British actor)\nJohn Nolan (born 22 May 1938) is a United States-based British film and television actor, known for his role as a Wayne Enterprises board member Douglas Fredericks in Batman Begins, The Dark Knight Rises and The Dark Knight promotional segments Gotham Central.", "Colin McFarlane\nColin McFarlane (born 15 September 1961) is an English actor and voice artist.", "Katie Holmes\nKate Noelle \"Katie\" Holmes (born December 18, 1978) is an American actress and model who first achieved fame for her role as Joey Potter on The WB television teen drama Dawson's Creek from 1998 to 2003. She appeared in 1998's Disturbing Behavior, a thriller, which won her an MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance. In 2000 Holmes featured in Wonder Boys which got positive attention from many leading critics.", "Christian Bale\nChristian Charles Philip Bale (born 30 January 1974) is an English actor. He has starred in both blockbuster films and smaller projects from independent producers and art houses.Bale first caught the public eye at the age of 13, when he was cast in the starring role of Steven Spielberg's Empire of the Sun (1987). Based on the original story by J. G.", "Mark Boone Junior\nMark Boone Junior (born Mark Heidrich; March 17, 1955) is an american actor, perhaps best known for his roles as Bobby Munson in FX's Sons of Anarchy and in two films by Christopher Nolan, Memento and Batman Begins.", "Roger Griffiths\nRoger Griffiths is an English actor who has had several roles in television.He first rose to prominence opposite Lenny Henry as Gareth Blackstock's foil Everton Stonehead in BBC One 90s sitcom Chef!. Before starring in Chef, he played a minor role as a news reporter in the Channel 4 British sitcom Desmond's in 1990.Following the run of Chef!, Griffiths has had recurring characters on British soap operas. He joined the cast of Holby City in 2006, after a run on EastEnders as D.I." ]	[ "List of Alias characters The following is a partial list of characters from the TV series, Alias: Jennifer Garner as Sydney Bristow Michael Vartan as Michael Vaughn Ron Rifkin as Arvin Sloane Carl Lumbly as Marcus Dixon Kevin Weisman as Marshall Flinkman Victor Garber as Jack Bristow Bradley Cooper as Will Tippin (Seasons 1–2, guest star in 3.10 and 5.12) Merrin Dungey as Francie Calfo (Seasons 1–2, guest star in 3.6, 3.10 and 5.17) Greg Grunberg as Eric Weiss (Seasons 3–4, recurring before and afterwards) David Anders as Julian Sark (Seasons 2–3, recurring before and afterwards) Lena Olin as Irina Derevko (a.k.a.", "John McClane John McClane is a fictional character and the protagonist of the Die Hard film series. He is portrayed by Bruce Willis. He is known for his sardonic one-liners, including the famous catchphrase \"Yippee-ki-yay, mother fucker\".", "Chester Conklin Chester Cooper Conklin (January 11, 1886 – October 11, 1971) was an American comedic actor who appeared in over 280 films, about half of them in the silent film era.", "Tom Kennedy (actor) Tom Kennedy (July 15, 1885 – October 6, 1965) was an American actor known for his roles in Hollywood comedies from the silent days, with such producers as Mack Sennett and Hal Roach, mainly supporting lead comedians such as the four Marx Brothers, W. C. Fields, Mabel Normand, Shemp Howard and Laurel and Hardy.", "John Malkovich John Gavin Malkovich (born December 9, 1953) is an American actor and director. He has appeared in more than 70 motion pictures. For his roles in Places in the Heart and In the Line of Fire, he received Academy Award nominations. He has also appeared in films such as Empire of the Sun, The Killing Fields, Con Air, Of Mice and Men, Being John Malkovich, Burn After Reading, RED, and Warm Bodies, as well as producing films such as Ghost World, and The Perks of Being a Wallflower.", "Burt Lancaster Burton Stephen \"Burt\" Lancaster (November 2, 1913 – October 20, 1994) was an American film actor noted for his athletic physique, blue eyes, and distinctive smile (which he called \"the Grin\").", "John Schneider (screen actor) John Richard Schneider (born April 8, 1960) is an American actor and country music singer. He is best known for his portrayal of Bo Duke in the 1970s–1980s American television series The Dukes of Hazzard, Jonathan Kent in the 2001–11 TV series Smallville (an adaptation of Superman).", "Shepard Menken Shepard Menken (November 2, 1921 — January 2, 1999) was an American voice actor, radio actor, and character actor.Menken began his career at the age of 11, when he started appearing on children's radio programs. After high school, Menken attended Columbia University, and later studied performing arts at the Neighborhood Playhouse Theatre and the Juilliard School of Music.Menken made his film debut in 1949 with a supporting role in The Red Menace, and eventually appeared onscreen in 17 movies.", "Carmen Argenziano Carmen Antimo Argenziano (born October 27, 1943) is an American actor who has appeared in over 50 movies and around 100 television movies or episodes.", "Bruce Byron Bruce Michael Byron is an English actor best known for his role as DC Terry Perkins in The Bill. He originally followed a career in music, and he started acting at 20.He moved to Australia drilling for oil and gas in the Cooper Basin, then came back to England but could not get a place at drama school. Eventually, he was accepted for ARTTS International in Bubwith, East Riding of Yorkshire.", "List of Batman: The Animated Series episodes Batman: The Animated Series is an American television series based on the DC Comics superhero Batman, which was produced by Warner Bros. Animation and originally aired on Fox from 1992 to 1995; lasting 85 episodes. The series has since aired in re-runs on various other broadcast and cable networks, including The WB, Cartoon Network, Toon Disney and The Hub.", "Neil Hamilton (actor) James Neil Hamilton (September 9, 1899 – September 24, 1984) was a longtime American actor probably best known for his role as Commissioner Gordon on the Batman TV series of the 1960s.", "Dennis Christopher Dennis Christopher (born Dennis Carrelli; December 2, 1955) is an American film actor. He is known for his roles in Breaking Away and in Fade to Black. He has appeared in nearly 40 movies and made-for-TV movies since 1975.", "Ronny Cox Daniel Ronald \"Ronny\" Cox (born July 23, 1938) is an American character actor, singer-songwriter, and storyteller. His best-known roles include Drew Ballinger in Deliverance (1972), George Apple in Apple's Way (1974-75), Lieutenant Andrew Bogomil in Beverly Hills Cop (1984), Richard \"Dick\" Jones in RoboCop (1987) and the villain Vilos Cohaagen in Total Recall (1990). Cox wrote a book about his experience filming Deliverance for the movie's 40th anniversary in 2012.", "Dressed to Kill (1946 film) Dressed to Kill, also known as Prelude to Murder (working title) and Sherlock Holmes and the Secret Code in the United Kingdom, is the last of fourteen films starring Basil Rathbone as Sherlock Holmes and Nigel Bruce as Doctor Watson.", "Carmen Zapata Carmen Margarita Zapata (July 15, 1927 – January 5, 2014) was an American actress. Zapata was born in New York City to a Mexican father and an Argentine mother.Zapata made her Broadway debut in the chorus of Oklahoma! in 1946. She appeared in over one hundred movies and shows, including Batman: The Animated Series, Married... with Children, Sister Act, and she was Carmen Castillo in Santa Barbara.", "Humphrey Bogart filmography Humphrey Bogart was an American film actor whose career spanned nearly three decades. During that time he appeared in 75 feature films, including In a Lonely Place, Angels with Dirty Faces, Sabrina, The Big Sleep, To Have and Have Not, and The Caine Mutiny.While many of his early films were supporting roles in major films starring James Cagney, Edward G.", "Batman Batman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger, and first appeared in Detective Comics #27 (May 1939). Originally named \"the Bat-Man\", the character is also referred to by such epithets as the \"Caped Crusader\", the \"Dark Knight\", and the \"World's Greatest Detective\".Batman's secret identity is Bruce Wayne, an American billionaire, playboy, philanthropist, and capitalist.", "Tom London Tom London (August 24, 1889 – December 5, 1963) was an American veteran actor who played frequently in B-Westerns. According to The Guinness Book of Movie Records, London is credited with appearing in the most films in the history of Hollywood, this according to the 2001 book Film Facts, where it states that he was the performer who played in the most films was \"Tom London, who made his first of over 2000 appearances in the The Great Train Robbery.", "Alan Ritchson Alan Michael Ritchson (born November 28, 1982) is an American actor, model, and singer. He is known for his modeling career as well as his portrayals of the superhero Aquaman on The CW's Smallville and Thad Castle on Spike TV's Blue Mountain State.Ritchson also starred as Gloss in 2013's The Hunger Games: Catching Fire and Raphael in 2014's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles reboot.", "Tony Burton Anthony \"Tony\" Burton (born March 23, 1937) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Tony \"Duke\" Evers in the Rocky series, and is one of four actors (along with Sylvester Stallone, Burt Young and real life commentator Stu Nahan) who have appeared in all six Rocky films.", "James Duval James Edward Duval (born September 10, 1972) is an American actor, who is known for his roles in the Gregg Araki trilogy—Totally Fucked Up, The Doom Generation, and Nowhere—in addition to Frank in Donnie Darko, Blank in May, Miguel in Independence Day and Singh in Go.", "Tatsuya Nakadai Tatsuya Nakadai (仲代達矢, Nakadai Tatsuya, born Motohisa Nakadai December 13, 1932) is a Japanese film actor famous for the wide variety of characters he has portrayed and many collaborations with famous Japanese film directors.He was featured in 11 films directed by Masaki Kobayashi, including the The Human Condition trilogy, wherein he starred as the lead character Kaji, plus Harakiri, Samurai Rebellion and Kwaidan.Nakadai worked with a number of Japan's best-known filmmakers—starring or co-starring in five films directed by Akira Kurosawa, as well as being cast in significant films directed by Hiroshi Teshigahara (The Face of Another), Mikio Naruse (When a Woman Ascends the Stairs), Kihachi Okamoto (Kill! and Sword of Doom), Hideo Gosha (Goyokin), Shirō Toyoda (Portrait of Hell) and Kon Ichikawa (Enjo and Odd Obsession).", "Jason Statham Jason Statham (/ˈsteɪθəm/ STAY-thəm; born 26 July 1967) is an English actor, martial artist, and former diver. He is known for his roles in the Guy Ritchie crime films Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels (1998), Snatch (2000), and Revolver (2005).", "Charles Gray (actor) Charles Gray (29 August 1928 – 7 March 2000) was an English actor who was well known for roles including the arch-villain Blofeld in the James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever, Dikko Henderson in a previous Bond film You Only Live Twice, Sherlock Holmes's brother Mycroft Holmes in The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and as the Criminologist in the cult classic The Rocky Horror Picture Show in 1975.", "Peter MacNicol Peter MacNicol (born April 10, 1954) is an American actor. He is known in films for his roles of Janosz Poha in Ghostbusters II, Stingo in Sophie's Choice, and David Langley in Bean. For television he is known for the roles of the eccentric lawyer John Cage in the FOX comedy-drama Ally McBeal, as Tom Lennox in the sixth season of action-thriller 24, Alan Birch in the medical drama Chicago Hope, and as physicist Dr. Larry Fleinhardt on the CBS crime drama Numbers.", "Kevin Costner Kevin Michael Costner (born January 18, 1955) is an American actor, film director, producer, musician, and singer. He has won two Academy Awards, three Golden Globe Awards, and one Emmy Award, and has been nominated for three BAFTA (British Academy of Film and Television Arts) Awards. In 2013, he was awarded the Honorary César.Costner's notable roles include Eliot Ness in The Untouchables, Crash Davis in Bull Durham, Ray Kinsella in Field of Dreams, Lt. John J.", "Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves is a 1991 American-British adventure film directed by Kevin Reynolds. The film stars Kevin Costner as Robin Hood, Morgan Freeman as Azeem, Christian Slater as Will Scarlet, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as Maid Marian of Dubois, and Alan Rickman as the Sheriff of Nottingham.The movie was a major box office hit, making over $390 million worldwide, which made it the second highest grossing film of 1991.", "Angus Macfadyen Angus Macfadyen (born 21 September 1963) is a Scottish actor known for his roles as Robert the Bruce in Braveheart, Vice-Counsel Dupont in Equilibrium, Jeff Denlon in the Saw franchise and McCreedy in Cameron Crowe's We Bought a Zoo. He has made appearances in several television series such as Californication, Criminal Minds and the final season of Chuck.", "John McGiver John Irwin McGiver (November 5, 1913 – September 9, 1975) was an American character actor who made more than a hundred appearances in television and motion pictures over a two-decade span from 1955 to 1975.The owl-faced, portly actor with the mid-Atlantic accent was known for his performances in such films as Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961); The Manchurian Candidate (1962); and Midnight Cowboy (1969).", "Matthew Modine Matthew Avery Modine (born March 22, 1959) is an American film actor. His best-known film roles include Private Joker in Stanley Kubrick's Full Metal Jacket, the title character in Alan Parker's Birdy, high school wrestler Louden Swain in Vision Quest, and oversexed Sullivan Groff on Weeds.", "Sean Pertwee Sean Pertwee (born 4 June 1964) is a British actor and voice actor. Pertwee attended Teddington School and Sunbury College. Pertwee has played Captain Fitzpatrick in the play Tom Jones, Sergeant Wells in Dog Soldiers, Pilot Smith in Event Horizon and Alfred Pennyworth in Fox's Gotham.", "Calvin Lockhart Calvin Lockhart (born Bert Cooper; October 18, 1934 – March 29, 2007) was a Bahamian–American stage and film actor. He was best known for his role as Biggie Smalls, a big-time gangster in the 1975 Warner Bros. film Let's Do It Again alongside Sidney Poitier, Bill Cosby and Jimmie Walker .", "Bruce Dern Bruce MacLeish Dern (born June 4, 1936) is an American actor. He frequently takes roles as a supporting character actor, often playing villains of unstable nature. He has appeared in more than 80 feature films, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for Coming Home (1978) and the Academy Award for Best Actor for Nebraska (2013).", "Batman franchise media Since his first appearance in 1939, Batman has been adapted into such media as film, radio, television, and video games, as well as numerous merchandising items.", "Dennis Quaid Dennis William Quaid (born April 9, 1954) is an American actor known for a wide variety of dramatic and comedic roles. First gaining widespread attention in the 1980s, his career rebounded in the 1990s after he overcame an addiction to drugs and an eating disorder. Some of his notable credits include Breaking Away, The Right Stuff, Wyatt Earp, The Rookie, The Day After Tomorrow, Traffic, Vantage Point, Footloose, Frequency, The Parent Trap, Yours Mine and Ours and Soul Surfer.", "Eddie Izzard Edward John \"Eddie\" Izzard (/ˈɪzɑːd/; born 7 February 1962) is an English stand-up comedian, actor, and writer. His comedic style takes the form of rambling, whimsical monologue, and self-referential pantomime. He had a starring role in the television series The Riches as Wayne Malloy and has appeared in films such as Ocean's Twelve, Ocean's Thirteen, Mystery Men, Shadow of the Vampire, The Cat's Meow, Across the Universe, and Valkyrie.", "Bruce Willis Walter Bruce Willis (born March 19, 1955) is an American actor, producer and singer. His career began on the Off-Broadway stage and then in television in the 1980s, most notably as David Addison in Moonlighting (1985–89). He is perhaps best known for his role of John McClane in the Die Hard series, which were mostly critical and uniformly financial successes.", "Alyas Batman en Robin Alyas Batman en Robin is a 1991 Filipino Batman comedy film produced by Regal Films spoofing the 1960s Batman television series. It later become popular on the Australian market and became used as a training film for The Birds are Coming Enterprises.The movie was initially an unauthorized production, set to capitalize on the then in-production 1989 Batman film starring Michael Keaton.", "First Knight First Knight is a 1995 medieval film based on Arthurian legend, directed by Jerry Zucker. It stars Richard Gere as Lancelot, Julia Ormond as Guinevere, Sean Connery as King Arthur and Ben Cross as Malagant.The film follows the rogue Lancelot's romance with Lady Guinevere of Leonesse, who is to marry King Arthur of Camelot, while the land is threatened by the renegade knight Malagant.", "Irving Bacon Irving Bacon (September 6, 1893 – February 5, 1965) was an American character actor who appeared in almost 500 films.", "Kent Rogers Kent Byron Rogers (July 31, 1923 – July 9, 1944) was an American actor and impressionist, who appeared in several live-action shorts and features and a voice actor for Warner Bros. and Walter Lantz Productions.", "The Bat (1926 film) The Bat (1926) is a silent film based on the 1920 Broadway hit The Bat by Mary Roberts Rinehart and Avery Hopwood, directed by Roland West and starring Jack Pickford and Louise Fazenda.", "Constantine (film) Constantine is a 2005 supernatural action-thriller film directed by Francis Lawrence as his feature film directorial debut, starring Keanu Reeves as John Constantine, with Rachel Weisz, Shia LaBeouf, Tilda Swinton, and Djimon Hounsou.", "William Daniels William David Daniels (born March 31, 1927) is an American actor and former president of the Screen Actors Guild (1999 to 2001). He is known for his performance as Dustin Hoffman's character's father in The Graduate (1967), as Howard in Two for the Road, as John Adams in 1776, as Carter Nash in Captain Nice, as Mr. George Feeny in ABC's Boy Meets World and its sequel, Disney Channel's Girl Meets World, as the voice of KITT in Knight Rider, and as Dr. Mark Craig in St.", "Burt Reynolds Burton Leon \"Burt\" Reynolds (born February 11, 1936) is an American actor, director and producer. He has starred in many roles, such as Dan August, Deliverance, The Longest Yard with its 2005 remake, and Smokey and the Bandit. He also won two Golden Globe Awards, including in Evening Shade for Best Actor in a Television Series Musical or Comedy and in Boogie Nights for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture.", "Michelle Pfeiffer Michelle Marie Pfeiffer (/ˈfaɪfər/; born April 29, 1958) is an American actress and singer. She made her film debut in 1980 in The Hollywood Knights, but first garnered mainstream attention with her breakout performance in Scarface (1983). Pfeiffer's greatest commercial successes are Batman Returns (1992), What Lies Beneath (2000) and Hairspray (2007).", "Batman (comic book) Batman is an ongoing comic book series featuring the DC Comics hero of the same name. The character first appeared in Detective Comics #27 (cover dated May 1939). Batman proved to be so popular that a self-titled ongoing comic book series began publication in the spring of 1940.", "Watchmen (film) Watchmen is a 2009 American superhero film directed by Zack Snyder, based on the 1986–87 DC Comics limited series of the same name by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons. It stars an ensemble cast of Malin Åkerman, Billy Crudup, Matthew Goode, Jackie Earle Haley, Jeffrey Dean Morgan, Carla Gugino, and Patrick Wilson.", "Jason Bateman Jason Kent Bateman (born January 14, 1969) is an American actor, director and producer who rose to prominence as a high-profile adolescent actor in the 1980s, in sitcoms such as Silver Spoons and The Hogan Family, before returning in the early 2000s in the role of Michael Bluth on Arrested Development, for which he won a TV Land Award, a Golden Globe, and a Satellite Award.", "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice is an upcoming American superhero film featuring the DC Comics characters Batman and Superman, distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is intended to be the follow-up to 2013's Man of Steel and the second installment in the DC Extended Universe. The film is directed by Zack Snyder, with a screenplay written by Chris Terrio and David S. Goyer.", "Batman: The Animated Series Batman: The Animated Series is an American animated television series based on the DC Comics superhero Batman. It was developed by Bruce Timm and Eric Radomski. Produced by Warner Bros. Animation, it originally aired on the Fox Network from September 5, 1992 to September 15, 1995; with a total of 85 episodes.", "Ray Park Raymond \"Ray\" Park (born 23 August 1974) is a British actor, author, and martial artist, best known for playing Darth Maul in Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace, Toad in X-Men, Snake-Eyes in G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra and G.I. Joe: Retaliation, and Edgar on Heroes.", "Mike Myers Michael John \"Mike\" Myers (born May 25, 1963) is a Canadian-American actor, comedian, screenwriter, and film producer. He is known for his run as a featured performer on Saturday Night Live from 1989 to 1995, and for playing the title roles in the Wayne's World, Austin Powers, and Shrek films. He also directed the documentary film Supermensch: The Legend of Shep Gordon, and had a small role in Quentin Tarantino's Inglourious Basterds in 2009.", "Kimberly Brooks Kimberly Brooks is an American voice actress in the anime, feature films, video games, and theatre industry. She has played Ashley Williams in the Mass Effect series, Barbara Gordon/Oracle in Batman: Arkham Asylum and Batman: Arkham City, and Shinobu Jacobs in No More Heroes and No More Heroes 2: Desperate Struggle and Luna in the Scooby-Doo franchise as part of the Hex Girls.", "Hudson Hawk Hudson Hawk is a 1991 American action comedy film directed by Michael Lehmann. Bruce Willis stars in the title role and also co-wrote both the story and the theme song. Danny Aiello, Andie MacDowell, James Coburn, David Caruso, Lorraine Toussaint, Frank Stallone, Sandra Bernhard, and Richard E. Grant are also featured.The live action film makes heavy use of cartoon-style slapstick, including sound effects, which enhances the movie's signature surreal humour.", "William Hootkins William Michael \"Hoot\" Hootkins (July 5, 1948 – October 23, 2005) was an American character actor, best known for supporting roles in Hollywood blockbusters such as Star Wars, Batman, Raiders of the Lost Ark, and Hardware.", "Bruce Cabot Bruce Cabot (April 20, 1904 – May 3, 1972) was an American film actor, best remembered as Jack Driscoll in King Kong (1933) and for his roles in films such as the 1936 version of Last of the Mohicans, Fritz Lang's Fury and the western Dodge City. He was also known as one of \"Wayne's Regulars\", appearing in a number of John Wayne films beginning with Angel and the Badman.", "The Man in the Iron Mask (1998 film) The Man in the Iron Mask is a 1998 adventure drama film directed, produced, and written by Randall Wallace, and starring Leonardo DiCaprio in a dual role as the title character and villain, Jeremy Irons as Aramis, John Malkovich as Athos, Gerard Depardieu as Porthos, and Gabriel Byrne as D'Artagnan.", "Olan Soule Olan Evart Soule (February 28, 1909 – February 1, 1994) was an American character actor with hundreds of credits in films, radio, commercials, television and animation, most notably as the primary television animation voice of Batman from 1968 to 1984.", "Keanu Reeves Keanu Charles Reeves (/keɪˈɑːnuː/ kay-AH-noo; born September 2, 1964) is a Canadian actor, producer, director and musician.Reeves is most well known for his acting career, beginning in 1985 and spanning for more than three decades. He gained fame for his starring role performances in several blockbuster films including comedies from the Bill and Ted franchise (1989–1991), action thrillers Point Break (1991) and Speed (1994), and the science fiction-action trilogy The Matrix (1999–2003).", "Nolan North Nolan Ramsey North (born October 31, 1970) is an American actor who has been described as \"the nearest thing the games industry has to a bona fide leading man.\" His voice work includes characters such as Nathan Drake from the Uncharted series; Desmond Miles from the Assassin's Creed video game series; Ghost from the Bungie title Destiny; the Penguin in the Batman: Arkham video game franchise; Cpt.", "Gordon Griffith Gordon S. Griffith (July 4, 1907 – October 12, 1958) was an American assistant director, film producer, and one of the first child actors in the American movie industry. Griffith worked in the film industry for five decades, acting in over 60 films, and surviving the transition from silent films to talkies—films with sound. During his acting career, he worked with Charles Chaplin, and was the first actor to portray Tom Sawyer and Tarzan on film.", "Rino Romano Rino Romano (born July 1, 1969) is a Canadian voice actor who has portrayed Batman in the animated TV series The Batman, Spider-Man in the animated TV series Spider-Man Unlimited, Eduardo Rivera in Extreme Ghostbusters, Luis Sera in Resident Evil 4, and the original Tuxedo Mask in the 90's English dub of the anime series Sailor Moon.Romano provided voice narration for the PBS series Curious George, as well as previews on NBC, The WB, and The CW.", "Simon McBurney Simon Montagu McBurney, OBE (born 25 August 1957) is an English actor, writer and director. He is the founder and artistic director of the Théâtre de Complicité, London. He has had roles in the films The Manchurian Candidate (2004), Friends with Money (2006), The Golden Compass (2007), The Duchess (2008), Robin Hood (2010), Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (2011), Magic in the Moonlight (2014), and The Theory of Everything (2014).", "Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt is a 2003 television movie reuniting the cast of the 1960s Batman TV show. It features the original stars of the series Adam West and Burt Ward as themselves, with Jack Brewer and Jason Marsden portraying the young West/Batman and Ward/Robin in flashbacks. It was broadcast as a part of \"CBS Sunday Night Movies\" on March 9, 2003.", "List of actors who have played comic book characters There have been several movies and live-action television shows based on comic books since comic books debuted in the late 1930s. These movies and shows include those based on the comic books featuring Superman, Batman and Spider-Man, as well as many more. This is a list of actors who have played comic book characters such as those named.", "Burt Ward Burt Ward (born July 6, 1945) is an American television actor and activist. He is best known for his portrayal of Robin in the television series Batman (1966–68) and its theatrical feature film.", "Robin Hood (1922 film) Robin Hood, starring Douglas Fairbanks and Wallace Beery, is the first motion picture ever to have a Hollywood premiere, held at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre on October 18, 1922. The movie's full title, under which it was copyrighted, is Douglas Fairbanks in Robin Hood, as shown in the illustration at right. It was one of the most expensive films of the 1920s, with a budget estimated at approximately one million dollars. The film was a smash hit and generally received favorable reviews.", "Alan Napier Alan William Napier-Clavering (7 January 1903 – 8 August 1988), better known as Alan Napier, was an English actor. After a decade in West End theatres, he had a long film career first in Britain and then in Hollywood. However, Napier became widely known for portraying Alfred the butler in the 1960s live-action Batman television series.", "Kirk Alyn Kirk Alyn (October 8, 1910 – March 14, 1999) was an American actor, best known for being the first actor to play the DC Comics character Superman on screen in the 1948 film serial Superman, and its 1950 sequel Atom Man vs. Superman.", "Frank Gorshin Frank John Gorshin, Jr. (April 5, 1933 – May 17, 2005) was an American character actor, impressionist, and comedian. He was perhaps best known as an impressionist, with many guest appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show and Tonight Starring Steve Allen. His most famous acting role was as The Riddler on the Batman live-action television series.", "Chris O'Donnell Christopher Eugene \"Chris\" O'Donnell (born June 26, 1970) is an American actor. He played Dick Grayson/Robin in Batman Forever and Batman & Robin, Charlie Simms in Scent of a Woman, Finn Dandridge in Grey's Anatomy, Peter Garrett in Vertical Limit, and Jack McAuliffe in The Company. O'Donnell currently stars as NCIS Special Agent G. Callen on the CBS crime drama television series NCIS: Los Angeles, a spin-off of NCIS.", "Batman Begins (video game) Batman Begins is a 2005 video game. It was released June 14, 2005, a day before the 2005 American superhero film it was based on was released. A planned PSP version was cancelled. It was developed by Eurocom and published by Electronic Arts in conjunction with Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment and DC Comics. It was released on Game Boy Advance, GameCube, PlayStation 2 and Xbox.", "Jason O'Mara Jason O'Mara (born August 6, 1972) is an Irish actor. He has starred in the American television network dramas In Justice, Life on Mars, Terra Nova and Vegas. He is also known for voicing DC Comics' superhero Batman in Son of Batman, Batman vs. Robin, Justice League: War and Justice League: Throne of Atlantis animated films.", "List of Batman supporting characters The superhero Batman has appeared in many American comic books published by DC Comics since 1939, accumulating a number of recognizable supporting characters. The first Batman supporting character was Commissioner James Gordon, who first appeared in the same comic book as Batman in Detective Comics #27 (May 1939), and is Batman's ally in the Gotham City Police Department.", "Cesar Romero Cesar Julio Romero, Jr. (February 15, 1907 – January 1, 1994) was an American actor, singer, dancer, voice artist, and comedian who was active in film, radio, and television for almost 60 years.His wide range of screen roles included Latin lovers, historical figures in costume dramas, characters in light domestic comedies, and as the Joker in the Batman television series, which was included in TV Guide's 2013 list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time.", "Michael Gough Francis Michael Gough (/ˈɡɒf/ GOF; 23 November 1916 – 17 March 2011) was an English character actor who made over 150 film and television appearances. He is known for his roles in the Hammer Horror Films from 1958, and for his recurring role as Alfred Pennyworth in all four films of the Tim Burton/Joel Schumacher Batman series.", "Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. (November 30, 1918 – May 2, 2014) was an American actor known for his starring roles in the television series 77 Sunset Strip and The F.B.I. He is also known as recurring character \"Dandy Jim Buckley\" in the series Maverick and as the voice behind the character Alfred Pennyworth in Batman: The Animated Series and associated spin-offs.", "Douglas Croft Douglas Croft (born Douglas Malcolm Wheatcroft, August 12, 1926 – October 24, 1963) was an American child actor who is best remembered for being the first actor to portray the DC Comics character Robin the Boy Wonder as well as his secret identity Dick Grayson in the 1943 serial Batman, at sixteen years of age.Croft was born in Seattle, Washington. He served in the Army during World War II.", "Batman Returns Batman Returns is a 1992 American superhero film, directed and produced by Tim Burton, based upon the Batman character appearing in comics published by DC Comics. It is the second installment of Warner Bros.' initial Batman film series, with Michael Keaton reprising the title role of Bruce Wayne/Batman.", "Kevin Conroy Kevin Conroy (born November 30, 1955) is an American stage, screen and voice actor; best known for his voice role as the DC Comics character Batman on the 1990s Warner Bros. television show Batman: The Animated Series, as well as various other TV series and feature films in the DC animated universe.", "Batman & Robin (film) Batman & Robin is a 1997 American superhero film based on the DC Comics character Batman. It is the fourth and final installment of Warner Bros.' initial Batman film series. The film was directed by Joel Schumacher and written by Akiva Goldsman. It stars George Clooney, Chris O'Donnell, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Uma Thurman, and Alicia Silverstone.Batman & Robin tells the story of the Dynamic Duo as they attempt to prevent Mr.", "Michael Keaton Michael John Douglas (born September 5, 1951), better known by his stage name Michael Keaton, is an American actor, producer and director. He is currently a visiting scholar at Carnegie Mellon University.Keaton first rose to fame for his comedic film roles in Night Shift (1982), Mr. Mom (1983), Johnny Dangerously (1984) and Beetlejuice (1988), and he earned further acclaim for his dramatic portrayal of Bruce Wayne / Batman in Tim Burton's Batman (1989) and Batman Returns (1992).", "Bruce Thomas (actor) Bruce Thomas (born May 17, 1961) is an American actor known for portraying the character of Batman in a series of commercials for General Motors' OnStar service that aired from 2000 to 2002.", "Adam West William West Anderson (born September 19, 1928), better known by his stage name Adam West, is an American actor. He is best known for the title role in the 1960s ABC series Batman and its theatrical feature film. He has done voice work on animated series such as The Fairly OddParents and Family Guy, in both of which he voices fictional versions of himself.", "Henri Ducard Henri Ducard is a fictional character in the Batman comic book universe. Created by Sam Hamm, Henri Ducard's first appearance was in Detective Comics #599 (April 1989), part of the \"Blind Justice\" story arc that Hamm, the screenwriter of the 1989 Batman film, was asked to guest-write for Detective Comics by Batman editor Denny O'Neil. The character (amalgamated with Ra's al Ghul) appeared in the film Batman Begins portrayed by Liam Neeson.", "The Dark Knight (film) The Dark Knight is a 2008 superhero film directed, produced, and co-written by Christopher Nolan. Based on the DC Comics character Batman, the film is the second part of Nolan's Batman film series and a sequel to 2005's Batman Begins, starring Christian Bale, Michael Caine, Heath Ledger, Gary Oldman, Aaron Eckhart, Maggie Gylenhaal and Morgan Freeman.", "Batman Forever Batman Forever is a 1995 American superhero film directed by Joel Schumacher and produced by Tim Burton, based on the DC Comics character Batman. It is the third installment of the initial Batman film series, with Val Kilmer replacing Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne/Batman. The film stars Tommy Lee Jones, Jim Carrey, Nicole Kidman and Chris O'Donnell.", "Batman (TV series) Batman is a 1960s American live action television series, based on the DC comic book character of the same name. It starred Adam West as Batman and Burt Ward as Robin — two crime-fighting heroes who defend Gotham City. It aired on the ABC network for three seasons from January 12, 1966, to March 14, 1968. The show was aired twice weekly for its first two seasons and weekly for the third, with a total of 120 episodes produced during its run.", "Lewis Wilson Lewis G. Wilson (January 28, 1920 - August 9, 2000) was an American actor from New York City who was most famous for being the first actor to play DC Comics character Batman on screen in the 1943 film serial Batman.", "Batman (1966 film) Batman, often promoted as Batman: The Movie, is a 1966 film based on the Batman television series, and the first full-length theatrical adaptation of the DC Comics character Batman. Released by 20th Century Fox, the film starred Adam West as Batman and Burt Ward as Robin.Released in July, the film hit theaters over a month after the last episode of the first season of the television series.", "Batman (1989 film) Batman is a 1989 American superhero film directed by Tim Burton and produced by Jon Peters, based on the DC Comics character of the same name. It is the first installment of Warner Bros.' initial Batman film series. The film stars Jack Nicholson, Michael Keaton in the title role, Kim Basinger, Robert Wuhl, Pat Hingle, Billy Dee Williams, Michael Gough, and Jack Palance." ]	11
Which languages are spoken in Estonia?	[ "Languages of the European Union\nThe languages of the European Union are languages used by people within the member states of the European Union. They include the twenty-four official languages of the European Union along with a range of others.", "Estonian Sign Language\nEstonian Sign Language (ESL, Estonian: Eesti viipekeel) is the national sign language of Estonia. In 1998 there were about 4,500 signers out of a deaf population of 2000 and a hearing-impaired population ten times that number. It is widespread in the cities of Tallinn and Pärnu among deaf ethnic Estonians; deaf Russian Estonians in Tallinn use Russian Sign Language, Russians outside Tallinn tend to use a Russian–Estonian Sign Language pidgin, or may be bilingual.", "Modern Swedish\nModern Swedish (Swedish: nysvenska) is the linguistic term used for the Swedish language from the Bible translation of 1526 to the development of a common national language around 1880. The period can further be divided into Early Modern Swedish (1526–1750) and Late Modern Swedish (1750–1880).", "Finno-Samic languages\nThe Finno-Samic languages (also Finno-Saamic, Finno-Lappic, Saamic–Fennic) are a hypothetical subgroup of the Uralic family, and are made up of 22 languages classified into either the Sami languages, which are spoken by the Sami people who inhabit the Sápmi region of northern Fennoscandia, or Finnic languages, which include the major languages Finnish and Estonian. The grouping is not universally recognized as valid.", "Russian Sign Language\nRussian Sign Language is the sign language of the Deaf community in Russia. It has a grammar unlike the (spoken or written) Russian language, with much stricter word order and word formation rules. Russian Sign Language belongs to a family of French Sign Language. Vocabulary from Austrian Sign Language also heavily influences Russian Sign Language.Russian Sign Language (РЖЯ) has its own grammar and is used by Deaf Russians in everyday communication.", "Estonian grammar\nEstonian grammar is the grammar of the Estonian language.", "Russian language\nRussian (ру́сский язы́к, russkiy yazyk, pronounced [ˈruskʲɪj jɪˈzɨk]) is an East Slavic language and an official language in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. It is an unofficial but widely spoken language in Ukraine, Moldova, Latvia, Estonia, and to a lesser extent, the other countries that were once constituent republics of the Soviet Union and former participants of the Eastern Bloc.", "South Estonian language\nSouth Estonian is a Finnic language spoken in South-Eastern Estonia, encompassing the Tartu, Mulgi, Võro and Seto languages or dialects. It has traditionally been considered one of the two or three main dialect groups of the Estonian language, and is largely mutually intelligible with modern standard Estonian, although diachronically North and South Estonian are separate branches of the Finnic languages.Modern standard Estonian has evolved on the basis of the dialects of Northern Estonia.", "Estonian language\nEstonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 922,000 people in Estonia and 160,000 outside Estonia. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family. One distinctive feature that has caused a great amount of interest among linguists is what is traditionally seen as three degrees of phonemic length: short, long, and \"overlong\", such that /sɑdɑ/, /sɑˑdɑ/ and /sɑːdɑ/ are distinct. In actuality, the distinction is not purely in the phonemic length, and the underlying phonological mechanism is still disputed.", "Sweden Swedish\nSweden Swedish (Swedish: sverigesvenska) is a term sometimes used to distinguish the Swedish as spoken in Sweden from Finland Swedish, Estonian Swedish or other variants of the same language as spoken in other countries, regardless of dialects.", "Seto dialect\nSeto or Setu language (seto kiil´; Estonian: setu keel) is a dialect of the South Estonian or Võro language (although the Setos generally do not identify as Võro speakers), spoken by 12,549 people. The speakers, Seto people, mostly inhabit the area near Estonia's southeastern border with Russia, in the county of Setomaa.", "Uralic languages\nThe Uralic languages /jʊˈrælɨk/ (sometimes called Uralian /jʊˈreɪliən/ languages) constitute a language family of some 38 languages spoken by approximately 25 million people. The Uralic languages with the most native speakers are Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian, which are official languages of Hungary, Finland, and Estonia, respectively, and of the European Union.", "Laiuse Romani language\nLaiuse Romani was a Romani variety spoken in Estonia. It was a mixed language based on Romani and Estonian.The Romani people first appeared to Estonia in the 17th century. According to rumors, they were first part of Swedish King Charles XII's Romani orchestra which he, after spending a winter in Laiuse, left behind. In 1841 all of the 44 Estonian Romani were collected and settled around Laiuse Parish.", "Languages of Estonia\nThe official language of Estonia is Estonian, a Uralic language which is related to Finnish but unrelated to nearby Russian and Latvian which are of Indo-European root. Standard Estonian is mainly based on the North Estonian language, while South Estonian includes several unrecognised dialects, specifically Võro, Mulgi and Tartu. Võro, being furthest away from Standard Estonian, is the only one to have been given an ISO 639-3 language code by SIL (\\vro\\\").\"", "Estonian Swedish\nEstonian Swedish (Swedish: estlandssvenska, Estonian: rannarootsi keel) describes the eastern dialects of Swedish that were spoken in the formerly Swedish-populated areas of Estonia (locally known as Aiboland) on the islands of Ormsö, Ösel, Dagö and Runö, and the peninsula (former island) of Nuckö, by the local Estonian Swedes.Up until the evacuation of the Estonian Swedes near the end of World War II, both Swedish and Estonian were commonly spoken on the named islands.", "Estonia\nEstonia (/ɛˈstoʊniə/; Estonian: Eesti [ˈeːsti]), officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia (338.6 km). Across the Baltic Sea lies Sweden in the west and Finland in the north.", "Finnic languages\nThe Finnic (Fennic) or Baltic Finnic (Balto-Finnic, Balto-Fennic) languages are a branch of the Uralic language family spoken around the Baltic Sea by about 7 million people.The major modern representatives of the family are Finnish and Estonian, the official languages of their respective nation states. The other Finnic languages in the Baltic Sea region are Ingrian and Votic, spoken in Ingria by the Gulf of Finland; and Livonian, once spoken around Gulf of Riga.", "Võro language\nThe Võro language (Võro: võro kiilTemplate:` [ˈvɤro kʲiːlʲ], Estonian: võru keel) is a language belonging to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages. Traditionally it has been considered a dialect of the South Estonian dialect group of the Estonian language, but nowadays it has its own literary language and is in search of official recognition as an autochthonous regional language of Estonia.", "Northeastern coastal Estonian\nThe Northeastern coastal dialect (Estonian: kirderannikumurre) is a dialect (or dialect group) of the Estonian language. The coastal dialects of the Estonian language were spoken on the coastal strip of Estonia from Tallinn to river Narva. It has very few speakers left nowadays." ]	[ "Finno-Ugric peoples The Finno-Ugric peoples are any of several peoples of Eurasia who speak languages of the Finno-Ugric group of the Uralic language family, such as the Khanty, Mansi, Hungarians, Maris, Mordvins, Sámi, Estonians, Karelians, Finns, Udmurts and Komis.", "Estonian Internal Security Service The Estonian Internal Security Service (Estonian: Kaitsepolitsei, officially Estonian: Kaitsepolitseiamet, KaPo for short) is a central national security institution of Republic of Estonia. Its purposes are centered on enforcing constitutional order.", "West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three branches of the Germanic family of languages and include German, English, Scots, Dutch, Afrikaans, the Frisian languages, Low German languages and Yiddish. The other branches are North Germanic and the extinct East Germanic. English is part of the North Sea Germanic branch of the West Germanic languages.", "Võru Võru (Estonian pronunciation: [ˈʋɤru]) (Võro: Võro; German: Werro; Russian: Выру (Viru)) is a town and a municipality in south-eastern Estonia. It is the capital of Võru County and the centre of Võru Parish.", "President-Regent Riigihoidja (officially translated as President-Regent) was the name of the office of the head of state and head of government of Estonia from 3 September 1937 to 24 April 1938. The only person to hold this position was Konstantin Päts, five time former State Elder.", "Inuit languages The Inuit languages are a closely related group of Native American languages traditionally spoken across the North American Arctic and to some extent in the subarctic in Labrador. The related Yupik languages are spoken in western and southern Alaska and in the far east of Russia, particularly on the Diomede Islands, but are severely endangered in Russia today and spoken only in a few villages on the Chukchi Peninsula.", "Estonian Sports Association Kalev Estonian Sports Association Kalev (Estonian: Eesti Spordiselts Kalev) is a sports association in Estonia, founded in 1901. A 6 kroon, 50 senti postage stamp was issued to celebrate its centenary in 2001.Kalevi Mängud (Kalev's Games) is an event organized by Kalev. The most recent one, III Kalevi Mängud, was held in 2006.", "Balts The Balts or Baltic people (Lithuanian: baltai, Latvian: balti) are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group who speak the Baltic languages, a branch of the Indo-European language family, which was originally spoken by tribes living in area east of Jutland peninsula in the west and Moscow, Oka and Volga rivers basins in the east. One of the features of Baltic languages is the number of conservative or archaic features retained.", "Estonian Provincial Assembly election, 1917 The Estonian Provincial Assembly (Estonian: Maapäev) was elected after the February Revolution in 1917 as the national diet of the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia in Russian Empire.On November 28, 1917, after the October Revolution the Assembly declared itself the sovereign power on Estonia and called for the elections of the Estonian Constituent Assembly.", "Toompea Castle Toompea Castle (Estonian: Toompea loss) is a castle on Toompea hill in the central part of Tallinn, the capital of Estonia. The castle, an ancient stronghold site in use since at least the 9th century, today houses the Parliament of Estonia.", "Languages of Finland The two main official languages of Finland are Finnish and Swedish. There are also several official minority languages: three variants of Sami, Romani, Finnish Sign Language and Karelian.", "Television in Estonia Television in Estonia was introduced in 1955, following the Soviet government's decision to establish a television station in 1953. The National TV Channel ETV has maintained an archive since 1955 in which broadcasts of unique aspects of Estonian culture are held.Northern Estonia receives television signals from Finland.", "Estonian parliamentary election, 2003 Parliamentary elections were held in Estonia on 2 March 2003. Two opposing parties won the most seats, with both the Centre Party and Res Publica Party winning 28 seats in the Riigikogu. Res Publica was able to gain enough support in negotiations after the elections to form a coalition government.", "Saaremaa Saaremaa (Estonian pronunciation: [ˈsɑːremɑː]; Danish: Øsel; English (esp. traditionally): Osel; Finnish: Saarenmaa; Swedish & German: Ösel) is the largest island in Estonia, measuring 2,673 km2 (1,032 sq mi). The main island of Saare County, it is located in the Baltic Sea, south of Hiiumaa island, and belongs to the West Estonian Archipelago. The capital of the island is Kuressaare, which has about 15,000 inhabitants; the whole island has over 30,966 inhabitants.", "Kuressaare Kuressaare (Estonian pronunciation: [ˈkuresˑ'sɑːre]) (Finnish: Kuressaari; German: Arensburg) is a town and a municipality on Saaremaa island in Estonia. It is the capital of Saare County and the westernmost town in Estonia. The population, according to the 2011 census, was 13,166.The town is situated on the coast of the Gulf of Riga and is served by the Kuressaare Airport, Roomassaare Harbor, and Kuressaare Yacht Harbor.", "Ingrian language Ingrian (also called Izhorian) is a nearly extinct Finnic language spoken by the (mainly Orthodox) Izhorians of Ingria. It has approximately 120 speakers left, most of whom are aged. It should not be confused with the Southeastern dialects of the Finnish language that became the majority language of Ingria in the 17th century with the influx of Lutheran Finnish immigrants (whose descendants, Ingrian Finns, are often referred to as Ingrians).", "Head of State of Estonia The Head of State of Estonia or State Elder (Estonian: Riigivanem) (a literal translation: Elder of State) was the official title of the Estonian head of state from 1920 to 1937. He combined some of the functions held by a president and prime minister in most other democracies.", "Evangelicalism Evangelicalism, Evangelical Christianity, or Evangelical Protestantism is a worldwide, transdenominational movement within Protestant Christianity, maintaining that the essence of the gospel consists in the doctrine of salvation by grace through faith in Jesus Christ's atonement.Evangelicals are Christians who believe in the centrality of the conversion or \"born again\" experience in receiving salvation, believe in the authority of the Bible as God's revelation to humanity and have a strong commitment to evangelism or sharing the Christian message.It gained great momentum in the 18th and 19th centuries with the emergence of Methodism and the Great Awakenings in Britain and North America. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicalism?oldid=681809824> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Estonian_language> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Estonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl]) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family.One distinctive feature that has caused a great amount of interest among linguists is what is traditionally seen as three degrees of phonemic length: short, long, and \"overlong\", such that /sɑdɑ/, /sɑˑdɑ/ and /sɑːdɑ/ are distinct.", "Lääne Elu Lääne Elu (meaning Western Life in English) is an Estonian language newspaper based in the city of Haapsalu, Estonia. The paper was started in 1989.", "List of German exonyms for places in Estonia Below is a list of German language exonyms for settlements and other places in Estonia.", "Eesti Gaidide Liit Eesti Gaidide Liit (EGL, Estonian Guides Association) is the national Guiding organization of Estonia. In 1993 it was readmitted as a member of World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS).", "Tallinn University Tallinn University (TU) (Estonian: Tallinna Ülikool (TLÜ)) is the third-largest institution of higher education in Estonia. It is in Tallinn, the capital city of Estonia. Despite the similar names, Tallinn University and Tallinn University of Technology are separate institutions.", "Hiiu County Hiiu County (Estonian: Hiiu maakond), or Hiiumaa, is one of 15 counties of Estonia, being the smallest county both in terms of area and population. It consists of Hiiumaa (German, Swedish: Dagö), the second largest island of Estonia, and several smaller islands near it. The county borders Lääne County to the east and Saare County to the south. In January 2015 Hiiu County had a population of 8,582 – 0.7% of the population of Estonia.", "Government of Estonia The Government of the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Vabariigi Valitsus) exercises executive power pursuant to the Constitution and the laws of the Republic of Estonia. It is also known as the cabinet.The cabinet carries out the country’s domestic and foreign policy, shaped by parliament (Riigikogu); it directs and co-ordinates the work of government institutions and bears full responsibility for everything occurring within the authority of executive power.", "Aleut language Aleut (Unangam Tunuu), also known as Unangan, is a language of the Eskimo–Aleut language family. It is the heritage language of the Aleut (Unangax̂) people living in the Aleutian Islands, Pribilof Islands, and Commander Islands. Various sources estimate there are only between 100 and 300 speakers of Aleut remaining (Krauss 2007, p. 408)", "Delaware languages The Delaware languages, also known as the Lenape languages, are Munsee and Unami, two closely related languages of the Eastern Algonquian subgroup of the Algonquian language family.", "Selonian language Selonian was a Baltic language spoken by the Eastern Baltic tribe of the Selonians, who until the 15th century lived in Selonia, a territory in South Eastern Latvia and North Eastern Lithuania.", "LGBT rights in Estonia Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in Estonia may face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Both male and female same-sex sexual activity are legal in Estonia. From January 1, 2016 same-sex couples will have recognition called a cohabitation agreement that gives the same legal protections available to opposite-sex couples (with the exemption of surrogacy, marriage and full adoption rights).", "Economy of Estonia Estonia is a member of the European Union and of the eurozone and, according to the IMF, an advanced economy.", "A. Le Coq A. Le Coq (Estonian pronunciation: [aˑleˈkokː]) is an Estonian brewery. The company was founded by Albert Le Coq in London in 1807, using a brewery in Tartu that was founded in 1826. The company was bought in 1997 and is currently owned by Finnish company Olvi. It produces many different types of drinks including beers, long drinks, ciders and soft drinks. The best known beer is the A.", "Municipalities of Estonia A municipality (Estonian: omavalitsus, plural omavalitsused) is the smallest administrative subdivision of Estonia. Each municipality is a unit of self-government with its representative and executive bodies. The municipalities in Estonia cover the entire territory of the country.Municipalities in Estonia are of two types: urban municipalities or towns (linnad, singular linn) and rural municipalities or parishes (vallad, singular vald).", "Haapsalu Haapsalu (Estonian pronunciation: [ˈhɑːpˈsɑlu] (German and Swedish: Hapsal; Finnish: Haapasalo; Russian: Хаапсалу, Гапсаль) is a seaside resort town located on the west coast of Estonia. It is the administrative centre of Lääne County, and on 1 January 2012 it had a population of 11,587.", "Recognition of same-sex unions in Estonia Estonia will legally recognise same-sex unions by allowing individuals to sign a cohabitation agreement, effective 1 January 2016.", "Livvi-Karelian language Livvi-Karelian (Alternate names: Livvi, Livvikovian, Olonets, Southern Olonetsian, Karelian; Russian: ливвиковский язык) is a Finnic language of the Uralic family. spoken by Olonets Karelians (self-appellation livvi, livgilaizet), traditionally inhabiting the area between Ladoga and Onega lakes, northward of Svir River. The name \"Olonets Karelians\" is derived from the territory inhabited, Olonets Krai, named after the town of Olonets, named after the Olonka River.", "Hiiumaa Hiiumaa (Estonian pronunciation: [ˈhiːumɑː]; German & Swedish: Dagö; Danish: Dagø; Finnish: Hiidenmaa) is the second largest island (989 km²) belonging to Estonia. It is located in the Baltic Sea, north of the island of Saaremaa, a part of the West Estonian archipelago. Its largest town is Kärdla.", "Languages of Kenya Kenya is a multilingual country. The Bantu Swahili language and English, the latter of which was inherited from colonial rule (see British Kenya), are widely spoken as lingua franca. They serve as the two official working languages.", "Estonian Navy The Estonian Navy (Estonian: Merevägi), is the name of the unified naval forces among the Estonian Defence Forces.There are about four commissioned ships in the Estonian Navy, including three auxiliary ships; the displacement of the navy is under 10,000 tonnes making it one of the smallest navies in the world. Ship prefix is EML.", "Kiili Parish Kiili Parish (Estonian: Kiili vald) is a rural municipality in Harju County, north-western Estonia. It is located south to Estonia's capital, Tallinn. The population of Kiili Parish is 4,182 (as of 2009) and the area 100.4 km².Administrative centre of Kiili Parish is Kiili borough (alev), with population of 1,337.", "Kärdla Kärdla (Estonian pronunciation: [ˈkærˑ'dlɑ]) (Swedish: Kärrdal, German: Kertel) is the only town on the island of Hiiumaa, Estonia. It is the capital of Hiiu County and the centre of Hiiu Parish.", "Anthem of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic The State Anthem of the Estonian SSR (Estonian: Eesti Nõukogude Sotsialistliku Vabariigi hümn) was the anthem of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic under the Soviet Union from 1945 to 1990.During the decades of the Soviet occupation of Estonia, the official Estonian anthem was strictly forbidden.", "Curonian language The Curonian language (German: Kurisch; Latvian: kuršu valoda; Lithuanian: kuršių kalba), or Old Curonian, is a nearly unattested, extinct language spoken by the Curonians, a Baltic tribe who inhabited the Courland Peninsula (now western Latvia) and the nearby Baltic shore.", "Viljandi Viljandi (Estonian pronunciation: [ˈʋilʲˑjɑnʲˑdi]; German: Fellin) is a town and municipality in southern Estonia with a population of 17,473 in 2013. It is the capital of Viljandi County. The town was first mentioned in 1283, upon being granted its town charter by Wilhelm von Endorpe.", "Votic language Votic or Votian (vađđa ceeli or maaceeli – also written vaďďa tšeeli, maatšeeli) is the language spoken by the Votes of Ingria, belonging to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages. Votic is spoken only in Krakolye and Luzhitsy, two villages in Kingiseppsky District, and is close to extinction. In 1989 there were 62 speakers left, the youngest born in 1938. In its 24 December 2005 issue, The Economist wrote that there are only approximately 20 speakers left.", "Lithuanian language Lithuanian (lietuvių kalba) is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognized as one of the official languages of the European Union. There are about 2.9 million native Lithuanian speakers in Lithuania and about 200,000 abroad. Lithuanian is a Baltic language, closely related to Latvian, which are partially mutually intelligible. It is written in a Latin alphabet.", "Karelian language Karelian language (karjala, karjal or kariela) is a Finnic language spoken mainly in the Russian Republic of Karelia. Linguistically Karelian is closely related to the Finnish dialects spoken in eastern Finland and some Finnish linguists even classified Karelian as a dialect of Finnish.", "Livonian Rhymed Chronicle The Livonian Rhymed Chronicle (German: Livländische Reimchronik) was a chronicle written in High German by an anonymous writer. It covers the period 1180 – 1343 and contains a wealth of detail about Livonia — modern Estonia and Latvia.", "Languages of Aruba There are many languages spoken on the Caribbean island of Aruba. The official language is Dutch and schools require students to learn both English and Spanish. French and, to a lesser extent, Portuguese are also spoken on the island. According to the Government of Aruba the mother tongue and primary vernacular of almost all Arubans is a local language known as Papiamento.", "Sõnumileht Sõnumileht was an Estonian tabloid newspaper between 1995 and 2000. The newspaper was published in the Estonian language, and was one of the country's most popular tabloid-style productions. It was first published in 1995. At first it was a quality newspaper. In 1998 after the Norwegian media group Schibsted bought a stake it moved to being a tabloid.", "Estonian parliamentary election, 1992 Parliamentary elections were held in Estonia on 20 September 1992, the first after regaining independence from the Soviet Union. The winners, a five-party alliance led by Mart Laar, formed the cabinet together with national-conservative Estonian National Independence Party and centrist Moderates alliance.", "Danish Estonia Danish Estonia refers to the territories of present-day Estonia that were ruled by Denmark firstly during the 13th–14th centuries and again in the 16th–17th centuries.Denmark rose as a great military and mercantile power in the 12th century. It had an interest to end the frequent Estonian Viking attacks that threatened its Baltic trade. Danish fleets attacked Estonia in 1170, 1194, and 1197. In 1206, King Valdemar II and archbishop Andreas Sunonis led a raid on Ösel island (Saaremaa).", "Estonian National Symphony Orchestra The Estonian National Symphony Orchestra (Estonian: Eesti Riiklik Sümfooniaorkester) is the leading orchestra in Estonia and is based in the capital Tallinn. Founded as the Estonian Radio Symphony Orchestra, it gave its first concert in a broadcast by Tallinn Radio on December 18, 1926.", "Vanemuine This article is about the theatre in Tartu. For the mythological character, see Vanemuine (god).Vanemuine (literal translation from Estonian: Eldermost) is a theatre in Tartu, Estonia. It is the first Estonian language theatre.", "Estonian kroon The kroon (sign: kr; code: EEK) was the official currency of Estonia for two periods in history: 1928–1940 and 1992–2011. Between 1 January and 14 January 2011, the kroon circulated together with the euro, after which the euro became the sole legal tender in Estonia. The kroon was subdivided into 100 cents (senti; singular sent).", "Telecommunications in Estonia The National Telecommunications act in the second period of Estonian independence granted a Monopoly on international and local fixed line telephony to Estonian Telecom (Eesti Telecom). In the process of privatization, a concession was granted to liberalize mobile, CATV and packet-switched telecommunications. This concession was critical for developing a competitive market. Three licensed mobile operators encouraged one of the highest rates of mobile telephony penetration.", "ISO 3166-2:EE ISO 3166-2:EE is the entry for Estonia in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.Currently for Estonia, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 15 counties.Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen. The first part is EE, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Estonia. The second part is two digits.", "Flag of Estonia The national flag of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti lipp) is a tricolour featuring three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), black, and white. The normal size is 105 × 165 cm. In Estonian it is colloquially called the \"sinimustvalge\" (literally \"blue-black-white\"), after the colours of the bands.", "Estonian mark The mark was the currency of Estonia between 1918 and 1927. It was initially equivalent to the German ostmark, which had been circulating alongside the Russian ruble since the German occupation. It was divided into 100 penns (in Nominative case: penn). It was replaced in 1928 by the Estonian kroon at a rate of 1 kroon = 100 marka.Until 1919 there were also Russian rubles, German ostrubles and Finnish markkas in circulation.", "Vana Tallinn Vana Tallinn (Estonian for Old Tallinn) is a dark brown and robust rum-based liqueur developed in the 1960s and produced by the Estonian company Liviko. The liqueur is sweet with a hint of Jamaican rum, flavoured by various natural spices, including citrus oil, cinnamon and vanilla.", "History of Estonia The history of Estonia is a part of the history of Europe. Estonia was settled near the end of the last glacial era, beginning from around 8500 BC. Before the Germans invaded in the 13th century proto-Estonians of the Ancient Estonia worshipped the spirits of nature.", "Counties of Estonia A county (Estonian: maakond, plural maakonnad) is the first-level administrative subdivision of Estonia. Estonian territory is composed of 15 counties, including 13 on the mainland and 2 on islands. Each county's government (maavalitsus) of each county is led by a maavanem (governor) who represents the national government (Vabariigi Valitsus) at the regional level.", "Uralic–Yukaghir languages Uralic–Yukaghir is a proposed language family composed of Uralic and Yukaghir. It is also known as Uralo-Yukaghir. Uralic is a large and diverse family of languages spoken in northern and eastern Europe and northwestern Siberia. Among the better-known Uralic languages are Finnish, Estonian, and Hungarian. Yukaghir is a small family of languages spoken in eastern Siberia. It formerly extended over a much wider area (Collinder 1965:30).", "Governorate of Estonia The Governorate of Est(h)onia (Estonian: Eestimaa kubermang) or Province of Estonia, also known as the Government of Estonia, was a governorate of the Russian Empire in what is now northern Estonia. The Governorate was also known as Duchy of Estonia that Russia gained from Sweden during the Great Northern War in 1721.", "Uma Leht Uma Leht (literally Our Own Newspaper) is the only newspaper in the Võro language which is spoken in Southern Estonia. The newspaper is owned by the Foundation Võro Selts VKKF and issued every fortnight.", "Estonian Reform Party The Estonian Reform Party (Estonian: Eesti Reformierakond) is a liberal political party in Estonia. The party is led by Taavi Rõivas, the current Prime Minister of Estonia, and has 30 members in the 101-member Riigikogu, making it the largest party in the legislature.", "Eesti Televisioon Eesti Televisioon (ETV) (English: Estonian Television) is the national public television station of Estonia. It made its first broadcast on 19 July 1955.The bulk of ETV's funding comes from government grant-in-aid, around 15% of which is in turn funded by the fees paid by Estonian commercial broadcasters in return for their exclusive right to screen television advertising.", "Vironians The Vironians (Estonian: Virulased) were one of the Finnic tribes that later formed the Estonian nation.", "Estonian Lutheran Association of Peace The Estonian Lutheran Association of Peace (Estonian: Eesti Luterlik Rahuühendus) is a conservative laestadians organization in Estonia. It has one Association of Peace in Tartu. It does mission work in Tallinn, Tartu and Southeast Estonia. It has sister organizations in Finland, Sweden and North America.", "Eskimo–Aleut languages Eskimo–Aleut or Eskaleut is a language family native to Alaska, the Canadian Arctic, Nunavik, Nunatsiavut, Greenland, and the Chukchi Peninsula on the eastern tip of Siberia. It is also known as Eskaleutian, Eskaleutic, or Inuit–Yupik-Unangan.The Eskimo–Aleut language family is divided into two branches, the Eskimo languages and the Aleut language.The Aleut language family consists of a single language, Aleut, spoken in the Aleutian Islands and the Pribilof Islands.", "Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721) The Duchy of Estonia (Swedish: Hertigdömet Estland, Estonian: Eestimaa hertsogkond, German: Herzogtum Estland), also known as Swedish Estonia, (Swedish: Svenska Estland) was a dominion of the Swedish Empire from 1561 until 1721, when it was ceded to Russia in the Treaty of Nystad, following its capitulation, during the plague, in the Great Northern War.The dominion arose during the Livonian War, when the northern parts of present-day Estonia (Reval (Tallinn) and the counties of Harjumaa, Western Virumaa, Raplamaa and Järvamaa) submitted to the Swedish king in 1561, and Läänemaa in 1581.", "Tartu Tartu (Estonian pronunciation: [ˈtɑrtˑˈtu]) is the second largest city of Estonia, following Estonia's political and financial capital Tallinn, Tartu is often considered the intellectual centre of the country, especially since it is home to the nation's oldest and most renowned university, the University of Tartu. The city also houses the Supreme Court of Estonia and the Ministry of Education and Research.", "Estonian War of Independence The Estonian War of Independence (Estonian: Vabadussõda, literally \"Freedom War\"), also known as the Estonian Liberation War, was a defensive campaign of the Estonian Army and its allies, most notably the White Russian Northwestern Army, Latvia, and the United Kingdom, against the Soviet Western Front offensive and the aggression of the Baltische Landeswehr. It was fought in connection with the Russian Civil War during 1918–1920.", "Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church The Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church (Estonian: Eesti Evangeelne Luterlik Kirik, abbreviated EELK) is a Lutheran church in Estonia. EELC is member of the Lutheran World Federation and belongs to the Community of Protestant Churches in Europe. It is also a member of the Porvoo Communion, putting it in full communion with the Church of England and other Anglican churches in Europe.", "Islam in Estonia Estonia has one of the smallest Muslim communities in Europe. According to the census of 2011, the number of people who profess Islam was 1,508 in Estonia. There are a small number of practicing Muslims and there is only one mosque, the Turath Islamic Cultural Center.", "Estonian Wikipedia The Estonian Wikipedia is the Estonian version of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, started on 24 July 2002. As of October 2015, the edition has about 138,000 articles.On 7 December 2008 Estonian Wikipedian Andres Luure was one of fifteen individuals recognized for volunteerism in Estonia for 2008. In 2013 he received Order of the White Star for his contributions to Wikipedia.First article competition was held in spring 2009 and first photo competition in summer 2010.", "Setomaa Setomaa (Estonian: Setumaa; Russian: Сетумаа, Seto: Setomaa) is a region south of Lake Peipus and inhabited by the Seto people. The Seto language is a variety of South Estonian. The historic range of Setomaa is located on territories of present-day Estonia and Russia. Estonian Setomaa presently consists of lands in Põlvamaa and Võrumaa counties located in southeastern Estonia and bordering Russia. Pechory has been the historic and cultural centre for the Setos.", "Centre for South Estonian Language and Cultural Studies The Centre for South Estonian Language and Cultural Studies is an interdisciplinary unit at the Faculty of Philosophy of Tartu University. The centre coordinates and organizes linguistic and cultural studies in the historical South Estonian (Võro, Seto, Mulgi and Tartu) area. The centre also publishes books and organizes events connected with South Estonian language and culture.", ".ee .ee is the internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) of Estonia, operated by the Estonian Internet Foundation.", "Estonian Air AS Estonian Air is the flag carrier airline of Estonia, and is based in Tallinn. It is a regional airline feeding into the Scandinavian Airlines network via Stockholm, Oslo, Trondheim and Copenhagen from Estonia.Estonian Air is owned by the Estonian government (97.34%) and the Scandinavian Airlines System Aktiebolag (2.66%). It has 166 employees.", "Russians in the Baltic states Russians in the Baltic states constitute Russian-speaking communities in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Russians in the Baltic states does not imply a separate ethnic subcategory among the Russians. As of 2011, there are 1,052,520 ethnic Russians in the Baltic States (Latvia 556,422, Estonia 321,198, Lithuania 174,900), having declined from 1,726,000 in 1989.", "Tallinn English College Tallinn English College (Estonian: Tallinna Inglise Kolledž) is a co-educational general education school in Tallinn, Estonia with in depth education in the English language. It has elementary, middle and senior levels with students aged from 7 to 18.", "Livonians The Livonians or Livs are the indigenous inhabitants of Livonia, a large part of what is today northwestern Latvia and southwestern Estonia. They spoke the Uralic Livonian language, a language which was closely related to Estonian and Finnish. The last person to have learned Livonian as a mother tongue died in 2013.", "Tallinn Tallinn (/ˈtɑːlɪn/, Estonian pronunciation: [ˈtɑlʲˑinˑ]) is the capital and largest city of Estonia.Tallinn occupies an area of 159.2 km2 (61.5 sq mi) and has a population of 438,569. It is situated on the northern coast of the country, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, 80 km (50 mi) south of Helsinki, east of Stockholm and west of Saint Petersburg. Tallinn's Old Town is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.", "Livonian language Livonian (līvõ kēļ or rāndakēļ) belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages. It is a moribund language, with its last native speaker having died in 2013. It is closely related to Estonian. The native land of the Livonian people is the Livonian Coast, located in Latvia, in the north of the Kurzeme peninsula.Some ethnic Livonians are learning or have learned the language in an attempt to revive it, but as ethnic Livonians are a small minority, opportunities to use Livonian are limited.", "Õhtuleht Õhtuleht is the second largest daily newspaper in Estonia, with approximately 242,000 readers. Õhtuleht is a tabloid newspaper. The newspaper is published in the Estonian language.On 3 July 2000 two rival tabloid papers in Estonia, Õhtuleht (Evening Paper) and Sõnumileht (The Messenger), merged, becoming SL Õhtuleht.", "Languages of Europe Not to be confused with Indo-European languages.Most of the languages of Europe belong to the Indo-European language family. This family is divided into a number of branches, including Romance, Germanic, Baltic, Slavic, Albanian, Celtic, Armenian and Hellenic (Greek). The Uralic languages, which include Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian, also have a significant presence in Europe.", "Baltic languages The Baltic languages belong to the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family, and are spoken by the Balts. Baltic languages are spoken mainly in areas extending east and southeast of the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. They are usually considered a single family divided into two groups: Western Baltic, containing only extinct languages, and Eastern Baltic, containing two living languages, Lithuanian and Latvian. The range of the Eastern Balts once reached to the Ural mountains.", "Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm \"\\My Fatherland, My Happiness and Joy\"; Estonian pronunciation: [mu ˈisɑmɑː mu ˈɤnʲ jɑ ˈrɤːm]) was adopted as the national anthem (Estonian: (riigi)hümn) of the Republic of Estonia in 1920, and again in 1990.The lyrics were written by Johann Voldemar Jannsen and are set to a melody composed in 1848 by Fredrik (Friedrich) Pacius which is also that of the national anthem of Finland: Maamme (\"Vårt Land\" in Swedish).", "Setos Setos (Seto: setokõsõq, setoq, Estonian: setud) are an indigenous ethnic and linguistic minority in south-eastern Estonia and north-western Russia. Setos are mostly Seto-speaking Orthodox Christians of Estonian nationality. The Seto language (like Finnish and Estonian) belongs to the Finnic group of the Uralic languages. The Setos seek greater recognition, rather than having their language considered a dialect of Estonian.", "Russians in Estonia The population of Russians in Estonia is estimated at 320,000. Most Russians live in Estonia's capital city Tallinn and the major northeastern cities of Narva and Kohtla-Järve. Some areas in eastern Estonia near Lake Peipus have a centuries-long history of settlement by Russians, including the Old Believers' communities.", "Estoniya Estoniya (Russian: Эстония) is an Estonian newspaper published in the capital city Tallinn. The newspaper is published in the Russian language, and is Estonia's most read Russian language newspaper. It is the successor to the Soviet era newspaper Sovetskaya Estoniya (Советская Эстония).", "Estonian orthography Estonian orthography is the system used for writing the Estonian language and is based on the Latin alphabet. The Estonian orthography is generally guided by phonemic principles, with each grapheme corresponding to one phoneme.", "Estonians Estonians (Estonian: eestlased) are a Finnic people related to the Finns that mainly inhabit the country Estonia south of Finland and the Finnish Gulf. Their national language is a Finnic branch known as Estonian (Estonian: eesti keel). Although Estonia is geopolitically categorized as one of the Baltics, Estonians are linguistically more related to the neighboring Finns—both belonging to the Baltic Finnic peoples—than to the non-Finnic Baltic peoples of Latvia and Lithuania." ]	9
In which country is the Limerick Lake?	[ "Limerick, Saskatchewan\nLimerick is a small village in southwest Saskatchewan, Canada. The population of Limerick is approximately 150. It is about 150 km (94 mi) north of the US border and a few km from the towns of Lafleche and Gravelbourg. The village is named after the Irish city of Limerick.", "Limerick Athenaeum\nLimerick Athenaeum was a centre of learning, established in Limerick city, Ireland, in 1852.", "Limerick Lake\nLimerick Lake is a lake in the Trent River and Lake Ontario drainage basins in the township of Limerick, Hastings County, Ontario, Canada, about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) northwest of the community of St. Ola, 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) northeast of Highway 62, and 25 kilometres (16 mi) southeast of the town of Bancroft. In 1934, the building of St. Ola Dam raised the level of Big Salmon Lake by two metres.", "Limerick, Ontario\nLimerick is a small township in Hastings County, Ontario, Canada, near Limerick Lake. It is located 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of Belleville between Madoc and Bancroft and served by Ontario Highway 62 and County Road 620. The Township is bordered by the Town of Bancroft, Township of Wollaston and the joined Townships of Tudor and Cashel. The township is heavily forested, as is the shoreline of the Limerick Lake, the main industry in the township being forestry and logging.", "Canada\nCanada (/ˈkænədə/) is a country, consisting of ten provinces and three territories, in the northern part of the continent of North America. It extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering 9.98 million square kilometres (3.85 million square miles) in total, making it the world's second-largest country by total area and the fourth-largest country by land area." ]	[ "Carlingford Lough Carlingford Lough (Irish: Loch Cairlinn; Ulster Scots: Carlinford Loch or Cairlinfurd Loch) is a glacial fjord or sea inlet that forms part of the border between Northern Ireland to the north and the Republic of Ireland to the south. On its northern shore is County Down and on its southern shore is County Louth.", "Lake Balaton Lake Balaton (German: Plattensee) is a freshwater lake in the Transdanubian region of Hungary. It is the largest lake in Central Europe, and one of the region's foremost tourist destinations. The Zala River provides the largest inflow of water to the lake, and the canalised Sió is the only outflow.The mountainous region of the northern shore is known both for its historic character and as a major wine region, while the flat southern shore is known for its resort towns.", "Stortissvatnet Stortissvatnet or Stor-Tisvatnet (also Southern Sami: Vuallerenjaevrie) is a lake in the municipality of Lierne in Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway. The lake lies south of the lake Laksjøen and north of the lake Holden.", "Litlverivatnet Litlverivatnet (Lule Sami: Bassejávrre) is a lake that lies in the municipality of Sørfold in Nordland county, Norway. The 3.98-square-kilometre (1.54 sq mi) lake is located about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) northeast of the village of Straumen, inside of Rago National Park.", "Lake Onega Lake Onega (also known as Onego, Russian: Оне́жское о́зеро, tr. Onezhskoe ozero; IPA: [ɐˈnʲɛʂskəɪ ˈozʲɪrə]; Finnish: Ääninen or Äänisjärvi; Karelian: Oniegu or Oniegu-järve; Veps: Änine or Änižjärv) is a lake in the north-west European part of Russia, located on the territory of Republic of Karelia, Leningrad Oblast and Vologda Oblast. It belongs to the basin of the Baltic Sea, Atlantic Ocean, and is the second largest lake in Europe after Lake Ladoga.", "Lake Peipus Lake Peipus, (Estonian: Peipsi-Pihkva järv; Russian: Псковско-Чудское озеро (Pskovsko-Chudskoe ozero), German: Peipussee) is the biggest transboundary lake in Europe on the border between Estonia (part of European Union) and Russia.The lake is the fifth largest in Europe after Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega in Russia north of St. Petersburg, Lake Vänern in Sweden, and Lake Saimaa in Finland.Lake Peipus is a remnant of a body of water which existed in this area during an Ice Age.", "Lake Voulismeni Lake Voulismeni (Greek: Λίμνη Βουλισμένη, Límni Voulisméni) is a former sweetwater small lake, later connected to the sea, located at the centre of the town of Agios Nikolaos on the Greek island of Crete It has a circular shape of a diameter of 137 m and depth 64 m. The locals refer to it as just \"the lake\". The lake connects to the harbour of the town by a channel dug in 1870.", "Fulacht fiadh A fulacht fiadh (Irish pronunciation: [ˈfˠʊl̪ˠəxt̪ˠ ˈfʲiːə]; Irish: fulacht fiadh or fulacht fian; plural: fulachtaí fia or, in older texts, fulachta fiadh) is a type of archaeological site found in Ireland. In England, Scotland, Wales and the Isle of Man they are known as burnt mounds. They commonly survive as a low horseshoe-shaped mound of charcoal-enriched soil and heat shattered stone with a slight depression at its centre showing the position of the pit.", "Croagh Croagh (Irish: Cróch) is a picturesque small village in County Limerick, Ireland. It is located on the road between Rathkeale and Adare which was part of the N21 national primary road before it was bypassed. It is 14 miles from Limerick city. \"Croagh\" is from the Irish word \"cruach,\" which is a hill or mountain.The village is in the agricultural area known as the Golden Vale.", "Lake Starnberg Lake Starnberg (German: Starnberger See) — called Lake Würm (German Würmsee) until 1962, and also known as Fürstensee — is Germany's fifth largest freshwater lake in terms of area and, due to its great average depth, the second largest in terms of water volume.", "Patrickswell Patrickswell, historically known as Toberpatrick (Irish: Tobar Phádraig), is a small town in County Limerick, Ireland. It is primarily a commuter village for people working in Limerick, particularly the nearby industrial suburb of Raheen.", "Lough Neagh Lough Neagh, sometimes Loch Neagh, (pronounced /ˌlɒx ˈneɪ/, lokh nay) is a freshwater lake in Northern Ireland. It is the biggest lake in Northern Ireland, supplying forty percent of its water; the biggest on the island of Ireland, the biggest by area in the United Kingdom, and the biggest by area in the British Isles. Its name comes from Irish: Loch nEachach, meaning \"Lake of Eachaidh\", although today it is usually spelt Loch nEathach (Irish: [ɫ̪ɔx ˈn̠ʲahax]) in Irish.", "Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake General Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake (27 July 1744 – 20 February 1808) was a British general. He commanded British forces during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and later served as Commander-in-Chief of the military in British India.", "Galbally, County Limerick Galbally (Irish: An Gallbhaile, meaning \"town of the stranger or the foreigner\") is a village in southeast County Limerick, Ireland, on the border with County Tipperary. It is located at the foot of the Galtee Mountains and at the western approach to the Glen of Aherlow.", "Sunrise Lake (New Hampshire) Sunrise Lake is a 247-acre (1.00 km2) water body located in Strafford County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Middleton. The lake was originally known as Dump Reservoir. Water from Sunrise Lake flows to the Cocheco River, part of the Piscataqua River watershed.The lake is classified as a warmwater fishery, with observed species including largemouth bass, chain pickerel, horned pout, and white perch.", "Lake Eacham Lake Eacham: (originally Yidyam or Wiinggina) is a popular lake of volcanic origin on the Atherton Tableland of Queensland, Australia, within the World Heritage listed Wet Tropics of Queensland.", "Abbeyfeale Abbeyfeale (/ˈæbifeɪl/; Irish: Mainistir na Féile, meaning \"Abbey of the Feale\") is a historical market town in County Limerick, Ireland near the boundary with County Kerry. The town is in the south west of Ireland, some 21 km (13 mi) from Newcastle West on the N21 – the main road from Limerick to Tralee.", "Castleconnell Castleconnell (Irish: Caisleán Uí gConaing) is a scenic village on the banks of the River Shannon, some 11 km (6.8 mi) from Limerick city and within a few minutes walk of the boundaries with counties Clare and Tipperary.", "Lake Dunstan Lake Dunstan is a man-made lake and reservoir in the South Island of New Zealand.The lake was formed on the Clutha River as a result of the construction of the Clyde Dam, filling in four controlled stages beginning in April 1992 and completed the next year. Parts of the town of Cromwell were relocated to a new area above the new lake.", "Keel, County Mayo Keel (Irish: An Caol) is a village on Achill Island in County Mayo, Ireland.", "Crescent Lake (Dunhuang) Yueyaquan (Chinese: 月牙泉; pinyin: Yuèyá Quán) is a crescent-shaped lake in an oasis, 6 km south of the city of Dunhuang in Gansu Province, China.It was named Yueyaquan in the Qing Dynasty.", "Castletroy Castletroy (Irish: Caladh an Treoigh) is a suburb of Limerick, Ireland and is the largest suburb in Munster. Its population is estimated at 40,000 as of 2010.Historically, the district was entirely separate to Limerick, and consisted of little development aside from the villages of Annacotty and Monaleen. With the creation of the University of Limerick, as well as the growth of Limerick city itself, this began to change.", "Glendalough Glendalough (/ˌɡlɛndəˈlɒx/; Irish: Gleann Dá Loch, meaning \"The Valley of the two lakes\") is a glacial valley in County Wicklow, Ireland, renowned for an Early Medieval monastic settlement founded in the 6th century by St Kevin.", "Henangervatnet Henangervatnet is a lake in the municipality of Fusa in Hordaland county, Norway. The 2.66-square-kilometre (1.03 sq mi) lake lies about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) south of the municipal centre of Eikelandsosen. The lake lies between the lake Skogseidvatnet and the Sævareidfjorden, an arm off the main Bjørnafjorden.", "Langvatnet (Ballangen) Langvatnet (Lule Sami: Guovddelisjávrre) is a lake in the municipality of Ballangen in Nordland county, Norway. The 14.36-square-kilometre (5.54 sq mi) lake is located northwest of the lake Sijdasjávrre and south of the lake Geitvatnet in the southeastern part of Ballangen, about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from the border with Sweden.", "IJsselmeer Ĳsselmeer (Dutch pronunciation: [ɛi̯səlˈmeːr]; Lake IJssel, alternative spelling: Lake Yssel; Frisian: Iselmar) is a shallow artificial lake of 1100 km² in the central Netherlands bordering the provinces of Flevoland, North Holland and Friesland, with an average depth of 5 to 6 m. The Ĳsselmeer is the largest lake in Western Europe.The Ĳsselmeer is a freshwater lake fed through the Ketelmeer by the river IJssel, which gives it its name.", "Sliabh Luachra Sliabh Luachra (Irish pronunciation: [ʃlʲiəvˠ ˈl̪ˠuəxɾˠə]) is a region in Munster, Ireland by the River Blackwater and borders the counties Cork, Kerry and Limerick.", "Limerick GAA The Limerick County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) (Irish: Cumann Lúthchleas Gael, Coiste Chontae Luimneach) or Limerick GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland, and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Limerick. The county board is also responsible for the Limerick inter-county teams. Several books tell the story of Limerick GAA", "Newcastle West Newcastle West (Irish: an Caisleán Nua Thiar) or simply Newcastle (an Caisleán Nua, formerly anglicized Castlenoe) is a town in west County Limerick, Ireland. It is the largest town in the county, excluding Limerick city, and sits on the River Arra which flows into the River Deel. Newcastle West is in the middle of a great bowl-shaped valley in West Limerick, known one time as the valley of the Wild Boar, apparently due to the abundance of this animal here when the area was thickly wooded.", "Lough Derg (Shannon) Lough Derg, historically Lough Dergart (Irish: Loch Deirgeirt), is a freshwater lake in the Shannon River Basin, Ireland. It is the second-biggest lake in the Republic of Ireland and the third-biggest on the island of Ireland (after Lough Neagh and Lough Corrib).It is a long, narrow lake, with shores in counties Clare (south-west), Galway (north-west), and Tipperary (to the east). It is the southernmost of three large lakes on the River Shannon; the others being Lough Ree and Lough Allen.", "Lake Malta Lake Malta, known also as the Maltański Reservoir, is an artificial lake in Poznań, Poland. It was formed in 1952 as a result of the damming of the Cybina River. It is about 2.2 km long, which makes the lake the biggest man-made lake of the city. The water is 3.1 m deep on average with a maximum about 5 m.", "Loktak Lake Loktak Lake is the largest freshwater lake in North -East India is famous for the phumdis (heterogeneous mass of vegetation, soil, and organic matters at various stages of decomposition) floating over it. Keibul Lamjao the only floating national park in the world floats over it.It is located near Moirang in Manipur state, India. The etymology of Loktak is Lok = \"stream\" and tak = \"the end\".", "Limerick (poetry) A limerick is a form of poetry, especially one in five-line, predominantly anapestic meter with a strict rhyme scheme (AABBA), which is sometimes obscene with humorous intent. The first, second and fifth lines are usually longer than the third and fourth. The oldest attested text in this form is a Latin prayer by Thomas Aquinas of the 13th century. The form appeared in England in the early years of the 18th century.", "St Munchin's College St. Munchin's College is a second-level education college located in the Limerick city suburb of Corbally in the Irish county of Limerick. The school was founded in 1796.", "Ballinlough, County Roscommon Ballinlough (/ˌbælɨnˈlɒx/ BAL-in-LOKH; Irish: Baile an Locha, meaning \"town of the lake\") is a small town in County Roscommon, Ireland. The N60 national secondary road passes through it. The town is between Ballyhaunis and Castlerea on the Roscommon to Castlebar road. Lake O'Flynn, which lies north of the town, is notable for brown trout fishing.", "Upper Sûre Lake The Upper Sûre Lake (Luxembourgish: Stauséi Uewersauer, French: Lac de la Haute-Sûre, German: Stausee an der Ober-Sauer) is a large reservoir in north-western Luxembourg. It is the largest body of water in the country. It gives its name to the commune of Lac de la Haute-Sûre, which was formed in 1979.It is created by the Esch-sur-Sûre Dam which was built in the 1950s to meet Luxembourg's drinking water and electricity needs. The town of Esch-sur-Sûre nestles at one end of the lake.", "Lake Burley Griffin Lake Burley Griffin is an artificial lake in the centre of Canberra, the capital of Australia. It was completed in 1963 after the Molonglo River—which ran between the city centre and Parliamentary Triangle—was dammed. It is named after Walter Burley Griffin, the American architect who won the competition to design the city of Canberra.Griffin designed the lake with many geometric motifs, so that the axes of his design lined up with natural geographical landmarks in the area.", "Limerick's Live 95fm Limerick's Live 95fm is a radio station in Ireland owned by UTV Radio, broadcasting to Limerick city and county", "West Lake West Lake (Chinese: 西湖, Xī Hú) is a freshwater lake in Hangzhou, the capital of Zhejiang province in eastern China. It is divided into five sections by three causeways. There are numerous temples, pagodas, gardens, and artificial islands within the lake.West Lake has influenced poets and painters throughout Chinese history for its natural beauty and historic relics, and it has also been among the most important sources of inspiration for Chinese garden designers.", "Limerick West (Dáil Éireann constituency) Limerick West was a parliamentary constituency represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas from 1948 to 2011. The constituency elected 3 deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs). The method of election was the single transferable vote form of proportional representation (PR-STV).", "Newmarket-on-Fergus Newmarket-on-Fergus, historically known as Corracatlin (Irish: Cora Chaitlín, meaning \"Caitlín's weir\"), is a town in County Clare, Ireland. It is 13 kilometers from Ennis, 8 kilometers from Shannon Airport, and 24 km from Limerick.", "Hallevatnet Hallevatnet is a lake in the municipality of Larvik in Vestfold county, Norway.", "Kilfinane Kilfinane (Irish: Cill Fhíonáin) (/ˌkɪlfɪˈnɑːn/ or /ˌkɪlfɪˈneɪn/, local /kɪlˈfɪnən/) is a small market town in County Limerick, Ireland. The Town's name comes from the Irish words \"Cill\" (church) and \"Fhíonáin\" (Finian), making its meaning \"Church of Saint Finian.\" Kilfinane is located approximately 40 km southeast of Limerick, and approximately 70 km north-northwest of Cork.At an elevation of over 150 metres, Kilfinane is the highest town in County Limerick.", "Lake Kossou Lake Kossou (French: Lac de Kossou) is the largest lake in Côte d'Ivoire. It lies in the center of the country on the Bandama River. It is an artificial lake, created in 1973 by damming the Bandama River at Kossou (the Kossou Dam). Some 85,000 Baoulé people were displaced by the lake.", "Ballylongford Ballylongford (historically Bealalongford, from Irish: Béal Átha Longfoirt, meaning \"ford-mouth of anchorage\") is a village near Listowel in north County Kerry, Ireland.", "Lady's Island Lake Lady's Island Lake (Irish: Loch Tóchair) is a brackish lake in the south of County Wexford, Ireland.The lake is technically a back-barrier seepage lagoon, one of only two in Ireland. The other is nearby Tacumshin Lake (Irish: Loch Theach Cuimsin). The lake has no outlet, but is separated from the Atlantic Ocean at the southern end by a sand and gravel bar 200 m wide. Salt water seeps through the barrier, while fresh water flows into the lake from run-off from the land around the lake.", "Hospital, County Limerick Hospital (Irish: An tOspidéal) is a town in east County Limerick, Ireland. The town's population, per the 2006 census, was 1206 people but within a 2 km radius that number more than doubles. The town itself is situated in the townland of Barrysfarm, one of 11 in the civil parish of Hospital. It lies on the River Mahore, a tributary of the Camogue.", "Viscount Grandison Viscount Grandison of Limerick, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1620 for Sir Oliver St John, the Lord Deputy of Ireland. He was the descendant and namesake of Oliver St John, whose elder brother Sir John St John was the ancestor of the Barons St John of Bletso and the Earls of Bolingbroke.", "Lough Swilly Lough Swilly (Irish: Loch Súilí, meaning \"Lake of Shadows\" or the \"Lake of Eyes\") in Ireland is a glacial fjord or sea inlet lying between the western side of the Inishowen Peninsula and the Fanad Peninsula, in County Donegal. Along with Carlingford Lough and Killary Harbour it is one of three glacial fjords in Ireland.At the northern extremities of the lough are Fanad Head with its famous lighthouse and Dunaff Head.", "Lough Corrib Lough Corrib (/lɒx ˈkɒrɨb/ lokh KORR-ib; Irish: Loch Coirib) is a lake in the west of Ireland. The River Corrib or Galway river connects the lake to the sea at Galway. It is the second largest lough in the island of Ireland (after Lough Neagh). It covers 176 km² and lies mostly in County Galway with a small area of its northeast corner in County Mayo.The first canal on the island of Ireland was cut in the 12th century.", "Limerick City (Dáil Éireann constituency) Limerick City is a parliamentary constituency in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas. The constituency elects 4 deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs). The method of election is the single transferable vote form of proportional representation (PR-STV).", "Lake Neusiedl Lake Neusiedl (German: Neusiedler See) or Fertő (Hungarian: Fertő tó; Croatian: Nežidersko jezero, Niuzaljsko jezero; Slovene: Nežidersko jezero) is the largest endorheic lake in Central Europe, straddling the Austria-Hungarian border. The lake covers 315 km², of which 240 km² is on the Austrian side and 75 km² on the Hungarian side. The lake's drainage basin has an area of about 1,120 km².", "King's Island, Limerick King's Island is an area of central Limerick, Ireland. The area is often referred to colloquially as The Island and consists of two distinct areas, Englishtown and St Mary's Park. The historical city of Limerick known as Englishtown is located on the southern end and St Mary's Park; a local authority housing estate is located on the northern end.The island is formed from a distributary of the River Shannon.", "Limerick City (UK Parliament constituency) Limerick City was a United Kingdom Parliament constituency, in Ireland. It returned one MP 1801–1832, two MPs 1832–1885 and one thereafter. It was an original constituency represented in Parliament when the Union of Great Britain and Ireland took effect on 1 January 1801. It ceased to be represented in the United Kingdom Parliament in 1922.", "Muckross House Muckross House (Irish: Teach Mhucrois) is located on the small Muckross Peninsula between Muckross Lake and Lough Leane, two of the lakes of Killarney, 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from the town of Killarney in County Kerry, Ireland. In 1932 it was presented by William Bowers Bourn and Arthur Rose Vincent to the Irish nation. It thus became the first National Park in the Irish Free State (now Republic of Ireland) and formed the basis of the present day Killarney National Park.", "Limerick lace Limerick lace is an embroidered needle lace made in Limerick in Ireland.It is formed on a mesh using one or both of two techniques:Tambour – where chain stitch is created using a hook.Needlerun – where stitches are darned onto the ground using a needle.The lace was noted for its variety of delicate fillings, as many as 47 different ones being found in one collar. The industry was started in 1829 By Charles Walker. The industry was revived in the late 1880's.When John F.", "Lake Valencia (Venezuela) Lake Valencia (Spanish: Lago de Valencia) is a lake within Carabobo State and Aragua State, in northern Venezuela.", "Thomond Park Thomond Park is a stadium located in Limerick in the Irish province of Munster. The stadium is owned by the Irish Rugby Football Union and count Munster Rugby, Shannon RFC and UL Bohemian RFC as tenants. Limerick FC play home games in Thomond Park during this current 2013 League of Ireland season while the Markets Field is redeveloped. The capacity of the stadium is 25,630 following its large scale redevelopment in 2008.", "East Limerick (UK Parliament constituency) East Limerick was a UK Parliament constituency in Ireland, returning one Member of Parliament 1885–1922.Prior to the United Kingdom general election, 1885 the area was part of the Limerick County constituency. From 1922 it was not represented in the UK Parliament.", "Clea Lake Clea Lake or Lough Clea is situated just outside Keady in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. It provides water for the Keady area and is a popular fishing location in south Armagh.", "Bruff Bruff (Irish: Brú na nDeise) is a town in east County Limerick, in the midwest of Ireland, located on the old Limerick–Cork road (R512). The town lies on the Morning Star river, with two bridges in the town itself. The horse-shoe lake of Lough Gur is nearby.", "Kingdom of Desmond The Kingdom of Desmond was a historic kingdom located on the southwestern coast of Ireland. The name is Irish in origin – Deas-Mhumhain – which means South Munster. The Kingdom of Desmond originated in 1118, based on the Treaty of Glanmire, when the major parts of the prior Kingdom of Munster fractured into the Kingdom of Desmond and the Kingdom of Thomond (Irish: Tuadh-Mhumhain, meaning North Munster).", "Treaty of Limerick The Treaty of Limerick (Irish: Conradh Luimnigh) ended the Williamite War in Ireland between the Jacobites and the supporters of William of Orange and concluded the Siege of Limerick. The treaty really consisted of two treaties, both of which were signed on 3 October 1691. Reputedly they were signed on the Treaty Stone, an irregular block of limestone which once served as a mounting block for horses.", "Lakes of Killarney The Lakes of Killarney are a scenic attraction located near Killarney, County Kerry, in Ireland. They consist of three lakes - Lough Leane, Muckross Lake (also called Middle Lake) and Upper Lake.Lough Leane (from Irish Loch Léin, meaning \"lake of learning\") is the largest of the three lakes. The River Laune drains Lough Leane to the north-west towards Killorglin and into Dingle Bay.The lakes lie in a mountain-ringed valley starting in the Black Valley.", "Garryspillane Garryspillane (Irish: Garraí Uí Spealáin), sometimes spelled \"Garryspellane\", is a village in South County Limerick, Ireland, located near Knocklong on the R513 road. The village consists of a pub a shop a garage and a co-op the mroning star river flows near the village it is a big farming area with plenty of agricultural land", "Oola Oola (Irish: Úlla, IPA: [ˈuːl̪ˠə]; or Uibhle, [ˈɪvʲlʲə], from the drumlins) is a village in County Limerick, and the province of Munster, Ireland, near Limerick in the midwest of the country. The main N24 road from Limerick to Waterford passes through the town and the town of Tipperary is located 12 kilometres south-east of Oola.", "New Limerick, Maine New Limerick is a town in Aroostook County, Maine, United States. The population was 490 at the 2014 census. The town was settled in 1775 and incorporated on March 18, 1837 from New Limerick Plantation. It received it name from the fact that many of its settlers had previously lived in Limerick in York County at the southern end of the state, which in turn was probably named after the Irish city of Limerick.", "Vänern Vänern (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈvɛːnəɳ]) is the largest lake in Sweden, the largest lake in the European Union and the third-largest lake entirely in Europe after Ladoga and Onega in Russia. It is located in the provinces of Västergötland, Dalsland, and Värmland in the southwest of the country.", "Limerick boycott The Limerick boycott was an economic boycott waged against the small Jewish community in Limerick, Ireland, for over two years in the first decade of the twentieth century. It was accompanied by a number of assaults, stone throwing and intimidation, which caused many Jews to leave the city. It was instigated in 1904 by a Redemptorist priest, Father John Creagh.", "Gusvatnet Gusvatnet (Southern Sami: Stoerenjuananjaevrie) is a lake in the municipality of Lierne in Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway. The 4.02-square-kilometre (1.55 sq mi) lake flows out into the river Guselva which flows a short distance into the larger lake Lenglingen.", "South Lake (Jiaxing) South Lake (Chinese: 南湖; pinyin: Nán Hú) is a scenic lake located in the South of Jiaxing City, China, and covers an area of 0.54 km². It is also known as \"Mandarin Duck Lake\", due to the lake's shape, and is a frequent destination of tourists and sightseers.Alongside the lake are the ruins of the Misty Rain Tower, which was built in the 10th century.", "Nilsebuvatnet Nilsebuvatnet is a lake in the municipalities of Forsand and Hjelmeland in Rogaland county, Norway.", "Limerick Soviet The Limerick Soviet (Irish: Sóivéid Luimnigh) was a self-declared soviet that existed from 15 to 27 April 1919 in County Limerick, Ireland. At the beginning of the Irish War of Independence, a general strike was organised by the Limerick Trades and Labour Council, as a protest against the British army's declaration of a \"Special Military Area\" under the Defence of the Realm Act, which covered most of Limerick city and a part of the county.", "Limerick East (Dáil Éireann constituency) Limerick East was a parliamentary constituency represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas from 1948 to 2011. The method of election was the single transferable vote form of proportional representation (PR-STV).", "Maigh Seóla Maigh Seóla (Irish pronunciation: [mˠiːj ˈʃoːl̪ˠə]) was the territory that included land along the east shore of Lough Corrib in County Galway, Ireland. It was bounded by the Uí Maine vassal kingdom of Soghain. Its rulers up to the 1220s were the Muintir Murchada, who took the surname O'Flaherty. They were based at Loch Cime (later called Lough Hackett) until forced west of Lough Corrib during the de Burgo led English invasion of Connacht in the 13th century.", "Waterford Lake Waterford Lake is the main water supply for New Waterford, Nova Scotia, Canada.It was the scene of the beginning of the battle of New Waterford during the coal mine strikes of 1925.", "Limerick Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania Limerick Township is a township in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States.", "History of Limerick The history of Limerick, stretches back to its establishment by the Vikings as a walled city on King's Island (an island in the River Shannon) in 812, and its charter in 1197.A great castle was built on the orders of King John in 1200. It was besieged three times in the 17th century, resulting in the famous Treaty of Limerick and the flight of the defeated Catholic leaders abroad.", "Limerick Institute of Technology Limerick Institute of Technology (LIT) is an institution of higher education in Limerick, Ireland and is one of 13 institutes that are members of the Institutes of Technology Ireland (IOTI). The Institute has four campuses in Limerick city, one in both Thurles and Clonmel in County Tipperary and a regional learning centre in Ennis, County Clare.", "River Deel The River Deel (Irish: An Daoil) is in County Limerick, Ireland.", "Limerick County Council Limerick County Council (Irish: Comhairle Contae Luimnigh) was the authority responsible for local government in County Limerick, Ireland. As a county council, it was governed by the Local Government Act 2001. The council had 28 elected members. Elections for the council were held every five years and were by single transferable vote. The head of the council had the title of Cathaoirleach (Chairperson).", "Gaelic Grounds The Gaelic Grounds or Páirc na nGael is the principal GAA stadium in the Irish city of Limerick, home to the Limerick hurling and football teams.", "List of Limerick people This is a list of notable people who are from Limerick city or county, Ireland, or have strong associations with either.", "Limerick Post The Limerick Post is a free weekly newspaper, distributed throughout Limerick city and county, parts of counties Clare, Tipperary in the region of Munster, Ireland.The Limerick Post was established in 1986 and remains the only locally owned newspaper in Limerick. The Post is published each Thursday morning.", "Limerick Leader The Limerick Leader is a weekly local newspaper in Limerick, Ireland. It was founded in 1889. The newspaper is headquartered on O'Connell Street.It had an average weekly circulation of 14,232 for the first half of 2012, according to the Audit Bureau of Circulations. According to ABC, circulation declined to 13,420 for the period July 2012 to December 2012, this represented a fall of 10% on a year-on-year basis.", "Limerick F.C. Limerick Football Club is an association football club based in Limerick, Ireland who play in the League of Ireland Premier Division.The first Limerick Football Club was founded in 1937 and has had a number of guises through its history, known at different times as Limerick, Limerick United, Limerick City and Limerick 37.", "Pallaskenry Pallaskenry (Irish: Pailís Chaonraí) is a village in County Limerick, Ireland. The village is located about 24 km (15 mi) west of Limerick city close to the River Shannon estuary. The town is reached by travelling about five kilometres (~3 miles) north off the N69 National Route that runs west from the city.", "University of Limerick The University of Limerick (UL) (Irish: Ollscoil Luimnigh) is a university in the city of Limerick, Ireland . It was established in 1972 as the National Institute for Higher Education, Limerick and became a university by statute in 1989 in accordance with the University of Limerick Act 1989.", "Limerick, Louisville Limerick is a neighborhood one mile south of downtown Louisville, Kentucky USA. It was developed in the 1860s as a place of residence for employees of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad freight yard. It was named because nearly all of the residents were from the Irish county of Limerick. The St. Louis Bertrand Catholic Church was the centerpiece of the newly founded neighborhood.", "Earl of Limerick Earl of Limerick is a title that has been created twice in the Peerage of Ireland, associated first with the Dongan family, then with the Pery family.", "Limerick Generating Station The Limerick Generating Station in Pennsylvania is located next to the Schuylkill River in Limerick Township, Montgomery County, northwest of Philadelphia. The facility has two General Electric boiling water reactor (BWR) units, cooled by natural draft cooling towers.", "County Limerick County Limerick (Irish: Contae Luimnigh) is a county in Ireland. It is located in the province of Munster, and is also part of the Mid-West Region. It is named after the city of Limerick. Limerick City and County Council is the local council for the county. The county's population at the 2011 census 191,809 of which 95,894 live in Limerick City, the county capital.", "Lough Gur Lough Gur (Irish: Loch Gair) is a lake in County Limerick, Ireland between the towns of Herbertstown and Bruff. The lake forms a horseshoe shape at the base of Knockadoon Hill and some rugged elevated countryside. It is one of Ireland's most important archaeological sites. Humans have lived near Lough Gur since about 3000 BC and there are numerous megalithic remains there.Grange stone circle (the largest stone circle in Ireland) and a dolmen are located near the lake.", "Limerick Limerick (/ˈlɪmərɪk/ or /ˈlɪmrɪk/; Irish: Luimneach [ˈl̪imʲɨnʲəx]) is a city in county Limerick, Ireland. It is located in the Mid-West Region and is also part of the province of Munster. Limerick City and County Council is the local authority for the city. The city lies on the River Shannon, with the historic core of the city located on King's Island, which is bounded by the Shannon and the Abbey River.", "Limerick, Maine Limerick (pronounced \"LIM-rick\") is a town in York County, Maine, United States. It is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford, Maine metropolitan statistical area. The population was 2,892 at the 2010 census." ]	3
Give me all female German chancellors.	[ "List of spouses of German presidents and chancellors\nThis is a list of spouses of the President of Germany and Chancellor.", "Guido Westerwelle\nGuido Westerwelle (German: [ˈɡiːdo ˈvɛstɐˌvɛlə]; born 27 December 1961) is a German politician who served as the Foreign Minister in the second cabinet of Chancellor Angela Merkel and was Vice Chancellor of Germany from 2009 to 2011. He is the first openly gay person to hold either of those positions. He had been the chairman of the Free Democratic Party of Germany (FDP) since May 2001, but stepped down in 2011. A lawyer by profession, he was member of the Bundestag from 1996 to 2013.", "List of Chancellors of Germany by time in office\nThis is a list of Chancellors of Germany by time in office from 1867 to the present including the Federal Republic of Germany and its predecessors. This is based on the difference between dates; if counted by number of calendar days all the figures would be one greater.", "Religious affiliations of Chancellors of Germany\nEvery German Chancellor was a follower of a Christian church. German society has been affected by a Catholic-Protestant divide since the Protestant Reformation, and the same effect is visible in this list of German Chancellors. It is largely dominated by Roman Catholics and Lutherans as these remain the main confessions in the country. One chancellor, namely Philipp Scheidemann, was Reformed (Calvinist).", "List of Chancellors of Germany\nThe Chancellor of Germany is the political leader of Germany and the head of the Federal Government. The office holder is responsible for selecting all other members of the government and chairing Cabinet meetings.The office was created in the North German Confederation in 1867, when Otto von Bismarck became the first Chancellor. With the Unification of Germany in 1871, the Confederation evolved into a German nation-state and the office became known as the Chancellor of Germany.", "List of Chancellors of the Federal Republic of Germany by time in office\nThis is a list of Chancellors of the Federal Republic of Germany by time in office. This is based on the difference between dates; if counted by number of calendar days all the figures would be one greater. (Note that the shortest-reigning and longest-reigning pope lists use numbers of calendar days.)", "Gustav Stresemann\nAbout this sound Gustav Stresemann (May 10, 1878 – October 3, 1929) was a German politician and statesman who served as Chancellor in 1923 (for a brief period of 102 days) and Foreign Minister 1923–1929, during the Weimar Republic. He was co-laureate of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926.Stresemann's politics defy easy categorization. Arguably, his most notable achievement was the reconciliation between Germany and France, for which he and Aristide Briand received the Nobel Peace Prize.", "Leo von Caprivi\nGeorg Leo Graf von Caprivi de Caprera de Montecuccoli (English: Count George Leo of Caprivi, Caprera, and Montecuccoli, born Georg Leo von Caprivi; 24 February 1831 – 6 February 1899) was a German general and statesman who succeeded Otto von Bismarck as Chancellor of Germany. Caprivi served as German Chancellor from March 1890 to October 1894. Caprivi promoted industrial and commercial development, and concluded numerous bilateral treaties for reduction of tariff barriers.", "Ursula von der Leyen\nUrsula Gertrud von der Leyen, née Albrecht (born 8 October 1958 in Brussels) is a German politician who has been the Minister of Defence since 2013, and is the first woman in German history to hold that office. A physician by profession, she previously also served as the Minister of Labour and Social Affairs from 2009 to 2013 and as the Minister of Senior Citizens, Women and Youth from 2005 to 2009.", "Susann-Annette Storm\nSusann-Annette Storm (born 1957 in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany) is a German attorney, lawyer and chancellor (Kanzlerin) of the University of Mannheim since October 2001. Furthermore, Storm was chancellor and representative for all universities situated in Baden-Württemberg during 2005 to 2007.", "Angela Merkel\nAngela Dorothea Merkel (née Kasner; born 17 July 1954) is a German politician and former research scientist who has been the Chancellor of Germany since 2005 and the Leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) since 2000. She is the first woman to hold either office.Having earned a doctorate as a physical chemist, Merkel entered politics in the wake of the Revolutions of 1989, briefly serving as a deputy spokesperson for the first democratically elected East German Government in 1990." ]	[ "Tanja Kreil Tanja Kreil (born 1977) is a German electrician notable for filing a lawsuit against the Bundeswehr (Germany's armed forces) with European Court of Justice that forced the German military to allow women to join the armed forces.Following the 2000 ruling, the German government changed a law that banned women from serving, and by 2001 the first female volunteers joined.", "Klaus Kinkel Klaus Kinkel (born 17 December 1936) is a German civil servant, lawyer, and politician of the liberal Free Democratic Party (FDP). He served as Federal Minister of Justice (1991–1992), Foreign Minister (1992–1998) and Vice Chancellor of Germany (1993–1998) in the government of Helmut Kohl. He was also chairman of the liberal Free Democratic Party from 1993 to 1995.", "Charlotte Knobloch Charlotte Knobloch (born October 29, 1932 in Munich as Charlotte Neuland) was elected President of Central Council of Jews in Germany (Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland) in June, 2006, and served in that role until 2010. She is also Vice President of the European Jewish Congress and the World Jewish Congress. She has for many years been one of the primary leaders of the Jewish community in Munich, as President of the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde München und Oberbayern since 1985.", "Doris Pack Doris Pack (born 18 March 1942, Schiffweiler) is a German politician, President of EPP Women and former Member of the European Parliament 1989-2014. She served as a member of the Bundestag 1974–1983 and 1985–1989. She is a member of the conservative Christian Democratic Union, part of the European People's Party.", "Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Claudia Kohde-Kilsch (born 11 December 1963) is a former German tennis player and member of the Die Linke. During her tennis career, she won two women's doubles Grand Slam titles. She also won eight singles titles and a total of 25 doubles titles.", "Helga Trüpel Helga Trüpel (*21. July 1958 in Moers, Germany) is a German politician). From 1991 to 1995 she has been minister for Culture and the integration of immigrants in the City State of Bremen. Since 2004 she is a Member of the European Parliament.", "Nazi Party Chancellery Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei), until 12 May 1941 Staff of the Deputy Führer (Stab des Stellvertreters des Führers), was the name of the head office of the German Nazi Party (NSDAP). Since 1933 the party office with its seat in Munich had been under Adolf Hitler's Deputy Führer Rudolf Hess in the rank of a Reich Minister in Hitler's cabinet.", "Rebecca Harms Rebecca Harms (born 7 December 1956) is a German politician and Member of the European Parliament for Alliance '90/The Greens, part of the European Greens. Since 2010 she has been the president of The Greens–European Free Alliance group in the European parliament.", "Otto Grotewohl Otto Grotewohl (German pronunciation: [ˈɔtoː ˈɡʁoːtəvoːl]; 11 March 1894 – 23 September 1964) was a German politician and the first prime minister of the German Democratic Republic from 1949 until his death in 1964.", "Joseph Wirth Karl Joseph Wirth, known as Joseph Wirth, (6 September 1879 Freiburg im Breisgau – 3 January 1956 Freiburg im Breisgau) was a German politician of the Catholic Centre Party who served as Chancellor of Germany from 1921 to 1922, for 585 days. During the post-war era, he participated in the neutralist Alliance of Germans party.", "Gertrud Scholtz-Klink Gertrud Scholtz-Klink later known as Maria Stuckebrock (9 February 1902 – 24 March 1999) was a fervent Nazi Party (NSDAP) member and leader of the National Socialist Women's League (NS-Frauenschaft) in Nazi Germany.", "Christiane Brunner Christiane Brunner (b. Geneva, March 23, 1947), is a Swiss female politician and a licensed lawyer.", "Electress An Electress (German: Kurfürstin, Latin: electrix) was the consort of a Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire, one of the Empire's greatest princes.The Golden Bull of 1356 established by Emperor Charles IV settled the number of Electors at seven. However, three of these were Roman Catholic archbishops, and so had no formal consorts; while of the four secular Electors, one was King of Bohemia, and his consort was always known by the more prestigious title of \"Queen of Bohemia\".", "Berthold von Henneberg Bertold von Henneberg-Römhild (1442 – 1504) was Archbishop of Mainz and Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 1484, imperial chancellor from 1486, and leader of the reform faction within the Empire.", "Helle Thorning-Schmidt Helle Thorning-Schmidt (Danish pronunciation: [hɛlə ˈtˢoɐ̯neŋ ˈsmed̥]; born 14 December 1966) is a Danish politician who was Prime Minister of Denmark from 2011 to 2015, and the Leader of the Social Democrats from 2005 to 2015. She is the first woman to hold either post. Following defeat in 2015, she announced that she would step down as both Danish Prime Minister and Social Democratic party leader.", "Hiltrud Breyer Hiltrud Breyer (born 22 August 1957) is a German politician and former Member of the European Parliament with the German Green Party, part of the European Greens and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality and its Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety.She is a substitute for the Committee on Legal Affairs, substitute for the Delegation to the EU-Romania Joint Parliamentary Committee.", "Mildred Scheel Mildred Scheel (31 December 1932 in Cologne as Mildred Wirtz – 13 May 1985 in Cologne) was a German physician, the second wife of the German President of the Federal Republic Walter Scheel and the founder of the German Cancer Aid.", "German presidential election, 1932 The 1932 German presidential elections were held on 13 March (first round) and 10 April (second round run-off). They were the second and final direct elections to the office of President of the Reich (Reichspräsident), Germany's head of state under the Weimar Republic. The incumbent President, Paul von Hindenburg, first elected in 1925, was re-elected to a second seven-year term of office.", "Claudia Roth Claudia Roth (born 15 May 1955 in Ulm) is a German Green Party politician. She was one of the two party chairs from 2004 to 2013 and currently serves as one of the vice presidents of the Bundestag.", "Petra Kelly Petra Karin Kelly (29 November 1947 – 1 October 1992) was a German politician and activist. She was instrumental in founding the German Green Party, the first Green party to rise to prominence worldwide.", "Susanne Klatten Susanne Klatten (born Susanne Hanna Ursula Quandt on 28 April 1962 in Bad Homburg, Germany) is the daughter of Herbert and Johanna Quandt. As of August 2015, her net worth is US$15.3 billion, and she is the richest woman in Germany and the 54th richest person in the world.", "Georg von Hertling Georg Friedrich Graf von Hertling (31 August 1843 – 4 January 1919) was a Bavarian politician who served as Minister-President of Bavaria 1912–1917 and then as Minister-President of Prussia and Chancellor of the German Empire from 1917 to 1918. He was the first party man to hold the office.", "Hans-Dietrich Genscher Hans-Dietrich Genscher (born 21 March 1927) is a German politician of the liberal Free Democratic Party (FDP). He served as Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor of Germany from 1974 to 1992 (except for a two-week break in 1982), making him the longest-tenured holder of either post. In 1991, he was the chairman of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).", "Renate Künast Renate Künast (born 15 December 1955) is a German politician of Alliance '90/The Greens. She was the Minister of Consumer Protection, Food and Agriculture from 2001 to 2005 and subsequently served as chairwoman of the her party's parliamentary group in the Bundestag.", "Konrad Adenauer Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer (German pronunciation: [ˈkɔnʁaːt ˈhɛʁman ˈjoːzɛf ˈaːdənaʊɐ]; 5 January 1876 – 19 April 1967) was a German statesman. As the first post-war Chancellor of Germany (West Germany) from 1949 to 1963, he led his country from the ruins of World War II to a productive and prosperous nation that forged close relations with France, Great Britain and the United States.", "Sabine Bätzing-Lichtenthäler Sabine Bätzing-Lichtenthäler (born 13 February 1975 in Altenkirchen, Rhineland-Palatinate) is a German politician and member of the SPD.", "Franz von Papen Franz Joseph Hermann Michael Maria von Papen zu Köningen (About this sound listen ) (29 October 1879 – 2 May 1969) was a German nobleman, General Staff officer and politician. He served as Chancellor of Germany in 1932 and as Vice-Chancellor under Adolf Hitler in 1933–1934. He belonged to the group of close advisers to president Paul von Hindenburg in the late Weimar Republic.", "Democratic Women's League of Germany The Democratic Women's League of Germany (German Demokratischer Frauenbund Deutschlands, or DFD) was the mass women's organisation in East Germany.It was established in March 1947 and had the following official aims:Removal of fascist ideasEducation for womenEqual rightsFair social living conditionsEducation of children in the spirit of humanism and peaceCo-operation with the international women's movementIt was one of the members of the National Front and sent representatives to the Volkskammer.", "Brigitte Zypries Brigitte Zypries (born 16 November 1953) is a German politician. Since 2013, she has been serving as Parliamentary State Secretary at the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, where she coordinates Germany's aviation and space policies. Previously, she was Federal Minister of Justice of Germany from 2002 to 2009 and State Secretary at the Federal Ministry of the Interior from 1998 to 2002. She is member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).", "Willy Brandt Willy Brandt (German pronunciation: [ˈvɪli ˈbʁant]; born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm; 18 December 1913 – 8 October 1992) was a German statesman and politician, leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) from 1964 to 1987 and chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1969 to 1974.", "League of German Girls The League of German Girls or (cognate) Band of German Maidens (German: Bund Deutscher Mädel, BDM) was the girls' wing of the Nazi Party youth movement, the Hitler Youth. It was the only female youth organization in Nazi Germany.At first, the League consisted of two sections: the Jungmädel, or Young Girls' League, for girls ages 10 to 14, and the League proper for girls ages 14 to 18.", "Renate Blank Renate Anna Blank (née Reichenberger; born 8 August 1941 in Nuremberg) is a German politician and member of the Christian Social Union of Bavaria.", "Chancellor of Austria The Federal Chancellor (German: Bundeskanzler, sometimes shortened to Kanzler) is the head of government of Austria. In his capacity as chairman of the Austrian Federal Government, the chancellor represents the supreme federal authority of the executive branch. Though formally an equal member of the cabinet, the Chancellor is considered to be the most powerful position in Austrian politics, and as such is the nation's de facto chief executive.", "Maria Theresa Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina (German: Maria Theresia [maˈʀiːa teˈʀeːzi̯a]; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands and Parma.", "Elisabeth Kopp Elisabeth Kopp (born 16 December 1936, in Zürich) is a Swiss politician and the first woman elected to the Swiss Federal Council (1984–1989).Elisabeth Kopp grew up in Bern. After finishing her law studies in 1960 she married Hans W. Kopp (1931–2009). In 1969 she was elected to the district council (Gemeinderat) of Zumikon, and from 1972 she served on the education council (Erziehungsrat) of the canton of Zürich.", "Cabinet of Germany The Cabinet of Germany (German: Bundeskabinett or Bundesregierung) is the chief executive body of the Federal Republic of Germany. It consists of the Chancellor and the cabinet ministers.", "Marianne Hainisch Marianne Hainisch, born Marianne Perger (March 25, 1839 – May 5, 1936) was the founder and leader of the Austrian women's movement. She was also the mother of Michael Hainisch, the first President of Austria (1920–1928). In 1857 Marianne married the industrialist Michael Hainisch (owner of a spinning factory in Aue) with whom she had two children (Michael, 1858, and Maria, 1860). In 1868 the family moved to Vienna.", "Hannelore Rönsch Hannelore Rönsch (born December 12, 1942 in Wiesbaden-Schierstein) is a German conservative politician.She was member of the German Parliament from 1983 until 2002, and was Federal Minister for Family Affairs and Senior Citizens in the cabinet of Helmut Kohl from 1991 until 1994.", "Claudia Pechstein Claudia Pechstein (born 22 February 1972) is a German speed skater. She has won five Olympic gold medals.With a total of nine Olympic medals, five gold, two silver and two bronze, she is the most successful Olympic speed skater, male or female, of all-time, and also the most successful German Winter Olympian of all-time.", "Erika Steinbach About this sound Erika Steinbach (born 25 July 1943) is a German conservative politician and was the president of the Federation of Expellees from 1998 to 2014. She has been representing the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and the state of Hesse as a member of the Parliament of Germany, the Bundestag, since 1990. She represents the constituency of Frankfurt am Main II, and she is the spokeswoman of the CDU/CSU parliamentary group on human rights and humanitarian aid.", "Federal Ministry of Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth The Federal Ministry of Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth (German: Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend), abbreviated BMFSFJ, is a cabinet-level ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. It is headquartered in Berlin with a secondary seat in Bonn. The present minister is Manuela Schwesig of the SPD.", "Beamter The German word Beamter (female: Beamtin or Beamte, plural: Beamte) means civil servant, and is pronounced [bəˈʔamtɐ], with a glottal stop between the \"e\" and the \"a\". This English translation is ambiguous, as German law draws a distinction between two classes of public servants, namely regular public employees (Angestellte), who are generally subject to the same body of laws and regulations as employees in the private sector, and Beamte with their own, particular legal status.", "Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Sabine Bergmann-Pohl née Schulz (born 20 April 1946 in Eisenach, Thuringia) is a German doctor and politician. A member of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU), she was president of the People's Chamber of East Germany from April to October 1990. As such, she served as acting head of state of East Germany until its merger into West Germany in October. After the reunification of Germany, she served in the government of Chancellor Helmut Kohl.", "Katrin Göring-Eckardt Katrin Dagmar Göring-Eckardt (born Katrin Dagmar Eckardt on 3 May 1966 in Friedrichroda, Thuringia [then part of East Germany]), better known as Katrin Göring-Eckardt, is a German politician from the German Green Party (officially known as Alliance '90/The Greens; German: Bündnis 90/Die Grünen). Starting her political activity in the now-former German Democratic Republic (East Germany) in the late 1980s, she has been a member of the German Bundestag since 1998.", "Wilhelm Marx Wilhelm Marx (15 January 1863 – 5 August 1946) was a German lawyer, Catholic politician and a member of the Centre Party. He was Chancellor of Germany twice, from 1923 to 1925 and again from 1926 to 1928, and also served briefly as Minister President of Prussia in 1925, during the Weimar Republic. He was the longest serving Chancellor during the Weimar Republic.", "Hitler Cabinet The Hitler Cabinet de jure formed the government of Nazi Germany between 30 January 1933 and 30 April 1945 upon the appointment of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of the German Reich by president Paul von Hindenburg – contrived by the national conservative politician Franz von Papen, who reserved the office of the Vice-Chancellor for himself.", "Renate Schmidt Renate Schmidt (née Pokorny, born 12 December 1943 in Hanau) is a German Social Democratic politician.", "Andrea Nahles Andrea Maria Nahles (born 20 June 1970 in Mendig, Rhineland-Palatinate) is a German politician, currently Federal Minister of Labour and Social Affairs (since 2013), a Bundestag representative for the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and former SPD Youth leader. She is known within the party for criticising Gerhard Schröder's Agenda 2010 and is thus identified with the SPD's left wing.", "Hilde Schramm Hilde Schramm (born 17 April 1936) is a German politician for Alliance '90/The Greens (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen). Internationally she is best known as the daughter of the German architect, senior Nazi Party official Albert Speer (1905-1981), and younger sister of Albert Speer, Jr.", "Katja Kipping Katja Kipping (born 18 January 1978 in Dresden) is a German politician who is chairperson of the Left Party and a member of the Bundestag (German Parliament).", "Else von Richthofen Else Freiin von Richthofen (October 8, 1874 - December 22, 1973), a distant relative of the \"Red Baron\" Manfred von Richthofen, is known as one of the first female social scientists in Germany, wife of the German economist Edgar Jaffé as well as lover of the economists and sociologists Max Weber and Alfred Weber. Her sister Frieda von Richthofen was the wife of the British novelist D. H. Lawrence.", "Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany) The Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs (German: Bundesminister des Auswärtigen) is the head of the Federal Foreign Office and a member of the Cabinet of Germany. The current office holder is Frank-Walter Steinmeier. Since 1966, the Foreign Minister has often also simultaneously held the office of Vice Chancellor.", "Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky Margarete \"Grete\" Schütte-Lihotzky (January 23, 1897 – January 18, 2000) was the first female Austrian architect and an activist in the Nazi resistance movement. She is mostly remembered today for designing the so-called Frankfurt Kitchen.", "Joschka Fischer Joseph Martin \"Joschka\" Fischer (born 12 April 1948) is a German politician of the Alliance '90/The Greens. He served as Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor of Germany in the cabinet of Gerhard Schröder from 1998 to 2005. Fischer has been a leading figure in the West German Greens since the 1970s, and according to opinion polls, he was the most popular politician in Germany for most of the government's duration.", "Heike Wilms-Kegel Heike Wilms-Kegel (born October 19, 1952 in Bremen) served in the Bundestag for the German Green Party from 1987 to 1990.She represented Rhineland-Palatinate. In 1996, she was a physician and was hired as the administrator for the Heilbäderverband, a lobby organization for spas and rehabilitation clinics, based in Bonn.", "Frank-Walter Steinmeier Frank-Walter Steinmeier [ˈfʁaŋkˌvaltɐ ˈʃtaɪ̯nˌmaɪ̯.ɐ] (born 5 January 1956) is a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) who has served as Minister for Foreign Affairs since 2013. Steinmeier was a close aide of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, serving as Chief of Staff in the German Chancellery from 1999 to 2005. He subsequently served as Foreign Minister (2005–2009) and Vice Chancellor (2007–2009) in the grand coalition government of Angela Merkel.", "Federal Chancellor of Switzerland The Federal Chancellor (German: Bundeskanzler(in); French: Chancelier(-ière) fédéral(e); Italian: Cancelliere(-a) della Confederazione; Romansh: Chancelier(a) federal(a)) is the head of the Federal Chancellery of Switzerland, which acts as the general staff of the seven-member Federal Council.", "Elisabeth Altmann-Gottheiner Elisabeth Altmann-Gottheiner (March 26, 1874 in Berlin, Germany – October 21, 1930 in Mannheim) was the first woman to become a university lecturer in Germany.In 1904, she received a doctorate in Zurich, Switzerland. By 1908, she was a lecturer at the economic College in Mannheim, and by 1924 had a professorship in economics.", "Clara Immerwahr Clara Immerwahr (June 21, 1870 – May 2, 1915) was a German chemist. She was the first woman to be awarded a doctorate in chemistry in Germany. She was also an active women's rights activist.", "German Chancellery The German Federal Chancellery (German: Bundeskanzleramt) is a federal agency serving the executive office of the Chancellor, the head of the German federal government. The chief of the Chancellery (Chef des Bundeskanzleramtes) holds the rank of either a Secretary of State (Staatssekretär) or a Federal Minister (Bundesminister). The agency's primary function is to assist the Chancellor in coordinating the activities of the Federal Government.", "Georg Michaelis Georg Michaelis (8 September 1857 – 24 July 1936) was Chancellor of Germany for a few months in 1917. He was the first non-noble to hold the office.", "Women in German history series Women in German history (Frauen der deutschen Geschichte) is a definitive stamp series issued in the Federal Republic of Germany and West Berlin from 1986 to 1990, and in reunited Germany 1990 to 2003. The series was replaced by the current definitive series Blumen (flowers) from 3 January 2005.", "Constanze Krehl Constanze Angela Krehl (born 14 October 1956 in Stuttgart) is a German politician. From 1991 to 1994 she was an Observer of the European Parliament and since 1994 has been a Member of the European Parliament with the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), part of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats group.", "Petra Bierwirth Petra Bierwirth (born 13 November 1960 in Dresden) is a German politician and member of the SPD.", "Johanna Quandt Johanna Maria Quandt (née Bruhn; 21 June 1926 – 3 August 2015) was a business woman and the widow of German industrialist Herbert Quandt, who resurrected BMW from bankruptcy. When she died in 2015 she was the 8th richest person in Germany (and the richest German woman), 77th richest person in the world, and the 11th richest woman worldwide according to Forbes.", "Kurt von Schleicher Kurt Ferdinand Friedrich Hermann von Schleicher (About this sound listen ; 7 April 1882 – 30 June 1934) was a German general and the second to last Chancellor of Germany during the era of the Weimar Republic. An important player in the German Army's efforts to avoid the restrictions of the Treaty of Versailles, Schleicher rose to power as a close advisor to President Paul von Hindenburg.", "Heinrich Brüning Heinrich Aloysius Maria Elisabeth Brüning (About this sound listen ) (26 November 1885 – 30 March 1970) was Chancellor of Germany during the Weimar Republic from 1930 to 1932. He was the longest continuously serving Chancellor of the Weimar Republic (not including Adolf Hitler, who served from 1933 until 1945 and abolished the Republic shortly after his appointment as Chancellor).Shortly after Brüning took office he was confronted by an economic crisis caused by the Great Depression.", "Annemarie Huber-Hotz Annemarie Huber-Hotz (born 16 August 1948 in Baar, Zug) was Federal Chancellor of Switzerland between 2000 and 2007. She was nominated by the FDP for the office, and elected on 15 December 1999. In 2011, she became President of the Swiss Red Cross and ex officio vice-president of the IFRC.", "Gesine Schwan Gesine Schwan (born 22 May 1943) is a German political science professor and member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. The party has nominated her twice as a candidate for the federal presidential elections. On 23 May 2004, she was defeated by the Christian Democrat and former president Horst Köhler. On 23 May 2009, both competed again for this position and Horst Köhler won his second term.", "Kristina Schröder Kristina Schröder (née Köhler, born 3 August 1977) is a German politician who served as the Federal Minister of Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth from 2009 to 2013. She has served as a Member of Parliament since 2002.", "Annette Schavan About this sound Annette Schavan (born 10 June 1955) is a German politician (CDU). She was the Federal Minister of Education and Research from 2005 to 2013, when she resigned following the revocation of her doctorate due to plagiarism. She currently serves as the German ambassador to the Holy See.", "Verena von Weymarn Verena Merethe von Weymarn, M.D. (born July 16, 1943 in Riga, Latvia) is a retired German medical officer and the first woman in German military history ever to be appointed the rank of general.", "Helmut Kohl Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (German: [ˈhɛlmuːt ˈjoːzɛf 'mɪçaʔeːl ˈkoːl]; born 3 April 1930) is a German statesman, who served as Chancellor of Germany from 1982 to 1998 (of West Germany 1982–90 and of the reunited Germany 1990–98) and as the chairman of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) from 1973 to 1998.His 16-year tenure was the longest of any German chancellor since Otto von Bismarck, and far and away the longest of any democratically elected chancellor.", "Jutta Limbach Jutta Limbach (born 27 March 1934 in Berlin) is a German jurist and politician. She is a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).", "Doris Schröder-Köpf Doris Schröder-Köpf (born 5 August 1963) is a German journalist and the fourth wife of the former German chancellor Gerhard Schröder. Magazines she has worked for include Bild and Focus.", "Lea Rosh Lea Rosh (German pronunciation: [ˈʁoːs]; born Edith Renate Ursula Rosh on 1 October 1936 in Berlin) is a German television journalist, publicist, entrepreneur and political activist. Rosh was the first female journalist to manage a public broadcasting service in Germany and in the 70's the first anchorwoman of Kennzeichen D, a major political television program. She has been a member of the SPD since 1968.While she received major public awards, e.g.", "Peer Steinbrück Peer Steinbrück (born 10 January 1947) is a German social democratic (SPD) politician. He was the SPD candidate for Chancellor of Germany in the 2013 federal election. From 2005 to 2009 he served as German Federal Minister of Finance in the cabinet of Angela Merkel. He was nominated by his party as opposition candidate for Chancellor on 28 September 2012. He is generally considered a member of the more conservative wing of the party.", "Reich Chancellery The Reich Chancellery (German: Reichskanzlei) was the traditional name of the office of the Chancellor of Germany (then called Reichskanzler) in the period of the German Reich from 1871 to 1945. The Chancellery's seat from 1875 was the former city palace of Prince Antoni Radziwiłł (1775–1833) on Wilhelmstraße in Berlin.", "Hildegard Hamm-Brücher Hildegard Hamm-Brücher (born May 11, 1921) is a prominent liberal politician in Germany. She held federal state secretary positions from 1969 to 1972 and from 1977 to 1982. In 1993 she became the Free Democratic Party's candidate for the federal presidency elections to be held the following year.", "Marie Elisabeth Lüders Marie-Elisabeth Lüders (June 25, 1878 – March 23, 1966) was a German politician and one of the most important figures in the German women's rights movement.Lüders was born in Berlin as the descendant of the 18th century agricultural reformer Philipp Ernst Lüders. Her father was a senior Prussian civil servant.Lüders was the first woman to attain a doctorate in political science in Germany (in 1912, at the Friedrich Wilhelm University of Berlin, today known as Humboldt University of Berlin).", "Emmy Göring Emma Johanna Henny \"Emmy\" Göring (née Sonnemann) (24 March 1893 – 8 June 1973) was a German actress and the second wife of Luftwaffe Commander-in-Chief Hermann Göring. She served as Adolf Hitler's hostess at many state functions and thereby staked a claim to the title of \"First Lady of the Third Reich\".", "Ulla Schmidt Ursula \"Ulla\" Schmidt (born June 13, 1949) is a German politician who currently serves as Vice-President of the German Bundestag. She is a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).", "Corina Casanova Corina Casanova (born 4 January 1956) is the Federal Chancellor of Switzerland.Born in Ilanz, Graubünden, Casanova worked as a lawyer in the practice of the former President of the Swiss Federal Supreme Court, Giusep Nay, as well as a Red Cross delegate in South Africa, Angola, Nicaragua and El Salvador.", "Joachim Sauer Joachim Sauer (born 19 April 1949) is a German quantum chemist and full professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin. He is the husband of the Chancellor of Germany, Angela Merkel.", "Helmut Schmidt Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt (German pronunciation: [ˈhɛlmuːt ˈha͡ɪnʁɪç ˈvaldəmaːɐ ˈʃmɪt]; born 23 December 1918) is a German Social Democratic (SPD) politician who served as Chancellor of West Germany from 1974 to 1982. Prior to becoming Chancellor, he had served as Minister of Defence (1969–72).", "Rita Süssmuth Rita Süssmuth (born 17 February 1937) is a German politician and a member of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU).From 1985 to 1988, Süssmuth was Federal Minister of Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth under Chancellor Helmut Kohl. She was a member of the German Bundestag from 1987 to 2002. After the resignation of Philipp Jenninger in 1988 she became President of the Bundestag.", "Edelgard Bulmahn Edelgard Bulmahn (born 4 March 1951 in Petershagen, North Rhine-Westphalia) is a German politician from the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). Bulmahn entered the German Bundestag after the 1987 elections. She was Federal Minister of Education and Research from 1998 to 2005. On 22 October 2013 she was elected as one of the Vice Presidents of the Bundestag.", "German federal election, 2009 German federal elections took place on 27 September 2009 to elect the members of the Bundestag, the federal parliament of Germany. Preliminary results showed that the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), its Bavarian sister party, the Christian Social Union (CSU), and the Free Democratic Party (FDP) won the election, and the three parties announced their intention to form a new centre-right government with Angela Merkel as Chancellor.", "List of ministers of the Federal Republic of Germany List of past ministers of the Federal Republic of Germany (1945-present)Irmgard Adam-Schwaetzer, FDP (1991–1994)Konrad Adenauer, CDU (Chancellor)Hans Apel, SPD (1974-1978 Finance, 1978-1982 Defense)Walter Arendt, SPDEgon Bahr, SPDRainer Barzel, CDU (1962–1963 and 1982-1983 Inner-German affairs)Norbert Blüm, CDU (1982-1998 Labour)Kurt Bodewig, SPD (2000-2002 Transportation)Wolfgang Bötsch, CSUJochen Borchert, CDU (1993-1998 Agriculture)Willy Brandt, SPD (1966-1969 Foreign affairs, 1969-1974 Chancellor)Rainer Brüderle, FDP (2008-2011 Economy)Andreas von Bülow, SPDHerta Däubler-Gmelin, SPD (1998-2002 Justice)Horst Ehmke, SPDBjörn Engholm, SPDErhard Eppler, SPDLudwig Erhard, CDU (Economy, 1963-1966 Chancellor)Josef Ertl, FDP (Agriculture 1969-1982;1982–1983)Andrea Fischer, Greens (1998-2001 Health)Egon Franke, SPDHans Friedrichs, FDP (Economy)Anke Fuchs, SPD (Youth, family, and health)Hans-Dietrich Genscher, FDP (1969-1974 Interior, 1974-1992 Foreign affairs)Heiner Geißler, CDU (1982-1985 Youth, family and health)Kurt Gscheidle, SPD (Transportation, Postal services)Johann Baptist Gradl, CDU (1965–1966)Dieter Haack, SPD (Construction and housing)Volker Hauff, SPD (Transportation)Helmut Haussmann, FDP (1988-1991 Economy)Gustav Heinemann, 1945-1952 CDU; after 1957 SPD (1949-1950 Interior, 1966-1969 Justice, 1969-1974 Bundespräsident)Hermann Höcherl, CSU (Interior, later Agriculture)Gerhard Jahn, SPD (1969-1974 Justice)Manfred Kanther, CDU (1993-1998 Interior)Ignaz Kiechle, CSU (1983-1993 Agriculture)Kurt Georg Kiesinger, CDU (1966-1969 Chancellor)Klaus Kinkel, FDP(1991-1992 Justice, 1992-1998 Foreign affairs)Helmut Kohl, CDU (1982-1998 Chancellor)Günther Krause, CDUOskar Lafontaine, SPD (1998-1999 Finance)Manfred Lahnstein, SPD (Finance)Otto Graf Lambsdorff, FDP (1977-1984 Economy)Lauritz Lauritzen, SPD (Transportation)Georg Leber, SPD (1966-1974 Transportation and additionally from 1969-1974 Postal Services, 1974-1978 Defense)Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger, FDPHeinrich Lübke, CDU (1953-59 Food and Agriculture, 1959-1969 Bundespräsident)Werner Maihofer, FDPLothar de Maizière, CDUHans Matthöfer, SPD (Finance)Angela Merkel, CDU (1991–1994 Women and Youth; 1994-1998 Environment, Conservation and Nuclear Safety)Jürgen Möllemann, FDP (1987-1991 education and science, 1991-1993 Economy)Claudia Nolte, CDURainer Ortleb, FDPGünter Rexrodt, FDPHeinz Riesenhuber, CDUHannelore Rönsch, CDUVolker Rühe, CDU (Defense)Jürgen Rüttgers, CDU(1994-1998 education, science, research and technology)Fritz Schäffer, CSU (Finance, later Justice)Wolfgang Schäuble, CDU (1984-1989 Kanzleramt (Chief of Staff); 1989-1991 Interior)Rudolf Scharping, SPD (1998-2002 Defense)Walter Scheel, FDPKarl Schiller, SPD (1966-1972 Economy and additionally 1972-1972 Finance)Marie Schlei, SPD (Economic cooperation)Cornelia Schmalz-Jacobsen, FDPHelmut Schmidt, SPD (1969-1972 Defense; 1972-1974 Finance; 1974-1982 Chancellor; September 1982 additionally Foreign Affairs)Jürgen Schmude, SPD (1981-1982 Justice; September 1982 additionally Interior)Rupert Scholz, CDU (1988-1989 Defense)Gerhard Schröder, CDU, CDU (1953-1961 Interior; 1961-1966 Foreign Affairs; 1966-1969 Defense)Gerhard Schröder, SPD (1998-2005 Chancellor)Irmgard Schwaetzer, FDPChristian Schwarz-Schilling, CDUHorst Seehofer, CSURudolf Seiters, CDU (Interior)Carl-Dieter Spranger, CDUGerhard Stoltenberg, CDU (1982-1989 Finance, 1989-1992 Defense)Franz Josef Strauß, CSU (1955-1956 Nuclear Energy; 1956-1962 Defense; 1966-1969 Finance)Rita Süssmuth, CDUKlaus Töpfer, CDUHans-Jochen Vogel, SPDTheodor Waigel, CSU (Finance)Herbert Wehner, SPD (1966-1969 Minister for Inner-German affairs)Hans-Jürgen Wischnewski, SPDMatthias Wissmann, CDUManfred Wörner, CDU (1982-1988 Defense)", "Hannelore Kohl Hannelore Kohl (7 March 1933 in Berlin – 5 July 2001) was the first wife of former German Chancellor Helmut Kohl. She met him for the first time at a prom in Ludwigshafen, Germany, when she was 15 years old.She was born in Berlin and was christened Johanna Klara Eleonore Renner. Her father was Wilhelm Renner, who headed the employment office at Hugo Schneider AG that developed the successful one-man anti-tank weapon, the Panzerfaust.", "Vice-Chancellor of Germany The Deputy to the Federal Chancellor (German: Stellvertreter des Bundeskanzlers), widely known as the Vice-Chancellor (German: Vizekanzler) of Germany is, according to protocol, the second highest position in the Cabinet of Germany. He is the equivalent of a deputy prime minister in other parliamentary systems. The current Vice-Chancellor is Sigmar Gabriel, who is the president of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and also serves as Federal Minister for the Economy and Energy.", "Chancellor of Germany (1949–) The Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (in German called Bundeskanzler(in), literally \"Federal Chancellor\", or Kanzler for short) is, under the German 1949 constitution, the head of government of Germany. It is historically a continuation of the office of Chancellor (German: Kanzler, later Reichskanzler, Chancellor of the Realm) that was originally established as the office of Chancellor of the North German Confederation in 1867.", "Eva Köhler Eva Luise Köhler (German: [ˈkøːlɐ]; born 2 January 1947 in Ludwigsburg as Eva Luise Bohnet) is the wife of the former German President Horst Köhler (Mandate : 1 July 2004 – 31 May 2010) and as such, was sometimes referred to by the media as the \"First Lady\" during her husband's presidency.She completed her Abitur in Ludwigsburg in 1966, and studied History, Germanistics and Religion. She then became a teacher of German.", "Heide Simonis Heide Simonis (German pronunciation: [ˈhaɪdə ziˈmoːnɪs]; born July 4, 1943 in Bonn as Heide Steinhardt) is a German politician. She is a member of the SPD.She was Minister President of Schleswig-Holstein from 1993 to 2005, the first woman to hold this position in any German state in Germany's history." ]	11
What is the highest mountain?	[ "Clingmans Dome\nClingmans Dome (or Clingman's Dome) is a mountain in the Great Smoky Mountains of Tennessee and North Carolina, in the southeastern United States. At an elevation of 6,643 feet (2,025 m), it is the highest mountain in the Smokies, the highest point in the state of Tennessee, and the highest point along the 2,174-mile (3,499 km) Appalachian Trail.", "Highest unclimbed mountain\nThe highest unclimbed mountain in a particular region or in the world is often a matter of controversy. In some parts of the world surveying and mapping are still not reliable, and there are not comprehensive records of the routes of explorers, mountaineers and local inhabitants.", "List of mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains\nThis article comprises sortable tables of major mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains of North America.Topographic elevation is the vertical distance above the reference geoid, a precise mathematical model of the Earth's sea level as an equipotential gravitational surface. Topographic prominence is the elevation difference between the summit and the highest or key col to a higher summit.", "List of highest mountains\nThere are at least 109 mountains with elevations greater than 7,200 metres (23,622 ft) above sea level. All of these mountains are located in southern and central Asia. Only those summits are included that, by an objective measure, may be considered individual mountains as opposed to subsidiary peaks.", "Mount Oupay\nMount Oupay in Cameroon is the highest point in the Mandara Mountains, with an elevation of 1,494 m (4,902 ft).", "Mount Katahdin\nMount Katahdin (pronounced /kəˈtɑːdən/, \"kə-TAH-dən\") is the highest mountain in Maine at 5,270 feet (1,606 m). Named Katahdin by the Penobscot Indians, which means \"The Greatest Mountain\", Katahdin is the centerpiece of Baxter State Park. It is a steep, tall mountain formed from a granite intrusion weathered to the surface.", "Cadair Berwyn\nCadair Berwyn or Cader Berwyn is a mountain summit in north east Wales. It is the highest point in the Berwyn range, and the highest significant summit in Wales outside the National Parks. Cadair Berwyn and Cyrniau Nod to the west are the two Marilyns that form the Berwyn range.The mountain lies on main ridge of the Berwyns which runs north–south. The eastern side of the ridge is characterised by steep drops and crags including Craig Berwyn north of the summit and Craig y Llyn to the south.", "Boundary Peak (Maine/Quebec)\nThis mountain, which has no formal name, is located on the United States-Canada border between boundary markers 445 and 446. It is the highest point on the border east of the Rocky Mountains. Specifically it is the highest point for 3190 miles of border from the Passamquoddy Bay up to 111 degrees west in Liberty County, Montana at border monument 360 (miles) from the Pacific.", "List of past presumed highest mountains\nThe following is a list of mountains that have been presumed, at one time, to be the highest mountain in the world. How general were the following presumptions is unclear. Before the age of exploration, no geographer could make any plausible assumption. Chimborazo, 6,267 metres (20,561 ft). Presumed highest from sixteenth century until the beginning of the 19th century.", "Mount Everest\nMount Everest, also known in Nepal as Sagarmāthā and in Tibet as Chomolungma, is Earth's highest mountain. It is located in the Mahalangur mountain range in Nepal. Its peak is 8,848 metres (29,029 ft) above sea level. It is not the furthest summit from the centre of the Earth. That honour goes to Mount Chimborazo, in the Andes. The international border between China and Nepal runs across Everest's precise summit point.", "Mount Bwahit\nMount Bwahit (or Buahit, Bachit, Buiheat) is a peak of the Semien Mountains in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. Its altitude is estimated at 4430 or 4437 m above sea level, making it the third highest mountain in Ethiopia and the 13th or 14th highest mountain of Africa. It is located about 16 km west of the highest Ethiopian mountain, Ras Dashen, from which it is separated by a 1,600 m deep gorge. The connecting ridge goes NNE over the Arkwasiye Pass (ca.", "List of the highest major summits of North America\nThe following sortable table lists the 200 highest mountain peaks of greater North America with at least 500 meters (1640 feet) of topographic prominence.This article defines greater North America as the portion of the continental landmass of the Americas extending northward from Panama plus the islands surrounding that landmass." ]	[ "Yangra Yangra (Ganesh I) is the highest peak of the Ganesh Himal, which is a subrange of the Himalayan mountain range. Although not an 8,000 metre peak, and little visited, it enjoys great vertical relief over the nearby valleys.", "Mount Anglem Mount Anglem (Maori Hananui) is the highest point on New Zealand's Stewart Island/Rakiura. It is located 20 kilometres (12 mi) northwest of Oban, New Zealand, close to the island's north coast, and rises to an elevation of 980 metres (3,215 ft) above sea level.Mount Anglem offers stunning views, especially inland looking west onto the floodplains. The southern tip of the south island is visible on a clear day.", "Mount Gimie Mount Gimie is the tallest mountain on the island of Saint Lucia. The mountain's peak reaches 950 m (3117 ft). It is of volcanic origin and is covered by lush tropical rainforest.", "Mount Tahat Mount Tahat (Arabic: جبل تاهات‎) is the highest mountain peak in Algeria at 2,908 metres (9,541 ft). Tahat is also the highest peak in the Ahaggar Mountains. Its nearest city is Tamanrasset which is located 56 km to its south.Mount Tahats is of volcanic origin. It is located in the arid zone of the central Sahara. Growing in a rock environment and plateaus, it rises to 2918 or 3003 meters above sea level according to sources.", "Mount Dana Mount Dana is a mountain on the eastern edge of Yosemite National Park in the U.S. state of California. At an elevation of 13,061 feet (3,981 m), it is the second highest mountain in Yosemite (after Mount Lyell), and the northernmost summit in the Sierra Nevada which is over 13000 feet in elevation. Mount Dana is the highest peak in Yosemite that is a simple hike to the summit.", "Tebulosmta Tebulosmta (Chechen: Тулой-лам, Tuloy-Lam or Tiebuolt-Lam, Georgian: ტებულოს მთა, Tebulos mta, Russian: Тебулосмта) is the highest mountain of the Eastern Caucasus and the highest mountain of the Chechen Republic at an elevation of 4,493 meters (14,737 feet) above sea level. The mountain is located on the border of Georgia and Chechnya to the east of Mount Kazbek. The glaciers of the mountain are not large (the total combined area of all of the mountain's glaciers is 3 square kilometers).", "Langtang Lirung Langtang Lirung is the highest peak of the Langtang Himal, which is a subrange of the Nepalese Himalayas, southwest of the Eight-thousander Shisha Pangma.", "Piz Bernina Piz Bernina (4,048.6 m (13,283 ft)) is the highest mountain in the Eastern Alps, the highest point of the Bernina Range, and the highest peak in the Rhaetian Alps. It is also the most easterly mountain higher than 4,000 m (13,000 ft) in the Alps, the highest point of the Swiss canton of Graubünden, and the fifth-most prominent peak in the Alps. Piz Bernina is located south of Pontresina and near the major Alpine resort of St.", "Green Mountain Green Mountain is a common name for \"The Peak\", the highest point on Ascension Island, which has gained some fame for claims that it is one of very few large-scale artificial forests.", "Paektu Mountain Mount Paektu, Baekdu, or Changbai is an active volcano on the border between North Korea and China. At 2,744 m (9,003 ft), it is the highest mountain of the Changbai and Baekdudaegan ranges.It is also the highest mountain on the Korean Peninsula and in northeastern China. A large crater lake, called Heaven Lake is in the caldera atop the mountain.", "Grand Teton Grand Teton is the highest mountain in Grand Teton National Park, in Northwest Wyoming, and a classic destination in American mountaineering.", "Mount Karpinsky (October Revolution Island) Mount Karpinsky is the highest point on the Russian Arctic island of October Revolution at 965 m. It was named after Aleksandr Petrovich Karpinsky, a Russian geologist.", "Mount Sidley Mount Sidley is the highest dormant volcano in Antarctica, a member of the Volcanic Seven Summits, with a summit elevation of 4,181–4,285 metres (13,717–14,058 ft). It is a massive, mainly snow-covered shield volcano which is the highest and most imposing of the five volcanic mountains that comprise the Executive Committee Range of Marie Byrd Land.", "Mount Kinabalu Mount Kinabalu (Malay: Gunung Kinabalu) is a prominent mountain on the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. It is located in the East Malaysian state of Sabah and is protected as Kinabalu Park, a World Heritage Site. Kinabalu is the highest peak in Borneo's Crocker Range and is the highest mountain in the Malay Archipelago as well as the highest mountain in Malaysia.", "Split Mountain (California) Split Mountain is a fourteener in the Sierra Nevada of California, near the southeast end of the Palisades group of peaks. Its North Palisade, the tallest peak in the group and rises to 14,064 ft (4,287 m), and is the eighth highest peak in the state.", "Wildspitze Wildspitze is the highest mountain in the Ötztal Alps and in North Tyrol, as well as the second highest mountain in Austria after the Großglockner. The nearest higher mountain is the Ortler, 48.5 kilometres (30 mi) away in South Tyrol.", "Broad Peak Broad Peak (Urdu: بروڈ پیک‎; Chinese: 布洛阿特峰; pinyin: Bùluòātè Fēng), is the 12th highest mountain in the world at 8,051 metres (26,414 ft) above sea level. The literal translation of \"Broad Peak\" to Falchan Kangri (ཨིྰན་ཨངརི་) is not accepted among the Balti people. The English name was introduced in 1892 by the British explorer Martin Conway, in reference to the similarly named Breithorn in the Alps.", "Jengish Chokusu Jengish Chokusu (Kyrgyz: Жеңиш чокусу [dʒeŋiʃ tʃoqusú]; Russian: Пик Победы [pʲik pɐˈbʲɛdɨ]) is the highest mountain in the Tian Shan mountain system at 7,439 metres (24,406 ft). It lies on the Kyrgyzstan–China border, in the Kakshaal Too, the highest part of the Tien Shan, southeast of lake Issyk Kul.", "Habicht The Habicht is a mountain in the Stubai Alps of Austria. For a long time, the locals believed it to be the highest mountain in Tyrol, due to its prominence above the surrounding mountains. Despite what they thought, the highest peak in the Stubai Alps is Zuckerhütl which is 230 metres higher than Habicht. The name literally means \"hawk\" in German.", "Gasherbrum I Gasherbrum I (Urdu: گاشر برم -1‎; simplified Chinese: 加舒尔布鲁木I峰; traditional Chinese: 加舒爾布魯木I峰; pinyin: Jiāshūěrbùlǔmù I Fēng), also known as Hidden Peak or K5, is the 11th highest mountain in the world at 8,080 metres (26,510 ft) above sea level. It is located on the Pakistani–Chinese border in Gilgit–Baltistan region of Pakistan and Xinjiang region of China. Gasherbrum I is part of the Gasherbrum massif, located in the Karakoram region of the Himalaya.", "Mount Williamson Mount Williamson, at 14,389 feet (4,386 m), is the second highest mountain in both the Sierra Nevada range and the state of California. It is the sixth highest peak in the contiguous United States.", "Grossglockner The Grossglockner (German: Großglockner or just Glockner, Slovene: Veliki Klek) is, at 3,798 metres above the Adriatic (12,461 ft), the highest mountain of Austria and the highest mountain in the Alps east of the Brenner Pass. It is part of the larger Glockner Group of the Hohe Tauern range, situated along the main ridge of the Central Eastern Alps and the Alpine divide.", "Nanda Devi Nanda Devi (Hindi: नन्दा देवी ) is the highest mountain in Uttarakhand, the second highest mountain in India, and the highest located entirely within the country (Kangchenjunga is on the border of India and Nepal); owing to this geography it was considered the highest known mountain in the world, until computations on Dhaulagiri by western surveyors in 1808. It was also the highest mountain in India before Sikkim joined the Republic of India.", "Mount Tyree Mount Tyree (4852m) is the second highest mountain of Antarctica located 13 kilometres northwest of Vinson Massif (4,892 m), the highest peak on the continent. It surmounts Patton Glacier to the north and Cervellati Glacier to the southeast.", "Mount Mansfield Mount Mansfield is the highest mountain in Vermont with a summit that peaks at 4,393 feet (1,339 m) above sea level. The summit is in Underhill; the ridgeline, including some secondary peaks, extends into the town of Stowe, and the mountain's flanks also reach into the town of Cambridge.When viewed from the east or west, this mountain has the appearance of a (quite elongated) human profile, with distinct forehead, nose, lips, chin, and Adam's apple.", "Matterhorn Peak Matterhorn Peak is located in the Sierra Nevada, in the western U.S. state of California, at the northern boundary of Yosemite National Park. At 12,285 feet (3,744 m) elevation, it is the tallest peak in the craggy Alps-like Sawtooth Ridge and the northernmost 12,000-foot (3,700 m) peak in the Sierra Nevada. The peak also supports the Sierra's northernmost glacier system.", "Mount Waddington Mount Waddington, once known as Mystery Mountain, is the highest peak in the Coast Mountains of British Columbia, Canada. Although Mount Fairweather and Mount Quincy Adams, which straddle the US border between Alaska and British Columbia are taller, Mount Waddington is the highest peak that lies entirely within British Columbia.", "Mount Sikaram Mount Sikaram is a mountain in the Spin Ghar range on the Afghanistan–Pakistan border south of the Kabul River and Khyber Pass. At 4,755 m (15,600 ft), it is the highest peak of the Spin Ghar.", "Mount Stanley Mount Stanley is a mountain located in the Rwenzori range. With an elevation of 5,109 m (16,763 ft), it is the highest mountain of both the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda, and the third highest in Africa, after Kilimanjaro (5,895 m) and Mount Kenya (5,199 m). The peak and several other surrounding peaks are high enough to support glaciers. Mount Stanley is named for the journalist and explorer, Sir Henry Morton Stanley.", "Pico da Neblina Pico da Neblina (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈpiku dɐ neˈblĩnɐ], Mist Peak) is the highest mountain in Brazil, 2,994 metres (9,823 ft) above sea level, in the Serra da Neblina, Serra do Imeri, a section of the Guiana Highlands on the Brazil–Venezuela border.", "Nun Kun The Nun Kun mountain massif consists of a pair of Himalayan peaks: Nun, 7,135 m (23,409 ft) and its neighbor peak Kun, 7,077 m (23,218 ft). Nun is the highest peak in the part of the Himalayan range lying on the Indian side of the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir.", "Mount Shishaldin Mount Shishaldin /ʃɨˈʃældən/ is a moderately active volcano on Unimak Island in the Aleutian Islands chain of Alaska. It is the highest mountain peak of the Aleutian Islands. The most symmetrical cone-shaped glacier-clad large mountain on earth, the volcano's topographic contour lines are nearly perfect circles above 6,500 feet (2,000 m). The lower north and south slopes are somewhat steeper than the lower eastern and western slopes.", "Mount Danum Mount Danum is the highest peak in Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia with the height of 1,093 m.", "Seven Summits The Seven Summits are the highest mountains of each of the seven continents. Summiting all of them is regarded as a mountaineering challenge, first achieved on April 30, 1985 by Richard Bass.", "Mount Lyell (California) Mount Lyell is the highest point in Yosemite National Park, at 13,114 feet (3,997 m). It is located at the southeast end of the Cathedral Range, 1.2 miles (1.9 km) northwest of Rodgers Peak. The peak as well as nearby Lyell Canyon is named after Charles Lyell, a well-known 19th century geologist.", "Mount Craddock Mount Craddock is a large, bold mountain forming the south extremity of Craddock Massif in Sentinel Range, the highest mountain in Antarctica. It is linked by Karnare Col to Mount Strybing in the southern Sentinel Range.", "Loma Mountains The Loma Mountains are the highest mountain range in Sierra Leone. The highest peak is Mount Bintumani which rises to a height of 1,945 metres (6,381 ft). The area has been designated a non-hunting forest reserve since 1952. The reserve covers an area of 33,201 hectares.", "Mount Kenya Mount Kenya is the highest mountain in Kenya and the second-highest in Africa, after Kilimanjaro. The highest peaks of the mountain are Batian (5,199 metres (17,057 ft)), Nelion (5,188 metres (17,021 ft)) and Point Lenana (4,985 metres (16,355 ft)). Mount Kenya is located in central Kenya, about 16.5 kilometres (10.3 mi) south of the equator, around 150 kilometres (93 mi) north-northeast of the capital Nairobi.", "Maromokotro Maromokotro or Maromokotra is the highest mountain on Madagascar at 2,876 metres (9,436 ft) high. It is located in the Tsaratanana Massif inside the Tsaratanana Reserve in the northern part of the island.", "Kangchenjunga Kangchenjunga (Nepali: कञ्चनजङ्घा, Sikkimese and Tibetan: གངས་ཆེན་མཛོད་ལྔ་, Hindi: कंचनजंघा) is the third highest mountain in the world. It rises with an elevation of 8,586 m (28,169 ft) in a section of the Himalayas called Kangchenjunga Himal that is limited in the west by the Tamur River and in the east by the Teesta River. The Kangchenjunga Himal is located in eastern Nepal and Sikkim, India.The main peak of Kangchenjunga is the second highest mountain in Nepal after Mount Everest.", "Baldy Mountain (Manitoba) Baldy Mountain is the highest peak in Manitoba, Canada. It is located in the Duck Mountain Provincial Park, northwest of Dauphin. It is 832 m (2,730 ft) tall, making it the highest mountain in the 563 km (350 mi) long Manitoba Escarpment.", "Mount Eugene Mount Eugene is the highest mountain of the United States Range on Ellesmere Island. Originally named \"Mount Arthur Eugene\" in 1883 by the States Army Signal Service during their Lady Franklin Bay expedition.", "Aoraki / Mount Cook Aoraki / Mount Cook is the highest mountain in New Zealand. Its height since 2014 is listed as 3724m (12,218 ft), having earlier been measured at 3754m . It lies in the Southern Alps, the mountain range which runs the length of the South Island. A popular tourist destination, it is also a favourite challenge for mountain climbers.", "Mount Apo Mount Apo is a large solfataric, potentially active stratovolcano in the island of Mindanao, Philippines. With an elevation of 2,954 metres (9,692 ft) above sea level, it is the highest mountain in the Philippine Archipelago and is located between Davao City and Davao del Sur province in Region XI and Cotabato province in Region XII.", "Mount Fuji Mount Fuji (富士山, Fujisan, IPA: [ɸɯᵝꜜdʑisaɴ]), located on Honshu Island, is the highest mountain in Japan at 3,776.24 m (12,389 ft). An active stratovolcano that last erupted in 1707–08, Mount Fuji lies about 100 kilometres (60 mi) south-west of Tokyo, and can be seen from there on a clear day.", "List of mountains in Taiwan Taiwan is a mountainous island. The island has the largest number and density of high mountains in the world. There are 286 mountain summits over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) above sea level on the island, with Yushan being the tallest mountain in both Taiwan and East Asia. Mountaineering is one of the most popular activities for many Taiwanese. A list of 100 Peaks of Taiwan was created in 1971, which lists the one hundred mountains over 3,000 m for mountaineering on the island.", "Lata Mountain Lata Mountain is the highest point of American Samoa, on the island of Ta'u.", "Brandberg Mountain The Brandberg (Damara: Dâures; Otjiherero: Omukuruvaro), is Namibia's highest mountain.", "Grandfather Mountain Grandfather Mountain is a mountain, a non-profit attraction, and a North Carolina state parknear Linville, North Carolina. At 5,946 feet (1,812 m), it is the highest peak on the eastern escarpment of the Blue Ridge Mountains, one of the major chains of the Appalachian Mountains. The Blue Ridge Parkway passes by the south side of the mountain and also passes over the nearby Grandmother Gap.", "Mount Kilimanjaro Mount Kilimanjaro /ˌkɪlɪmənˈdʒɑːroʊ/, with its three volcanic cones, \"Kibo\", \"Mawenzi\", and \"Shira\", is a dormant volcanic mountain in Tanzania. It is the highest mountain in Africa, and rises approximately 4,877 metres (16,001 ft) from its base to 5,895 metres (19,341 ft) above sea level. The first recorded ascent to the summit of the mountain was by Hans Meyer and Ludwig Purtscheller in 1889. The mountain is part of the Kilimanjaro National Park and is a major climbing destination.", "Doi Inthanon Doi Inthanon (Thai: ดอยอินทนนท์ (pronunciation)) is the highest mountain in Thailand. It is in Chom Thong District, Chiang Mai Province. This mountain is an ultra prominent peak, known in the past as Doi Luang (meaning \"big mountain\") or Doi Ang Ka, meaning the \"crow's pond top\". Near the mountain's base was a pond where many crows gathered.", "Mount Kosciuszko Mount Kosciuszko is a mountain located on the Main Range of the Snowy Mountains in Kosciuszko National Park, part of the Australian Alps National Parks and Reserves, in New South Wales, Australia. With a height of 2,228 metres (7,310 ft) above sea level, it is the highest mountain in Australia. Various measurements of the peak originally called Kosciuszko showed it to be slightly lower than its neighbour, Mount Townsend.", "Julianatop Julianatop is the highest mountain in Suriname at 1,280 metres (4,199 ft). It is located in the Sipaliwini District.", "Mount Fairweather Mount Fairweather (officially gazetted as Fairweather Mountain in Canada but referred to as Mount Fairweather), is one of the world's highest coastal mountains at 4,671 metres (15,325 feet.) It is located 20 km (12 mi) east of the Pacific Ocean on the border of Alaska, United States and western British Columbia, Canada.", "White Mountain Peak White Mountain Peak (or simply White Mountain), at 14,252 feet (4,344 m), is the highest peak in the White Mountains of California, the highest peak in Mono County, and the third highest peak in the state after Mount Whitney and Mount Williamson. It is the fourteenth most topographically prominent peak in the contiguous United States.", "Mount Mitchell Mount Mitchell is the highest peak of the Appalachian Mountains and the highest peak in mainland eastern North America. It is located near Burnsville in Yancey County, North Carolina, in the Black Mountain subrange of the Appalachians, and about 19 miles (31 km) northeast of Asheville. It is protected by Mount Mitchell State Park and surrounded by the Pisgah National Forest. Mount Mitchell's elevation is 6,684 feet (2,037 m) above sea level.", "Mount Elbert Mount Elbert is the highest summit of the Rocky Mountains of North America and the highest point in the U.S. state of Colorado and the entire Mississippi River drainage basin. The ultra-prominent 14,440-foot (4,401 m) fourteener is the highest summit of the Sawatch Range and the second-highest summit in the contiguous United States after Mount Whitney.", "Hochkönig Hochkönig is the name applied to the highest mountain in the Berchtesgaden Alps, Salzburgerland, Austria, and also to the surrounding mountain group as a whole. The Berchtesgaden Alps form part of the Northern Limestone Alps.", "Mount Bintumani Mount Bintumani (also known as Loma Mansa) is the highest peak in Sierra Leone and the Loma Mountains, at 1,945 metres (6,381 ft). It lies in the Loma Mountains and its lower slopes are covered in rainforests, home to a wide variety of animals. These include pygmy hippopotamuses, dwarf crocodiles, rufous fishing-owls and numerous primates.", "Koyo Zom Koyo Zom is the highest peak in the Hindu Raj mountain range in Pakistan at 6,872 metres (22,546 ft). The Hindu Raj mountain range is part of the eastern Hindu Kush range.Koyo Zom is located on the boundary of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Gilgit-Baltistan provinces of Pakistan. It was first climbed by an Austrian expedition in 1968.", "Tirich Mir Tirich Mir (Pashto/Khowar/Urdu: ترچ میر‎) (alternatively Terich Mir, Terichmir and Turch Mir) is the highest mountain of the Hindu Kush range, and the highest mountain in the world outside of the Himalayas-Karakoram range, located in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The mountain was first climbed in 1950 by a Norwegian expedition consisting of Arne Næss, P. Kvernberg, H. Berg, and Tony Streather.", "Siniolchu Siniolchu is one of the tallest mountains of the Indian state of Sikkim. The 6,888 metres (22,598 ft) mountain is considered to be particularly aesthetically attractive, having been described by Douglas Freshfield as \"the most superb triumph of mountain architecture and the most beautiful snow mountain in the world\".", "K2 K2, also known as Chhogori/Qogir, Ketu/Kechu, and Mount Godwin-Austen (Native Balti name: Chhoghori; Balti/Tibetan script: ཆོ་གོ་རི); Urdu: چھوغوری), is the second highest mountain in the world at 8,611 metres (28,251 ft), after Mount Everest. It is located on the China-Pakistan border between Baltistan, in the Gilgit–Baltistan region of northern Pakistan, and the Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County of Xinjiang, China.", "Blood Mountain Blood Mountain is the highest peak on the Georgia section of the Appalachian Trail and the sixth-tallest mountain in Georgia, with an elevation of 4,458 feet (1,359 m). It is located on the border of Lumpkin County with Union County and is within the boundaries of the Chattahoochee National Forest and the Blood Mountain Wilderness.", "Mount Cleveland (Montana) For other mountains by this name, see Mount Cleveland (disambiguation).Mount Cleveland is the highest mountain in Glacier National Park, located in Montana, United States. It is also the highest point in the Lewis Range, which spans part of the northern portion of the Park and extends into Canada.", "Nanga Parbat Nanga Parbat (literally, Naked Mountain Urdu: ننگا پربت [nəŋɡaː pərbət̪]) is the ninth highest mountain in the world at 8,126 metres (26,660 ft) above sea level. It is the western anchor of the Himalayas around which the Indus river skirts into the plains of pakistan. It is located in the Gilgit-Baltistan region of the Pakistan and is locally known as 'Deo Mir' ('mir' meaning 'mountain').Nanga Parbat is one of the eight-thousanders, with a summit elevation of 8,126 metres (26,660 ft).", "Mount Logan Mount Logan is the highest mountain in Canada and the second-highest peak in North America, after Denali. The mountain was named after Sir William Edmond Logan, a Canadian geologist and founder of the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC). Mount Logan is located within Kluane National Park and Reserve in southwestern Yukon, less than 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of the Yukon/Alaska border. Mount Logan is the source of the Hubbard and Logan Glaciers.", "Himalayas The Himalayas or Himalaya (/ˌhɪməˈleɪ.ə/ or /hɪˈmɑːləjə/; Sanskrit: हिमालय, Nepali: हिमालय, Hindi: हिमालय, Urdu: ہمالیہ‎; from Sanskrit hima (snow) + ālaya (dwelling), literally meaning \"abode of snow\") is a mountain range in South Asia and East Asia which separates the Indo-Gangetic Plain from the Tibetan Plateau. This range is home to nine of the ten highest peaks on Earth, including the highest above sea level, Mount Everest. The Himalayas have profoundly shaped the cultures of South Asia.", "Gunnbjørn Fjeld Gunnbjørn Fjeld (also called only Gunnbjørn) is Greenland's highest mountain and also the highest mountain north of the Arctic circle. It is located in the Watkins Range on the east coast, which contains several other summits above 3500 metres. It is a nunatak, a rocky peak protruding through glacial ice.", "Mons Huygens Mons Huygens is the Moon's tallest mountain (but not its highest point). It is about 3.3 miles (5.5 km) high and is located in the Montes Apenninus. The Montes Apenninus were formed by the impact that created Mare Imbrium.", "Mount Nirvana Mount Nirvana, at 2,773 m (9,098 ft) is the unofficial name of the highest mountain in the Northwest Territories, Canada.", "Mount Massive Mount Massive is the second highest summit of the Rocky Mountains of North America and the U.S. state of Colorado. The prominent 14,428-foot (4,398 m) fourteener of the Sawatch Range is located in the Mount Massive Wilderness of San Isabel National Forest, 10.6 miles (17.1 km) west-southwest (bearing 247°) of the City of Leadville in Lake County, Colorado, United States.", "Mount Aorangi Mount Aorangi (72°25′S 166°22′E) is the highest mountain, 3,135 m, in the Millen Range of Victoria Land, Antarctica. The mount was so named by the NZFMCAE, 1962–63, because of this mountain's cloud-piercing ability, and also with reference to Aoraki/Mount Cook, New Zealand, Aorangi or Aoraki meaning cloud piercer.", "Gyachung Kang Gyachung Kang (Nepali: ग्याचुङ्काङ, Gyāchung Kāng; Chinese: 格重康峰; pinyin: Gézhòngkāng Fēng) is a mountain in the Mahalangur Himal section of the Himalaya, and is the highest peak between Cho Oyu (8,201 m) and Mount Everest (8,848 m). It lies on the border between Nepal and China.", "Monte Cinto Monte Cinto (Corsican: Monte Cintu) is the highest mountain on the island of Corsica, a région of France. Its elevation is 2,706 m and so is its prominence, making it one of the most prominent peaks in Europe.Its location gives it a theoretical panorama of mountains on mainland Europe stretching from near Marseille to Rome.", "Galdhøpiggen Galdhøpiggen is the highest mountain in Norway, Scandinavia and Northern Europe, at 2,469 m (8,100 ft) above sea level. It is located within the municipality of Lom (in Oppland), in the Jotunheimen mountain area.", "Mount Magazine Mount Magazine is the name commonly used for the tallest mountain in the state of Arkansas. The mountain is also known as Magazine Mountain and is the site of Mount Magazine State Park. The mountain is a flat-topped plateau with a sandstone cap rimmed by precipitous rock cliffs. Two peaks are situated atop the plateau, Signal Hill, which is often identified as the tallest point in Arkansas, and Mossback Ridge, which reaches 2,700 feet (823 m).", "Mont Blanc massif The Mont Blanc massif (Occitan: Massís del Mont Blanc; Italian: Massiccio del Monte Bianco; French: Massif du Mont-Blanc) is a mountain range in the Graian Alps. It is named after Mont Blanc, at 4,810 m the highest summit of the Alps.", "Mount Woodroffe Mount Woodroffe is South Australia's highest peak, at 1,435 metres.", "Everest (1998 film) Everest is a 70mm American documentary film, from MacGillivray Freeman Films, about the struggles involved in climbing Mount Everest, the highest mountain peak on Earth, located in the Himalayan region of Nepal. It was released to IMAX theaters in March 1998 and became the highest-grossing film made in the IMAX format.", "Mount Entoto Mount Entoto (Amharic: እንጦጦ?) is the highest peak overlooking the city of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, and has views of the city. It reaches 3,200 meters above sea level and is part of the Entoto mountain chain.", "Snaefell Snaefell (Manx: Sniaull) is the highest mountain and the only summit higher than 2,000 feet (610 m) on the Isle of Man, at 2,034 feet (620 m) above sea level. The summit is crowned by a railway station, cafe and several communications masts.", "Mount Hayes Mount Hayes is the highest mountain in the eastern Alaska Range. Despite not being a fourteener, it is one of the largest peaks in the United States in terms of rise above local terrain. For example, the Northeast Face rises 8,000 feet (2,440 m) in approximately 2 miles (3.2 km).", "Shishapangma Shishapangma, also called Gosainthān, is the 14th highest mountain in the world at 8,027 metres (26,335 ft) above sea level. It was the last 8,000 metre peak to be climbed, due to its location entirely within Tibet and the restrictions on visits by foreign travelers to the region imposed by authorities of the Government of China and of the Tibet Autonomous Region.", "Mont Blanc Mont Blanc (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃.blɑ̃]) or Monte Bianco (Italian pronunciation: [ˈmonte ˈbjaŋko]), both meaning \"White Mountain\", is the highest mountain in the Alps and the highest peak in Europe outside of the Caucasus range. It rises 4,809 m (15,778 ft) above sea level and is ranked 11th in the world in topographic prominence.The mountain lies in a range called the Graian Alps, between the regions of Aosta Valley, Italy, and Haute-Savoie, France.", "Eight-thousander The eight-thousanders are the 14 independent mountains on Earth that are more than 8,000 metres (26,247 ft) high above sea level. All eight-thousanders are located in the Himalayan and Karakoram mountain ranges in Asia. They are the mountains whose summits are in the death zone.The first recorded attempt on an eight-thousander was when Albert F. Mummery and J. Norman Collie tried to climb Pakistan's Nanga Parbat in 1895.", "Great Himalayas Greater himalayas (Hindi: महान हिमालय or हिमाद्रि) is the highest range of Himalaya. This range is separated from Lesser Himalaya by Main Central Thrust and lies north of it. Worlds highest peak Mount Everest and some other tallest peaks are in this range.", "List of mountains in Nepal Nepal contains part of the Himalayas, the highest mountain range in the world. Eight of the fourteen eight-thousanders are located in the country, either in whole or shared across a border with Tibet or India.", "Mount Whitney Mount Whitney is the highest summit in the contiguous United States and the Sierra Nevada, with an elevation of 14,505 feet (4,421 m). It is on the boundary between California's Inyo and Tulare counties, 84.6 miles (136.2 km) west-northwest of the lowest point in North America at Badwater in Death Valley National Park at 279 ft (85 m) below sea level.", "Mount Kamen The Kamen (Russian: Камень) is the highest mountain (1701 m) in the Putorana Plateau, Russia.", "Aconcagua Aconcagua (Spanish pronunciation: [akoŋˈkaɣwa]) is the highest mountain outside of Asia, at 6,960.8 metres (22,837 ft), and by extension the highest point in both the Western Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. It is located in the Andes mountain range, in the Mendoza Province, Argentina, and lies 112 kilometres (70 mi) northwest of its capital, the city of Mendoza.", "Timeline of climbing Mount Everest Mount Everest is the world's highest mountain, with a peak at 8,848 metres (29,029 ft) above sea level.", "Denali Denali /dɨˈnaːli/ (also known as Mount McKinley, its former official name) is the highest mountain peak in North America, with a summit elevation of 20,310 feet (6,190.5 m) above sea level. At some 18,000 ft (5,500 m), the base-to-peak rise is the largest of any mountain situated entirely above sea level." ]	10
books of the Jewish canon	[ "1 Maccabees\n1 Maccabees is a book written in Hebrew by a Jewish author after the restoration of an independent Jewish kingdom, about the latter part of the 2nd century BC. The original Hebrew is lost and the most important surviving version is the Greek translation contained in the Septuagint. The book is held as canonical scripture by some Christian churches (including Catholic, Orthodox, and Coptic churches), but not by Anglican and Protestant denominations.", "Septuagint\nThe Septuagint (from the Latin septuaginta, \"seventy\") is a translation of the Hebrew Bible and some related texts into Koine Greek. As the primary Greek translation of the Old Testament, it is also called the Greek Old Testament. This translation is quoted a number of times in the New Testament, particularly in Pauline epistles, and also by the Apostolic Fathers and later Greek Church Fathers. The title (Greek: Ἡ μετάφρασις τῶν Ἑβδομήκοντα, lit.", "Book of Ruth\nThe Book of Ruth (Hebrew: מגילת רות‎, Ashkenazi pronunciation: [məˈɡɪləs rus], Megilath Ruth, \"the Scroll of Ruth\", one of the Five Megillot) is a book of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament. In the Jewish canon it is included in the third division, or the Writings (Ketuvim); in the Christian canon it is treated as a history book and placed between Judges and 1 Samuel.", "Tanakh\nThe Tanakh (/tɑːˈnɑːx/; Hebrew: \"ַּנַ\\ךְ‎, pronounced [taˈnaχ] or [təˈnax]; also Tenakh, Tenak, Tanach) or Mikra is the canon of the Hebrew Bible. The traditional Hebrew text is known as the Masoretic Text.Tanakh is an acronym of the first Hebrew letter of each of the Masoretic Text's three traditional subdivisions: Torah (\"Teaching\", also known as the Five Books of Moses), Nevi'im (\"Prophets\") and Ketuvim (\"Writings\")—hence TaNaKh.", "Book of Esther\nThe Book of Esther, also known in Hebrew as \"the Scroll\" (Megillah), is a book in the third section (Ketuvim, \"Writings\") of the Jewish Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible) and in the Christian Old Testament. It relates the story of a Jewish girl in Persia, born as Hadassah but known as Esther, who becomes queen of Persia and thwarts a genocide of her people. The story forms the core of the Jewish festival of Purim, during which it is read aloud twice: once in the evening and again the following morning.", "Books of the Bible\nDifferent religious groups include different books in their Biblical canons, in varying orders, and sometimes divide or combine books, or incorporate additional material into canonical books. Christian Bibles range from the sixty-six books of the Protestant canon to the eighty-one books of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church canon.The Tanakh contains twenty-four books divided into three parts: the five books of the Torah \"\\teaching\"); the Nevi'im (\"prophets\"); and the Ketuvim (\"writings\").", "Books of the Maccabees\nThe Books of the Maccabees are books concerned with the Maccabees, the leaders of the Jewish rebellion against the Seleucid dynasty, or related subjects.The term mostly refers to two deuterocanonical books contained in some canons of the Bible:1 Maccabees, originally written in Hebrew and surviving in a Greek translation, relates the history of the Maccabees from 175 BC until 134 BC.2 Maccabees, a Greek abridgment of an earlier history in Hebrew, relating the history of the Maccabees down to 161 BC, focusing on Judas Maccabaeus, talks about praying for the dead, offerings.The term also commonly refers to two further works:3 Maccabees, a Greek book relating to a 3rd-century BC persecution of the Jews of Egypt.4 Maccabees, a philosophic discourse praising the supremacy of reason over passion, using the Maccabean martyrs as examples.The term may also refer to:5 Maccabees, an Arab language history from 186 BC to 6 BC.", "Hebrew Bible\nHebrew Bible or Hebrew Scriptures (Latin: Biblia Hebraica) is the term used by biblical scholars to refer to the Tanakh (Hebrew: \"נ\\ך‎), the canonical collection of Jewish texts, which is the common textual source of the several canonical editions of the Christian Old Testament.", "Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon\nThe Orthodox Tewahedo churches currently have the largest and most diverse biblical canon within traditional Christendom. Western scholars have classified the books of the Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon into two categories — the narrower canon, which consists mostly of books familiar to the west, and the broader canon.", "Development of the Old Testament canon\nThe Old Testament is the first section of the two-part Christian Biblical canon, which includes the books of the Hebrew Bible or protocanon and in some Christian denominations also includes several Deuterocanonical books.", "Books of Chronicles\nThe two Books of Chronicles (Hebrew: דברי הימים‎ Diḇrê Hayyāmîm, \"The Matters of the Days\"; Greek: Παραλειπομένων, Paraleipoménōn) are the final books of the Hebrew Bible in the order followed by modern Judaism; in that generally followed in Christianity, they follow the two Books of Kings and precede Ezra-Nehemiah, thus concluding the history-oriented books of the Old Testament.", "Book of Numbers\nThe Book of Numbers (from Greek Ἀριθμοί, Arithmoi; Hebrew: במדבר‎, Bəmidbar, \"In the desert [of]\") is the fourth book of the Hebrew Bible, and the fourth of five books of the Jewish Torah.Numbers begins at Mount Sinai, where the Israelites have received their laws and covenant from God and God has taken up residence among them in the sanctuary. The task before them is to take possession of the Promised Land. The people are numbered and preparations are made for resuming their march.", "Development of the Hebrew Bible canon\nRabbinic Judaism recognizes the 24 books of the Masoretic Text, commonly called the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible, as authoritative. Modern scholarship suggests that the most recently written are the books of Jonah, Lamentations, and Daniel, all of which may have been composed as late as the second century BCE.The Book of Deuteronomy includes a prohibition against adding or subtracting, which might apply to the book itself (i.e.", "Book of Nahum\nThe Book of Nahum is the seventh book of the 12 minor prophets of the Hebrew Bible. It is attributed to the prophet Nahum, and was probably written in Jerusalem in the 7th century BC.", "Josippon\nJosippon is a chronicle of Jewish history from Adam to the age of Titus believed to have been written by Josippon or Joseph ben Gorion. The Ethiopic version of Josippon is recognized as canonical by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church", "Nevi'im\nNevi'im (/nəviˈiːm, nəˈviːɪm/; Hebrew: נְבִיאִים Nəḇî'îm‎, \"Prophets\") is the second main division of the Hebrew Bible (the Tanakh), between the Torah (instruction) and Ketuvim (writings).", "Books of Kings\nThe two Books of Kings (Hebrew: ספר מלכים‎ Sepher M'lakhim – the two books were originally one) present the biblical view of history of ancient Israel and Judah from the death of David to the release of his successor Jehoiachin from imprisonment in Babylon, a period of some 400 years (c. 960 – c. 560 BCE).", "Torah\nTorah (/ˈtɔːrəˌˈtoʊrə/; Hebrew: תּוֹרָה, \"Instruction, Teaching\"), or the Pentateuch (/ˈpɛntəˌtuːk, -ˌtjuːk/), is the central reference of the religious Judaic tradition. It has a range of meanings. It can most specifically mean the first five books of the twenty-four books of the Tanakh, and it usually includes the rabbinic commentaries.", "Book of Enoch\nThe Book of Enoch (also 1 Enoch; Ge'ez: መጽሐፈ ሄኖክ mäts'hafä henok) is an ancient Jewish religious work, ascribed by tradition to Enoch, the great-grandfather of Noah, although modern scholars estimate the older sections (mainly in the Book of the Watchers) to date from about 300 BC, and the latest part (Book of Parables) probably to the first century BC.It is not part of the biblical canon as used by Jews, apart from Beta Israel.", "Book of Nehemiah\nThe Book of Nehemiah is, along with the Book of Ezra, a book of the Hebrew Bible. Told largely in the form of a first-person memoir, it concerns the rebuilding of the walls of Jerusalem by Nehemiah, a Jew who is a high official at the Persian court, and the dedication of the city and its people to God's laws (Torah).", "Biblical canon\nA biblical canon, or canon of scripture, is a list of books considered to be authoritative scripture by a particular religious community. The word \"canon\" comes from the Greek κανών, meaning \"rule\" or \"measuring stick\"." ]	[ "Book of Judith The Book of Judith is a deuterocanonical book, included in the Septuagint and the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christian Old Testament of the Bible, but excluded from Jewish texts and assigned by Protestants to the Apocrypha.", "Jewish Publication Society of America Version The Jewish Publication Society of America Version (JPS) of the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible) was the first Bible translation published by the Jewish Publication Society of America and the first translation of the Tanakh into English by a committee of Jews (though there had been earlier solo efforts, such as that of Isaac Leeser).", "Book of Baruch The Book of Baruch, occasionally referred to as 1 Baruch, is called a deuterocanonical book of the Bible. Although not in the Hebrew Bible, it is found in the Septuagint and in the Vulgate Bible, Eritrean/Ethiopian Orthodox bible and also in Theodotion's version. It is grouped with the prophetical books which also include Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Daniel, and the Twelve Minor Prophets. It is named after Baruch ben Neriah, Jeremiah's scribe.", "Jewish Encyclopedia The Jewish Encyclopedia is an English encyclopedia containing over 15,000 articles on the history, culture, and state of Judaism and the Jews up to the early 20th century. It was originally published in 12 volumes by Funk and Wagnalls of New York between 1901 and 1906 and reprinted in the 1960s by KTAV Publishing House. The work's scholarship is still highly regarded: the American Jewish Archives has called it \"the most monumental Jewish scientific work of modern times\" and Rabbi Joshua L.", "Torah reading Torah reading (Hebrew: קריאת התורה, K'riat HaTorah ; \"Reading [of] the Torah\"; Yiddish: Kriyas HaToire) is a Jewish religious tradition that involves the public reading of a set of passages from a Torah scroll.", "Tikkun (book) A tikkun or tiqqun is a book used by Jews to prepare for reading or writing a Torah scroll. There are two types of tikkun, a tikkun kor'im and a tikkun soferim.", "Midrash halakha The Midrashim are mostly derived from, and based upon, the teachings of the Tannaim:Midrash halakha (Hebrew: הֲלָכָה) was the ancient Judaic rabbinic method of Torah study that expounded upon the traditionally received 613 Mitzvot \"\\laws\") by identifying their sources in the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), and by interpreting these passages as proofs of the laws' authenticity. Midrash more generally also refers to the \"non-legal\" interpretation of the Tanakh (aggadic midrash).", "Amidah The Amidah (Hebrew: תפילת העמידה, Tefilat HaAmidah, \"The Standing Prayer\"), also called the Shmoneh Esreh (שמנה עשרה, \"The Eighteen,\" in reference to the original number of constituent blessings; there are now nineteen), is the central prayer of the Jewish liturgy. This prayer, among others, is found in the siddur, the traditional Jewish prayer book.", "Leningrad Codex The Leningrad Codex (or Codex Leningradensis) is the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew, using the masoretic text and Tiberian vocalization. It is dated 1008 CE (or possibly 1009 CE) according to its colophon.", "Tehillat Hashem Tehillat Hashem (תְּהִלַּת ה', \"praise of God\" in Hebrew) is the name of a prayer-book (known as a siddur in Hebrew) used for Jewish services in synagogues and privately by Hasidic Jews, specifically in the Chabad-Lubavitch community.Tehillat Hashem Siddur is an edition of the Siddur Harav or Siddur Admur Hazaken, edited and published by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi (1745-1812) the founder of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement, and follows the teachings of Rabbi Isaac Luria.", "Sacred Books of the East The Sacred Books of the East is a monumental 50-volume set of English translations of Asian religious writings, edited by Max Müller and published by the Oxford University Press between 1879 and 1910.", "Pocket Canons The Pocket Canons is the name of a series of small books, designed by Pentagram Partner, Angus Hyland, featuring the text of individual Books of the Bible along with introductions by various well-known authors and public figures, including the Dalai Lama and Bono. The Bible texts are drawn from the King James Version of the Bible. The series was conceived by Matthew Darby, who published it in partnership with Canongate Books in the UK.", "Tiberian Hebrew Tiberian Hebrew is the canonical pronunciation of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh committed to writing by Masoretic scholars living in the Jewish community of Tiberias in ancient Judea c. 750–950 CE. They wrote in the form of Tiberian vocalization, which employed diacritics added to the Hebrew letters: vowel signs and consonant diacritics (nequdot) and the so-called accents (two related systems of cantillation signs or te'amim).", "The Canon of Medicine The Canon of Medicine (Arabic: القانون في الطب‎ al-Qānūn fī al-Ṭibb) is an encyclopedia of medicine in five books compiled by Persian philosopher Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) and completed in 1025. It presents a clear and organized summary of all the medical knowledge of the time. It is a \"magisterial exposition of Galenic medicine\", although while Avicenna accepted Galen's evidence on anatomical matters he preferred Aristotle's theories where they differed from Galen.", "Yiddish Book Center The Yiddish Book Center (National Yiddish Book Center), located on the campus of Hampshire College in Amherst, Massachusetts, United States, is a cultural institution dedicated to the preservation of books in the Yiddish language as well as the culture and history those books represent. It is one of ten western Massachusetts museums constituting the Museums10 consortium.", "Siddur For the sculptor, see Vadim Sidur.A siddur (Hebrew: סדור‎ [siˈduʁ] ; plural סדורים, [siduˈʁim]) is a Jewish prayer book, containing a set order of daily prayers. The word \"siddur\" comes from the Hebrew root Hebrew: סד״ר‎ meaning \"order\".", "Sefer haYashar (midrash) The Sefer haYashar (first edition 1552) is a Hebrew midrash also known as the Toledot Adam and Dibre ha-Yamim be-'Aruk. The Hebrew title may be translated Sefer haYashar - \"Book of the Upright\" - but it is known in English translation mostly as The Book of Jasher following English tradition.", "Book of Wisdom The Book of Wisdom or Wisdom of Solomon, sometimes referred to simply as Wisdom or the Book of the Wisdom of Solomon, is one of the books of the Bible. It is considered scripture, classified as deuterocanonical (meaning \"second canon\", \"secondary canon\", or \"of secondary authority\") by the Roman Catholic Church and similarly, anagignoskomena (Gr. ἀναγιγνωσκόμενα, meaning \"that which is to be read\") by the Orthodox Catholic Church.", "2 Baruch 2 Baruch is a Jewish pseudepigraphical text thought to have been written in the late 1st century AD or early 2nd century AD, after the destruction of the Temple in AD 70. It is attributed to the biblical Baruch and so is associated with the Old Testament, but not regarded as scripture by Jews or by most Christian groups. It is included in some editions of the Peshitta, and is part of the Bible in the Syriac Orthodox tradition.", "Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses The Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses is an 18th- or 19th-century magical text allegedly written by Moses, and passed down as hidden (or lost) books of the Five Books of Moses or Pentateuch. A grimoire, a text of magical incantations and seals, it purports to instruct the reader in the spells used to create the miracles portrayed in the Judaeo-Christian Bible. The work was printed with annexes or reputed Talmudic magic names, words and incantation, many taken from Christian biblical passages.", "Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible The non-canonical books in this article include Biblical apocrypha and Deuterocanonical books (which are accepted as part of the Biblical canon by most non-Protestant Christians), pseudepigrapha, writings from Hellenistic and other non-Biblical cultures, and lost works of known or unknown status.", "Talmud Torah Talmud Torah schools were created in the Jewish world, both Ashkenazic and Sephardic, as a form of parochial primary school for boys of modest backgrounds, where they were given an elementary education in Hebrew, the Scriptures (especially the Pentateuch), and the Talmud (and Halakhah). This was meant to prepare them for Yeshiva or, particularly in the movement's modern form, for Jewish education at a high school level.", "Karaite Judaism Karaite Judaism or Karaism (/ˈkærə.aɪt/ or /ˈkærə.ɪzəm/; Hebrew: יהדות קראית , Modern Yahadut Qara'it, Tiberian Qārāʾîm ; meaning \"\\Reader of the Hebrew Scriptures)\") is a Jewish movement characterized by the recognition of the Tanakh alone as its supreme legal authority in Halakha (Jewish religious law) and theology. It is distinct from mainstream Rabbinic Judaism, which considers the Oral Torah, as codified in the Talmud and subsequent works, to be authoritative interpretations of the Torah.", "Rabbinical translations of Matthew The Rabbinical translations of Matthew are rabbinical versions of the Gospel of Matthew that are written in Hebrew; Shem-Tob's Matthew, the Du Tillet Matthew, and the Münster Matthew, and which were used in polemical debate with Catholics.These versions are to be distinguished from the Gospel According to the Hebrews which was one or more works found in the Early Church, but surviving only as fragmentary quotations in Greek and Latin texts.Some scholars consider all the rabbinical versions to be translated from the Greek or Latin of the canonical Matthew, for the purpose of Jewish apologetics.", "Exodus Rabbah Exodus Rabbah (Hebrew: שמות רבה, Shemot Rabbah) is the midrash to Exodus, containing in the printed editions 52 parashiyyot. It is not uniform in its composition.", "Sefer (Hebrew) Sefer in Hebrew means any kind of \"book\" (plural s'farim). It is derived from the same Hebrew root-word as sofer (\"scribe\"), sifriyah (\"library\") and safrut (\"literature\"). Among Orthodox Jews it is used for books both of the Tanakh, the oral law (Mishnah and Talmud) or any work of Rabbinic literature. Works unrelated to Torah study are rarely called sefer by English-speaking Orthodox Jews.", "Jewish English Bible translations Jewish English Bible translations are English translations of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) according to the Masoretic Text, in the traditional division and order of Torah, Nevi'im, and Ketuvim. Most Jewish translations appear in bilingual editions (Hebrew–English).Jewish translations often reflect traditional Jewish exegesis of the Bible; all such translations eschew the Christological interpretations present in many non-Jewish translations.", "Covenant Code The Covenant Code, or The Book of the Covenant, is the name given by academics to a text appearing in the Torah at Exodus 20:19–23:33. Biblically, the text is the second of the law codes given to Moses by God at Mount Sinai. This legal text provides a small, but substantive proportion of the mitzvot within the Torah, and hence is a source of Jewish Law.", "Sefer Torah A Sefer Torah (Hebrew: ספר תורה‎; plural: ספרי תורה Sifrei Torah ; \"Book(s) of Torah\" or \"Torah scroll(s)\") is a handwritten copy of the Torah, the holiest book within Judaism. It must meet extremely strict standards of production. The Torah scroll is mainly used in the ritual of Torah reading during Jewish services.", "Jewish education Jewish education (Hebrew: חינוך, Chinukh) is the transmission of the tenets, principles and religious laws of Judaism. Known as \"People of the Book\", Jews value education. The emphasis and value of education is strongly embedded in Jewish culture. Judaism places a heavy emphasis on Torah study.", "Ginza Rba The Ginza Rba or Ginza Rabba (Hebrew-script Aramaic Modern Mandaic: גינזא רבא‎ Ginzā Rabbā; literally \"The Great Treasury\") or Siddra Rabba, \"The Great Book\" (\"rabba\", meaning great), and formerly, the Codex Nazaraeus, is the longest of the many holy scriptures of the Mandaean religion. It is also occasionally referred to as The Book of Adam.", "The Living Torah and Nach The Living Torah and The Living Nach are popular, clear and modern English translations of the Tanach based on traditional Jewish sources, along with extensive notes, maps, illustrations, diagrams, charts, bibliography, and index. The series is published by Moznaim Publishers.", "Antiquities of the Jews Antiquities of the Jews (Greek: Ἰουδαϊκὴ ἀρχαιολογία, Ioudaikē archaiologia; Latin: Antiquitates Judaicae), also Judean Antiquities (see Ioudaios), is a twenty-volume historiographical work composed by the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus in the thirteenth year of the reign of Roman emperor Flavius Domitian which was around AD 93 or 94. Antiquities of the Jews contains an account of history of the Jewish people, written in Greek for Josephus' gentile patrons.", "Ferrara Bible The Ferrara Bible was a 1553 publication of the Ladino version of the Tanach used by Sephardi Jews. It was paid for and made by Yom-Tob ben Levi Athias (the Spanish Marrano Jerónimo de Vargas, as typographer) and Abraham ben Salomon Usque (the Portuguese Jew Duarte Pinhel, as translator), and was dedicated to Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara.", "Book of Ezra The Book of Ezra is a book of the Hebrew Bible. Originally combined with the Book of Nehemiah in a single book of Ezra–Nehemiah, the two became separated in the early centuries of the Christian era.", "How to Be an Extremely Reform Jew How to Be an Extremely Reform Jew (Avon Books, 1994; Extremely Limited 2014) is a book by David M. Bader, the author of Haikus for Jews: For You a Little Wisdom (Harmony Books, 1999), Zen Judaism: For You a Little Enlightenment (Harmony Books, 2002), and Haiku U.: From Aristotle to Zola, Great Books in 17 Syllables (Gotham Books, 2004).", "Codex Cairensis The Codex Cairensis (also: Codex Prophetarum Cairensis, Cairo Codex of the Prophets) is a Hebrew manuscript containing the complete text of the Hebrew Bible Nevi'im (prophets). It has been described as \"the oldest dated Hebrew Codex of the Bible which has come down to us\". It contains the books of the Former Prophets (Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings) and Latter Prophets (Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and the book of the twelve Minor Prophets). It comprises 575 pages including 13 carpet pages.", "The Book of Giants The Book of Giants is an apocryphal Jewish book expanding a narrative in the Hebrew Bible. Its discovery at Qumran dates the text's creation to before the 2nd century BCE.", "Book of Jubilees The Book of Jubilees, sometimes called Lesser Genesis (Leptogenesis), is an ancient Jewish religious work of 50 chapters, considered canonical by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church as well as Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jews), where it is known as the Book of Division (Ge'ez: መጽሃፈ ኩፋሌ Mets'hafe Kufale).", "Ashburnham Pentateuch The Ashburnham Pentateuch (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, MS nouv. acq. lat. 2334, also known as the Tours Pentateuch) is a late 6th- or early 7th-century Latin illuminated manuscript of the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Old Testament). Although it originally contained all five books of the Pentateuch, it is now missing the whole of Deuteronomy as well as sections of the other five books.It has 142 folios and 19 miniatures, and measures 372mm by 321mm.", "Shrine of the Book The Shrine of the Book (Hebrew: היכל הספר‎, Heikhal HaSefer), a wing of the Israel Museum in the Givat Ram neighborhood of Jerusalem, Israel, houses the Dead Sea Scrolls, discovered in 1947–56 in 11 caves in and around the Wadi Qumran.", "Jewish literature Jewish literature includes works written by Jews on Jewish themes, literary works written in Jewish languages on various themes, and literary works in any language written by Jewish writers. Ancient Jewish literature includes Biblical literature and rabbinic literature.", "Jewish Year Book The Jewish Year Book is an almanac targeted at the Jewish community in the United Kingdom. It has been published every year since 1896 and is currently published by Vallentine Mitchell in association with The Jewish Chronicle and is edited by Stephen W. Massil.It provides a directory and guide to Jewish institutions and religious, social, educational, cultural and welfare organisations in the British Isles.", "Mishnah The Mishnah or Mishna (/ˈmɪʃnə/; Hebrew: מִשְׁנָה, \"study by repetition\"), from the verb shanah שנה, or \"to study and review\", also \"secondary,\" is the first major written redaction of the Jewish oral traditions known as the \"Oral Torah\". It is also the first major work of Rabbinic literature.", "Bible The Bible (from Koine Greek τὰ βιβλία, tà biblía, \"the books\") is a collection of texts sacred in Judaism and Christianity. There is no single \"Bible\" and many Bibles with varying contents exist. Various religious traditions have produced different recensions with different selections of texts.", "Book of Judges The Book of Judges (Hebrew: Sefer Shoftim ספר שופטים) is the seventh book of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Bible. Its title describes its contents: it contains the history of Biblical judges, divinely inspired leaders whose direct knowledge of Yahweh allows them to act as champions for the Israelites from oppression by foreign rulers, and models of wise and faithful behaviour required of them by their God Yahweh following the exodus from Egypt and the conquest of Canaan.", "Talmud The Talmud (/ˈtɑːlmʊd, -məd, ˈtæl-/; Hebrew: תַּלְמוּד talmūd \"instruction, learning\", from a root lmd \"teach, study\") is a central text of Rabbinic Judaism. It is also traditionally referred to as Shas (ש״ס), a Hebrew abbreviation of shisha sedarim, the \"six orders\". The term \"Talmud\" normally refers to the collection of writings named specifically the Babylonian Talmud, although there is also an earlier collection known as the Jerusalem Talmud, or Palestinian Talmud.", "Book of Proverbs The Book of Proverbs (Hebrew: מִשְלֵי, Míshlê (Shlomoh), \"Proverbs (of Solomon)\") is the second book of the third section (called Writings) of the Hebrew Bible.", "Machzor The mahzor (alternately machzor, plural mahzorim, Hebrew מחזור, pronounced [maχˈzor] and [maχzoˈrim], respectively) is the prayer book used by Jews on the High Holidays of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. Many Jews also make use of specialized mahzorim on the three \"pilgrimage festivals\" of Passover, Shavuot, and Sukkot.", "Tradition (journal) Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought is a quarterly Orthodox Jewish academic journal published by the Rabbinical Council of America in association with Yeshiva University in New York City. It contains essays about the history, philosophy, and practice of Orthodox Judaism.", "Sefer Hamitzvot Sefer Hamitzvot \"\\Book of Commandments\") is a work by the 12th century rabbi, philosopher and physician Maimonides. While there are various other works titled similarly, the title \"Sefer Hamitzvot\" without a modifier refers to Maimonides' work. It is a listing of all the commandments of the Torah, with a brief description for each.It originally appeared in Arabic under the title \"Kitab al-Farai'd\", and was translated by the Provençal rabbi Moses ibn Tibbon (first printed 1497).", "Crime and punishment in the Bible The Hebrew Bible is considered a holy text in most Abrahamic religions. It records a large number of events and laws that are endorsed or proscribed by the God of Israel. Judaism teaches that the Torah contains 613 commandments, many of which deal with crime and punishment, but only the Noahide Laws apply to humanity in general.", "History of responsa in Judaism History of responsa in Judaism spans a period of 1,700 years. Rabbinic responsa constitute a special class of rabbinic literature, differing in form, but not necessarily in content, from Rabbinic commentaries devoted to the exegesis of the Bible, the Mishnah, the Talmud, and halakha (the codes of Jewish religious law). The codes themselves contain the rules for ordinary incidents of life. The responsa literature covers all these topics and more.", "Torah study Torah study is the study of the Torah, Hebrew Bible, Talmud, responsa, rabbinic literature and similar works, all of which are Judaism's religious texts. According to Rabbinic beliefs the study is ideally done for the purpose of the mitzvah \"\\commandment\") of Torah study itself.This practice is present to an extent in all religious branches of Judaism and is considered of paramount importance among religious Jews.", "Books of Samuel The two Books of Samuel (Hebrew: Sefer Shmuel ספר שמואל‎) are part of the Deuteronomistic history, a series of books (Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings) in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament that constitute a theological history of the Israelites which explains God's law for Israel under the guidance of the prophets.", "Sefer ha-Ikkarim Sefer ha-Ikkarim \"\\Book of Principles\") is a fifteenth-century work by rabbi Joseph Albo, a student of Hasdai Crescas. It is an eclectic, popular work, whose central task is the exposition of the principles of Judaism.", "Deuterocanonical books Deuterocanonical books is a term used since the 16th century in the Catholic Church and Eastern Christianity to describe certain books and passages of the Christian Old Testament that are not part of the current Hebrew Bible. The term is used in contrast to the protocanonical books, which are contained in the Hebrew Bible. This distinction had previously contributed to debate in the early Church about whether they should be classified as canonical texts.", "Ecclesiastes Ecclesiastes (/ɨˌkliːziˈæstiːz/; Greek: Ἐκκλησιαστής, Ekklesiastes, Hebrew: קֹהֶלֶת, Qoheleth, Koheleth) is one of 24 books of the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible, where it is classified as one of the Ketuvim (or \"Writings\"). It is among the canonical Wisdom Books in the Old Testament of most denominations of Christianity.", "Haftarah The haftarah or (in Ashkenazic pronunciation) haftoroh (alt. haphtara, Hebrew: הפטרה; \"parting,\" \"taking leave\", plural haftarot or haftoros—despite resemblances it is not related to the word Torah ) is a series of selections from the books of Nevi'im (\"Prophets\") of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) that is publicly read in synagogue as part of Jewish religious practice. The Haftarah reading follows the Torah reading on each Sabbath and on Jewish festivals and fast days.", "Shulchan Aruch The Shulchan Aruch (Hebrew: שֻׁלְחָן עָרוּך‎ [ʃulˈħan ʕaˈʁuχ], literally: \"Set Table\") also known by various Jewish communities but not all as \"the Code of Jewish Law.\" There are various legal codes in Judaism but the Shulchan Aruch is the most widely consulted. It was authored in Safed, Israel, by Yosef Karo in 1563 and published in Venice two years later.", "Samaritan Pentateuch The Samaritan Pentateuch, also known as the Samaritan Torah (Hebrew: תורה שומרונית torah shomroniyt), is a manuscript of the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, written in the Samaritan alphabet and used as a scripture by the Samaritans. It constitutes their entire biblical canon.Some six thousand differences exist between the Samaritan and the Masoretic Text.", "Canon (hymnography) A canon is a structured hymn used in a number of Eastern Orthodox services. It consists of nine odes, sometimes called canticles or songs depending on the translation, based on the Biblical canticles. Most of these are found in the Old Testament, but the final ode is taken from the Magnificat and Song of Zechariah from the New Testament.", "Sefer haYashar (Rabbenu Tam) Sefer HaYashar, (Hebrew: ספר הישר‎, the Book of the Upright) is a famous treatise on Jewish ritual authored by Rabbenu Tam, (Rabbi Jacob ben Meir, 1100–1171).", "Mikraot Gedolot The Mikraot Gedolot (מקראות גדולות) \"Great Scriptures,\" often called the \"Rabbinic Bible\" in English, is an edition of the Tanakh (in Hebrew) that generally includes four distinct elements:The Biblical text according to the masorah in its letters, vocalization, and cantillation marks.Masoretic notes on the Biblical text.Aramaic Targum.Biblical commentaries (most common and prominent are medieval commentaries in the peshat tradition).Numerous editions of the Mikraot Gedolot have been and continue to be published.", "Encyclopaedia Judaica The Encyclopaedia Judaica is a 26-volume English-language encyclopedia of the Jewish people and of Judaism. It covers diverse areas of the Jewish world and civilization, including Jewish history of all eras, culture, holidays, language, scripture, and religious teachings. As of 2010 it had been published in two editions accompanied by a few revisions.The English-language Judaica was also published on CD-ROM.", "Sefer ha-Chinuch The Sefer ha-Chinuch (Hebrew: ספר החינוך‎, \"Book of Education\"), often simply \"the Chinuch\" is a work which systematically discusses the 613 commandments of the Torah. It was published anonymously in 13th century Spain. The work's enumeration of the commandments (Hebrew: mitzvot‎; sing.", "Zohar The Zohar (Hebrew: זֹהַר, lit. \"Splendor\" or \"Radiance\") is the foundational work in the literature of Jewish mystical thought known as Kabbalah. It is a group of books including commentary on the mystical aspects of the Torah (the five books of Moses) and scriptural interpretations as well as material on mysticism, mythical cosmogony, and mystical psychology.", "Kangyur The Tibetan Buddhist canon is a loosely defined list of sacred texts recognized by various schools of Tibetan Buddhism, comprising the Kangyur or Kanjur ('The Translation of the Word') and the Tengyur or Tanjur (Tengyur) ('Translation of Treatises').", "Sefer Yetzirah Sefer Yetzirah (Hebrew, Sēpher Yəṣîrâh, 'Book of Formation, or Book of Creation, ספר יצירה) is the title of the earliest extant book on Jewish esotericism, although some early commentators treated it as a treatise on mathematical and linguistic theory as opposed to Kabbalah. \"Yetzirah\" is more literally translated as \"Formation\"; the word \"Briah\" is used for \"Creation\".", "Hexateuch The Hexateuch \"\\six scrolls\") is the first six books of the Hebrew Bible (the Torah or Pentateuch and the book of Joshua).", "New Jewish Publication Society of America Tanakh The New Jewish Publication Society of America Tanakh, first published in complete form in 1985, is a modern Jewish translation of the Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible into English. It is based on revised editions of earlier publications of subdivisions of the Tanakh such as the Torah and Five Megillot which were originally published from 1969–1982.", "Emunoth ve-Deoth The Book of Beliefs and Opinions (completed 933 CE) is a text written by Saadia Gaon which is the first systematic presentation and philosophic foundation of the dogmas of Judaism.The work was originally written in Arabic as Kitāb ul-ʾamānāt wal-iʿtiqādāt ( كتاب الأمانات والاعتقادات; Arabic: \"Book of the Articles of Faith and Doctrines of Dogma\"), but is better known in the Hebrew translation of Judah ibn Tibbon (1186) as Emunot ve-Deot (אמונות ודעות; Hebrew: \"Beliefs and Opinions\").", "Jewish Book Council The Jewish Book Council (Hebrew: הפרס הלאומי לספרים יהודיים) founded in 1944, is an organization encouraging and contributing to Jewish literature. The goal of the council, as stated on its website, is \"to promote the reading, writing and publishing of quality English language books of Jewish content in North America\".", "Book of Tobit The Book of Tobit (/ˈtoʊbɪt/; Book of Tobias in the Vulgate; from the Greek: Τωβίθ Tōbith or Τωβίτ Tōbit, itself from Hebrew: טובי‎ Tobi \"my good\"; also called the Book of Tobias from the Greek Τωβίας Tōbias, itself from the Hebrew טוביה Tovya \"God is good\") is a book of scripture that is part of the Catholic and Orthodox biblical canon, pronounced canonical by the Council of Carthage of 397 and confirmed for Roman Catholics by the Council of Trent (1546).", "Book of generations The Book of generations is an hypothesized text which the modern documentary hypothesis claims was used by the redactor of the Torah to connect up parts of the priestly source and the JE source. The text is no longer extant, but according to the hypothesis, portions of it survive as part of the Torah. In particular, the text is believed to be fragmented across several portions of the Torah, since it was used as a filler for several joins.", "Book of Life In Christianity and Judaism, the Book of Life (Hebrew: ספר החיים, transliterated Sefer HaChaim; Greek: βιβλίον τῆς ζωῆς Biblíon tēs Zōēs) is the book in which God records the names of every person who is destined for Heaven or the World to Come. According to the Talmud it is open on Rosh Hashanah, as is its analog for the wicked, the Book of the Dead.", "Mishneh Torah The Mishneh Torah (Hebrew: מִשְׁנֵה תּוֹרָה‎, \"Repetition of the Torah\"), subtitled Sefer Yad HaHazaka (ספר יד החזקה \"Book of the Strong Hand\"), is a code of Jewish religious law (Halakha) authored by Maimonides (Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon, also known as RaMBaM or \"Rambam\"), one of history's foremost rabbis. The Mishneh Torah was compiled between 1170 and 1180 (4930–4940), while Maimonides was living in Egypt, and is regarded as Maimonides' magnum opus.", "Chumash (Judaism) The Hebrew term Chumash (also Ḥumash; Hebrew: חומש‎, pronounced [χuˈmaʃ] or pronounced [ħuˈmaʃ] or Yiddish: pronounced [ˈχʊməʃ]) is a term for Torah in printed form (i.e. codex) as opposed to the Torah scroll. The word comes from the Hebrew word for five, ḥamesh (חמש). A more formal term is Ḥamishah Ḥumshei Torah, \"five fifths of Torah\". It is a Hebrew name for the Five Books of Moses, also known by the Latinised Greek term Pentateuch in common printed editions.", "Sefer ha-Qabbalah Sefer ha-Qabbalah (Hebrew for \"Book of Tradition\") was a book written by Abraham ibn Daud around 1161. A chronicle of the Jewish people, it contains valuable historical and philosophical information.", "Oral Torah According to Rabbinic Judaism, the Oral Torah or Oral Law (Hebrew: תורה שבעל פה, Torah she-be-`al peh, lit \"Torah that is spoken\") represents those laws, statutes, and legal interpretations that were not recorded in the Five Books of Moses, the \"Written Torah\" (Hebrew: תורה שבכתב, Torah she-bi-khtav, lit. \"Torah that is written\"), but nonetheless are regarded by Orthodox Jews as prescriptive and co-given.", "List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha Pseudepigrapha are works produced after the closing of the Hebrew Bible canon but before production of the Christian canon that are not accepted as canonical by Jews or all Christians today. Some of these works may have originated among Jewish Hellenizers, others may have Christian authorship in character and origin.", "Soncino Books of the Bible The Soncino Books of the Bible is a set of Hebrew Bible commentaries, covering the whole Tanakh (Old Testament) in fourteen volumes, published by the Soncino Press. The first volume to appear was Psalms in 1945, and the last was Chronicles in 1952. The series was edited by Rev. Dr. Abraham Cohen.Each volume contains the Hebrew and English texts of the Hebrew Bible in parallel columns, with a running commentary below them. The Hebrew text in Psalms is that of C. D.", "Five Megillot For other uses of the word \"Megillah,\" see Megillah (disambiguation).The Five Scrolls or The Five Megillot (Hebrew: חמש מגילות‎ [χaˈmeʃ meɡiˈlot], Hamesh Megillot or Chomeish Megillos) are parts of the Ketuvim (\"Writings\"), the third major section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible). The Five Scrolls are the Song of Songs, the Book of Ruth, the Book of Lamentations, Ecclesiastes and the Book of Esther. These five relatively short biblical books are grouped together in Jewish tradition.", "Torah database A Torah database (מאגר תורני or מאגר יהדות) is an electronic collection of classic Jewish texts in electronic form, the kinds of texts which especially in Israel are often called \"The Traditional Jewish Bookshelf\" (ארון הספרים היהודי); the texts are in their original languages (Hebrew or Aramaic). These databases contain either keyed-in digital texts or a collection of page-images from printed editions.", "Heptateuch The Heptateuch (seven containers) is a name sometimes given to the first seven books of the Hebrew Bible. The seven books are Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua and Judges. The first five of these are commonly known as the Torah or the Pentateuch, the first six as the Hexateuch. With the addition of the Book of Ruth, it becomes the Octateuch.", "List of major biblical figures The Bible is a canonical collection of texts considered sacred in Judaism or Christianity. Different religious groups include different books within their canons, in different orders, and sometimes divide or combine books, or incorporate additional material into canonical books. Christian Bibles range from the sixty-six books of the Protestant canon to the eighty-one books of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church canon.", "Jewish apocrypha Jewish apocrypha includes texts written in the Jewish religious tradition either in the Intertestamental period or in the early Christian era, but outside the Christian tradition. It does not include books in the canonical Hebrew Bible, nor those accepted into the canon of some or all Christian faiths." ]	2
houses of the Russian parliament	[ "State Duma\nThe State Duma (Russian: Госуда́рственная ду́ма (Gosudarstvennaya Duma), common abbreviation: Госду́ма (Gosduma)) in the Russian Federation is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia (legislature), the upper house being the Federation Council of Russia. The Duma headquarters are located in central Moscow, a few steps from Manege Square. Its members are referred to as deputies.", "Moscow City Duma\nThe Moscow City Duma (Russian: Московская городская дума, Moskovskaya Gorodskaya Duma) is the Russian regional parliament in Moscow, the unicameral City Duma (city council, a local parliament) of the Russian capital city of Moscow. As Moscow is one of two federal cities, the city duma's legislation can only be overridden by the mayor and the federal government.", "Parliament of the Chechen Republic\nThe Parliament of Chechnya (Russian: Парламент Чеченской Республики) is the regional, unicameral legislature of the Chechen Republic in Russia. The modern Chechen parliament was established in 2003 after the Constitution of Chechnya was approved in a referendum.", "Chairman of the State Duma\nThe Chairman of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (Russian: Председатель Государственной Думы Федерального собрания Российской Федерации), also called Speaker (спикер), is the presiding officer of the lower house of the Russian parliament. His responsibilities include the overseeing the day-to-day business of the State Duma, presiding and maintaining order at the regular sessions of the parliament.", "Supreme Soviet of Russia\nThe Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR (Russian: Верховный Совет РСФСР, Verkhovniy Sovet RSFSR), later Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation (Russian: Верховный Совет Российской Федерации, Verkhovniy Sovet Rossiyskoi Federatsii) was the supreme government institution of the Russian SFSR in 1938–1990; in 1990–1993 it was a permanent parliament, elected by the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation.The Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR was established as similar structure as the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in 1938, instead of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) as the highest organ of power of Russia.In the 1940s, the Supreme Soviet Presidium and the Council of Ministers of the Russian SFSR were located in the former mansion of counts Ostermanov (str Delegatskaya, 3), which was later in 1991 given to a museum.", "Magadan Oblast Duma\nThe Magadan Oblast Duma (Russian: Магаданская областная дума) is the unicameral regional parliament of Magadan Oblast, Russia. A total of 21 representatives are elected for 5-year term of them 11 in party list and 10 in constituency. The parliament's seat is in the city of Magadan.", "Federation Council (Russia)\nFederation Council (Russian: Сове́т Федера́ции; Sovet Federatsii) is the upper house of the Federal Assembly of Russia (the parliament of the Russian Federation), according to the 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation.", "Sami Parliament of Russia\nThe Kola Saami Assembly (Куелнегк Соамет Соббар or Kuelnegk Soamet Sobbar) Sami Parliament of Russia.", "Federal Assembly (Russia)\nThe Federal Assembly (Russian: Федера́льное Собра́ние, tr. Federalnoye Sobraniye; IPA: [fʲɪdʲɪˈralʲnəjə sɐˈbranʲɪjə]) is the national legislature of the Russian Federation, according to the Constitution of Russian Federation (1993). It was preceded by the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation and its Supreme Soviet.It consists of the State Duma, which is the lower house, and the Federation Council, which is the upper house. Both houses are located in Moscow.", "Novgorod Oblast Duma\nThe Novgorod Oblast Duma (Russian: Новгородская областная дума) is the unicameral regional parliament of Novgorod Oblast, Russia. The parliament consists of a total of 25 representatives that are elected for 5-year term. The parliament's seat is in the city of Veliky Novgorod." ]	[ "National Library of Russia The National Library of Russia in St Petersburg (known as the Imperial Public Library from 1795 to 1917; Russian Public Library from 1917 to 1925; State Public Library from 1925 to 1992 (since 1932 named after M.Saltykov-Shchedrin); NLR), is not only the oldest public library in the nation, but also the first national library in the country. The NLR is currently ranked among the world’s major libraries.", "Indian Parliament The Indian Parliament (Devnagari:भारतीय संसद) (Bhāratīya Sansada) is the supreme legislative body in India. Parliament is composed of: The President of India Lok Sabha (House of the People) Rajya Sabha (Council of States).The president in his role as head of legislature has full powers to summon and prorogue either house of Parliament or to dissolve Lok Sabha.", "Mazhilis The Majilis (Kazakh: Мәжіліс, also transliterated as Mazhilis; \"Assembly\" in Kazakh) is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Kazakhstan, known as the Parlamenti, in the Government of Kazakhstan. The upper house of Parliament is the Senate of Kazakhstan. There are 107 seats (98+9). Members of Parliament are elected to five year terms.The Chairman of the Majilis is Kabybulla Jakupov.", "House of Peoples' Representatives The Federal Parliamentary Assembly of Ethiopia has two chambers. The lower house is the House of Peoples' Representatives (Amharic የሕዝብ ተወካዮች ምክር ቤትYehizbtewekayoch Mekir Bet) with 547 members (22 seats are reserved for representatives of minority nationalities and peoples), elected for five-year terms in single-seat constituencies.", "22nd United States Congress 22nd Congress redirects here, for the Soviet congress, see 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet UnionThe Twenty-second United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1831 to March 4, 1833, during the third and fourth years of Andrew Jackson's presidency.", "New Zealand Parliament Buildings The New Zealand Parliament Buildings house the New Zealand Parliament and are on a 45,000 square metre site at the northern end of Lambton Quay, Wellington. They consist of Parliament House, the executive wing (The Beehive), the Parliamentary Library, and Bowen House. Whilst most of the individual buildings are outstanding for different reasons, the overall setting that has been achieved \"has little aesthetic or architectural coherence\".", "Parliament House, Singapore The Parliament House of Singapore is a public building and cultural landmark and houses the Parliament of Singapore. It is located in the Civic District of the Downtown Core within Singapore's central business district (the Central Area). Within its vicinity is Raffles Place, which lies across it from the Singapore River, and the Supreme Court's building across the road. The building was designed to represent a contemporary architectural expression of stateliness and authority.", "Belgian Federal Parliament The Belgian Federal Parliament is the bicameral parliament of Belgium. It consists of the Chamber of Representatives (Dutch: About this sound Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers , French: Chambre des Représentants, German: Abgeordnetenkammer) and the Senate (Dutch: About this sound Senaat , French: Sénat, German: Senat). It sits in the Palace of the Nation (French: Palais de la Nation; Dutch: Paleis der Natie).", "Parliament House, Adelaide Parliament House, on the corner of North Terrace and King William Road in the Adelaide city centre, is the seat of the Parliament of South Australia. It was built to replace the adjacent and overcrowded Parliament House, now referred to as \"Old Parliament House\".", "Herrenhaus In German-speaking countries the German term Herrenhaus (House of Lords) refers to an institution similar to an upper house, one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature.More specifically, Herrenhaus can refer to the following: The Prussian House of Lords was the first chamber of the Prussian parliament from 1850 until 1918.", "Admiralty Shipyard The Admiralty Shipyard (Admiralty Wharves) (Russian: Адмиралтейские верфи) (formerly Soviet Shipyard No. 194) is one of the oldest and largest shipyards in Russia, located in Saint Petersburg. The shipyard's building ways can accommodate ships of up to 70,000 tonnes deadweight (DWT), 250 meters in length and 35 meters in width. Military products include naval warships such as nuclear and diesel-powered submarines and large auxiliaries.", "Old Parliament House, Singapore The Arts House (formerly Old Parliament House) is a building in Singapore. It is currently a multi-disciplinary arts venue which plays host to art exhibitions and concerts. Built in 1827, the Old Parliament House is the oldest existing government building in Singapore. The building was home to the Parliament of Singapore from 1965 to 1999, when it moved to an adjacent new building.", "House of Peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina The House of Peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serbo-Croatian: Dom Naroda Bosne i Hercegovine / Дом Народа Босне и Херцеговине) is one of the two chambers of the Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with the other chamber being the House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was established through the signing of the Dayton Agreement in 1995.It has 15 members equally distributed among the three ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina: 5 Bosniaks, 5 Serbs, and 5 Croats.", "Parliament House, Melbourne Parliament House in Melbourne, located at Spring Street in East Melbourne at the edge of the Melbourne city centre, has been the seat of the Parliament of Victoria, Australia, since 1855 (except for the years 1901 to 1927, when it was the seat of the Federal Parliament of Australia).", "Boris Gryzlov Boris Vyacheslavovich Gryzlov (also spelled Grizlov; Russian: Борис Вячеславович Грызлов, Russian pronunciation: [bɐˈrʲis ɡrɨzˈlof]) (born December 15, 1950), is a Russian politician and was the Speaker of Russia's State Duma (the lower house of parliament) from 29 December 2003 to 14 December 2011. He is one of the leaders of the largest Russian political party, United Russia. Boris Gryzlov is a close ally of Russian President Vladimir Putin.", "State Assembly of the Sakha Republic State Assembly (Il Tumen) is the name for the unicameral legislature of the Sakha Republic, Russia. It is a legal successor of the Supreme Council of the Sakha Republic.The State Assembly comprises seventy deputies who are elected for five-year terms.", "Summer Palace (Rastrelli) For an earlier Summer Palace, see Summer Palace of Peter the GreatThe Summer Palace (Russian: Ле́тний дворе́ц) is either of the two wooden Baroque palaces built by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli on Tsaritsa's Meadow behind the Summer Garden in St. Petersburg. Neither building survives.It was in 1730 that Rastrelli designed the first wooden palace for Empress Anna. This was a one-storied structure, with 28 rooms, a spacious central hall, and a system of interior waterways.", "Portcullis House Portcullis House (PCH) is an office building in Westminster, London, UK, that was commissioned in 1992 and opened in 2001 to provide offices for 213 Members of Parliament and their staff, augmenting limited space in the Palace of Westminster and surroundings.", "Scottish Parliament Building The Scottish Parliament Building (Scottish Gaelic: Pàrlamaid na h-Alba, Scots: Scots Pairlament Biggin) is the home of the Scottish Parliament at Holyrood, within the UNESCO World Heritage Site in central Edinburgh. Construction of the building commenced in June 1999 and the Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs) held their first debate in the new building on 7 September 2004. The formal opening by Queen Elizabeth II took place on 9 October 2004.", "Federal Parliamentary Assembly The Parliament of Ethiopia consists of two chambers:The House of Federation (upper chamber)The House of Peoples' Representatives (lower chamber)Created with the adoption of the Ethiopian Constitution of 1995, the Parliament replaced the Shengo as the legislative branch of the Ethiopian government.In addition to the ruling Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front, many opposition parties are represented in the Ethiopia Parliament.", "Supreme Assembly (Tajikistan) The Supreme Assembly (Majlisi Oli), Tajikistan's parliament, has two chambers: Assembly of Representatives (Majlisi namoyandagon), the lower chamber with 63 members elected for a five-year term, 22 by proportional representation and 41 in single-seat constituencies. The previous Chairman of the Majlisi namoyandagon was Saydullo Khayrulloyev was elected on 27 March 2000.", "National Assembly (Poland) The National Assembly (Polish: Zgromadzenie Narodowe) is the name of both chambers of the Polish parliament, a lower house, the Sejm of the Republic of Poland and an upper house, the Senate of the Republic of Poland, when sitting in joint session.", "Parliament of Georgia Parliament of Georgia (Georgian: საქართველოს პარლამენტი, sakartvelos parlament'i Abkhaz: Ақырҭшəыла Апарламент, akyrtshwyla ap'arlament') is the supreme legislature of Georgia. It is unicameral and has 150 members, known as deputies, from which 77 members are proportional representatives and 73 are elected through single-member district plurality system, representing their constituencies. All members of the Parliament are elected for four years on the basis of universal human suffrage.", "Ipatiev House Ipatiev House (Russian: Дом Ипатьева) was a merchant's house in Yekaterinburg where the former Emperor Nicholas II of Russia, his family and members of his household were murdered following the Bolshevik Revolution. Its name is identical with that of the Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma, from where the Romanovs came to the throne.", "Moscow City Hall The former Moscow City Hall is an ornate red-brick edifice situated immediately to the east of the State Historical Museum and notable in the history of architecture as a unique hybrid of the Russian Revival and Neo-Renaissance styles. During Soviet times it served as the V. I. Lenin Museum.", "House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina The House of Representatives (Bosnian: Predstavnički Dom, Croatian: Zastupnički Dom and Serbian: Представнички Дом), is one of the two chambers of the Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with the other being the House of Peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The chamber consists of 42 members which are elected by party-list proportional representation. 28 members are elected from the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH), and 14 from the Republika Srpska (RS).", "Streltsy Department Streltsy Department or Streletsky Prikaz (Стрелецкий приказ in Russian) was one of the main governmental bodies in Russia in 16th and 17th centuries.The first reference to the Streltsy Department (SD) appears in 1571, but in the mid-1550s it already existed under the name of Streletskaya izba (Стрелецкая изба), the Streltsy House.SD was in charge of the Moscow and Municipal Streltsy, their lands and other property, disbursement of their salary and bread allowances, and their cases in court.", "British Columbia Parliament Buildings The British Columbia Parliament Buildings are located in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada and are home to the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia.The Speaker and the Sergeant-At-Arms are amongst those responsible for the legislative precinct, which by statute include the Parliament Buildings and grounds.The Neo-baroque buildings face north on Belleville street facing the Inner Harbour and diagonally across from The Empress Hotel.", "Amber Room The Amber Room (Russian: Янтарная комната, German: Bernsteinzimmer) is a world famous chamber decorated in amber panels backed with gold leaf and mirrors, located in the Catherine Palace of Tsarskoye Selo near Saint Petersburg. Originally constructed in the 18th century in Prussia, the Amber Room disappeared during World War II and was recreated in 2003.", "Parliament of Romania The Parliament of Romania (Romanian: Parlamentul României) is the national legislature of Romania, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputaților), and the Senate (Senat).Prior to the modification of the Constitution in 2003, the two houses had identical attributes. A text of a law had to be approved by both houses. If the text differed, a special commission (comisie de mediere) was formed by deputies and senators, that \"negotiated\" between the two houses the form of the future law.", "National Assembly (Madagascar) The Parliament has two chambers. The lower house is the National Assembly (Antenimieram-Pirenena/Assemblée Nationale). The Assembly has 151 members, elected for a four year term in single-member and two-member constituencies. The Senate (Antenimieran-Doholona/Sénat) has 33 members; 22 are elected, one from each district of Madagascar, and 11 more are appointed. The last election was held on 20 December 2013.", "Palace of Culture Palace of Culture (Russian: Дворец культуры, dvorets kultury, Chinese: 文化宫, wénhuà gōng) or House of Culture (dom kultury) was the name for major club-houses in the Soviet Union and the rest of the Eastern bloc. It was an establishment for all kinds of recreational activities and hobbies: sports, collecting, arts, etc., and the Palace of Culture was designed to have room for all kinds of them.", "Anichkov Palace Anichkov Palace (Russian: Аничков дворец, Aníchkov dvorets) is a former imperial palace in Saint Petersburg, at the intersection of Nevsky Avenue and the Fontanka.", "Admiralty Board (Russian Empire) Admiralty Board (Russian: Адмиралтейств-коллегия, Admiralteystv-Kollegiya) was a supreme body for the administration of the Imperial Russian Navy in the Russian Empire, established by Peter the Great on December 12, 1718, and headquartered in the Admiralty building, Saint Petersburg. The responsibilities of the Admiralty Board had been changing throughout its history. It supervised the construction of military ships, ports, harbors, and canals and administered Admiralty Shipyard.", "Old Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange and Rostral Columns For the active stock exchange in Saint Petersburg, see Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange. The Old Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange (also Bourse) and Rostral Columns, located in Saint Petersburg in the Russian Federation, are significant examples of Greek Revival architecture. Designed by French architect Thomas de Thomon, and inspired by the Greek Temple of Hera at Paestum, the stock exchange was constructed between 1805 and 1810.", "Lok Sabha The Lok Sabha (English: House of the People) is the lower house of India's Bicameral-Parliament, with the higher house being the Rajya Sabha. The House is an elected body consisting of 543 members known as Members of Parliament (MPs). Members are elected by adult Universal suffrage and a first-past-the-post system to represent their respective constituencies. Members hold their seats until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers.", "Irish Houses of Parliament The Irish Houses of Parliament (Irish: Tithe na Parlaiminte), also known as the Irish Parliament House, today called the Bank of Ireland, College Green, due to its use by the bank, was the world's first purpose-built two-chamber parliament house.", "Pavlov's House Pavlov's House (Russian: дом Павлова dom Pavlova) was a fortified apartment building in which Red Army defenders held for 60 days against a heavy Wehrmacht offensive during the Battle of Stalingrad. The siege lasted from 27 September to 25 November 1942 and eventually the Soviet forces managed to relieve it from the siege. It gained its popular name from Sergeant Yakov Pavlov, who commanded the platoon that seized the building and defended it during the long battle.", "Federal Palace of Switzerland The Federal Palace (German: Bundeshaus, French: Palais fédéral, Italian: Palazzo federale, Romansh: Chasa federala, Latin: Curia Confœderationis Helveticæ) is the name of the building in Bern in which the Swiss Federal Assembly (federal parliament) and the Federal Council are housed.", "Military Gallery of the Winter Palace The Military Gallery (Russian: Военная галерея) is a gallery of the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The gallery is a setting for 332 portraits of generals who took part in the Patriotic War of 1812. The portraits were painted by George Dawe and his Russian assistants Alexander Polyakov (1801-1835), a serf, and Wilhelm August Golicke.The top-lit barrel-vaulted hall in which the gallery is accommodated was designed by architect Carlo Rossi and constructed from June to November 1826.", "Triumph Palace Triumph Palace (Russian: Триу́мф-Пала́с, transliterated as Triumf Palas) is the tallest apartment building in Moscow and all of Europe. It is sometimes called the Eighth Sister because it is similar in appearance to the Seven Sisters skyscrapers built in Moscow by Joseph Stalin through the 1950s.", "Parliament of Kazakhstan The Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Kazakh: Қазақстан Республикасының Парламенті) is the bicameral legislature of Kazakhstan, according to the 1995 Constitution of Kazakhstan. The lower house is the Majilis, with 107 seats, (98 seats are from party lists, 9 - from Assembly of People) and are elected to four 5 terms.The upper house is the Senate, which has 47 members.", "Moscow House of Photography Moscow House of Photography is a Russian museum, which maintains a large collection of old and contemporary Russian photographic masterpieces and also organizes festivals and large scale projects.", "São Bento Palace The Palácio de São Bento (lit. Saint Benedict's Palace) is the home of the Assembly of the Republic, the Portuguese parliament. It is located in Lisbon. Close to Bairro Alto, the Palace of São Bento has historically been the seat of the former Portuguese parliaments, such the National Assembly (Assembleia Nacional) during the Estado Novo regime, the Congress of the Republic during the First Republic, and the Cortes during the Constitutional Monarchy.", "Hellenic Parliament The Hellenic Parliament (Greek: Βουλή των Ελλήνων, \"Parliament of the Hellenes\", transliterated Voulí ton Ellínon) is the parliament of Greece, located in the Old Royal Palace, overlooking Syntagma Square in Athens. The Parliament is the supreme democratic institution that represents the citizens through an elected body of Members of Parliament (MPs).It is a unicameral legislature of 300 members, elected for a four-year term.", "Alþingishúsið Alþingishúsið (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈalθiɲcɪsˌhuːsɪð], The Parliament House) is a classical 19th century structure which stands by Austurvöllur in central Reykjavík, Iceland. It houses Alþingi, the Icelandic parliament. The building was designed by Danish architect Ferdinand Meldahl and built using hewn dolerite during 1880 to 1881.Alþingishúsið has also housed the Icelandic National Library and Antiquaries Collection, and later the Icelandic National Gallery.", "Red Porch The splendid Red Porch or Red Staircase (Russian: Красное крыльцо, Krasnoe Kryltso), decorated with stone lions, leads into the Palace of Facets in the Kremlin, Moscow.In old Russian the word krasny meant \"beautiful\", but today it means \"red\". This is the same word used for \"Red Square\".On the morning of his coronation, the Tsar was met at the Red Porch, where he took his place beneath a large canopy held by thirty-two Russian generals, with other officers providing additional support.", "Political parties in Russia This article lists political parties in Russia. Russia has a multi-party system. Currently there are four parties that make up the federal parliament, the State Duma, with one dominant party (United Russia).After Perestroika, in the 1990s there were over 100 registered parties in Russia, but people elected in State Duma only a small number of parties. Since 2000, during Vladimir Putin's presidency, the number of parties very quickly decreased.", "Pavlovsk Palace Pavlovsk Palace is an 18th-century Russian Imperial residence built by Paul I of Russia in Pavlovsk, within Saint Petersburg. After his death, it became the home of his widow, Maria Feodorovna. The palace and the large English garden surrounding it are now a Russian state museum and public park.", "Chambers of parliament Many parliaments or other legislatures consist of deliberative assembly in two legislative chambers (or houses): an elected lower house, and an upper house or Senate which may be appointed or elected by a different mechanism from the lower house. This style of two houses is called bicameral.", "Russian Tea Room The Russian Tea Room is a Russo-Continental restaurant, located at 150 West 57th Street (between Sixth Avenue and Seventh Avenue), between Carnegie Hall Tower and Metropolitan Tower, in the Manhattan borough of New York City.", "Elections in Russia On the federal level, Russia elects a president as head of state and a legislature, one of the two chambers of the Federal Assembly. The president is elected for, at most, two consecutive six-year terms by the people (raised from four years from December 2008). The Federal Assembly (Federalnoe Sobranie) has two chambers. The State Duma (Gosudarstvennaja Duma) has 450 members, elected for five-year terms (also four years up to December 2008), all of them by proportional representation.", "Rossiya Hotel The Rossiya Hotel (Russian: Гостиница «Россия»), also known as Russia Hotel, was a large five-star international hotel built in Moscow from 1964 until 1967 at the order of the Soviet government. Construction used the existing foundations of a cancelled skyscraper project, the Zaryadye Administrative Building, which would have been the eighth of what is now referred to as the \"Seven Sisters\".", "Parliament House (India) The Parliament House is the house of the Parliament of India, located in New Delhi.", "French Parliament The French Parliament (French: Parlement français) is the bicameral legislature of the French Republic, consisting of the Senate (Sénat) and the National Assembly (Assemblée nationale). Each assembly conducts legislative sessions at a separate location in Paris: the Palais du Luxembourg for the Senate and the Palais Bourbon for the National Assembly.Each house has its own regulations and rules of procedure.", "Bolshoi Theatre The Bolshoi Theatre (Russian: Большо́й теа́тр, tr. Bol'shoy Teatr. Translation: Big Theatre; IPA: [bɐlʲˈʂoj tʲɪˈatr]) is a historic theatre in Moscow, Russia, designed by architect Joseph Bové, which holds performances of ballet and opera. The theatre's original name was the Imperial Bolshoi Theatre of Moscow, while the St. Petersburg Bolshoi Theatre (demolished in 1886), was called the Imperial Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre.At that time, all Russian theatres were imperial property. Moscow and St.", "United Russia United Russia (Russian: Еди́ная Росси́я; Yedinaya Rossiya) is the current ruling political party in Russia. It is the largest party in the Russian Federation, currently holding 238 (or 52.89%) of the 450 seats in the State Duma.The party was founded in December 2001 through a merger of the Unity and Fatherland – All Russia parties. It supports the policies of the current presidential administration.", "Tsentrosoyuz building The Tsentrosoyuz Building or Centrosoyuz Building (Russian: Центросоюз) is a government structure in Moscow, Russia, constructed in 1933 by Le Corbusier and Nikolai Kolli. Centrosoyuz refers to a Soviet bureaucracy, the Central Union of Consumer Cooperatives. The building included office space for 3,500 personnel, as well as a restaurant, lecture halls, a theater, and other facilities.", "Parliament House, Perth Parliament House, Perth is located on Harvest Terrace in West Perth, Western Australia. It is the home of the Parliament of Western Australia, including the Legislative Council (upper house) and Legislative Assembly (lower house). The building exhibits elements of Greek Revival architecture.Initially, the Legislative Council was housed in small 1830s government offices in St Georges Terrace, and the Legislative Assembly in Howick Street near the Town Hall.", "Verkhovna Rada building The Verkhovna Rada building (Ukrainian: Будинок Верховної Ради) is located in the center of Kiev, the Pechersk Raion. The building is located at the Constitution Square.It is the place where the Ukrainian parliament (Verkhovna Rada) meets for all regular and ceremonial sessions. The building was erected between 1936–38 to a design by Volodymyr Zabolotny (Vladimir Zabolotny) in the neo-classical Ukrainian architectural style of the Stalin era.", "House of Representatives (Netherlands) The House of Representatives (Dutch: Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal [ˈtʋeːdə ˈkaːmər dɛr ˈstaːtə(n) ˌɣeːnəˈraːl], or simply: Tweede Kamer, literally, Second Chamber) is the lower house of the bicameral parliament of the Netherlands, the States General, the other one being the Senate. It has 150 seats which are filled through elections using a party-list proportional representation. It sits in the Binnenhof in The Hague.", "Parliament of Finland The Eduskunta (Finnish: eduskunta or Suomen eduskunta, Swedish: riksdagen or Finlands riksdag) is the parliament of Finland. The unicameral parliament has 200 members and normally meets in the Parliament House in Helsinki. However, during the 2015–2017 renovation of the Parliament House, the parliament meets in the nearby Sibelius Academy. The latest election to the parliament took place on April 19, 2015.", "People's Houses People's Houses (Russian: Народный дом) were originally leisure and cultural centres built with the intention of making art and cultural appreciation available to the working classes. The first establishment of this type appeared in Tomsk, Russia in 1882.", "Mariinsky Palace Mariinsky Palace, also known as Marie Palace (Russian: Мариинcкий дворец), was the last Neoclassical imperial palace to be constructed in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It was built between 1839 and 1844 to a design by the court architect Andrei Stackensneider.The palace stands on the south side of St Isaac's Square, just across the 99-metre-wide Blue Bridge from Saint Isaac's Cathedral.", "Senate of the Parliament of the Czech Republic The Senate of the Parliament of the Czech Republic (Czech: Senát Parlamentu České republiky), usually referred to as Senát, is the upper chamber of the Parliament of the Czech Republic. The seat of the Senate is Wallenstein Palace in Prague.", "Parliament of Poland The parliament of Poland consists of an upper house – the Senate – and a lower house, the Sejm. Both houses are accommodated by the Sejm building complex in Warsaw. The parliament itself is without an official name; Poland's constitution refers only to the Sejm and the Senate. Members of both houses are elected by popular elections, usually held every four years. The Sejm has 460 members, while the Senate has 100 senators. To become law, a bill must first be approved by both houses.", "Palace Embankment The Palace Embankment or Palace Quay (Russian: Дворцовая набережная, Dvortsovaya Naberezhnaya) is a street along the Neva River in Central Saint Petersburg which contains the complex of the Hermitage Museum buildings (including the Winter Palace), the Hermitage Theatre, the Marble Palace, the Vladimir Palace, the New Michael Palace, the Ficquelmont Palace and the Summer Garden.The street was laid out between 1763 and 1767, when it used to be a preferred place of residence for the Russian Imperial Nobility.", "House of Representatives of Belarus Under the 1996 Constitution, the House of Representatives (Belarusian: Палата Прадстаўнікоў, Palata Pradstawnikow, Russian: Палата Представителей, Palata Predstaviteley) is the lower house of the parliament of Belarus. It consists of 110 deputies elected on the basis of universal, equal, free, and direct electoral suffrage by secret ballot (art. 91). It is a majoritarian system, with the outcome decided by overall majorities in single-member constituencies.", "Beloselsky-Belozersky Palace Belosselsky Belozersky Palace (Russian: Дворе́ц Белосе́льских-Белозе́рских; also known before the Revolution as the Palace of the Grand Duchess Elizabeth Fyodorovna, the Sergei Palace, and the Dmitry Palace) is a Neo-Baroque palace at the intersection of the Fontanka River and Nevsky Prospekt in Saint Petersburg, Russia.", "Hermitage Theatre The Hermitage Theatre (Russian: Эрмитажный театр, Ermitazhnïy teatr) in Saint Petersburg, Russia is one of five Hermitage buildings lining the Palace Embankment of the Neva River.The Hermitage Theatre was the second theatre of the Winter Palace. It replaced the Russian Imperial Theater, which operated from 1764 until 1783. The Hermitage Theatre was built between 1783 and 1787 at the behest of Catherine the Great to a Palladian design by Giacomo Quarenghi.", "Mariyinsky Palace Mariyinsky Palace (Ukrainian: Маріїнський палац, Mariyins'kyi palats) is the official ceremonial residence of the President of Ukraine in Kyiv and adjoins the neo-classical building of the Verkhovna Rada (parliament) of Ukraine. It is a Baroque palace on the hilly bank of the Dnieper River.The palace was ordered to be constructed in 1744 by the Russian Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, and was designed by Bartolomeo Rastrelli, the most famous architect working in the Russian Empire at that time.", "Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic The Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic (Czech: Poslanecká sněmovna Parlamentu České republiky) is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of the Czech Republic. The seat of the Chamber of Deputies is Thun Palace in Malá Strana, Prague.The members of the 200-seat house serve for four-year terms and are elected using the party-list proportional representation system.", "Hungarian Parliament Building The Hungarian Parliament Building (Hungarian: Országház, Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈorsaːɡhaːz], which translates to House of the Country or House of the Nation), also known as the Parliament of Budapest for being located in that city, is the seat of the National Assembly of Hungary, one of Europe's oldest legislative buildings, a notable landmark of Hungary and a popular tourist destination of Budapest. It lies in Lajos Kossuth Square, on the bank of the Danube.", "Palace of the Republic, Berlin The Palace of the Republic (German: Palast der Republik) in Berlin was the seat of the parliament of the German Democratic Republic, the Volkskammer (People's Chamber), and also served various cultural purposes. Located between Schlossplatz and the Lustgarten (referred to jointly as Marx-Engels-Platz from 1951 to 1994) on an island in the River Spree, it also housed two large auditoria, art galleries, a theatre, 13 restaurants, a bowling alley, a post office, and a discothèque.", "Parliament House, Helsinki Parliament House (Finnish: Eduskuntatalo, Swedish: Riksdagshuset) is the seat of the Parliament of Finland. It is located in the Finnish capital of Helsinki, in the district of Töölö.", "Parliament Building (Quebec) The Parliament Building (French: Hôtel du Parlement) is an eight-floor building in Quebec City and home to the Parliament of Quebec, composed of the Lieutenant-Governor and the National Assembly. The building was designed by architect Eugène-Étienne Taché and was built from 1877 to 1886. With the frontal tower, the building stands at 52 metres or 171 feet in height.", "Parliament House, Stockholm The Parliament House (Swedish: Riksdagshuset), is the seat of the parliament of Sweden, the Riksdag. It is located on nearly half of Helgeandsholmen (island), in the Gamla stan (old town) district of central Stockholm.", "Parliament of the Czech Republic The Parliament (Czech: Parlament) is the legislative body of the Czech Republic, seated in Prague.It consists of two chambers, both elected in direct elections: the Lower House: Chamber of Deputies the Upper House: SenateArt. 15 of the Constitution stipulates its name as the \\Parliament\\\".\"", "Malaysian Houses of Parliament The Malaysian Houses of Parliament is a building complex where the Malaysian Parliament assembles. The structure is located at the Lake Gardens in Kuala Lumpur, close to the Malaysian National Monument.", "Grand Kremlin Palace The Grand Kremlin Palace (Большой Кремлёвский дворец; Bolshoy Kremlyovskiy Dvorets), also translated Great Kremlin Palace, was built from 1837 to 1849 in Moscow, Russia on the site of the estate of the Grand Princes, which had been established in the 14th century on Borovitsky Hill. Designed by a team of architects under the management of Konstantin Thon, it was intended to emphasise the greatness of Russian autocracy.", "Palace of the Soviets The Palace of the Soviets (Russian: Дворец Советов, Dvorets Sovetov) was a project to construct an administrative center and a congress hall in Moscow, Russia, near the Kremlin, on the site of the demolished Cathedral of Christ the Saviour. The architectural contest for the Palace of the Soviets (1931–1933) was won by Boris Iofan's neoclassical concept, subsequently revised by Iofan, Vladimir Shchuko and Vladimir Gelfreikh into a skyscraper.", "Vladimir Palace The Vladimir Palace (Russian: Влади́мирский дворе́ц, Vladimirsky dvorets) was the last imperial palace to be constructed in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It was designed by a team of architects (Vasily Kenel, Aleksandr Rezanov, Andrei Huhn, Ieronim Kitner, Vladimir Shreter) for Alexander II's son, Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia.", "House with Chimaeras House with Chimaeras or Gorodetsky House (Ukrainian: Будинок з химерами, Budynok z khymeramy; Russian: Дом с химерами, Dom s khimerami) is an Art Nouveau building located in the historic Lypky neighborhood of Kiev, the capital of Ukraine. Situated across the street from the President of Ukraine's office at No. 10, Bankova Street, the building has been used as a presidential residence for official and diplomatic ceremonies since 2005.", "City Hall and City Duma The City Hall and City Duma (Russian: Здание Правительства Москвы) would have been the new home for the Moscow government and assembly (duma). It would have consisted of four 308.4 meter (1011.8 feet), 70 story towers. Currently, the government of the city are using hundreds of smaller buildings throughout the city.", "Palace of Facets The Palace of the Facets (Russian: Грановитая Палата) is a building in the Moscow Kremlin, Russia, which contains what used to be the main banquet reception hall of the Muscovite Tsars. It is the oldest preserved secular building in Moscow. Located on Kremlin Cathedral Square, between the Cathedral of the Annunciation and the Dormition Cathedral.", "Zemsky Sobor The zemsky sobor (Russian: зе́мский собо́р) was the first Russian parliament of the feudal Estates type, in the 16th and 17th centuries. The term roughly means assembly of the land.It could be summoned either by tsar, or patriarch, or the Boyar Duma. Three categories of population, comparable to the Estates-General of France but with the numbering of the first two Estates reversed, participated in the assembly: Nobility and high bureaucracy, including the Boyar Duma.", "Nabokov House Nabokov House is the house in Saint Petersburg with the modern street number of 47 Great Morskaya Street (Bol'shaia morskaia ulitsa), 190000.In 1897, the mansion became the property of the liberal statesman and jurist Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov, and as such the house hosted many important political meetings, including the final session of the National Congress of Zemstvos (1904).It was also in this mansion that novelist Vladimir Nabokov was born in 1899.", "Palace of the Parliament The Palace of the Parliament (Romanian: Palatul Parlamentului) is the seat of the Parliament of Romania. Located on Spirii Hill in central Bucharest, the Palace is the world's largest civilian building with an administrative function. It is also the most expensive administrative building and heaviest building.It measures 270 m by 240 m, 86 m high, and 92 m under ground. It has 1,100 rooms and is 12 stories tall, with additional 8 underground levels.", "Austrian Parliament Building The Austrian Parliament Building (German: Parlamentsgebäude, colloquially das Parlament) in Vienna is where the two houses of the Austrian Parliament conduct their sessions. The building is located on the Ringstraße boulevard in the first district Innere Stadt, near Hofburg Palace and the Palace of Justice. It was built to house the two chambers of the Imperial Council (Reichsrat), the bicameral legislature of the Cisleithanian (Austrian) part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.", "Russian legislative election, 2003 Parliamentary elections were held in Russia on 7 December 2003. At stake were the 450 seats in the State Duma (Gosudarstvennaya Duma), the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia (The legislature).As expected, the United Russia pro-Vladimir Putin party won the largest number of votes and seats. Of the other parties, the Communist Party is still the largest, though much reduced in strength. Liberal Democratic Party improved its position by a few delegates.", "Terem Palace Terem Palace or Teremnoy Palace (Russian: Теремной дворец) is a historical building in the Moscow Kremlin, Russia, which used to be the main residence of the Russian tsars in the 17th century. Its name is derived from the Greek word τερεμνον (i.e., \"dwelling\"). Currently, the structure is not accessible to the public, as it belongs to the official residence of the President of Russia.On the 16th century Aloisio the New constructed the first royal palace on the spot.", "State Kremlin Palace The State Kremlin Palace (Russian: Государственный Кремлёвский Дворец), formerly and unofficially still better known as the Kremlin Palace of Congresses (Кремлёвский Дворец съездов), is a large modern building inside the Moscow Kremlin.", "White House (Moscow) The White House (Russian: Белый дом, tr. Bely dom; IPA: [ˈbʲɛlɨj ˈdom]; Officially: The House of the Government of the Russian Federation, Russian: Дом Правительства Российской Федерации, tr. Dom pravitelstva Rossiiskoi Federatsii), also known as the Russian White House, is a government building in Moscow. It stands on the Krasnopresnenskaya embankment. The building serves as the primary office of the government of Russia and is the official workplace of the Russian Prime Minister." ]	9
kenya's captain in cricket	[ "Captain (cricket)\nThe captain of a cricket team, often referred to as the skipper, is the appointed leader, having several additional roles and responsibilities over and above those of a regular player. As in other sports, the captain is usually experienced and has good communication skills, who is likely to be one of the most regular members of the team; indeed the captain often has a say in team selection. Before the game the captains toss for innings.", "Kenyan cricket team in Bangladesh in 2005–06\nThe Kenya national cricket team toured Bangladesh in March 2006 and played a four-match series of Limited Overs Internationals (LOI) which Bangladesh won 4–0. Kenya were captained by Steve Tikolo and Bangladesh by Habibul Bashar.", "Kenya women's national cricket team\nThe Kenya national women's cricket team is the team that represents the country of Kenya in international women's cricket. Their first matches were in January 2006 when they played a triangular series against Kenya A and Uganda. They played in the African regional qualifiers for the 2009 World Cup in December 2006 against Tanzania, Uganda and Zimbabwe. They performed poorly in the tournament, finishing in last place.", "Kenya national cricket team\nThe Kenya national cricket team is the team that represents the country of Kenya in international cricket matches. Kenya has been an associate member of the International Cricket Council (ICC) since 1981; it played its first One Day International in 1996, and its first Twenty20 International in 2007. At one time it was considered one of the strongest of the associate members of the ICC, particularly after reaching the semi-finals of the 2003 Cricket World Cup.", "Subhash Modi\nSubhash Ranchoddas Modi (born 30 March 1946) is a Kenyan umpire. Modi has served as the Kenya Cricket Umpires and Scorers Association as chairman, secretary and treasurer, the organisation awarded him life membership for his services. He also played for Kenya in 1969.He has officiated in the Commonwealth Games in Malaysia; ICC Trophy; as fourth umpire in the 1999 World Cup as well as the Champions Trophy in 2000 in full ODIs.Modi's son Hitesh Modi has captained the Kenyan national cricket team.", "Kenyan cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2009–10\nThe Kenyan cricket team toured Zimbabwe from 8 October to 18 October 2009. They played five One Day Internationals against the full Zimbabwe team and an Intercontinental Cup match against a Zimbabwe XI.", "Tom Tikolo\nTom Jones Tikolo (born October 24, 1961 in Kakamega) is a former Kenyan cricketer. He captained Kenya in 22 ICC Trophy games, more than anyone else. Despite that, he only played in one first class match, although he did well, scoring 79 in one innings. After ending his playing career, Tikolo became the development officer for East Africa. In 2005, he was named as the new CEO of Cricket Kenya and also as a national selector.", "Thomas Odoyo\nThomas Odoyo Migai (born 12 May 1978 in Nairobi) is a Kenyan cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and a right-handed medium-fast bowler.Odoyo went to city primary school Then City High School, Nairobi. He was a ball boy at Gymkhana as a kid but once they let him play he never stopped amazing the officials and eventually fans. He played a great role in making cricket popular in Kenya.Having represented Kenya in the 1996 World Cup, Odoyo's performances have since been critical to the team.", "Jimmy Kamande\nJames Kabatha Kamande (also Jimmy Kamande) (born December 12, 1978) is a Kenyan cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and an off-spin bowler.Originally a fast-medium bowler, Kamande reinvented himself as a spinner in 2004 following concerns about his bowling action. Kamande made his One Day International debut for Kenya in the 1999 World Cup in England.In the ICC Cricket World Cup 2011, Kamande captained the Kenyan Cricket Team for the first time in a World Cup.", "Maurice Odumbe\nMaurice Omondi Odumbe (born 15 June 1969) is a Kenyan cricketer who was suspended from cricket in August 2004 after he allegedly received money from bookmakers.", "Emily Ruto\nEmily Ruto (16 June 1989 – 24 October 2014) was a Kenyan cricketer and a former captain of the women's team. She died of leukemia aged 25.", "Ragheb Aga\nRagheb Gul Aga (born 10 July 1984) is a Kenyan cricketer and allrounder who has played for Sussex and Kenya. He became Kenya's third captain in two months in October and November 2004 in Sharjah in place of Hitesh Modi. In 2008, having acquired a British passport, Aga signed a one-year deal to play County cricket for Sussex, having played List A cricket for the county during the 2007 season. He was, however, surprisingly recalled to the Kenya side in 2008.", "Steve Tikolo\nStephen Ogonji Tikolo (born 25 June 1971) is a former Kenya cricketer. Tikolo is widely regarded as the best Kenyan cricket player ever, having scored the most runs and taken the second most wickets for the team in ODI's.", "Kenyan cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2002–03\nThe Kenya national cricket team visited Zimbabwe in December 2002 and played a three-match series of Limited Overs Internationals (LOI) against the Zimbabwean national cricket team. Zimbabwe won the series 2–0. Kenya were captained by Thomas Odoyo and Zimbabwe by Alistair Campbell.", "2008 Associates Tri-Series in Kenya\nThe 2008 Associates Tri-Series in Kenya is a One Day International cricket tournament which was held in Kenya from October 17 to October 25, 2008. The tri-series involves the national teams of Ireland, Kenya and Zimbabwe.", "Kenyan cricket team in South Africa in 1995–96\nThe Kenya national cricket team toured South Africa in September and October 1995 and played ten matches against the South African state teams. Kenya were captained by Steve Tikolo.", "Aasif Karim\nAasif Yusuf Karim (born December 15, 1963 in Mombasa) is a former member of Kenya national cricket team. Of Indian ancestry, Karim made a reputation for himself as a useful lower-order batsman but predominantly as a left-arm spinner, frequently said to be one of the best outside the Test-playing nations. Karim also holds the unique distinction of having captained his country in both representative cricket (ODIs) and tennis (Davis Cup) competition.", "List of Kenya national cricket captains\nThis is a list of all cricketers who have captained Kenya in an official international match. This includes the ICC Trophy, Under-19 games and One Day International. The tables are correct as of the 2007 Cricket World Cup." ]	[ "Hansie Cronje Wessel Johannes \"Hansie\" Cronje (25 September 1969 – 1 June 2002) was a South African cricketer and captain of the South African national cricket team in the 1990s. He died in a plane crash in 2002. He was voted the 11th greatest South African in 2004 despite having been banned from cricket for life due to his role in a match-fixing scandal.", "Johnny Douglas John \"Johnny\" William Henry Tyler Douglas (3 September 1882 – 19 December 1930) was a cricketer who was captain of the England team and an Olympic boxer.", "Kumar Sangakkara Kumara \"Kumar\" Chokshanada Sangakkara (Sinhalese: කුමාර සංගක්කාර; born 27 October 1977) is a retired professional Sri Lankan cricketer, and former captain of the Sri Lankan national team. He is widely regarded as one of the world's most influential cricketers. He has forged many formidable partnerships with long time team mate and friend, Mahela Jayawardene and holds numerous batting records in the modern era across all formats of the game.", "Harbhajan Singh Harbhajan Singh Plaha . (About this sound pronunciation ) born 3 July 1980 in Jalandhar, Punjab, India), commonly known as Harbhajan Singh, is an Indian cricketer and former captain of IPL team Mumbai Indians and Punjab state for the 2012–13 Ranji Trophy season. A specialist spin bowler, he has the second-highest number of Test wickets by an off spinner, behind Sri Lanka's Muttiah Muralitharan.Harbhajan made his Test and One Day International (ODI) debuts in early 1998.", "JP Duminy Jean-Paul Duminy, often shortened to JP Duminy, (born 14 April 1984) is a South African cricketer. He is a left-handed batsman and a right-arm off spin bowler. Duminy, who is a Cape Coloured, was raised in the Western Cape and currently plays domestic cricket for his home team, the Cape Cobras and captains the IPL cricket team Delhi Daredevils.", "Dedan Kimathi Dedan Kimathi Waciuri (31 October 1920 – 18 February 1957) born Kimathi wa Waciuri, was a leader of the Mau Mau which led an armed military struggle known as the Mau Mau uprising against the British colonial government in Kenya in the 1950s.A highly controversial character, Kimathi's life has been subject to intense propaganda by both the British government who saw him as a terrorist, and Kenyan nationalists who view him as the heroic figurehead of the Mau Mau rebellion.", "Lasith Malinga Separamadu Lasith Malinga (Sinhalese: සපරමාදු ලසිත් මාලිංග; born 28 August 1983) in Galle, Sri Lanka is a Sri Lankan cricketer and World T20 winning captain in 2014.", "Clive Eksteen Clive Edward Eksteen (born 2 December 1966 in Johannesburg) played seven Tests and six One Day Internationals for South Africa. In sixteen seasons at Transvaal (later Gauteng) he took 398 wickets at 30.05, also captaining the team for three seasons.", "Marvan Atapattu Marvan Samson Atapattu (born 22 November 1970 in Kalutara) is a former Sri Lankan cricketer and former Sri Lankan captain. He has coached Canada and Singapore national cricket teams previously. From April 2014 to September 2015, he was the Head Coach of Sri Lankan Cricket Team.", "Prosper Utseya Prosper Utseya (born 26 March 1985 in Harare, Zimbabwe) is a Zimbabwean cricketer. He was former captain of Zimbabwe from 2006 to 2010. He bowls right-arm off break and is a useful right-hand batsman.", "Hemal Mehta Hemal Jayantilal Mehta (born March 6, 1974 in Calicut) is a left-handed India-born Omani cricketer who bowls a slow left-arm orthodox. He is the captain of the Oman (squad) and has captained the team during the ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier 2009 and the ACC Challenge Trophy 2009.", "Krishnamachari Srikkanth Krishnamachari Srikkanth About this sound pronunciation (born 21 December 1959) also known as Kris Srikkanth is a former captain of the Indian cricket team and former chairman of the selection committee. He represented Tamil Nadu in the Indian domestic circuit.", "James Tredwell James Cullum Tredwell (born 27 February 1982) is an English international cricketer. A left-handed batsman and a right-arm off break bowler, he plays his domestic cricket for Kent County Cricket Club and was appointed as County Captain for the 2013 season. He made his debut for Kent in the 2001 season, nine days before his first appearance for England Under-19s.", "Adam Hollioake Adam John Hollioake (born 5 September 1971) is a professional athlete who is the only international cricketer to compete professionally as a Mixed Martial Artist. He has also competed as a professional boxer. However he is most well known as a cricketing all-rounder who played for Surrey and England. He captained Surrey from 1997 until 2003, winning three County Championships, and led the England cricket team in One Day Internationals.", "Chris Gayle Christopher Henry \"Chris\" Gayle (born 21 September 1979) is a Jamaican cricketer who plays international cricket for the West Indies. He captained the West Indies' Test side from 2007 to 2010. He plays domestic cricket for Jamaica, and also represents the Royal Challengers Bangalore in the Indian Premier League, the Melbourne Renegades in the Big Bash League and the Dhaka Gladiators in the Bangladesh Premier League.", "Frank Worrell Sir Frank Mortimer Maglinne Worrell (1 August 1924, Bank Hall, St Michael, Barbados – 13 March 1967, Kingston, Jamaica), sometimes referred to by his nickname of Tae, was a West Indies cricketer and Jamaican senator. A stylish right-handed batsman and useful left-arm seam bowler, he became famous in the 1950s as the first black captain of the West Indies cricket team. Along with Everton Weekes and Clyde Walcott, he formed what was known as \"The Three Ws\" of the West Indian cricket.", "Malhar Patel Malhar L Patel (born 27 November 1983, Kenya) is a Kenyan cricketer. A right-handed middle order batsman, he made his One Day International debut in the 2004 Champions Trophy match versus Pakistan at Edgbaston in Birmingham.", "Mluleki Nkala Mluleki Luke Nkala (born 1 April 1981, in Bulawayo) commonly known as Syke, is a Zimbabwean cricketer. He took the wicket of Sachin Tendulkar with his second ball in senior international cricket, in a one-dayer against India at Bulawayo in 1999. A member of the Zimbabwean Test and One Day International teams, Nkala also captained Zimbabwe in three Under-19 One Day Internationals in 1999/2000. He is currently coaching at Edinburgh Cricket Club in Melbourne, Australia.", "Ed Joyce Edmund Christopher Joyce (born 22 September 1978) is an Irish cricketer who has played for both the Irish and English national cricket teams. After beginning his career with Middlesex, he moved to Sussex in 2009. A left-handed batsman and occasional right-arm bowler of medium pace, Joyce is widely regarded as one of the best cricketers produced by Ireland. After qualifying to play for England, Joyce was a member of the squad in the 2006–07 Ashes series and 2007 World Cup.", "Ken McEwan Kenneth Scott McEwan, born at Bedford, South Africa on 16 July 1952, was a cricketer who played principally for Eastern Province and Essex.A right-handed middle-order batsman, McEwan's cricket career coincided almost exactly with the period in which South Africa was banished from international cricket because of the apartheid policies of its government. McEwan first played for Eastern Province at the age of 20, and was recommended to Sussex by the future England captain Tony Greig.", "Bandula Warnapura Bandula Warnapura (Sinhala:බන්දුල වර්නපුර) (born 1 March 1953) is a former cricketer and captain of the Sri Lankan cricket team. He played 4 Test matches and 12 One Day Internationals (ODI) during his international cricketing career from 1975 to 1982. He was a right-handed opening batsman and a right-handed medium pace bowler. Warnapura captained Sri Lanka's first Test match, and also faced the first delivery and scored the first run for his team.", "Sean Davies Sean Gerard Davies (born 15 October 1973 in Harare) is a Zimbabwean cricketer. He played four ODIs for Zimbabwe in early 1996. He has since retired from international cricket and now plays club cricket in England, captaining Wimbledon CC in Surrey and coaching at King's College School, Wimbledon.", "Arjuna Ranatunga Arjuna Ranatunga (Sinhalese: අර්ජුන රණතුංග; born 1 December 1963) is a Sri Lankan politician, former international cricketer and cricket administrator. He served as the captain of the Sri Lankan cricket team for much of the 1990s, and the team won the 1996 Cricket World Cup under his leadership.", "Frasat Ali Frasat Ali Mughal (born 31 July 1949, Lahore, Pakistan) was an all-rounder representing the East African cricket team. He played in East Africa's inaugural international One Day International against New Zealand in their first match of the 1975 World Cup. In that match, he made a score of 45, the highest ever by anybody from the East African cricket team. He never took a wicket with his medium pacers.", "Tony Greig Anthony William \"Tony\" Greig (6 October 1946 – 29 December 2012) was an England Test cricket captain turned commentator.Born in South Africa, Greig qualified to play for the English national team by virtue of his Scottish parentage. He was a tall (6 feet 6 inches or 1.98 metres) batting all-rounder who bowled both medium pace and off spin. Greig was captain of England from 1975 to 1977, and captained Sussex.", "Sean Williams (cricketer) Sean Colin Williams (born 26 September 1986) is a Zimbabwean cricketer who captained his country at the 2006 Under–19 World Cup. Williams, a left-handed batsman and occasional slow left arm bowler, has a highest score of 96 against the Ireland in the match played between the nations at the 2015 World Cup, and has taken 7 wickets in his 16 One-Day Internationals. He is the premier allrounder of the Zimbabwean team.", "AB de Villiers Abraham Benjamin \"AB\" de Villiers (born 17 February 1984) is a South African cricketer, who captains the South African One Day International (ODI) team, having succeeded Graeme Smith after the 2011 Cricket World Cup.Widely regarded as the current best batsman in the world and one of the greatest of all time, De Villiers dominated the top of the ICC Test batting rankings in 2014, along with Kumar Sangakkara.", "Tatenda Taibu Tatenda Taibu (born 14 May 1983) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer. He played in the key dual role of wicketkeeper-batsman. On 6 May 2004, he became the youngest Test captain in history, when he captained his team against Sri Lanka. On 10 July 2012 Taibu, aged only 29, decided to quit cricket and focus on his work in church.", "Murphy Su'a Murphy Logo Su'a (born 7 November 1966) is a former New Zealand cricketer, who played 13 Tests and 12 One Day Internationals for New Zealand.Murphy Su'a played for the Auckland Cricket Association from 1990 to 1996 and represented New Zealand in that period, including being a member of the 1992 World Cup squad.", "John Richard Reid John Richard Reid, CNZM, OBE (born 3 June 1928 in Auckland) was a New Zealand cricketer who captained New Zealand in 34 Tests. He was the country's first cricketing leader to achieve victory, both at home against the West Indies in 1956 and the first away win, against South Africa in 1962. During his career he was a leading force with both the bat and the ball.", "Shivnarine Chanderpaul Shivnarine Chanderpaul (born 16 August 1974) is a Guyanese cricketer and former captain of the West Indies cricket team. He is the first Indo-Caribbean to play 100 Tests for the West Indies, and captained them in 14 Tests and 16 One Day Internationals. A left-handed batsman, Chanderpaul is well known for his unorthodox batting stance, which has been described as crab-like.", "David Houghton (cricketer) David Laud Houghton (born 23 June 1957) is the current batting coach of Middlesex and is a former Zimbabwean Test cricketer. He captained Zimbabwe in their first four Test matches, losing two and drawing two.", "Nehemiah Odhiambo Nehemiah Odhiambo Ngoche (born 7 August 1984) is a Kenyan cricketer. He has played one One Day International for Kenya. He is the brother of cricketers Lameck Onyango, James Ngoche and Shem Ngoche.", "Moin Khan Muhammad Moin Khan (Urdu: محمد معین خان‎; born 23 September 1971), popularly known as Moin Khan (Urdu: معین خان‎), is a former Pakistani cricketer, primarily a wicketkeeper-batsman, who remained a member of the Pakistani national cricket team from 1990 to 2004. He is the current team manager of the national team. He has also captained the Pakistani side. He made his international debut against the West Indies at Multan. He took over 100 catches in Test cricket.", "Peter Graves (cricketer) Peter John Graves (born 19 May 1946) is an English cricketer.He represented Sussex and Orange Free State as a batsman. He served as vice-captain under Tony Greig at Sussex and later coached at the club.", "Mashrafe Mortaza Mashrafe Bin Mortaza (Bengali: মাশরাফি বিন মুর্তজা) (born 5 October 1983 in Narail District) is a Bangladeshi cricketer and current captain of the One Day Bangladesh national cricket team. He broke into the national side in late 2001 against Zimbabwe and represented Bangladesh before having played a single first-class match.", "Ashish Bagai Ashish Bagai (born 26 January 1982) is the captain of the Canadian cricket team. He is a right-handed batsman who specialises as a wicketkeeper. He studied at St. Columba's School during his brief stay in Delhi, India. He moved to Canada at the age of 11.His first taste of cricket came in the inaugural Under-15s Cricket World Cup in 1996, in which he was voted the tournament's best wicketkeeper. He had the highest batting average in the Under-19s World Cup in January – February 2000.", "Mohammad Kaif Mohammad Kaif (About this sound pronunciation (born 1 December 1980) is an Indian cricketer. He made it to the national team on the strength of his performances at the Under-19 level, where he captained the Indian team to victory in the Under-19 World Cup in 2000. He can be both defensive and aggressive, as variable strike rates in Test and ODI cricket suggest. He was the one of the best Indian fielders at his time with great athletic and throwing skills.", "Geoff Howarth Geoffrey \"Geoff\" Philip Howarth, OBE (born 29 March 1951), is a former New Zealand cricketer, who remains the only New Zealand captain to have positive win-loss records in both Test cricket and ODI cricket. Howarth played some Test cricket with his elder brother Hedley, but most of his 47-Test career did not overlap with Hedley's.", "Ian Duncan Ian Duncan (born June 23, 1961) is one of Kenya's most successful rally drivers. He was Kenyan Rally Champion six times (1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 2000 and 2011), and achieved outright victory in a World Rally Championship round when he won the 42nd Trustbank Safari Rally in 1994. This was one of seven consecutive top ten finishes in the event from 1990–1996, despite its notorious attrition rate.", "Lameck Onyango Lameck Onyango Ngoche (born September 22, 1973) is a Kenyan cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-pace bowler.", "Elton Chigumbura Elton Chigumbura (born 14 March 1986) is a Zimbabwean cricketer. He is the current Zimbabwe's One Day International and Twenty20 International captain appointed in August 2014.He played 6 Test matches from the age of 18 before Zimbabwe withdrew temporarily from Test cricket. Chigumbura also has over 170 ODI caps.In May 2015 Chigumbura made his maiden ODI century, against Pakistan in Lahore, in his 174th ODI match.", "Eoin Morgan Eoin Joseph Gerard Morgan (born 10 September 1986) is an Irish cricketer who captains the England national cricket team in One Day Internationals and Twenty 20 International. A left-handed batsman, he plays county cricket for Middlesex and has been selected for England's Test, ODI and Twenty20 squads. He originally represented his native Ireland at international level before switching to play for England.", "Eldine Baptiste Eldine Ashworth Elderfield Baptiste (born 12 March 1960) appeared in 10 Tests (all of which resulted in West Indian victories) and 43 One Day Internationals for the West Indies.Since he finished playing, Baptiste has held a number of Head Coaches positions including Kwazulu Natal, Antigua Pro Team and Stanford Superstars.In 2009 he was appointed Head Coach of Kenya.In 2013 he was appointed the coach of the Leeward Islands cricket team.", "Jawahir Shah Jawahir Nathoo Shah (born 1 January 1942, Nairobi, Kenya) was an East African cricketer. He played three One Day Internationals in the 1975 World Cup.", "Mahendra Singh Dhoni Mahendra Singh Dhoni (About this sound pronunciation , commonly known as M. S. Dhoni; born 7 July 1981) is an Indian cricketer and the current captain of the Indian national cricket team in limited-overs formats. An attacking right-handed middle-order batsman and wicket-keeper, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest finishers in limited-overs cricket.", "Graeme Smith Graeme Craig Smith (born 1 February 1981) is a South African cricketer and former captain of the South African cricket team Test side, having succeeded Shaun Pollock after the 2003 Cricket World Cup. He was succeeded as captain of the ODI side by AB de Villiers after the 2011 Cricket World Cup. He is also currently the overseas player and captain of English side Surrey. He appeared in his 100th Test against England on 19 July 2012.", "Chris Read Christopher Mark Wells Read (born 10 August 1978) is an English cricketer, a wicket-keeper who is the captain of Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club. He has been the first-choice England wicket-keeper on numerous occasions during his career, but has never been able to hold on to the role long term.", "Lee Germon Lee Kenneth Germon (born 4 November 1968) is a former New Zealand cricketer, wicket-keeper and captain. He played for the provinces of Canterbury and Otago and is the most successful Canterbury cricket captain of the modern era. He holds the unofficial record for the most runs (70), from a single over in first class cricket.", "Alfred Luseno Alfred Luseno Sorongo (born December 20, 1981) is a Kenyan cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-pace bowler.Luseno played at the Under-19 World Cup in 2002 for his Kenyan team, where they reached Plate Group One, and soon received his first One Day International callup, against Sri Lanka in the Cherry Blossom Sharjah Cup 2003.", "Stephen Fleming Stephen Paul Fleming, ONZM (born 1 April 1973) is a former New Zealand cricketer, and captain of the New Zealand national cricket team, known as the Black Caps, in Test and one-day cricket. Known for his astute tactical abilities, he is New Zealand's second-most capped test player with 111 test appearances, longest-serving and most successful captain, having led the side to 28 victories and having won Test match series' against India, England, West Indies, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Zimbabwe.", "Martin Suji Martin Armon Suji (born June 2, 1971 in Nairobi) is a former Kenyan cricketer who played at One-Day International for the Kenyan national side between 1996 and 2006.", "Anura Tennekoon Anura Tennekoon (born 29 October 1946) is a former cricketer.and captain of the Sri Lanka national cricket team. He was educated at the S. Thomas' College in Mount Lavinia. After captaining the school team and being selected as best schoolboy batsman of the year, Tennekoon went on to play first-class cricket for the Ceylon team (later Sri Lanka). He was regarded as an accomplished batsman.", "Habibul Bashar Qazi Habibul Bashar (Bengali: কাজী হাবিবুল বাশার) (born 17 August 1972) is a Bangladeshi cricketer, and the former captain of the Bangladeshi cricket team. Under the managership of Dav Whatmore, he has been found to be the most successful captain to lead the Bangladesh team to overcome several milestones. The first test victory of Bangladesh came under his hands in 2004 against Zimbabwe.", "Alpesh Vadher Alpesh Vallabhdas Vadher (born September 7, 1974 in Nairobi), named after his father, is a former Kenyan cricketer of Indian origin. He is a right-handed batsman. Having made 42 on his debut against Bangladesh in 1997, he did little more until the 1999 Cricket World Cup, in which he made two fifties, including an unbeaten 73 against Sri Lanka.He retired in the year 2000, but was called back by the team in time for the 2003 Cricket World Cup along with Aasif Karim, the former Kenyan captain.", "Morris Ouma Maurice Amollo Ouma (first name also spelt Morris) (born November 8, 1982) is a Kenyan cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and also plays as a wicket-keeper. He has played for the Kenyan cricket team since 2000.Ouma represented Kenya in the Under-19 World Cups of both 2000 and 2002, while maintaining his position at the top of the middle-order. He made his next step up at the ICC Six Nations Challenge, in which Kenya came out victorious in the final in Windhoek.", "Gary Kirsten Gary Kirsten (born 23 November 1967) is a former South African cricketer, and the World Cup winning coach of the Indian cricket team. He played 101 Test matches and 185 One Day Internationals for South Africa between 1993 and 2004, mainly as an opening batsman.", "Peter Kirsten Peter Noel Kirsten (born 14 May 1955 in Pietermaritzburg, Natal) is a former cricketer who represented South Africa in 12 Tests and 40 One Day Internationals from 1991 to 1994. He is the current coach of the Ugandan national side, having been appointed in August 2014.", "Jimmy Adams James Clive \"Jimmy\" Adams (born 9 January 1968) is a former Jamaican cricketer, who represented the West Indies as player and captain during his career. He was a steady left-handed batsman, useful left-arm orthodox spin bowler and good fielder, especially in the gully position. He was also an occasional wicketkeeper when required. He is the current coach of Kent.", "Rohit Sharma Rohit Gurunath Sharma (born 30 April 1987) is an Indian cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and an occasional right-arm off break bowler who plays for Mumbai in domestic cricket. He is the captain of Mumbai Indians in the Indian Premier League and is the most successful batsmen in the IPL.", "Ravindu Shah Ravindu Dhirajlal Shah, born 28 August 1972 in Nairobi, is a Kenyan cricketer. He is a right-handed batman. He was part of Kenya's 1999 World Cup squad. He played 56 One-day Internationals for Kenya and also appeared in first-class and List A cricket for Kenya.Ravindu went to Visa Oshwal Primary School in Parklands, Nairobi and was on the school's cricket team.He scored his maiden ODI hundred, 113, against Scotland in Mombasa. He also made 71 against New Zealand in the World Cup.", "Guy Whittall Guy James Whittall (born 5 September 1972) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer who played 46 Tests and 147 One Day Internationals and captained Zimbabwe in four One Day Internationals. An all-rounder, he was a right-handed aggressive middle-order batsman and an effective right arm medium pace bowler.", "David Tikolo Lazaro Openda Tikolo (born 27 December 1964 in Nairobi, Kenya) is a Kenyan cricketer. He has played three One Day International matches for Kenya.", "C. K. Nayudu Cottari Kanakaiya Nayudu (About this sound pronunciation (31 October 1895 – 14 November 1967), also known as 'CK', was the first captain of the Indian cricket team in Test matches. He played first-class cricket regularly till 1958, and returned for one last time in 1963 at the age of 68.", "David Obuya David Oluoch Obuya (born August 14, 1979) is a Kenyan cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and a wicket-keeper. Obuya first played cricket at the Under-19s World Cup of 1998, where he starred as the opening batsman.His one-day career was to follow three years later. He first represented the senior team on a tour of the West Indies in 2001, where once again he was an opener, alongside Ravindu Shah.", "East Africa cricket team The East Africa cricket team was a cricket team representing Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Zambia. Their first game was against a South African Non-European team in 1958. East Africa appeared in the 1975 World Cup and the 1979, 1982 and 1986 ICC Trophies.", "Brighton Watambwa Brighton Tonderai Watambwa (born June 9, 1977 in Salisbury - now Harare) is a Zimbabwean cricketer who currently captains the Belgium national cricket team.A right-arm fast-medium bowler, Watambwa played six Tests for Zimbabwe between April 2001 and March 2002, taking 14 wickets. Domestically, he alternated between playing for Mashonaland and Mashonaland A.Following a contract dispute with the Zimbabwe Cricket Union, Watambwa emigrated to the USA in the autumn of 2002.", "Brian Murphy (cricketer) Brian Andrew Murphy (born 1 December 1976 in Salisbury - now Harare) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer. He played his cricket for Mashonaland in Zimbabwe and Western Province in South Africa. He played a total of 11 Test matches and 31 One Day Internationals for Zimbabwe, and was the surprise choice as captain when Heath Streak stepped down in 2001.", "Tony Suji Anthony \"Tony\" Suji (born Otieno Suji Ondik on February 5, 1976) is a Kenyan cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-fast pace bowler. He is the brother of player Martin Suji.Suji scored a first-class century against Bermuda in 2005. He was in the 1999, 2003 and 2007 Cricket World Cup squads. He currently plays cricket for The Western Chiefs.", "Dipak Chudasama Dipak Nanalal Chudasama (born 20 May 1963 in Mombasa) is a former Kenyan cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman. Known as \"The Doc\", Chudasama was, as well as being a cricketer, a fully qualified orthodontist.Having made his debut as early on as 1980, Chudasama represented Kenya at the 1996 World Cup, and the 1990, 1994 and 1997 ICC Trophies.", "Kennedy Otieno Kennedy Otieno Obuya (born 11 March 1972), aka Kennedy Obuya, is a former Kenyan international cricketer.A right-handed batsman and wicketkeeper, Otieno is the brother of fellow internationals Collins and David Obuya. Kennedy made his debut in 1993, but had his finest innings in 1997, a 144 against Bangladesh, in a then-world-record 225 partnership with Dipak Chudasama.", "New Zealand national cricket team The New Zealand cricket team, nicknamed the Black Caps, are the national cricket team representing New Zealand. They played their first Test in 1930 against England in Christchurch, New Zealand, becoming the fifth country to play Test cricket. It took the team until 1955–56 to win a Test, against the West Indies at Eden Park in Auckland. They played their first ODI in the 1972–73 season against Pakistan in Christchurch.The current Test, One-day and Twenty20 captain is Brendon McCullum.", "Peter Ongondo Peter Jimmy Carter Ongondo (born February 10, 1977) is a Kenyan cricketer. He is a right-handed batman and a right-arm medium-fast bowler, now having become one of the most important players in the Kenyan team.Having represented Kenya in 1999-2000, he had to wait two years for his next appearance, where he made a commendable 36* as the number 11 batsman. Ongondo has been a regular fixture for the Kenyan team ever since.", "Edward Odumbe Edward Oluoch Odumbe (b. 19 May 1965 in Kendu Bay, Kenya) is a Kenyan cricketer. He has played eight One Day Internationals for Kenya.", "Tariq Iqbal Tariq Iqbal (b. 1964 in Nairobi, Kenya) is a Kenyan cricketer. He has played three One Day International matches for Kenya. His last game was their famous victory over the West Indies in the 1996 World Cup, in which he played as wicket-keeper and caught Brian Lara, for which he is best known. Before Lara's dismissal he had conceded byes and missed a catch down the leg side. Later in the innings he also caught Roger Harper.", "Daniel Vettori Daniel Luca Vettori, ONZM (born 27 January 1979) is a retired cricketer who played for the New Zealand cricket team. He is currently the head coach of the Royal Challengers Bangalore in the IPL and the Brisbane Heat in the Big Bash league. He was the captain of New Zealand between 2007 and 2011. Vettori is the eighth player in Test history to take 300 wickets and score 3,000 runs.", "Brendon McCullum Brendon Barrie McCullum ONZM (born 27 September 1981) is a professional cricket player who currently plays as a batsman for the Otago Volts at provincial level, the Chennai Super Kings in the IPL, Warwickshire in the English domestic league, and New Zealand internationally. He is the current captain of New Zealand in all three forms of the international game. He played for the Kolkata Knight Riders from 2008-2010 and again from 2012-2013, while in between he played for the Kochi Tuskers Kerala.", "Josephat Ababu Josephat Ababu Sorongo (born April 15, 1980, in Kakamega) is a Kenyan cricketer.", "Zulfiqar Ali Zulfiqar Ali (born 1947, Mombasa, Kenya) was a right-handed cricket bowler who played three ODIs for East Africa. In his third match, against England, he took three wickets for 63 runs, the best figures by any East African bowler.", "Sandeep Patil Sandeep Madhusudan Patil (Marathi: संदीप मधुसुदन पाटील; About this sound pronunciation ; born 18 August 1956) is a former Indian cricketer, Indian national age group cricket manager and former Kenya national team coach, who guided the minnows to the semi-finals of the 2003 World Cup. He was a hard-hitting middle order batsman and an occasional medium pace bowler.", "Ramesh Sethi Ramesh Kumar Sethi (born 4 September 1941) is a former Kenyan cricketer who represented East Africa in one first-class match and three One-Day Internationals in the 1975 World Cup. He was in the combined East African team for every match the team played in the World Cup. Sethi was primarily selected as an all rounder. However, in the three matches that he played he took only one wicket, in his debut against New Zealand. His figures were 1 for 51.", "Hitesh Modi Hitesh Subhash Modi (born October 13, 1971 in Kisumu) is a former Kenyan cricketer. He was a left-handed batsman and a right-arm offbreak bowler.Having made his debut in 1992, Modi had ever been part of the middle order of the team, as well as being involved in the 1996, 1999 and 2003 Cricket World Cups and the 1994 and 1997 ICC Trophy.", "Kalpesh Patel Kalpesh Ashok Patel (born 18 July 1985) is a Kenyan cricketer who played two One Day Internationals for the national side, although he had no success in either.Patel's ODIs are the only List A games he played, but he appeared four times at first-class level.", "Collins Obuya Collins Omondi Obuya (born 27 July 1981) is a Kenyan cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and leg spin bowler. He came to prominence in the 2003 Cricket World Cup where he was one of Kenya's major performers as they reached the semi-finals.Obuya picked up 13 wickets at 28.76 in the 2003 World Cup and took a career best 5 for 24 in Kenya's win over Sri Lanka at Nairobi. He awarded man of the match.", "Joseph Angara Joseph Oduol Angara (born 8 November 1971) is a former Kenyan cricketer who played at One Day International (ODI) level for the Kenyan national team between 1997 and 2003, including at the 1999 and 2003 World Cups. A right-arm pace bowler from Nairobi, he also appeared in seven first-class matches for Kenya, and various other fixtures. Angara is the current coach of the Botswana national cricket team, appointed in July 2015.", "Mehmood Quraishy Mehmood Quraishy, born February 4, 1942, in Kenya, was a Kenyan cricketer who played three One day Internationals in the 1975 World Cup for East Africa. He also appeared in one first-class cricket match in the 1975 season, having earlier played one match for a team called \"Coast Cricket Association XI\" against a touring team from Pakistan International Airlines in 1964 at Mombasa.", "Brijal Patel Brijal Jagdish Patel (born 14 November 1977 in Nairobi) is a Kenyan cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and a part-time slow left-arm bowler, and has played in 31 One-Day International matches for Kenya, as well as first-class and List A cricket.Though he has a first-class batting average of just 7, and has passed 50 just once for his country, he is a skilled fielder. He made his ODI debut on 19 August 2001 against West Indies, at 23 years of age.", "Rajab Ali Rajab Wazir Ali (born 19 November 1965, in Nairobi, Kenya) is a Kenyan cricketer. He has played eight One Day International for Kenya.", "Sandip Gupta Sandip Gupta (also Sandeep Gupta; born April 7, 1967) was a Kenyan cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and a fast bowler, who was also a wicket-keeper.He took part in the 1999 Meril International Tournament, where he helped the Kenyan team to the final where they lost against Zimbabwe, mainly thanks to a century from man-of-the-match Grant Flower. He later took part in the 1999 World Cup, where Kenya lost all their five games and finished bottom of the Group A table.", "Mohammad Sheikh Mohammad Sheikh, born August 29, 1980 in Nairobi, is a Kenyan cricketer who has played One-Day Internationals and first-class cricket for the Kenyan national side. He is a left-handed batsman and a slow left-arm bowler.Sheikh took part in the senior Cricket World Cup of 1999, while just eighteen and still at school, and, the following year, took part in the Under-19s Cricket World Cup. He has since visited England to play in Hertfordshire.", "Tanmay Mishra Tanmay Mishra (Odia: ତନ୍ମୟ ମିଶ୍ର; born December 22, 1986 in Mumbai, India) is a Kenyan cricketer. He is a right-handed aggressive middle-order batsman and made his One Day International debut for Kenya in 2006 against Zimbabwe at Bulawayo. In 2007, Tanmay enrolled himself in an Indian University, and this prevented him from making any appearances for the Kenyan national side for the next three years. He returned to the national team in 2010 October." ]	2
the first 13 american states	[ "Massachusetts\nMassachusetts /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɨts/, officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, Vermont and New Hampshire to the north, and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. Massachusetts is the 7th smallest state by land area, but the 14th most populous and the 3rd most densely populated of the 50 States.", "Virginia\nVirginia (U.S.: /vərˈdʒɪnjə/ vər-JIN-yə, U.K.: /vərˈdʒɪniə/ vər-JIN-ee-ə), officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a U.S. state located in the South Atlantic region of the United States. Virginia is nicknamed the \"Old Dominion\" due to its status as the first colonial possession established in mainland British America, and \"Mother of Presidents\" because eight U.S. presidents were born there, more than any other state." ]	[ "United Provinces of the River Plate The United Provinces of South America (Spanish: Provincias Unidas de Sudamérica) was the original name of the state that emerged from the May Revolution and the early developments of the Argentine War of Independence.", "John B. Henderson John Brooks Henderson (November 16, 1826 – April 12, 1913) was a United States Senator from Missouri and a co-author of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.Born near Danville, Virginia, he moved with his parents to Lincoln County, Missouri, studied on his own while a farm hand, taught school, was admitted to the bar in 1844, and practiced.", "Eastern United States The Eastern United States or the American East, is today defined by some as the states east of the Mississippi River, and is traditionally divided by the Ohio River and Appalachian Mountains into the South, the Old Northwest and the Northeast. The first two tiers of states west of the Mississippi have traditionally been considered part of the West, but can be amalgamated with states of the Old Northwest into what the Census Bureau defines as the Midwestern United States.", "Connecticut Colony The Connecticut Colony or Colony of Connecticut was an English colony located in North America that became the U.S. state of Connecticut. Originally known as the River Colony, it was organized on March 3, 1636 as a settlement for a Puritan congregation. After early struggles with the Dutch, the English had permanently gained control of the colony later in the year of 1636.", "Province of North Carolina The Province of North Carolina (also known as North Carolina Colony or Royal Colony of North Carolina) was originally part of the Province of Carolina in British America, which was chartered by eight Lords Proprietor. The province later became the U.S. states of North Carolina and Tennessee, and parts of the province combined with other territory to form the states of Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi.", "Mid-Atlantic states The Mid-Atlantic, also called Middle Atlantic states or the Mid-Atlantic states, form a region of the United States of America generally located between New England and the South Atlantic States. Its exact definition differs upon source, but the region often includes New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Washington D.C., Virginia, and West Virginia.", "State of Deseret The State of Deseret (/ˌdɛzəˈrɛt/) was a provisional state of the United States, proposed in 1849 by settlers from The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in Salt Lake City. The provisional state existed for slightly over two years and was never recognized by the United States government. The name derives from the word for \"honeybee\" in the Book of Mormon.", "History of New England This article presents the History of New England, the oldest clearly defined region of the United States. While New England was originally inhabited by Indigenous peoples, English Pilgrims and especially Puritans, fleeing religious persecution in England, arrived in the 1620-1660 era. They dominated the region; their religion was later called Congregationalism. They and their descendants are called Yankees.", "History of Michigan The history of human activity in Michigan, a US state in the Midwest, began with settlement of the western Great Lakes region by Native Americans perhaps as early as 11,000 BCE. The first European to explore Michigan, Étienne Brûlé, came in about 1620. The area was part of French Louisiana from 1682 to 1762.", "33rd United States Congress The Thirty-third United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1853 to March 4, 1855, during the first two years of the administration of U.S. President Franklin Pierce. During this session, the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed, an act that soon led to the creation of the Republican Party.", "List of U.S. state dogs Eleven states of the United States have designated an official state dog breed. Maryland was the first state to name a dog breed as a state symbol, naming the Chesapeake Bay Retriever in 1964. Pennsylvania followed the year after, naming the Great Dane as its official breed. Dog breeds are mostly affiliated with the states that they originated in. North Carolina chose the Plott Hound as it was the only dog breed indigenous to the state.", "13th Division (United States) The 13th Division was an infantry division of the United States Army. It was established at Camp Lewis, Washington, in 1918, during World War I.The \"square\" 13th Division's complement of four regiments included the 1st, 44th, 75th, and 76th Infantry Regiments. In August 1918, two infantry brigades were formed.", "The United States of America (band) The United States of America was an American experimental and psychedelic band whose works, recorded in late 1967, are an early example of the use of electronic devices in rock music. The short-lived band was founded in Los Angeles by experimental composer Joseph Byrd and singer and lyricist Dorothy Moskowitz, with musicians Gordon Marron, Rand Forbes and Craig Woodson, but split up shortly after the release of their only album in 1968.", "John Langdon (politician) John Langdon (June 26, 1741 – September 18, 1819), a Founding Father of the United States who, as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention signed the United States Constitution, was a politician from Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and one of the first two United States senators from that state. Langdon was an early supporter of the Revolutionary War and served in the Continental Congress.", "Flag of the United States The flag of the United States of America, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. It consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the canton (referred to specifically as the \"union\") bearing fifty small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars.", "Indiana Territory The Territory of Indiana was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from July 4, 1800, until December 11, 1816, when the remaining southern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Indiana.The Indiana Territory was created by an Act of Congress and signed into law by President John Adams on May 7, 1800, effective on July 4.", "East Jersey The Province of East Jersey, along with the Province of West Jersey, between 1674 and 1702 in accordance with the Quintipartite Deed were two distinct political divisions of the Province of New Jersey, which became the U.S. state of New Jersey. The two provinces were amalgamated in 1702. East Jersey's capital was located at Perth Amboy.", "Education in the Thirteen Colonies Education in the Thirteen Colonies during the 17th and 18th centuries varied considerably. Public school systems existed only in New England, which also had a strong private and collegiate system. From the individual's viewpoint how much education a person received depended on a person's social and family status. Families did most of the educating, and boys were generally favored.", "Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship In December 1777, Moroccan sultan Muhammad III included the United States of America in a list of countries to which Morocco’s ports were open. Morocco thus became the first country whose head of state publicly recognized the new United States. Relations were formalized with the Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship negotiated by Thomas Barclay, and signed by Thomas Jefferson, John Adams and Muhammad III in 1786.", "Maryland State House The Maryland State House is located in Annapolis and is the oldest state capitol in continuous legislative use, dating to 1772. It houses the Maryland General Assembly and offices of the Governor and Lieutenant Governor. The capitol has the distinction of being topped by the largest wooden dome in the United States constructed without nails. The current building, which was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960, is the third statehouse on its site.", "Maryland Constitution of 1776 The Maryland Constitution of 1776 was the first of four constitutions under which the U.S. state of Maryland has been governed. It was that state's basic law from its adoption in 1776 until the Maryland Constitution of 1851 took effect on July 4th of that year.", "List of colonial governors of New Hampshire The territory of the present United States state of New Hampshire has a colonial history dating back to the 1620s. This history is significantly bound to that of the neighboring Massachusetts, whose colonial precursors either claimed the New Hampshire territory, or shared governors with it. First settled in the 1620s under a land grant to John Mason, the colony consisted of a small number of settlements near the seacoast before growing further inland in the 18th century.", "Virginia dynasty The Virginia dynasty is a term sometimes used to describe the fact that four of the first five Presidents of the United States were from Virginia. The term sometimes excludes George Washington, who, though a Virginia planter, was closely aligned with the policies of the Federalist Party, and was succeeded by his Vice President, John Adams of Massachusetts. The first five presidents were, in order, George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe.", "House of Burgesses The Virginia House of Burgesses /ˈbɜrdʒəsɪz/ was the first legislative assembly of elected representatives in North America. The House was established by the Virginia Company, who created the body as part of an effort to encourage English craftsmen to settle in North America and to make conditions in the colony more agreeable for its current inhabitants.From 1619 to 1776, the legislature of Virginia was the House of Burgesses, which governed in conjunction with a colonial governor.", "USS Lexington (1776) The first USS Lexington of the Thirteen Colonies was a brigantine purchased in 1776. The Lexington was an 86-foot two-mast wartime sailing ship for the fledgling Continental Navy of the Colonists during the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783).", "No taxation without representation \"No taxation without representation\" is a slogan originating during the 1750s and 1760s that summarized a primary grievance of the American colonists in the Thirteen Colonies, which was one of the major causes of the American Revolution.", "Contiguous United States The contiguous United States consists of the 48 adjoining U.S. states plus Washington, D.C. (federal district), on the continent of North America.", "History of religion in the United States The religious history of the United States began with the first Pilgrim settlers who came on the Mayflower in the year 1620. Their Protestant faith motivated their movement as a community to the New World from Europe where they could practice in peace. The Spanish set up a famous network of Catholic missions in California, but they had all closed long before 1848 when California became part of the U.S.", "History of Washington (state) The history of Washington includes thousands of years of Native American history before Europeans and Americans arrived and began to establish territorial claims. The region was part of Oregon Territory from 1848 to 1853, after which it was separated from Oregon and established as Washington Territory. In 1889, Washington became the 42nd state of the United States.", "State cessions The state cessions are those areas of the United States that the separate states ceded to the federal government in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The cession of these lands, which for the most part lay between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River, was key to establishing a harmonious union among the former British colonies.The areas ceded comprise 236,825,600 acres (958,399 km²), or 10.4 percent of current United States territory, and make up all or part of 10 states.", "History of the United States The date of the start of the history of the United States is a subject of constant debate among historians. Older textbooks start with the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492 and emphasize the European background, or they start around 1600 and emphasize the American frontier.", "List of Governors of California before admission This is a list of the 31 Governors of California before her admission as the 31st U.S. state in 1850. Founded by Gaspar de Portolá in 1768, the vast country was a sparsely-settled Spanish colony and Spanish missions in California for 54 years, until 1822.After Mexico's independence from Spain and until California's revolution of 1836, California became a far-flung federal territory of the United Mexican States (UEM). California did not support Mexican independence.", "Arkansas Territory The Territory of Arkansas, initially organized as the Territory of Arkansaw, was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from March 2, 1819 until June 15, 1836, when the final extent of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Arkansas.", "Territory of Alaska The Territory of Alaska or Alaska Territory was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from August 24, 1912, until January 3, 1959, when it was admitted to the Union as the State of Alaska. The territory was previously the District of Alaska, created on May 17, 1884.", "List of delegates to the Continental Congress The Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that became the governing body of the United States during the American Revolution. The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress lists 343 men who attended the Continental Congress, including the future U.S. Presidents George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and James Monroe, along with another 90 who were elected as delegates but never served.", "Assembly of the Year XIII The Assembly of Year XIII (Spanish: Asamblea del Año XIII) was a meeting called by the Second Triumvirate governing the young republic of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (today's Uruguay, part of Argentina and Bolivia) on October 1812.One of the objectives of the assembly was to define an institutional government system for the republic.", "United States presidential election, 1796 The United States presidential election of 1796 was the 3rd quadrennial presidential election. It was held from Friday, November 4 to Wednesday, December 7, 1796. It was the first contested American presidential election and the only one in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing tickets. Federalist John Adams defeated Republican Thomas Jefferson.", "Naturalization Act of 1790 The original United States Naturalization Law of March 26, 1790 (1 Stat. 103) provided the first rules to be followed by the United States in the granting of national citizenship. This law limited naturalization to immigrants who were free white persons of good character. It thus excluded American Indians, indentured servants, slaves, free blacks, and Asians. It also provided for citizenship for the children of U.S.", "13 Year 13 (XIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Silius and Plancus (or, less frequently, year 766 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 13 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "Coahuila y Tejas Coahuila y Tejas (Coahuila and Texas) was one of the constituent states of the newly established United Mexican States under its 1824 Constitution.It had two capitals: first Saltillo, and then Monclova.", "History of Washington, D.C. The history of Washington, D.C., is tied to its role as the capital of the United States. Originally inhabited by an Algonquian-speaking people known as the Nacotchtank, the site of the District of Columbia along the Potomac River was first selected by President George Washington. The city came under attack during the War of 1812 in an episode known as the Burning of Washington.", "Province of Georgia Also known as the state that never stretched to the west coast. The Province of Georgia (also Georgia Colony) was one of the Southern colonies in British America. It was the last of the thirteen original American colonies established by Great Britain in what later became the United States.", "List of American Civil War battles The Battles of the American Civil War were fought between April 12, 1861 and May 12–13, 1865 in 23 states (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia) and the District of Columbia, as well as the following territories (Arizona Territory, Colorado Territory, Dakota Territory, Indian Territory, New Mexico Territory, and Washington Territory) and naval engagements.For lists of battles organized by campaign and theater, see: Eastern Theater of the American Civil War Western Theater of the American Civil War Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War Pacific Coast Theater of the American Civil War Lower Seaboard Theater of the American Civil War Category:Battles of the American Civil WarSome battles have more than one name; e.g., the battles known in the North as Battle of Antietam and Second Battle of Bull Run were referred to as the battles of Sharpsburg and Manassas by the South.", "History of New Hampshire New Hampshire is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. New Hampshire was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution.", "Colonial history of the United States The colonial history of the United States covers the history of European settlements from the start of colonization of America until their incorporation into the United States. In the late 16th century, England, France, Spain and the Netherlands launched major colonization programs in eastern North America. Small early attempts—such as the English Lost Colony of Roanoke—often disappeared; everywhere the death rate of the first arrivals was very high.", "List of state name etymologies in the United States The fifty U.S. states have taken their names from a wide variety of languages.", "Republic of Texas The Republic of Texas (Spanish: República de Texas) was an independent sovereign country in North America that existed from March 2, 1836, to February 19, 1846. It was bordered by the nation of Mexico to the southwest, the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast, the two U.S. states of Louisiana and Arkansas to the east and northeast, and the United States territories encompassing the current U.S. states of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and New Mexico to the north and west.", "America: A Personal History of the United States America: A Personal History of the United States is a 13-part television series about the United States and its history, commissioned by the BBC and made in partnership with Time-Life Films. It was written and presented by Alistair Cooke, and first broadcast in both the United Kingdom and the United States in 1972. The producer was Michael Gill, who had the idea for the series and chose the presenter.", "Middle Colonies The Middle Colonies comprised the middle region of the Thirteen Colonies of the British Empire in North America.Much of the area was part of the New Netherland until the British exerted their control over the region. The English captured much of the area in its war with the Dutch around 1664, and the majority of the conquered land became the Province of New York.", "Pacific States The Pacific States form one of the nine geographic divisions within the United States that are officially recognized by that country's census bureau. There are five states in this division – Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, Washington – and, as its name suggests, they all have coastlines on the Pacific Ocean (and are the only American states that border that ocean).", "List of colonial governors of New York The territory which would later become the state of New York was settled by European colonists as part of the New Netherland colony (parts of present-day New York, New Jersey, Connecticut and Delaware) under the command of the Dutch West India Company in the Seventeenth Century.", "California Proposition 13 (1978) Proposition 13 (officially named the People's Initiative to Limit Property Taxation) was an amendment of the Constitution of California enacted during 1978, by means of the initiative process. It was approved by California voters on June 6, 1978. It was declared constitutional by the United States Supreme Court in the case of Nordlinger v. Hahn, 505 U.S. 1 (1992).", "Alaska Statehood Act The Alaska Statehood Act (Pub.L. 85–508, 72 Stat. 339, enacted July 7, 1958) was signed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on July 7, 1958, allowing Alaska to become the 49th U.S. state on January 3, 1959.", "Province of New Jersey The Province of New Jersey was one of the Middle Colonies of Colonial America and became the U.S. state of New Jersey in 1776. The province had originally been settled by Europeans as part of New Netherland, but came under English rule after the surrender of Fort Amsterdam in 1664, becoming a proprietary colony. The English then renamed the province after the Isle of Jersey in the English Channel. The Dutch Republic reasserted control for a brief period in 1673–1674.", "Kentucky Kentucky /kɨnˈtʌki/, officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth (the others being Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts). Originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union.", "History of Tennessee Tennessee is one of the 50 states of the United States. It was admitted to the Union on June 1, 1796, as the 16th state.", "13th Pennsylvania Regiment The 13th Pennsylvania Regiment, also known as The Pennsylvania State Rifle Regiment and Miles's Regiment, was raised March 6, 1776, as a state militia regiment and later for service with the Continental Army. The regiment would see action during the New York Campaign, Battle of Trenton, Battle of Princeton, Battle of Brandywine, Battle of Germantown and the Battle of Monmouth. The regiment was merged into the 2nd Pennsylvania Regiment on July 1, 1778.", "History of the United States Constitution The United States Constitution was written in 1787 during the Philadelphia Convention. The old Congress set the rules the new government followed in terms of writing and ratifying the new constitution. After ratification in eleven states, in 1789 its elected officers of government assembled in New York City, replacing the Articles of Confederation government. The original Constitution has been amended twenty-seven times.", "American Revolutionary War The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), the American War of Independence, or simply the Revolutionary War in the United States, was the armed conflict between Great Britain and thirteen of its former North American colonies, which had declared themselves the independent United States of America. Early fighting took place primarily on the North American continent. In 1778, France, eager for revenge after its defeat in the Seven Years' War, signed an alliance with the new nation.", "List of U.S. states that were never U.S. territories This is a list of 19 U.S. states that were never territories of the United States after its independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1783. They are listed in the order they were admitted to the Union.", "Geography of the United States The term \"United States\", when used in the geographical sense,is the contiguous United States, the state of Alaska, the island state of Hawaii, the five insular territories of Puerto Rico, Northern Mariana Islands, U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa, and minor outlying possessions. The United States shares land borders with Canada and Mexico and maritime (water) borders with Russia, Cuba, and the Bahamas in addition to Canada and Mexico.", "Federalist No. 13 Federalist No. 13 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the thirteenth of The Federalist Papers. It was published on November 28, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all The Federalist Papers were published. It is titled, \"Advantage of the Union in Respect to Economy in Government.\"", "Treaty of Watertown The Treaty of Watertown, the first foreign treaty concluded by the United States of America after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, was signed on July 19, 1776, in the Edmund Fowle House in the town of Watertown, Massachusetts Bay. The treaty established a military alliance between the United States and the St. John's and Mi'kmaq First Nations in Nova Scotia - two of the peoples of the Wabanaki Confederacy - against Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War.", "Early American currency Early American currency went through several stages of development in colonial and post-Revolutionary history of the United States. Because few coins were minted in the thirteen colonies that became the United States in 1776, foreign coins like the Spanish dollar were widely circulated. Colonial governments sometimes issued paper money to facilitate economic activity.", "Enabling Act of 1802 The Enabling Act of 1802 was passed on April 30, 1802 by the Seventh Congress of the United States. This act authorized the residents of the eastern portion of the Northwest Territory to form the state of Ohio and join the U.S. on an equal footing with the other states. To accomplish this, and in doing so, the act also established the precedent and procedures for creation of future states in the western territories.", "History of the United States (1776–89) Between 1776 and 1789, the United States emerged as an independent country, creating and ratifying its new constitution, and establishing its national government. In order to assert their traditional rights, American Patriots seized control of the colonies and launched a war for independence.", "Those United States Those United States, subtitled Impressions of a First Visit, is a book detailing Arnold Bennett's first journey (via a transatlantic steam ship) to the United States of America.", "51st state The \"51st state\", in post-1959 American political discourse, is a phrase that refers to areas or locales that are – seriously or facetiously – considered candidates for U.S. statehood, joining the 50 states that presently compose the United States of America.", "First Continental Congress The First Continental Congress was a meeting of delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies that met on September 5 to October 26, 1774 at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, early in the American Revolution. It was called in response to \"The passage of the Coercive Acts\" (also known as Intolerable Acts by the Colonial Americans) by the British Parliament.", "Old State House (Little Rock) The Old State House is a historic building in Little Rock, Arkansas, USA. It is the oldest surviving state capitol building west of the Mississippi River. It is known best as the site of President Bill Clinton's election night celebration in 1992.The Old State House was commissioned by Territorial Governor John Pope and was constructed between 1833 and 1842.", "Organization of American States The Organization of American States (Spanish: Organización de los Estados Americanos, Portuguese: Organização dos Estados Americanos, French: Organisation des États Américains), or the OAS or OEA, is an inter-continental organization founded on 30 April 1948, for the purposes of regional solidarity and cooperation among its member states.", "History of the United States (1789–1849) George Washington, elected the first president in 1789, set up a cabinet form of government, with departments of State, Treasury, and War, along with an Attorney General (the Justice Department was created in 1870). Based in New York, the new government acted quickly to rebuild the nation's financial structure.", "The History of the United States of America 1801–1817 The History of the United States of America 1801 – 1817, also known as The History of the United States During the Administrations of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, is a 9-volume history written by American intellectual Henry Adams, and first published between 1889 and 1891. The entire work has been reprinted many times, most often in a 2-volume format.The first six chapters of the first volume have also been published separately as America in 1800.", "Province of New York The Province of New York (1664–1783) was an English and later British crown territory that originally included all of the present U.S. states of New York, New Jersey, Delaware and Vermont, along with inland portions of Connecticut, Massachusetts and Maine, as well as eastern Pennsylvania. The majority of this land was soon reassigned by the Crown, leaving territory that included the valleys of the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers, and Vermont.", "Georgia (U.S. state) Georgia (/ˈdʒɔrdʒə/ JOR-juh) is a state located in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1732, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies. Named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2, 1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19, 1861, and was one of the original seven Confederate states. It was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15, 1870.", "13th United States Congress The Thirteenth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1813, to March 4, 1815, during the fifth and sixth years of James Madison's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Third Census of the United States in 1810.", "Province of Massachusetts Bay The Province of Massachusetts Bay was a crown colony in North America and one of the thirteen original states of the United States. It was chartered on October 7, 1691, by William and Mary, the joint monarchs of the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland. The charter took effect on May 14, 1692, and included the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Plymouth Colony, the Province of Maine, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.", "Border states (American Civil War) In the context of the American Civil War, the border states were slave states that had not declared a secession from the Union (the ones that did so later joined the Confederacy). Four slave states had never declared a secession: Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri. Four others did not declare secession until after the Battle of Fort Sumter: Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia—after which, they were less frequently called \"border states\".", "Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 The Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 (ratified September 28, 1776) was the state's first constitution following the Declaration of Independence, and has been described as the most democratic in America. It was drafted by Robert Whitehill, Timothy Matlack, Dr. Thomas Young, George Bryan, James Cannon, and Benjamin Franklin.", "Province of Maryland The Province of Maryland was an English and later British colony in North America that existed from 1632 until 1776, when it joined the other twelve of the Thirteen Colonies in rebellion against Great Britain and became the U.S. state of Maryland. Its first settlement and capital was St. Mary's City, in the southern end of St.", "History of Connecticut The U.S. state of Connecticut began as three distinct settlements of Puritans from Massachusetts and England; they combined under a single royal charter in 1663. Known as the \"land of steady habits\" for its political, social and religious conservatism, the colony prospered from the trade and farming of its white Anglican Protestant population.", "13th Continental Regiment The 13th Continental Regiment, also known as Read's Regiment, was raised April 23, 1775, as a Massachusetts militia regiment at Cambridge, Massachusetts, under Joseph Read. The regiment would join the Continental Army in June 1775. The regiment saw action during the Siege of Boston, the New York Campaign and the Battle of Trenton. The regiment was disbanded on January 1, 1777, at Morristown, New Jersey.", "Grand Union Flag The \"Grand Union Flag\" (also known as the \"Continental Colours,\" the \"Congress Flag,\" the \"Cambridge Flag,\" and the \"First Navy Ensign\") is considered to be the first national flag of the United States of America – and previously, that of the United Colonies of North America – until 1777. This flag consisted of alternating thirteen red and white stripes with the British Union Flag (\"Union Jack\") – the variant prior to the inclusion of St.", "Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations was one of the original English Thirteen Colonies established on the east coast of North America. After the American Revolution, it became the U.S. state of Rhode Island.", "American Revolution The American Revolution was a political upheaval that took place between 1765 and 1783 during which colonists in the Thirteen American Colonies rejected the British monarchy and aristocracy, overthrew the authority of Great Britain, and founded the United States of America.Starting in 1765, members of American colonial society rejected the authority of the British Parliament to tax them without any representatives in the government.", "List of U.S. state partition proposals Article Four of the United States Constitution provides for the creation of new states in the Union, requiring that any such creation be approved by the legislature of the affected state(s), and by the United States Congress. Since the adoption of the U.S. Constitution, four states have been created from parts of an existing state: Maine (from Massachusetts), West Virginia (from Virginia), Kentucky (also from Virginia), and Vermont (from a disputed territory between New York and New Hampshire).", "History of South Carolina South Carolina was one of the original thirteen colonies of the United States. European exploration of the area began in April 1540, with the Hernando de Soto expedition, who unwittingly introduced new Eurasian diseases that decimated the local Indian population, because they lacked any immunity. In 1663 the English Crown granted land to eight proprietors of what became the colony.", "Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Thirteenth Amendment (Amendment XIII) to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. In Congress, it was passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864, and by the House on January 31, 1865. The amendment was ratified by the required number of states on December 6, 1865. On December 18, 1865, Secretary of State William H. Seward proclaimed its adoption.", "Lincoln Highway The Lincoln Highway was the first transcontinental highway for automobiles across the United States of America.Conceived in 1912 by Indiana entrepreneur Carl G. Fisher, and formally dedicated October 31, 1913, the Lincoln Highway ran coast-to-coast from Times Square in New York City to Lincoln Park in San Francisco, originally through 13 states: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, and California.", "United States Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Continental Congress meeting at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies, then at war with Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and no longer a part of the British Empire. Instead they formed a new nation—the United States of America. John Adams was a leader in pushing for independence, which was unanimously approved on July 2.", "Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies The structure of the English colonial governments in North America shared many attributes. While each of the Thirteen Colonies, destined to become the United States, had its own unique history and development, common features and patterns emerged in their governments.Most of these features applied to most of those colonies.", "U.S. Route 13 U.S. Route 13 (US 13) is a north–south U.S. highway established in 1926 that runs for 517 miles (832 km) from Interstate 95 just north of Fayetteville, North Carolina to the northeastern suburbs of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in Morrisville. In all, it traverses five states in the Atlantic coastal plain region, following the Atlantic coast more closely than does the main north–south U.S. highway of the region, U.S. Route 1.", "United States The United States of America (USA), commonly referred to as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major territories and various possessions. The 48 contiguous states and Washington, D.C., are in central North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is located in the northwestern part of North America and the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific.", "List of state capitols in the United States This is a list of U.S. state and territorial capitol buildings in the United States and is not to be confused with a list of state capitals, which are the cities where these buildings are located.Most U.S. states (39 of the 50) have facilities named \"State Capitol\". Indiana and Ohio use the term \"Statehouse\" and eight states use \"State House\": Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Vermont. Delaware has a \"Legislative Hall\".", "Commonwealth (U.S. state) \"Commonwealth\" is a nomenclature used by four of the constituent states of the United States of America in their official, full state names. These states are Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. The four are among the first 15 states to join the Union.", "Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation, formally the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, were an agreement among all thirteen original states in the United States of America that served as its first constitution. Its drafting by a committee appointed by the Second Continental Congress began on July 12, 1776, and an approved version was sent to the states for ratification in late 1777. The formal ratification by all thirteen states was completed in early 1781.", "Thirteen Colonies The Thirteen Colonies, as of 1775, were British colonies on the east coast of North America which had been founded between 1607 (Virginia) and 1732 (Georgia), stretching from New England to the northern border of the Floridas (British East and West Florida). They had very similar political, constitutional and legal systems, and were dominated by Protestant English-speakers." ]	8
Chefs with a show on the Food Network.	[ "Cupcake Wars\nCupcake Wars is an American reality competition series which premiered on December 27, 2009 and concluded on December 28, 2013 and aired on the cable television network Food Network. The cooking show is hosted by Justin Willman and based on creating unique and professional-style cupcakes.The show is similar to successful Chopped cooking show aired on the same network, in that it starts with four contestants who are eliminated one-by-one in three rounds, with the winning team receiving $10,000.", "Bobby Deen\nRobert Earl \"Bobby\" Deen (born April 28, 1970) is a television cook, TV personality, and restaurant manager. He is the second son of Paula Deen and with his brother, Jamie, operates her restaurant, The Lady & Sons, in Savannah, Georgia. He also frequently appears on her shows, Paula's Home Cooking and Paula's Party. He and Jamie had their own show, Road Tasted, starting July 11, 2006.", "Giada's Weekend Getaways\nGiada's Weekend Getaways is a show on the US Food Network that ran from 2007 to 2008. The show follows chef Giada De Laurentiis around the USA for \"3 day weekend adventures.\" The show begins Friday afternoon, as Giada arrives at her destination. She may begin with a light dinner, appetizer, and a cocktail.", "Giada De Laurentiis\nGiada Pamela De Laurentiis (Italian pronunciation: [ˈdʒaːda de lauˈrɛnti(i)s]; born August 22, 1970) is an Italian-born American chef, writer, television personality, and the host of the current Food Network television program Giada at Home. She also appears regularly as a contributor and guest co-host on NBC's Today. De Laurentiis is the founder of the catering business GDL Foods.", "Lenny McNab\nLenny McNab is an American chef who is best known as the winner of the tenth season of the Food Network television series Food Network Star. He defeated runner-up Luca Della Casa on August 10, 2014. Food Network executive Bob Tuschman said that \"Lenny's magnetic personality, culinary chops and cowboy swagger made him stand out in this very talented crowd from the beginning.\"McNab wears cowboy attire and specializes in \"elevated chuck wagon fare\".", "Ingrid Hoffmann\nIngrid Hoffmann (born April 10, 1965) is a Colombian-American television personality and restaurateur, who hosts the Food Network series Simply Delicioso and the Spanish-language cooking and lifestyle show Delicioso on Galavisión. Her cookbook, Simply Delicioso: A Collection of Everyday Recipes with a Latin Twist, was published on February 8, 2008 by Clarkson Potter. The Spanish version is titled Delicioso: Una coleccion de mis recetas favoritas con un toque latino.", "Guy Fieri\nGuy Fieri [ˈfjɛɾi] (born Guy Ramsay Ferry; January 22, 1968) is an American restaurateur, author, game host, and television personality currently working for Food Network.", "Aida Mollenkamp\nAida Marianne Mollenkamp (born April 15, 1980) is a chef, television personality, and food writer from Manhattan Beach, California.", "Madison Cowan\nMadison Cowan is a British-American chef, best known as the first ever Grand Champion of Food Network's Chopped.", "Food Network Star (season 11)\nThe eleventh season of the American reality television series Food Network Star premiered June 7, 2015 on Food Network. Food Network chefs Bobby Flay and Giada de Laurentiis returned to the show as mentors, with Alton Brown not returning for undisclosed reasons.", "Nadia Giosia\nNadia Giosia (born May 12, 1980), better known as Nadia G., is a Canadian cooking personality, comedic actress, and singer who transitioned her web cooking series into a TV cooking show. She is the host of Nadia G's Bitchin' Kitchen, which has appeared on the Cooking Channel, Food Network Canada and Food Network UK. This show ran for 3 series on television, but started on YouTube as a web-series. Most of these videos have since been removed from YouTube.", "Dave Lieberman\nDave Lieberman (born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is the host of the Food Network series Good Deal with Dave Lieberman.Lieberman attended The Shipley School. Campus Cuisine, his first cooking show at Yale University, was a Public-access television show that combined \"sophisticated and accessible cooking with crazy college adventures.\"Lieberman's first book, Young & Hungry, was published in 2005. Soon after, he made People magazine's 50 Hottest Bachelors (June 27 issue).", "Sugar Rush (Food Network)\nSugar Rush is a TV show on the Food Network hosted by Warren Brown, a former lawyer who decided to become a pastry chef. Brown, who runs a pastry shop, Cake Love, and cafe, Love Cafe in Washington, DC, meets other pastry chefs and dessert makers and cooks with them. The show is currently in its second season, first airing in June 2006.", "Aaron McCargo, Jr.\nAaron McCargo Jr. is an American chef from Camden, New Jersey. He is best known as the winner of the fourth season of the Food Network's reality television show, The Next Food Network Star.He has a preference for meats and bold, spicy flavors, and avoids overly complex recipes. He calls the food he cooks \"soul food,\" but with multiple cultural influences.", "Michael Symon\nMichael D. Symon (born September 19, 1969) is a James Beard Foundation Award-winning American chef, restaurateur, television personality, and author. He is seen regularly on Food Network on shows such as Iron Chef America, Food Feuds, and The Best Thing I Ever Ate, as well as Cook Like an Iron Chef on the Cooking Channel and The Chew on ABC.", "The Food Network Awards\nThe Food Network Awards are a United States television production awards ceremony, focused on giving awards to chefs, cities, restaurants, and other notable food related institutions. The first ever Food Network Awards took place as part of the Food Network South Beach Wine and Food Festival in Miami on February 23, 2007. Emeril Lagasse served as Master of Ceremonies for this awards show honoring achievements in the world of food and entertaining.", "Rachael Ray\nRachael Ray (born August 25, 1968) is an American television personality, businesswoman, celebrity cook and author. She hosts the syndicated daily talk and lifestyle program Rachael Ray, and three Food Network series (30 Minute Meals, Rachael Ray's Tasty Travels, and $40 a Day). Other programs to her credit include Rachael Ray's Week In A Day and the reality format shows Rachael vs. Guy: Celebrity Cook-Off, Rachael vs. Guy: Kids Cook-Off and Rachael Ray's Kids Cook-Off.", "Lynn Crawford\nLynn Crawford (born 1964) is a Canadian chef, trained at George Brown College in Toronto. She is known for her appearances on the hit Food Network show Restaurant Makeover, which is seen in over 16 countries worldwide. She was formerly the executive chef at the Four Seasons in Toronto and the former executive chef of the Four Seasons in New York. She appeared on the Food Network's Iron Chef America (the third chef from Canada to do so), in a battle with Iron Chef Bobby Flay.", "Alex Guarnaschelli\nAlexandra \"Alex\" Guarnaschelli is a celebrity chef and executive chef at New York City's Butter restaurant and was executive chef at the award-winning The Darby restaurant before its closing. She appears as a television personality on the Food Network shows Chopped, Iron Chef America, All Star Family Cook-off, and The Best Thing I Ever Ate. She hosts Alex's Day Off and The Cooking Loft on Food Network and Cooking Channel.", "Food Network (Canada)\nFood Network is a Canadian English language Category A specialty channel with programming related to food, cooking, cuisine, and the food industry. Food Network is a joint venture between Shaw Media and Scripps Networks Interactive.", "Julia Child\nJulia Carolyn Child (born McWilliams; August 15, 1912 – August 13, 2004) was an American chef, author, and television personality. She is recognized for bringing French cuisine to the American public with her debut cookbook, Mastering the Art of French Cooking, and her subsequent television programs, the most notable of which was The French Chef, which premiered in 1963.", "Ted Allen\nTed Allen (born May 20, 1965) is an American writer, cookbook author, and television personality. He was the food and wine connoisseur on the American Bravo network's television program Queer Eye and has been the host of the TV cooking competition series Chopped since its launch in 2009. As of April 13, 2014, he is also the host of another Food Network show, originally called America's Best Cook; a retooled version of that show, retitled All-Star Academy, which debuted on March 1, 2015.", "Cat Cora\nCatherine Ann \"Cat\" Cora (born April 3, 1967) is an American professional chef best known for her featured role as an \"Iron Chef\" on the Food Network television show Iron Chef America and as co-host of Around the World in 80 Plates on Bravo.", "David Rosengarten\nDavid Rosengarten (born in New York City, New York), the son of Leonard Rosengarten, a garment industry executive, and the former Lorraine Stein, is an American chef, author and television personality, who has hosted more than 2500 television shows on the Food Network from 1994 to 2001.He married Constance Childs on October 15, 1983. Their wedding was catered by a then-unknown Martha Stewart. He has three children.", "Kevin Brauch\nKevin Jeffery Brauch (born January 18, 1968 in Toronto), \"celebrity bartender,\" is host of the show The Thirsty Traveler on the Fine Living Network (originally on the Food Network), MegaWorld on Discovery Channel Canada, and Superstar Chef Challenge on Food Network Canada. He also serves as the floor reporter for Iron Chef America (on both the American and Canadian Food Networks). He will host the upcoming Food Network Canada program CheF*Off.", "Bobby Flay\nRobert William \"Bobby\" Flay (born December 10, 1964) is an American celebrity chef, restaurateur, and reality television personality.", "Nathan Lyon (chef)\nNathan Lyon is an American chef and television personality. He hosted the Discovery Health television series A Lyon in the Kitchen.A native of Arlington, Virginia, Lyon earned an undergraduate degree at James Madison University. He began working in the food industry at the Army Navy Country Club in Arlington as a soldier, and then as a cafe manager. He attended the California School of Culinary Arts and then worked in several restaurants in Los Angeles.", "Sunny Anderson\nSunny Anderson (born April 9, 1975) is a Food Network personality. She began hosting How'd That Get On My Plate? in July 2008. She also hosts the Food Network program Cooking for Real (beginning in April 2008), and served as co-host with Marc Istook of the Food Network program Gotta Get It (beginning in April 2007).", "Sara Moulton\nSara Moulton (born February 19, 1952) is an American chef, cookbook author and television personality.She was the on-air food editor for Good Morning America, a morning news-and-talk show broadcast on the ABC television network, from 1997 through 2012.", "Bob Blumer\nBob Blumer is the host of Food Network's The Surreal Gourmet, Glutton for Punishment, and World's Weirdest Restaurants. He is also a cook book author and illustrator. Blumer was born and raised in Montreal, Quebec, but now calls Los Angeles, California his home. Bob serves as an Ambassador to Second Harvest in Toronto spreading the word about food rescue and hunger relief.", "Food Network\nFood Network (legally known as Television Food Network) is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by Television Food Network, G.P., a joint venture between Scripps Networks Interactive (which owns 70% of the network) and the Tribune (FN) Cable Ventures Inc. (which owns the remaining 30%). Despite this ownership structure, the channel is managed as a division of Scripps Networks Interactive.", "Chef at Home\nChef at Home is a show presented by professionally trained chef Michael Smith. It is filmed at the Farmhouse at the Cove home in Prince Edward Island. It is currently broadcast on Food Network Canada and produced by Ocean Entertainment.", "Jamie Oliver\nJames Trevor \"Jamie\" Oliver, MBE (born 27 May 1975) is an English celebrity chef, restaurateur, and media personality known for his food-focused television shows, cookbooks and more recently his global campaign for better food education.", "List of programs broadcast by Food Network\nThis is a list of shows that have been broadcast (or are planned to be broadcast) on the Food Network.", "Tyler Florence\nTyler Florence (born Kevin Tyler Florence on March 3, 1971) is a chef and television host of several Food Network shows. He graduated from the College of Culinary Arts at the Charleston, South Carolina, campus of Johnson & Wales University in 1991. He was later given an honorary doctorate from the university for his culinary success.", "Robert Irvine\nRobert Irvine (born 24 September 1965) is a British celebrity chef who has appeared on a variety of Food Network programs including Dinner: Impossible, Worst Cooks in America, Restaurant: Impossible, and Restaurant Express.", "Aarti Sequeira\nAarti Sequeira is an Indian chef and television personality, best known as the winner of the sixth season of Food Network's reality television show, The Next Food Network Star. As a result of that victory, her show Aarti Party premiered on the network on August 22, 2010. She had previously worked as a CNN news producer and in 2008 started the online cooking variety show Aarti Paarti.", "Kelsey Nixon\nKelsey Nixon (born September 7, 1984) is an American chef who hosts the Cooking Channel series Kelsey’s Essentials, which premiered November 6, 2010. She was one of the final four contestants in the fourth season of the Food Network series Food Network Star.", "The Kitchen (TV series)\nThe Kitchen is a cooking-themed talk show that airs on Food Network. The series is presented by Food Network chefs Sunny Anderson, Jeff Mauro and Marcela Valladolid (who also host the respective series Cooking for Real, Sandwich King and Mexican Made Easy); as well as frequent Food Network personality Geoffrey Zakarian and food critic Katie Lee.", "Pat Neely\nPatrick \"Pat\" Neely is a restaurateur, television personality, and author. He is the co-owner of Neely's Bar-B-Que restaurant in downtown Memphis, Tennessee. He and former wife Gina hosted two popular Food Network television programs named Down Home with the Neelys and Road Tasted with the Neelys. The pair also co-wrote a cook book. Down Home became the highest rated debut for a Food Network show within the \"In the Kitchen\" series, which appear on weekend mornings.", "Duff Goldman\nGeoffrey Adam \"Duff\" Goldman (born December 17, 1974) is a pastry chef and television personality. He is the executive chef of the Baltimore-based Charm City Cakes shop which was featured in the Food Network reality television show Ace of Cakes, and his second Los Angeles-based shop Charm City Cakes West, which is featured in Food Network's Duff Till Dawn series. His work has also been featured on the Food Network Challenge, Iron Chef America, Oprah, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and Man v.", "Anne Burrell\nAnne W. Burrell (born September 21, 1969) is an American chef, TV personality, and was an instructor at the Institute of Culinary Education in New York City until 2007. She is the host of the Food Network show Secrets Of a Restaurant Chef and co-host of Worst Cooks in America. She is also one of Iron Chef Mario Batali's sous chefs in the Iron Chef America series and appears on other programs on the network such as The Best Thing I Ever Ate.", "Anthony Bourdain\nAnthony Michael Bourdain (born June 25, 1956) is an American chef, author, and television personality. He is a 1978 graduate of the Culinary Institute of America and a veteran of numerous professional kitchens, including many years as executive chef at Brasserie Les Halles. Though Bourdain is no longer formally employed as a chef, he maintains a relationship with Les Halles in New York.", "Jeff Mauro\nJeff Mauro is the host of the Food Network series Sandwich King and $24 in 24. Prior to this, he was the winner of the seventh season of the Food Network Star competition. Mauro, who is originally from Elmwood Park, Illinois, incorporates local Chicago restaurants into the context of his show.During Food Network Star, where fifteen contestants competed for an opportunity to have their own cooking show, Mauro maintained a strict concentration on sandwiches throughout the competition.", "Aarón Sanchez\nAarón Sánchez (born February 12, 1976) is a chef and television personality. He is the executive chef and part-owner of the restaurant Paloma in Stamford, Connecticut, the restaurant Johnny Sánchez in New Orleans, Louisiana, and the (now closed) Mexican restaurant Mestizo in Leawood, Kansas. He has appeared on Iron Chef America, and is one of the few chefs whose battles have ended in a draw, tying with Masaharu Morimoto in \"Battle Black Bass\" in Season 2.", "Ina Garten\nIna Rosenberg Garten (/ˈaɪnə/ EYE-nə; born February 2, 1948) is an American author and host of the Food Network program Barefoot Contessa, and a former staff member of the White House Office of Management and Budget.", "Adam Gertler\nAdam Gertler is an American chef, television personality and occasional actor.", "Keith Famie\nKeith Famie (born February 11, 1960) is a director/producer of human-interest films. He is probably best known for being a contestant on the CBS reality television series, Survivor: The Australian Outback. He was the 14th person to be voted off and finished in 3rd place.", "The Next Food Network Star (season 4)\nThe fourth season of the American reality television series The Next Food Network Star premiered on Sunday, June 1, 2008. Food Network executives, Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson, were joined by Bobby Flay as the Selection Committee for this season, which was filmed early 2008 in New York, New York and Las Vegas, Nevada. Aaron McCargo, Jr. was announced as the winner on the season finale, which aired on Sunday, July 27, 2008. His show, Big Daddy's House, premiered on August 3, 2008.", "Martie Duncan\nMartie Duncan is an American chef, blogger and party planner. She was a finalist on the eighth season of the Food Network series Food Network Star.", "Michael Chiarello\nMichael Chiarello (born January 26, 1962 in Red Bluff, California, United States) is an American celebrity chef specializing in Italian-influenced California cuisine. He hosts the cooking show, Easy Entertaining with Michael Chiarello, on the Food Network and hosts NapaStyle on the Fine Living Network.", "Simon Majumdar\nSimon Majumdar is a British-American chef, author, and television personality. He was brought up in Rotherham, South Yorkshire and has previously worked as a book publisher. He has appeared as a judge on the Food Network shows Cutthroat Kitchen, Iron Chef America, and The Next Iron Chef. He has written books titled \"Fed, White, and Blue\", \"Eat My Globe\", and \"Eating For Britain\".", "Big Daddy's House\nBig Daddy's House is a cooking show on the specialty channel Food Network. The show stars Aaron McCargo, Jr., the winner of the fourth season of the network's reality television series, The Next Food Network Star. The six-episode first season was McCargo's grand prize for winning the reality show.", "Ron Ben-Israel\nRon Ben-Israel is an Israeli pastry chef. He is the executive chef and owner of Ron Ben-Israel Cakes in New York City. He is known for his wedding and special occasion cakes and for his detail in sugar paste flowers. From 2011 - 2013, he also hosted the cooking competition TV show Sweet Genius.", "Amy Finley\nAmy Finley (born in 1973 in San Diego, California) is an American cook and writer, who was the winner of the third season of The Next Food Network Star awarded a commitment to host a cooking show on the Food Network.", "Paula Deen\nPaula Ann Hiers Deen (born January 19, 1947) is an American celebrity chef and cooking show television host. Deen resides in Savannah, Georgia, where she owns and operates The Lady & Sons restaurant with her sons, Jamie and Bobby Deen. She has published fourteen cookbooks. Though married since 2004 to Michael Groover, she uses the surname Deen, from her first marriage.", "Chef Wanted with Anne Burrell\nChef Wanted with Anne Burrell currently airs on Food Network Thursday night at 10pm. In this show, chef Anne Burrell travels to different parts of the country and visits owners of restaurants in need of a new executive chef. Burrell brings in four chefs to compete for the job. The chefs are tested in their culinary skills.", "Chocolate with Jacques Torres\nChocolate with Jacques Torres is a North American television cooking show hosted by renowned pastry chef and chocolate aficionado, Jacques Torres. It premiered in on the Food Network in 2002.The show was taped in the United States and France, occasionally in Torres' home region of Provence. Its primary focus is on extravagant chocolate-based desserts, including chocolate sculptures, centerpieces, and other edible artwork.", "Alton Brown\nAlton Crawford Brown (born July 30, 1962) is an American television personality, food show presenter, author, actor, and cinematographer. He is the creator and host of the Food Network television show Good Eats, host of the mini-series Feasting on Asphalt and Feasting on Waves, and host and main commentator on Iron Chef America and Cutthroat Kitchen. Brown is also the author of several books on cookery.", "Daisy Martinez\nDaisy Maria Martinez is an actress, model, chef, television personality and author, who hosts a PBS television series, Daisy Cooks!, which launched on April 15, 2005." ]	[ "Gennaro Contaldo Gennaro Contaldo, (born (1949-01-21)January 21, 1949) is an Italian chef and restaurateur, known for his association with his protégé, Jamie Oliver, and his partnership with fellow Italian chef Antonio Carluccio and their BBC Two television series Two Greedy Italians.", "Harold Dieterle Harold Dieterle III (born 1977 in West Babylon, New York) is an American chef, best known as the winner of the first season of the Bravo television network's reality television series Top Chef. His signature dish is spicy duck meatballs.Dieterle attended West Babylon High School and was a 1997 graduate of the Culinary Institute of America. His professional career began at Della Femina in the Hamptons for two years.", "Great Taste, No Money Great Taste, No Money is a Canadian home improvement television show, hosted by Stephen Fermoyle. The series airs 11 p.m. EST on Prime, on Thursdays.", "The F Word The F Word (also called Gordon Ramsay's F Word) is a British food magazine and cookery programme featuring Chef Gordon Ramsay. The programme covers a wide range of topics, from recipes to food preparation and celebrity food fads. The programme is made by Optomen Television and aired weekly on Channel 4. The theme tune for the series is \"The F-Word\" from the Babybird album Bugged.", "Alan Coxon Alan Coxon is a TV Chef and British television presenter. He presented ITV's The Mint as a stand in for the first few weeks of broadcast. He has a recipe book called Ready in Minutes: The Cookbook.", "Robin De Groot Robin De Groot (born July 1) is a Canadian designer famous for both his design creations and personality on the HGTV and Food Network television program Restaurant Makeover, which is broadcast in 16 countries worldwide.De Groot was the lead designer on Restaurant Makeover from 2005 to 2007, as well as the featured designer for numerous television programs including Grow TV and CH Morning Live.", "Russell Morash Russell Morash is a television producer and director of many television programs produced through WGBH and airing on PBS.His shows include This Old House, The Victory Garden, and The New Yankee Workshop. He also worked with Julia Child to produce The French Chef and other cooking programs, beginning in 1963.Russell is a 1957 graduate of Boston University's College of Fine Arts.", "David Adjey David Adjey (born May 17, 1964) is a Canadian chef known for his appearances on the Food Network Canada show Restaurant Makeover.Adjey appeared on the season 7 premiere episode of Iron Chef America which originally aired on October 5, 2008. He faced off against Iron Chef Michael Symon and the theme ingredient was sturgeon. Adjey and Symon fought to a tie/draw. He starred in Food Network Canada's David Adjey's Restaurant 101 which ran its first season in the spring of 2009.", "Chef de partie A chef de partie, station chef, or line cook, is a chef in charge of a particular area of production in a restaurant. In large kitchens, each chef de partie might have several cooks or assistants. In most kitchens, however, the chef de partie is the only worker in that department. Line cooks are often divided into a hierarchy of their own, starting with \"first cook,\" then \"second cook,\" and so on as needed by the establishment.", "Mel and Sue Mel Giedroyc (born 15 June 1968) and Sue Perkins (born 22 September 1969), known collectively as Mel and Sue, are an English comedy double act best known for hosting their lunchtime chat shows Light Lunch and Late Lunch. More recently they have hosted the BAFTA Award-winning BBC One cookery series The Great British Bake Off.", "Eric Ober Eric Ober is an American broadcasting executive who served as president of CBS News from 1990 to 1996 and of Food Network from 1997 to 2000.A native of Brooklyn, Eric Ober is a graduate of Yale University (B.A.) and Columbia University (M.A.).His successor at CBS News was Andrew Heyward.During the 2000s, Eric Ober has run a television production company in New York City while also serving as Chairman of the Board for Vault.com.", "Simply Ming Simply Ming is a television cooking show hosted by chef Ming Tsai that is produced by WGBH Boston and Ming East-West, LLC. The show is distributed by American Public Television.", "Mo Rocca Maurice Alberto \"Mo\" Rocca (January 28, 1969) is an American humorist, journalist and actor. He is a correspondent for CBS Sunday Morning, the host and creator of My Grandmother's Ravioli on the Cooking Channel, and also the host of The Henry Ford's Innovation Nation on CBS.", "Restaurant Makeover Restaurant Makeover was television series on HGTV Canada which currently airs as reruns on the Food Network Canada and HGTV Canada, as well as the Fine Living channel and Food Network in the United States, TVtropolis and in over 16 other countries worldwide. The pilot episode starred designer Robin De Groot and chef Brad Long in the Coco's Cafe. Most of the restaurants involved in the series were located in the Greater Toronto Area.", "Alan Wong Alan Wong is a chef and restaurateur known as one of 12 co-founders (along with Sam Choy, Roy Yamaguchi, Peter Merriman, Bev Gannon and more) of Hawaii Regional Cuisine. They came together to form an organization to create a new American regional cuisine, highlighting Hawaii's locally grown ingredients and diverse ethnic styles. In 1992 they all came together and compiled a cookbook, The New Cuisine of Hawaii to be sold for charity.", "John Burton-Race John William Burton-Race (born 1 May 1957) is a British Michelin starred chef, television personality and celebrity chef, made famous by the Channel 4 series French Leave and its sequel Return of the Chef and I'm A Celebrity, Get Me Out Of Here.", "Superstar Chef Challenge The Superstar Chef Challenge is a reality/competition special produced for the Food Network Canada. Filmed at the Compass Group Canada Culinary Arts Demonstration Theatre and Kitchen Laboratory in Humber College's North Campus, it served as a pilot for a potential series.", "List of Iron Chef America episodes This is the list of the episodes for the American cooking television series and competition Iron Chef America, produced by Food Network. The series is based on the Japanese series Iron Chef and is a cooking competition in which a challenger chef \"battles\" one of the resident \"Iron Chefs\" by cooking five or more dishes in a one-hour time slot based around a secret ingredient or ingredients, and sometimes theme.", "The Cooks The Cooks was an Australian television drama series that ran for one season on Network Ten during the summer of 2004/05. It was a co-production with subscription television and screened on the UKTV channel on Foxtel. It was produced by Penny Chapman and Sue Masters. The directors were Tony Tilse, Ian Gilmour, Brendan Maher and Ian Watson.The Cooks was about the love and war involving the staff of two restaurants on the same street.", "The Food Programme The Food Programme is a BBC Radio 4 programme investigating and celebrating good food, founded by Derek Cooper and currently presented by Sheila Dillon. Sheila Dillon is the normal presenter of the programme, but the programme is, on occasion, presented by a different presenter - for example, the programme presented on 27 May 2012, which was about breakfast, was presented by Tim Hayward.", "Juan-Carlos Cruz Juan-Carlos Cruz (born 30 January 1962) is a celebrity chef and the former host of Calorie Commando and Weighing In (formerly titled Take It Off) on the Food Network. Cruz lost 43 pounds on the Discovery Health Channel show Discovery Health Body Challenge, which encouraged him to change directions from being a pastry chef to do low-calorie cooking.Cruz graduated in 1993 from the California Culinary Academy. In 1994 he started working at the Stanford Park Hotel as a pastry chef.", "Surprise Chef Surprise Chef was an Australian cooking television show that was broadcast on the Seven Network from 2001 to 2003. It was repeated on Seven HD.The show revolved around the chef Aristos Papandroulakis, who would surprise an unwitting Coles supermarket shopper with an offer to cook dinner for them in their own home.", "Foodfight! Foodfight! is a 2012 American computer animated adventure comedy film produced by Threshold Entertainment and directed by Larry Kasanoff. The film features the voices of Charlie Sheen, Wayne Brady, Hilary Duff, and Eva Longoria.", "Feeding Frenzy (TV series) Feeding Frenzy is a four-part American documentary reality television mini-series that premiered in 2008 on Animal Planet. The program follows, stars, and is hosted and narrated by actor Christopher Douglas. In the show, Douglas sits inside a transparent, cubical plastic box while filming canivorous predators, which are attracted to the bait and surround the box.", "Loyd Grossman Loyd Daniel Gilman Grossman, CBE, FSA (born 16 September 1950) is an American-British television presenter, gastronome and musician who has mainly worked in the United Kingdom. He is currently a judge on ITV Food series Food Glorious Food.", "Christine Cushing Live Hosted by Christine Cushing, Christine Cushing Live was a live cooking show that featured call-in questions and guests from the world of food and entertainment. The series aired (until 2005) weeknights at 6 p.m. EST on Food Network Canada and repeated daily at 8 a.m. and 1 p.m. EST. The series went into repeat sessions for the spring and summer months. It is no longer being aired.It was produced in Canada by the production company Chiffonade Inc.", "Jeff Smith (chef) Jeffrey L. \"Jeff\" Smith (January 22, 1939 – July 7, 2004) was the author of several best-selling cookbooks and the host of The Frugal Gourmet, a popular American cooking show which began in Tacoma, Washington in 1973 and later moved to WTTW in Chicago, where it aired nationally on PBS from 1983 to 1997.", "Hell's Kitchen (UK TV series) Hell's Kitchen is a British cookery reality show (based on the New Zealand reality cooking show Hell's Kitchen), aired on ITV, which features prospective chefs competing with each other for a final prize. Four series were aired from 2004 to 2009, three presented by Angus Deayton and the most recent by Claudia Winkleman.", "Ming Tsai Ming Tsai (Chinese: 蔡明昊; pinyin: Cài Mínghào; born March 29, 1964) is an American restaurateur, television personality, and celebrity chef of fusion cuisine.Tsai currently hosts Ming's Quest, a cooking show featured on the Fine Living Network, and Simply Ming on American Public Television. He was eliminated in week 7 of the third season of the Food Network's cooking competition The Next Iron Chef.", "Katie Lee (food critic) Katherine \"Katie\" Lee (born 1981) is an American cookbook author, television food critic, cook, and novelist.", "Paula's Home Cooking Paula's Home Cooking is a Food Network show hosted by Paula Deen. Deen's primary culinary focus was Southern cuisine and familiar comfort food that is popular with Americans. In the show, classic dishes such as pot roast, fried okra, fried chicken and pecan pie were the norm, and overly complicated or eccentric recipes were usually eschewed. Dishes that are flavorful and familiar were spotlighted, although the fat content and calorie count of the meals were often very high.", "Michael Smith (chef) Michael Dixon Smith is a Canadian chef and writer, host of The Inn Chef, Chef at Home, Chef at Large, Chef Michael's Kitchen, Chef Abroad, and Chopped: Canada (all of which have appeared on the Canadian Food Network).", "Steven Raichlen Steven Raichlen is an American culinary writer, TV host, and most recently novelist.", "Celebrity Cooks Celebrity Cooks was a Canadian cooking show independently produced by Initiative Productions and aired on CBC Television from 1975 to 1979 and on Global from 1980 to 1987. It was syndicated throughout Canada and the United States from 1980 to 1987. In the early 1990s it continued in syndication in Canada. CKVR Barrie ran episodes in the 1990s that were also available in Toronto and surrounding areas for at least one season.Bruno Gerussi hosted 478 episodes in total.", "Jeremiah Tower Jeremiah Tower (born 1942) is an American celebrity chef who, along with Wolfgang Puck, Alice Waters, and Jonathan Waxman, is generally credited with developing the culinary style known as California cuisine.", "Padma Lakshmi Padma Lakshmi (pronounced [ˈpəd̪maː ˈləkʃmiː]; born September 1, 1970) is an American cookbook author, actress, model, television host and executive producer. Her debut cookbook Easy Exotic won her the \"Best First Book\" award at the 1999 Gourmand World Cookbook Awards. She has been the host of the US reality television program Top Chef since season two in 2006, for which she received a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program.", "Mary Ann Esposito Mary Ann Esposito (born August 3, 1942 in Buffalo, New York) is an American chef and the television host of Ciao Italia with Mary Ann Esposito, which started in 1989 and is the longest-running television cooking program in America. Esposito has published over a dozen cookbooks.", "Jamie's Kitchen Jamie's Kitchen is a five-part British documentary television series that aired on Channel 4 from 5 November to 12 December 2002. It follows chef Jamie Oliver as he attempts to train a group of fifteen disadvantaged youth, who will — if they complete the course — be offered jobs at Oliver's new restaurant Fifteen. The series was executive produced by Peter Moore for Talkback Productions, and has since spawned several others along similar lines.", "Allen Salkin Allen Salkin is an American journalist and author. His most recent book, \"From Scratch: The Uncensored History of The Food Network\", gives a behind-the-scenes look at the history and personalities that have made Food Network what it is today. He is also the author of the book Festivus: The Holiday for the Rest of Us (ISBN 0-446-69674-9) about Festivus.", "Celebrity chef A celebrity chef is a kitchen chef who has become famous and well known. Today celebrity chefs often become celebrities by presenting cookery advice and demonstrations via mass media, especially television.", "The Secret Life Of... (television program) For other television shows whose titles begin with \"The Secret Life Of...\", see Secret Life.The Secret Life of... is a television show on the Food Network hosted by Jim O'Connor.The ellipsis in the title refers to the food item or style of food which is featured during the 30 minute program. Included in the lineup are: cookies, steak, comfort foods, coffee, tailgating and popcorn. The show combines history segments with recipe segments.", "Martin Yan – Quick & Easy Martin Yan – Quick & Easy is a Canadian culinary television program produced for Food Network Canada and hosted by Martin Yan of Yan Can Cook. Yan has had other celebrity chefs on his show, like Christine Cushing.", "Emeril Live Emeril Live is a television program that aired on the Food Network from 1997 to 2007 and then The Cooking Channel from 2008 to 2010. Hosted by Emeril Lagasse, Emeril Live featured many of the same elements as Emeril's other program, Essence of Emeril and often had a Creole theme. The program was taped in front of a live audience in New York and featured music played by Doc Gibbs and the Emeril Live Band.", "The Glutton Bowl The Glutton Bowl is a two-hour competitive eating special that was broadcast Fox Network in 2002 and was sanctioned by the International Federation of Competitive Eating. The special, which was co-executive produced by Nash Entertainment and IFOCE co-founder Richard Shea, featured Mark Thompson and IFOCE co-founder George Shea as hosts/color commentators. The 32-eater tournament was won by Takeru Kobayashi of Japan.", "Pressure Cooker (game show) Pressure Cooker is a game show about cooking and food in general. It was hosted by Chris Durham. It aired on the Food Network in 1998.Three contestants compete, each standing behind a blue, yellow, or pink mini-refrigerator, hoping to earn enough meal tickets to advance to Round 2, the Taste-Off Round, where the winner goes on to try to the grand prize.", "Rick Bayless Rick Bayless (born November 23, 1953) is an American chef who specializes in traditional Mexican cuisine with modern interpretations. He is widely known for his PBS series Mexico: One Plate at a Time.", "$40 a Day $40 a Day is a Food Network show hosted by Rachael Ray. In each episode, Rachael takes a one-day trip to an American, Canadian, or European city with only US$40 to spend on food.", "Celebrity Dish Celebrity Dish also known as TV Guide's Celebrity Dish was a 2000 60 minute American Food Network Television cooking show which was hosted by TV personality Mark McEwen which premiered on June 22, 2000.", "Hudson and Halls Peter Hudson (1931–1992) and David Halls (1935–1993) were chefs whose cookery show, Hudson and Halls, ran on New Zealand television from 1976 to 1986 and also gained a cult following when the pair moved to produce their show in the United Kingdom in 1986.", "Food Television Food Television, often called Food TV, is a television channel based in New Zealand. It is a joint venture between John McCready/JT Taylor and Touchdown Productions Limited. The channel focuses entirely on programming relating to food.It is based in Auckland and is New Zealand's only channel dedicated to food, wine and restaurant society.", "Essence of Emeril Essence of Emeril (1994–96, 2000–2007) is a Food Network show hosted by chef Emeril Lagasse.In each episode, Emeril shares with his viewers some of his 'kicked-up' recipes, similar to those on Emeril Live, but with a far calmer demeanor and quieter tone, and usually without the trademark apron that has become his Emeril Live uniform starting with the 2000 season.", "James Martin (chef) James Martin (born 30 June 1972), is a British chef and television presenter, best known for presenting the BBC cookery series Saturday Kitchen since 2006.", "Sandra Lee (chef) Sandra Lee (born Sandra Lee Christiansen on July 3, 1966) is an American television \"chef\" and author. She is known for her \"Semi-Homemade\" cooking concept, which Lee describes as using 70 percent pre-packaged products and 30 percent fresh items.", "The French Chef The French Chef was a television cooking show created and hosted by Julia Child, and produced and broadcast by WGBH, the public television station in Boston, Massachusetts, from February 11, 1963 to 1973. It was one of the first cooking shows on American television.The show grew out of some special presentations that Child did based on the book Mastering the Art of French Cooking, which she had co-authored.", "Inside Dish Inside Dish with Rachael Ray, hosted by Rachael Ray was a hybrid cooking/talk show on the Food Network. In each episode Ray chats with a celebrity as they cook or eat at a restaurant. Inside Dish is the third of Ray's four shows on Food Network, and premiered on November 5, 2004. It is no longer in production.", "ITV Food ITV Food is the name given to the category of cookery shows broadcast on the ITV Network. Although the ITV Food website has been dropped there are still several cookery programmes and items on other daytime shows. Regular chefs on ITV include Gino D'Acampo and Nadia Sawalha.", "...Cooks! ...Cooks! was an ITV cookery show, hosted by Antony Worrall Thompson.", "Pierre Franey Pierre Franey (January 13, 1921 – October 15, 1996) was a French chef, best known for his televised cooking shows and his \"60 Minute Gourmet\" column in The New York Times.", "Food Network Star Food Network Star is a reality television series produced by and aired on the Food Network in the United States that awards the winner his or her own series on the Food Network. Prior to season seven, the show was known as The Next Food Network Star.", "A Cook's Tour (TV series) A Cook's Tour is a travel and food show that aired on the Food Network. Host Anthony Bourdain visits exotic countries and cities worldwide where hosts treat him to local culture and cuisine.Two seasons of episodes were produced in 2000 and 2001 and aired first-run in 2001 and 2002 in the U.S. on the Food Network.", "Party Line with The Hearty Boys Party Line with The Hearty Boys is a Food Network show hosted by real-life couple Dan Smith (b. July 16, 1962) and Steve McDonagh (b. June 14, 1964). Smith and McDonagh launched the show after winning the network's reality contest, The Next Food Network Star, which granted them a six-show Food Network series.", "Recipe for Success Recipe for Success is a food reality television series that follows entrepreneurs who trade their jobs for following their dreams.On Food Network's Canadian station, it is broadcast on Sundays at 2:30 PM. It uses the same theme song as The Next Food Network Star.It also covers a popular TV competition, in which a couple take over a restaurant they do not own for two sittings on a day in a bid to win £1,000. They are given a team of professional staff who will work to the amateurs' menus.", "Road Tasted Road Tasted is a television program shown on Food Network in the USA. The show was originally hosted by Jamie Deen and Bobby Deen, the sons of the popular Food Network host Paula Deen, as they drove around the United States searching for the best in family-run food businesses.", "Man-Made Food Man-Made Food is a Canadian television cooking show, which airs on Food Network Canada.The show stars Dave Burnett, Joel Rousell, and Steven Moore.", "Barefoot Contessa Barefoot Contessa is an American cooking show that premiered November 30, 2002 on Food Network. Hosted by celebrity chef Ina Garten, each episode features Garten assembling dishes of varying complexity. Though her specialty is French cuisine, she occasionally prepares American, Asian, British and Italian foods.", "Ready.. Set... Cook! Ready.. Set... Cook! is a cooking game show that debuted on the Food Network in the US on October 2, 1995. The show's format was based upon the UK series Ready Steady Cook, and originally hosted by television personality Robin Young.", "Good Eats Good Eats is a former television cooking show, created and hosted by Alton Brown, which aired in North America on Food Network Cooking Channel. Likened to television science educators Mr. Wizard and Bill Nye, Brown explores the science and technique behind the cooking, the history of different foods, and the advantages of different kinds of cooking equipment.", "The Surreal Gourmet The Surreal Gourmet is a program on Food Network hosted by Bob Blumer. The show features creative techniques for cooking and the memorable Toastermobile. Generally the foods prepared on The Surreal Gourmet are intended to be served at parties or other get-togethers.", "Food 911 Food 911 is a 30-minute-long show hosted by Tyler Florence that has aired on the Food Network since 1999.The premise of the show involves Florence traveling across the United States to help individuals overcome various cooking dilemmas in their homes. A typical show involves three different dishes.Participation in solving the problem varies by show, but Florence defers credit to his host regardless.", "Cooking show A cooking show or cookery programme is a television genre that presents food preparation in a kitchen studio set. Typically the show's host, often a celebrity chef, prepares one or more dishes over the course of an episode, taking the viewing audience through the food's inspiration, preparation, and stages of cooking.", "Kitchen Accomplished Kitchen Accomplished is a show that aired on the Food Network.Homeowners would send in videos of their kitchens that need renovating and Food Network executives would choose one. It's then up to the series' SWAT team of Chef Cat Cora, design expert Wolfgang Schaber and contractor Peter Marr to remodel the chosen kitchen in 3 days time with cameras covering it.", "Top Chef Top Chef is an American reality competition show on the cable television network Bravo, that first aired in 2006, in which chefs compete against each other in culinary challenges. They are judged by a panel of professional chefs and other notables from the food and wine industry with one or more contestants eliminated in each episode.", "Chef! Chef! is a British situation comedy starring Lenny Henry that aired as twenty episodes over three series from 1993 to 1996 on the BBC. The show was created and primarily written by Peter Tilbury based on an idea from Lenny Henry and produced for the BBC by Henry's production company, Crucial Films.", "Chefs Chefs is a French drama television series. It has been distributed since 2015 on France 2 (France).", "30 Minute Meals 30 Minute Meals is a Food Network show hosted by Rachael Ray. Her first of four shows on Food Network debuted in the fall of 2001. The show specializes in convenience cooking for those with little time to cook. The show is recorded live-to-tape, with Ray doing almost all preparation in real time.", "Celebrity Cooking Showdown Celebrity Cooking Showdown was a program that aired on NBC from April 17–19 and April 22, 2006. It was hosted by Alan Thicke.", "Cooking with Master Chefs: Hosted by Julia Child Cooking with Master Chefs was a PBS television cooking show that featured Julia Child visiting 16 celebrated chefs in the United States. An episode that featured Lidia Bastianich was nominated for a 1994 Emmy Award. Other chefs she visited included Emeril Lagasse, Jacques Pépin, and Alice Waters. The show featured a companion book of the same name, published in 1993 (ISBN 0-679-74829-6). Reruns of the show currently air on WUCF-TV.", "Good Deal with Dave Lieberman Good Deal with Dave Lieberman is a television cooking show hosted by Dave Lieberman that airs on the Food Network in the United States and Food Network Canada in Canada. The show premiered on Food Network on April 16, 2005. Lieberman's show presents affordable gourmet quality recipes." ]	2
finland car industry manufacturer saab sisu	[ "Saab 900\nThe Saab 900 is a compact luxury automobile that was produced by Saab from 1978 until 1998 in two generations. The first generation from 1978 to 1993 is known as the \"classic\"; the generation from 1994 to 1998 is known as the \"new generation\" (see below).The \"classic\" Saab 900 was based on the Saab 99 chassis, though with a longer front end to meet U.S. frontal crash regulations.", "Saab 99\nThe Saab 99 is a European-manufactured compact executive car that was produced by Saab from 1968 to 1984.", "Saab 9-7X\nThe Saab 9-7X is a midsize luxury sport utility vehicle built by Saab on General Motors' GMT360 platform, which also includes the GMC Envoy, Buick Rainier, Oldsmobile Bravada, Isuzu Ascender, and Chevrolet TrailBlazer (and for this the 9-7X had been given the nickname \"Trollblazer\", although it was not assembled in Trollhättan, Sweden, the traditional production site for Saabs).The 9-7X was the first American-built Saab.", "Valmet\nThe Valmet Corporation is a Finnish company, a leading global developer and supplier of services and technologies for the pulp, paper and energy industries. It was reborn through the demerger of the pulp, paper and power businesses from Metso Group in December 2013. Valmet is organized around three business lines which are Services, Pulp and Energy, and Paper. The company has operations in around 30 countries and employs 11,000 people.", "Saab Ursaab\nUrsaab, also known as 92001 and X9248, was the first of four prototype cars made by Saab AB, which at that time was solely an aeroplane manufacturer, leading to production of the first Saab car, the Saab 92 in 1949. The car is now in the Saab Car Museum in Trollhättan. The name \"Ursaab\" means \"original Saab\".", "Sisu E13TP\nSisu E13TP is a military terrain lorry produced by the Finnish heavy vehicle producer Sisu Defence. The vehicle was introduced in 2005 and the first vehicles were delivered in 2007. E13TP is available in layouts 6×6 and 8×8. The stronger variant E15TP is with 10×10 layout.The primary military applications are hook loader, radar carrier, missile launcher, recovery vehicle and bridging vehicle. Some civil applications are produced for oil fields and rescue purposes in particular.", "Valmet Automotive\nValmet Automotive (former Saab-Valmet) is a service provider for the automotive industry. The company offers services in automotive engineering, vehicle manufacturing, convertible roof systems and related business services.Valmet Automotive’s focus areas of expertise are premium cars, convertibles and electric vehicles. The company has 1,600 employees in Finland, Germany, Poland and China. The headquarters is located in Finland. The majority of the company is owned by Metso.", "Sisu SA-150\nSisu SA-150 is a medium-size, two-axle off-road lorry made by the Finnish heavy vehicle manufacturer Oy Sisu-Auto Ab from 1982 until 1991. The four-wheel-drive lorry with load capacity of 6 400 kg was developed for pulling of heavy cannons of the Finnish Defence Forces.", "Sisu KB-112\nSisu KB-112 is a three-axle lorry made by the Finnish heavy vehicle manufacturer Suomen Autoteollisuus (SAT) in 1962–1969. The vehicle was equipped with a technically advanced tiltable cabin. Its two-axle variant is KB-117 which was produced 1964–1969. Both versions were only produced small numbers.KB-112 and KB-117 were followed by Sisu M-series.", "Sisu SA-240\nSisu SA-240 is a heavy off-road lorry made by the Finnish heavy vehicle manufacturer Oy Sisu-Auto Ab from 1984 until 1991. The six-wheel drive lorry with payload of 12 000 kg was developed for pulling of heavy cannons of the Finnish Defence Forces.", "Sisu S-21\nSisu S-21 is a lorry first produced by the Finnish heavy vehicle producer Suomen Autoteollisuus (SAT), then under names Sisu S-22 and S-22K by Yhteissisu, which, after changing its name Vanajan Autotehdas (VAT), produced it with name Vanaja V-48.", "Saab V8\nThe Saab V8 was a V8 engine developed for Saab Automobile by Valmet in Linnavuori factory, Finland (now AGCO Sisu Power). Only five prototypes were made. General Motors became a partner in Saab Automobile and instead wanted Saab to use their new V6, which resulted in the scrapping of the project.The engine had four camshafts and 32 valves and, in the non-turbocharged form, it produced 250 to 300 hp depending on the version.", "Minor automotive manufacturing groups\nThere are many Automobile manufacturers that are mostly regional, or operating in niche markets. The list below are several examples of the \"smaller\" car companies.", "Sisu RA-140 DS\nSisu RA-140 DS \"Raisu\" is a flail-type demining vehicle developed and produced by the Finnish company Sisu-Auto and later produced by Patria Vehicles in 1994–2001. The production totalled 41 units.", "Saab 93\nThe Saab 93, pronounced ninety three, is an automobile that was manufactured by Saab that was first presented on December 1, 1955. It was styled by Sixten Sason and had a longitudinally-mounted three-cylinder 748 cc Saab two-stroke engine giving 33 hp (25 kW). The gearbox had three gears, the first unsynchronised. In order to overcome the problems of oil starvation on overrun (engine braking) for the two-stroke engine, a freewheel device was fitted.", "Stahlberg Models\nStahlberg was a Finnish company producing promotional plastic model cars mainly of Swedish Saab and Volvo automobiles usually in scales between 1:18 and 1:25. Stahlberg made models from the 1960s to about 1992, though its modern counterpart, Emek continues to make truck models (Klockau 2012).Other Finnish companies producing similar sized plastic models were Aren, Emek Muovi, Ju Ju, Hot Toys, KMS Myynti, Muovo, Nyrhinen Ky, and Plasto.", "Saab 9000\nThe Saab 9000 is an executive car that was produced by the Swedish company Saab from 1984 to 1998. Representing the company's foray into the executive car scene, the 9000 remained in production until it was replaced by the Saab 9-5 in late 1999.Saab designed the 9000 as part of the Type Four platform in conjunction with the Italian automaker Fiat Automobiles.", "Saab 9-3\nThe Saab 9-3 is a compact executive car produced and manufactured by the Swedish automaker Saab.The 9-3 is originally based on the GM2900 platform and subsequently changed to the GM Epsilon platform. Other vehicles based on the same platforms include the Opel Vectra and Cadillac BLS.", "Sisu\nSisu is a Finnish word that cannot be translated properly into the English language, loosely translated to mean stoic determination, bravery, guts, resilience, perseverance and hardiness,expressing the historic self-identified Finnish national character.Sisu is about taking action against the odds and displaying courage and resoluteness in the face of adversity.", "Sisu A-45\nSisu A-45 is a light off-road lorry made by the Finnish heavy vehicle producer Suomen Autoteollisuus (SAT) in 1970–1982. The two-axle, all-wheel-drive vehicle with payload of 4 150 kg was a further development of Sisu KB-45, that was originally developed after an assignment of the Finnish Defence Forces.", "AB Nyköpings Automobilfabrik\nAB Nyköpings Automobilfabrik (ANA) founded in 1937 was an automobile manufacturer in Nyköping that assembled trucks from Chrysler, DeSoto, Plymouth, Fargo and later also Škoda and Standard and from the mid-1950s also Simca. In 1960 the company was bought by SAAB and renamed SAAB-ANA and changed into being a SAAB dealership.", "Opel Calibra\nThe Opel Calibra is a sports car, which was engineered and produced by German automaker Opel between 1989 and 1997, but sold until 1999 in the United Kingdom as the Vauxhall Calibra by Vauxhall. It was also marketed as the Chevrolet Calibra in South America by Chevrolet, and the Holden Calibra in Australia and New Zealand by Holden.The Calibra was introduced to counter the Japanese sports coupés, of the late 1980s and early 1990s.", "Saab 96\nThe Saab 96 is an automobile manufactured and marketed by Saab from 1960 to January 1980, replacing the 93. The 96 featured aerodynamic two-door bodywork, four passenger seating and at first a two-stroke, three-cylinder engine, later a four-stroke V4.", "Sisu Auto\nSisu Auto is a Raseborg, Finland based truck manufacturing company. Its name comes from the Finnish word sisu meaning guts, grit and determination.Sisu Auto has a subsidiary company, \"Sisu Defence\", producing high mobility tactical vehicles for military use.", "Saab 9-5\nThe Saab 9-5 is an executive car that was produced by the Swedish automobile maker Saab.The first generation 9-5 was introduced in 1997 as the replacement to the Saab 9000 for the 1998 model year. At the time, the car represented a great leap forward for Saab. In the United States, the 9-5 was introduced in the spring of 1998, for the 1999 model year.On September 15, 2009, the second generation was presented at the Frankfurt Motor Show and production began in June 2010.", "Finlandia (car)\nFinlandia was the brand name of cars built in Finland between 1922 and 1924 by P.J. Heikkilä in Helsinki. Only four (two passenger cars and two light trucks) were built using U.S. engines of unknown make. Realizing that this venture was not profitable, Heikkilä abandoned it and returned to bus body manufacture." ]	[ "Elcat Electric Vehicles ELCAT is a battery electric vehicle manufacturer based in Järvenpää, Finland.Elcat Automotive was owned by an electricity producer called Fortum until the production decreases in the early 21st century. Elcat began working in 1974 to design electric cars for Nordic climate. The first prototypes for Elcat's automotive industry were made in 1985 with a joint venture plan with Subaru's Sambar, Dias, and Domingo vans, while the first commercial product was released in 1990.", "JS16 JS16, real name Jaakko Salovaara, is a Finnish musician and record producer. He owns the dance music record label 16 Inch Records.His first release was the vinyl Hypnosynthesis at the age of 16 (explaining the number 16 in his artist name). With the release of the club/dance music album Stomping System in 1998 and hits like \"Stomp to My Beat\" and \"Love Supreme\", he gained the Finnish audience's attention.", "Satakunta University of Applied Sciences Satakunta University of Applied Sciences (SAMK) is a university of applied sciences located in the Satakunta region of Finland. The university is headquartered in Pori, but offers additional instruction in Huittinen, Kankaanpää and Rauma.At the beginning of 2013, Satakunta University of Applied Sciences (SAMK) will adopt a matrix organisation.", "Trionic 8 The Trionic 8 is an advanced engine management system in the Trionic series, created by Saab Automobile. It is used in both Saab 9-3 and Opel Vectra vehicles, and is available with 150, 175 and 210 horsepower (160 kW) engines. It will also be used for a flexifuel version starting production spring 2007. Saab Trionic T8 has been developed by Saab and is a very advanced engine management system.", "Finnish national road 1 The Finnish national road 1 (Finnish: Valtatie 1 or Ykköstie; Swedish: Riksväg 1) is the main route between the major cities of Helsinki and Turku in southern Finland. It runs from Munkkiniemi in Helsinki to the VI District of Turku, and is part of the European route E18. The road is a motorway for its whole length.The first portion of the motorway was constructed in the 1960s between central Helsinki and Kehä III, and extended to Lohjanharju in the 1970s.", "Southern Ostrobothnia Southern Ostrobothnia (Finnish: Etelä-Pohjanmaa; Swedish: Södra Österbotten) is one of the 20 regions of Finland.Seinäjoki is the regional centre and by far the largest city in the area.", "Institute for the Languages of Finland The Institute for the Languages of Finland (Finnish: Kotimaisten kielten keskus, abbreviated KOTUS, Inari Sami: Päikkieennâm kielâi tutkâmkuávdáš, Northern Sami: Ruovttueatnan gielaid guovddáš, Skolt Sami: Dommjânnmlaž ǩiõli kõõskõs, Romani: Finnosko tšimbengo instituutos, Swedish: Institutet för de inhemska språken) is a governmental linguistic research institute of Finland geared at studies of Finnish, Swedish (cf.", "Outokumpu This article is about a company; for the Finnish city, see Outokumpu, Finland.Outokumpu is a group of companies headquartered in Espoo, Finland, producing stainless steel, employing about 12,000 employees in more than 30 countries. Outokumpu has a long history as a mining company, and still mines chromium ore in Keminmaa for use as ferrochrome in stainless steel.", "Suomi KP/-31 The Suomi KP/-31 (Suomi-konepistooli or \"Submachine-gun Finland\") was a submachine gun (SMG) of Finnish design used during World War II. It was a descendant of the M-22 prototype and the KP/-26 production model, which was revealed to the public in 1925.", "Iran Khodro Iran Khodro Industrial Group (in Persian: ایران خودرو‎‎), also known as IKCO, is the leading Iranian vehicle manufacturer, with headquarters in Tehran. The company's original name was Iran National. IKCO was founded in 1962 and it produced 688,000 passenger cars in 2009. IKCO manufactures vehicles, including Samand, Peugeot and Renault cars, and trucks, minibuses and buses.", "Škoda Superb The current Škoda Superb is a large family car that has been produced by the Czech car manufacturer Škoda Auto since 2001.The first generation of the modern Superb, produced from 2001 to 2008, was based on the B5 platform of the Volkswagen Passat, but was elongated by 10 cm (3.9 in). The second generation Superb used a stretched version of the PQ46 platform from the then-current Passat, and was introduced in 2008. The third, and current, generation entered production in 2015.", "Södertelje Verkstäder Södertelje Verkstäder was a Swedish company in Södertälje that made railway cars and Draisine. In 1901 the builder of electric cars Harald Håkansson managed to agree a contract so that Södertelje Verkstäder got access to experience, blueprints and engines from Kühlstein, NAG and Protos that they sold under the name \\Helios\\\".\"", "Tiina Sanila Tiina Juulia Sanila-Aikio or Skolt Sami: Paavvâl Taannâl Tiina(born March 1983 in Inari, Finland) is a Skolt musician and the former vice-president and current president of the Finnish Sámi Parliament.", "Suomen Joutsen Suomen Joutsen is a steel-hulled full rigged ship with three square rigged masts. Built in 1902 by Chantiers de Penhoët in St. Nazaire, France, as Laënnec, the ship served two French owners before she was sold to German interest in 1922 and renamed Oldenburg. In 1930, she was acquired by the Government of Finland, refitted to serve as a school ship for the Finnish Navy and given her current name.", "SAKO SAKO, Limited (Suojeluskuntain Ase- ja Konepaja Oy, Civil Guard Gun- and Machiningworks Ltd) is a Finnish firearm manufacturer located in Riihimäki. It is now owned by the Italian firearms holding company Beretta Holding. Sako rifles have become known for their accuracy and build quality.", "Pitkämäki Pitkämäki (Finnish; Långbacka in Swedish) is a district of the city of Turku, in Finland. It is located in the southeast of the city, and consists of several residential suburbs and industrial area.", "Finland Proper (historical province) Southwest Finland or Finland Proper (Finnish: Varsinais-Suomi, Swedish: Egentliga Finland, Latin: Ducatus Finlandiae Meridionalis), is a historical province in south western Finland, centred on the historic city of Turku (Swedish: Åbo) and the Turku Castle. It borders Satakunta, Tavastia and Uusimaa. It is also bounded by the Baltic sea facing Åland. There was also a modern region by the name Finland Proper. Finland Proper is not to be confused with Mainland Finland.", "Thai Rung Union Car Thai Rung (Thai: ไทยรุ่ง) is the only Thai-based automobile manufacturer. The company, established in 1967, began assembling Isuzu, Nissan and Chevrolet vehicles. In addition to assembly, TRU manufactures its own brand car, under the name Thai Rung (also called TR), based on other small and medium truck platform.SKD kits are currently being exported to China and Iran, with plans for further exports to Egypt, Kenya and the Philippines.", "Rk 62 The Rk 62 (also 7.62 RK 62 and M62; Rynnäkkökivääri 62 or \"assault rifle 62\") is an assault rifle manufactured by Valmet and Sako. It is the standard issue infantry weapon of the Finnish Defence Forces.The Rk 62 was designed in 1962 and is based on the Soviet AK-47 Polish licensed version design. The Rk 62 uses the same 7.62x39mm cartridge as the AK-47.", "Saab 29 Tunnan The About this sound Saab 29 , colloquially called Flygande tunnan (English: \"The flying barrel\"), was a Swedish fighter designed and manufactured by Saab in the 1950s. It was Sweden's second turbojet-powered combat aircraft, the first being the Saab 21R. Despite its rotund appearance, the J 29 was fast and agile, serving effectively in both fighter and fighter-bomber roles into the 1970s.", "Saab 95 This article is about the 1959-1978 Saab station wagon/Estate car, for the models produced between 1997 and 2011, see Saab 9-5The Saab 95 is a seven-seater, two-door station wagon made by Saab.Initially it was based on the Saab 93 sedan version, but the model's development throughout the years followed closely that of the 96 after the 93 was taken off the market in 1960.", "Toivo Särkkä Toivo Jalmari Särkkä (20 November 1890, Mikkeli – 9 February 1975, Helsinki), born Toivo Hjalmar Silén, was a Finnish film producer and director. He was CEO of the production company Suomen Filmiteollisuus.Before his career in filmmaking, Särkkä worked as a bank manager and chairman in Kotimainen Työ, an organization promoting Finnish work and products.", "Nokian Tyres Nokian Tyres plc (Finnish: Nokian Renkaat Oyj), headquartered in Nokia, Finland, produces tyres for cars, trucks, buses, and heavy-duty equipment. Known for its winter tyres, Nokian operates the only permanent winter tyre testing facility in the world.", "Swedish Highly Advanced Research Configuration Swedish Highly Advanced Research Configuration (SHARC) is an experimental unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) built by Saab AB. Saab also plays a role in the creation of UAVs such as the stealth UAV Filur and stealth UCAV Dassault nEUROn.", "Saab JAS 39 Gripen The Saab JAS 39 Gripen (English: \"griffin\") is a light single-engine multirole fighter aircraft manufactured by the Swedish aerospace company Saab. It was designed to replace the Saab 35 Draken and 37 Viggen in the Swedish Air Force (Flygvapnet). The Gripen has a delta wing and canard configuration with relaxed stability design and fly-by-wire flight controls. It is powered by the Volvo RM12, and has a top speed of Mach 2.", "Oy Insinööritoimisto Ratas Oy Insinööritoimisto Ratas (engineer office Ratas Inc.;in English ratas means gear) was a front (posing as an engineering consulting firm) through which about 1,200 Finns were recruited for military service in Germany during the spring of 1941, in the interim period of peace between the Continuation and Winter Wars.About 400 of this number were sent to the Eastern Front as part of the 5th SS Division (motorisierte) Wiking in the summer. The rest were sent out in December that same year.", "Saab EV-1 Not to be confused with the General Motors EV1Saab EV-1, or Saab 900 Turbo EV-1, was developed by Saab in 1985 as a fully functional and roadworthy future concept car, EV-1 stands for ´Experimental Vehicle One´.It was a wedge-shaped 2 + 2 sports coupé body style based on the Saab 900 Turbo 16v. The body was steel and the roof all glass.", "Savonlinja The Savonlinja Group is the most important bus-service provider in Eastern Finland, and is building an ever-stronger presence in public transport in Southern Finland.In 1924 Toivo J. Honkanen, Senior Advisor for Finance and the founder of the Savonlinja Group, started a passenger service between Lappeenranta and Lauritsala with his Ford Model-T. Today's modern family business, which has being going strong for three generations, grew from this, and is now run by director Raimo O.", "Cadillac BLS The Cadillac BLS is a compact executive car marketed in Europe by Cadillac. Based on General Motors' Epsilon architecture, the BLS was a heavily restyled version of the Saab 9-3. The development was done by Saab and the car cost more than one billion kronor (approximately $140 million) to design. It was manufactured in Trollhättan, Sweden, alongside the Saab 9-3 and the Saab 9-5. Sales of the sedan began in March 2006, with a station wagon joining the line for 2007.", "Swedish Match Swedish Match is a Swedish company based in Stockholm that makes snus, moist snuff, and chewing tobacco (with its Red Man brand). These products are known as moist smokeless tobacco. The company also makes machine-made cigars, matches, lighters as well as razors, batteries, light bulbs and tooth picks.Swedish Match operates in nine countries and has approximately 4,395 employees.", "Strömberg (company) Stromberg Oy or Strömberg Ab, was a company founded by Gottfrid Strömberg in 1889 in Helsinki, Finland, and manufactured electromechanical products such as: generators, electric motors and small power plants. The company was founded initially as Gottfrid Strömbergin sähköyhtiö in Finnish, Gottfrid Strömbergs elföretag in Swedish.", "Stout Scarab The Stout Scarab is a 1930–1940s U.S automobile designed by William Bushnell Stout and manufactured by Stout Engineering Laboratories and later by Stout Motor Car Company of Detroit, Michigan.The Stout Scarab is credited by some as the world's first production minivan, and a 1946 experimental prototype of the Scarab became the world's first car with a fiberglass bodyshell and air suspension.", "Sisi (drink) Sisi (stylized as SiSi; originally si si) is the brand name of a wide range of fruit-flavoured beverages produced by Dutch beverage manufacturing company Vrumona under a joint venture with Heineken International since 1951. The manufacturing plant is located at Bunnik, The Netherlands.In 1936, George Becht launched a grapefruit flavoured drink called Ja-Ja. One year later, an apple flavoured drink was launched under the si si name.", "Volvo PV800 Series The Volvo PV800 Series (affectionately known as Volvo-suggan or the Sow) was a taxicab manufactured by Volvo between 1938 and 1958. The Sow dominated the Swedish taxicab market during the 1940s and 1950s.", "SITRA Sitra (Finnish: Suomen itsenäisyyden juhlarahasto), the Finnish Innovation Fund, was founded in 1967 as a part of the Bank of Finland. Currently it is an independent public foundation which operates directly under the supervision of the Finnish Parliament. Sitra's president is Mr. Mikko Kosonen.Sitra's duties are stated in legislation. Its operations are funded with endowment capital and returns from capital investments.", "Scania-Vabis Scania-Vabis was a Swedish truck and car manufacturer that existed from 1911 to 1968. The company was formed when Scania merged with Vabis. Car production ended in 1929. Ultimately, the name Vabis was dropped in 1968.", "Sinebrychoff Sinebrychoff Brewery is a Finnish brewery and soft drinks company. It was founded in 1819 in Helsinki, Finland by Russian merchant Nikolai Sinebrychoff (Russian: Николай Петрович Синебрюхов), and is one of the largest breweries in Finland today. It has since become part of Carlsberg Breweries A/S.", "Saab 21R The Saab 21R was a Swedish twin-boom fighter/attack aircraft made by Saab. It was a jet-powered development of the piston-engined Saab 21 which along with the Russian Yakovlev Yak-15 was one of the only two jet fighters successfully converted from a piston-powered aircraft to enter production.As a fighter, its service designation in the Swedish Air Force was J 21R, and saw service in the late 1940s.", "Pargas (former municipality) Pargas (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈpɑrɡɑs]; Finnish: Parainen, pronounced [ˈpɑrɑinen]) is a former town and municipality in south-western Finland. On 1 January 2009, it was consolidated with Houtskär, Iniö, Korpo and Nagu to form the new town of Väståboland.It is known as the \"capital\" of the archipelago of Turku and had been a city since 1977. It is located in the province of Western Finland and is part of the Southwest Finland region.", "Datasaab For the 11th century Persian Sufi scholar Daata Sab, see Ali Hujwiri. Datasaab was the computer division of, and later a separate company spun off from, aircraft manufacturer Saab in Linköping, Sweden. Its history dates back to December 1954, when Saab got a license to build its own copy of BESK, an early Swedish computer design using vacuum tubes, from Matematikmaskinnämnden (the Swedish governmental board for mathematical machinery). This clone was completed in 1957 and was named SARA.", "Saab Monster The Saab Monster was an experimental car made by Saab in 1959. This project was part of Saab's work in motorsport and the need to derive more power from their two-stroke powerplant. It consisted of a 'Toreador Red' Saab 93 with all excess weight removed, including the bonnet, which was replaced by a plastic one.", "Opel Trixx The Opel Trixx (also known as the Opel TRIXX) was a concept car created by Opel. It was a brief set out by CEO at the time Carl Peter Forster to designers at Opel and Saab Design studios. Create the best possible car within 3 m length. Designed at Saab Design in Sweden and built at Caggiola in Italy, Trixx influenced future Small Car Designs for the Opel Brand, e.g. the 2007 Opel Agila.It was first introduced at the 2004 Geneva Motor Show.", "SSAB SSAB AB, earlier Svenskt Stål AB (English: Swedish Steel), (OMX: SSAB A) is a Swedish company, formed in 1978 and specialised in processing raw material to steel. Industrivärden is the largest shareholder.", "Svensk Elektrobil Svensk Elektrobil AB (SEA) was a Swedish company that made electric vehicles. The Company was founded by Asea and was located at Rosenlundsgatan in southern Stockholm. The vehicle loaded 2.5 tonnes and had a top speed of 25 km/h.", "Söderbloms Gjuteri & Mekaniska Verkstad Söderbloms Gjuteri & Mekaniska Verkstad (Swedish for Söderblom's foundry and mechanical workshop) was founded in 1877 in Eskilstuna, Sweden.The company started manufacturing engines in 1900 with a 1.5 HP air-cooled engine for motorcycles. In 1901, the company started manufacturing automobiles under the leadership of CEO Knut Söderblom and head of sales Oskar Aspeling. The company also hired a German engineer, Bruno Büchner, as head of design.", "Arla (Finland) Arla Oy is one of the largest food manufacturers in Finland, holding a leading position in the dairy sector in Finland.The group, incorporated in 1907, owns and operates production plants in Finland (Sipoo, Lapinjärvi, Kuusamo, Kitee and Urjala), Sweden (Åhus, formerly operated by Åhus Glass) and Lithuania (Mazeikiai). It has a comprehensive sales and distribution network in Finland as well as in the neighbouring markets of Sweden and the Baltic countries.", "Saab 21 The SAAB 21 was a Swedish fighter/attack aircraft from SAAB that first took to the air in 1943. It was designed as a twin boom pusher configuration, where the propeller was mounted in the rear of the fuselage, pushing the aircraft forward.", "Saab 32 Lansen The Saab 32 Lansen (English: Lance) was a two-seat, transonic military aircraft designed and manufactured by SAAB from 1955 to 1960 for the Swedish Air Force (Flygvapnet). Three principal variants of the Lansen were built for attack (A 32A), fighter (J 32B), and reconnaissance (S 32C). During its long operational life, the Saab 32 also served as an electronic warfare platform and target-tug aircraft.", "Saab 60 The Saab 60 was a 'special'. It was a limited edition modification of the 1962 Saab 96, peculiar to the UK. Modifications were carried out at Saab (GB) Ltd, in Slough.In the early 1960s, Erik Carlsson and his little Saab 96 two-stroke achieved a legendary series of victories in the RAC Rally and Monte Carlo Rally (among others).", "Saab 105 The Saab 105 is an aircraft developed in the early sixties as a private venture by Saab for the Swedish Air Force. It is a high-wing, twin-engine trainer aircraft. The Swedish Air Force designation is SK 60. It entered service in 1967 to replace the De Havilland Vampire.Originally, it featured two Turbomeca Aubisque low-bypass turbofan engines, licence-manufactured by Volvo Flygmotor as the RM 9.", "Saab GT750 Saab GT750 (Gran Turismo 750) is an automobile from Saab produced between 1958 and 1960. It was introduced at the New York International Auto Show in 1958 and featured safety belts as standard, which soon became commonplace on most cars.The GT750 was a sporty version of the Saab 93, mainly aimed at the US market. It had the same body shell as the 93 but used a different interior and a high-output Saab two-stroke engine.", "Svensk Etanolkemi The company Svensk Etanolkemi AB, or Sekab is a major Nordic producer of ethanol, ethanol derivatives such as acetic acid and ethyl acetate, and ethanol fuels such as E85. They are located in Örnsköldsvik in middle Sweden, and are owned by NEAB, a regional private consortium.", "Saab 340 The Saab 340 is a Swedish twin-engine turboprop aircraft designed and initially produced by a partnership between Saab AB and Fairchild Aircraft in a 65:35 ratio. Under the initial plan Saab built the all-aluminium fuselage and vertical stabilizer, and also performed final assembly in Linköping, Sweden, while Fairchild was responsible for the wings, empennage, and wing-mounted nacelles for the two turboprop engines.", "Saab 2000 The Saab 2000 is a twin-engined high-speed turboprop airliner built by Saab. It was designed to carry 50–58 passengers and cruise at a speed of 665 km/h (413 mph). Production took place in Linköping in southern Sweden. The Saab 2000 first flew in March 1992 and was certified in 1994. The last aircraft was delivered in April 1999, a total of sixty-three aircraft being built and thirty-three remaining in service as of July 2013.", "Saab 9-4X The Saab 9-4X is a compact luxury crossover SUV introduced by Swedish automaker Saab at the LA Auto Show 2010. It is based on the all-wheel drive GM Theta Premium platform which also forms the basis for the Cadillac SRX.", "Saab 37 Viggen The Saab 37 Viggen \"\\Thunderbolt\", ambiguous with ‌\"Tufted duck\") is a Swedish single-seat, single-engine, short-medium range combat aircraft, manufactured between 1970 and 1990. It was the first canard design produced in quantity. Several distinctive variants were produced to perform the roles of strike fighter (AJ37), aerial reconnaissance (SF 37), maritime patrol aircraft (SH 37) and a two-seat trainer. In the late 1970s the all-weather fighter-interceptor aircraft JA 37 was added.", "Autoliv Autoliv is a Swedish-American company with headquarters in Stockholm, Sweden, and Auburn Hills, Michigan that in 1997 sprung from the merger of the Swedish company Autoliv AB and Morton Automotive Safety Products, Inc., a division of the American firm Morton International.Autoliv develops and manufactures automotive safety systems for all major automotive manufacturers in the world. Together with its joint ventures Autoliv has over 80 facilities with 59,000 employees in 29 countries.", "Saab Quantum SAAB Quantum was a series of five Saab cars built in the USA. The earliest cars used Saab 93 two-stroke engines, transmissions and suspension. The later cars used Saab 96 drivetrains and suspension parts.The Quantum I was built in 1959, with a chassis computer engineered by Walter Kern at IBM in his spare time. It wore only the most basic bodywork at first. After initial testing and a race or two, it was replaced with moderately more complete bodywork which it still wears to this day.", "NSU Motorenwerke NSU Motorenwerke AG, or NSU (Neckarsulm Strickmaschinen Union or NeckarSulm KnittingMachine Union) , was a German manufacturer of automobiles, motorcycles and pedal cycles, founded in 1873. Acquired by Volkswagen Group in 1969, VW merged NSU with Auto Union, creating Audi NSU Auto Union AG, ultimately Audi.", "Esther (car) Esther is a Lotus 7 type car made in Ugglerum, Sweden. The company was founded by Lars Svensson and Magnus Haferbier in 1987. They started off with a shingle wood board jig which had been used for earlier Lotus 7 copies in the Kalmar area. However new ideas came and the first chassis was sold unfinished and a new design was made, this time based on a Triumph Herald as donor.", "Saab Sport Saab Sport is an automobile from Saab, launched in 1962 as a replacement for the Saab GT750. It used the same body shell as the Saab 96, with slight modifications and with a different interior configuration and equipment. From the outside it could be differentiated from a standard 96 by the twin chrome stripes along the lower part of the sides. The engine was an 841 cc two-stroke three cylinder engine with one Solex carburetor per cylinder, giving 52 hp (39 kW).", "Saab MFI13 The Saab MFI 13 was a February 1965 prototype for the Saab 97, later known as Sonett II. It was built at the Malmö Flygindustri as they had some experience with plastic manufacturing. The body of the prototype was made of steel though. A second prototype was designed by Sixten Sason and delivered a month later by ASJ (Aktiebolaget Svenska Järnvägsverkstäderna - the Swedish Railroad Works) in Arlöv.", "Saab 92 Saab 92 is the first production automobile from Saab. The design was very aerodynamic for its time, with a drag coefficient (cx or cw)) of 0.30. The entire body was stamped out of one piece of sheet metal and then cut to accommodate doors and windows. Full-scale production started December 12, 1949, based on the prototype Ursaab. All of them were of the Deluxe version.", "Scania AB Scania Aktiebolag (publ), commonly referred to as Scania AB or just Scania, is a major Swedish automotive industry manufacturer of commercial vehicles – specifically heavy trucks and buses. It also manufactures diesel engines for motive power of heavy vehicles, marine, and general industrial applications.Founded in 1891 in Malmö, in the Swedish province of Skåne, the company's head office has been in Södertälje, in Stockholm County, since 1912.", "Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions The Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions, usually referred to by the acronym SAK (Finnish: Suomen Ammattiliittojen Keskusjärjestö, Swedish: Finlands Fackförbunds Centralorganisation, FFC) is the largest trade union confederation in Finland.", "Suomen Filmiteollisuus Suomen Filmiteollisuus (SF), lit. Finland's Film Industry, is a Finnish film production company founded by Erkki Karu in 1933 after financial problems with Suomi-Filmi. The CEO, director, producer and writer T.J. Särkkä was a central figure in Suomen Filmiteollisuus. Among others, the film director Armand Lohikoski worked for the company, for which he directed 18 feature films.", "Saab Toad SAAB Toad, or Paddan in Swedish, was a development car SAAB made in 1966 to test out the new chassis, drive train and engine for the Saab 99.", "Kalmar Verkstad Kalmar Verkstad AB (KVAB) was a Swedish train and automobile manufacturer in Kalmar, Sweden that made the Tjorven and Terminal. KVAB was founded in 1902 and closed 2005 by Bombardier.", "Saab 9-2 The Saab 9-2 (sometimes referred to as Saab 9-1) was a car that was proposed in 2010 be added to Saab's production line by 2014, under its then new ownership, Spyker Cars though some commentators considered the project a pipe dream.The 9-2 was thought to developed in a joint venture with another automaker, probably European.", "Romano Artioli Romano Artioli (born 1932) is an Italian entrepreneur and one-time owner of Bugatti and Lotus automobile makers.Artioli was born in Moglia in the Province of Mantua, and raised in Bolzano where in the 1980s he ran one of the largest Ferrari dealerships in the world, selling in northern Italy and southern Germany.He also imported Japanese cars, owning Autoexpò which in 1982 became the first Italian importer of Suzuki.He had a large collection of Bugatti automobiles,and was encouraged by Ferruccio Lamborghini and Paolo Stanzani to establish Bugatti International, a holding company that bought the Bugatti trademark name in 1987.Artioli became chairman of Bugatti Automobilie S.p.A., which made the Bugatti EB110 between 1991 and 1995.In 1993, his wife Renata Kettmeir formed the Bolzano-based Ettore Bugatti luxury item maker, also using the Bugatti \"EB\" logo. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano_Artioli?oldid=671181101> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Lake_Päijänne> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Lake Päijänne (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈpæi(j)ænːe]) is the second largest lake in Finland (1,080 km2 (266,874 acres)). The lake drains into the Gulf of Finland via the Kymi River. The major islands are from north to south Vuoritsalo, Muuratsalo, Onkisalo, Judinsalo, Edessalo, Taivassalo, Haukkasalo, Vehkasalo, Mustassalo, Virmailansaari and Salonsaari. The largest island is Virmailansaari. The word saari means an island.", "Turun sinappi Turun sinappi (Swedish name: Åbo senap) is a mustard made in Finland. It is often used with makkara (i.e. sausage).Turun sinappi was first launched by Turku foodstuffs manufacturer Jalostaja in 1926. The mustard got its name after the Finnish city of Turku. It is sold on yellow 250 g tubes. It consists of dark yellow finely ground mustard and various other spices.", "Saab Catherina The Saab Catherina is a 1964 prototype automobile, commissioned by the Swedish automaker Saab, designed by Sixten Sason and made at the workshops of the Aktiebolaget Svenska Järnvägsverkstäderna (ASJ - the Swedish Railroad Works) in Katrineholm, Sweden (hence the name). It is a red, two-seat sports car with a targa top.Sason, who was working as a freelancer for Saab, made some drawings of a small sports coupé in the early 1960s.", "SAABO The SAABO was a caravan produced from 1964 to 1968, by Saab.The SAABO caravan (camper/travel trailer) was manufactured in Ljunga, outside Norrköping. The project was started by Bo Bjernekull of the Ljunga plant and Birger Lindberg at Saab in Linköping. Officially they were working on a project called MEFAN that was supposed to produce hovercrafts for the military.", "Saab-Scania Saab-Scania AB was the name chosen when truck and bus manufacturer Scania-Vabis of Södertälje merged with car and aeroplane manufacturer Saab AB of Trollhättan in 1968, under the Wallenberg family group of companies. The merger meant that Saab no longer had to import the British Triumph Slant-4 engine, and could instead use the engine production facilities of Scania. In 1972 they started manufacturing the 2.0 L B version.", "Sixten Sason Sixten Sason (born Sixten Andersson; 1912–1967) was a Swedish industrial designer. Sason started working for Saab, designing aircraft throughout World War II. Following the war, he was asked to contribute to Project 92, the result of which would be the first Saab automobile, the Saab 92 which began production in 1949.", "Saab 90 Scandia The Saab 90 Scandia was a civil passenger aeroplane, manufactured by the Svenska Aeroplan Aktiebolaget (SAAB), in Linköping, Sweden. In 1944, as it was becoming clear that hostilities in Europe (the Second World War) would soon be at an end, SAAB realised that the company had to diversify from purely military endeavours if it were to survive.", "Patria Pasi The Patria Pasi (earlier known as the Sisu Pasi) is a Finnish made six-wheeled armoured personnel carrier (APC) originally designed for Finnish Defence Forces. The first version was produced in 1983 and serial production began in 1984. It was designed to operate with ease of use, simple structure and low-cost maintenance. The basic appearance and configuration of Patria Pasi is similar to most wheeled APCs. The XA-180 and XA-185 versions are fully amphibious while the XA-203 is not.", "Saab Formula Junior The Saab Formula Junior was a car built in 1960 by the Swedish car maker Saab.In 1960, the Saab 93f was being replaced by the Saab 96 and a new 841 cc engine was developed. The competition and testing departments of Saab did not want to see any series produced sports engines with the new size until they had a chance to try some new ideas. These ideas led to the creation of these Formula Junior race cars with which Saab surprised the motor racing world in the late autumn of 1960.", "Trollhättan Assembly Trollhättan Assembly is an automobile factory in Trollhättan, Sweden. The factory opened in 1947 under the ownership of Saab AB, then passing to Saab Automobile. From 1989 to 2010, the factory was partially (1989–1999), then completely (2000–2010) owned by General Motors. In 2010, Saab was sold to Spyker Cars. The plant ended production in 2011 and restarted in 2013, after the National Electric Vehicle Sweden purchase of Saab Automobile.", "Confederation of Finnish Industries The Confederation of Finnish Industries (EK, Finnish: Elinkeinoelämän Keskusliitto, Swedish: Finlands Näringsliv) is the largest business organisation in Finland. It was formed in the beginning of 2005 when two private sector organisations, Palvelutyönantajat (Employers of the Service Sector) and Teollisuuden ja Työnantajain Keskusliitto (Union of Industries and Employers), united. EK's member companies collectively contribute over 70% of Finland's GDP, and over 95% of Finland's exports.", "Saab Sonett The Saab Sonett is an automobile manufactured between 1955 and 1957 and again between 1966 and 1974 by Saab of Sweden. Sonetts shared engines and other components with Saab 96s and 95s of the same era.The first prototype, now known as the Sonett I, was a two-seat, open-top, lightweight roadster racer which, ten years later, evolved into the commercially distributed Sonett models II, V4, and III.", "Svenska Aero Svenska Aero AB (SAAB) was a Swedish aircraft manufacturer on Hästholmen in Lidingö. The company was founded September 10, 1921, to license build Caspar-Werke and Heinkel aircraft. The company was bought by ASJA in 1932.", "Svenska Automobilfabriken Svenska Automobilfabriken (SAF) was a Swedish car manufacturer founded in Bollnäs in December 1919. It assembled US cars based on Pullman Motor Co chassis bought when Pullman went bankrupt in 1917, and fitted them with coachworks and adapted them for Swedish conditions. The engine was a Golden, Belknapp & Swartz giving 32 hp. It was fitted with a Stromberg carburettor and had a 50 litre gasoline tank. People who earlier had worked on Rengsjöbilen were among the employees.", "Saab Group Saab Group (originally Svenska Aeroplan AB, later SAAB and Saab AB) is a Swedish aerospace and defence company, founded in 1937. From 1947 to 1990 it was the parent company of automobile manufacturer Saab Automobile. Between 1968 and 1995 the company was in a merger with commercial vehicle manufacturer Scania-Vabis, known as Saab-Scania. The two were de-merged in 1995 by the new owners, Investor AB.", "Saab Automobile Saab Automobile AB /ˈsɑːb/ is a Swedish premium car manufacturer. It was formed in 1945 when Saab AB began a project to design a small automobile. The first production model, the Saab 92, was launched in 1949. In 1968 the parent company merged with Scania-Vabis, and ten years later the Saab 900 was launched, in time becoming Saab's best-selling model.", "Saab 90 Saab 90 is also the name of an aeroplane, the Saab 90 Scandia.The Saab 90 is a compact executive car from Saab made from 1984 to 1987. It was manufactured at a facility in Uusikaupunki, Finland, at that time owned by Saab and Valmet.The 90 was a continuation of the Saab 99 and it was basically a Saab 99 from the B-pillar forward with the rear of a Saab 900 sedan. That made the trunk and fuel tank larger than in the 99 while keeping the car smaller than the 900." ]	12
france second world war normandy	[ "60th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe U.S. 60th Infantry Regiment is a regimental unit in the United States Army. Its 2nd and 3rd Battalion conduct Basic Combat Training.Participating in three wars on three continents, the 60th has played a conspicuous role in the achievements of 5th Division in WWI and 9th Infantry Division in World War II and Vietnam. The regimental crest reflects this.", "Operation Tractable\nOperation Tractable was the final offensive conducted by Canadian and Polish Army troops, supported by one brigade of British tanks, as part of the Battle of Normandy. The goal of this operation was to capture the strategically important French town of Falaise, and following that, the smaller towns of Trun and Chambois.", "Battle of Cherbourg\nThe Battle of Cherbourg was part of the Battle of Normandy during World War II. It was fought immediately after the successful Allied landings on June 6, 1944. American troops isolated and captured the fortified port, which was considered vital to the campaign in Western Europe, in a hard-fought, month-long campaign.", "History of the Second World War\nThe History of the Second World War is the official history of Britain's contribution to the Second World War and was published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO). This immense project was sub-divided into areas to ease publication. Military operations are covered in the United Kingdom Military Series, the United Kingdom Civil Series covers aspects of the civilian war effortand the Foreign Policy series; the Intelligence series and the Medical series are eponymous.", "Free France\nFree France and its Free French Forces (French: France Libre and Forces françaises libres) were the government-in-exile led by Charles de Gaulle during the Second World War and its military forces that continued to fight against the Axis powers as an Ally after the fall of France.", "2nd Armored Division (France)\nThe French 2nd Armored Division (French: 2e Division Blindée, 2e DB), commanded by General Philippe Leclerc, fought during the final phases of World War II in the Western Front.", "List of military engagements of World War II\nThis is a list of military engagements of World War II encompassing land, naval, and air engagements as well as campaigns, operations, defensive lines and sieges. Campaigns generally refer to broader strategic operations conducted over a large bit of territory and over a long period. Battles generally refer to short periods of intense combat localised to a specific area and over a specific period. However, use of the terms in naming such events is not consistent.", "History of Normandy\nNormandy was a province in the North-West of France under the Ancien Régime. Initially populated by Celtic tribes in the West and Belgic tribes in the North East, it was conquered in 98 AD by the Romans and integrated into the province of Gallia Lugdunensis by Augustus. In the 4th century, Gratian divided the province into the civitates which constitute the historical borders.", "Normandy landings\nThe Normandy landings (codenamed Operation Neptune) were the landing operations on 6 June 1944 (termed D-Day) of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II. The largest seaborne invasion in history, the operation began the liberation of German-occupied northwestern Europe from Nazi control, and contributed to the Allied victory on the Western Front.Planning for the operation began in 1943.", "Battle for Caen\nThe Battle for Caen from June–August 1944 was a battle of the Second World War between Allied forces of the mainly Anglo-Canadian Second Army and German forces of Panzergruppe West during the Battle of Normandy. The Allies aimed to take Caen, one of the largest cities in Normandy on D-Day. Caen was an important Allied objective because it lay astride the Orne River and Caen Canal; these two water obstacles could strengthen a German defensive position if not crossed.", "Operation Sunstar\nOperation Sunstar was a Second World War raid on Houlgate in Normandy, France over the night of 22/23 November 1941. British Commandos of No. 9 Commando took part in the raid their objective was the Batterie de Tournebride on the Butte de Houlgate. Ninety men of No.9 Commando travelled across the English Channel on the HMS Prince Leopold and landed at the bottom of the Vaches Noires.", "Maquis du Mont Mouchet\nThe Maquis du Mont Mouchet were a group of French resistance fighters during the Second World War. Based at Mont Mouchet, its goal was to delay the convergence of German forces in the south of France with those in Normandy, in order to aid the Allies (World War II) in the reconquest of France.The Germans, having discovered the maquis, made several attacks up until May 1944 with about 3,000 men and using aviation and armoured units.", "Battle of Verrières Ridge\nThe Battle of Verrières Ridge was a series of engagements fought as part of the Battle of Normandy, in western France, during the Second World War. The main combatants were two Canadian infantry divisions—with additional support from the Canadian 2nd Armoured Brigade—against elements of three German SS Panzer divisions.", "Falaise pocket\nThe Falaise Pocket or Battle of the Falaise Pocket (12–21 August 1944) was the decisive engagement of the Battle of Normandy in the Second World War. A pocket was formed around Falaise, Calvados, in which the German Army Group B, with the 7th Army and the Fifth Panzer Army (formerly Panzergruppe West) were encircled by the Western Allies.", "List of military cemeteries in Normandy\nThe following military cemeteries were established in the French region of Normandy in memory for casualties of the World War II battles there:", "Apocalypse: The Second World War\nApocalypse: The Second World War (French: Apocalypse, la 2e Guerre mondiale) (2009) is a six-part French documentary by Daniel Costelle and Isabelle Clarke about the Second World War. The music of the documentary was composed by Kenji Kawai.The documentary is composed exclusively of actual footage of the war as filmed by war correspondents, soldiers, resistance fighters and private citizens.", "Operation Epsom\nOperation Epsom, also known as the First Battle of the Odon, was a Second World War British offensive that took place between 26 and 30 June 1944, during the Battle of Normandy.", "Hill 262\nHill 262, or the Mont Ormel ridge (elevation 262 metres (860 ft)), is an area of high ground above the village of Coudehard in Normandy that was the location of a bloody engagement in the final stages of the Normandy Campaign during the Second World War. By late summer 1944, the bulk of two German armies had become surrounded by the Allies near the town of Falaise. The Mont Ormel ridge, with its commanding view of the area, sat astride the Germans' only escape route.", "Omaha Beach\nOmaha Beach was the code name for one of the five sectors of the Allied invasion of German-occupied France in the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944, during World War II. Omaha is located on the coast of Normandy, France, facing the English Channel, and is 8 kilometres (5 mi) long, from east of Sainte-Honorine-des-Pertes to west of Vierville-sur-Mer on the right bank of the Douve River estuary.", "Operation Spring\nOperation Spring was an offensive operation conducted by II Canadian Corps during the Normandy campaign. The plan was intended to create pressure on the German forces operating on the British and Canadian front simultaneously to American offensive operations in their sector known as Operation Cobra, an attempt to break out from the Normandy lodgement. Specifically, Operation Spring was intended to capture Verrières Ridge and the towns on the south slope of the ridge.", "British Expeditionary Force (World War II)\nThe British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was the British Army in Europe from 1939 to 1940 during the Second World War. Commanded by General Lord Gort, the BEF constituted one-tenth of the defending Allied force.The British Expeditionary Force was established in 1938 in readiness for a perceived threat of war after Germany annexed Austria in March 1938 and the claims on the Sudetenland, which led to the invasion of Czechoslovakia in March 1939.", "Second Battle of the Odon\nThe Second Battle of the Odon was a series of operations fought by the British Army in World War II in mid-July 1944 against Panzergruppe West as part of the Battle of Normandy. Operations Greenline and Pomegranate were intended to draw German attention away from the upcoming assault from the Orne bridgehead, codenamed Operation Goodwood.", "Operation Atlantic\nOperation Atlantic (18–21 July 1944) was a Canadian offensive during the Battle of Normandy in the Second World War. The offensive, launched in conjunction with the British-led Operation Goodwood, was part of an ongoing effort to seize the French city of Caen and vicinity from German forces.", "Operation Bluecoat\nOperation Bluecoat was an attack by the British Army during the Battle of Normandy, lasting from 30 July until 7 August 1944, during the Second World War. The geographical objectives of the attack, launched by VIII Corps and XXX Corps of the British Second Army, were to secure the road junction of Vire and the high ground of Mont Pinçon.", "The Second World War (book)\nThe Second World War is a narrative history of World War II by British historian Antony Beevor. The book starts with the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, and covers the entire Second World War ending with the final surrender of Axis forces.", "XV Corps (United States)\nThe XV Corps of the US Army was initially constituted on 1 October 1933 as part of the Organized Reserves, and was activated on 15 February 1943 at Camp Beauregard, Louisiana. During the Second World War, XV Corps fought for 307 days in the European Theater of Operations, fighting from Normandy through France and southern Germany into Austria. The corps was commanded in combat by Major General Wade H. Haislip, initially as a subordinate unit to the Third U.S.", "1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos\n1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos was a Fusiliers Marins commando unit of the Free French Navy which served during the Second World War. Initially its Commandant was then-Lieutenant de Vaisseau (Lieutenant) Philippe Kieffer of the Free French Navy, under whose command they participated in the Normandy landings.", "Operation Goodwood\nOperation Goodwood was a Second World War British offensive that took place between 18 and 20 July 1944 as part of the ongoing battle for Caen in Normandy, France. British VIII Corps, with three armoured divisions, launched the attack aiming to seize the German-held Bourguébus Ridge, along with the area between Bretteville-sur-Laize and Vimont, while also destroying as many German tanks as possible. Goodwood was preceded by preliminary attacks dubbed the Second Battle of the Odon.", "Operation Charnwood\nOperation Charnwood was an offensive by British and Canadian troops that took place from 8 to 9 July 1944, during the Battle for Caen in the Second World War. The operation was intended to at least partially capture the German-occupied French city of Caen (French pronunciation: [kɑ̃]), which was an important objective for the Allies during the opening stages of Operation Overlord, the codename for the Battle of Normandy.", "Sword Beach\nSword, commonly known as Sword Beach, was the code name given to one of the five main landing areas along the Normandy coast during the initial assault phase, Operation Neptune, of Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of German-occupied France that commenced on 6 June 1944. Stretching 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from Ouistreham to Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer, the beach was the easternmost landing site of the invasion.", "Battle of Carentan\nThe Battle of Carentan was an engagement in World War II between airborne forces of the United States Army and the German Wehrmacht during the Battle of Normandy. The battle took place between 10 and 15 June 1944, on the approaches to and within the city of Carentan, France.The objective of the attacking American forces was consolidation of the U.S. beachheads (Utah Beach and Omaha Beach) and establishment of a continuous defensive line against expected German counterattacks.", "51st (Highland) Division\nThe 51st (Highland) Division was an infantry division of the British Army that fought on the Western Front in France during the Great War from 1915 to 1918. The division was raised in 1908, upon the creation of the Territorial Force, as the Highland Division and later 51st (Highland) Division from 1915. The division's insignia was a stylised 'HD' inside a red circle.", "Brécourt Manor Assault\nThe Brécourt Manor Assault (6 June 1944) during the U.S. parachute assault of the Normandy Invasion of World War II is often cited as a classic example of small-unit tactics and leadership in overcoming a larger enemy force.", "Operation Overlord\nOperation Overlord was the code name for the Battle of Normandy, the Allied operation that launched the successful invasion of German-occupied western Europe during World War II. The operation commenced on 6 June 1944 with the Normandy landings (Operation Neptune, commonly known as D-Day). A 1,200-plane airborne assault preceded an amphibious assault involving more than 5,000 vessels.", "D-Day naval deceptions\nOperations Taxable, Glimmer and Big Drum were tactical military deceptions conducted on 6 June 1944 in support of the Allied landings in Normandy. The operations formed the naval component of Operation Bodyguard, a wider series of tactical and strategic deceptions surrounding the invasion. Small boats, along with aircraft from RAF Bomber Command, simulated invasion fleets approaching Cap d'Antifer, Pas-de-Calais and Normandy.", "Gold Beach\nGold, commonly known as Gold Beach, was the code name for one of the five areas of the Allied invasion of German-occupied France in the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944, during the Second World War. Gold, the central of the five areas, was located between Port-en-Bessin on the west and La Rivière on the east. High cliffs at the western end of the zone meant that the landings took place on the flat section between Le Hamel and La Rivière, in the sectors code-named Jig and King.", "Operation Perch\nOperation Perch was a British offensive of the Second World War which took place from 7–14 June 1944, during the Battle of Normandy. The operation was intended to encircle and seize the German occupied city of Caen, which was an Allied D-Day objective in the early stages of the Operation Overlord. Operation Perch was to begin immediately after the British beach landings with an advance to the south-east of Caen by XXX Corps.", "Battle of Villers-Bocage\nThe Battle of Villers-Bocage took place during the Second World War on 13 June 1944, one week after the Normandy Landings by the Western Allies to begin the conquest of German-occupied France. The battle was the result of a British attempt to improve their position, by exploiting a gap in the German defences west of the city of Caen.", "Operation Totalize\nOperation Totalize (also spelled \"Operation Totalise\" in some more recent British sources) was an offensive launched by Allied troops of the First Canadian Army during the later stages of Operation Overlord, from 8 to 13 August 1944. The intention was to break through the German defences south of Caen on the eastern flank of the Allied positions in Normandy and exploit success by driving south to capture the high ground north of the city of Falaise.", "Hillman Site\nThe Hillman Site (French: Site fortifié Hillman) was a German command post built during the Second World War and located at Colleville-Montgomery in Normandy, France.", "Mission Boston\nMission Boston was a parachute combat assault at night by the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division on June 6, 1944, part of the American airborne landings in Normandy. Boston was a component of Operation Neptune, the assault portion of the Allied invasion of France, Operation Overlord.", "Operation Martlet\nOperation Martlet (also known as Operation Dauntless) was part of the series of Allied attacks to capture the town of Caen and environs from German forces in Normandy, France, during the Second World War. It was a preliminary operation undertaken on 25 June 1944 by XXX Corps of the British Second Army, to capture Rauray and the area around Noyers, to protect the right flank of VIII Corps as it began Operation Epsom, an offensive into the Odon Valley west of Caen on 26 June.", "Utah Beach\nUtah Beach was the code name for one of the five sectors of the Allied invasion of German-occupied France in the Normandy landings on June 6, 1944, during World War II. The westernmost of the five landing beaches, Utah is on the Cotentin Peninsula, west of the mouths of the Douve and Vire rivers. Amphibious landings at Utah were undertaken by United States Army troops, with sea transport and naval artillery support provided by the U.S.", "Western Front (World War II)\nThe Western Front of the European theatre of World War II encompassed Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Western Germany. World War II military engagements in Southern Europe and elsewhere are generally considered under separate headings. The Western Front was marked by two phases of large-scale combat operations.", "Mission Albany\nMission Albany was a parachute combat assault at night by the U.S. 101st Airborne Division on June 6, 1944, part of the American airborne landings in Normandy. It was the opening step of Operation Neptune, the assault portion of the Allied invasion of France, Operation Overlord.", "Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque\nPhilippe François Marie Leclerc de Hauteclocque, (French pronunciation: [filip ləklɛʁ də otklɔk]; 22 November 1902 – 28 November 1947), was a French general during the Second World War. He became Marshal of France posthumously in 1952, and is known in France simply as le maréchal Leclerc or just Leclerc.The son of an aristocratic family, de Hauteclocque graduated from the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr, the French military academy, in 1924.", "H-hour (D-day)\nH-hour was the name given to the airborne assault in the Battle of Normandy. It included the American 101st Airborne Division and 82nd Airborne Division With the British 6th Airborne Division. This took place about three hours before the main beach landings on the Normandy. The Airborne invasion consisted of over 50,000 men and around 1,200 planes and gliders.", "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division\nThe 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division was an infantry division of the British Army that served with distinction in both World War I and World War II. In the Great War the 15th (Scottish) Division was formed from men volunteering for Kitchener's New Armies and served on the Western Front for three years. The division was later disbanded, after the war, in 1919.", "Clearing the Channel Coast\nClearing the Channel Coast was the task assigned, in World War II, to the 1st Canadian Army in August 1944, following the Allied breakout from Normandy.The Canadian Army's line of advance took them from Normandy to the Scheldt. En route, they were to capture the Channel ports needed to supply the allied armies and clear the Germans from the Channel litoral and most of the launch sites for the V-1 missiles.", "Invasion of Normandy\nThe Invasion of Normandy was the invasion by and establishment of Western Allied forces in Normandy, during Operation Overlord in 1944 during World War II; the largest amphibious invasion to ever take place.D-Day, the day of the initial assaults, was Tuesday 6 June 1944. Allied land forces that saw combat in Normandy on that day came from Canada, the Free French forces, the United Kingdom, and the United States.", "Operation Aquatint\nOperation Aquatint was the codename for a failed raid by British Commandos on the coast of occupied France during the Second World War. The raid was undertaken in September 1942 on part of what later became Omaha Beach by No. 62 Commando, also known as the Small Scale Raiding Force.Prior to the operation, a raid on the French coastal town of Dieppe had placed the German occupying forces on a high state of alert, and this ultimately contributed to Aquatint's failure.", "Pointe du Hoc\nPointe du Hoc (French pronunciation: [pwɛ̃t dy ɔk]) is a promontory with a 100 ft (30 m) cliff overlooking the English Channel on the coast of Normandy in northern France. During World War II it was the highest point between Utah Beach to the west and Omaha Beach to the east. The German army fortified the area with concrete casements and gun pits. On D-Day (6 June 1944) the United States Army Ranger Assault Group assaulted and captured Pointe du Hoc after scaling the cliffs.", "Bény-sur-Mer Canadian War Cemetery\nThe Bény-sur-Mer Canadian War Cemetery is a cemetery containing predominantly Canadian soldiers killed during the early stages of the Battle of Normandy in the Second World War. It is located in and named after Bény-sur-Mer in the Calvados department, near Caen in lower Normandy. As is typical of war cemeteries in France, the grounds are beautifully landscaped and immaculately kept.", "European theatre of World War II\nThe European Theatre of World War II, also known as the European War, was a huge area of heavy fighting across Europe, from Germany's and the Soviet Union's joint invasion of Poland in September 1939 until the end of the war with the Soviet Union conquering much of Europe along with the German unconditional surrender on May 8, 1945 (V-E Day).", "Military history of France during World War II\nThe military history of France during World War II covers the period from 1939 until 1940, which witnessed French military participation under the French Third Republic, and the period from 1940 until 1945, which was marked by mainland and overseas military administration and struggles for the French colonies (under the command of Admiral François Darlan) between Vichy France, the Free French Forces under General Charles de Gaulle (London) and the Army of Africa under General Henri Giraud (French Algeria), with French Resistance and National Council of the Resistance.In August 1943, the de Gaulle and Giraud forces merged in a single chain of command subordinated to Anglo-American leadership, meanwhile opposing French forces on the Eastern Front were subordinated to Soviet or German leaderships.", "American airborne landings in Normandy\nThe American airborne landings in Normandy were the first United States combat operations during Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy by the Western Allies on June 6, 1944. Around 13,100 paratroopers of the U.S. 82nd Airborne and 101st Airborne Divisions made night parachute drops early on D-Day, June 6, followed by 3,937 glider troops flown in by day.", "Normandy Campaign\nThe Battle of Normandy or Normandy Campaign includes the following: Operation Overlord – The Western Allied campaign in France from June 6 – August 25, 1944 The Invasion of Normandy, or \"Operation Neptune\" – The initial part of Overlord, from June 6 – mid-July 1944 The Normandy landings on June 6, 1944Operation Cobra, the breakout from Normandy, starting on July 25, 1944The \"Battle of Normandy\" is the official term for the British, French and Canadian military campaign lasting from June 6 – September 1, 1944.", "Pegasus Bridge\nPegasus Bridge is a bascule bridge (a type of movable bridge), that was built in 1934, that crossed the Caen Canal, between Caen and Ouistreham, in Normandy, France.Also known as the Bénouville Bridge after the neighbouring village, it was, with the nearby Ranville Bridge over the river Orne, a major objective of the British airborne troops during Operation Deadstick, part of Operation Tonga in the opening minutes of the Allied invasion of Normandy on 6 June 1944 during the Second World War.", "VIII Corps (United States)\nThe U.S. VIII Corps was a corps of the United States Army that saw service during various times over a fifty-year period during the 20th century. The VIII Corps was organized 26–29 November 1918 in the Regular Army in France and demobilized on 20 April 1919. The VIII Corps was soon reactivated, being constituted in the Organized Reserves in 1921. It was allotted to the Regular Army in 1933 and activated on 14 October 1940 at Fort Sam Houston, Texas.", "Operation Cobra\nOperation Cobra was the codename for an offensive launched by the First United States Army seven weeks after the D-Day landings, during the Normandy Campaign of World War II. American Lieutenant General Omar Bradley's intention was to take advantage of the German preoccupation with British and Canadian activity around the town of Caen, in Operation Goodwood, and immediately punch through the German defenses that were penning in his troops while the Germans were distracted and unbalanced.", "Operation Jupiter (1944)\nThis article is about the 1944 Operation Jupiter in France. For other uses, see Operation Jupiter (disambiguation).Operation Jupiter was an offensive launched by VIII Corps of the British Second Army on 10 July 1944 during the Battle of Normandy of World War II. The objective of the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division was to capture the villages of Baron-sur-Odon, Fontaine-Étoupefour, Chateau de Fontaine and recapture Hill 112.", "Operation Tonga\nThis article summarises British airborne operations during the Normandy landings.", "Juno Beach\nJuno or Juno Beach was one of five beaches of the Allied invasion of German occupied France in the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944, during the Second World War. The beach spanned from Courseulles-sur-Mer, a village just east of the British beach Gold, to Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer, just west of the British beach Sword.", "Operation Astrakan\nOperation Astrakan was a raid by British Commandos during the Second World War. The raid against Houlgate in France was carried out by No. 101 (Folbot) Troop, No. 6 Commando over the night of 12/13 November 1941." ]	[ "D-Day (game) D-Day is a board wargame published by Avalon Hill first in 1961 and later re-released in 1965, 1971, 1977 and 1991.An operational/strategic simulation of the Western Front between June and September, 1944, the game simulates the invasion by the Allies of France while it was occupied by the Axis Powers.", "Vichy Vichy (/ˈvɪʃi/; French pronunciation: [viʃi]; Occitan: Vichèi) is a city in the Allier department in Auvergne in central France. It belongs to the historic province of Bourbonnais.It is known as a spa and resort town and was the seat of government and de facto capital of Vichy France during the World War II Nazi German occupation from 1940 to 1944.", "27th Armoured Brigade The 27th Armoured Brigade was an armoured brigade of the British Army that served in World War II and played a crucial role in the D-Day landings on 6 June 1944.", "Timeline of the Norwegian Campaign The Norwegian Campaign, lasting from 9 April to 10 June 1940, led to the first direct land confrontation between the military forces of the Allies — United Kingdom and France — against Nazi Germany in World War II.", "Ardenne Abbey massacre The Ardenne Abbey massacre occurred during the Battle of Normandy at the Ardenne Abbey, a Premonstratensian monastery in Saint-Germain-la-Blanche-Herbe, near Caen, France. In June 1944, 20 Canadian soldiers were illegally executed at the abbey by members of the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend.", "709th Static Infantry Division (Wehrmacht) The 709th Static Infantry Division was a German Army static division in World War II. It was raised in May 1941 and used for occupation duties during the German occupation of France in World War II until the Allied invasion. It was on the Normandy coast when the invasion fell, and thus fought in the Battle of Normandy. The division was trapped in the Cotentin Peninsula and destroyed in the defense of Cherbourg.", "Liberty Road (France) Liberty Road is the commemorative way marking the route of the Allied forces from D-Day in June 1944. It starts in Sainte-Mère-Église, in the Manche département in Basse-Normandie, France, travels across Northern France to Metz and then northwards to end in Bastogne, on the border of Luxembourg and Belgium. At each of the 1,146 kilometres, there is a stone marker or 'Borne'. The first lies outside the town hall in Sainte-Mère-Église.", "Werner Pluskat Werner Pluskat (1912 - Heilbronn, June 11, 2002) was a German Major, commander of the 352nd Artillery (Artillerie Abteilung) of the German 352nd Infantry Division during the Allied invasion in Normandy.He was credited in the movie The Longest Day, a film about the D-day invasion, with being the first German officer who saw the Allied invasion fleet on 6 June 1944, heading toward their landing zone at Omaha Beach.", "Battle of the Bulge The Battle of the Bulge (16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945) was a major German offensive campaign launched through the densely forested Ardennes region of Wallonia in Belgium, France, and Luxembourg on the Western Front toward the end of World War II in Europe. The surprise attack caught the Allied forces completely off guard. United States forces bore the brunt of the attack and incurred their highest casualties for any operation during the war.", "Secret Weapons Over Normandy Secret Weapons Over Normandy or (SWON) is a World War II-based arcade flight simulation video game released on November 18, 2003. Published by LucasArts and developed by Totally Games, the game is composed of 15 objective-based missions set in 1940s European, North African, and the Pacific theatres of war. The story was written by Derek Chester, who is also famous for his work in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine as well as work on Star Trek videogames. The music was composed by Michael Giacchino.", "Charles H. Gerhardt Major General Charles Hunter Gerhardt (June 6, 1895 – October 9, 1976) commanded the U.S. 29th Infantry Division from 1943 until the end of World War II and during part of the occupation of Germany. The division's most famous combat operations were the Omaha Beach landings of June 6, 1944 (his 49th birthday), D-Day and the taking of the French crossroads town of Saint-Lô in July 1944.", "41st Infantry Division (France) The 41st Infantry Division (French: 41e Division d'Infanterie, 41e DI) was a French Army formation during World War I and World War II.", "Casablanca Conference The Casablanca Conference (codenamed SYMBOL) was held at the Anfa Hotel in Casablanca, French Morocco from January 14 to 24, 1943, to plan the Allied European strategy for the next phase of World War II. In attendance were United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and representing the Free French forces, Generals Charles de Gaulle, and Henri Giraud.", "2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade The 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade was composed of the 6th, 10th and 27th Canadian Armoured Regiments and saw service in north-west Europe during the Second World War, landing in Normandy on D-Day and remaining in combat up to VE-Day.", "Battle of Bloody Gulch The Battle of Bloody Gulch took place near Hill 69 (U.S. Army designation) approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) southwest of Carentan in Normandy, France on June 13, 1944, between elements of the German 17th SS Panzergrenadier Division and 6th Fallschirmjäger Regiment, and the American 501st, 502nd and 506th, Parachute Infantry Regiments (PIR) of the U.S. 101st Airborne Division, reinforced by elements of the U.S. 2nd Armored Division.", "9th Motorized Division (France) The French 9th Motorized Division was a French Army division active during World War II.", "Battle of Arras (1940) The Battle of Arras (1940) took place during the Battle of France of the Second World War. It was an Allied counter-attack against the flank of the German army, near the town of Arras, in north-eastern France. The German forces were pushing north towards the channel coast, to trap the Allied forces that had advanced east into Belgium. The counter-attack at Arras was an Allied attempt to cut through the German armoured spearhead and frustrate the German advance.", "Jimmie W. Monteith Jimmie Waters Monteith, Jr. (July 1, 1917 – June 6, 1944) was a United States Army officer who received the Medal of Honor posthumously for his heroic actions in World War II at the D-Day landings in Normandy, France.", "741st Tank Battalion (United States) The 741st Tank Battalion was an independent tank battalion that participated in the European Theater of Operations with the United States Army in World War II. The battalion participated in combat operations throughout northern Europe until V-E Day. It was one of five tank battalions (all independent) that landed in Normandy on D-Day (6 June 1944).", "North African Campaign During the Second World War, the North African Campaign took place in North Africa from 10 June 1940 to 13 May 1943. It included campaigns fought in the Libyan and Egyptian deserts (Western Desert Campaign, also known as the Desert War) and in Morocco and Algeria (Operation Torch) and Tunisia (Tunisia Campaign).The campaign was fought between the Allies and Axis powers, many of whom had colonial interests in Africa dating from the late 19th century.", "Occupation of the Channel Islands The Channel Islands were occupied by Nazi Germany for most of the Second World War, from 30 June 1940 until their liberation on 9 May 1945. The Bailiwick of Jersey and Bailiwick of Guernsey are two British Crown dependencies in the English Channel, near the coast of Normandy. The Channel Islands were the only part of the British Isles to be invaded and occupied by German forces during the war.", "Upper Normandy Upper Normandy (French: Haute-Normandie, IPA: [ot nɔʁmɑ̃di]; Norman: Ĥâote-Normaundie) is one of the 27 regions of France. It was created in 1984 from two departments: Seine-Maritime and Eure, when Normandy was divided into Lower Normandy and Upper Normandy. This division continues to provoke controversy, and many people continue to call for the two regions to be reunited.", "French Resistance The French Resistance (French: La Résistance française) is the name used to denote the collection of French resistance movements that fought against the Nazi German occupation of France and against the collaborationist Vichy régime during World War II.", "Operation Defoe During World War II, Operation Defoe was a reconnaissance patrol by 21 men of the Special Air Service conducted from 19 July to 23 August to support the British Second Army in the Argentan area of Normandy.", "Creully Creully is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France.The town square is named after Canadian Lieutenant Bill McCormick of the 1st Hussars Canadian Armoured Regiment (London, Ontario). Lt. McCormick was the only Allied soldier to reach his D-Day objective when on 6 June 1944, after the tank he commanded passed through Creully, it reached the Caen-Bayeux road.", "Siege of Harfleur The siege of Harfleur, Normandy, France, was a military action which occurred during the Hundred Years' War. It began on 18 August 1415 and ended on 22 September, when the French port of Harfleur surrendered to the English.", "5th Motorized Division (France) The French 5th Motorized Division was a French Army division active during World War II.", "Dunkirk evacuation The Dunkirk evacuation, code-named Operation Dynamo, also known as the Miracle of Dunkirk, was the evacuation of Allied soldiers from the beaches and harbour of Dunkirk, France, between 27 May and 4 June 1940, during World War II. The operation was decided upon when large numbers of Belgian, British, and French troops were cut off and surrounded by the German army, during the Battle of France.", "Exercise Tiger Exercise Tiger, or Operation Tiger, was the code name for one in a series of large-scale rehearsals for the D-Day invasion of Normandy, which took place on Slapton Sands or Slapton Beach in Devon. Coordination and communication problems resulted in friendly fire deaths during the exercise, and an Allied convoy positioning itself for the landing was attacked by E-boats of Germany's Kriegsmarine, resulting in the deaths of 946 American servicemen.", "Operation Fortitude Operation Fortitude was the code name for a World War II military deception employed by the Allied nations as part of an overall deception strategy (code named Bodyguard) during the build-up to the 1944 Normandy landings.", "Operation Attila (World War II) During World War II, Operation Attila was a plan for the Nazi occupation of Vichy France.", "Cresserons Cresserons is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France.Cresserons is located just south of the beaches of Normandy. During the Battle of Normandy in World War II, British troops arrived there and a battle was fought on 7 June 1944.", "Second Quebec Conference The Second Quebec Conference (codenamed \"OCTAGON\") was a high-level military conference held during World War II by the British and American governments. The conference was held in Quebec City, September 12, 1944–September 16, 1944, and was the second conference to be held in Quebec, after \"QUADRANT\" in August 1943. The chief representatives were Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Combined Chiefs of Staff.", "History of Lower Normandy The History of Lower Normandy concerns that part of Normandy termed Lower Normandy (in French Basse-Normandie) which was created as a new region of France in 1956, when the traditional province of Normandy, with an integral history reaching back to the 10th century, was divided into Lower and Upper Normandy. The region comprises three départements, Calvados, Manche and Orne.", "Battle of Dunkirk The Battle of Dunkirk was an important battle that took place in Dunkirk, France, during the Second World War between the Allies and Germany. As part of the Battle of France on the Western Front, the Battle of Dunkirk was the defence and evacuation of British and allied forces in Europe from 26 May–4 June 1940.After the Phoney War, the Battle of France began in earnest on 10 May 1940. To the east, the German Army Group B had invaded the Netherlands and advanced westward.", "Operation Samwest During World War II, Operation Samwest (5–12 June 1944) was a large raid conducted by 116 Free French paratroops of the 4th Special Air Service Regiment. Their objective was to hinder movement of German troops from west Brittany to the Normandy beaches via ambush and sabotage attempts.The first phase of the mission was to establish a secure base on the Breton Peninsula, near St. Brieuc in Duault in the Bretagne Region.", "St Nazaire Raid The St Nazaire Raid or Operation Chariot was a successful British amphibious attack on the heavily defended Normandie dry dock at St Nazaire in German-occupied France during the Second World War. The operation was undertaken by the Royal Navy and British Commandos under the auspices of Combined Operations Headquarters on 28 March 1942.", "101st Airborne Division The 101st Airborne Division \"\\Screaming Eagles\")—is a modular light infantry division of the United States Army trained for air assault operations. During World War II, it was renowned for its role in Operation Overlord (the D-Day landings and airborne landings on June 6, 1944, in Normandy, France), Operation Market Garden, the liberation of the Netherlands and, perhaps most famously, its action during the Battle of the Bulge around the city of Bastogne, Belgium.", "Liberation of Paris The Liberation of Paris (also known as the Battle for Paris) was a military combat that took place during World War II from 19 August 1944 until the German garrison surrendered the French capital on 25 August 1944.", "Armistice of 22 June 1940 The Armistice of 22 June 1940 was signed at 18:36 near Compiègne, France, by the top military officials of Nazi Germany and more junior representatives from the French Third Republic. They included General Wilhelm Keitel, the commander-in-chief of the Wehrmacht (the German Army), and by General Charles Huntziger for the French side.", "Mission Elmira During World War II, mission Elmira was the landing of a significant part of the 82nd Airborne Division’s glider train in Normandy on the evening before 6 June 1944 as part of Operation Neptune, the assault phase of Operation Overlord.", "Lower Normandy Lower Normandy (French: Basse-Normandie, IPA: [bas nɔr.mɑ̃.di]; Norman: Basse-Normaundie) is an administrative region of France. It was created in 1956, when the Normandy region was divided into Lower Normandy and Upper Normandy.", "Fall Rot During World War II, Fall Rot (Case Red) was the plan for the second phase of the conquest of France by the German Army and began on 5 June 1940. It had been made possible by the success of Fall Gelb (Case Yellow), the invasion of Belgium in the Battle of France and the encirclement of the Allied armies in the north on the Channel coast.", "Ranville Ranville is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France.Ranville was the first French village liberated on D-Day. The village was liberated by the British 13th Parachute Battalion, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Peter Luard.", "Operation Gambit During World War II, Operation Gambit was a part of Operation Neptune, the landing phase of the invasion of northern France (Overlord).", "25th Motorized Division (France) The French 25th Motorized Division was a French Army division active during World War II.", "Dieppe Raid The Dieppe Raid, also known as the Battle of Dieppe, Operation Rutter and, later, Operation Jubilee, was an Allied attack on the German-occupied port of Dieppe during the Second World War. The raid took place on the northern coast of France on 19 August 1942. The assault began at 5:00 a.m. and by 10:50 a.m. the Allied commanders were forced to call a retreat.", "The National WWII Museum The National WWII Museum, formerly known as the National D-Day Museum, is a museum located in the Central Business District of New Orleans, Louisiana, at the corner of Andrew Higgins Boulevard and Magazine Street. It focuses on the contribution made by the United States to victory by the Allies in World War II, and the Battle of Normandy in particular. It was designated by the U.S.", "Operation Torch Operation Torch (initially called Operation Gymnast) was the British-American invasion of French North Africa during the North African Campaign of the Second World War which started on 8 November 1942.The Soviet Union had pressed the United States and United Kingdom to start operations in Europe and open a second front to reduce the pressure of German forces on the Soviet troops.", "Merville Gun Battery The Merville Gun Battery was a coastal fortification in Normandy, France, in use as part of the Nazis' Atlantic Wall built to defend continental Europe from Allied invasion. It was a particularly heavily fortified position and one of the first places to be attacked by Allied forces during the Normandy Landings commonly known as D-Day.", "Timeline of the Battle of France The timeline of the Battle of France covers the period of time during World War II from the first military actions on the Franco-German frontier to the fall of France in 1940.", "German military administration in occupied France during World War II The Military Administration in France (German: Militärverwaltung in Frankreich; French: Occupation de la France par l'Allemagne) was an interim occupation authority established by Nazi Germany during World War II to administer the occupied zone in areas of northern and western France.", "Bretteville-sur-Laize Bretteville-sur-Laize is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France.The scene of heavy fighting following the Normandy landings, much of the town is of post-World War II construction.", "Norman Cota Norman Daniel \"Dutch\" Cota, Sr. (May 30, 1893 – October 4, 1971) was a United States Army general during World War II. Cota was heavily involved in the planning and execution of the invasion of France, codenamed Operation Neptune, and the subsequent Battle of Normandy. He is famous for rallying demoralized troops on Omaha Beach, by engaging in combat with them and personally leading their first successful breakout, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his actions there.", "North West Europe Campaign The North West Europe Campaign was the name given by the British Commonwealth armed forces to the two land campaigns they fought on the Western Front during World War II.In Commonwealth military history, \"North-West Europe\" refers to land, air and sea campaigns and operations in, over or near Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway and the United Kingdom during World War II.", "French West Africa in World War II In World War II, French West Africa (Afrique occidentale française, AOF) was not the scene of major fighting. Only one large-scale action took place there: the Battle of Dakar (23–25 September 1940). The region remained under the control of Vichy France after the fall of France (25 June 1940) and until the Allied invasion of North Africa (8–16 November 1942).", "79th Armoured Division (United Kingdom) The 79th Armoured Division was a specialist armoured division of the British Army created during World War II. The division was created as part of the preparations for the Normandy invasion of 6 June 1944, D-Day. The division operated armoured vehicles modified for specialist roles, intended to assist with the landings on the beaches.", "Operation Roundup (1942) Operation Roundup was the code name for a 1942 plan for an invasion of northern France by Allied forces during World War II. The plan, for an invasion in the Spring of 1943, and drawn up by then-Brigadier General Dwight Eisenhower, reflected American enthusiasm for an early entry into Europe. The British were reluctant to commit themselves to the invasion plan; mindful of the painful losses during the Battle of the Somme, they preferred to avoid a direct assault on a powerful enemy.", "Operation Cycle During World War II, Operation Cycle was the evacuation of Allied troops from Le Havre, France at the end of the Battle of France. From 10–13 June 1940, 11,059 British and Allied forces were evacuated. Cycle was preceded by the better known Operation Dynamo, the rescue of 338,226 British and French soldiers from Dunkirk from 26 May – 4 June, followed by Operation Ariel, in which over 215,000 soldiers embarked from Cherbourg, St.", "Second Army (United Kingdom) The British Second Army was a field army of the British Army active during both World War I and World War II. During the First World War the army was active on the Western Front throughout most of the war and later active in Italy. During the Second World War the army was the core element in the British contribution in the D-Day landings in Normandy and subsequent advance across Europe.", "XXX Corps (United Kingdom) XXX Corps (30 Corps) was a corps of the British Army during the Second World War. The corps saw extensive service in North Africa at El Alamein in late 1942 and in Tunisia and Sicily in 1943. It returned to the United Kingdom and later fought again in Normandy, Holland and Germany from June 1944 until May 1945.", "VIII Corps (United Kingdom) VIII Corps was a British Army corps formation that existed during the First and Second World Wars. In the latter, it took part in the Normandy Campaign in 1944, where it was involved in Operation Epsom and Operation Goodwood. It would later play a supporting role in Operation Market Garden and finish the war by advancing from the Rhine to the Baltic Sea.", "352nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht) The 352nd Infantry Division (352. Infanterie-Division) was a formation of the German Wehrmacht during World War II. A western front outfit, the 352nd became notable for its tenacious defense of Omaha Beach on D-Day, 6 June 1944.", "North-West Europe Campaign of 1940 North-West Europe Campaign of 1940 is a battle honour given to several regiments in the British Army. It refers to the land campaign starting with the invasion of France in May 1940 and ending with the evacuation from Dunkirk.", "Operation Lüttich Operation Lüttich was a codename given to a German counter-attack during the Battle of Normandy, which took place around the American positions near Mortain from 7 August to 13 August 1944.", "Normandy Normandy (/ˈnɔrməndi/; French: Normandie, pronounced [nɔʁ.mɑ̃.di], Norman: Normaundie, from Old French Normanz, plural of Normant, originally from the word for \"northman\" in several Scandinavian languages) is a geographical region of France corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy.Since 1956, Normandy has been divided into two administrative regions: Lower Normandy and Upper Normandy; the regions will be merged into one single region effective 1 January 2016.", "Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine The Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine was a phase in the Western European Campaign of World War II.This phase spans from the end of the Battle of Normandy, or Operation Overlord, (25 August 1944) incorporating the German winter counter-offensive through the Ardennes (commonly known as the Battle of the Bulge) and Operation Nordwind (in Alsace and Lorraine) up to the Allies preparing to cross the Rhine in the early months of 1945.", "List of Allied forces in the Normandy Campaign This is a list of Allied forces in the Normandy Campaign between 6 June-25 August 1944. Primary combat units are listed here; unit articles may contain a complete order of battle.", "Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial The Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial is a World War II cemetery and memorial in Colleville-sur-Mer, Normandy, France, that honours American troops who died in Europe during World War II.", "Battle of France The Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries during the Second World War, beginning on 10 May 1940, defeating primarily French forces. The battle consisted of two main operations. In the first, Fall Gelb (Case Yellow), German armoured units pushed through the Ardennes and then along the Somme valley to cut off and surround the Allied units that had advanced into Belgium.", "North-West Europe Campaign of 1944–1945 North-West Europe Campaign of 1944–1945 is a battle honour earned by regiments in the Commonwealth forces during the Second World War. It refers to the land campaign starting with the landings in Normandy and ended with Field Marshal Montgomery taking the German military surrender of all German forces in the Netherlands, Northwest Germany and Denmark on Lüneburg Heath in Northwest Germany." ]	8
gallo roman architecture in paris	[ "Thermes de Cluny\nThe Thermes de Cluny are the ruins of Gallo-Roman thermal baths lying in the heart of Paris' 5th arrondissement, and which are partly subsumed into the Musée national du Moyen Âge - Thermes et hôtel de Cluny.The present bath ruins constitute about one-third of a massive bath complex that is believed to have been constructed around the beginning of the 3rd century.", "Maison Carrée\nThe Maison Carrée (French for \"square house\") is an ancient building in Nîmes, southern France; it is the best preserved Roman temple façade to be found anywhere in the territory of the former Roman Empire.", "Art in Paris\nArt in Paris is an article on the art culture and history in Paris, the capital of France. For centuries, Paris has attracted artists from around the world, arriving in the city to educate themselves and to seek inspiration from its artistic resources and galleries. As a result, Paris has acquired a reputation as the \"City of Art\".", "Pillar of the Boatmen\nThe Pillar of the Boatmen (French Pilier des nautes) is a square-section stone bas-relief with depictions of several deities, both Gaulish and Roman. Dating to the first quarter of the 1st century AD, it originally stood in a temple in the Gallo-Roman civitas of Lutetia (modern Paris, France) and is one of the earliest pieces of representational Gaulish art to carry a written inscription (Hatt, 1952). It is displayed in the frigidarium of the Thermes de Cluny.", "Lutetia\nLutetia (also Lutetia Parisiorum in Latin, Lukotekia before, in French Lutèce) was a town in pre-Roman and Roman Gaul. The Gallo-Roman city was a forerunner of the re-established Merovingian town that is the ancestor of present-day Paris.", "Thiais\nThiais is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 10.3 km (6.4 mi) from the center of Paris.The name Thiais comes from Medieval Latin Theodasium or Theodaxium, meaning \"estate of Theodasius\", a Gallo-Roman landowner.The Austrian writer Joseph Roth, exiled due to his opposition to the Nazi regime, lived at Thiais at the end of the 1930s and is buried at the local cemetery. The tomb of Russian writer Yevgeny Zamyatin is also there.", "Arènes de Lutèce\nThe Arènes de Lutèce are among the most important remains from the Gallo-Roman era in Paris (known in antiquity as Lutetia, or Lutèce in French), together with the Thermes de Cluny. Lying in what is now the Quartier Latin, this amphitheater could once seat 15,000 people, and was used to present gladiatorial combats.Constructed in the 1st century AD, this amphitheater is considered the longest of its kind constructed by the Romans.", "City walls of Paris\nSeveral successive city walls surrounded Paris from ancient times through until the twentieth century, except for between 1670 (when Louis XIV ordered the demolition of the Louis XIII Wall) and 1785 (when construction began on the Wall of the Farmers-General). The walls served to defend the town, protect inhabitants, and assess goods sold in Paris. City walls of Paris include: a Gaulish enclosure (location unknown). a Gallo-Roman wall.", "La Villette, Seine\nLa Villette was a French commune (municipality) in the Seine département lying immediately north-east of Paris. It was one of four communes entirely annexed by the city of Paris in 1860. Its territory is now located in the 19th arrondissement, but a neighborhood has retained its name: the quartier de La Villette and the Parc de la Villette.A Gallo-Roman village stood here along the Roman road that led north from Lutetia.", "Gallo-Roman religion\nGallo-Roman religion was a fusion of the traditional religious practices of the Gauls, who were originally Celtic speakers, and the Roman and Hellenistic religions introduced to the region under Roman Imperial rule. It was the result of selective acculturation." ]	[ "Le Spleen de Paris Le Spleen de Paris, also known as Paris Spleen or Petits Poèmes en prose, is a collection of 51 short prose poems by Charles Baudelaire.The collection was published posthumously in 1869 (see 1869) and is associated with the modernist literary movement.Baudelaire mentions he had read Aloysius Bertrand's Gaspard de la nuit (considered the first example of prose poetry) at least twenty times before starting this work.", "Paris Las Vegas Paris Las Vegas is a hotel and casino located on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada. The property is owned and operated by Caesars Entertainment Corp. As its name suggests, its theme is the city of Paris, France; it includes a half scale, 541-foot (165 m) tall replica of the Eiffel Tower, a sign in the shape of the Montgolfier balloon, a two-thirds size Arc de Triomphe, a replica of La Fontaine des Mers, and a 1,200-seat theatre called Le Théâtre des Arts.", "Rome (Paris Métro) Rome is a station on Paris Métro Line 2 on the border of the 8th and 17th arrondissement of Paris.The station was opened on 7 October 1902 as part of the extension of line 2 from Étoile to Anvers. The name is that of one of several streets in the area named for European capitals, in this case Rome, capital of Italy.Nearby are the town hall of the 17th arrondissement and the Institut Universitaire de Formation des Maîtres (teachers' college).", "Sacré-Cœur, Paris The Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Paris, commonly known as Sacré-Cœur Basilica and often simply Sacré-Cœur (French: Basilique du Sacré-Cœur, pronounced [sakʁe kœʁ]), is a Roman Catholic church and minor basilica, dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus, in Paris, France. A popular landmark, the basilica is located at the summit of the butte Montmartre, the highest point in the city.", "Roquepertuse Acropolis Roquepertuse is a historical religious center for the Celts. It is located near the city of Velaux, north of Marseille and west of Aix-en-Provence, in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur région of southern France. Roquepertuse had no domiciles available for worshippers and has been used as a sanctuary where only priests may have lived permanently. It was destroyed by the Romans in 124 BC and was discovered in 1860. Most of the excavations were done in 1923 by H. de Gérin-Ricard.", "Boulevard Saint-Germain The Boulevard Saint-Germain (French pronunciation: [bulvaʁ sɛ̃ ʒɛʁmɛ̃]) is a major street in Paris on the Left Bank of the River Seine. It curves in a 3½ kilometre arc from the Pont de Sully in the east (the bridge at the edge of the Île Saint-Louis) to the Pont de la Concorde (the bridge to the Place de la Concorde) in the west and traverses the 5th, 6th and 7th arrondissements.", "Ambrussum Ambrussum is a Roman archaeological site in Villetelle, Hérault département, in southern France.It is close to the modern town Lunel, between Nîmes and Montpellier. Ambrussum is notable for its museum, its staging post on the Via Domitia, its bridge Pont Ambroix over the Vidourle, painted by Gustave Courbet, and for its oppidum (fortified village). Its history of settlement spanned 400 years.The whole site is still being excavated.", "Paul Bigot Paul Bigot (20 October 1870 – 8 June 1942) was a French architect.Bigot was born in Orbec, Calvados. He studied architecture at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris, in the atelier of Louis-Jules André. He won the Grand Prix de Rome in 1900, which enabled him to study in Rome at the Villa Medici. He later became a professor at the École des Beaux-Arts.He is particularly known for Le Plan de Rome, a large architectural model of Ancient Rome.", "List of things named after Charles de Gaulle Many streets and public buildings in France bear the name of Charles de Gaulle. They include: Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport Charles de Gaulle, an aircraft carrier in the Marine Nationale Place Charles de Gaulle, historically known as the Place de l'Étoile, the name of the large plaza around the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. It is frequently referred to as Charles de Gaulle – Étoile, which is the name of the Métro and RER station under it.", "Glanum Glanum (Hellenistic Γλανόν, as well as Glano, Calum, Clano, Clanum, Glanu, Glano) was an oppidum, or fortified town in present day Provence, founded by a Celto-Ligurian people called the Salyens in the 6th century BCE. It became officially a Roman city in 27 BCE and was abandoned in 260 AD.", "Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois The Church of Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois is situated at 2 Place du Louvre, Paris 75001; the nearest Métro station is Louvre-Rivoli. Alexandre Boëly was organist at this church from 1840 to 1851.", "Tour Égée Tour Égée (also known as tour Ernst&Young) is an office skyscraper located in La Défense, the high-rise business district situated west of Paris, France.Tour Égée was built in 1999 by Michel Andrault and Nicolas Ayoub, architects from Conceptua. A twin of Tour Égée, Tour Adria, was built nearby three years later in 2002.", "Tour CBX Tour CBX or Tour Dexia is an office skyscraper located in Supercomplex 2 of the La Défense business district situated west of Paris, France.Built from 2002 to 2005, the tower is 142 metres tall. The tower is built nearby the La Défense circular boulevard on its northern side, and a pedestrian bridge connects it to the district's esplanade on the southern side.", "Longchamp Racecourse The Longchamp Racecourse (French: Hippodrome de Longchamp) is a 57 hectare horse-racing facility located on the Route des Tribunes in the Bois de Boulogne in Paris, France. Built on the banks of the Seine River, it is used for flat racing and is noted for its variety of interlaced tracks and a famous hill that provides a real challenge to competing thoroughbreds. It has several racetracks varying from 1,000 to 4,000 metres in length with 46 different starting posts.", "École Spéciale d'Architecture The École Spéciale d'Architecture is a private school for architecture at 254, boulevard Raspail in Paris, France.The school was founded in 1865 by engineer Emile Trélat as reaction against the educational monopoly of Beaux-Arts architecture.", "Grand Guignol Le Théâtre du Grand-Guignol (French pronunciation: [ɡʁɑ̃ ɡiɲɔl]: \"The Theatre of the Big Puppet\")—known as the Grand Guignol—was a theatre in the Pigalle area of Paris (at 20 bis, rue Chaptal). From its opening in 1897 until its closing in 1962, it specialised in naturalistic horror shows.", "Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe For other theatres with this name, see OdeonThe Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe (formerly the Théâtre de l'Odéon) is one of France's six national theatres. It is located at 2 rue Corneille in the 6th arrondissement of Paris on the left bank of the Seine, next to the Luxembourg Garden. It was originally built between 1779 and 1782, in the garden of the former Hôtel de Condé, to a Neoclassical design by Charles De Wailly and Marie-Joseph Peyre.", "American Cathedral in Paris Not to be confused with the American Church in Paris.The American Cathedral in Paris (French: Cathédrale Américaine de Paris), formally known as the Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity, is the gathering church for the Convocation of Episcopal Churches in Europe, and is part of the worldwide Anglican Communion. The church is located in central Paris between the Champs-Elysées and the River Seine at 23 avenue George V in the 8th arrondissement.", "Kurdish Institute of Paris Kurdish Institute of Paris (French: Institut kurde de Paris), founded in February 1983, is an organization focused on Kurdish language, culture and history. It is one of the main academic centers of Kurdish language in Europe.", "Maison de Verre The Maison de Verre (French for House of Glass) was built from 1928 to 1932 in Paris, France. Constructed in the early modern style of architecture, the house's design emphasized three primary traits: honesty of materials, variable transparency of forms, and juxtaposition of \"industrial\" materials and fixtures with a more traditional style of home décor. The primary materials used were steel, glass, and glass block.", "Rue de la Paix, Paris The rue de la Paix (French pronunciation: [ʁy də la pɛ]) is a fashionable shopping street in the center of Paris. Located in the 2nd arrondissement of Paris, running north from Place Vendôme and ending at the Opéra Garnier, it is best known for its jewellers, such as the shop opened by Cartier in 1898. Charles Frederick Worth was the first to open a couture house in the rue de la Paix.", "Tour Défense 2000 The Tour Défense 2000 is one of the tallest dwellings in France. The tower is situated in the La Défense section of Puteaux, a suburb of Paris.The tower was constructed between April 1971 and November 1974. Its success as a residence was not immediate: two years into its opening only a quarter of its apartments had been sold.", "Icaunis In Gallo-Roman religion, Dea Icaunis was the goddess of the river Yonne in Gaul. She is known from a single inscription, found at Auxerre in Burgundy.", "Grand Mosque of Paris The Grande Mosquée de Paris (commonly known as The Paris Mosque or The Great Mosque of Paris in English), is located in the 5th arrondissement and is one of the largest mosques in France.", "Cœur Défense Cœur Défense is an office skyscraper in La Défense, the high-rise business district west of Paris, France. With 350,000 m² (3.77 million sq. ft), it is the building with the most floor space in Europe along with the Palace of Parliament in Bucharest.Coeur Défense was built in 2001, replacing the former Esso Tower, the first building of the old generation to be destroyed in La Défense.", "Tour Franklin Tour Franklin is an office skyscraper located in La Défense business district situated west of Paris, France.Built in 1972, the tower of 120 meters of height belongs to the second generation of skyscrapers in La Défense. Its design consists actually in the merger of a smaller tower in a larger one.", "14th arrondissement of Paris The 14th arrondissement of Paris (also known as \"arrondissement de l'Observatoire\") is one of the 20 arrondissements (administrative districts) of the capital city of France.Situated on the left bank of the River Seine, it contains most of the Montparnasse district. It is today best known for its skyscraper, the Tour Montparnasse, and its major railway terminus, the Gare Montparnasse.", "Hôtel de Ville, Paris The Hôtel de Ville (French pronunciation: [otɛl də vil], City Hall) in Paris, France, is the building housing the city's local administration. Standing on the place de l'Hôtel-de-Ville (formerly place de Grève) in the 4th arrondissement, it has been the location of the municipality of Paris since 1357. It serves multiple functions, housing the local administration, the Mayor of Paris (since 1977), and also serves as a venue for large receptions.", "Roman Gaul Roman Gaul consisted of an area of provincial rule in the Roman Empire, in modern-day France, southern Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, western Switzerland and western Germany. Roman control of the area lasted for more than approximately 500 years. The Roman Republic began its takeover of Celtic Gaul in 121 BC, when it conquered and annexed the southern reaches of the area. Julius Caesar completed the task by defeating the Celtic tribes in the Gallic Wars of 58-51 BC.", "Siege of Paris (885–86) The Siege of Paris of 885–86 was part of a Viking raid on the Seine, in the Kingdom of the West Franks. The siege was the most important event of the reign of Charles the Fat, and a turning point in the fortunes of the Carolingian dynasty and the history of France. It also proved to the Franks the strategic importance of Paris, at the time only a small island town.", "Tour La Villette The Tour La Villette (previously known as the Tour Daewoo, Tour Périphérique and Tour Olympe) is an office skyscraper located in Aubervilliers, in the inner suburbs of Paris, France. Built in 1974 and with a height of 125 meters (410 ft), the tower has been renovated in the 1990s. It is built at Porte de la Villette nearby Paris périphérique, and hosted the European headquarters of the Korean automotive corporation Daewoo.", "Paris Basin (geology) The Paris Basin is one of the major geological regions of France having developed since the Triassic on a basement formed by the Variscan orogeny. The sedimentary basin is a large sag in the craton, bordered by the Armorican Massif to the west, the Ardennes-Brabant axis to the north, the Massif des Vosges to the east, and the Massif Central to the south.", "Pont du Gard The Pont du Gard is an ancient Roman aqueduct that crosses the River Gardon in the south of France. Located near the town of Vers-Pont-du-Gard, the bridge is part of the Nîmes aqueduct, a 50-kilometer system built in the first century AD to carry water from a spring at Uzès to the Roman colony of Nemausus (Nîmes) Because of the uneven terrain between the two points, the mostly underground aqueduct followed a long, winding route that called for a bridge across the gorge of the Gardon.", "Hôtel-Dieu de Paris The Hôtel-Dieu de Paris (French pronunciation: [ɔtɛl djø də paʁi]) is regarded as the oldest hospital in the city of Paris, France, and is the most central of the Assistance publique - hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) hospitals. The hospital is associated with the Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes. It still resides on the bank of the Île de la Cité, next to Notre-Dame, connected to the \"Rive Gauche\" by the pont au Double.", "Bois de Vincennes The Bois de Vincennes (French pronunciation: [bwɑ d‿vɛ̃sɛn]), located on the eastern edge of Paris, is the largest public park in the city. It was created between 1855 and 1866 by the Emperor Napoleon III.The park is next to the Château de Vincennes, a former residence of the Kings of France.", "Haussmann's renovation of Paris Haussmann's renovation of Paris was a vast public works program commissioned by Emperor Napoléon III and directed by his prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, between 1853 and 1870. It included the demolition of crowded and unhealthy medieval neighborhoods, the building of wide avenues, parks and squares, the annexation of the suburbs surrounding Paris, and the construction of new sewers, fountains and aqueducts.", "Tuileries Palace The Tuileries Palace (French: Palais des Tuileries, IPA: [palɛ de tɥilʁi]) was a royal and imperial palace in Paris which stood on the right bank of the River Seine. It was the usual Parisian residence of most French monarchs, from Henry IV to Napoleon III, until it was burned by the Paris Commune in 1871.Built in 1564, it was gradually extended until it closed off the western end of the Louvre courtyard and displayed an immense façade of 266 metres.", "Grand Trianon The Grand Trianon (French pronunciation: [ɡʁɑ̃ tʁijanɔ̃]) was built in the northwestern part of the Domain of Versailles at the request of Louis XIV, as a retreat for the King and his maîtresse en titre of the time, the marquise de Montespan, and as a place where the King and invited guests could take light meals (collations) away from the strict étiquette of the Court.", "Poitiers Cathedral Poiters Cathedral (Cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Poitiers) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Poitiers, France. It is the seat of the Archbishop of Poitiers.Its construction began in 1162 by Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine on the ruins of a Roman basilica, and work was well advanced by the end of the 12th century. It is the largest medieval monument in the city of Poitiers.It is built in the Romanesque and Early Gothic styles, the latter predominating.", "Tour Adria Tour Adria (also known as tour Technip) is an office skyscraper located in La Défense, the high-rise business district situated west of Paris, France. It has a triangular floorplan.Built in 2002 by Michel Andrault and Nicolas Ayoub, architects from Conceptua, it is a twin of the nearby Tour Égée, which was built three years before in 1999.", "Rayonnant In French Gothic architecture, Rayonnant (French pronunciation: [ʁɛjɔnɑ̃]) was the period between c. 1240 and 1350, characterized by a shift in focus away from the High Gothic mode of utilizing great scale and spatial rationalism (such as with buildings like Chartres Cathedral or the nave of Amiens Cathedral) towards a greater concern for two dimensional surfaces and the repetition of decorative motifs at different scales.", "Tour Pleyel Tour Pleyel is a skyscraper of mixed use, both residential and commercial, located in the commune of Saint-Denis in the suburbs of Paris, France.Built in 1972, the tower is 129 meters tall. At the top is a large turning advertising sign, in place since 1997 (the advertisement was firstly for Philips, then for Siemens from 2006 to 2013, and is currently for Kia Motors).", "Centre Georges Pompidou Centre Georges Pompidou (French pronunciation: [sɑ̃tʁ ʒɔʁʒ pɔ̃pidu]; commonly shortened to Centre Pompidou; also known as the Pompidou Centre in English) is a complex building in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement of Paris, near Les Halles, rue Montorgueil and the Marais.", "Les Halles Les Halles de Paris, usually simply Les Halles (French pronunciation: [le al], The Halls), was the name given to Paris's central fresh food market. Located in the heart of the city, it was demolished in 1971 and replaced with the Forum des Halles, a modern shopping mall built largely underground and directly connected to the massive RER and métro transit hub of Châtelet-Les-Halles.", "Saint-Eustache, Paris The Church of St Eustace, Paris (French: L’église Saint-Eustache) is a church in the 1st arrondissement of Paris. The present building was built between 1532 and 1632.Situated at the entrance to Paris's ancient markets (Les Halles) and the beginning of rue Montorgueil, St Eustace's is considered a masterpiece of late Gothic architecture. The church’s reputation was strong enough at the time for it to be chosen as the location for a young Louis XIV to receive communion.", "Théâtre antique d'Orange The Théâtre antique d'Orange \"\\Ancient Theatre of Orange\") is an ancient Roman theatre in Orange, France, built early in the 1st century AD.", "Palais de la Légion d'Honneur The Palais de la Légion d'Honneur (French for \"Palace of the Legion of Honour\") is a building on the left bank of the River Seine in Paris. It houses the Musée national de la Légion d'Honneur et des Ordres de Chevalerie (\"National Museum of the Legion of Honour and its Orders of Knighthood\") and is the seat of the Légion d'honneur, the highest order of chivalry of France. The building is also known as the Hôtel de Salm.", "Tour d'Argent La Tour d'Argent (The Silver Tower) is a historic restaurant in Paris, France. It is located at 15 quai de la Tournelle. It has a rating of one star from the Guide Michelin.", "Place Charles de Gaulle The Place Charles de Gaulle, pronounced: [plas ʃaʁl də ɡol], historically known as the Place de l'Étoile (pronounced: [plas də letwal]), is a large road junction in Paris, France, the meeting point of twelve straight avenues (hence its historic name, which translates as \"Square of the Star\") including the Champs-Élysées. It was renamed in 1970 following the death of General and President Charles de Gaulle.", "Lugdunum Colonia Copia Claudia Augusta Lugdunum (modern: Lyon, France) was a very important Roman city in Gaul. The city was founded in 43 BC by Lucius Munatius Plancus. It served as the capital of the Roman province of Gallia Lugdunensis. For 300 years after its foundation, Lugdunum was the most important city in the western part of the Roman Empire after Rome. Two emperors, Claudius (Germanicus) and Caracalla, were born in Lugdunum.", "Louvre Pyramid The Louvre Pyramid (Pyramide du Louvre) is a large glass and metal pyramid designed by Chinese architect I.M. Pei, surrounded by three smaller pyramids, in the main courtyard (Cour Napoléon) of the Louvre Palace (Palais du Louvre) in Paris. The large pyramid serves as the main entrance to the Louvre Museum. Completed in 1989, it has become a landmark of the city of Paris.", "Hôtel Lutetia The Hôtel Lutetia, located at 45 Boulevard Raspail, in the Saint-Germain-des-Prés area of the 6th arrondissement of Paris, is one of the best-known hotels on the Left Bank. It is noted for its architecture and its historical role during the German occupation of France in World War II.", "Palais Garnier The Palais Garnier (pronounced: [palɛ ɡaʁnje] French About this sound ) is a 1,979-seat opera house, which was built from 1861 to 1875 for the Paris Opera. It was originally called the Salle des Capucines, because of its location on the Boulevard des Capucines in the 9th arrondissement of Paris, but soon became known as the Palais Garnier, in recognition of its opulence and its architect, Charles Garnier.", "La Géode La Géode is a mirror-finished geodesic dome that holds an Omnimax theatre in Parc de la Villette at the Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie (City of Science and Industry) in the 19th arrondissement of Paris, France. The nearest Paris Métro stations to La Géode are Corentin Cariou on Line 7 and Porte de Pantin on Line 5.", "Tour Areva Tour Areva (previously known as Tour Framatome and Tour Fiat) is an office skyscraper located in La Défense, a high-rise business district, and in the commune of Courbevoie, France, west of Paris.Built in 1974, the tower is 184 m (604 feet) tall. Tour Areva is entirely black; its cladding is made of dark granite and darkened windows. Its shape is that of a perfect square prism.", "Jacques-Germain Soufflot Jacques-Germain Soufflot (July 22, 1713 – August 29, 1780) was a French architect in the international circle that introduced neoclassicism. His most famous work is the Panthéon in Paris, built from 1755 onwards, originally as a church dedicated to Saint Genevieve.", "Sainte Marie de La Tourette Sainte Marie de La Tourette is a Dominican Order priory on a hillside near Lyon, France designed by architects Le Corbusier and Iannis Xenakis and constructed between 1956 and 1960. Le Corbusier's design of the building began in May, 1953 with sketches drawn at L'Arbresle, France outlining the basic shape of the building and terrain of the site. La Tourette is considered one of the most important buildings of the late Modernist style.", "Mausoleum of Galla Placidia The Mausoleum of Galla Placidia is a Roman building in Ravenna, Italy. It was listed with seven other structures in Ravenna in the World Heritage List in 1996. The UNESCO experts describe it as \"the earliest and best preserved of all mosaic monuments, and at the same time one of the most artistically perfect\".", "Tours Aillaud The Tours Aillaud (also known as Tours Nuages) is a group of residential buildings located in Nanterre, in the inner suburbs of Paris, France.Built in 1977 at the outskirts of La Défense business district, the Tours Aillaud are named after their main architect, Emile Aillaud. The housing project represents 18 towers including 1,607 apartments all together. The tallest of those are the Tours 1 and 2 with 39 floors and a height of 105 meters.", "Tours Cathedral Saint Gatien's Cathedral is the Roman Catholic cathedral church of the Tours diocese and the metropolitan cathedral of the Tours ecclesiastic province, in Indre-et-Loire, France.Saint-Gatien's Cathedral was built between 1170 and 1547. At the time construction began, it was located at the south end of the bridge over the Loire, on the road from Paris to the south-west of France. It has been a classified Monument historique since 1862.", "Orgues de Flandre The Orgues de Flandre, which can be translated as Organs of Flanders, are a group of residential buildings located in the 19th arrondissement of Paris, France.Built from 1974 to 1980 by the architect Martin van Trek, the buildings are located at 67-107 avenue de Flandre and 14-24 rue Archereau. The buildings are a housing project of 6 ha, made of many buildings of 15 floors and four dominating towers: Tour Prélude (or Tour 1): 123 meters, 38 floors.", "Laon Cathedral Laon Cathedral (Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Laon) is one of the most important examples of the Gothic architecture of the 12th and 13th centuries, earlier than the cathedrals of Sens and Notre Dame of Paris and ranking with them in importance. It is located in Laon, Picardy, France, and is the seat of the Bishop of Laon. It has been listed among the Monuments Historiques since 1840.", "Le Marais Le Marais \"\\The Marsh\", French pronunciation: [maʁɛ]) is a historic district in Paris, France. Long the aristocratic district of Paris, it hosts many outstanding buildings of historic and architectural importance. It spreads across parts of the 3rd and 4th arrondissements in Paris (on the Rive Droite, or Right Bank, of the Seine).", "Arena of Nîmes The Arena of Nîmes is a Roman amphitheatre, situated in the French city of Nîmes. Built around AD 70, it was remodelled in 1863 to serve as a bullring. The Arenas of Nîmes is the site of two annual bullfights during the Feria de Nîmes, and it is also used for other public events.The building encloses an elliptical central space 133 m long by 101 m wide. It is ringed by 34 rows of seats supported by a vaulted construction.", "Basilica of St Denis The Basilica of Saint Denis (French: known as Basilique royale de Saint-Denis, or simply Basilique Saint-Denis) is a large medieval abbey church in the city of Saint-Denis, now a northern suburb of Paris. The building is of unique importance historically and architecturally as its choir, completed in 1144, is considered to be the first Gothic church.The site originated as a Gallo-Roman cemetery in late Roman times.", "Tour Granite Tour Granite is an office skyscraper in La Défense, the high-rise business district situated west of Paris, France.Tour Granite was opened in December 2008. The building is designed by French architect Christian de Portzamparc. It is the fifth tallest building in la Défense, after Tour First, Tour Total, Tour Areva and Tour T1.Tour Granite was ordered by the Société Générale banking group.", "Hôtel de Sens The Hôtel de Sens (French pronunciation: [otɛl də sɑ̃s]) is a city palace in the Marais, in the 4th arrondissement of Paris, France.It was originally owned by the archbishops of Sens. The building is in between late Gothic and early Renaissance style, and now houses the Forney art library. This mansion is one of three medieval private residences remaining in Paris. It was built between 1475 and 1507.", "Musée national du Moyen Âge The Musée national du Moyen Âge, formerly Musée de Cluny (French pronunciation: [myze də klyni]), officially known as the Musée national du Moyen Âge – Thermes et hôtel de Cluny \"\\National Museum of the Middle Ages – Cluny thermal baths and mansion\"), is a museum in Paris, France.", "Notre Dame du Haut The chapel of Notre Dame du Haut in Ronchamp (French: Chapelle Notre-Dame-du-Haut de Ronchamp), completed in 1954, is one of the finest examples of the architecture of Franco-Swiss architect Le Corbusier and one of the most important examples of twentieth-century religious architecture. The chapel is a working religious building and is under the guardianship of the private foundation Association de l’Oeuvre de Notre-Dame du Haut. It attracts 80,000 visitors each year.", "Edict of Paris The Edict of Paris of Chlothar II, the Merovingian king of the Franks, promulgated 18 October 614 (or perhaps 615), is one of the most important royal instruments of the Merovingian period in Frankish history and a hallmark in the history of the development of the Frankish monarchy. It is the last of the Merovingian capitularia, a series of legal ordinances governing church and realm.", "Tour Ariane Tour Ariane (previously known as tour Générale between 1973–1995) is an office skyscraper located in La Défense, the high-rise business district situated west of Paris, France.Built in 1975, it belongs to the 2nd generation of skyscrapers in La Défense. The tower is 152 m (499 ft) tall and has 36 floors. In spite of a very conventional design, the tower offers an interesting and original cladding. The entrance of the tower was modified in the 1990s.", "Roue de Paris The Roue de Paris is a 60-metre (200 ft) tall transportable Ferris wheel, originally installed on the Place de la Concorde in Paris, France, for the 2000 millennium celebrations.", "Notre Dame de Paris Notre-Dame de Paris (IPA: [nɔtʁə dam də paʁi](French About this sound ) ; French for \"Our Lady of Paris\"), also known as Notre-Dame Cathedral or simply Notre-Dame, is a historic Catholic cathedral on the eastern half of the Île de la Cité in the fourth arrondissement of Paris, France. The cathedral is widely considered to be one of the finest examples of French Gothic architecture, and it is among the largest and most well-known church buildings in the world.", "Church of Saint-Sulpice, Paris Saint-Sulpice (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃sylpis]) is a Roman Catholic church in Paris, France, on the east side of the Place Saint-Sulpice within the rue Bonaparte, in the Luxembourg Quarter of the 6th arrondissement. At 113 metres long, 58 metres in width and 34 metres tall, it is only slightly smaller than Notre-Dame and thus the second largest church in the city. It is dedicated to Sulpitius the Pious.", "Saint-Séverin, Paris The Church of Saint-Séverin (French: Église Saint-Séverin) is a Roman Catholic church in the Latin Quarter of Paris, located on the lively tourist street Rue Saint-Séverin. It is one of the oldest churches that remains standing on the Left Bank, and it continues in use as a place of worship.", "Latin Quarter, Paris The Latin Quarter of Paris (French: Quartier latin, IPA: [kaʁtje latɛ̃]) is an area in the 5th and the 6th arrondissements of Paris.", "Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés The Benedictine Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ ʒɛʁmɛ̃ de pʁe]), just beyond the outskirts of early medieval Paris, was the burial place of Merovingian kings of Neustria. At that time, the Left Bank of Paris was prone to flooding from the Seine, so much of the land could not be built upon and the Abbey stood in the middle of fields, or prés in French, thereby explaining its appellation.", "Temple (Paris) The Temple was a medieval fortress in Paris, located in what is now the 3rd arrondissement. Their first temple, Vieux Temple or Old Temple, was built in Le Marais by the Knights Templar, who organized in the 12th century to fight in the Crusades, with combatant and non-combatant members. In the 13th century a larger building was constructed in the modern 3rd arrondissement.", "Gallia Lugdunensis Gallia Lugdunensis (French: Gaule Lyonnaise) was a province of the Roman Empire in what is now the modern country of France, part of the Celtic territory of Gaul formerly known as Celtica. It is named after its capital Lugdunum (today's Lyon), possibly Roman Europe's major city west of Italy, and a major imperial mint.", "Tour France Tour France is a residential skyscraper located in La Défense business district and in Puteaux, France, west of Paris.Built in 1973, the tower is with a height of 126 meters one of the tallest residential towers in France. The tower is located on the banks of the Seine and offers a wonderful panorama on the historical center of Paris.", "Dying Gaul The Dying Gaul—also called The Dying Galatian (in Italian: Galata Morente) or The Dying Gladiator—is an ancient Roman marble copy of a lost Hellenistic sculpture thought to have been executed in bronze. The original may have been commissioned some time between 230 and 220 BC by Attalus I of Pergamon to celebrate his victory over the Galatians, the Celtic or Gaulish people of parts of Anatolia (modern Turkey).", "Amphithéâtre Anglais The Amphithéâtre Anglais in Paris, also known as the Amphithéâtre d'Astley, was opened in 1782 by Philip Astley as the first purpose-built circus in France.Located on a large site in the Rue du faubourg du Temple, it was originally a round theatre constructed in wood, with two seating levels and lit by 2,000 candles. The theatre was open four months out of the year and featured equestrian performances interspersed with juggling and other acts.", "Palace of Tau The Palace of Tau (French: Palais du Tau) in Reims, France, was the palace of the Archbishop of Reims. It is associated with the kings of France, whose coronation was held in the nearby cathedral of Notre-Dame de Reims.A large Gallo-Roman villa still occupied the site of the palace in the 6th and 7th centuries, and later became a Carolingian palace.", "Grande Arche La Grande Arche de la Défense (pronounced: [la ɡʁɑ̃d aʁʃ də la defɑ̃s]; also La Grande Arche de la Fraternité) is a monument and building in the business district of La Défense and in the commune of Puteaux, to the west of Paris, France. It is usually known as the Arche de la Défense or simply as La Grande Arche.", "St-Gervais-et-St-Protais St-Gervais-et-St-Protais Church of Paris is located in the 4th arrondissement of Paris, on Place Saint-Gervais in the Marais district, east of City Hall (Hôtel de Ville). The current church was built between 1494 and 1657, on the site of two earlier churches; the facade, completed last, was the first example of the French baroque style in Paris.", "Les Mercuriales Les Mercuriales are twin towers in Bagnolet, along the Boulevard Peripherique, in Paris, France. They were built in 1975, and are named Levant (Eastern) and Ponant (Western).", "Cherré (archaeological site) Cherré is the site of the archeological excavation of a Gallo-Roman complex of 20 hectares from the 1st to the 3rd centuries. It is situated in the town Aubigné-Racan, in the Sarthe département of western France, in the région Pays-de-la-Loire.The site was likely a rural center of commercial and religious activity before the Roman conquest. Excavations in 1977 by C. Lambert and J. Rioufreyt discovered an ancient theatre, two temples, Roman thermae, a forum and an aqueduct.", "Tour Les Poissons Tour Les Poissons is a 42-storey, 129.5 m (425 ft) skyscraper completed in 1970 in Courbevoie, near La Défense business district, west of Paris, France. In 2006, the spire, a 22 m (72 ft) cylindrical concrete barometer that glowed, green or blue indicating atmospheric pressure, was removed from the roof.The design of Tour Les Poissons includes a white tower joined with a smaller black tower.", "Arc de Triomphe The Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile (French pronunciation: [aʁk də tʁijɔ̃f də letwal], Triumphal Arch of the Star) is one of the most famous monuments in Paris. It stands in the centre of the Place Charles de Gaulle (originally named Place de l'Étoile), at the western end of the Champs-Élysées. It should not be confused with a smaller arch, the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel, which stands west of the Louvre.", "Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel The Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel (pronounced: [aʁk də tʁijɔ̃f dy kaʁusɛl]) is a triumphal arch in Paris, located in the Place du Carrousel. It was built between 1806 and 1808 to commemorate Napoleon's military victories of the previous year. The more famous Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile, across from the Champs Élysées, was designed in the same year; it is about twice the size and was not completed until 1836. It is also an example of Corinthian style architecture.", "Tour CB21 Tour CB21, formerly Tour Gan, is an office skyscraper located in La Défense, the high-rise business district situated west of Paris, France. It was designed by celebrated American architect Max Abramovitz.Built from 1972 to 1974, the tower is 179 m (587 ft) tall at roof height. However, it reaches 187 m (614 ft) once including the antenna located on the roof. It is the fourth-tallest skyscraper in La Défense after Tour First, Tour Total and Tour Areva.", "Panthéon The Panthéon (Latin: Pantheon, from Greek Πάνθεον meaning \"Every god\") is a building in the Latin Quarter in Paris. It was originally built as a church dedicated to St. Genevieve and to house the reliquary châsse containing her relics but, after many changes, now functions as a secular mausoleum containing the remains of distinguished French citizens." ]	7
List of films from the surrealist category	[ "Surrealist cinema\nSurrealist cinema is a modernist approach to film theory, criticism, and production with origins in Paris in the 1920s. Related to Dada cinema, Surrealist cinema is characterised by juxtapositions, the rejection of dramatic psychology, and a frequent use of shocking imagery. The first Surrealist film was The Seashell and the Clergyman from 1928, directed by Germaine Dulac from a screenplay by Antonin Artaud.", "Pitfall (1962 film)\nPitfall (おとし穴, Otoshiana), a.k.a. The Pitfall and Kashi To Kodomo, is a 1962 Japanese film directed by Hiroshi Teshigahara, written by Kōbō Abe, with music by Toru Takemitsu. It was Teshigahara's first feature, and the first of his four film collaborations with Abe and Takemitsu, the others being Woman in the Dunes, The Face of Another and The Ruined Map. Unlike the others, which are based on novels by Abe, Pitfall was originally a television play called Purgatory (Rengoku).", "Midnight movie\nIn the United States, a midnight movie is a B movie or cult film shown at midnight, either at a cinema or on television.The practice started in the 1950s with local television stations around the United States airing low-budget genre films as late-night programming, often with a host delivering sardonic asides. As a cinematic phenomenon, the midnight screening of offbeat movies began in the early 1970s in a few urban centers, particularly New York City, eventually spreading across the country.", "Antonin Artaud\nFor the Pescado Rabioso 1973 album, see Artaud (album)Antoine Marie Joseph Artaud, better known as Antonin Artaud (French: [aʁto]; 4 September 1896 – 4 March 1948), was a French dramatist, poet, essayist, actor, and theatre director, widely recognized as one of the major figures of twentieth-century theatre and the European avant-garde.", "Kingdom of Crooked Mirrors\nKingdom of Crooked Mirrors (Russian: Королевство Кривых Зеркал, translit. Korolevstvo krivykh zerkal) is a 1964 Soviet fairy tale film directed by Aleksandr Rou based on the novel, Kingdom of Crooked Mirrors by Vitali Gubarev.At the end of 2007 the Russia TV filmed a musical remake - with the same name, featuring stars of Russian scene Nikolay Baskov, Alla Pugacheva, and Tolmachevy Sisters.", "Joseph Cornell\nJoseph Cornell (December 24, 1903 – December 29, 1972) was an American artist and sculptor, one of the pioneers and most celebrated exponents of assemblage. Influenced by the Surrealists, he was also an avant-garde experimental filmmaker.", "The Phantom of Liberty\nThe Phantom of Liberty (French: Le Fantôme de la liberté) is a 1974 film by Luis Buñuel, produced by Serge Silberman and starring Adriana Asti, Julien Bertheau and Jean-Claude Brialy.", "The Hourglass Sanatorium\nThe Hourglass Sanatorium (Polish: Sanatorium pod klepsydrą) is a 1973 Polish film directed by Wojciech Jerzy Has, starring Jan Nowicki, Tadeusz Kondrat, Mieczysław Voit, Halina Kowalska and Gustaw Holoubek. It is also known as The Sandglass in English speaking countries. The story follows a man who visits his father in a mystical sanatorium where time does not behave normally. The film is an adaptation of Bruno Schulz's story collection Sanatorium Under the Sign of the Hourglass.", "Conspirators of Pleasure\nConspirators of Pleasure (Czech: Spiklenci slasti) is a 1996 film by Jan Švankmajer. His third feature film after Alice and Faust, it would go on to be nominated for the Golden Leopard at the Locarno International Film Festival.", "Rose Hobart (film)\nRose Hobart (1936) is a 19-minute experimental collage film created by the artist Joseph Cornell, who cut and re-edited the Universal film East of Borneo (1931) into one of America's most famous surrealist short films. Cornell was fascinated by the star of East of Borneo, an actress named Rose Hobart, and named his short film after her. The piece consists of snippets from East of Borneo combined with shots from a documentary film of an eclipse.", "If....\nif.... is a 1968 British drama film produced and directed by Lindsay Anderson satirising English public school life. Famous for its depiction of a savage insurrection at a fictitious boys boarding school, the X certificate film was made at the time of the May 1968 protests in France by a director strongly associated with the 1960s counterculture.The film stars Malcolm McDowell in his first screen role and his first appearance as Anderson's \"everyman\" character Mick Travis.", "Alice (1988 film)\nAlice is a 1988 fantasy film written and directed by Jan Švankmajer. Its original Czech title is Něco z Alenky, which means \"Something from Alice\". It is a loose adaptation of Lewis Carroll's first Alice book, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865), about a girl who follows a white rabbit into a bizarre fantasy land. Alice is played by Kristýna Kohoutová.", "Songs from the Second Floor\nSongs from the Second Floor (Swedish: Sånger från andra våningen) is a 2000 surrealistic Swedish film written and directed by Roy Andersson. It presents a series of disconnected vignettes that together interrogate aspects of modern life. The film uses many quotations from the work of the Peruvian poet César Vallejo as a recurring motif. It is the first film of a trilogy, You, the Living being the second and A Pigeon Sat on a Branch Reflecting on Existence being the third.", "Marcel Mariën\nMarcel Mariën (April 29, 1920, Antwerp – September 19, 1993, Brussels) was a Belgian surrealist (later Situationist), poet, essayist, photographer, collagist, filmmaker, and maker of objects.Mariën is one of the most intriguing and elusive figures in the Belgian wing of the Surrealist movement. He was not only an artist, but also a publisher, a bookseller, a sailor, a journalist in China and an elaborate Surrealist prankster.", "Valerie and Her Week of Wonders\nThis is an article on the 1945 novel, for the 1970 film see Valerie and Her Week of Wonders (film).Valerie and Her Week of Wonders (or Valerie a týden divů) is a novel by surrealist Czech writer Vítězslav Nezval, first published in 1945. It was made into a 1970 Czech film directed by Jaromil Jireš.With this novel, Nezval explored the gothic themes and settings of such novels as Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and M. G. Lewis' The Monk, as well as F. W.", "Rabbits (film)\nRabbits is a 2002 series of short avant-garde, horror-comedy video films written and directed by David Lynch, although Lynch himself refers to it as a nine-episode sitcom. It depicts three humanoid rabbits played by Scott Coffey, Laura Elena Harring and Naomi Watts in a room. Their disjointed conversations are interrupted by a laugh track. Rabbits is presented with the tagline \"In a nameless city deluged by a continuous rain...", "Fando y Lis\nFando y Lis is a film adaptation of a Fernando Arrabal play by the same name, and it is Alejandro Jodorowsky's first feature-length film. Arrabal was working with Jodorowsky on performance art at the time. The film was done in black and white on the weekends with a small budget and was first shown at the Acapulco Film Festival in 1968.", "Giraffes on Horseback Salad\nGiraffes on Horseback Salad, also called The Surrealist Woman, was a screenplay written in 1937 by Salvador Dalí for the Marx Brothers. It was to be a love story between a Spanish aristocrat named \"Jimmy\" (to be played by Harpo Marx, with whom Dalí was friends) and a \"beautiful surrealist woman, whose face is never seen by the audience\".", "Antonio Mercero\nAntonio Mercero (born 7 March 1936) is a Spanish director of the series Verano azul and later Farmacia de guardia. He is best known as the director of a 1972 surrealist short horror film titled La cabina, that won an Emmy Award. His 1998 film A Time for Defiance was entered into the 21st Moscow International Film Festival where it won the Special Silver St. George. In 2010 he was awarded a Honorary Goya Award (Goya de Honor).", "The Adventures of God\nThe Adventures of God (Spanish: Las Aventuras de Dios) is a 2000 Argentine fantasy drama film directed and written by Eliseo Subiela. The film premiered on 1 September 2000 in Canada. Starring Daniel Freire.", "La Antena\nLa Antena (English: The Aerial) is a 2007 Argentine drama film, written and directed by acclaimed film director Esteban Sapir. The film features Alejandro Urdapilleta, Rafael Ferro, Florencia Raggi, and others.", "Head (film)\nHead is a 1968 American adventure comedy film musical written by Jack Nicholson and Bob Rafelson, directed by Rafelson, starring television rock group The Monkees (Davy Jones, Micky Dolenz, Peter Tork and Michael Nesmith), and distributed by Columbia Pictures.During production, the working title for the film was Changes, which was later the name of an unrelated album by the Monkees.", "The Loser Takes It All\nThe Loser Takes It All (Greek: Ο χαμένος τα παίρνει όλα, tr. O chamenos ta pairnei ola) is a 2002 Greek dramatic experimental independent surrealist underground art film, the seventh feature film directed by Nikos Nikolaidis. The film, produced by the Greek Film Center and Greek Television ET-1, is the last part of the \"Years of Cholera\" trilogy beginning with The Wretches Are Still Singing (1979) and Sweet Gang (1983) which deals with the last decades of the twentieth century.", "The Holy Mountain (1973 film)\nLa montaña sagrada (The Holy Mountain, reissued as The Sacred Mountain) is a 1973 Mexican-American surreal fantasy film directed by Alejandro Jodorowsky, who also participated as an actor, composer, set designer and costume designer on the film. The film was produced by Beatles manager Allen Klein of ABKCO Music and Records, after Jodorowsky scored an underground phenomenon with El Topo and the acclaim of both John Lennon and George Harrison (Lennon and Yoko Ono put up production money).", "Destino\nDestino is an animated short film released in 2003 by The Walt Disney Company. Destino is unique in that its production originally began in 1945, 58 years before its eventual completion. The project was originally a collaboration between Walt Disney and Spanish Surrealist painter Salvador Dalí, and features music written by Mexican songwriter Armando Dominguez and performed by Dora Luz. It was included in the Animation Show of Shows in 2003.", "Valerie and Her Week of Wonders (film)\nValerie and Her Week of Wonders (Czech: Valerie a týden divů) is a 1970 Czechoslovakian surrealist film directed by Jaromil Jireš and based on the 1932 novel of the same name by Vítězslav Nezval.The 1970 film adaptation of Valerie a týden divů was shot in 1969 starring the then 13-year-old Jaroslava Schallerová as Valerie, with a supporting cast of Helena Anýžová, Karel Engel, Jan Klusák, Petr Kopriva, among others. It was filmed in the Czech town of Slavonice and surrounding areas.", "Faust (1994 film)\nFaust is a 1994 film directed by Jan Švankmajer. It merges live-action footage with stop-motion footage and includes imaginative puppetry and claymation. The Faust character is played by Petr Čepek. The film was produced by Jaromír Kallista. Although the film does not serve to accurately portray the Faustus legend, it utilizes the legend in a rather imaginative way, borrowing and blending elements from the story as told by Goethe and Christopher Marlowe with traditional folk renditions.", "Les têtes interverties\nLes têtes interverties (also known as La Cravate, The Transposed Heads and The Severed Heads) is a 1957 French short film written and directed by Alejandro Jodorowsky. Shot between 1953 and 1957, the film is a mime adaptation of Thomas Mann's 1940 novella The Transposed Heads (Die vertauschten Köpfe). The film stars surreal humorist Raymond Devos as well as Jodorowsky himself.", "Surrealism\nSurrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for its visual artworks and writings.", "Dimensions of Dialogue\nDimensions of Dialogue (Czech: Možnosti dialogu) is a 1982 Czechoslovak animated short film directed by Jan Švankmajer. It is 14 minutes long and created with stop motion.", "Achilles and the Tortoise (film)\nAchilles and the Tortoise (アキレスと亀, Akiresu to Kame) is a 2008 Japanese film written, directed and edited by Takeshi Kitano. The film is the third and final part of Kitano's surrealist autobiographical trilogy, starting with Takeshis' and continuing with Glory to the Filmmaker!.The title Achilles and the Tortoise refers to the motion paradox by Greek philosopher Zeno of Elea, Achilles and the Tortoise.", "Last House on Dead End Street\nLast House on Dead End Street (also known as The Fun House and The Cuckoo Clocks of Hell) is an American surrealist exploitation horror film written, produced, and directed by Roger Watkins, under the pseudonym Victor Janos.", "Dreams That Money Can Buy\nDreams That Money Can Buy is a 1947 experimental feature color film written, produced, and directed by surrealist artist and dada film-theorist Hans Richter.The film was produced by Kenneth Macpherson and Peggy Guggenheim.Collaborators included Max Ernst, Marcel Duchamp, Man Ray, Alexander Calder, Darius Milhaud and Fernand Léger. The film won the Award for the Best Original Contribution to the Progress of Cinematography at the 1947 Venice Film Festival.", "Possession (1981 film)\nPossession is a 1981 French-German horror film directed by Andrzej Żuławski and starring Isabelle Adjani and Sam Neill. The plot obliquely follows the relationship between an international spy and his wife, who begins exhibiting increasingly disturbing behavior after asking him for a divorce. Filmed in Berlin in 1980, the film debuted at the Cannes Film Festival, where Isabelle Adjani won the award for Best Actress for her performance. The film later developed a cult following.", "Lost Highway (film)\nLost Highway is a 1997 French-American mystery film written and directed by David Lynch. Blending elements of psychological horror and neo-noir, the plot features Bill Pullman as a man convicted of the murder of his wife (Patricia Arquette), after which he inexplicably morphs into a young mechanic and begins leading a new life. The film features the last film appearances of Richard Pryor, Jack Nance, and Robert Blake, and is also notable for featuring the acting debut of Marilyn Manson.", "The Zero Years\nThe Zero Years is a 2005 Greek dramatic experimental independent surrealist underground art film directed by Nikos Nikolaidis, his final film.", "Orpheus (film)\nOrpheus (French: Orphée; also the title used in the UK) is a 1950 French film directed by Jean Cocteau and starring Jean Marais. This film is the central part of Cocteau's Orphic Trilogy, which consists of The Blood of a Poet (1930), Orpheus (1950) and Testament of Orpheus (1960). The trilogy has been released as a DVD boxed set by The Criterion Collection.", "Singapore Sling (1990 film)\nSingapore Sling: The Man Who Loved a Corpse (Greek: Singapore Sling: Ο Άνθρωπος που Αγάπησε ένα Πτώμα, tr. Singapore Sling: O Anthropos pou Agapise ena Ptoma) is a 1990 Greek black-and-white dramatic experimental independent surrealist underground art film directed by Nikos Nikolaidis and regarded as his magnum opus.", "Morning Patrol\nMorning Patrol (Greek: Πρωινή Περίπολος, tr. Proini Peripolos) is a 1987 Greek dramatic experimental independent surrealist underground art film directed by Nikos Nikolaidis. It introduced a new iconography to Nikolaidis' work and contains several elements somewhat resembling the thriller genre and post-apocalyptic science fiction. The film has an elaborate yet simple script of strongly contrasting moods.", "Last Year at Marienbad\nL'Année dernière à Marienbad (released in the US as Last Year at Marienbad and in the UK as Last Year in Marienbad) is a 1961 French film directed by Alain Resnais from a screenplay by Alain Robbe-Grillet.The film is famous for its enigmatic narrative structure, in which truth and fiction are difficult to distinguish, and the temporal and spatial relationship of the events is open to question.", "Testament of Orpheus\nTestament of Orpheus (French: Le testament d'Orphée) is a 1960 film directed by and starring Jean Cocteau. It is considered the final part of the Orphic Trilogy, following The Blood of a Poet (1930) and Orphée (1950). In the cast are Charles Aznavour, Lucia Bosé, María Casares, Nicole Courcel, Luis Miguel Dominguín, Daniel Gélin, Jean-Pierre Léaud, Serge Lifar, Jean Marais, François Périer and Françoise Sagan.It also includes cameo appearances by Pablo Picasso and Yul Brynner.", "Glass Lips\nGlass Lips is a feature film with almost no words, directed by Lech Majewski.The film began life as an installation of interrelated short films, entitled Blood of a Poet (alluding to Jean Cocteau’s surreal film The Blood of a Poet). The installation had its world premiere at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City on May 3, 2006, curated by Laurence Kardish.", "Angel's Egg\nAngel's Egg (天使のたまご, Tenshi no Tamago) is a Japanese original video animation produced by Tokuma Shoten in 1985. It was a collaboration between popular artist Yoshitaka Amano and director Mamoru Oshii. It features very little spoken dialogue, and its sparse plot and visual style have led to it being described as an \"animated painting\".Parts of the film were used in the 1988 SF movie In the Aftermath.", "From the Drain\nFrom the Drain is a 1967 short film directed by David Cronenberg while he was in film school.", "The Wretches Are Still Singing\nThe Wretches Are Still Singing (Greek: Τα Κουρέλια Τραγουδάνε Ακόμα..., tr. Ta Kourelia Tragoudane Akoma...) is a 1979 Greek dramatic experimental independent surrealist underground art film directed by Nikos Nikolaidis. It is the first part of the \"Years of Cholera\" trilogy continuing with Sweet Gang (1983) and ending with The Loser Takes It All (2002).", "Meshes of the Afternoon\nMeshes of the Afternoon (1943) is a short experimental film directed by wife-and-husband team, Maya Deren and Alexander Hammid. The film's narrative is circular and repeats several motifs, including a flower on a long driveway, a key falling, a door unlocked, a knife in a loaf of bread, a mysterious Grim Reaper–like cloaked figure with a mirror for a face, a phone off the hook and an ocean.", "Blue Velvet (film)\nBlue Velvet is a 1986 American neo-noir mystery film, written and directed by David Lynch. Blending psychological horror with film noir, the film stars Kyle MacLachlan, Isabella Rossellini, Dennis Hopper and Laura Dern. The title is taken from Bobby Vinton's 1963 song of the same name. Although initially receiving a divided critical response, the film is now widely acclaimed as one of the greatest films of the 1980s, and earned Lynch his second Academy Award nomination for Best Director.", "Un Chien Andalou\nUn Chien Andalou (French pronunciation: [œ̃ ʃjɛ̃ ɑ̃dalu], An Andalusian Dog) is a 1929 silent surrealist short film by the Spanish director Luis Buñuel and artist Salvador Dalí. It was Buñuel's first film and was initially released in 1929 with a limited showing at Studio des Ursulines in Paris, but became popular and ran for eight months.The film has no plot in the conventional sense of the word.", "L'Étoile de mer\nL'Étoile de mer (English: The Sea Star) is a 1928 film directed by Man Ray. The film is based on a script by Robert Desnos and depicts a couple (Alice Prin and André de la Rivière) acting through scenes that are shot out of focus.", "Evrydiki BA 2O37\nEvrydiki BA 2O37 (Greek: Ευριδίκη ΒΑ 2Ο37) is a 1975 Greek-West German co-production black-and-white dramatic experimental independent surrealist underground art film directed by Nikos Nikolaidis, his debut feature film.", "Entr'acte (film)\nEntr'acte is a 1924 French short film directed by René Clair, which premiered as an entr'acte for the Ballets Suédois production Relâche at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris. Relâche is based on a book and with settings by Francis Picabia, produced by Rolf de Maré, and with choreography by Jean Börlin. The music for both the ballet and the film was composed by Erik Satie.", "Takeshis'\nTakeshis' is a 2005 Japanese film directed, written, edited by, and starring Takeshi Kitano. It is the first film in Kitano's surrealist autobiographical trilogy, being followed by Glory to the Filmmaker!, and Achilles and the Tortoise.", "Sweet Gang\nSweet Gang (Greek: Γλυκιά Συμμορία, tr. Glykia Symmoria) is a 1983 Greek dramatic experimental independent surrealist underground art film directed by Nikos Nikolaidis. The film, produced by Vergeti Brothers and the Greek Film Center, is the second part of the \"Years of Cholera\" trilogy beginning with The Wretches Are Still Singing (1979) and ending with The Loser Takes It All (2002) which deals with the last decades of the twentieth century.", "Pi (film)\nPi, also titled π, is a 1998 American surrealist psychological thriller film written and directed by Darren Aronofsky in his directorial debut. The film earned Aronofsky the Directing Award at the 1998 Sundance Film Festival, the Independent Spirit Award for Best First Screenplay and the Gotham Open Palm Award. The title refers to the mathematical constant pi.", "List of Bulgarian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film\nBulgaria has submitted films for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film since 1970. The award is handed out annually by the United States-based Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to a feature length motion picture produced outside the U.S. that contains primarily non-English language dialogue.", "Themroc\nThemroc is a 1973 French film by director Claude Faraldo. It was produced by François de Lannurien and Helène Vager and its original music was composed by Harald Maury. Made on a low budget with no intelligible dialog, Themroc tells the story of a French blue collar worker who rebels against modern society, reverting into an urban caveman. The film's scenes of incest and cannibalism earned it adults-only ratings.", "Psychological thriller\nPsychological thriller is a thriller story which emphasizes the psychology of its characters and their unstable emotional states. In terms of classification, the category is a subgenre of the broader ranging thriller category, with similarities to Gothic and detective fiction in the sense of sometimes having a \"dissolving sense of reality\", moral ambiguity, and complex and tortured relationships between obsessive and pathological characters.", "Mulholland Drive (film)\nMulholland Drive (stylized onscreen as Mulholland Dr.) is a 2001 American neo-noir mystery film written and directed by David Lynch and starring Naomi Watts, Laura Harring, and Justin Theroux. It tells the story of an aspiring actress named Betty Elms (Watts), newly arrived in Los Angeles, California, who meets and befriends an amnesic woman (Harring) hiding in an apartment that belongs to Elms's aunt.", "History of Russian animation\nThe History of Russian animation is the film art produced by Russian animation makers. As most of Russia's production of animation for film\|cinema and television were created during Soviet times, it may also be referred to some extent as the History of Soviet animation. It remains a nearly unexplored field in film theory and history outside Russia.", "L'Age d'Or\nL'Age d'Or (French: L'Âge d'Or, pronounced: [lɑʒ dɔʁ]), commonly translated as The Golden Age or Age of Gold, is a 1930 French surrealist comedy directed by Luis Buñuel about the insanities of modern life, the hypocrisy of the sexual mores of bourgeois society and the value system of the Roman Catholic Church. The screenplay is by Salvador Dalí and Buñuel. L'Age d'Or was one of the first sound films made in France, along with Prix de Beauté and Under the Roofs of Paris.", "Doppelherz\nDoppelherz (or Doppleherz) is a short, surrealist film by Marilyn Manson that runs for 25 minutes and was included on a Bonus DVD that came with some releases of Marilyn Manson's fifth studio album, The Golden Age of Grotesque, released in 2003.", "The Seashell and the Clergyman\nThe Seashell and the Clergyman (French: La Coquille et le clergyman) is an experimental French film directed by Germaine Dulac, from an original scenario by Antonin Artaud. It premiered in Paris on 9 February 1928.", "List of films influenced by the Surrealist movement\nSurrealism was a cultural movement which began in the early 1920s. Well known for artwork and writing produced by group members, it also influenced the medium of film. Surrealist films include Un chien andalou and L'Âge d'Or by Luis Buñuel and Dalí; Buñuel went on to direct many more films, with varying degrees of surrealist influence.", "Branded to Kill\nBranded to Kill (殺しの烙印, Koroshi no rakuin) is a 1967 Japanese yakuza film directed by Seijun Suzuki and starring Joe Shishido, Koji Nanbara and Annu Mari. It was a low budget, production line number for the Nikkatsu Company, originally released in a double bill with Shōgorō Nishimura's Burning Nature. The story follows Goro Hanada in his life as a contract killer. He falls in love with a woman named Misako, who recruits him for a seemingly impossible mission.", "Gozu\nGozu (極道恐怖大劇場　牛頭　ＧＯＺＵ, Gokudō kyōfu dai-gekijō: Gozu, literally: Yakuza Horror Theatre: Cow's Head) is a Japanese cult film directed by Takashi Miike and written by Sakichi Sato.", "Jan Švankmajer\nJan Švankmajer (Czech: [ˈjan ˈʃvaŋkmajɛr]; born 4 September 1934) is a Czech filmmaker and artist whose work spans several media. He is a self-labeled surrealist known for his animations and features, which have greatly influenced other artists such as Terry Gilliam, the Brothers Quay, and many others.", "O Lucky Man!\nO Lucky Man! is a 1973 British comedy-drama fantasy film, intended as an allegory on life in a capitalist society. Directed by Lindsay Anderson, it stars Malcolm McDowell as Mick Travis, whom McDowell had first played as a disaffected public schoolboy in his first film performance in Anderson's film if.... (1968). The film was entered into the 1973 Cannes Film Festival.", "200 Motels\n200 Motels is a 1971 American-British musical surrealist film cowritten and directed by Frank Zappa and Tony Palmer and starring The Mothers of Invention, Theodore Bikel and Ringo Starr. A soundtrack album was released in the same year, with a slightly different selection of music. In 2009, 200 Motels was restored with an audio commentary by Tony Palmer and is currently available on an England-sourced for-retail DVD.", "Immoral Tales (film)\nImmoral Tales (French: Contes immoraux) is a 1974 French anthology film directed by Walerian Borowczyk. The film was Borowczyk's most sexually explicit at the time. The film is split into four erotic-themed stories that involve the loss of virginity, masturbation, bloodlust and incest.After the release of Immoral Tales, Borowczyk began to fall out of favor with film critics. Modern critical reception to the film is that it is not one of Borowczyk's strongest works.", "The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie\nThe Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie (French: Le Charme discret de la bourgeoisie) is a 1972 surrealist film directed by Luis Buñuel and written by Jean-Claude Carrière in collaboration with the director. The film was made in France and is mainly in French, with some dialogue in Spanish.The narrative concerns a group of upper middle class people attempting—despite continual interruptions—to dine together.", "If You Please\nIf You Please (S'il Vous Plaît) is a Dada–Surrealist play co-written by the French surrealist writer and theorist André Breton and poet and novelist Philippe Soupault. If You Please was written several years before the publication of the Surrealist Manifesto when Breton was primarily associated with Dada. The original performance was on March 27, 1920 at the Salle Berlioz in Paris and was part of a larger Dada program that \"included Tzara's Zurich success La Premiere Adventure céleste de M.", "The Angel (1982 film)\nThe Angel (French: L'Ange) is a 1982 French silent dramatic experimental independent surrealist underground art film directed by Patrick Bokanowski, his most prominent, fascinating, and obsessive work. It was released on DVD for the first time in 2009, edited by the British Animation Awards. The film was shown at Fantasporto during February 1983 and opened to the general public in France on 4 April 1984.", "The Saragossa Manuscript (film)\nThe Saragossa Manuscript (Polish: Rękopis znaleziony w Saragossie, \"The Manuscript found in Zaragoza\") is a 1965 Polish film directed by Wojciech Has, based on the 1815 novel The Manuscript Found in Saragossa by Jan Potocki. Set primarily in Spain, it tells a frame story containing gothic, picaresque and erotic elements.", "Santa Sangre\nSanta Sangre (Holy Blood) is a 1989 Mexican-Italian avant-garde Horror film directed by Alejandro Jodorowsky and written by Jodorowsky along with Claudio Argento and Roberto Leoni. Divided into both a flashback and a flash-forward, the film, which is set in Mexico, tells the story of Fenix, a boy who grew up in a circus, and his life through both adolescence and early adulthood.", "See You in Hell, My Darling\nSee You in Hell, My Darling (Greek: Θα σε Δω στην Κόλαση Αγάπη μου, tr. Tha se Do stin Kolasi Agapi mou) is a 1999 Greek dramatic experimental independent surrealist underground art film directed by Nikos Nikolaidis. It was officially selected for screening at the Brussels International Film Festival in January 1999 where it was nominated for the Crystal Star and at the Chicago International Film Festival in October 1999 where it was nominated for the Gold Hugo.", "The Blood of a Poet\nThe Blood of a Poet (French: Le Sang d'un Poète) (1930) is an avant-garde film directed by Jean Cocteau and financed by Charles de Noailles. Photographer Lee Miller made her only film appearance in this movie, which features an appearance by the famed aerialist Barbette. It is the first part of the Orphic Trilogy, which is continued in Orphée (1950) and concludes with Testament of Orpheus (1960).", "Porky in Wackyland\nPorky in Wackyland is a 1938 animated short film, directed by Robert Clampett for Leon Schlesinger Productions as part of Warner Bros.' Looney Tunes series.In this film Porky Pig goes hunting through a Salvador Dalí-esque landscape to find the Do-Do Bird for a very large bounty." ]	[ "Mario Montez René Rivera, (July 20, 1935 – September 26, 2013), known professionally as Mario Montez, was one of the Warhol superstars, appearing in thirteen of Andy Warhol's underground films from 1964 to 1966. He took his name as a male homage to the actress Maria Montez, an important gay icon in the fifties and sixties. Before appearing in Warhol's films, he appeared in Jack Smith's important underground films Flaming Creatures and Normal Love.", "Movies for the ImaginAsian Movies for the ImaginAsian is a show on the ImaginAsian television network showcasing East Asian and South Asian films.", "Philippe Soupault Philippe Soupault (2 August 1897, Chaville, Hauts-de-Seine – 12 March 1990, Paris) was a French writer and poet, novelist, critic, and political activist. He was active in Dadaism and later founded the Surrealist movement with André Breton. Soupault initiated the periodical Littérature together with the writers Breton and Louis Aragon in Paris in 1919, which, for many, marks the beginnings of Surrealism.", "Les Champs Magnétiques For the Jean-Michel Jarre album \"Les Chants Magnétiques\", see Magnetic Fields (album). For the American band led by Stephin Merritt, see The Magnetic Fields. Les Champs Magnétiques (The Magnetic Fields) is a book by André Breton and Philippe Soupault. It is famed as the first work of literary Surrealism.", "The Elephant Celebes The Elephant Celebes (or Celebes) is a 1921 painting by the German Dadaist and surrealist Max Ernst. It is among the most famous of Ernst's early surrealist works and \"undoubtedly the first masterpiece of Surrealist painting in the De Chirico tradition.\" It combines the vivid dreamlike atmosphere of Surrealism with the collage aspects of Dada.", "Strange Frame Strange Frame: Love & Sax is a science fiction feature film created using cutout animation and written by Shelley Doty and GB Hajim. Directed by Hajim, the film was slated for 2012 release as the world's first animated lesbian-themed sci-fi film. Clips of the film debuted at the Los Angeles Bent-Con on December 3, 2011 and the complete film premiered in London on May 3, 2012.", "Fantastic Planet Fantastic Planet (French: La Planète sauvage, Czech: Divoká planeta, lit. The Wild Planet) is a 1973 cutout stop motion science fiction allegorical film directed by René Laloux, production designed by Roland Topor, written by both of them and animated at Jiří Trnka Studio. The film was an international production between France and Czechoslovakia and was distributed in the United States by Roger Corman.", "Lolita (1962 film) Lolita is a 1962 black comedy-drama film directed by Stanley Kubrick based on the novel of the same title by Vladimir Nabokov, about a middle-aged man who becomes obsessed with a teenage girl.", "List of anti-war films While some films criticize armed conflicts in a general sense, others focus on acts within a specific war, such as the use of poison gas or the genocidal killing of civilians (e.g., Hotel Rwanda, 2004). Some anti-war films such as Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964) use parody and black comedy to satirize wars and conflicts.", "Ego Trip (film) Ego Trip is an American film made in 1969.", "Frenzy Frenzy is a 1972 British thriller-psychological horror film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. The second to last feature film of his extensive career, it is often considered by critics and scholars to be his last great film before his death.", "Strange Too Strange Too - Another Violation by Anton Corbijn is the third music video compilation by Depeche Mode, featuring more videos directed by Anton Corbijn, released in 1990.Unlike the previous video, Strange, all the videos are fully in color. There are six videos, all songs from the album Violator, released in the same year.", "Scarecrow & Other Anomalies Scarecrow & Other Anomalies, by Oliverio Girondo, is a collection of short prose poems written originally in Spanish. Scarecrow inspired the feature film The Dark Side of the Heart (1994), directed by Eliseo Subiela.", "The Missing Link (film) The Missing Link (French: Le Chaînon manquant) is a 1980 French–Belgian animated film written and directed by Picha. Though it was not as successful as Picha's previous film, it was entered into the 1980 Cannes Film Festival.", "Paranoiac (film) Paranoiac is a 1963 British suspense film from Hammer Films directed by Freddie Francis and starring Janette Scott, Oliver Reed, Sheila Burrell, and Alexander Davion. The screenplay was written by Jimmy Sangster, based loosely on the 1949 crime novel, Brat Farrar by Josephine Tey.", "Strange (video) Strange - A Black and White Mode by Anton Corbijn is the second music video compilation by Depeche Mode, featuring the first five Depeche Mode videos directed by Anton Corbijn, released in 1988. Corbijn shot the entire video album in Super-8.The five videos are mostly in black and white, except for some random megaphones that were colored red.", "8½ 8½ (Italian title: Otto e mezzo [ˈɔtto e mˈmɛddzo]) is a 1963 Italian comedy-drama film directed by Federico Fellini. Co-scripted by Fellini, Tullio Pinelli, Ennio Flaiano, and Brunello Rondi, it stars Marcello Mastroianni as Guido Anselmi, a famous Italian film director. Shot in black-and-white by cinematographer Gianni di Venanzo, the film features a soundtrack by Nino Rota with costume and set designs by Piero Gherardi.Its title refers to Fellini's eight and a half films as a director.", "List of films: S–Z Separate lists have been created for each letter or new group of letters: List of films: S List of films: T List of films: U-V-W List of films: X-Y-Z", "Jean Renoir Jean Renoir (French: [ʁənwaʁ]; 15 September 1894 – 12 February 1979) was a French film director, screenwriter, actor, producer and author. As a film director and actor, he made more than forty films from the silent era to the end of the 1960s. His films Grand Illusion (1937) and The Rules of the Game (1939) are often cited by critics as among the greatest films ever made. He was ranked by the BFI's Sight & Sound poll of critics in 2002 as the fourth greatest director of all time.", "Blue Movie Blue Movie (stylized as blue movie) is a 1969 American film directed, produced, written and cinematographed by American producer Andy Warhol. The film stars Viva and Louis Waldon.Warhol describes the film: \"In October '68 I shot a movie of Viva having sex with Louis Waldon.", "Les films du losange Les films du losange is a film production company founded by Barbet Schroeder and Éric Rohmer in 1962. The company funds and distributes many films from the French nouvelle vague era, directed by Rohmer, Schroeder, Roger Planchon, Jacques Rivette, and later on Michael Haneke and Jacques Doillon.", "Surrealistic Pillow Surrealistic Pillow is the second album by American rock band Jefferson Airplane, released in February 1967 as RCA Victor LSP-3766 (stereo) & LPM-3766 (mono). It is the first album by the band with vocalist Grace Slick and drummer Spencer Dryden.", "VVV (magazine) VVV was a magazine devoted to the dissemination of Surrealism published in New York City from 1942 through 1944. Only four issues of VVV were published (the second and third issues were printed as a single volume). However, it provided an outlet for European Surrealist artists, who were displaced from their home countries by World War II, to communicate with American artists. VVV was the product of leading Surrealists.", "Louis Delluc Louis Delluc (14 October 1890 – 22 March 1924) was an Impressionist French film director, screen writer and film critic.", "Visions of Ecstasy Visions of Ecstasy is a 1989 British short film that became the only work to be refused a certification by the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) on the grounds of blasphemy. The film, which was directed by Nigel Wingrove, was banned because it featured sexualised scenes of Saint Teresa of Ávila with the body of Jesus on the cross.", "Jacques Vaché Jacques Vaché (7 September 1895 – 6 January 1919) was a friend of André Breton, the founder of surrealism. Vaché was one of the chief inspirations behind the Surrealist movement.", "List of film spoofs in Mad This list of film spoofs in Mad includes films spoofed (parodied) by the American comic magazine Mad. Usually, an issue of Mad features a spoof of at least one feature film or television program. The works selected by the staff of Mad are typically from the cinema of the United States and the television in the United States, respectively.The authors parody the original titles with puns or other wordplay.", "René Magritte René François Ghislain Magritte (French: [ʁəne fʁɑ̃swa ɡilɛ̃ maɡʁit]; 21 November 1898 – 15 August 1967) was a Belgian surrealist artist. He became well known for a number of witty and thought-provoking images that fall under the umbrella of surrealism. His work is known for challenging observers' preconditioned perceptions of reality.", "The Red Balloon The Red Balloon (French: Le Ballon rouge) is a 1956 fantasy featurette directed by French filmmaker Albert Lamorisse.The thirty-four minute short, which follows the adventures of a young boy who one day finds a sentient, mute, red balloon, was filmed in the Ménilmontant neighbourhood of Paris.It won numerous awards, including an Oscar for Lamorisse for writing the best original screenplay in 1956 and the Palme d'Or for short films at the 1956 Cannes Film Festival.", "Frantic (film) For 1988 French film aka Frantic in USA, see Elevator to the GallowsFrantic is a 1988 American-French mystery thriller film directed by Roman Polanski and starring Harrison Ford and Emmanuelle Seigner. The theme was written, arranged and performed by Simply Red.The French locations and Ennio Morricone's musical score create much of the film's atmosphere.", "Pink Flamingos Pink Flamingos is a 1972 American transgressive black comedy exploitation film written, produced, scored, shot, edited, narrated, and directed by John Waters. When the film was initially released, it caused a huge degree of controversy due to the wide range of perverse acts performed in explicit detail. It has since become one of the most notorious films ever made and made an underground star of the flamboyant drag queen actor Divine.", "Surrealist automatism Automatism has taken on many forms: the automatic writing and drawing initially (and still to this day) practiced by surrealists can be compared to similar, or perhaps parallel phenomena, such as the non-idiomatic improvisation.Surrealist automatism is different from mediumistic automatism, from which the term was inspired. Ghosts, spirits or the like are not purported to be the source of surrealist automatic messages.", "Sitges Film Festival The Sitges Film Festival (Catalan: Festival Internacional de Cinema Fantàstic de Catalunya) is a Spanish film festival and is one of the most recognizable film festivals held in Europe. It is considered the world's foremost international festival specializing in fantasy and horror films.", "Yet Another Movie \"Yet Another Movie\" is the sixth track, along with \"Round and Around\" on Pink Floyd's 1987 album, A Momentary Lapse of Reason. It features soundbites from the film, Casablanca. Apparently, it was a demo during the Final Cut sessions but Roger Waters rejected it.", "Strange Pilgrims Strange Pilgrims (original Spanish-language title: Doce cuentos peregrinos) is a collection of twelve loosely-related short stories by the Nobel Prize–winning Colombian writer Gabriel García Márquez.Not published until 1992, the stories that make up this collection were originally written during the seventies and eighties.", "Animato Animato is a compilation of short films by Mike Jittlov, making extensive use of stop motion, pixilation, kinestasis, animation, and multiple exposures. It features the films The Interview, Swing Shift, Rocketman, The Leap, Time Tripper, and Fashionation.It was screened at Filmex in 1977. Regis Philbin was so impressed by the short Time Tripper that he had it televised.Fashionation is one of the animated segments.", "A Page of Madness A Page of Madness (狂った一頁, Kurutta Ippēji or Kurutta Ichipeiji) is a silent film by Japanese film director Teinosuke Kinugasa, made in 1926. It was lost for forty-five years until being rediscovered by Kinugasa in his storehouse in 1971.", "Kim Salmon and the Surrealists Kim Salmon and the Surrealists are an Australian indie rock band formed by Kim Salmon in 1987 when he was living in Perth between the final two tours by The Scientists. When the Scientists stopped, Salmon continued the Surrealists as his main band, while also playing in The Beasts Of Bourbon.", "Hong Haier Hong Hai'er (紅孩兒), also known as The Fantastic Magic Baby is a 1975 film directed by Chang Cheh. The film is based on selected chapters of Wu Cheng'en's classical novel Journey to the West focusing on the story of Red Boy.", "List of Picasso artworks 1951–60 Massacre in Korea (1951)Baboon and Young (1951)The election of Paris (1951)Crâne de chèvre, bouteille et bougie (1952) [1]Paysage mediterranéen (1952)[2]Sylvette (1954)Jaqueline with crossed hands(1954)Two Monkeys (May 11, 1954)Don Quixote (1955)Les Femmes d'Alger series (1955)Les Femmes d'Alger \"\\Version A\")Les Femmes d'Alger (\"Version B\")Les Femmes d'Alger (\"Version C\")Les Femmes d'Alger (\"Version D\")Les Femmes d'Alger (\"Version E\")Les Femmes d'Alger (\"Version F\")Les Femmes d'Alger (\"Version G\")Les Femmes d'Alger (\"Version H\")Les Femmes d'Alger (\"Version I\")Les Femmes d'Alger (\"Version J\")Les Femmes d'Alger (\"Version K\")Les Femmes d'Alger (\"Version L\")Les Femmes d'Alger (\"Version M\")Les Femmes d'Alger (\"Version N\")Les Femmes d'Alger (\"Version O\")Femme dans l'atelier (Jacqueline Roque), 1956Femmes devant la mer (1956) [3]Jacqueline with flowers(1954)La Petite Corrida (1957)Las meninas (1957)La Folie (January 26, 1958)Hands with Bouquet (1958)Nude under a Pine Tree (1959)Scène de corrida (1959)Bulls-Vallaruis(1958)In The Arena 25.2.60, lithograph (1960)El Picador 15.6.60, lithograph (1960)Femme accroupi (1960)Tete de femme (Dora Maar) (1950s)", "From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler (1973 film) From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler (released as: The Hideaways in Home video releases) is a 1973 American children's film based on E. L. Konigsburg's novel From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler. It tells the story of a girl and her brother who run away from home to live in the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art and discover what they think is a lost treasure. For home video releases, the film was retitled The Hideaways.", "The Treachery of Images The Treachery of Images (French: La trahison des images [la tʁaizɔ̃ dez imaʒ], 1928–29, sometimes translated as The Treason of Images) is a painting by the Belgian surrealist painter René Magritte, painted when Magritte was 30 years old. It is currently on display at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. The picture shows a pipe. Below it, Magritte painted, \"Ceci n'est pas une pipe.\", French for \"This is not a pipe.\"\"The famous pipe.", "That Obscure Object of Desire That Obscure Object of Desire (French: Cet obscur objet du désir; Spanish: Ese oscuro objeto del deseo), released in 1977, was the final film directed by Luis Buñuel. Set in Spain and France against the backdrop of a terrorist insurgency, the film tells the story of an aging Frenchman who falls in love with a young Spanish woman who repeatedly frustrates his romantic and sexual desires.In recent years That Obscure Object of Desire has been highly acclaimed by critics.", "Chaos (2001 film) Chaos is a 2001 French comedy-drama film written and directed by Coline Serreau.Currently, a remake of this movie in English, to star Aishwarya Rai and Meryl Streep, is planned.", "Paranoiac-critical method The paranoiac-critical method is a surrealist technique developed by Salvador Dalí in the early 1930s. He employed it in the production of paintings and other artworks, especially those that involved optical illusions and other multiple images.", "Les Mistons Les Mistons (The Mischief Makers) is a short film directed by François Truffaut in 1957. It was his second film after Une Visite in 1955 but it is considered his \"first short film of any real consequence\". Truffaut simply called it \"my first real film\".Moreover it was Bernadette Lafont's film debut. She was at that time Gérard Blain's wife.", "Fur (film) Fur: An Imaginary Portrait of Diane Arbus (also known simply as Fur) is a 2006 film starring Nicole Kidman as iconic American photographer Diane Arbus, who was known for her strange, disturbing images.", "Michelangelo Antonioni Michelangelo Antonioni, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI (29 September 1912 – 30 July 2007), was an Italian film director, screenwriter, editor, and short story writer. Best known for his \"trilogy on modernity and its discontents\"—L'Avventura (1960), La Notte (1961), and L'Eclisse (1962)—Antonioni \"redefined the concept of narrative cinema\" and challenged traditional approaches to storytelling, realism, drama, and the world at large.", "List of animated package films This is a list of animated package films. There are two types of package films — a film with little or no new animation; usually there is only new bridge animation to link older theatrical/TV shorts together, for example Daffy Duck's Quackbusters. The other type has all-new animation and might not always feature bridge animation. Melody Time doesn't feature bridge animation, but The Three Caballeros does.", "Phantasmagoria: The Visions of Lewis Carroll Phantasmagoria: The Visions of Lewis Carroll was a planned fantasy-horror film by Marilyn Manson with Geoffrey Cox and Anthony Silva that had been in development hell since 2004. It would be directed by Marilyn Manson as part of his Celebritarian Corporation art movement, and it would be his directorial debut as a feature filmmaker. It was being produced by Blue Light for Wild Bunch and has estimated budget of $4,200,000.", "List of Portuguese-language films At Midnight I'll Take Your Soul (1964)Awakening of the Beast (1970)Central Station (1998)Behind the Sun (2001)Bus 174 (Ônibus 174) (2002)Carandiru (2003)City of God (2003)The Forest (2002)Juventude em Marcha (2006)Lower City (2006)Lula, o filho do Brasil (2010)Madame Satã (2002)No Quarto da Vanda (2000)Normais, Os - O Filme (2003)Ossos (1997)The Three Marias (2002)This Night I Will Possess Your Corpse (1967)Tropa do elite \"2007)\\Adão e eva\"(1995)\"Call Girl\" (2007)\"Arte de Roubar\"(2008)\"balas e bolinhos\"(2001)\"As bodas de Deus\" (1999)\"Branca de Neve\" (2000)\"A carta\" (1999)\"Contraluz\" (2010)\"Complexo: Universo Paralelo\" (2010)\"dot.com\" (2007)\"Kilas, o mau da fita\" (1980)\"Non ou a Vã Glória de Mandar\" (1990)One can acknowledge a list on http://filmesportugueses.com/filmes-a-a-z/", "Chicago Surrealist Group The Chicago Surrealist Group was founded in Chicago, Illinois, in July 1966 by Franklin and Penelope Rosemont after a trip to Paris in 1965, during which they had been in contact with André Breton.", "The Surrealist Group in Stockholm The Surrealist group in Stockholm (in Swedish Surrealistgruppen i Stockholm) is a Swedish group of surrealists. It has been criticised as, though it regards itself as a subversive group outside the cultural establishment, some of its members have gone on to occupy more central positions on the Swedish literary field.The group describes itself as being founded in 1986, on Midsummer's Eve, close to a waterfall called Ristafallet in Hålland in Jämtland, in central Sweden.", "Schizoid (film) Schizoid (also known as Murder by Mail) is a 1980 horror film directed and written by David Paulsen.", "Minotaure Minotaure, published between 1933 and 1939, was a Surrealist-oriented publication founded by Albert Skira in Paris. The editors were André Breton and Pierre Mabille. It was a luxurious publication, sporting original artworks on its cover by prestigious artists like Pablo Picasso. The magazine was sponsored and advised by Surrealist art patron Edward James, and is still one of the richest sources of information about the pre-war Surrealist world.", "F for Fake F for Fake (French: Vérités et mensonges, \"Truths and lies\") is the last major film completed by Orson Welles, who directed, co-wrote, and starred in the film. Initially released in 1974, it focuses on Elmyr de Hory's recounting of his career as a professional art forger; de Hory's story serves as the backdrop for a fast-paced, meandering investigation of the natures of authorship and authenticity, as well as the basis of the value of art.", "Surreal Software Surreal Software was a video game developer based in Kirkland, Washington, USA, and a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment, known for The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, The Suffering and Drakan series. Surreal Software employed over 130 designers, artists, and programmers. Surreal was acquired by Warner Bros. Games during the bankruptcy of Midway Games in July 2009.", "Weekend (1967 film) Weekend (French: Week-end) is a 1967 black comedy film written and directed by Jean-Luc Godard and starring Mireille Darc and Jean Yanne, both of whom were mainstream French TV stars. Jean-Pierre Léaud, iconic comic star of numerous French New Wave films including Truffaut's Les Quatre Cent Coups (The Four Hundred Blows) and Godard's earlier Masculin, féminin, also appears in two roles.", "Stir Crazy (film) Stir Crazy is a 1980 American comedy film directed by Sidney Poitier and starring Gene Wilder and Richard Pryor as down-on-their-luck friends who are given 125-year prison sentences after being framed for a bank robbery. While in prison they befriend other inmates and ultimately escape.", "La Grande Illusion La Grande Illusion (also known as Grand Illusion) is a 1937 French war film directed by Jean Renoir, who co-wrote the screenplay with Charles Spaak. The story concerns class relationships among a small group of French officers who are prisoners of war during World War I and are plotting an escape. The title of the film comes from the book The Great Illusion by British economist Norman Angell, which argued that war is futile because of the common economic interests of all European nations.", "Henri d'Ursel Henri Charles Francis Joseph Marie, 8th Duke d'Ursel (Henri, 8th Duke d'Ursel) (1900–1974) was a Belgian film director and writer. Henri d'Ursel was known for his surrealist style, directing the film La Perle early in his career.", "The Breasts of Tiresias The Breasts of Tiresias (French: Les mamelles de Tirésias) is a surrealist play by Guillaume Apollinaire. Written in 1903, the play received its first production in a revised version in 1917. In his preface to the play, the poet invented the word \"surrealism\" to describe his new style of drama.The play has been adapted into an opera by Francis Poulenc. It also has been translated twice, first Louis Simpson in the 60's and Maya Slater in 2009.", "British Surrealist Group The British Surrealist Group was involved in the organisation of the International Surrealist Exhibition in London in 1936.The London Bulletin was published by the Surrealist Group in England, according to the June 1940 edition (nos. 18-19-20), edited by E. L. T. Mesens.", "The Illusionist (2006 film) The Illusionist is a 2006 American period drama film written and directed by Neil Burger and starring Edward Norton, Paul Giamatti, and Jessica Biel. It is based loosely on Steven Millhauser's short story, \"Eisenheim the Illusionist\". The film tells the story of Eisenheim, a magician in fin de siècle Vienna, who reunites with his childhood love, a woman far above his social standing.", "Post-surrealism Post-surrealism is a movement that arose in Southern California in 1934 when Helen Lundeberg and Lorser Feitelson wrote a manifesto explaining their desire to use art to convey the relationship between the perceptual and the conceptual.Sometimes this term is used to refer to art movement related to or influenced by surrealism, which occurred after a so-called period of \"historical surrealism\".", "The Mad Adventures of Rabbi Jacob The Mad Adventures of Rabbi Jacob (French: Les Aventures de Rabbi Jacob) is a 1973 French-Italian comedy film directed by Gérard Oury, starring Louis de Funès and Claude Giraud.", "Terry Gilliam Terrence Vance \"Terry\" Gilliam (/ˈɡɪliəm/; born 22 November 1940) is an American-born British screenwriter, film director, animator, actor, comedian and member of the Monty Python comedy troupe.Gilliam has directed 12 feature films, including Time Bandits (1981), Brazil (1985), The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1988), The Fisher King (1991), 12 Monkeys (1995), Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998), The Brothers Grimm (2005) and The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus (2009).", "Documents (magazine) Documents was a Surrealist art magazine edited by Georges Bataille. Published in Paris from 1929 through 1930, it ran for 15 issues, each of which contained a wide range of original writing and photographs. Documents was financed by Georges Wildenstein, an influential Parisian art dealer and sponsor of the Surrealists.", "Twisted Obsession Twisted Obsession (original Spanish title: El sueño del mono loco, literally The Dream of the Mad Monkey) is a 1989 Spanish erotic thriller directed by Fernando Trueba, starring Jeff Goldblum and Miranda Richardson. It was written by Trueba, Manuel Matji (also known as Manolo Matji) and Menno Meyjes (uncredited), originally based on the novel The Dream of the Mad Monkey by Christopher Frank.Goldblum stars as a screenwriter who becomes involved with a young incestuous brother and sister.", "Eat (film) Eat (1963) is a 45-minute underground film created by Andy Warhol and featuring painter Robert Indiana, filmed on Sunday, February 2, 1964 in Indiana's studio. The film was first shown by Jonas Mekas on July 16, 1964 at the Washington Square Gallery at 530 West Broadway.Eat is filmed in black-and-white, has no soundtrack, and depicts fellow pop artist Indiana engaged in the process of eating for the entire length of the film. The comestible being consumed is apparently a mushroom.", "Vision dans le cristal. Oniromancie obsessionelle. Et neuf graphomanies entoptiques. Vision dans le cristal. Oniromancie obsessionelle. Et neuf graphomanies entoptiques. is a 1945 book by Romanian Dolfi Trost. The book forms part of his surrealist art theory, specifically on the area of entopic graphomania, a surrealist technique invented by the author. As the title suggests, it contains the first nine examples of the technique.", "Film as a Subversive Art Film as a Subversive Art is a fully illustrated 1974 film history book by Amos Vogel with mini-essays on over 600 films. The book was re-printed with a new foreword and introduction in 2005.", "Surreal humour Surreal humour (also known as absurdist humour) is a form of humour predicated on deliberate violations of causal reasoning, producing events and behaviours that are obviously illogical. Constructions of surreal humour tend to involve bizarre juxtapositions, non-sequiturs, irrational or absurd situations and expressions of nonsense.The humour arises from a subversion of audience's expectations, so that amusement is founded on unpredictability, separate from a logical analysis of the situation.", "Cabaret Scene Cabaret Scene (1922) is a painting by the Spanish surrealist Salvador Dalí. This was a unique cubist experiment that came between Dalí's early impressionist work and the classic surrealist technique he would later develop. Dalí was inspired by Pablo Picasso after he got expelled from the School of Fine Arts in Spain. His inspiration was shown in his paintings, such as this one.", "Surrealist music Surrealist music is music which uses unexpected juxtapositions and other surrealist techniques. Discussing Theodor Adorno, Max Paddison (1993, 90) defines surrealist music as that which \"juxtaposes its historically devalued fragments in a montage-like manner which enables them to yield up new meanings within a new aesthetic unity,\" though Lloyd Whitesell says this is Paddison's gloss of the term (Whitesell 2004, 118).", "Tales of Ordinary Madness Tales of Ordinary Madness (it: Storie di ordinaria follia) (fr: Contes de la folie ordinaire) is a 1981 film by Italian director Marco Ferreri. It was shot in English in the USA, featuring Ben Gazzara and Ornella Muti in the leading roles.", "Arsenal/Surrealist Subversion Arsenal/Surrealist Subversion is an extremely sporadically appearing surrealist magazine published in Chicago and edited by Franklin Rosemont, though The Beat Page claims Philip Lamantia was a \"contributing editor\". The first issue of the magazine was published in autumn 1970. Four issues have appeared, the second in 1973, the third in 1976 and the fourth and most recent in 1989.Contributors to Number 3 included Jayne Cortez and Philip Lamantia, a surrealist poet connected to the Beats.", "Surrealist Manifesto Two Surrealist Manifestos were issued by the Surrealist movement, in 1924 and 1929. They were both written by André Breton, who also drafted a third Surrealist manifesto which was never issued.", "London International Surrealist Exhibition The International Surrealist Exhibition was held from 11 June to 4 July 1936 at the New Burlington Galleries in London, England.The exhibition was organised by: Hugh Sykes Davies David Gascoyne Humphrey Jennings Rupert Lee Diana Brinton Lee Henry Moore Paul Nash Roland Penrose Herbert Read E. L. T. MesensThe French organising committee were André Breton Paul Éluard Georges Hugnet Man RayThe exhibition was opened in the presence of about two thousand people by André Breton.", "Unseen Cinema: Early American Avant Garde Film 1894–1941 Unseen Cinema: Early American Avant Garde Film 1894–1941 is a 7-disc and 19-hour DVD retrospective released by Image Entertainment in October 2005, and which includes some of the earliest American experimental film. It includes the work of:Alexandre AlexeieffSara Kathryn ArledgeNorman Bel GeddesBusby BerkeleyJosef BerneG. W. BitzerJ.", "Surrealist Women This article is about a book. For an article about Surrealist women artists, please see Women Surrealists.Surrealist Women: An International Anthology was an anthology edited by Penelope Rosemont. It was published by University of Texas Press in 1998.", "Midi Minuit Fantastique Midi Minuit Fantastique (1962–1971) was a French film magazine published by Eric Losfeld (publisher of Adonis Kyrou and film magazine Positif). Michel Caen and Alain Le Bris started it, accompanied by Jean Boullet and Jean-Claude Romer.The magazine was dedicated to the fantastique, horror and science fiction films of the 1960s.", "Midnight Movies: From the Margin to the Mainstream Midnight Movies: From the Margin to the Mainstream is a 2005 documentary written and directed by Stuart Samuels, based on his book on the subject.The film chronicles the period between 1970 and 1977 in which six low-budget films shown at midnight transformed the way films are made and watched: El Topo (1970), Night of the Living Dead (1968), The Harder They Come (1973), Pink Flamingos (1972), The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975), and Eraserhead (1977).Also portrayed in the film are the films Freaks (1932) and Reefer Madness (1936), which gained notoriety and a huge cult following thanks to midnight showings.", "Salvador Dalí (film) Salvador Dalí (1966) is a 35-minute film directed by Andy Warhol. The film features surrealist artist Salvador Dalí visiting the Factory and meeting the rock band The Velvet Underground.", "Incredibly Strange Films RE/Search No. 10: Incredibly Strange Films is a book about American underground and other films. It was guest edited by Jim Morton, with associate editor Boyd Rice, in the RE/Search series edited by V. Vale and Andrea Juno, originally published in 1985 and expanded in 1986.Among the subjects covered are the work of filmmakers Russ Meyer, Herschell Gordon Lewis, Frank Henenlotter, Larry Cohen, Doris Wishman, David F. Friedman, Ed Wood, Radley Metzger, Joseph W. Sarno, Ray Dennis Steckler, Ted V.", "La Révolution surréaliste La Révolution surréaliste (English: The Surrealist Revolution) was a publication by the Surrealists in Paris. Twelve issues were published between 1924 and 1929.Shortly after releasing the first Surrealist Manifesto, André Breton published the inaugural issue of La Révolution surréaliste on December 1, 1924.Pierre Naville and Benjamin Péret were the initial directors of the publication and modeled the format of the journal on the conservative scientific review La Nature.", "Top lista nadrealista Top lista nadrealista (Serbian: Топ листа надреалиста, \"The Surrealists' Top Chart\") also known as Nadrealisti (\"Surrealists\") was a sketch comedy and variety television show airing on TV Sarajevo in three separate installments from 1984 until 1991.", "List of Surrealist poets This is a list of Surrealist poets. Louis Aragon André Breton Aimé Césaire René Crevel René Daumal Robert Desnos Paul Éluard David Gascoyne Philip Lamantia Joyce Mansour Benjamin Péret Gisèle Prassinos Franklin Rosemont Penelope Rosemont Philippe Soupault Michel Leiris" ]	4
Valley fever fungal infection San Joaquin	[ "San Joaquin Valley\nThe San Joaquin Valley /ˌsæn hwɑːˈkiːn/ is the area of the Central Valley of the U.S. state of California that lies south of the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta and is drained by the San Joaquin River.", "Coccidioides\nCoccidioides is a genus of dimorphic ascomycetes in the family Onygenaceae. Member species are the cause of coccidioidomycosis, also known as San Joaquin Valley fever, an infectious fungal disease largely confined to the Western Hemisphere and endemic in the Southwestern United States. The host acquires the disease by respiratory inhalation of spores disseminated in their natural habitat. The causative agents of coccidioidomycosis are Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii. Both C.", "List of infectious diseases\nInfectious diseases arranged by name.There are 216 entries in this list, though some entries such as 'Common cold' include a number of distinct pathogens." ]	[ "Penicillium marneffei Penicillium species are usually regarded as unimportant in terms of causing human disease. Penicillium marneffei, discovered in 1956, is different. This is the only known thermally dimorphic species of Penicillium, and it can cause a lethal systemic infection (penicilliosis) with fever and anaemia similar to disseminated cryptococcosis.", "Synchytrium endobioticum Synchytrium endobioticum is a chytrid fungus that causes the potato wart disease or black scab. It also infects some other plants of the Solanum genus, though potato is the only cultivated host.", "Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes Far East scarlet-like fever in humans, who occasionally get infected zoonotically, most often through the food-borne route. Animals are also infected by Y. pseudotuberculosis. The bacterium is urease positive.", "Chikungunya Chikungunya (/ˌtʃɪkənˈɡʌnjə/ CHI-kən-GUUN-yə; Makonde for \"that which bends up\") is an infection caused by the chikungunya virus. The disease features the sudden onset of fever two to four days after exposure. The fever usually lasts two to seven days, while accompanying joint pains typically last weeks or months but sometimes years.", "Sydenham's chorea Sydenham's chorea or chorea minor (historically referred to as Saint Vitus Dance) is a disorder characterized by rapid, uncoordinated jerking movements primarily affecting the face, hands and feet. Sydenham's chorea (SC) results from childhood infection with Group A beta-haemolytic Streptococcus and is reported to occur in 20–30% of patients with acute rheumatic fever (ARF).", "Zucchini yellow mosaic virus Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus (ZYMV) is an aphid-borne potyvirus, regarded as a major pathogen of cucurbits in most regions of the world where these crops are cultivated.ZYMV affects all cucurbits including pumpkins, squashes, vegetable marrows, courgettes, melons, watermelons, cucumbers, gherkins and various gourds especially zucchinis. The effects are severe leaf mosaic, yellowing and eventually \"shoestring\" symptoms in the leaves.", "Fusarium patch Fusarium patch is a disease in turf grass settings called pink snow mold, Microdochium patch or Fusarium patch. Microdochium nivale is the pathogen that causes this disease in many cool season turf grass species in North America. The white-pink mycelium on infected leaf blades is a distinguishing characteristic of the Microdochium nivale pathogen.", "Mud fever Mud fever, also known as scratches or pastern dermatitis, is a group of diseases of horses causing irritation and dermatitis in the lower limbs of horses. Often caused by a mixture of bacteria, typically Dermatophilus congolensis, and Staphylococcus spp, mud fever can also be caused by fungal organisms (dermatophytes). Photosensitization, chorioptic mange mites, contact dermatitis and other conditions also contribute to some cases.", "Noble rot Noble rot (French: pourriture noble; German: Edelfäule; Italian: Muffa nobile; Hungarian: Aszúsodás) is the benevolent form of a grey fungus, Botrytis cinerea, affecting wine grapes. Infestation by Botrytis requires moist conditions. If the weather stays wet, the malevolent form, \"grey rot,\" can destroy crops of grapes. Grapes typically become infected with Botrytis when they are ripe.", "Bacterial vaginosis Bacterial vaginosis (BV), also known as vaginal bacteriosis or Gardnerella vaginitis, is a disease of the vagina caused by excessive bacteria. Common symptoms include increased vaginal discharge that often smells like fish. The discharge is usually white or gray in color. Burning with urination may occur. Itching is uncommon. Occasionally there may be no symptoms. Having BV increases the risk of infection by a number of other sexually transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS.", "Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (commonly known as freshwater white spot disease, freshwater ich, or freshwater ick) is a common disease of freshwater fish. It is caused by the protozoan Ichthyopthirius. Ich is one of the most common and persistent diseases in fish.The protozoan is an ectoparasite. White nodules that look like white grains of salt or sugar of up to 1 mm appear on the body, fins and gills. Each white spot is an encysted parasite.", "Candidiasis Candidiasis is a fungal infection due to any type of Candida (a type of yeast). When it affects the mouth, it is commonly called thrush. Signs and symptoms include white patches on the tongue or other areas of the mouth and throat. Other symptoms may include soreness and problems swallowing. When it affects the vagina, it is commonly called a yeast infection. Signs and symptoms include genital itching, burning, and sometimes a white \"cottage cheese-like\" discharge from the vagina.", "Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta (also known as \"acute guttate parapsoriasis\", \"acute parapsoriasis\", \"acute pityriasis lichenoides\", \"Mucha–Habermann disease\", \"parapsoriasis acuta\", \"parapsoriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta\", and \"parapsoriasis varioliformis\") is a disease of the immune system. It is the more severe version of pityriasis lichenoides chronica. The disease is characterized by rashes and small lesions on the skin.", "Basidiomycota Basidiomycota /bəˌsɪdi.ɵmaɪˈkoʊtə/ is one of two large phyla that, together with the Ascomycota, constitute the subkingdom Dikarya (often referred to as the \"higher fungi\") within the kingdom Fungi.More specifically the Basidiomycota include these groups: mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, bracket fungi, other polypores, jelly fungi, boletes, chanterelles, earth stars, smuts, bunts, rusts, mirror yeasts, and the human pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus.Basidiomycota are filamentous fungi composed of hyphae (except for yeasts), and reproduce sexually via the formation of specialized club-shaped end cells called basidia that normally bear external meiospores (usually four). @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basidiomycota?oldid=681392930> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> The Battle of Cold Harbor was fought from May 31 to June 12, 1864, with the most significant fighting occurring on June 3. It was one of the final battles of Union Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's Overland Campaign during the American Civil War, and is remembered as one of American history's bloodiest, most lopsided battles. Thousands of Union soldiers were killed or wounded in a hopeless frontal assault against the fortified positions of Confederate Gen. Robert E.", "California encephalitis virus California encephalitis virus was discovered in Kern County, California and causes encephalitis in humans. Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain that can cause minor symptoms, such as headaches, to more severe symptoms such as seizures. Mosquitoes serve as its carrier and for this reason this virus is known as an arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus).California encephalitis virus belongs to the Bunyaviridae family of viruses.", "Nonvenereal endemic syphilis Bejel, or endemic syphilis, is a chronic skin and tissue disease caused by infection by the endemicum subspecies of the spirochete Treponema pallidum.Bejel is also known by a variety of other names, including belesh, dichuchwa, endemic syphilis, nonvenereal syphilis, frenga, njovera, skerljevo, siti, or treponematosis-bejel type.", "Infectious bursal disease Infectious bursal disease (also known as IBD, Gumboro Disease, Infectious Bursitis and Infectious Avian Nephrosis) is a highly contagious disease of young chickens caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), characterized by immunosuppression and mortality generally at 3 to 6 weeks of age. The disease was first discovered in Gumboro, Delaware in 1962.", "Zygocactus virus X Zygocactus virus X is a little-understood plant virus which was first reported in a Thanksgiving Cactus (S. truncata) from Missoula, Montana, United States. Transmission takes place through mechanical inoculation. Once infected, the cactus develops symptoms which can include (varying with the host infected) reddening of the pads, mosaics, mottles, ringspots or necrosis.", "Weil–Felix test The Weil–Felix test is an agglutination test for the diagnosis of rickettsial infections. It was first described in 1916. By virtue of its long history and of its simplicity, it has been one of the most widely employed tests for rickettsia on a global scale, despite being superseded in many settings by more sensitive and specific diagnostic tests.", "Erysipelas Erysipelas (/ɛrɨˈsɪpələs/; Greek ἐρυσίπελας— \"red skin\"; also known as \"ignis sacer\", \"holy fire\", and \"St. Anthony's fire\" in some countries) is an acute infection typically with a skin rash, usually on any of the legs and toes, face, arms, and fingers. It is an infection of the upper dermis and superficial lymphatics, usually caused by beta-hemolytic group A Streptococcus bacteria on scratches or otherwise infected areas.", "Hemileia vastatrix Hemileia vastatrix is a fungus of the order Pucciniales (previously also known as Uredinales) that causes coffee leaf rust (CLR), a disease that is devastating to susceptible coffee plantations. Coffee serves as the obligate host of coffee rust, that is, the rust must have access to and come into physical contact with coffee (Coffea sp.) in order to survive.", "Fusarium wilt Fusarium wilt is a common vascular wilt fungal disease, exhibiting symptoms similar to Verticillium wilt. The pathogen that causes Fusarium wilt is Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum). The species is further divided into forma specialis based on host plant.", "Hutchinson's triad Hutchinson's triad is named after Sir Jonathan Hutchinson (1828–1913). It is a common pattern of presentation for congenital syphilis, and consists of three phenomena: interstitial keratitis, Hutchinson incisors, and eighth nerve deafness.", "Opportunistic infection An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by bacterial, viral, fungal, or protozoan pathogens that take advantage of a host with a weakened immune system or an altered microbiota (such as a disrupted gut flora). Many of these pathogens do not cause disease in a healthy host that has a normal immune system. A compromised immune system, however, presents an \"opportunity\" for the pathogen to infect.", "Trench fever Trench fever (also known as \"five-day fever\", \"quintan fever\" (febris quintana in Latin), and \"urban trench fever\") is a moderately serious disease transmitted by body lice. It infected armies in Flanders, France, Poland, Galicia, Italy, Salonika, Macedonia, Mesopotamia, and Egypt in World War I (three noted sufferers being the authors J.R.R. Tolkien, A. A. Milne, and C.S. Lewis), and the German army in Russia during World War I.", "Monomelic amyotrophy Monomelic amyotrophy (MMA), also known as Hirayama disease, Sobue disease, juvenile non-progressive amyotrophy and juvenile asymmetric segmental spinal muscular atrophy (JASSMA) — is an untreatable, focal motor neuron disease that primarily affects young (15- to 25-year-old) males in India and Japan. MMA is marked by insidious onset of muscular atrophy, which stabilizes at a plateau after two to five years from which it neither improves nor worsens.", "Schistosomiasis Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, snail fever, and Katayama fever, is a disease caused by parasitic worms of the Schistosoma type. It may infect the urinary tract or the intestines. Signs and symptoms may include abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody stool, or blood in the urine. In those who have been infected for a long time, liver damage, kidney failure, infertility, or bladder cancer may occur.", "Botrytis cinerea Botrytis cinerea \"\\botrytis\" from Ancient Greek botrys (βότρυς) meaning \"grapes\" plus the Neolatin suffix -itis for disease) is a necrotrophic fungus that affects many plant species, although its most notable hosts may be wine grapes. In viticulture, it is commonly known as botrytis bunch rot; in horticulture, it is usually called grey mould or gray mold.The fungus gives rise to two different kinds of infections on grapes.", "Westfield Valley Fair Westfield Valley Fair, formerly named and known as Valley Fair, is an upscale indoor shopping mall in San Jose, California, United States, owned by the Westfield Group. It is located in the heart of Silicon Valley, at the corner of Winchester and Stevens Creek Boulevards, straddling the border of San Jose and Santa Clara.", "Metal fume fever Metal fume fever, also known as brass founders' ague, brass shakes, zinc shakes, galvie flu, metal dust fever, or Monday morning fever, is an illness caused primarily by exposure to certain fumes. Workers breathe in fumes from chemicals such as zinc oxide (ZnO) or magnesium oxide (MgO), which are themselves created by heating or welding certain metals, particularly galvanized steel. Other common sources are fuming silver, gold, or platinum metals.", "San Joaquin (train) The San Joaquin (sometimes referred to as San Joaquins) is a passenger train operated by Amtrak, with funding from the California Department of Transportation as part of the Amtrak California network in California's Central Valley. Twelve trains a day run between its southern terminus at Bakersfield and Stockton, where the route splits to Oakland (four trains each way per day) or Sacramento (two trains each way per day).", "Scleroderris canker Scleroderris canker (American name), or Brunchorstia disease (European name), Gremmeniella abietina, is a species of fungal diseases infecting coniferous forests. The main symptom is the death of the needles, leading to the death of the tree. In the forest industry, fighting off an infection of Scleroderris canker is usually not cost-effective. Clearing is often preferred over fungicidal methods, as the latter is harmful to other living organisms.", "Kerion Kerion is the result of the host's response to a fungal ringworm infection of the hair follicles of the scalp and beard accompanied by secondary bacterial infection(s). It usually presents itself as raised, spongy lesions. This honeycomb is severely painful inflammatory reaction with deep suppurative lesion on the scalp. The follicle may be seen discharging pus. There may be sinus formation and rarely mycetoma-like grains are produced.", "Chalchiuhtotolin In Aztec mythology, Chalchiuhtotolin /tʃɑːltʃjuːtoʊtoʊlin/ (Nahuatl for \"Jade Turkey\") was a god of disease and plague. He may be an aspect or alias of Tezcatlipoca.In the Aztec calendar, Chalchiuhtotolin is the lord of the thirteen days from 1 Water to 13 Crocodile. The preceding thirteen days are ruled over by Xolotl, and the following thirteen by Chantico. He has a particularly an evil side to him.", "Parelaphostrongylus tenuis Parelaphostrongylus tenuis (also known as meningeal worm, brainworm, or moose illness) is a nematode parasite common to white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, which causes damage to the central nervous system. Moose (Alces alces), elk (Cervus canadensis), caribou (Rangifer tarandus), and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) are also susceptible to the parasite but are aberrant hosts and are infected in neurological instead of meningeal tissue.", "Poliomyelitis Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. Approximately 90% to 95% of infections cause no symptoms. Another 5 to 10% of people have minor symptoms such as: fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, neck stiffness and pains in the arms and legs. These people are usually back to normal within one or two weeks. In about 0.5% of cases there is muscle weakness resulting in an inability to move. This can occur over a few hours to few days.", "Jaagsiekte Jaagsiekte (yaag·zeek·te) is a chronic and contagious disease of the lungs in sheep and goats first described in 1865. Its name derives from Afrikaans and means \"Chasing Sickness\" such that animals afflicted with the disease are in respiratory distress as if they are out of breath from being chased. It is also referred to as Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma (OPA).", "Vesicular stomatitis virus Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus (VSIV) (often still referred to as VSV) is a virus in the family Rhabdoviridae; the well-known rabies virus belongs to the same family. VSIV can infect insects, cattle, horses and pigs. It has particular importance to farmers in certain regions of the world where it can infect cattle.", "Leaf curl Leaf curl is a plant disease characterized by curling of leaves, and caused by a fungus, genus Taphrina, or virus, especially genus Begomovirus of the family Geminiviridae. One of the most notable types is peach leaf curl, caused by the fungus Taphrina deformans, which infects peach, nectarine, and almond trees. Taphrina deformans is found in America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. It was first introduced in America in 1852 and has now spread all over the country.", "San Joaquin Valley Railroad The San Joaquin Valley Railroad (reporting mark SJVR) is one of several short line railroad companies and is part of the Pacific Region Division of Genesee & Wyoming Inc. It operates about 408 miles (657 km) of track primarily on several lines in California's Central Valley/San Joaquin Valley outside of Fresno, California and Bakersfield, California. The SJVR has trackage rights over Union Pacific (formerly Southern Pacific) from Fresno - Goshen Jct - Famoso - Bakersfield - Algoso.", "Equine infectious anemia Equine infectious anemia or equine infectious anaemia (EIA), also known by horsemen as swamp fever, is a horse disease caused by a retrovirus and transmitted by bloodsucking insects. The virus (EIAV) is endemic in the Americas, parts of Europe, the Middle and Far East, Russia, and South Africa. The virus is a lentivirus, like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).", "Dysphania ambrosioides Dysphania ambrosioides, formerly Chenopodium ambrosioides, known as wormseed, Jesuit's tea, Mexican-tea, paico, epazote, or herba sancti Mariæ, is a herb native to Central America, South America, and southern Mexico.", "Lassa fever Lassa fever or Lassa hemorrhagic fever (LHF) is an acute viral hemorrhagic fever caused by the Lassa virus and first described in 1969 in the town of Lassa, in Borno State, Nigeria. Lassa fever is a member of the Arenaviridae virus family. Similar to ebola, clinical cases of the disease had been known for over a decade, but had not been connected with a viral pathogen. Lassa frequently infects people in West Africa.", "Tungiasis Tungiasis (also known as nigua, pio and bicho de pie, or pique) is an inflammatory skin disease caused by infection with the female ectoparasitic Tunga penetrans flea (also known as chigoe flea, jigger, nigua or sand flea), found in the tropical parts of Africa, the Caribbean, Central and South America, and India. Tunga penetrans is the smallest flea in the world, measuring 1 mm across.", "Tinea versicolor Tinea versicolor (also known as dermatomycosis furfuracea, pityriasis versicolor, and tinea flava) is a condition characterized by a skin eruption on the trunk and proximal extremities. Recent research has shown that the majority of tinea versicolor is caused by the Malassezia globosa fungus, although Malassezia furfur is responsible for a small number of cases.", "Silicosis Silicosis (previously miner's phthisis, grinder's asthma, potter's rot and other occupation-related names) is a form of occupational lung disease caused by inhalation of crystalline silica dust, and is marked by inflammation and scarring in the form of nodular lesions in the upper lobes of the lungs. It is a type of pneumoconiosis.Silicosis (particularly the acute form) is characterized by shortness of breath, cough, fever, and cyanosis (bluish skin).", "Black rot (grape disease) Grape black rot is a fungal disease caused by an ascomycetous fungus, Guignardia bidwellii, that attacks grape vines during hot and humid weather. “Grape black rot originated in eastern North America, but now occurs in portions of Europe, South America, and Asia. It can cause complete crop loss in warm, humid climates, but is virtually unknown in regions with arid summers.” 4 The name comes from the black fringe that borders growing brown patches on the leaves.", "Acanthocheilonemiasis Acanthocheilonemiasis is a rare tropical infectious disease caused by a parasite known as Acanthocheilonema perstans. It can cause skin rashes, abdominal and chest pains, muscle and joint pains, neurological disorders and skin lumps. It is mainly found in Africa. The parasite is transmitted through the bite of small flies. Studies show that there are elevated levels of white blood cells.", "Katrina cough Katrina cough is a putative respiratory illness thought to be linked to exposure to mold and dust after the 2005 Hurricane Katrina in the United States. First described by doctors treating patients in the metro New Orleans area symptoms include cough, sinus headache, congestion, runny nose, and sore throat, and pink eye. This condition may make immunocompromised individuals more susceptible to bacterial bronchitis and sinusitis.", "Pinta (disease) Pinta (also known as Azul, Carate, Empeines, Lota, Mal del Pinto and Tina) is a human skin disease endemic to Mexico, Central America, and South America caused by infection with a spirochete, Treponema pallidum carateum, which is morphologically and serologically indistinguishable from the organism that causes syphilis.", "Progressive outer retinal necrosis Progressive outer retinal necrosis, also known as Varicella zoster virus retinitis (VZVR), is an aggressive, necrotizing inflammation of the eye's retina caused by herpes varicella zoster virus. It is typically found in people with advanced AIDS, but has also been reported in those who are severely immunocompromised due to chemotherapy.The majority of those with progressive outer retinal necrosis develop severe vision loss and blindness.", "Rickettsia rickettsii Rickettsia rickettsii (abbreviated as R. rickettsii) is a unicellular, Gram-negative coccobacillus (plural coccobacilli) that is native to the New World. It belongs to the spotted fever group (SFG) of Rickettsia and is most commonly known as the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF). By nature, R. rickettsii is an obligate intracellular parasite that survive by an endosymbiotic relationship with other cells.R. rickettsii is a non-motile, non-spore forming aerobic organism.", "Lethal yellowing Lethal Yellowing is a phytoplasma disease that attacks many species of palms, including some commercially important species such as the coconut and date palm. It is spread by the planthopper Haplaxius crudus (former name Myndus crudus) which is native to Florida, parts of the Caribbean and Central America . Infected plants will normally die in 3 to 6 months. The only effective cure is prevention, i.e.", "Bolivian hemorrhagic fever Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (BHF), also known as black typhus or Ordog Fever, is a hemorrhagic fever and zoonotic infectious disease originating in Bolivia after infection by Machupo virus.BHF was first identified in 1963 as an ambisense RNA virus of the Arenaviridae family, by a research group led by Karl Johnson. The mortality rate is estimated at 5 to 30 percent.", "Fordyce spots Fordyce spots (also termed Fordyce granules or Fordyce disease) are visible sebaceous glands that are present in most individuals. They appear on the genitals and/or on the face and in the mouth. They appear as small, painless, raised, pale, red or white spots or bumps 1 to 3 mm in diameter that may appear on the scrotum, shaft of the penis or on the labia, as well as the inner surface (retromolar mucosa) and vermilion border of the lips of the face.", "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) also known as Dawson Disease, Dawson encephalitis, and measles encephalitis is a rare and chronic form of progressive brain inflammation caused by a persistent infection with measles virus (which can be a result of a mutation of the virus itself). The condition primarily affects children and young adults. It has been estimated that about 1 in 10,000 people infected with measles will eventually develop SSPE.", "San Joaquin College of Law San Joaquin College of Law (SJCL) is a private, non-profit law school in Clovis, California, US. It was founded in Fresno in 1969 by Fresno County Municipal Court Judge Dan Eymann, U.S. District Court Judge Oliver Wanger, and attorney John Loomis. The school began instruction in 1970.In 1996, SJCL relocated to the original Clovis High School building, following a multi-million dollar renovation.", "Central California Valley Hydra Central California Valley Hydra was an American soccer team that played in Stockton, California. The team joined the USISL in 1994 and moved to the USISL Pro League in 1995. They folded after the 1996 season.", "League of Independent Workers of the San Joaquin Valley The League of Independent Workers of the San Joaquin Valley is a union in the U.S. state of California.", "Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), also known as blue disease, is the most lethal and most frequently reported rickettsial illness in the United States. It has been diagnosed throughout the Americas. Some synonyms for Rocky Mountain spotted fever in other countries include “tick typhus,” “Tobia fever” (Colombia), “São Paulo fever” or “febre maculosa” (Brazil), and “fiebre manchada” (Mexico). It is distinct from the viral tick-borne infection, Colorado tick fever.", "Zymotic disease Zymotic diseases (from the Greek word ζυμοῦν zumoûn \"to ferment\") is a 19th-century medical term for acute infectious diseases, especially \"chief fevers and contagious diseases (e.g. typhus and typhoid fevers, smallpox, scarlet fever, measles, erysipelas, cholera, whooping-cough, diphtheria, &c.)\".Zyme or microzyme was the name of the organism presumed to be the cause of the disease.As originally employed by Dr W.", "Trichomycosis axillaris Trichomycosis axillaris is a superficial bacterial colonization of the hair shafts in sweat gland–bearing areas, such as the armpits and the groin. It is a trivial disease of worldwide occurrence that is believed to be caused by the genus Corynebacteria (mostly Corynebacterium tenuis).", "Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis Mycobacterial cervical lymphadenitis, also known as scrofula or King's evil, refers to a lymphadenitis of the cervical lymph nodes associated with tuberculosis as well as non-tuberculous (atypical) mycobacteria.", "Eosinophilic pneumonia Eosinophilic pneumonia (EP) is a disease in which an eosinophil, a type of white blood cell, accumulates in the lung. These cells cause disruption of the normal air spaces (alveoli) where oxygen is extracted from the atmosphere. Several different kinds of eosinophilic pneumonia exist and can occur in any age group. The most common symptoms include cough, fever, difficulty breathing, and sweating at night.", "Fungal pneumonia Fungal pneumonia is an infection of the lungs by fungi. It can be caused by either endemic or opportunistic fungi or a combination of both. Case mortality in fungal pneumonias can be as high as 90% in immunocompromised patients, though immunocompetent patients generally respond well to anti-fungal therapy.", "Avocado sunblotch viroid Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBV) is an important disease affecting avocado trees. Infections result in lower yields and poorer quality fruit. ASBV is the smallest known viroid that infects plants and is transmitted by pollen and infected seeds or budwood. Trees infected with the viroid often show no symptoms other than a reduction in yield, (by 30% or more). However, they are still carriers and can pass the disease onto other plants.", "Scott's Valley Scott's Valley [sic] is a computer virus, a member of the Slow virus family and distantly related to the Jerusalem virus family. It was discovered in September 1990 in Scotts Valley, California.It is named after the city of Scotts Valley, although that is spelled without an apostrophe.", "Bauxite fibrosis Bauxite pneumoconiosis, also known as Shaver's disease, corundum smelter's lung, bauxite lung or bauxite smelters' disease, is a progressive form of pneumoconiosis caused by exposure to bauxite fumes which contain aluminium and silica particulates. It is typically seen in workers involved in the smelting of bauxite to produce corundum.", "Gallid herpesvirus 1 Gallid herpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1) (also known as Avian herpesvirus 1) is a virus of the family Herpesviridae that causes avian infectious laryngotracheitis. It was originally recognized as a disease of chickens in the United States in 1926. The disease also occurs in pheasants.The disease is usually referred to as Infectious laryngotracheitis or simply LT in the poultry industry. It is widely viewed as one of the most contagious viruses that affect the poultry industry.", "Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis (IHHN) is a viral disease of penaeid shrimp that causes mass mortality (up to 90%) among the Western blue shrimp (Penaeus stylirostris) and severe deformations in the Pacific white shrimp (P. vannamei). It occurs in Pacific farmed and wild shrimp, but not in wild shrimp on the Atlantic coast of the Americas. The shrimp-farming industry has developed several broodstocks of both P. stylirostris and P.", "Trigeminal neuralgia Trigeminal neuralgia (TN, or TGN), also known as prosopalgia, tic doloureux, or Fothergill's disease is a neuropathic disorder characterized by episodes of intense pain in the face. It has been described as among the most painful conditions known. The pain originates from a variety of different locations on the face and may be felt in front of the ear, eye, lips, nose, scalp, forehead, cheeks, mouth, or jaw and side of the face.The pain of TN is from the trigeminal nerve.", "Blastomycosis The term \"South American blastomycosis\" is sometimes used to describe an infection with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, though the term Paracoccidioidomycosis is more frequently used to describe this condition.Blastomycosis (also known as \"North American blastomycosis\", \"Blastomycetic dermatitis\", and \"Gilchrist's disease\") is a fungal infection of humans and other animals, notably dogs and occasionally cats, caused by the organism Blastomyces dermatitidis.", "Valley Regional Hospital Valley Regional Hospital is a hospital located on 243 Elm Street in Claremont, New Hampshire, United States. It was established in 1893 as Cottage Hospital. As a 25-bed, 24/7-staffed emergency room hospital, it is the only such facility in the entire Sullivan County.", "Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever (VHF) is a zoonotic human illness first identified in 1989. The disease is most prevalent in several rural areas of central Venezuela and is caused by the Guanarito virus (GTOV) which belongs to the Arenaviridae family. The short-tailed cane mouse (Zygodontomys brevicauda) is the main host for GTOV which is spread mostly by inhalation of aerosolized droplets of saliva, respiratory secretions, urine, or blood from infected rodents.", "Tinea cruris Tinea cruris, also known as crotch itch, crotch rot, Dhobi itch, eczema marginatum, gym itch, jock itch, jock rot, scrot rot and ringworm of the groin is a dermatophyte fungal infection of the groin region in any sex, though more often seen in males.", "Yellow fever Yellow fever, known historically as yellow jack, yellow plague, or bronze john, is an acute viral disease. In most cases, symptoms include fever, chills, loss of appetite, nausea, muscle pains particularly in the back, and headaches. Symptoms typically improve within five days. In some people within a day of improving, the fever comes back, abdominal pain occurs, and liver damage begins causing yellow skin.", "Chlamydophila pneumoniae Chlamydophila pneumoniae is a species of Chlamydophila, an obligate intracellular bacterium that infects humans and is a major cause of pneumonia. It was known as the Taiwan acute respiratory agent (TWAR) from the names of the two original isolates – Taiwan (TW-183) and an acute respiratory isolate designated AR-39. Until recently, it was known as Chlamydia pneumoniae, and that name is used as an alternate in some sources. In some cases, to avoid confusion, both names are given.C.", "Venturia inaequalis Venturia inaequalis is an ascomycete fungus that causes the Apple scab disease.", "Uncinula necator Uncinula necator (syn. Erysiphe necator) is a fungus that causes powdery mildew of grape. It is a common pathogen of Vitis species, including the wine grape, Vitis vinifera. The fungus is believed to have originated in North America. European varieties of Vitis vinifera are more or less susceptible to this fungus. Uncinula necator infects all green tissue on the grapevine, including leaves and young berries. It can cause crop loss and poor wine quality if untreated.", "Infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis Infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (INCL) or Santavuori disease is a form of NCL and inherited as a recessive autosomal genetic trait. The disorder is progressive, degenerative and fatal, extremely rare worldwide – with approximately 60 official cases reported by 1982, perhaps 100 sufferers in total today – but relatively common in Finland due to the local founder effect.", "Chromoblastomycosis Chromoblastomycosis (also known as chromomycosis, cladosporiosis, Fonseca's disease, Pedroso's disease, phaeosporotrichosis, or verrucous dermatitis) is a long-term fungal infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (a chronic subcutaneous mycosis). The infection occurs most commonly in tropical or subtropical climates, often in rural areas. It can be caused by many different types of fungi which become implanted under the skin, often by thorns or splinters.", "Prosector's wart Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis (also known as \"Lupus verrucosus,\" \"Prosector's wart,\" and \"Warty tuberculosis\")is a rash of small, red papular nodules in the skin that may appear 2–4 weeks after inoculation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a previously infected and immunocompetent individual.It is so called because it was a common occupational disease of prosectors, the preparers of dissections and autopsies.", "Pontiac fever Pontiac fever is an acute, nonfatal respiratory disease caused by various species of Gram-negative bacteria in the genus Legionella. It causes a mild upper respiratory infection that resembles acute influenza. Pontiac fever resolves spontaneously and often goes undiagnosed. Both Pontiac fever and the more severe Legionnaire's disease are caused by the same bacteria, but Pontiac fever does not include pneumonia.Pontiac fever was named for Pontiac, Michigan, where the first case was recognized.", "San Joaquin Valley National Cemetery San Joaquin Valley National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located at 32053 West McCabe Road, Santa Nella, in Merced County, California. This cemetery has space available to accommodate casketed and cremated remains over 322 acres (130 ha) of land. The number of interments through fiscal year 2008 is 30,054.", "Black sigatoka Black sigatoka is a leaf-spot disease of banana plants caused by the ascomycete fungus Mycosphaerella fijiensis (Morelet). Also known as black leaf streak, it was discovered in 1963 and named for its similarities with the yellow sigatoka, which is caused by Mycosphaerella musicola (Mulder), which was itself named after the Sigatoka Valley in Fiji, where an outbreak of this disease reached epidemic proportions from 1912 to 1923.", "Magnaporthe grisea Magnaporthe grisea, also known as rice blast fungus, rice rotten neck, rice seedling blight, blast of rice, oval leaf spot of graminea, pitting disease, ryegrass blast, and Johnson spot, is a plant-pathogenic fungus that causes a serious disease affecting rice. It is now known that M. grisea consists of a cryptic species complex containing at least two biological species that have clear genetic differences and do not interbreed.", "San Joaquin antelope squirrel The San Joaquin antelope squirrel or Nelson's antelope squirrel (Ammospermophilus nelsoni), is a species of antelope squirrel, in the San Joaquin Valley of the U.S. state of California.", "Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection (MAI), also known as MAC (Mycobacterium Avium Complex), is an atypical mycobacterial infection which can occur in the later stages of AIDS. It can also affect people who do not have AIDS, and usually first presents as a persistent cough. It is typically treated with a series of three antibiotics for a period of at least six months.Mycobacterium avium and M. intracellulare (the M. a.", "Yaws Yaws (also known as frambesia tropica, thymosis, polypapilloma tropicum, parangi, bouba, frambösie, and pian) is a tropical infection of the skin, bones and joints caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum pertenue. The disease begins with a round, hard swelling of the skin, 2 to 5 centimeters in diameter. The center may break open and form an ulcer. This initial skin lesion typically heals after three to six months.", "Coccidioides immitis Coccidioides immitis is a pathogenic fungus that resides in the soil in certain parts of the southwestern United States, northern Mexico, and a few other areas in the Western Hemisphere.", "Sporotrichosis Sporotrichosis (also known as \"Rose gardener's disease\") is a disease caused by the infection of the fungus Sporothrix schenckii. This fungal disease usually affects the skin, although other rare forms can affect the lungs, joints, bones, and even the brain. Because roses can spread the disease, it is one of a few diseases referred to as rose-thorn or rose-gardeners' disease.Because S.", "Tularemia Tularemia (or tularaemia; also known as Pahvant Valley plague, rabbit fever, deer fly fever, and Ohara's fever) is a serious infectious disease caused by the intracellular bacterium Francisella tularensis. A gram-negative, nonmotile, pleomorphic coccobacillus, the bacterium has several subspecies with varying degrees of virulence. The most important of those is F.", "Leptospirosis Leptospirosis (also known as field fever, rat catcher's yellows, and pretibial fever among others names) is an infection caused by corkscrew-shaped bacteria called Leptospira. Symptoms can range from none to mild such as headaches, muscle pains, and fevers; to severe with bleeding from the lungs or meningitis. If the infection causes the person to turn yellow, have kidney failure and bleeding, it is then known as Weil's disease.", "Arthroconidium Arthroconidia are a type of fungal spore typically produced by segmentation of pre-existing fungal hyphae.These spores are asexual and are generally not as durable and environmentally persistent as, for instance, bacterial endospores or chlamydospores. Some medically significant pathogens, such as Coccidioides immitis, and Coccidioides posadasii, both causative agents of coccidioidomycosis (also known as San Joaquin Valley fever), are transmitted through airborne arthroconidia.", "Lymphogranuloma venereum Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) (also known as \"Climatic bubo,\" \"Durand–Nicolas–Favre disease,\" \"Poradenitis inguinale,\" and \"Strumous bubo\") is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the invasive serovars L1, L2, L2a or L3 of Chlamydia trachomatis.LGV is primarily an infection of lymphatics and lymph nodes. Chlamydia trachomatis is the bacterium responsible for LGV. It gains entrance through breaks in the skin, or it can cross the epithelial cell layer of mucous membranes.", "Histoplasmosis Histoplasmosis (also known as \"cave disease,\" \"Darling's disease,\" \"Ohio valley disease,\" \"reticuloendotheliosis,\" \"spelunker’s lung\" and \"caver's disease\") is a disease caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum'. Symptoms of this infection vary greatly, but the disease affects primarily the lungs.", "Rift Valley fever Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a viral disease that can cause mild to severe symptoms. The mild symptoms may include: fever, muscle pains, and headaches which often last for up to a week. The severe symptoms may include: loss of the ability to see beginning three weeks after the infection, infections of the brain causes severe headaches and confusion, and bleeding together with liver problems which may occur within the first few days.", "Coccidioidomycosis Coccidioidomycosis (/kɒkˌsɪdiɔɪdoʊmaɪˈkoʊsɪs/, kok-sid-ee-oy-doh-my-KOH-sis), commonly known as cocci, \"valley fever\", as well as \"California fever\", \"desert rheumatism\", and \"San Joaquin Valley fever\", is a mammalian fungal disease caused by Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii. It is endemic in certain parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, and northern Mexico.C." ]	2
North Dakota's lowest river of another colour	[ "Little Muddy Creek (North Dakota)\nLittle Muddy Creek or Little Muddy River is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 45 miles (72 km) long, in northwestern North Dakota in the United States.It rises in the prairie country of northern Williams County and flows west, then south, joining the Missouri near Williston. The lower 5 miles (8.0 km) of the creek form a small arm of Lake Sakakawea.", "Spring Creek (North Dakota)\nSpring Creek is a tributary of the Knife River, approximately 50 mi (80 km) long, in western North Dakota in the United States.It rises in the Killdeer Mountains, in Dunn County, and flows east across the prairie country, past Killdeer, Dunn Center, Halliday, and Zap. It joins the Knife near Beulah.", "List of rivers of North Dakota\nThis is a list of rivers in the state of North Dakota in the United States.", "Sheyenne River\nThe Sheyenne River is one of the major tributaries of the Red River of the North, meandering 591 miles (951 km) across eastern North Dakota.The river begins about 15 miles (24 km) north of McClusky, North Dakota, and flows generally eastward before turning south near McVille. The southerly flow of the river continues through Griggs and Barnes counties before it turns in a northeastward direction near Lisbon.", "Park River (North Dakota)\nThe Park River is a river in North Dakota. Park River is a tributary of the Red River of the North. The name likely comes from brush corrals built by Native Americans on the banks of the river, called \"buffalo parks\" by early explorers. The corrals where used in a form of hunting in which buffalo would be driven into them and over the steep river banks in order to kill or injure them.Elmwood (Grafton, North Dakota), a house listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is located by it.", "Tongue River (North Dakota)\nThe Tongue River is a 90.4-mile-long (145.5 km) tributary of the Pembina River in northeastern North Dakota in the United States. It drains an area of the prairie country near the Canadian border in the extreme northeast corner of the state in the watershed of the Red River.It rises in eastern Cavalier County and flows in a direct course east-northeast into Pembina County, passing the towns of Cavalier, Neche and Bathgate.", "Cedar Creek (North Dakota)\nCedar Creek (also called the Cedar River) is a tributary of the Cannonball River in southwestern North Dakota in the United States.It rises near White Butte, south of Amidon in the badlands of Slope County. It flows ESE, north of Whetstone Butte, then east, north of the Cedar River National Grassland, forming the northern border of Sioux County and the Standing Rock Indian Reservation. It joins the Cannonball approximately 15 mi (24 km) southwest of Shields.", "Pembina River (Manitoba – North Dakota)\nThe Pembina River is a tributary of the Red River of the North, approximately 319 miles (513 km) long, in southern Manitoba in Canada and northeastern North Dakota in the United States. It drains an area (about 8500 square kilometers) of the prairie country along the U.S.-Canada border, threading the Manitoba-North Dakota border eastward to the Red River.", "Geography of North Dakota\nThe Geography of North Dakota consists of three major geographic regions: in the east is the Red River Valley, west of this, the Missouri Plateau. The southwestern part of North Dakota is covered by the Great Plains, accentuated by the Badlands. There is also much in the way of geology and hydrology.North Dakota is about 340 miles (545 km) east to west and 211 miles (340 km) north to south, with a total area of 70,704 square miles (183,123 km²), making it the 19th largest of the 50 U.S.", "Maple River (North Dakota)\nThe Maple River is a tributary of the Sheyenne River, about 198 miles (319 km) long, in the Red River Valley of eastern North Dakota in the United States. Via the Sheyenne River, the Red River of the North, Lake Winnipeg and the Nelson River, the Maple is part of the watershed of Hudson Bay.", "Forest River (North Dakota)\nThe Forest River is an 81.0-mile-long (130.4 km) tributary of the Red River of the North in eastern North Dakota in the United States. It rises in Walsh County and flows southeast and east, past the towns of Fordville and Minto, and forms a confluence with the Red approximately 40 miles (64 km) north of Grand Forks.", "Turtle River (North Dakota)\nThe Turtle River is a 74.9-mile-long (120.5 km) tributary of the Red River of the North in northeastern North Dakota in the United States. It flows for almost its entire length in Grand Forks County. Via the Red River, Lake Winnipeg and the Nelson River, the Turtle River is part of the watershed of Hudson Bay." ]	[ "Pecatonica River The Pecatonica River is a tributary of the Rock River, 194 miles (312 km) long, in southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois in the United States.The word Pecatonica is an anglicization of two Algonquian language words: Bekaa (or Pekaa in some dialects), which means \"slow\", and niba, which means \"water\", forming the conjunction Bekaaniba or \"Slow Water\".It rises in the hills of southwest Wisconsin, in southwest Iowa County, 2 miles (3 km) west of Cobb.", "Little River (Louisiana) The Little River is a 96-mile-long (154 km) tributary of the Ouachita (Black) River in central Louisiana in the United States. Via the Ouachita and Red rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River.", "North Dakota pottery North Dakota in the United States has been the scene of modern era pottery production using North Dakota clays since the early 1900s. In 1892 a study was published by Earle Babcock, a chemistry instructor at the University of North Dakota (UND) that reported on the superior qualities of some of the North Dakota clays for pottery production. The UND School of Mines began operations in 1898 with Earle Babcock as director.", "Northern pocket gopher The northern pocket gopher, Thomomys talpoides, was first discovered by Lewis and Clark on April 9, 1805 at the mouth of the Knife River, North Dakota. These animals are often rich brown or yellowish brown, but also grayish or closely approaching local soil color and have white markings under chin.", "1997 Red River Flood The Red River Flood of 1997 was a major flood that occurred in April and May 1997, along the Red River of the North in North Dakota, Minnesota, and Southern Manitoba. It was the most severe flood of the river since 1826. The flood reached throughout the Red River Valley, affecting the cities of Fargo and Winnipeg, but none so greatly as in Grand Forks and East Grand Forks, where floodwaters reached over 3 miles (4.8 km) inland, inundating virtually everything in the twin communities.", "Big Stone Lake Big Stone Lake is a long, narrow freshwater lake and reservoir forming the border between western Minnesota and northeastern South Dakota in the United States. The lake covers 12,610 acres (5,100 ha) of surface area, stretching 26 miles (42 km) from end to end and averaging around 1 mile (1.6 km) wide, and at an elevation of 965 feet (294 m) is the lowest point in South Dakota.", "Le Sueur River The Le Sueur River (lay-SEWER) is a tributary of the Blue Earth River, 111 miles (178 km) long, in southern Minnesota in the United States. Via the Blue Earth and Minnesota Rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River, draining an area of 1,089 square miles (2,280 km²). It is the largest tributary of the Blue Earth River, draining 31% of its watershed.Le Sueur River was named for Pierre-Charles Le Sueur, a French explorer of North America.", "1950 Red River flood The 1950 Red River Flood was a devastating flood that took place along the Red River in The Dakotas and Manitoba in early 1950. Winnipeg, Manitoba was inundated on May 5, also known as Black Friday to some residents, and had to be partially evacuated. In that year, the Red River reached its highest level since 1861 and flooded most of the Red River Valley.", "Black River (New Jersey) The Black River, known as the Lamington River downstream of Pottersville, is a tributary of the North Branch Raritan River in central New Jersey in the United States.The Black River starts near that of the North Branch Raritan River, several miles west of Morristown, and flows through the Black River Wildlife Management Area, the Black River County Park, and Hacklebarney State Park. It flows through Chester, New Jersey and the town school is named after it.", "Back River The Back River (Dogrib: Thlewechodyeth, Inuktitut: Haningayok, or Great Fish River), is a river in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut in Canada. It rises at an unnamed lake in the North Slave Region of the Northwest Territories and flows more than 974 kilometres (605 mi) mostly through Kivalliq Region, Nunavut, to its mouth at the Arctic Ocean in the Kitikmeot Region of Nunavut.", "Second Broad River The Second Broad River is a tributary of the Broad River in western North Carolina in the United States. Via the Broad and Congaree rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Santee River, which flows to the Atlantic Ocean.The Second Broad River rises in south-central McDowell County about 5 miles (8 km) southwest of Marion, and flows generally southeastwardly through Rutherford County, passing to the east of the town of Forest City.", "Baudette River The Baudette River is a short tributary of the Rainy River in northern Minnesota in the United States. Via the Rainy River, Lake of the Woods, the Winnipeg River, Lake Winnipeg and the Nelson River, it is part of the Hudson Bay watershed. It drains a flat region which was a prehistoric lake bed of glacial Lake Agassiz.The river flows for its entire length in eastern Lake of the Woods County.", "Sioux County, North Dakota Sioux County is a county located along the southern border of the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2010 census, the population was 4,153. Its eastern border is the Missouri River and its county seat is Fort Yates. The county was created by proclamation of Governor Louis B. Hanna on September 3, 1914 and named after the Native American Lakota, whose historic territory included this area and much more.", "Thalweg In geography and fluvial geomorphology, a thalweg or talweg (/ˈtɑːlvɛɡ/) is the line of lowest elevation within a valley or watercourse. Under international law, thalwegs can acquire special significance because disputed river borders are often deemed to run along the river's thalweg.", "Lesse The Lesse is a river in the Ardennes, in the Walloon region of Belgium. It is a right tributary to the river Meuse.The source of the Lesse is near Libramont-Chevigny, in the Belgian province of Luxembourg. The Lesse flows roughly in north-western direction. Near Han-sur-Lesse (municipality of Rochefort) the entire river goes underground, flowing through limestone caves.", "Missouri Escarpment The Missouri Escarpment is a ridge in North Dakota approximately 100 miles to the west of the Red River Valley, at the edge of the Missouri Plateau. It divides the Central Lowlands province from the Great Plains province.", "Blackfoot River (Montana) The Blackfoot River, sometimes called the Big Blackfoot River to distinguish it from the Little Blackfoot River, is a snow-fed and spring-fed river in western Montana. The Blackfoot River begins in Lewis and Clark County at the Continental Divide, 10 miles (16 km) northeast of the town of Lincoln (4536 feet, 1382 m). The river's headwaters are between Rogers Pass (5610 ft, 1710 m) to the north and Stemple Pass (6376 ft, 1943 m) to the south.", "Vermillion River (South Dakota) The Vermillion River is a tributary of the Missouri River, 96 miles (154 km) long, in eastern South Dakota in the United States.It is formed by the confluence of the East Fork Vermillion River and West Fork Vermillion River. The East Fork, approximately 103 miles (166 km) long, rises in Lake Whitewood in Kingsbury County on the Coteau des Prairies. The West Fork, approximately 108 miles (174 km) long, rises in Miner County. Both forks flow south, roughly parallel, joining east of Parker.", "Niobrara River The Niobrara River (/ˌnaɪ.əˈbrærə/; from the Ponca Ní Ubthátha khe pronounced [nĩꜜ ubɫᶞaꜜɫᶞa kʰe], meaning \"water spread-out horizontal-the\") is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 568 miles (914 km) long, running through the U.S. states of Wyoming and Nebraska. The river drains one of the most arid sections of the Great Plains, and has a low flow for a river of its length.", "French Creek (Cheyenne River) French Creek is an intermittent stream located in the Black Hills region of western South Dakota, USA. It is a tributary of the Cheyenne River.It rises approximately 5 miles (8 km) northwest of Custer, South Dakota and extends for a length of 62 miles (100 km). It flows on a general eastward direction through Custer State Park and empties into the Cheyenne River near Red Shirt, South Dakota.", "Low Leven Low Leven is a hamlet within the borough of Stockton-on-Tees and ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, England, and is located at the bottom of Leven Bank towards the mouth of the River Leven.Until 2007, Low Leven was dominated by the ruin of the Cross Keys public house and three former dwellings which were abandoned due to persistent flooding. Large parts of these buildings had collapsed. This area has now been restored and redeveloped in to an area of large family dwellings.", "Slope County, North Dakota Slope County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2010 census, the population was 727, making it the least populous county in North Dakota and the 20th-least populous county in the United States. The county seat is Amidon. The county was created in 1914 when Billings County was subdivided into three new counties; it was organized on January 14, 1915.", "Bad River (Wisconsin) The Bad River is a river flowing to Lake Superior in northern Wisconsin in the United States. It flows for 119.6 kilometres (74.3 mi) in Ashland County, draining an area of 1,061 square miles (2,750 km2) in portions of Ashland, Bayfield and Iron counties. The Bad River sloughs were designated a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance on February 2, 2012.", "Red River Valley and Western Railroad The Red River Valley and Western Railroad (reporting mark RRVW) is a regional railroad operating in the US states of North Dakota and Minnesota, which began operations in 1987.", "Blackwater river A blackwater river is a type of a river with a deep, slow-moving channel flowing through forested swamps or wetlands. As vegetation decays, tannins leach into the water, making a transparent, acidic water that is darkly stained, resembling tea or coffee. Most major blackwater rivers are in the Amazon Basin and the Southern United States. The term is used in fluvial studies, geology, geography, ecology, and biology. Not all dark rivers are blackwater in that technical sense.", "Rio Negro (Amazon) The Rio Negro (Portuguese: Rio Negro [ˈʁi.u nɛɡɾu]; Spanish: Río Negro [ˈri.o ˈneɣɾo] \"Black River\") is the largest left tributary of the Amazon, the largest blackwater river in the world, and one of the world's ten largest rivers in average discharge. It has its sources along the watershed between the Orinoco and the Amazon basins, and also connects with the Orinoco by way of the Casiquiare canal in southern Venezuela.", "Roe River The Roe River runs between Giant Springs and the Missouri River in Great Falls, Montana, United States. The Roe River is only 201 feet (61 m) at its longest constant point. Towards its end, the Roe becomes surprisingly deep, at least 6–8 feet.A successful campaign to get the Roe River recognized by the Guinness World Records as the shortest river in the world originated from students at Lincoln Elementary School in Great Falls, Montana. In 1988 Students Molly A.", "Thomsen River The Thomsen River, located in the Northwest Territories of Canada, is the northernmost usable river of the country. It is famous for canoeing.", "Big Hole River The Big Hole River (Salish: Sk͏ʷumcné Sewɫk͏ʷs, \"waters of the pocket gopher\" ) is a tributary of the Jefferson River, approximately 153 miles (246 km) long, in Beaverhead County, in southwestern Montana, United States. It is the last habitat in the contiguous United States for native fluvial Arctic grayling and is an historically popular destination for fly fishing, especially for trout.", "Eno River The Eno River, named for the Eno Indians who once lived along its banks, is the initial tributary of the Neuse River in North Carolina, USA.The Eno rises in Orange County. The river's watershed occupies most of Orange and Durham counties. The Eno converges with the Flat and Little Rivers to form the Neuse at Falls Lake, which straddles Durham and Wake counties.The Eno is notable for its beauty and water quality, which has been preserved through aggressive citizen efforts.", "Snake River (Red River of the North) The Snake River is a tributary of the Red River of the North in northwestern Minnesota in the United States. It is one of three streams in Minnesota with this name (see Snake River (Minnesota)).Snake River is the English translation of the native Ojibwe-language name.", "Amistad gambusia The Amistad gambusia (Gambusia amistadensis) was a small fish known only to occur in Goodenough Spring, Val Verde County, Texas, a tributary of the Rio Grande. This species was eliminated in the wild when construction of the Amistad Reservoir in 1968 submerged Goodenough Spring under about 70 feet of water. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) listed the Amistad gambusia as endangered in 1980, when it occurred only in captivity.", "Northern river terrapin The northern river terrapin (Batagur baska), is a species of riverine turtle. It is one of the most critically endangered turtle species according to a 2000 assessment by the IUCN.", "Northwest Area Water Supply The Northwest Area Water Supply (NAWS), also referred to as Garrison Diversion (from the Garrison Dam), is a project to divert water from Lake Sakakawea to the area around Minot, North Dakota, which is in the Souris River watershed. Minot is roughly 40 miles north of Lake Sakakawea.", "Cannon River (Minnesota) The Cannon River flows 112 miles (180 km) from Lake Tetonka near Waterville, Minnesota to Red Wing in the U.S. state of Minnesota, where it joins the Mississippi River. It drains a watershed approximately 1460 square miles (3,780 km²) in size.The Cannon River has few rapids, but some can be difficult (Class II). Some have claimed lives, as has the confluence with the Little Cannon River in Cannon Falls.", "Moreau River The Moreau River is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 200 miles (320 km) long, in South Dakota in the United States.It rises in two forks in northwestern South Dakota, in the Badlands of Butte and Harding Counties. The North Fork rises approximately 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Crow Buttes. The South Fork rises approximately 20 miles (32 km) west of the headwaters of the North Fork. The two forks flow ESE and unite near Zeona in southern Perkins County.", "Bathgate, North Dakota Bathgate is a city in Pembina County, North Dakota, United States. It sits on the banks of the Tongue River. The population was 43 at the 2010 census. Bathgate was founded in 1881. In 1908 the North Dakota School for the Blind was placed in Bathgate. The building still stands and is now occupied by a publishing company. Bathgate was the childhood home of former world-champion speed skater and figure skater, Norval Baptie.", "Uncompahgre Plateau The Uncompahgre Plateau in western Colorado is a distinctive large uplift part of the Colorado Plateau. Uncompahgre is a Ute Indian word that describes the water: \"Dirty Water\" or \"Rocks that make Water Red\".The plateau, with an average elevation of 9,500 feet (2,900 m), rises from the Colorado River 4,600 ft (1,400 m) to Horsefly Peak 10,300 ft (3,100 m). It continues on about 90 miles (140 km) southeast to the northwest margin of the San Juan Mountains.", "North Dakota North Dakota (pronunciation: /ˌnɔrθ dəˈkoʊtə/; locally [ˌno̞ɹθ dəˈko̞ɾə]) is the 39th state of the United States, having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.It is located in the Upper Midwestern region of the United States, bordered by the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba to the north, the states of Minnesota to the east, South Dakota to the south, and Montana to the west. The state capital is Bismarck, and the largest city is Fargo.", "Cedar River National Grassland Cedar River National Grassland is a National Grassland located in Sioux County and Grant County in southern North Dakota, United States. It has a land area of 6,717 acres (2,718 ha). The portion in Sioux County lies within the Standing Rock Indian Reservation. Within the grassland are topographic features such as level plains and rolling hills. Dry streams and some small flowing streams exist throughout the Grasslands.The grassland is administered by the U.S.", "Reddies River The Reddies River is a tributary of the Yadkin River in northwestern North Carolina in the United States. Via the Yadkin it is part of the watershed of the Pee Dee River, which flows to the Atlantic Ocean. According to the Geographic Names Information System, it has also been known historically as \"Reddis River.\"The Reddies River and its headwater tributaries (its North, Middle and South Forks ) all flow for their entire lengths in Wilkes County.", "Low, Quebec Low is a township municipality in the La Vallée-de-la-Gatineau Regional County Municipality of western Quebec, Canada. It is situated along the Gatineau River north of Wakefield, and it is located within Canada's National Capital Region.", "Heart River (North Dakota) The Heart River is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 180 mi (290 km) long, in western North Dakota in the United States.", "Souris River The Souris River (French: rivière Souris) or Mouse River (as it is alternatively known in the U.S.) is a river in central North America. It is about 700 km (435 mi) in length and drains about 23,600 square miles (61,100 km2). It rises in the Yellow Grass Marshes north of Weyburn, Saskatchewan. It wanders south through North Dakota beyond Minot to its most southern point at the city of Velva, and then back north into Manitoba.", "Red River Valley The Red River Valley is a region in central North America that is drained by the Red River of the North. It is significant in the geography of North Dakota, Minnesota, and Manitoba for its relatively fertile lands and the population centers of Fargo, Moorhead, Grand Forks, and Winnipeg. Paleogeographic Lake Agassiz laid down the Red River Valley silts.", "Namekagon River The Namekagon River (pronounced NAM-uh-KAH-gun) is a tributary of the St. Croix River. It is 101 miles (163 km) long and is located in northwestern Wisconsin in the United States. Its course is protected as part of the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway.According to the Geographic Names Information System, the river's name has also been spelled Namakagon, Namekagan, and Namekagun; the United States Board on Geographic Names issued a decision setting \"Namekagon\" as the river's spelling in 1933.", "North Dakota Highway 46 North Dakota State Highway 46 is a 123 mile (198 km) road in eastern North Dakota, crossing the Red River Valley between Streeter and Oxbow. It parallels and runs about twenty miles (32 km) south of Interstate 94, and is the longest stretch of straight road in North America. Interstate 29 borders it on the east and North Dakota 30 borders it on the west.", "Dye Branch Dye Branch is a small creek that runs from Duke University's East Campus, through the Trinity Heights, Walltown, and Old West Durham neighborhoods of Durham, North Carolina. From its headwaters near the Food Lion on Hillsborough Road, Dye Branch (also known as South Ellerbe Creek) flows for three miles (5 km) through some of Durham's oldest and most densely developed neighborhoods: Old West Durham, Walltown, Northgate Park, and Trinity Park.", "North River (Minnesota) The North River is a river, approximately 6 miles (9.6 km) long, in northeastern Minnesota, the United States. Along with the East River, it is one of the primary tributaries of Seven Beaver Lake, the source of the Saint Louis River. Most of the North River lies in Lake County, with its outlet located in St. Louis County. The United States Geological Survey considers North River to be the source stream (most distant headwaters) of the entire drainage basin of the Great Lakes and St.", "Cannon Ball, North Dakota Cannon Ball (Arikara: načiiʾuuháwi [načii’uuháWI], sananaapíkat [sananaapíkAt]; Lakota: Íŋyaŋwakağapi) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sioux County, North Dakota in the United States and on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation. It sits in the northeastern part of Sioux County where the Cannonball River meets Lake Oahe of the Missouri River. The population was 875 at the 2010 census.", "Red Lake River The Red Lake River (French: Rivière du Lac Rouge; Ojibwe: Miskwaagamiiwi-zaaga'iganiiwi-ziibi) is a river located in northwestern Minnesota. The river begins on the western side of the Lower Red Lake and flows westward. After passing through Thief River Falls, Red Lake Falls, and Crookston, the river merges with the Red River of the North in East Grand Forks. The total length of the river is 193 miles (310.6 km).", "Little River (Canadian River) The Little River is a tributary of the Canadian River, 90 miles (140 km) long, in central Oklahoma in the United States. Via the Canadian and Arkansas rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River.It rises in Moore in northwestern Cleveland County and flows generally southeastwardly through Pottawatomie, Seminole and Hughes counties. It joins the Canadian River about 5 miles (8 km) south of Holdenville. In Cleveland County the river is dammed to form Lake Thunderbird.", "Lake Sakakawea Lake Sakakawea is a reservoir in the north central United States, located in the Missouri River basin in central North Dakota. Named for the Shoshone-Hidatsa woman Sakakawea, it is the largest man-made lake in North Dakota and the third largest in the United States, after Lake Mead and Lake Powell. The lake lies in parts of six counties in western North Dakota: Dunn, McKenzie, McLean, Mercer, Mountrail, and Williams.", "Grand River (South Dakota) The Grand River (Lakota: Čhaŋšúška Wakpá) is a tributary of the Missouri River in North Dakota and South Dakota in the United States. The length of the combined branch is 110 mi (177 km). With its longest fork, its length is approximately 200 mi (320 km).", "Missouri River Trench The Missouri River Trench is the geological name applied to the broad valley of the Missouri River as it flows southward through North Dakota and South Dakota in the United States.The valley averages approximately 1 mi (1.6 km) wide, with the valley floor averaging between 300-600 ft (90-180 m) below the surrounding bluffs. The valley was extensively dammed between 1946 and 1966 to provide a series of reservoirs in the Dakotas.", "White River, Mpumalanga White River (Afrikaans: Witrivier) is a small holiday and farming town situated just north of Nelspruit in Mpumalanga, South Africa. The farms in the region produce tropical fruits, vegetables, flowers and timber. After the Boer War the British demarcated land on the Emanzimhlope River, a tributary of the Crocodile River. Emanzimhlope is Swazi for White Waters.", "Belle Fourche River The Belle Fourche River (pronounced bel FOOSH; Lakota: Šahíyela Wakpá) is a tributary of the Cheyenne River, approximately 290 miles (470 km) long, in the U.S. states of Wyoming and South Dakota. It is part of the Mississippi River watershed via the Cheyenne and Missouri rivers.", "Keya Paha River The Keya Paha River (/ˈkɪpəhɔː/ KIP-ə-haw) (Pawnee: Rakickatihrihuuru ) is a river flowing 127 miles (204 km) through the U.S. states of South Dakota and Nebraska.The name is derived from the Dakota language ke'-ya pa-ha', meaning \"turtle hill\". The river's name was given to Keya Paha County, Nebraska, through which it flows.The river originates in Todd County in south central South Dakota, at the confluence of Antelope Creek and Rock Creek near the town of Hidden Timber.", "Tobacco Garden Creek Tobacco Garden Creek is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 30 mi (48 km) long, in northwestern North Dakota in the United States. It rises in the badlands south of the Missouri in McKenzie County, and flows SE, then NNE. It joins the Missouri in Tobacco Garden Bay, an inlet of Lake Sakakawea.", "Little Minnesota River The Little Minnesota River is a 71.4-mile-long (114.9 km) headwaters tributary of the Minnesota River in northeastern South Dakota and west-central Minnesota in the United States. Via the Minnesota River, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed.", "Whetstone River The Whetstone River is a 12.7-mile-long (20.4 km) tributary of the Minnesota River in northeastern South Dakota and a very small portion of western Minnesota in the United States. Via the Minnesota River, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River.", "North Fork Grand River (South Dakota) The North Fork of the Grand River is a tributary of the Grand River, approximately 80 mi (129 km) long, in North Dakota and South Dakota in the United States.It rises in the Badlands of southwestern North Dakota, in southern Bowman County, and flows ESE, into the Bowman-Haley Reservoir, formed by the Bowman-Haley Dam, then through northwestern South Dakota, past several units of the Grand River National Grassland in northern Perkins County.", "Dark River, Minnesota Dark River is an unorganized territory in Saint Louis County, Minnesota, United States; located north of Chisholm and Balkan Township. The population was 68 at the 2000 census.", "White River spinedace The White River spinedace, Lepidomeda albivallis, is a critically endangered cyprinid fish of Nevada, occurring only in the White River in the southeastern part of the state.This spindace ranges from green to olive above, a brassy silver on the sides, becoming a silvery white underneath. The sides may also have a pattern of faint sooty patches.", "White River, South Dakota White River (Lakota: Makhízita wakpá; \"White Dirt River\") is a city in, and the county seat of, Mellette County. South Dakota. The population was 581 at the 2010 census.", "Devils Lake (North Dakota) Devils Lake is a lake in the U.S. state of North Dakota. It is the largest natural body of water and the second-largest body of water in North Dakota after the artificially created Lake Sakakawea. In 2011, it reached an unofficial historical high elevation of 1454.30 feet (443m).", "Ocheyedan River The Ocheyedan River is a tributary of the Little Sioux River, 58 mi (93 km) long, in southwestern Minnesota and northwestern Iowa in the United States. Via the Little Sioux and Missouri Rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River. The river has been channelized for much of its length.", "D River The D River is a river in Lincoln City, Oregon, United States. The once-nameless river, known as the \"shortest river in the world\" was listed in the Guinness World Records as the world's shortest river at 440 feet (130 m). This title was lost in 1989 when Guinness named the Roe River in Montana as the world's shortest. Attempting to reclaim the title, the people of Lincoln City submitted a new measurement to Guinness of about 120 feet (37 m) marked at \"extreme high tide\".", "Pader (river) The Pader is a river in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, left tributary of the Lippe. It runs through the city of Paderborn, which it gave its name. Although fairly wide, it is only 4 km in length which makes it the shortest river of Germany.", "Green River (North Carolina) The Green River is a dam-release river that flows through the mountains of North Carolina, south of Asheville. The Green has numerous tributaries, but much of its water flows from a confluence with Big Hungry Creek. The river is dammed to form Lake Summit, in Tuxedo, North Carolina, and Lake Adger near Mill Spring, NC. The Green River is named for its deep green color but runs brown after heavy rains.", "Comal River The Comal River is the shortest navigable river in the state of Texas in the United States. Proclaimed the \"longest shortest river in the world\" by locals, it runs entirely within the city limits of New Braunfels in southeast Comal County. It is a tributary of the Guadalupe River. The Comal begins at Comal Springs in Landa Park and flows 2.5 miles (4.0 km) until its junction with the Guadalupe.The Comal was originally called the Little Guadalupe in early Spanish accounts.", "Lower Sioux Indian Reservation The Lower Sioux Indian Reservation, (Dakota: Cansa'yapi; Lakota: Čhaŋšáyapi) also known as the Mdewakanton Tribal Reservation, is an Indian reservation located along the southern bank of the Minnesota River in Paxton Township and Sherman Township, Redwood County, Minnesota. It lies east of the city of Redwood Falls, and just south of Morton. The land became part of a reservation after the signing of the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux in 1851, but has now shrunk to a very small size.", "Wild Rice River (North Dakota) The Wild Rice River is a tributary of the Red River of the North, approximately 251 miles (404 km) long, in southeastern North Dakota in the United States. Via the Red River, Lake Winnipeg, and the Nelson River, it is part of the watershed of Hudson Bay. The Wild Rice River drains an area of 2,233 square miles (5,780 km2) in the Red River Valley region. Its tributaries also drain a small part of northeastern South Dakota.", "James River (Dakotas) The James River (also known as the Jim River or the Dakota River) is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 710 miles (1,140 km) long, draining an area of 20,653 square miles (53,490 km2) in the U.S. states of North Dakota and South Dakota. About 70 percent of the drainage area is in South Dakota. The river provides the main drainage of the flat lowland area of the Dakotas between the two plateau regions known as the Coteau du Missouri and the Coteau des Prairies.", "Pipestem River The Pipestem River is a short river—usually called \"Pipestem Creek\" by the locals—in east-central North Dakota.It flows briefly from Wells County into a reservoir formed by Pipestem Dam north-northwest of Jamestown, North Dakota, and thence into the James River, the confluence being on the southwest side of the city.", "Little Sioux River The Little Sioux River is a river in the United States. It rises in southwestern Minnesota near the Iowa border, and continues to flow southwest for 258 miles (415 km) across northwest Iowa into the Missouri River at Little Sioux. The Little Sioux River was known as Eaneah-waudepon or \"Stone River\" to the Sioux Indians. Its tributaries include the Ocheyedan River, Maple River and the West Fork of the Little Sioux River.", "North River, North Dakota North River is a city in Cass County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 56 at the 2010 census. North River was founded in 1973. It is a suburb/bedroom community directly adjacent to the city of Fargo.", "White River (Missouri River) The White River is a Missouri River tributary that flows 580 miles (930 km) through the U.S. states of Nebraska and South Dakota. The name stems from the water's white-gray color, a function of eroded sand, clay, and volcanic ash carried by the river.", "Red River of the North The Red River (French: Rivière rouge or Rivière Rouge du Nord, American English: Red River of the North) is a North American river. Originating at the confluence of the Bois de Sioux and Otter Tail rivers between the U.S. states of Minnesota and North Dakota, it flows northward through the Red River Valley, forming the border of Minnesota and North Dakota and continuing into Manitoba, Canada.", "Little Missouri River (North Dakota) The Little Missouri River is a tributary of the Missouri River, 560 mi (901 km) long, in the northern Great Plains of the United States. Rising in northeastern Wyoming, in western Crook County about 15 miles (24 km) west of Devil's Tower, it flows northeastward, across a corner of southeastern Montana, and into South Dakota.", "Bois de Sioux River The Bois de Sioux River drains Lake Traverse, the southernmost body of water in the Hudson Bay watershed of North America. It is a tributary of the Red River of the North and defines part of the western border of the U.S. state of Minnesota, and the eastern borders of North Dakota and South Dakota. It is about 41 miles (66 km) in length.Bois de Sioux is a name derived from French meaning \"river of the Sioux\".", "Knife River The Knife River is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 120 mi (193 km) long, in North Dakota in the United States.Knife is an English translation of the Native American name.It rises in west central North Dakota, in the Killdeer Mountains in Billings County. It flows east, and is joined by Spring Creek near Beulah.", "Bad River (South Dakota) The Bad River (Dakota: wakpá-šiča; \"lake-bad\") is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 161 miles (259 km) long, in central South Dakota in the United States.The river is formed at Philip, South Dakota, by the confluence of its North and South forks.", "Cannonball River The Cannonball River (Lakota: Íŋyaŋwakağapi Wakpá and in Hidatsa: Asihtia) is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 135 mi (217 km) long, in southwestern North Dakota in the United States.It rises in the Little Missouri National Grassland, in the badlands north of Amidon in northern Slope County. It flows ESE past New England, Mott, and Burt.", "Green River (North Dakota) The Green River is a tributary of the Heart River, approximately 20 mi (32 km) long, in western North Dakota in the United States.It rises in the prairie country of southwestern Billings County, near Saddle Buttes, and flows ESE past New Hradec, and joins the Heart near Gladstone.", "Little White River (South Dakota) The Little White River (Lakota: Makhízita Čík'ala; formerly known as the South Fork of the White River) is a tributary of the White River, approximately 234 miles (377 km) long, in south central South Dakota in the United States.It rises on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in southeastern Oglala Lakota County. It flows east past Martin and north of Lacreek National Wildlife Refuge.", "White Earth River (North Dakota) The White Earth River (Assiniboine: Mąkáska wakpá , Wį́są wakpá ) is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 50 mi (80 km) long, in northwestern North Dakota in the United States. It rises in the plains of southeastern Divide County, approximately 10 mi (16 km) east of Wildrose. It flows east and south, through Mountrail County and joins the Missouri in Lake Sakakawea." ]	2
residents small island city-state Malay Peninsula Chinese	[ "Asajaya\nAsajaya (Chinese: 雅沙再也) is a small Sarawakian town located in the Samarahan Division. Most of its inhabitants are made up of the Malay, Chinese and Iban people. Asajaya has a small town, known as Pekan Asajaya. It is a focal point for the residents nearby. There is a district office - Pejabat Daerah Asajaya, which translates as Asajaya District Office. One of the most important ways to expand or make Asajaya as advanced as other comparable towns is through education.", "Malaysian Chinese\nThe Malaysian Chinese or Chinese Malaysian (Chinese: trad 馬來西亞華人, simp 马来西亚华人, pin Mǎláixīyà Huárén) consists of people of full or partial Chinese – particularly Han Chinese ancestry who were born in or immigrated to Malaysia. In 2010, there were nearly 6,960,900 people self-identifying as \"Chinese\" who hold Malaysian nationality.", "Malay Peninsula\nThe Malay Peninsula (Malay: Semenanjung Tanah Melayu, Thai: คาบสมุทรมลายู rtgs: Khapsamut Malayu) is a peninsula in Southeast Asia. The land mass runs approximately north-south and, at its terminus, is the southernmost point of the Asian mainland. The area contains the southernmost tip of Myanmar, Peninsular Malaysia, and Southern Thailand.The Titiwangsa Mountains are part of the Tenasserim Hills system, and form the backbone of the Peninsula.", "Peranakan\nPeranakan Chinese and Baba-Nyonya are the descendants of Chinese immigrants who came to the Malay archipelago and British Malaya (now Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore) between the 15th and 17th centuries.Members of this community in Malaysia address themselves as \"Baba Nyonya\". Nyonya is the term for the women and Baba for the men." ]	[ "Dumpas The Dumpas are an indigenous ethnic group residing in Sabah, eastern Malaysia on the island of Borneo. They reside in the kampung Rancangan Nangoh village and Perancangan village in Labuk-Sugut District of Kudat Division. Their population was estimated at 1,078 in the year 2000. Their language (ISO 639-3 dmv) belongs to the Paitanic branch of the Austronesian language family.", "Sook Ching The Sook Ching (simplified Chinese: 肃清; traditional Chinese: 肅清; pinyin: Sùqīng, meaning \"purge through cleansing\") was a systematic extermination of perceived hostile elements among the Chinese in Singapore by the Japanese military during the Japanese occupation of Singapore and Malaya, after the British colony surrendered on 15 February 1942 following the Battle of Singapore.", "Pengerang Pengerang is a small custom cum immigration post in southeast Johor, Malaysia, to the south of Desaru and adjacent to Singapore. It has a road leading to Sungai Rengit - the larger town where food and lodging can be found. Pengerang is full of natural resources, sea life and unique landform, so it is a very well known place for many Singapore tourist as a destination for seafood and cycling. There are many religious landmarks such as temples.", "Li people The Li (黎; pinyin: Lí) or Hlai are an ethnic group, the vast majority of whom live off the southern coast of mainland China on Hainan Island, where they are the largest minority ethnic group. Divided into the five branches of the Qi, Ha, Run, Sai and Meifu, the Li have their own distinctive culture and customs.", "Chongming County About this sound Chongming County, is the only county in the provincial-level municipality of Shanghai in China. The county consists of three low-lying inhabited alluvial islands at the mouth of the Yangtze north of the Shanghai peninsula: Chongming, Changxing, and Hengsha. Following its massive expansion in the 20th century, Chongming is now the 2nd-largest island administered by the People's Republic of China and the 3rd-largest in Greater China, after Taiwan and Hainan.", "Bangka-Belitung Islands The Bangka-Belitung Islands (Indonesian: Kepulauan Bangka Belitung) or (Chinese: 邦加-勿里洞省) is a province of Indonesia, previously a part of South Sumatra Province. Lying off Sumatra, the province comprises two main islands, Bangka and Belitung, and several smaller ones. In 2010 its population was 1,223,048. The capital is Pangkal Pinang.The Bangka Strait separates Sumatra and Bangka, and the Gaspar Strait separates Bangka and Belitung.", "Malaysia Malaysia (/məˈleɪʒə/ mə-LAY-zhə or /məˈleɪsiə/ mə-LAY-see-ə) (Malaysian pronunciation: [məlejsiə]) is a federal constitutional monarchy located in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of 329,847 square kilometres (127,350 sq mi) separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions, Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia (Malaysian Borneo).", "Lembah Pantai Lembah Pantai is a parliamentary constituency in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Constituencies adjacent to Lembah Pantai are Seputeh, Segambut and Bukit Bintang.Malays make up the majority of voters in Lembah Pantai electorate at 52% followed by the Chinese at 26%, Indians at 21%. The total number of eligible voters is 56,650.", "Hawker centre A hawker centre or cooked food centre (Chinese: 小贩中心 Xiǎofàn zhōngxīn or 熟食中心 shúshí zhōngxīn) is an open-air complex in Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong and the Riau Islands of Indonesia, housing many stalls that sell a variety of inexpensive food. They are typically found in city centres, near public housing estates or transport hubs (such as bus interchange ct or train stations).", "Penang Island Penang Island (Malay: Pulau Pinang; Chinese: 檳榔嶼 Tamil:பினாங்கு தீவு) is located off the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. It was named the Prince of Wales Island when it was occupied by the British East India Company on 12 August 1786, in honour of the birthday of the Prince of Wales, later King George IV.", "Straits Settlements The Straits Settlements (Malay: Negeri-negeri Selat, نݢري٢ سلت; Chinese: 叻嶼呷/海峽殖民地) were a group of British territories located in Southeast Asia. Originally established in 1826 as part of the territories controlled by the British East India Company, the Straits Settlements came under direct British control as a Crown colony on 1 April 1867.", "Liugong Island Liugong Island (simplified Chinese: 刘公岛; traditional Chinese: 劉公島; pinyin: Liúgōngdǎo) (or Liu-kung Tao) is a small islandlocated on the northeastern edge of Shandong Peninsula (or Shantung Peninsula), China at the mouth of Weihai Bay. It is known as the \"birthplace of China's first modern navy\".", "China Press China Press (Chinese : 中國報 Zhong Guo Bao in Mandarin) is a Malaysian Chinese-language newspaper set up by Tun Henry Lee Hau Shik (H. S. Lee) and first published on 1 February 1946.On 13 May 1969, China Press was suspended for a month following its publication of a court news item after the 13 May Incident.China Press relaunched in 1986, and by 1988, its daily circulation had increased from 20,000 to 100,000, making it the fastest-growing paper in Malaysia.", "Tambralinga Tambralinga was an ancient kingdom located on the Malay Peninsula that at one time came under the influence of Srivijaya. The name had been forgotten until scholars recognized Tambralinga as Nagara Sri Dharmaraja. Early records are scarce but its duration is estimated to range from the seventh to fourteenth century. Tambralinga first sent tribute to the emperor of the Tang dynasty in 616.", "Nanyang Siang Pau Nanyang Siang Pau or Nanyang Business Daily (simplified Chinese: 南洋商报; traditional Chinese: 南洋商報; pinyin: Nányáng Shāngbào) was founded by philanthropist-entrepreneur Tan Kah Kee on 6 September 1923 in Singapore, currently published in Malaysia. Nanyang Siang Pau is currently one of oldest Chinese-language newspapers in the country, with only Kwong Wah Yit Poh being the longest-running Malaysia's Chinese newspaper.", "Tan Si Chong Su Tan Si Chong Su is a Chinese temple in Singapore, and is located at Magazine Road in the Singapore River Planning Area, within the Central Area, Singapore's central business district.The temple is also known as Po Chiak Keng (保赤宫) as well as Tan Seng Haw, and was constructed between 1876 and 1878. It was built as the ancestral temple of the Tan clan, in the Chinese belief that people with the same surname share a common ancestry.", "Singkawang Singkawang or San Keuw Jong (Chinese: 山口洋; pinyin: Shānkǒuyáng) is a city located in the province of West Kalimantan (or Kalimantan Barat), on the island of Borneo in Indonesia. It is located at about 145 km north of Pontianak, the provincial capital, and is surrounded by the Pasi, Poteng, and Sakok mountains. Singkawang is derived from Hakka Chinese, San khew jong which refers to \"a town in hills nearby a sea and estuary.\"", "Orang Pendek Orang Pendek (Indonesian for \"short person\") is the most common name given to a cryptid, or cryptozoological animal, that reportedly inhabits remote, mountainous forests on the island of Sumatra.The animal has allegedly been seen and documented for at least one hundred years by forest tribes, local villagers, Dutch colonists and Western scientists and travellers.", "A Chau For A Chau (丫洲) in Tai Po District, see Centre Island, Hong Kong.A Chau (Chinese: 鴉洲, Jyutping: aa1 zau1, Pinyin: Yāzhōu) is a small island in the inner most of Starling Inlet (Sha Tau Kok Hoi), off Nam Chung, in the north-eastern New Territories of Hong Kong. It is under the administration of North District. The island falls within the Closed Area.", "Bukit Peninsula The Bukit Peninsula (Indonesian:Semenanjung Bukit) is at the southern end of the island of Bali, Indonesia. It is traditionally considered to be the entire area south of Jimbaran beach. Unlike the bulk of the rest of the island, it features a dry, arid and stony landscape. It is administered under Kuta South District. Bukit means 'hill' in Indonesian.The Indonesian government has encouraged the development of the area — instead of more fertile land — for large upmarket tourist facilities.", "Jinghong Jinghong (Chinese: 景洪; pinyin: Jǐnghóng; Dai / Tai Lü: ᦋᦵᧂᦣᦳᧂᧈ, pronounced [tsêŋhuŋ]; Thai: เชียงรุ่ง, pronounced [t͡ɕʰīaŋ rûŋ]; rtgs: Chiang Rung; also formerly romanised as Chiang Hung, Chengrung, Cheng Hung, Jinghung, Keng Hung, Kiang Hung and Muangjinghung) is a city in and the seat of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, in the far south of China's Yunnan province, and the historic capital of the former Tai kingdom of Sipsongpanna.", "Hilir Perak Hilir Perak (literally meaning Lower Perak in English, 下霹雳县 in Chinese) is an administrative district of Perak, Malaysia. The district is governed by Majlis Perbandaran Teluk Intan or Teluk Intan Municipal Council which is based in the town of Teluk Intan. The District council was known as Majlis Daerah Hilir Perak or Hilir Perak District Council until 4 April 2004, when it was upgraded to Municipality status.", "Sarikei Sarikei ( Chinese: 泗里街; pinyin: sì lǐ jiē)is a town, and the capital of the Sarikei District (985 square kilometres) in Sarikei Division, Sarawak, east Malaysia. It is located on the Rajang River, near where the river empties into the South China Sea.", "Po Toi Islands The Po Toi Islands (Chinese: 蒲台羣島, originally 蒲苔羣島) are a small group of islands with a population of around 200, south-east of Hong Kong Island, off Stanley, in Hong Kong. The main island of the group is Po Toi Island. Administratively, they are part of Islands District.The islands are notable for interesting rock formations and open-air seafood restaurants. Po Toi Island has a \"haunted house\", and some rock carvings supposed to be the epitaph of an emperor who died on or near Po Toi.", "Sai Kung Peninsula Sai Kung Peninsula (Chinese: 西貢半島, Cantonese: Sai Kung Pun To) is a peninsula in the easternmost part of the New Territories in Hong Kong. Its name comes from Sai Kung Town in the central southern area of the peninsula. The southern part of the peninsula is administrated by Sai Kung District, the north by Tai Po District and the northwest by Sha Tin District.", "Yang di-Pertua Negeri The Yang di-Pertua Negeri (literally the \"head of state\" in Malay) is the official title of the ceremonial governors of the Malaysian states without monarchs (hereditary heads of state), namely Penang, Malacca, Sabah and Sarawak. They are appointed to renewable four-year terms by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (Paramount Ruler, King), the federal head of state of Malaysia on the advice of the Prime Minister after consulting the state governments.", "Labis Labis is the second largest town in the district of Segamat, Johor, Malaysia, with a population of about 20,000 people. It has a large Chinese community. Labis is an agricultural town whose main export is rubber. A main trunk road that runs north-south Peninsular Malaysia passes through it, as well as the Keretapi Tanah Melayu railway line that connects it with the state's capital in the south, Johor Bahru.", "Holland-Bukit Timah Group Representation Constituency Holland-Bukit Timah Group Representation Constituency (Chinese: 荷兰-武吉知马集选区; Malay: Kawasan Undi Perwakilan Berkumpulan Holland-Bukit Timah; Tamil: ஹோலண்ட்-புக்கிட் தீமா குழுத்தொகுதி) is a four-member Group Representation Constituency located in the central, western and northern areas of Singapore.", "Malay Archipelago The Malay Archipelago (Indonesian: Kepulauan Melayu, Malay: Kepulauan Melayu or Nusantara) is the archipelago between mainland Southeast Asia and Australia. It has also been called the Indo-Australian Archipelago, East Indies, and other names over time. The name was taken from the 19th-century European concept of a Malay race.Situated between the Indian and Pacific Oceans, the group of over 25,000 islands is the largest archipelago by area, and fourth by number of islands in the world.", "Kelong Kelong (sometimes spelt Kellong) is a Malay word describing a form of offshore platform built predominantly with wood, which can be found in waters off Malaysia, the Philippines and Indonesia. Only a handful remain around Singapore due to rapid urbanisation.Kelongs are built by fishermen primarily for fishing purposes, although larger structures can also function as dwellings for them and their families.", "Kuraman Island Kuraman Island (Malay: Pulau Kuraman), is a small tropical island belonging to Malaysia in the South China Sea located off the coast of Federal Territory of Labuan. It is sparsely populated and is popular with expatriates, divers and those who travel between Labuan and Brunei. Its land area measures 147 hectares. Together with the much smaller islands Pulau Rusukan Besar and Pulau Rusukan Kecil it forms the Labuan Marine Park.", "Naning Naning is an area in modern-day Malacca, Malaysia and was founded in 1641. Naning was previously part of Negeri Sembilan but it was later annexed by the British into Malacca in 1832 via the Naning War. Malacca at that time was a British holding.The Naning War started in 1831 and lasted around two years until 1833. The Penghulu of Naning then, Dol Said was enraged over British claim over Naning as part of Malacca. The British demanded that Naning pay 10% of its produce as tribute to Malacca.", "Mandailing people The Mandailing is a traditional cultural group in Southeast Asia. They are found mainly in the northern section of the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. They came under the influence of the Kaum Padri who ruled the Minangkabau of Tanah Datar. As a result, the Mandailing were influenced by Muslim culture and converted to Islam. There are also a group of Mandailing in Malaysia, especially in the states of Selangor and Perak. They are closely related to the Angkola.", "Crab Island, Malaysia Crab Island (Malay: Pulau Ketam), is a small island located off the coast of Port Klang, Selangor, Malaysia, and was founded circa 1880. The island is easily accessible from the Port Klang jetty by ferry. On the island are \"floating houses\", perched on wooden stilts 1 to 10 metres (3 to 33 ft) above sea level. The main thoroughfares are narrow concreted pavements, whilst in the residential areas, the older rickety wooden plank bridges can still be seen.", "Sungai Muntoh Sungai Muntoh is a semi-agricultural small town in the district of Jelebu in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia with less than 3,500 in total population. The town is located about 30 miles southeast of Kuala Lumpur and is situated near the border between Negeri Sembilan and Selangor.", "Penang Hokkien Penang Hokkien (Chinese: 槟城福建话; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Pin-siâⁿ Hok-kiàn-oā) is a local variant of Hokkien Chinese spoken in Penang, Malaysia. It is the lingua franca among the majority Chinese population in Penang as well as other northern states of Malaysia surrounding it, and is a subdialect of Zhangzhou (漳州; Hokkien: Chiang-chiu) Chinese, together with widespread use of Malay and English borrowed words.", "Chin Peng Chin Peng (Chinese: 陳平; pinyin: Chén Píng), former OBE, (21 October 1924 – 16 September 2013) born Ong Boon Hua (Chinese: 王文華; pinyin: Wáng Wénhuá) was a long-time leader of the Malayan Communist Party (MCP). A determined anti-colonialist, he led the party's guerrilla insurgency in the Malayan Emergency, fighting against British and Commonwealth forces in an attempt to establish an independent communist state.", "Ah Beng Ah Beng (Chinese: 阿明; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: a-bêng or a-bîng) is a stereotype applied to a certain group of young Chinese men in Southeast Asia, particularly Singapore and Malaysia, especially in the broader Klang area, roughly equivalent to the British chav.", "Batek people The Batek (or Bateq) are an indigenous people (currently numbering about 1,516) who live in the rainforest of peninsular Malaysia. As a result of encroachment, they now primarily inhabit the Taman Negara National Park. They are nomadic hunters and gatherers, so the exact location of their settlements change within the general confines of the area that they inhabit.The common phrase used to refer to them, 'orang asli', signifies a diverse group of which the Batek tribe is a part.", "Malaysian Chinese Association The Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) (simplified Chinese: 马来西亚华人公会; traditional Chinese: 馬來西亞華人公會; pinyin: Mǎláixīyà Huárén Gōnghuì; Jyutping: maa5 loi4 sai1 aa3 waa4 jan4 gung1 wui2; Malay: Persatuan Cina Malaysia) is a uni-racial political party in Malaysia that represents the Malaysian Chinese ethnicity; it is one of the three major component parties of the ruling coalition in Malaysia called the Barisan Nasional (BN) in Malay, or National Front in English.Along with the largest and third largest component party in BN, i.e.", "Pantai Acheh Pantai Acheh is a small town, located at the end of Jalan Pantai Acheh, in the state of Penang, Malaysia. Pantai Acheh contains many farms, including pig farms and fisheries.Pantai Acheh is a relatively small town, with one small school and a few restaurants and small shops found in the small town. There are no major developments and there are a very few amenities located within Pantai Acheh.", "13 May Incident The 13 May 1969 incident is the Sino-Malay sectarian violence in Kuala Lumpur (then part of the state of Selangor), Malaysia, in which many Malaysians lost their lives. Officially the number of deaths was played down, but Western diplomatic sources at the time put the toll at close to 600, with most of the victims Chinese.", "Seah Eu Chin Seah Eu Chin (1805–1883; simplified Chinese: 佘有进; traditional Chinese: 佘有進; pinyin: Shé Yǒujìn; also spelt Siah U-chin, Seah Uchin, Seah You Chin) was an immigrant from South China to Singapore, later becoming a successful merchant and leader in the Chinese community.He is a prominent descendant of Seah Clan in Southeast Asia.", "Unfederated Malay States The term Unfederated Malay States (Malay: Negeri-negeri Melayu Tidak Bersekutu) was the collective name given to five British protected states in the Malay peninsula in the first half of the twentieth century. These states were Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis, and Terengganu.", "Pangkal Pinang Pangkalpinang (Jawi: ڤڠكل ڤينڠ‎, Chinese: 邦加檳港; pinyin: Bāng jiā bīn gǎng), or Pîn-kóng (槟港) in Hakka, is the largest town on the Indonesian island of Bangka and the capital of the province of Kepulauan Bangka Belitung. It is located on Bangka's eastern coast at 2°8′S 106°7′ELandmarks in the city include the Timah Museum, a Chinese temple, the Bangka Botanical Garden (BBG) and the Pasir Padi beach.", "Menglembu Menglembu (万里望） is a main town in the Ipoh city area Perak, Malaysia, lying at the foot of the Kledang Hill. It is famed for \"Menglembu Peanuts\", a brand of peanuts that is processed and packed by a factory in the town. Historically, Menglembu and the surrounding areas of the Kinta Valley were settled by Chinese of the Hakka dialect group from South China who worked in the tin mines. These townships were so populated by the Hakka that even many of the non-Chinese people spoke Hakka.", "Paloh Paloh is a small town in the Kluang district of Johor, Malaysia. It has a rather balanced population of Chinese, Malays and Indians. This town is located 35 kilometers away from Kluang and about 32 kilometers away from Yong Peng.The town's main activity is the cultivation of oil palms and rubber trees.", "Kamunting Kamunting (Malay pronunciation: /Kemunting/) is the biggest satellite town in Taiping's Larut, Matang dan Selama district, Perak, Malaysia. It is also the biggest industrial town in Taiping and is famous mainly for being home to the Kamunting Detention Center a prison camp for detainees under the Internal Security Act, many of whom are held without trial for an indefinite period.", "Khoo Kongsi The Khoo Kongsi (Chinese: 邱公司; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Khu-kong-si) is a large Chinese clanhouse with elaborate and highly ornamented architecture, a mark of the dominant presence of the Chinese in Penang, Malaysia. The famous Khoo Kongsi is the grandest clan temple in the country. It is also one of the city's major historic attractions.", "Dol Said Dol Said or in full Dato' Abdul Said was a 19th-century Malay leader of an area called Naning, which was then part of Malacca on the Malay Peninsula. He opposed taxation by the British's taxation policy in the area and refused to pay it. This was a direct cause of a conflict known as the Naning War.Dol Said's defiance led the British to send 150 soldiers led by Captain Wyllie to capture Naning in early August 1831.", "Kam people The Kam a.k.a. Dong (Chinese: 侗族; pinyin: Dòngzú; endonym: Gaeml [kɐ́m]), a Kam–Sui people of southern China, are one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. They are famed for their native-bred Kam Sweet Rice (Chinese: 香禾糯), carpentry skills, and unique architecture, in particular a form of covered bridge known as the \"wind and rain bridge\" (Chinese: 风雨桥). The Kam people live mostly in eastern Guizhou, western Hunan, and northern Guangxi in China.", "Cheung Chau Cheung Chau (Chinese: 長洲, lit. \"Long Province\") is a small island 10 km southwest of Hong Kong Island. It is nicknamed the 'dumbbell island' due to its shape. It has been inhabited for longer than most other places in the territory of Hong Kong, with a population of about 23,000 up to 2006. Administratively, it is part of the Islands District.", "Syburi Syburi (Thai: ไทรบุรี; rtgs: Sai Buri, meaning \"City of the Banyan\") is the name for the Malay state of Kedah returned to Thailand when the Japanese occupied British Malaya during World War II.", "Orang Ulu Orang Ulu \"\\remote people\") is an ethnic designation politically coined to group together roughly 27 very small but ethnically diverse tribal groups in Sarawak, with a population ranging from less than 300 persons to over 25,000 persons. Orang Ulu is not a legal term and no such racial group exist or listed in the Malaysian Constitution.", "Utsul The Utsuls ([hu˩ t͡saːn˧˨]; traditional Chinese: 回輝人; simplified Chinese: 回辉人; pinyin: Huíhuī rén) or (Chinese: 海南回族; pinyin: Hǎinán huízú) are an ethnic group which lives on the island of Hainan, China, and are considered one of the People's Republic of China's undistinguished ethnic groups. They are found on the southernmost tip of Hainan near the city of Sanya.", "Negeri Sembilan Negeri Sembilan (Malay pronunciation: [ˈnəgəri səmbiˈlan]), one of Malaysia's thirteen states, lies on the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia, just south of Kuala Lumpur and borders Selangor on the north, Pahang in the east, and Malacca and Johor to the south. The name is believed to derive from the nine (sembilan) villages or nagari in the Minangkabau language (now known as luak) settled by the Minangkabau, a people originally from West Sumatra (in present-day Indonesia).", "Taman Mini Indonesia Indah Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII) or \"Beautiful Indonesia Miniature Park\" (literally translated) is a culture-based recreational area located in East Jakarta, Indonesia. It has an area of about 250 acres (1.0 km2). The park is a synopsis of Indonesian culture, with virtually all aspects of daily life in Indonesia's 26 (in 1975) provinces encapsulated in separate pavilions with the collections of Indonesian architecture, clothing, dances and traditions are all depicted impeccably.", "Pulau Satumu Pulau Satumu (Chinese: 沙都姆岛) is a small island to the south of the main Singapore island, and the southernmost island of Singapore. The Raffles Lighthouse is located on the island. The island's name means \"One Tree\" in the Malay Language.", "Han Chinese The Han Chinese are an ethnic group native to East Asia. They constitute approximately 92% of the population of Mainland China, 93% of the population of Hong Kong, 92% of the population of Macau, 98% of the population of Taiwan, 74% of the population of Singapore, 24.5% of the population of Malaysia, and about 19% of the entire global human population, making them the largest ethnic group in the world.", "Chinatowns in Asia Chinatowns in Asia are widespread with a large concentration of overseas Chinese in East Asia and Southeast Asia and ethnic Chinese whose ancestors came from southern China - particularly the provinces of Guangdong, Fujian, and Hainan - and settled in countries such as Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Japan and Korea centuries ago—starting as early as the Tang Dynasty, but mostly notably in the 17th through the 19th centuries (during the reign of the Qing Dynasty), and well into the 20th century.These ethnic Chinese arrived from southern mainland China and were mainly Chinese people of Cantonese (Vietnam), Hakka (India, East Timor, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand, Burma / Myanmar, Brunei), Hokkien (Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, Myanmar), and Teochew/Chaozhou (Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam ) stock and pockets of Hainanese, Hokchew and Henghwa in some countries.The largest Chinatown in Asia is located in Yokohama, Japan.", "Perlis Perlis is the smallest state in Malaysia. It lies at the northern part of the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and has the Satun and Songkhla Provinces of Thailand on its northern border. It is bordered by the state of Kedah to the south. The formal name is Perlis without Indera Kayangan. It was called Palit (Thai: ปะลิส) by the Siamese when it was under their influence. Perlis had a population of 227,025 as of 2010.The capital of Perlis is Kangar, and the Royal capital is Arau.", "Chinese Singaporeans Singaporean Chinese (Chinese: simp. 新加坡华人, trad. 新加坡華人, pin. Xīnjiāpō Huárén,) are people of full or partial Chinese – particularly Han Chinese – ancestry who hold Singaporean nationality. As of 2011, Chinese Singaporeans constitute 74.1% of Singapore's resident population – approximately three out of four Singaporeans – making them the largest ethnic group in Singapore.", "Melanau people Melanau or A-Likou (meaning River people) same Meranau are an ethnic group native to Sarawak, Malaysia. They are among the earliest settlers of Sarawak. They speak Melanau language, which is part of North Bornean branch of Malayo-Polynesian languages. In 2010, there are estimated to be 123,410 who consider themselves Melanau, making it the fifth largest ethnic group in Sarawak (after Iban, Chinese, Malays and Bidayuh).", "Chinese Indonesians Chinese Indonesians or Tionghoa (Indonesian: Orang Tionghoa-Indonesia; Chinese: trad 印度尼西亞華人, simp 印度尼西亚华人, pin Yìndùníxīyǎ Huárén) previously known as the Indonesian Chinese (Indonesian: Orang Cina-Indonesia), are Indonesians descended from various Chinese ethnic groups, particularly Han.Chinese came to the Dutch East Indies as workers both directly and through Maritime Southeast Asia.", "Peng Chau Peng Chau (Chinese: 坪洲, Jyutping: ping4 zau1) is a small island located off the north-eastern coast of Lantau Island, Hong Kong. It is known for its small island lifestyle, accessibility to fresh seafood, and several temples located around the island.", "Song, Sarawak Song is a town, and the capital of the Song District (3,935.2 square kilometers) in Kapit Division, Sarawak, east Malaysia. The district population (year 2010 census) was 20,046. Song is situated by the banks of the Katibas River, a tributary of the Rajang River. The Iban(Sea dayak) people form the majority in Song, followed by the Orang Ulu, Chinese, Malay, Melanau and Bidayuh. It is an important stopover for river traffic going up the Rajang River.", "Chin Swee Caves Temple The Chin Swee Caves Temple is a Taoist temple in Genting Highlands, Pahang, Malaysia.The Chin Swee Caves Temple is situated in the most scenic site of Genting Highlands. Within the Temple is seated a statue of Qingshui, a Buddhist monk who has long been referred to as a deity in Fujian province, China for his supernatural abilities to summon rain and drive away evil spirits.", "Lingga, Malaysia For the Indonesian islands, see Lingga IslandsLingga (Chinese: 龙呀) is a small coastal fishing town, in Sri Aman Division, Sarawak, east Malaysia, near where the Lupar River (Batang Lupar) debouches into the sea.Commercial activities is limited to seventeen small stores in the town, all of which are run by local Chinese merchants. The population of Lingga has stagnated, the lack of job opportunities has caused significant exodus of local population to more developed towns for better livelihood.", "Chung Keng Quee Kapitan China Chung Keng Quee (traditional Chinese: 鄭景貴; simplified Chinese: 郑景贵; pinyin: Zhèng Jǐngguì, 1821 – 13 December 1901) was the founder and administrator of modern Taiping in Perak, Malaysia. Appointed \"Captain China\" by the British in 1877, he was a millionaire philanthropist and known as an innovator in the mining of tin. He was involved in many other industries including farming, pawnbroking and logging.", "Lanfang Republic The Lanfang Republic (Chinese: 蘭芳共和國; pinyin: Lánfāng Gònghéguó, Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Làn-fông Khiung-fò-koet) was a Chinese state and kongsi federation in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. It was established by a Hakka Chinese named Luo Fangbo (羅芳伯) in 1777, until it was ended by Dutch occupation in 1884.", "Jinjang Jinjang is a town in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.The town was established as part of the British strategy called the Briggs' Plan during the Malayan Emergency. The strategy aimed to forcibly relocate Malayan people, particularly ethnic Chinese, to isolate them from the Communists' influence. Jinjang was by far the largest of the relocation communities (called \"New Villages\") on the outskirts of Kuala Lumpur, at 445 hectares (4.45 km2), nearly twice the size of the other New Villages combined.", "Orang laut The Orang Laut are a group of Malay people living in the Riau Islands of Indonesia. It also may refer to any Malay origin people living on coastal islands, including those of Andaman Sea islands in Sarawak, Thailand and Burma, commonly known as Moken.", "Bidayuh Bidayuh is the collective name for several indigenous groups found in southern Sarawak, Malaysia and northern West Kalimantan, Indonesia, on the island of Borneo, that are broadly similar in language and culture (see also issues below). The name Bidayuh means 'inhabitants of land'. Originally from the western part of Borneo, the collective name Land Dayak was first used during the period of Rajah James Brooke, the White Rajah of Sarawak.", "Little India, Singapore Little India (Tamil: லிட்டில் இந்தியா) is a Singaporean neighbourhood east of the Singapore River—across from Chinatown, located west of the river—and north of Kampong Glam. Both areas are part of the urban planning area of Rochor. Little India is commonly known as Tekka in the local Tamil community.", "Chitty The Chitty are a distinctive group of Tamil people found mainly in Malacca and Singapore, who are also known as the Indian Peranakans. As of today, their population stands at 2,000.", "Ketuanan Melayu Ketuanan Melayu (Jawi script: كتوانان ملايو; English for \"Malay dominance\") is a political concept emphasising Malay preeminence in present-day Malaysia. The Malays of Malaysia claimed a special position and special rights owing to their long domicile and the fact that the present Malaysian state itself evolved from a Malay polity. The oldest political institution in Malaysia is the system of Malay rulers of the nine Malay states.", "Semang The Semang are a Negrito ethnic group of the Malay Peninsula. They are found in Perak, Kedah and Pahang of Malaysia. During the colonial British administration, Orang Asli living in the northern Malay Peninsula are classified as Sakai. Lowland Semang tribes are also known as Sakai, although this term is considered to be derogatory by the Semang people. They have been recorded to have lived here since before the 200s Common Era (CE). They are ethnologically described as nomadic hunter-gatherers.", "Taiping, Perak Taiping (Chinese pronunciation: /tʰaɪ̯⁵¹piŋ/; Malay pronunciation: /taipeŋ/)(Chinese: 太平, Tàipíng; Jawi: تايڤيڠ) is a town located in northern Perak, Malaysia. With a population of 217,647 (in 2011), it is the second largest town in Perak after Ipoh, the state capital. Taiping took over Kuala Kangsar's role as the state capital from 1876 to 1937, but was then replaced by Ipoh. Its development slowed down after that, but in recent years the town has begun developing rapidly again.", "Seberang Perai Seberang Perai, formerly Province Wellesley, is a narrow hinterland opposite Penang island on the Malay Peninsula, which together with the island forms the Malaysian state of Penang. Its principal town is Butterworth. From the 2010 National Census, Seberang Perai has a population of 815,767, the second most populous local government area in Malaysia.", "Plentong Plentong (Chinese: 避兰东) began as a Kangchu settlemement known as Tey Chu Kang in 1859 and then an old Chinese new village that is now a busy town in Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. Many hypermarkets are found here like Giant and Tesco, along with several major boutiques and showrooms such as Beethoven, Toyota, Perodua, Proton, Mercedes Benz and Fella Design.", "Tanjung Pinang Tanjung Pinang (Jawi: تنجوڠ ڤينڠ ‎) is the capital and second largest city of the Indonesian province of Riau Islands after Batam. A city with roughly 200,000 residents, it is a trading port between islands in the Riau archipelago. Tanjung Pinang is located on south of Bintan island and has ferry and speedboat connections to Batam, Singapore (40 km away), and Johor Bahru.", "Kuala Penyu Kuala Penyu is a town located in Interior Division of Sabah, east Malaysia on the island of Borneo. Its population was estimated to be around 18,958 in 2010, with ethnic Dusun Tatana forming the largest single ethnic group.", "Yap Kwan Seng Yap Kwan Seng (1846–1902) was the last Chinese kapitan of Kuala Lumpur from 1889 to 1902. Kapitans were appointed chiefs or headmen of the various ethnic communities during the British colonial rule in what is present-day Malaysia. Kapitans played an important role in the history of the Chinese in Malaysia.", "Sio Sam Ong Sio Sam Ong (小三王), literally meaning \"Three Little Emperors\", is a leading Chinese triad in Malaysia; with a strong presence in the north (i.e. Kedah, Perlis). Mainly based in Penang, it is widely considered to be one of the most powerful triads in the country. Like their counterparts in Singapore & Taiwan, the Sio Sam Ong mostly consists of the Hokkien ethnic group.", "Christmas Island The Territory of Christmas Island is a territory of Australia in the Indian Ocean, composed of one island. It has a population of 2,072 residents who live in a number of \"settlement areas\" on the northern tip of the island: Flying Fish Cove (also known as Kampong), Silver City, Poon Saan, and Drumsite. The majority of the population are Chinese Australian.", "Chung Thye Phin Kapitan Chung, Thye Phin (Chinese: 鄭大平), MSC, JP (1879–1935) was a wealthy Malayan tin miner and rubber planter of Hakka ancestry who was raised on the island of Penang in the state of the same name in Malaysia, known at that time as British Malaya. He pioneered the cultivation of Roselle for the production of Roselle fibre rope and twine, his initial effort including the Sweet Kamiri Estate in Sungei Siput.", "Wakaf Tapai Wakaf Tapai (est. pop. (2000 census): 899) is a small town in the Marang district of Terengganu, on the east coast of peninsular Malaysia.The population comprises 89% Malays, 10% Chinese and 1% of other races. The town is well known for the Malay rice dish, nasi dagang. The town is so named from the Malay words wakaf, meaning small hut for travelers resting, and tapai, a type of food made from tapioca which tastes like wine.", "Ethnic Malays Malays (Malay: Melayu, Jawi: ملايو) are an ethnic group of Austronesian peoples predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula; East Sumatra; Southern Thailand; the Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar; Pulau Ujong; coastal Borneo, including Brunei, West Kalimantan; and coastal Sarawak and Sabah and the smaller islands which lie between these locations — areas that are collectively known as the Malay world.", "Malaysians Malaysians (Malay: Orang Malaysia) are the citizens of Malaysia, or their descendants abroad. Malaysia is a multiethnic society which is home to many ethnicities from different backgrounds. Malays, Chinese, and Indians form the three largest ethnic groups of Malaysia. The 2015 census puts the population of Malaysia at 30,775,000.", "Bukit Cina Bukit Cina (Malay: \"Chinese Hill\") is a hillside of historical significance in the capital of Malaysian state of Malacca, Malacca Town. It is located several kilometres to the north from the historical centre of Malacca (Dutch town and Chinatown), but these days, it's surrounded by the modern city on all sides.", "Yong Peng Yong Peng (Chinese: 永平) is a regional town in Malaysia in the state of Johor. It has an area of 1911.6 hectares with an estimated population of 29,046. Yong Peng has two main interchanges on North-South Expressway including north to Kuala Lumpur and south to Johor Bahru.Slightly more than half of the local residents are of Chinese origin; whose forefathers migrated from southern China in the 1880s. The rest are Malays and Indians who mainly reside in the surrounding Yong Peng areas.", "Bukitan people Bukitan (also known as Baketan) is a small tribe living in the state of Sarawak, Malaysia and East Kalimantan of Indonesia. They are found in Bintulu district of Sarawak. Not many of these people are left due to intermarriages with other tribes.", "Semai people The Semai (also known as Mai Semai or Orang Dalam) are a semi sedentary people living in the center of the Malay Peninsula in Southeast Asia, known especially for their nonviolence. They speak Semai, an Austroasiatic language closely related to Temiar, spoken by Temiars nearby. The Semai belong to the Senoi ethnic group. Semai are one of the largest indigenous ethnic group in the Peninsula and the largest of the Senoi tribes.", "Chinese Protectorate The Chinese Protectorate was an administrative body responsible for the well-being of ethnic Chinese residents of the Straits Settlements during that territory's British colonial period. Protectorates were established in each area of the Settlements, namely Singapore, Penang and Malacca. Each was headed by a Protector. The institution was established in 1877 to handle all matters related to the Straits Settlements' Chinese residents.", "Kuala Simpang Kuala Simpang is a small town located in Pahang, Malaysia. The percentage of the racial population is 78% are Chinese, 12% are Malay, 7% are Indian and 3% are other races. The population of the town is around 1,439. The mayor of the town is Gan Yee Chee. Recently, a Giant Hypermarkett and shopping centre was opened by Gan Yee Chee." ]	9
John Lennon Yoko Ono album Starting Over	[ "Feeling the Space\nFeeling the Space is Yoko Ono's fourth solo album, her last one on Apple Records and her last release of the 1970s. (A fifth album, A Story, would be recorded in 1974, but not released until 1997).", "Fly (Yoko Ono album)\nFly is the second album by Yoko Ono, produced by her and John Lennon, and released in 1971. It was a complete avant-garde/Fluxus package in a gatefold sleeve that came with a full-size poster and a postcard to order Ono's book Grapefruit. Notable songs include the singles \"Midsummer New York\" and \"Mrs. Lennon\", \"Hirake\" aka \"Open Your Box\" and \"Don't Worry, Kyoko (Mummy's Only Looking for Her Hand in the Snow)\", dedicated to Ono's daughter Kyoko Cox.", "The Lives of John Lennon\nThe Lives of John Lennon is a 1988 biography of musician John Lennon by Americanauthor Albert Goldman. The book is a product of several years of research and hundreds of interviews with many of Lennon's friends, acquaintances, servants and musicians. Notwithstanding, it is best known for its criticism and generally negative representation of the personal lives of Lennon and his wife, Yoko Ono.", "Lennon Legend: The Very Best of John Lennon (DVD)\nLennon Legend: The Very Best of John Lennon was released on DVD in November 2003 as a series of remastered, remixed & new videos with Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround Sound audio mixes.The DVD featured never-before-seen footage from the Lennon/Ono archive, rare newsreel and private footage, 15 new and newly remastered music videos, 5.1 surround sound, new animations of Lennon's drawings and an extensive photo gallery including rare and previously unseen images.Featuring 20 tracks in total, the DVD featured footage that was traced back as close to its original source as possible.", "Born in a Prison\n\"Born in a Prison\" is a song written by Yoko Ono and first released on her 1972 album with John Lennon Some Time in New York City.", "Shaved Fish\nShaved Fish is a compilation album by John Lennon and the Plastic Ono Band, released in October 1975 on Apple Records. It contains all of the singles that he had issued up to that point in the United States as a solo artist, with the exception of \"Stand by Me\", which had been released earlier that year. The only compilation of his non-Beatles recordings released during his lifetime, it peaked at number 8 in the UK and number 12 in the US.", "John Lennon\nJohn Winston Ono Lennon MBE (born John Winston Lennon; 9 October 1940 – 8 December 1980) was an English singer and songwriter who rose to worldwide fame as a co-founder of the band the Beatles, the most commercially successful band in the history of popular music.", "Yoko Ono\nYoko Ono (小野洋子, Ono Yōko, born 18 February 1933) is a Japanese multimedia artist, singer and peace activist who is also known for her work in avant-garde art, music and filmmaking. She is the widow and second wife of John Lennon.Ono grew up in Tokyo, and studied at Gakushuin. She withdrew from her course after two years and rejoined her family in New York in 1953.", "Open Your Box\n\"Open Your Box\" is a song by Yoko Ono, released on 12 March 1971 as the B-side of John Lennon's single Power to the People. It was remixed and re-released by Orange Factory in 2001.In 1971, Ono's risqué lyrics were received in controversy (\"box\" is slang for vagina). She sings, \"Open your box, open your trousers, open your sex, open your legs, open open open open open\". The record was banned from radio in Britain, and was played on-air only when echo was added to blur the lyrics.", "Well Well Well (John Lennon song)\n\"Well Well Well\" is a song from the album John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band by John Lennon.", "(Just Like) Starting Over\n\"(Just Like) Starting Over\" is a song written and performed by John Lennon for his album, Double Fantasy. The B-side was Yoko Ono's \"Kiss Kiss Kiss\". It was released as a single on 20 October 1980 in the United States and four days later in the United Kingdom, and it reached number one in both the US and UK after he was murdered. In 2013, Billboard Magazine ranked it as the 62nd biggest song of all-time on the Billboard Hot 100 charts.", "Double Fantasy\nDouble Fantasy is a 1980 album released by John Lennon and Yoko Ono. It is the seventh and final studio album released by Lennon in his lifetime. Though initially poorly received, the album is notable for its association with Lennon's murder three weeks after its release, whereupon it became a worldwide commercial success, and went on to win the 1981 Album of the Year at the 24th Annual Grammy Awards.", "John Lennon discography\nSee also The Beatles discographyJohn Lennon was an English singer-songwriter and was one of four principal members of the band The Beatles. His studio album discography begins with Plastic Ono Band from 1970, his first album release after the break-up of the Beatles, three previous albums done in collaboration with Yoko Ono issued in the 1960s designated as experimental.", "Unfinished Music No. 1: Two Virgins\nUnfinished Music No. 1: Two Virgins is the first of three experimental albums released by John Lennon and Yoko Ono on Apple Records. It was the result of an all-night session of musical experimentation with Yoko in John's home studio at Kenwood, while his wife, Cynthia Lennon, was on holiday in Greece.", "Every Man Has a Woman Who Loves Him\n\"Every Man Has a Woman Who Loves Him\" is a Yoko Ono song from her Double Fantasy album with John Lennon. The version released as a single, and on the compilation album Every Man Has a Woman, is credited to Lennon, and has stripped away Ono's lead vocal, while bringing Lennon's backing vocal up in the mix (this version was also released as a bonus track on the CD reissue of Milk and Honey). The B-side featured \"It's Alright\" by Ono and Sean Lennon.", "Unfinished Music No. 2: Life with the Lions\nUnfinished Music No. 2: Life with the Lions is the second of three experimental albums of avant-garde music released by John Lennon and Yoko Ono in May 1969 on Zapple, a sub label of Apple. It was a successor to 1968's highly controversial Unfinished Music No.1: Two Virgins, and was followed by the Wedding Album. The album peaked in the United States at number 174.", "Beautiful Boy (Darling Boy)\n\"Beautiful Boy (Darling Boy)\" is a song written and performed by John Lennon. It was released on the 1980 album Double Fantasy, the last album by Lennon and Ono released before his death.Paul McCartney has stated this is one of his favourite songs composed by Lennon, and when he appeared on Desert Island Discs in 1982 included it as his favourite in his selection.It was used as the B-side of \"Happy Xmas (War Is Over)\" to promote the compilation album The John Lennon Collection in November 1982.", "Imagine: John Lennon (soundtrack)\nImagine: John Lennon is a soundtrack album of popular music compiled for the 1988 documentary film Imagine: John Lennon from songs written or co-written by John Lennon. Originally released that year as a double album, it now remains available on one CD.Bridging his two musical phases together, as a member of the Beatles and a solo artist (similar to George Harrison's earlier The Best of George Harrison), Imagine: John Lennon is a career-spanning collection of Lennon's many musical highlights.", "You're the One (Yoko Ono song)\n\"You're the One\" is a song by Yoko Ono, originally released in 1984 on Ono's and John Lennon's duet album Milk and Honey. The song was also on the compilation albums Onobox and Walking on Thin Ice.", "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)\n\"Happy Xmas (War Is Over)\" is a song written by John Lennon and Yoko Ono, released in 1971 as a single by John & Yoko/Plastic Ono Band with the Harlem Community Choir. It was the seventh single release by Lennon outside of his work with the Beatles. The song reached number 4 in the UK, where its release was delayed until November 1972, and has periodically reemerged on the UK Singles Chart, most notably after Lennon's death in 1980, at which point it peaked at number 2.", "The John Lennon Collection\nThe John Lennon Collection is a retrospective compilation album of music from John Lennon's solo career.", "Kiss Kiss Kiss (Yoko Ono song)\n\"Kiss Kiss Kiss\" is a song by Japanese-American singer Yoko Ono. It was originally released on Double Fantasy, her joint album with John Lennon, as well as on the B-side of his \"(Just Like) Starting Over\" single.", "Some Time in New York City\nSome Time in New York City is a studio album paired with the live album Live Jam as a double album.Released in 1972, it is John Lennon's third post-Beatles solo album, fifth with Yoko Ono, and third with producer Phil Spector. Some Time in New York City fared poorly critically and commercially compared to Lennon's previous two albums, John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band and Imagine.", "List of songs recorded by John Lennon\nThe following is a sortable table of all songs by John Lennon:The column Song list the song title.The column Writer(s) lists who wrote the song.The column Original Release lists the original album or single the recording first appeared on.The column Other Release(s) lists any additional compilations or reissues that the song has appeared on.The column Producer lists the producer of the song.The column Year lists the year in which the song was released.The column Length list the length/duration of the song.", "New York City (John Lennon and Yoko Ono song)\n\"New York City\" is a song written by John Lennon that was first released on Lennon's and Yoko Ono's 1972 album Some Time in New York City.", "I'm Moving On (Yoko Ono song)\n\"I'm Moving On\" is a song by Yoko Ono. It was originally recorded for 1980's Double Fantasy album, with John Lennon. A remix was released on iTunes on 25 September 2012. The remix debuted at number 39, and peaked at number 4." ]	[ "Lennon (musical) Lennon is a musical with music and lyrics by John Lennon and book by Don Scardino, who also directed its premiere. The musical is about the life of John Lennon and was notable for Scardino's choice to be almost exclusively based on Lennon's own words and to focus on Lennon's solo career, with no songs from the Lennon–McCartney catalogue.The \"$7 million bio-musical\" first opened in San Francisco, California in April 2005.", "New Beginning (Tracy Chapman album) New Beginning is the fourth album by singer/songwriter Tracy Chapman, released in 1995 (see 1995 in music).", "John Lennon's jukebox John Lennon's jukebox is a jukebox – specifically a Swiss KB Discomatic – which Lennon had bought in 1965. Lennon filled it with forty singles to accompany him on tour. John Lennon's jukebox also refers to the compilation CD album closely based on the jukebox's musical contents.The jukebox surfaced in an auction of Beatles memorabilia at Christie's, and was sold for £2,500 ($4,907) to Bristol-based music promoter John Midwinter.", "Choba B CCCP CHOBA B CCCP (also known as The Russian Album) is the seventh solo studio album by Paul McCartney, originally released in 1988 exclusively in the Soviet Union. The album consists entirely of covers, mainly of rock and roll oldies (similar to John Lennon's 1975 album Rock 'n' Roll). With the addition of an extra track, the album was released internationally in 1991 following the collapse of the Soviet Union.", "I'll Cry Instead \"I'll Cry Instead\" is a John Lennon composition credited to Lennon–McCartney, and recorded by the Beatles for the soundtrack to their film A Hard Day's Night.", "Ain't She Sweet (album) Ain't She Sweet was an American album featuring four tracks recorded in Hamburg in 1961 by The Beatles featuring Tony Sheridan (except for the title song with vocal by John Lennon) and cover versions of Beatles and British Invasion-era songs recorded by the Swallows. As Atlantic Records only had rights to four Sheridan/Beatle recordings recorded by Polydor Records, they filled the rest of the album with Beatle and British Invasion cover songs.", "Power to the People (song) \"Power to the People\" is a song written by John Lennon, released as a single in 1971, credited to John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band. It was issued on Apple Records (catalogue number R5892 in the United Kingdom, 1830 in the United States) and in the US peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 10 on the Cashbox Top 100. It also charted at number 6 on the British singles chart. The song's first appearance on album was the 1975 compilation Shaved Fish.", "Come Together \"Come Together\" is a song by the Beatles written by John Lennon but credited to Lennon–McCartney. The song is the opening track on the album Abbey Road and was released as a double A-sided single with \"Something\", their 21st single in the United Kingdom and 26th in the United States. The song reached the top of the charts in the US and peaked at number four in the UK.", "Yellow Submarine (album) Yellow Submarine is the tenth studio album by the English rock band the Beatles, released on 13 January 1969 in the United States and on 17 January 1969 in the United Kingdom. It was issued as the soundtrack to the animated film of the same name, which premiered in London in July 1968. The album contains six songs by the Beatles, of which \"Yellow Submarine\" and \"All You Need Is Love\" had previously been released as singles.", "A Toot and a Snore in '74 A Toot and a Snore in '74 is a bootleg album of the only known recording session in which John Lennon and Paul McCartney played together after the break-up of the Beatles. First mentioned by Lennon in a 1975 interview, more details were brought to light in May Pang's 1983 book, Loving John, and it gained wider prominence when McCartney made reference to the session in a 1997 interview. Discussing with Australian writer Sean Sennett in his Soho office, McCartney claimed the \"session was hazy...", "With the Beatles With the Beatles is the second studio album by the English rock group the Beatles. It was released on 22 November 1963, on Parlophone, and was recorded four months after the band's debut Please Please Me. The album features eight original compositions (seven by Lennon–McCartney and \"Don't Bother Me\", George Harrison's first recorded solo composition and his first released on a Beatles album) and six covers (mostly of Motown, rock and roll, and R&B hits).", "I'm Stepping Out \"I'm Stepping Out\" is the last single from the final John Lennon and Yoko Ono album Milk and Honey. In it, Lennon celebrates his enthusiasm for the night life of New York City, and makes tongue-in-cheek reference to his \"househusband\" period. It reached number 88 in the UK Singles chart, and in the US at number 55 in the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 57 on the Cashbox Top 100.The B-side features Ono's \"Sleepless Night.\"", "Never Say Goodbye (Yoko Ono song) \"Never Say Goodbye\" is the second single from Yoko Ono's 1982 album It's Alright (I See Rainbows). Like many of Ono's songs from this period, the lyrics deal with her emotional healing following the murder of her husband John Lennon. The upbeat new wave song samples a recording of Lennon screaming Yoko's name from their Wedding Album, followed by her son Sean waking her, as if it were a bad dream. The song garnered minor airplay upon release. \"Loneliness\" appeared on the B-side.", "It Won't Be Long \"It Won't Be Long\" is the opening track on With the Beatles, the Beatles' second UK album, and was the first original song recorded for it. Although credited to Lennon–McCartney, it was primarily a John Lennon composition, with Paul McCartney assisting with the lyrics and arrangement.", "Into the Sun (Sean Lennon album) Into the Sun is the debut album by Sean Lennon, released on May 19, 1998 on the Beastie Boys label Grand Royal (distributed by Capitol Records, a division of EMI which had been the longtime home of Sean's father John Lennon). It was released during his time performing with Cibo Matto along with girlfriend Yuka Honda, who also produced and performed on the album. The album was engineered and mixed by Tom Schick at Sear Sound. Sean has said it was \"inspired by my girlfriend\".", "Introduction (Alex Parks album) Introduction is Alex Parks' debut album, released on 24 November 2003. Recorded and released within only two weeks of Parks winning the BBC's Fame Academy, it included seven original compositions, mostly co-written with songwriters Helen Boulding, Gary Clark and Boo Hewerdine, as well as six cover songs from John Lennon, Tears for Fears, R.E.M., Christina Aguilera, Eurythmics and Coldplay.The album reached number 5 in the UK Top 40 Album charts.", "Funeral for a Friend/Love Lies Bleeding \"Funeral for a Friend/Love Lies Bleeding\" is the opening track on the double album Goodbye Yellow Brick Road by Elton John. The first part, \"Funeral for a Friend\", is an instrumental created by John while thinking of what kind of music he would like at his funeral. This first half segues into \"Love Lies Bleeding\".", "One After 909 \"One After 909\" (sometimes titled \"The One After 909\" in early recordings) is a song by the Beatles, written by John Lennon, with input from Paul McCartney (credited to Lennon–McCartney), and originally released in 1970 on the album Let It Be. The album version is the live performance from the rooftop concert which took place on 30 January 1969. This performance is also included in the Let It Be film.", "Something New (album) Something New is the Beatles' third Capitol LP release, but fifth American album following the United Artists release of A Hard Day's Night. This album includes eight songs from the original British release of A Hard Day's Night, as well as the remaining tracks \"Slow Down\" and \"Matchbox\" from the Long Tall Sally EP and the German-language version of \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\".", "New York Rock New York Rock is an off-Broadway musical by Yoko Ono. It is a thinly veiled account of her life with John Lennon. The musical contains many songs from Ono's albums throughout the years, as well as several new tracks, \"Warzone\" and \"Where Do We Go from Here\", which were reworked for inclusion on Rising.", "Beatles for Sale Beatles for Sale is the fourth studio album by English rock band the Beatles, released on 4 December 1964 in the United Kingdom and produced by George Martin for Parlophone. The album marked a minor turning point in the evolution of the Lennon–McCartney partnership, John Lennon particularly now showing interest in composing songs of a more autobiographical nature.", "Elephant's Memory Elephant's Memory was an American rock band formed in New York City in the late 1960s, known primarily for backing John Lennon and Yoko Ono from late 1971 to 1973. For live performances with Lennon and Ono, the band was known as the Plastic Ono Elephant's Memory Band.", "Number 9 Dream \"#9 Dream\" is a song written by John Lennon and first issued on his 1974 album Walls and Bridges. It was released as the second single from that album months later, on Apple Records catalogue Apple 1878 in the United States and Apple R6003 in the United Kingdom. It peaked at number 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 23 on the British singles chart. A video for the song was made in 2003.", "Because (Beatles song) \"Because\" is a song written by John Lennon (credited to Lennon–McCartney) and recorded by the Beatles in 1969. It features a prominent three-part vocal harmony by Lennon, Paul McCartney, and George Harrison, overdubbed twice to make nine voices in all.", "Mind Games (song) \"Mind Games\" is a song written and performed by John Lennon, released as a single in 1973 on Apple Records, catalogue Apple 1868 in the United States and Apple R5994 in the United Kingdom. It was the lead single for the album of the same name. The UK single and album and the US single were issued on the same day - November 16, 1973. The single was US certificated gold in the US in 1974. It peaked at number 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 26 on the British singles chart.", "Peace, Love & Truth Peace, Love & Truth is a compilation album of music celebrating John Lennon and Yoko Ono's songs for peace, released only in Asian and Australian markets in August 2005. In place of this release for the rest of the world, Working Class Hero: The Definitive Lennon was issued in October of the same year.This album has been released with the Copy Control protection system in some regions.", "Instant Karma! \"Instant Karma!\" – sometimes referred to as \"Instant Karma! (We All Shine On)\" – is a song written by English musician John Lennon, released as a single on Apple Records in February 1970. In the UK, the single was credited to \"Lennon/Ono with the Plastic Ono Band\".", "Real Love (Beatles song) \"Real Love\" is a song written by John Lennon, and recorded with overdubs by the three surviving Beatles in 1995 for release as part of the Beatles Anthology project. To date, it is the last released record of new material credited to the Beatles.Lennon made six takes of the song in 1979 and 1980 with \"Real Life\", a different song that merged with \"Real Love\".", "1962–1966 1962–1966 (also known as \"The Red Album\") is a compilation record of songs by the English rock band The Beatles, spanning the years indicated in the title.Released with its counterpart 1967–1970 (\"The Blue Album\") in 1973, it reached number 3 in the United Kingdom and number 1 in the United States Cashbox albums chart. However, in the US, the official chart was administered by Billboard, where 1962–1966 peaked at number 3, while 1967–1970 reached the top spot.", "Starpeace Starpeace is Yoko Ono's 1985 concept album, designed to spread a message of peace around the world as an opposition to Ronald Reagan's \"Star Wars\" missile defense system. As with most Ono albums it did not chart extensively but the single release of \"Hell in Paradise\" reached #16 on the US dance charts.", "Working Class Hero \"Working Class Hero\" is a song from John Lennon's first post-Beatles solo album, 1970's John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band.", "Bed-In As the Vietnam War raged in 1969, Yoko Ono and her husband John Lennon held two week-long Bed-Ins for Peace, one at the Hilton Hotel in Amsterdam and one in Montreal, each of which were intended to be non-violent protests against wars, and experimental tests of new ways to promote peace.", "Career Suicide (Lennon album) Career Suicide is the second LP from Lennon. It was released on September 21, 2004. It contains reworkings of many of the songs that appeared on her major-label debut, 5:30 Saturday Morning.", "1967–1970 1967–1970 (widely known as \"The Blue Album\") is a compilation of songs by the English rock band The Beatles, spanning the years indicated in the title. It was released with 1962–1966 (\"The Red Album\"), in 1973. 1967–1970 made number 1 on the American Billboard chart and number 2 on the British Album Chart. This album was re-released in September 1993 on compact disc, charting at number 4 in the United Kingdom.The album was compiled by Beatles manager Allen Klein.", "Working Class Hero: The Definitive Lennon Working Class Hero: The Definitive Lennon is a two-disc compilation of music by John Lennon, released in October 2005 on Capitol Records, catalogue CDP 0946 3 40391 2 3, in commemoration of what would have been his 65th birthday. The set contains remixed and remastered versions of his songs, overseen by widow Yoko Ono from 2000 to 2005.", "Live in New York City (John Lennon album) Live in New York City is a posthumous live album by English rock musician John Lennon. It was prepared under the supervision of his widow, Yoko Ono, and released in 1986 as his second official live album, the first being Live Peace in Toronto 1969.", "Ringo's Rotogravure Ringo's Rotogravure is the fifth studio album by Ringo Starr, released in 1976. It would turn out to be the last album featuring active involvement from all four former Beatles before John Lennon's death in 1980. Following the end of his contract with EMI, Starr signed on with Polydor Records worldwide (Atlantic Records handling US distribution).", "Getting Better \"Getting Better\" is a song written mainly by Paul McCartney, with lyrical contributions from John Lennon (credited to Lennon–McCartney). It was recorded by the Beatles for the 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.", "Lennon Legend: The Very Best of John Lennon Lennon Legend: The Very Best of John Lennon is the third official compilation album of John Lennon's solo career, coming after 1975's Shaved Fish and 1982's The John Lennon Collection. Because neither collection spanned Lennon's releases up to and including 1984's Milk and Honey, Lennon Legend: The Very Best of John Lennon – considered the definitive Lennon retrospective – was compiled to rectify the situation.", "Starting Over (Raspberries album) Starting Over is the fourth album by the 1970s power pop band Raspberries. It peaked at #143 on the Billboard pop album chart in 1974; it generated the #18 Billboard pop single \"Overnight Sensation (Hit Record)\". Stylistically, it represented a more aggressive arena rock/hard rock sound compared to previous albums in a way reminiscent of The Who, which was one of the groups' biggest influences.", "Approximately Infinite Universe Approximately Infinite Universe is a double album by Yoko Ono, released in early 1973. It represents a departure from the experimental avant garde rock of her first two albums towards a more conventional pop/rock sound, while also dabbling in feminist rock. It peaked at #193 in the United States. The 1997 CD re-issue on Rykodisc added two acoustic demos of songs from this era, that were later released on 1981's Season of Glass.", "In the Beginning (Circa 1960) In the Beginning (Circa 1960) is the first consolidated American packaging of the 1962 German album by Tony Sheridan and The Beatles (credited as The Beat Brothers), called My Bonnie. In the Beginning (Circa 1960) was released by Polydor Records in 1970 (catalogue number 24-4504.) It was recorded in Hamburg in 1961. This album was originally released as The Beatles' First in Germany in 1964 and in the United Kingdom in 1967.", "Acoustic (John Lennon album) Acoustic is a compilation album of John Lennon demos, studio and live performances that feature his acoustic guitar work and was released in 2004. Although it failed to chart in the United Kingdom, Acoustic reached number 31 in the United States, becoming John Lennon's best charting posthumous US release since 1988's Imagine: John Lennon soundtrack.The album debuted on the Billboard 200 album chart on 20 November 2004 at number 31, with sales of 27,858 copies. It spent eight weeks on the chart.", "5:30 Saturday Morning 5:30 Saturday Morning is the first LP from Lennon. It was released on September 11, 2001.", "Be My Yoko Ono \"Be My Yoko Ono\" is a song by the Canadian musical group Barenaked Ladies.The song was written by Steven Page and Ed Robertson and first appeared on their 1989 demo tape, Buck Naked. It was also included on their second and third tapes, Barenaked Lunch and The Yellow Tape, as well as on their major-label debut Gordon, and on their 2001 compilation, Disc One: All Their Greatest Hits.", "Goodnight Vienna Goodnight Vienna is the fourth studio album by Ringo Starr. It was recorded in the summer of 1974 in Los Angeles, and released later that year. Goodnight Vienna followed the commercially successful predecessor Ringo, and Starr used many of the same players, including Billy Preston, Klaus Voormann, Robbie Robertson, Harry Nilsson, and producer Richard Perry. The title is a Liverpool slang phrase meaning \"it's all over\".", "Sentimental Journey (Ringo Starr album) Sentimental Journey is the debut studio album by former Beatles drummer Ringo Starr, released in 1970, as the band was splintering apart. Although Starr was the third member of the group to issue solo work (after George Harrison and John Lennon), Sentimental Journey is notable for being the first non-avant-garde studio album by a member of the band, in light of the experimental, soundtrack or live releases his aforementioned bandmates had already released.", "(It's All Down to) Goodnight Vienna \"(It's All Down to) Goodnight Vienna\", an up-tempo John Lennon composition, is the title track to Ringo Starr's 1974 album Goodnight Vienna. The final song on the album is \"Goodnight Vienna (reprise)\". Also released as a single, the single version is a medley combination of \"(It's All Down to) Goodnight Vienna\" and \"Goodnight Vienna (reprise)\".", "A Story A Story is an album by Yoko Ono, recorded in 1974, during the \"lost weekend\" sessions in which John Lennon produced Walls and Bridges. It was unreleased until the 1992 box set Onobox, which featured material from A Story on disc six. It was only properly released as an individual album in 1997, with the reissuing of Ono's back catalogue by Rykodisc. The reissue added three bonus tracks, including home demos and a live recording from the Starpeace tour.", "Plastic Ono Band Plastic Ono Band is a band formed by John Lennon and Yoko Ono in 1969 as a vehicle for their collaborative and solo projects.Lennon and Ono had begun a personal and artistic relationship in 1968, collaborating on several experimental releases. Following their marriage in 1969, they decided that all of their future endeavours would be credited to a conceptual and collaborative vehicle, Plastic Ono Band.", "Rock 'n' Roll (John Lennon album) Rock 'n' Roll is the sixth studio album by John Lennon. Released in 1975, it is an album of late 1950s and early 1960s songs as covered by Lennon. Recording the album was problematic and spanned an entire year: Phil Spector produced sessions in October 1973 at A&M Studios, and Lennon produced sessions in October 1974 at Record Plant Studios (East). Lennon was being sued by Morris Levy over copyright infringement of one line in his song \"Come Together\".", "No, No, No (Yoko Ono song) \"No, No, No\" is a song by Yoko Ono from her controversial 1981 album Season of Glass. The song is one of the most dramatic tracks on the album to address her husband John Lennon's murder. The song begins with the sound of four gunshots (Lennon was shot in the back four times) and Ono screaming. The B-side was \"Will You Touch Me\".", "To Be Continued... (Elton John compilation) To Be Continued... is a 4 part box set detailing Elton John's music from his days with Bluesology to the then-present day. Four new songs \"\\Made for Me\", \"You Gotta Love Someone\", \"I Swear I Heard the Night Talkin'\" and \"Easier to Walk Away\") were recorded for the box set.", "Onobox Onobox is a 1992 comprehensive 6-disc collection of Yoko Ono's work from 1968 to 1985. The discs are grouped by era and theme. Disc three features the entire Feeling the Space project, which was originally conceived and recorded as a double album before being edited down, while disc six is the previously unreleased 1974 album A Story, which was later reissued separately with an altered track listing, along with the rest of Ono's back catalogue.", "Borrowed Time (John Lennon song) \"Borrowed Time\" is a song from John Lennon and Yoko Ono's last album, Milk and Honey. While the single failed to chart in the United States, it charted at number 32 in the UK Singles Chart. The B-side features Ono's song \"Your Hands\" from the same album.", "Revolution 9 \"Revolution 9\" is a recorded composition that appeared on the Beatles' 1968 eponymous LP release (popularly known as The White Album). The sound collage, credited to Lennon–McCartney, was created primarily by John Lennon with assistance from George Harrison and Yoko Ono. Lennon said he was trying to paint a picture of a revolution using sound.", "Woman (John Lennon song) \"Woman\" is a song written and performed by John Lennon from his 1980 album Double Fantasy. Lennon wrote it as an ode to his wife Yoko Ono, and to all women. The track begins with Lennon whispering, \"For the other half of the sky ...\", a paraphrase of a Chinese proverb, once used by Mao Zedong.", "Walking on Thin Ice (album) Walking on Thin Ice is a greatest-hits compilation of Yoko Ono's work from 1971-85. It was released by Rykodisc in 1992, along with the more comprehensive 6-disc Onobox set. The booklet includes an essay by Ono, pieces from her book Grapefruit, and quotes about her from artists such as David Bowie, Eric Clapton and Cyndi Lauper.", "Imagine (1972 film) Imagine is a 1972 television film by John Lennon and Yoko Ono, filmed mostly at their Tittenhurst Park home in Ascot, England, during 1971, and intended for television. All the songs from Lennon's Imagine album appear in the soundtrack, and also the songs \"Mrs. Lennon\" and \"Don't Count the Waves\", from Ono's album Fly.", "Milk and Honey (album) Milk and Honey is an album credited to John Lennon and Yoko Ono released in 1984. It is Lennon's eighth and final studio album, and the first posthumous release of Lennon's music, having been recorded in the last months of his life during and following the sessions for their 1980 album Double Fantasy. It was assembled by Yoko Ono in association with the Geffen label.", "Give Peace a Chance \"Give Peace a Chance\" is a song written by John Lennon (originally credited Lennon–McCartney), and performed with Yoko Ono in Montreal, Canada. Released as a single in 1969 by the Plastic Ono Band on Apple Records (catalogue Apple 13 in the United Kingdom, Apple 1809 in the United States), it is the first solo single issued by Lennon, released when he was still a member of the Beatles, and became an anthem of the American anti-war movement during the 1970s.", "With Hopes of Starting Over With Hopes of Starting Over... is the debut EP from the band The Starting Line, released on June 25, 2001 by Drive-Thru Records. It featured four original songs, two of which later reappeared on their full-length album Say It Like You Mean It, and a cover of Starship's \"Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now\".In November 2005, a sixth song from the recording session surfaced, titled \"Song for Her\".", "Starting Over (Speed album) Starting Over was Japanese J-pop girlband Speed's very first album and was released on May 21, 1997. It contains 3 of Speed's earlier singles, \"Body & Soul\", \"Steady\" and \"Go! Go! Heaven\" respectively. The album was hugely successful entering the Oricon weekly charts at number 1, and shipping approximately 2 million units in total.", "It's Alright (I See Rainbows) It's Alright (I See Rainbows) is the sixth solo album by Yoko Ono, and her second release after the death of husband John Lennon. As a variation of a theme concerning its predecessor, the back cover features a transparent image of Lennon in a then-contemporary photo of Yoko and Sean, depicted in Central Park. This album marks her first foray into new wave sounds and 1980s pop production. It charted at #98 in the US.All songs are written, composed, arranged, produced, and sung by Ono.", "Mind Games (John Lennon album) Mind Games is the fourth studio album by John Lennon. It was recorded at Record Plant Studios in New York in summer 1973. The album was released in the US 29 October 1973 and the UK 16 November 1973. The album was Lennon's first self-produced recording without help from Phil Spector. Like his previous album, the politically topical and somewhat abrasive Some Time in New York City, Mind Games was poorly received by some music critics upon release.", "Lennon (box set) Lennon is a four-CD box set featuring many of John Lennon's solo songs and was released in 1990.Compiled by the foremost authority on the Beatles, Mark Lewisohn, Lennon encompasses generous samples from his single-only releases, and his albums from Live Peace in Toronto 1969 to Menlove Ave.Lennon, which never charted in the United Kingdom or United States, was deleted from Lennon's catalogue in the late 1990s.", "Love (John Lennon song) \"Love\" is a song written and performed by John Lennon, originally released in 1970 on the John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band album.", "Menlove Ave. Menlove Ave. is a 1986 album by English rock musician John Lennon. It is the second posthumous release of Lennon's music, having been recorded during the sessions from his albums Walls and Bridges and Rock 'n' Roll. Menlove Ave. was released under the supervision of Yoko Ono, Lennon's widow.", "Wedding Album Wedding Album is the final in a succession of three experimental albums by John Lennon and Yoko Ono. It followed Unfinished Music No. 1: Two Virgins and Unfinished Music No. 2: Life with the Lions.", "Every Man Has a Woman Every Man Has a Woman is a tribute album to Yoko Ono for her 50th birthday. It contains covers of her songs from the albums Approximately Infinite Universe (1973), Double Fantasy (1980), Season of Glass (1981), and It's Alright (I See Rainbows) (1982). The album was purportedly one of John Lennon's projects, but he died before he could see its completion.", "Starting Over (La Toya Jackson EP) Starting Over, also known by its working title Startin' Over, is a 2011 extended play by American singer La Toya Jackson. The EP contains two top twenty-five U.S. Billboard Dance Club hits; \"Just Wanna Dance\" and \"Free the World\". The autobiographical EP is described as the soundtrack to her memoir Starting Over.", "The Ballad of John and Yoko The Ballad of John and Yoko is a song written by John Lennon, attributed to Lennon–McCartney as was the custom, and released by the Beatles as a single in May 1969. The song, chronicling the events surrounding Lennon’s marriage to Yoko Ono, was the Beatles’ 17th and final UK number one single.", "Starting Over Again \"Starting Over Again\" is a song recorded by American entertainer Dolly Parton. Telling the story of a middle aged couple separating after 30 years of marriage, the song was written by Donna Summer and her husband Bruce Sudano. (The story was actually based on Sudano's parents' divorce.) Parton's recording was performed as a slow tempo ballad, gradually building to a dramatic crescendo. It was released in March 1980 as the first single from her album Dolly, Dolly, Dolly.", "Starting Over (1979 film) Starting Over is a 1979 American comedy film based on Dan Wakefield's novel, produced by James L. Brooks and directed by Alan J. Pakula. It tells the story about a recently divorced man (Burt Reynolds) who is torn between his new girlfriend (Jill Clayburgh) and his ex-wife (Candice Bergen).It was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Actress in a Leading Role (Clayburgh) and Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Bergen).", "Walls and Bridges Walls and Bridges is the fifth studio album by John Lennon, issued on 26 September 1974 in the United States and on 4 October in the United Kingdom. Written, recorded and released during his 18-month separation from Yoko Ono (June 1973–January 1975), the album captures Lennon in the midst of his \"Lost Weekend\".", "Season of Glass Season of Glass is a 1981 album by Yoko Ono, her first solo recording after the murder of her husband John Lennon. The album was released less than six months after Lennon's death and deals with it directly in songs such as \"Goodbye Sadness\" and \"I Don't Know Why\".", "Imagine (John Lennon album) Imagine is the second studio album by John Lennon. Recorded and released in 1971, the album is more heavily produced in contrast to the basic, raw arrangements of his previous album, the critically acclaimed John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band. The album is considered the most popular of his works and the title track is considered one of Lennon's finest songs. In 2012, Imagine was voted 80th on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the \"500 Greatest Albums of All Time\".", "John Lennon Anthology John Lennon Anthology is a four-CD boxed set of home demos, alternative studio outtakes and other unreleased material recorded by John Lennon over the course of his solo career from \"Give Peace a Chance\" in 1969 up until the 1980 sessions for Double Fantasy and Milk and Honey.The anthology was divided by its compiler and co-producer, Yoko Ono, into four discs representing four eras in Lennon's solo career: \"Ascot\"; \"New York City\"; \"The Lost Weekend\" and \"Dakota\".John Lennon Anthology reached number 62 in the United Kingdom and number 99 in the United States, where it went gold.", "Rising (Yoko Ono album) Rising is a 1996 album by avant-garde artist Yoko Ono. Released on 18 January, on Capitol Records, it features the backing band IMA (Japanese for \"Now\"), which included Ono's son Sean Lennon, Timo Ellis, and Sam Koppelman. The album has sold 11,000 copies in the US to date.", "Yoko Ono/Plastic Ono Band Yoko Ono/Plastic Ono Band is the avant-garde debut studio album by Yoko Ono. The album came after recording three experimental releases with John Lennon and a live album as a member of The Plastic Ono Band.", "John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band is the debut studio album by English rock musician John Lennon. It was released in 1970, after Lennon had issued three experimental albums with Yoko Ono and Live Peace in Toronto 1969, a live performance in Toronto credited to the Plastic Ono Band." ]	2
John Turturro 1991 Coen Brothers film	[ "Coen brothers filmography\nThis is the filmography of the American filmmaker duo the Coen brothers.", "Miller's Crossing\nMiller's Crossing is a 1990 American neo-noir black comedy gangster film written and directed by the Coen brothers, and starring Gabriel Byrne, Marcia Gay Harden, John Turturro, Jon Polito, J. E. Freeman, and Albert Finney. The plot concerns a power struggle between two rival gangs and how the protagonist, Tom Regan (Gabriel Byrne), plays both sides off against each other.In 2005, TIME chose Miller's Crossing as one of the 100 greatest films made since the inception of the periodical.", "List of American films of 1991\nA list of American films released in 1991.The Silence of the Lambs won the Academy Award for Best Picture.", "Coen brothers\nJoel David Coen (born November 29, 1954) and Ethan Jesse Coen (born September 21, 1957), known informally as the Coen brothers, are American film directors, screenwriters, producers, and editors.", "Illuminata (film)\nIlluminata is a 1998 romantic comedy film directed by John Turturro and written by Brandon Cole and John Turturro, based on Cole's play. The cinematographer was Harris Savides. The puppet sequences were done by Roman Paska. Music for the 'Tuccio Operatic Dream Sequence' was composed by Richard Termini.", "John Turturro\nJohn Michael Turturro (Italian pronunciation: [t̪urˈt̪urːo]) (born February 28, 1957) is an American-Italian actor, writer and director known for his roles in the films Do the Right Thing (1989), Miller's Crossing (1990), Barton Fink (1991), Quiz Show (1994), The Big Lebowski (1998), O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000) and the first three films in the Transformers film series (2007–2011).", "Barton Fink\nBarton Fink is a 1991 American period film written, produced, directed and edited by the Coen brothers. Set in 1941, it stars John Turturro in the title role as a young New York City playwright who is hired to write scripts for a film studio in Hollywood, and John Goodman as Charlie, the insurance salesman who lives next door at the run-down Hotel Earle.The Coens wrote the screenplay in three weeks while experiencing difficulty during the writing of Miller's Crossing.", "List of frequent Coen Brothers collaborators\nThe Coen brothers, a sibling duo of filmmakers, are known for their frequent collaborations with various actors and film crew members. Though they write and direct as a team, for many of their films they split the credits, with Joel Coen as director and Ethan Coen as producer, and the two credited jointly as writers. Additionally, they both edit their films under the pseudonym Roderick Jaynes.The Coens' most frequent collaborators are listed here. J." ]	[ "John C. Higgins John C. Higgins (April 28, 1908 - July 2, 1995) was an American screenwriter. During the 1930s and early 1940s, the Winnipeg, Canada-born scribe worked on mostly complex murder mystery films, including the James Stewart film Murder Man (1935). During the late 1940s, Higgins continued to pen thrillers, including semidocumentary-style films, including director Anthony Mann's He Walked By Night, Raw Deal, T-Men and Border Incident.", "South Central (film) South Central is a 1992 American crime drama film, written and directed by Stephen Milburn Anderson. This film is an adaptation of the 1987 novel Crips by Donald Bakeer, a former high school teacher in South Central Los Angeles. The film stars Glenn Plummer, Byron Minns and Christian Coleman. South Central was produced by Oliver Stone and released by Warner Bros. The movie received wide critical acclaim, with New Yorker Magazine praising it as one of the year's best independent films.", "Robert Mulligan Robert Mulligan (August 23, 1925 – December 20, 2008) was an American film and television director best known as the director of humanistic American dramas, including To Kill a Mockingbird (1962), Summer of '42 (1971), The Other (1972), Same Time, Next Year (1978) and The Man in the Moon (1991). He was also known in the 1960s for his extensive collaborations with producer Alan J. Pakula.", "Sorcerer (film) Sorcerer is a 1977 American existential thriller film directed and produced by William Friedkin and starring Roy Scheider, Bruno Cremer, Francisco Rabal, and Amidou. The second adaptation of Georges Arnaud's 1950 French novel Le Salaire de la peur, it has been widely considered a remake of the first adaptation, the 1953 film The Wages of Fear. Friedkin has disagreed with this notion.", "The Sabata Trilogy The Sabata Trilogy is a series of Spaghetti Western films released between 1969 and 1971, directed by Gianfranco Parolini, and starring Lee Van Cleef in the first, Sabata, Yul Brynner in the second, Adiós, Sabata, and Van Cleef returning for the third, Return of Sabata.", "John G. Avildsen John Guilbert Avildsen (born December 21, 1935) is an American film director. He won the Academy Award for Best Director in 1977 for Rocky. Other films he directed include Joe, Save the Tiger, Fore Play, The Formula, Neighbors, For Keeps, Lean on Me, The Power of One, 8 Seconds, Inferno, Rocky V and the first three Karate Kid movies.", "The Crazies (1973 film) The Crazies (also known as Code Name: Trixie) is a 1973 American science fiction horror-action film about the effects of the accidental release of a military biological weapon upon the inhabitants of a small American town. The film was written and directed by George A. Romero, and starred Lane Carroll, Will MacMillan, Harold Wayne Jones. Although it failed at the box office during its original release, it has since become a cult classic. A remake of the film was made in 2010.", "Three Kings (1999 film) Three Kings is a 1999 satirical war comedy film written and directed by David O. Russell from a story by John Ridley about a gold heist that takes place during the 1991 Iraqi uprising against Saddam Hussein following the end of the Persian Gulf War. The film stars George Clooney, Mark Wahlberg, Ice Cube, and Spike Jonze.", "The IPCRESS File The IPCRESS File is Len Deighton's first spy novel, published in 1962. It was made into a film in 1965 produced by Harry Saltzman, directed by Sidney J. Furie and starring Michael Caine. The novel, which involves Cold War brainwashing, includes scenes in Lebanon and on an atoll for a United States atomic weapon test, as well as information about Joe One, the Soviet Union's first atomic bomb, although these elements did not appear in the film version.", "Seven Days in May Seven Days in May is an American political thriller motion picture about a military-political cabal's planned takeover of the United States government in reaction to the president's negotiation of a disarmament treaty with the Soviet Union. Directed by John Frankenheimer, it stars Burt Lancaster, Kirk Douglas, Fredric March, and Ava Gardner, and was released in February 1964. The screenplay was written by Rod Serling based on the novel of the same name by Fletcher Knebel and Charles W.", "The Independent (2000 film) The Independent is a mockumentary comedy film made in 2000, directed by Stephen Kessler and starring Jerry Stiller and Janeane Garofalo. Stiller portrays an independent film maker who makes little-known B movies with titles like Twelve Angry Men and a Baby. The film spoofs independent directors and independent film.", "H.P. Lovecraft's: Necronomicon H.P. Lovecraft's: Necronomicon, original title Necronomicon, also called Necronomicon: Book of the Dead or Necronomicon: To Hell and Back is an American anthology horror film released in 1993. It was directed by Brian Yuzna, Christophe Gans and Shusuke Kaneko and was written by Brent V. Friedman, Christophe Gans, Kazunori Itō and Brian Yuzna. The film stars Bruce Payne as Edward De Lapoer, Richard Lynch as Jethro De Lapoer, Jeffrey Combs as H. P.", "The Guyver The Guyver (released in Europe as Mutronics) is a 1991 American science fiction film loosely based on the Japanese manga series of the same name by Yoshiki Takaya. The film tells of a young man, Sean Barker, who discovers an alien artifact called \"The Unit\" which changes Barker into an alien-hybrid super soldier called \"The Guyver\". Barker learns that a major corporation called \"Chronos\" is after the Guyver unit and soon discovers that the people behind Chronos are not human after all.", "John O'Brien (novelist) John O'Brien (21 May 1960 – 10 April 1994) was an American author. His first novel Leaving Las Vegas was published in 1990 by Watermark Press and made into a film of the same name in 1995.", "Raging Bull Raging Bull is a 1980 American biographical black-and-white sports drama film directed by Martin Scorsese, produced by Robert Chartoff and Irwin Winkler and adapted by Paul Schrader and Mardik Martin from Jake LaMotta's memoir Raging Bull: My Story. It stars Robert De Niro as Jake LaMotta, an Italian American middleweight boxer whose self-destructive and obsessive rage, sexual jealousy, and animalistic appetite destroyed his relationship with his wife and family.", "The Mission (1986 film) The Mission is a 1986 British drama film about the experiences of a Jesuit missionary in 18th century South America. The film was written by Robert Bolt and directed by Roland Joffé. The movie stars Robert De Niro, Jeremy Irons, Ray McAnally, Aidan Quinn, Cherie Lunghi and Liam Neeson. It won the Palme d'Or and the Academy Award for Best Cinematography. In April 2007, it was elected number one on the Church Times' Top 50 Religious Films list.", "Jeff Kanew Jeffrey Roger Kanew (born December 16, 1944) is an American film director, writer and editor who early in his career made trailers for many films of the 1970s and is probably best known for directing the film Revenge of the Nerds (1984) and for editing Ordinary People.Kanew directed Gotcha! (1985) and Tough Guys (1986), the final film pairing actors Kirk Douglas and Burt Lancaster, having initially directed Douglas in 1983's Eddie Macon's Run.", "Vincent Sherman Vincent Sherman (July 16, 1906 – June 18, 2006) was an American director, and actor, who worked in Hollywood. His movies include Mr. Skeffington (1944), Nora Prentiss (1947), and The Young Philadelphians (1959).He began his career as an actor on Broadway and later films. He directed B-movies for Warner Bros. before moving up to A-pictures. He was a good friend of actor Errol Flynn, whom he directed in Adventures of Don Juan (1949).", "Honkytonk Man Honkytonk Man is a 1982 American drama film set in the Great Depression. Clint Eastwood, who produced and directed, stars with his son, Kyle Eastwood. Clancy Carlile's screenplay is based on his novel of the same name. This was Marty Robbins' last appearance before he died.", "Grand Canyon (1991 film) Grand Canyon is a 1991 American drama film directed and produced by Lawrence Kasdan, and written by Kasdan with his wife Meg. Featuring an ensemble cast, the film is about random events affecting a selection of diverse characters, the film explores the race- and class-imposed chasms which separate members of the same community. Grand Canyon was advertised as \"The Big Chill for the '90s\", in reference to an earlier Kasdan film.", "Stanley & Iris Stanley & Iris (1990) is a romantic drama film directed by Martin Ritt and starring Jane Fonda and Robert De Niro. The screenplay by Harriet Frank, Jr. and Irving Ravetch is loosely based on the novel Union Street by Pat Barker.The original music score is composed by John Williams and the cinematography is by Donald McAlpine. The film is marketed with the tagline \"Some people need love spelled out for them.\" It was the final film that Ritt directed, and he died months after the film's release.", "Guilty by Suspicion Guilty by Suspicion is a 1991 American drama film about the Hollywood blacklist and associated activities stemming from McCarthyism and the House Un-American Activities Committee. Written and directed by Irwin Winkler, it starred Robert De Niro, Annette Bening and George Wendt.The film was entered into the 1991 Cannes Film Festival.", "Cain's Cutthroats Cain's Cutthroats is a 1971 western-themed exploitation film. It is a story of brutality, betrayal, and revenge set in the period immediately following the end of the American Civil War. The film was released under the alternate titles Cain's Way, The Blood Seekers, and Justice Cain. It stars John Carradine, Scott Brady, Darwin Joston, Robert Dix, Tereza Thaw, and Adair Jameson.", "Jonathan Demme Robert Jonathan Demme (/ˈdɛmi/; born February 22, 1944) is an American filmmaker, producer and screenwriter. Demme rose to prominence in the 1980s with his comedy films Melvin and Howard (1980), Swing Shift (1984), Something Wild (1986) and Married to the Mob (1988). He became best known for directing The Silence of the Lambs (1991), for which he won the Academy Award for Best Director. He later directed the acclaimed films Philadelphia (1993) and Rachel Getting Married (2008).", "Tombstone (film) Tombstone is a 1993 American western film directed by George P. Cosmatos, written by Kevin Jarre (who was also the original director, but was replaced early in production) and starring Kurt Russell and Val Kilmer, with Sam Elliott, Bill Paxton, Powers Boothe, Michael Biehn, and Dana Delany in supporting roles, as well as a narration by Robert Mitchum.The film is based on events in Tombstone, Arizona, including the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral and the Earp Vendetta Ride, during the 1880s.", "John Q. John Q. is a 2002 American thriller film directed by Nick Cassavetes. The film follows John Quincy Archibald (Denzel Washington), a father and husband whose son is diagnosed with an enlarged heart and then finds out he is unable to receive a transplant because HMO insurance will not cover it; therefore, he decides to hold up the hospital and force them to do it.The film also stars Robert Duvall, Anne Heche, James Woods, Ray Liotta and Eddie Griffin, among others.", "Heart and Souls Heart and Souls is a 1993 American fantasy comedy film directed by Ron Underwood. The film stars Robert Downey, Jr. as Thomas Riley, a businessman recruited by the souls of four deceased people - his guardian angels from childhood - to help them rectify their unfinished lives, as he is the only one who can communicate with them.", "Dutch (film) Dutch (released in the UK and Australia as Driving Me Crazy) is a 1991 American comedy-drama film directed by Peter Faiman (his second and last theatrical film, after \"Crocodile\" Dundee) and written by John Hughes. The original music score was composed by Alan Silvestri. The film stars Ethan Embry (as Doyle Standish), Ed O'Neill and JoBeth Williams with a cameo appearance by golfer great Arnold Palmer.", "Cousins (1989 film) Cousins is a 1989 American romantic comedy film directed by Joel Schumacher and starring Ted Danson, Isabella Rossellini, Sean Young, William Petersen, Keith Coogan, Lloyd Bridges and Norma Aleandro. The film is an American remake of the 1975 French comedy Cousin, cousine, directed by Jean-Charles Tacchella. It was both filmed, and set, in the city of Vancouver, in British Columbia in Canada, and was one of the earliest times the city had appeared as itself in a major motion picture.", "Dillinger (1991 film) Dillinger is a 1991 television film directed by Rupert Wainwright and starring Mark Harmon as John Dillinger.", "See No Evil, Hear No Evil See No Evil, Hear No Evil is a 1989 American comedy film directed by Arthur Hiller and produced by Marvin Worth for TriStar Pictures. It stars Richard Pryor as a blind man and Gene Wilder as a deaf man who work together to thwart a trio of murderous thieves.", "Out for Justice Out for Justice is a 1991 American crime thriller film directed by John Flynn, and produced by and starring Steven Seagal. The film is about a veteran police detective who vows to kill the crazy, drug-addicted mafioso who murdered his partner. It marked Julianna Margulies' film debut.", "The Three Musketeers (1993 film) The Three Musketeers is a 1993 Austrian-American action-adventure film from Walt Disney Pictures and Caravan Pictures, directed by Stephen Herek from a screenplay by David Loughery and starring Charlie Sheen, Kiefer Sutherland, Chris O'Donnell, Oliver Platt, Tim Curry and Rebecca De Mornay.The film is loosely based on the novel The Three Musketeers (Les Trois Mousquetaires) by Alexandre Dumas, père.", "Grosse Pointe Blank Grosse Pointe Blank is a 1997 American comedy crime film directed by George Armitage, and starring John Cusack, Minnie Driver, Alan Arkin and Dan Aykroyd. The film is 1980s revival-themed, and the soundtrack features mainly independent music from that decade. The film received positive reviews from critics, and grossed $28,084,357.", "John Matuszak John Daniel \"Tooz\" Matuszak (October 25, 1950 – June 17, 1989) was an American football defensive end in the National Football League who later became an actor. He was the first draft pick of 1973 and played most of his career with the Oakland Raiders until he retired after winning his second Super Bowl in 1981. Matuszak participated in the 1978 World's Strongest Man competition, where he placed ninth. As an actor, he played the deformed Sloth in the 1985 movie The Goonies and Tonda in Caveman.", "Warren Oates Warren Mercer Oates (July 5, 1928 – April 3, 1982) was an American actor best known for his performances in several films directed by Sam Peckinpah including The Wild Bunch (1969) and Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia (1974). He starred in numerous films during the early 1970s which have since achieved cult status including The Hired Hand (1971), Two-Lane Blacktop (1971) and Race with the Devil (1975). Oates also portrayed John Dillinger in the biopic Dillinger (1973) and Sgt.", "61* 61* is a 2001 American sports drama film written by Hank Steinberg and directed by Billy Crystal. It stars Barry Pepper as Roger Maris and Thomas Jane as Mickey Mantle on their quest to break Babe Ruth's 1927 single-season home run record of 60 during the 1961 season of the New York Yankees. The film first aired on HBO on April 28, 2001.", "Sarfarosh Sarfarosh (translation: Fervour) is a 1999 Indian action drama film. It was produced, written and directed by John Matthew Matthan and starred Naseeruddin Shah, Sonali Bendre and Aamir Khan. John started working on Sarfarosh in 1992. Seven years were spent on the research, pre-production and production till it finally released in 1999. The film dealt with an Indian police officer's fight to stop cross-border terrorism.", "Duel (1971 film) Duel is a 1971 television (and later full-length theatrical) thriller film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Richard Matheson, based on Matheson's short story of the same name. It stars Dennis Weaver as a terrified motorist stalked on a remote and lonely road by the mostly unseen driver of a mysterious tanker truck.", "Sensurround Sensurround is the brand name for a process developed by Cerwin-Vega in conjunction with Universal Studios to enhance the audio experience during film screenings, specifically for the 1974 film Earthquake. The process was intended for subsequent use and was adopted for four more films, Midway (1976), Rollercoaster (1977), the theatrical version of Saga of a Star World (1978), the Battlestar Galactica pilot, as well as the compilation film Mission Galactica: The Cylon Attack (1979).", "Collision Course (1989 film) Collision Course is a 1989 action-comedy film starring Jay Leno as a Detroit police officer and Pat Morita as a Japanese officer forced to work together to recover a Japanese turbocharger stolen by a thief played by Chris Sarandon. It was directed by Lewis Teague and unreleased in the U.S. until 1992, when it debuted on home video.", "One Eight Seven One Eight Seven (also known and abbreviated as 187) is a 1997 drama/crime/thriller film directed by Kevin Reynolds. It was the first top-billed starring role for Samuel L. Jackson, who plays a Los Angeles teacher caught with gang trouble in an urban high school. The film's name comes from the California Penal Code Section 187.", "100 Rifles 100 Rifles is a 1969 western directed by Tom Gries based on Robert MacLeod's 1966 novel The Californio, and stars Jim Brown, Burt Reynolds, Raquel Welch and Fernando Lamas. The film was shot in Spain. The original music score was composed by Jerry Goldsmith.", "Better Off Dead (film) Better Off Dead is a 1985 American teen romantic comedy film starring John Cusack and written and directed by Savage Steve Holland. It tells the story of high school student Lane Myer who is suicidal after his girlfriend breaks up with him.", "Rooster Cogburn (film) Rooster Cogburn is a 1975 American Western Technicolor film directed by Stuart Millar and starring John Wayne, reprising his role as U.S. Marshal Reuben J. \"Rooster\" Cogburn, and Katharine Hepburn. Written by Martha Hyer, based on the Rooster Cogburn character created by Charles Portis in the novel True Grit, the film is about an aging lawman whose badge was recently suspended for a string of routine arrests that ended in bloodshed.", "One from the Heart One from the Heart is a 1982 musical film directed by Francis Ford Coppola and starring Frederic Forrest, Teri Garr, Raul Julia, Nastassja Kinski, Lainie Kazan, and Harry Dean Stanton.The story is set entirely in Las Vegas.", "The Three Muscatels The Three Muscatels is a 1991 film starring Richard Pryor. The film is a comedic play on the more famous story of The Three Musketeers.", "J. T. Walsh James Thomas Patrick \"J. T.\" Walsh (September 28, 1943 – February 27, 1998) was an American actor. He appeared in many well known films, including Nixon, Hoffa, A Few Good Men, Backdraft, Miracle on 34th Street, Outbreak, Sling Blade, Breakdown, Pleasantville, The Negotiator, and Good Morning, Vietnam. He was known for portraying \"quietly sinister white-collar sleazeballs\" (as stated by Leonard Maltin) in numerous films, and was described as \"everybody's favorite scumbag\" by Playboy magazine.", "The Frontier (1991 film) The Frontier (Spanish: La Frontera) is a 1991 Chilean drama film directed by Ricardo Larraín and starring Patricio Contreras and Gloria Laso. Larraín won the Silver Bear for an outstanding single achievement at the 42nd Berlin International Film Festival. The film was selected as the Chilean entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 64th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.", "Medicine Man (film) Medicine Man (originally titled The Stand) is a 1992 film directed by American action director John McTiernan. The film stars Sean Connery and Lorraine Bracco, and features an acclaimed score by veteran composer Jerry Goldsmith.", "Glory (1989 film) Glory is a 1989 American drama war film directed by Edward Zwick and starring Matthew Broderick, Denzel Washington, Cary Elwes and Morgan Freeman. The screenplay was written by Kevin Jarre, based on the personal letters of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw, the novel One Gallant Rush by Peter Burchard (reissued in 1990 after the movie), and Lay This Laurel (1973), Lincoln Kirstein's compilation of photos of the monument to the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry on Boston Common.", "Elton John: Tantrums & Tiaras Tantrums & Tiaras is a 1997 documentary film about the musician Sir Elton John, directed by his husband, David Furnish. It was recorded during John's Made in England Tour in 1995 and includes parts of interviews and concerts. Included in the documentary is a large part of a concert John performed in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in November 1995. In 1998, the documentary won a Chris Award at the Columbus Film and Video Festival.", "Gattaca Gattaca is a 1997 American science fiction film written and directed by Andrew Niccol. It stars Ethan Hawke and Uma Thurman, with Jude Law, Loren Dean, Ernest Borgnine, Gore Vidal, and Alan Arkin appearing in supporting roles. The film presents a biopunk vision of a future society driven by eugenics where potential children are conceived through genetic manipulation to ensure they possess the best hereditary traits of their parents.", "Pushing Hands (film) Pushing Hands (Chinese: 推手; pinyin: tuī shǒu) is a film directed by Ang Lee. Released in 1992, it was his first feature film. Together with Ang Lee's two following films, The Wedding Banquet (1993) and Eat Drink Man Woman (1994), it forms his \"Father Knows Best\" trilogy, each of which deals with conflicts between an older and more traditional generation and their children as they confront a world of change.The film was first released in Taiwan.", "Thunderheart Thunderheart is a 1992 contemporary western mystery film directed by Michael Apted from an original screenplay by John Fusco. The film is a loosely based fictional portrayal of events relating to the Wounded Knee incident in 1973. Followers of the American Indian Movement seized the South Dakota town of Wounded Knee in protest against federal government policy regarding Native Americans.", "Hard to Kill Hard to Kill is a 1990 American action thriller film directed by Bruce Malmuth, and starring Steven Seagal, Kelly LeBrock, William Sadler, and Frederick Coffin. Seagal plays Mason Storm, a detective who falls into a coma after being shot during a fire-fight that killed his wife. Reawakening seven years later, Storm embarks on a journey to avenge the death of his wife, and expose the corruption of Senator Vernon Trent.", "No Country for Old Men (film) No Country for Old Men is a 2007 American neo-Western thriller film directed, written, and edited by Joel and Ethan Coen, based on the Cormac McCarthy novel of the same name. The film stars Tommy Lee Jones, Javier Bardem and Josh Brolin and tells the story of an ordinary man to whom chance delivers a fortune that is not his, and the ensuing cat-and-mouse drama as the paths of three men intertwine in the desert landscape of 1980 West Texas.", "The Moon and the Son: An Imagined Conversation The Moon and the Son: An Imagined Conversation is a 2005 animated short film.On March 5, 2006 it won the Academy Award for Animated Short Film.Filmmakers John Canemaker and Peggy Stern employ a combination of animation, home movies and photos to present an imagined conversation between a son (voiced by John Turturro) and an abusive, late father (voiced by Eli Wallach).", "Frances McDormand Frances Louise McDormand (born June 23, 1957) is an American actress. She married director and writer Joel Coen in 1984 and has starred in several of the Coen brothers' films, including Blood Simple (1984), Raising Arizona (1987), Fargo (1996), The Man Who Wasn't There (2001) and Burn After Reading (2008). McDormand is one of the few performers who have achieved the Triple Crown of Acting. In 1997, she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for Fargo.", "Marked for Death Marked for Death is a 1990 American action film directed by Dwight H. Little. The film stars Steven Seagal as John Hatcher, a former DEA troubleshooter. Upon moving back to his home town, before Hatcher finds it taken over by a gang of vicious Jamaican drug dealers.", "One Million B.C. One Million B.C. is a 1940 American fantasy film produced by Hal Roach Studios and released by United Artists. It is also known by the titles Cave Man, Man and His Mate, and Tumak.The film stars Victor Mature as protagonist Tumak, a young cave man who strives to unite the uncivilized Rock Tribe and the peaceful Shell Tribe, Carole Landis as Loana, daughter of the Shell Tribe chief and Tumak's love interest, and Lon Chaney, Jr. as Tumak's stern father and leader of the Rock Tribe.", "Don Juan DeMarco Don Juan DeMarco is a 1994 American romantic comedy-drama film starring Johnny Depp as John Arnold DeMarco, a man who believes himself to be Don Juan, the greatest lover in the world. Clad in a cape and domino mask, DeMarco undergoes psychiatric treatment with Marlon Brando's character, Dr. Jack Mickler, to cure him of his apparent delusion.", "True Grit (1969 film) True Grit is a 1969 American western Technicolor film written by Marguerite Roberts, directed by Henry Hathaway, and starring John Wayne as U.S. Marshal Rooster Cogburn; Wayne won his only Academy Award for his performance in this film and reprised his role as Cogburn in the 1975 sequel Rooster Cogburn. Historians believe Rooster was based on Deputy U.S. Marshal Heck Thomas, who brought in some of the toughest outlaws. The picture is the first adaptation of Charles Portis' 1968 novel True Grit.", "Rubin and Ed Rubin and Ed is an American independent comedy-buddy film written and directed by Trent Harris and released in 1991. It is about an eccentric, unsociable young man who is forced by his mother to make some friends before she'll return his stereo to him. He is joined on a trip through a desert by a pyramid scheme salesman, to assist in finding a location to bury a frozen cat.Crispin Glover appeared on Late Night with David Letterman in 1987 appearing in-character as Rubin Farr.", "Dead Poets Society Dead Poets Society is a 1989 American drama film written by Tom Schulman, directed by Peter Weir and starring Robin Williams. Set at the conservative and aristocratic Welton Academy in the Northeastern United States in 1959, it tells the story of an English teacher who inspires his students through his teaching of poetry. The film received critical acclaim and box office success; it was also BAFTA's best film and best foreign film in France and Italy.", "Phenomenon (film) Phenomenon is a 1996 American romantic fantasy drama film directed by Jon Turteltaub, written by Gerald Di Pego, and starring John Travolta, Kyra Sedgwick, Forest Whitaker, Robert Duvall, and Jeffrey DeMunn.In the film, an amiable, small-town everyman is inexplicably transformed into a genius with telekinetic powers. The original music score was composed by Thomas Newman.", "Russ Tamblyn Russell Irving \"Russ\" Tamblyn (born December 30, 1934) is an American film and television actor and dancer, who is best known for his performance in title role of the 1958 Tom Thumb and the 1961 movie musical West Side Story as Riff, the leader of the Jets gang. He is also known for appearing in such films as Seven Brides For Seven Brothers, The War of the Gargantuas, Peyton Place and The Haunting, as well as for his portrayal of Dr. Lawrence Jacoby in the television drama Twin Peaks.", "Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World is a 2003 American epic historical drama film written and directed by Peter Weir, and starring Russell Crowe as Captain Jack Aubrey and Paul Bettany as Dr. Stephen Maturin. The film was released by 20th Century Fox, Miramax Films, Universal Pictures, and Samuel Goldwyn Films on November 14, 2003.", "Revenge (1990 film) Revenge is a 1990 romantic thriller film directed by Tony Scott, starring Kevin Costner, Anthony Quinn, Madeleine Stowe, Miguel Ferrer and Sally Kirkland. Some scenes were filmed in Mexico. The movie is a production of New World Pictures and Rastar Films and was released by Columbia Pictures. Revenge also features one of John Leguizamo's earliest film roles. The film is based on a novella written by Jim Harrison and published in Esquire Magazine in 1979.", "The Bonfire of the Vanities (film) The Bonfire of the Vanities is a 1990 American comedy-drama film adaptation of the best-selling novel of the same name by Tom Wolfe, originally serialized in Rolling Stone. A critical and commercial flop, the movie was directed by Brian De Palma, and stars Tom Hanks as Sherman McCoy, Bruce Willis as Peter Fallow, Melanie Griffith as Maria Ruskin, and Kim Cattrall as Judy McCoy, Sherman's wife.", "Judgment Night (film) Judgment Night is a 1993 action thriller film directed by Stephen Hopkins and starring Emilio Estevez, Cuba Gooding, Jr., Jeremy Piven and Stephen Dorff as a group of friends on the run from a gang of drug dealers (led by Denis Leary) after they witness a murder. The film was released on DVD on January 20, 2004.", "Sommersby Sommersby is a 1993 romantic drama film directed by Jon Amiel and starring Richard Gere, Jodie Foster, Bill Pullman and James Earl Jones.Set in the Reconstruction period following the U.S. Civil War, the story is adapted from the historical account of 16th century French peasant Martin Guerre (previously filmed by Daniel Vigne as The Return of Martin Guerre with Gérard Depardieu in 1982).", "Stranger Than Paradise Stranger Than Paradise is a 1984 American absurdist/deadpan comedy film. It was written and directed by Jim Jarmusch and stars jazz musician John Lurie, former Sonic Youth drummer-turned-actor Richard Edson, and Hungarian-born actress Eszter Balint. The film features a minimalist plot in which the main character, Willie, has a cousin from Hungary, Eva, stay with him for ten days before going to Cleveland. Willie and his friend Eddie eventually go to Cleveland to visit Eva.", "Intolerable Cruelty Intolerable Cruelty is a 2003 romantic comedy film directed by Joel Coen and produced by Ethan Coen and Brian Grazer. The Coen brothers also wrote the last draft of the screenplay about divorce and lawyers in Los Angeles. The film stars George Clooney, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Geoffrey Rush, Cedric the Entertainer, Edward Herrmann, Paul Adelstein, Richard Jenkins and Billy Bob Thornton.", "McBain (film) McBain is a 1991 action film written and directed by James Glickenhaus. It is about an ex-soldier who reunites his old army buddies in order to get revenge on a Colombian dictator who killed his old friend, a freedom fighter. McBain starred Christopher Walken, Michael Ironside and María Conchita Alonso. Luis Guzmán also appears as a drug dealer named \"Papo\".The film was not very successful, taking in less than $500,000 at the United States box office.", "Backdraft (film) Backdraft is a 1991 American drama thriller film directed by Ron Howard and written by Gregory Widen. The film stars Kurt Russell, William Baldwin, Scott Glenn, Jennifer Jason Leigh, Rebecca De Mornay, Donald Sutherland, Robert De Niro, Jason Gedrick and J. T. Walsh.", "Taggart (film) Taggart (Dec. 24, 1964) (Universal Pictures) is a Western film directed by R. G. Springsteen, written by Robert Creighton Williams based upon the novel by Louis L'Amour. It is notable as the film debut of David Carradine.", "Raising Cain Raising Cain is a 1992 psychological thriller film written and directed by Brian De Palma, and starring John Lithgow, Lolita Davidovich and Steven Bauer.", "Extreme Prejudice (film) Extreme Prejudice is a 1987 American action western film starring Nick Nolte and Powers Boothe.The film was directed by Walter Hill; it was written by John Milius, Fred Rexer and Deric Washburn (the latter collaborated with Michael Cimino on Silent Running and The Deer Hunter).Extreme Prejudice is an homage, of sorts, to The Wild Bunch, a western directed by Sam Peckinpah, with whom Hill worked on The Getaway.", "John Irving John Winslow Irving (born John Wallace Blunt, Jr. on March 2, 1942), is an American novelist and Academy Award-winning screenwriter.Irving achieved critical and popular acclaim after the international success of The World According to Garp in 1978. Some of Irving's novels, such as The Cider House Rules (1985), A Prayer for Owen Meany (1989), and A Widow for One Year (1998), have been bestsellers. Five of his novels have been adapted to film.", "The Remains of the Day The Remains of the Day (1989) is Kazuo Ishiguro's third published novel. The work was awarded the Man Booker Prize for Fiction in 1989. A film adaptation of the novel, made in 1993 and starring Anthony Hopkins and Emma Thompson, was nominated for eight Academy Awards.As in Ishiguro's two previous novels, the story is told from a first person point of view. The narrator, Stevens, a butler, recalls his life in the form of a diary while the action progresses through the present.", "One Crazy Summer One Crazy Summer is a 1986 romantic comedy film written and directed by Savage Steve Holland, and starring John Cusack, Demi Moore, Bobcat Goldthwait, Curtis Armstrong, and Joel Murray. The original film score was composed by Cory Lerios.", "Necessary Roughness (film) Necessary Roughness is a 1991 American sports comedy film directed by Stan Dragoti in his final film. The film stars Scott Bakula, Héctor Elizondo, Robert Loggia, and Harley Jane Kozak. Co-stars include Larry Miller, Sinbad, Jason Bateman, Kathy Ireland, Rob Schneider, and Fred Dalton Thompson.The film touches on an up-and-coming season at the fictional higher learning institution of Texas State University and its football team nicknamed the Fightin' Armadillos.", "The Freshman (1990 film) The Freshman is a 1990 American crime comedy film starring Marlon Brando and Matthew Broderick, in which Brando parodies his portrayal of Vito Corleone in The Godfather.It is written and directed by Andrew Bergman. The plot revolves around a young New York film student's entanglement into an illicit business of offering exotic and endangered animals as specialty food items, including his being tasked with delivering a Komodo dragon for this purpose.", "Distant Thunder (1988 film) Distant Thunder is a 1988 American drama film directed by Rick Rosenthal and starring John Lithgow and Ralph Macchio.", "Nicholas Turturro Nicholas Turturro, Jr. (born January 29, 1962) is an American film, television and prolific on-stage character actor, perhaps best known for his role as James Martinez on NYPD Blue from 1993 to 2000.", "Gung Ho (film) Gung Ho is a 1986 Ron Howard comedy film, released by Paramount Pictures, and starring Michael Keaton and Gedde Watanabe. The story portrayed the takeover of an American car plant by a Japanese corporation (although the title is an Americanized Chinese expression, for \"work\" and \"together\"). The film was rated PG-13 in the US and certified 15 in the UK. Most of the movie was filmed on location in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area with additional scenes shot in Tokyo and Argentina.", "Tom Tryon Thomas \"Tom\" Tryon (January 14, 1926 – September 4, 1991) was an American film and television actor, best known for playing the title role in the film The Cardinal (1963) and the Walt Disney television character Texas John Slaughter (1958–1961). He later turned to the writing of prose fiction and screenplays, and wrote several science fiction, horror and mystery novels.", "The Unforgiven (1960 film) The Unforgiven is a 1960 American western film filmed in Durango, Mexico. It was directed by John Huston and stars Burt Lancaster, Audrey Hepburn, Audie Murphy, Charles Bickford and Lillian Gish. The story is based upon a novel by Alan Le May.The film, uncommonly for its time, spotlights the issue of racism against Native Americans and people believed to have Native American blood in the Old West. The movie is also known for problems behind the scenes.", "John Agar John George Agar, Jr. (January 31, 1921 – April 7, 2002) was an American actor. He is best known for starring alongside John Wayne in the films Sands of Iwo Jima, Fort Apache, and She Wore a Yellow Ribbon. In his later career he was the star of B movies, such as Tarantula, The Mole People, The Brain from Planet Arous, Revenge of the Creature, Flesh and the Spur, and Hand of Death. He was the first husband of Shirley Temple.", "Loaded Weapon 1 National Lampoon's Loaded Weapon 1 (also known simply as Loaded Weapon 1) is a 1993 American satirical comedy film directed by Gene Quintano and written by Quintano and Don Holley based on a story by Holley and Tori Tellem. The film, starring Emilio Estevez, Samuel L.", "The Comancheros (film) The Comancheros is a 1961 Western Deluxe CinemaScope color film directed by Michael Curtiz, based on a 1952 novel of the same name by Paul Wellman, and starring John Wayne and Stuart Whitman. The supporting cast includes Ina Balin, Lee Marvin, Nehemiah Persoff, Bruce Cabot, Jack Elam and Edgar Buchanan. Also featured are western film veterans Bob Steele, Guinn \"Big Boy\" Williams and Harry Carey, Jr.", "Nothing but Trouble (1991 film) Nothing But Trouble is a 1991 American adventure comedy horror film, directed by and co-starring Dan Aykroyd, who also co-wrote the screenplay with his brother Peter. The cast featured Chevy Chase, Demi Moore, John Candy, with Taylor Negron, Raymond J. Barry, and Brian Doyle-Murray, in supporting roles.The film marks Aykroyd's sole directing credit.", "The Hard Way (1991 film) The Hard Way is a 1991 action thriller film directed by John Badham, and starring Michael J. Fox and James Woods. Stephen Lang, Annabella Sciorra, Luis Guzmán, LL Cool J, Delroy Lindo, Christina Ricci, Mos Def, Kathy Najimy, Michael Badalucco, and Lewis Black appear in supporting roles.Fox and Woods would later co-star again in 2002's Stuart Little 2, only this time around as the hero and the villain, respectively.", "True Colors (1991 film) True Colors (1991) is an American drama film written by Kevin Wade and directed by Herbert Ross. The cast included John Cusack, James Spader and Richard Widmark in his final movie role." ]	5
Baguio Quezon City Manila official independence 1945	[ "Manila\nManila (Philippine English: /məˈnɪlə/; Filipino: Maynilà) is the capital city of the Philippines.", "Military history of the Philippines during World War II\nThe Commonwealth of the Philippines was attacked by the Empire of Japan on December 8, 1941 nine hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor (the Philippines are on the Asian side of the international date line). The United States of America controlled the Philippines at the time and possessed important military bases there. The combined American-Filipino army was defeated in the Battle of Corregidor by April 1942, but guerrilla resistance against the Japanese continued throughout the war.", "Battle of Manila (1945)\nThe Battle of Manila (Tagalog: Laban ng Maynila ng 1945), also known as the Liberation of Manila, fought between American plus Filipino joined forces and Japanese forces in Manila from 3 February - 3 March 1945, was part of the 1945 Philippine campaign.", "Barangays of Quezon City\nQuezon City, the most populous city in the Philippines, is politically subdivided into 142 barangays. These barangays are grouped into four congressional districts, with each district represented by a congressman in the House of Representatives. As of July 2, 2012, President Benigno S. Aquino III signed into law Republic Act No. 10170, dividing and reapportioning the Second District into three (3) more legislative districts, namely the Second, Fifth and Sixth Districts.", "Quezon\nQuezon (Tagalog pronunciation: [keˈzon]) is a province of the Philippines in the CALABARZON region of Luzon island. The province was named after Manuel L. Quezon, the second President of the Philippines, and its capital is Lucena City.Quezon is southeast of Metro Manila and is bordered by the provinces of Aurora to the north, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna and Batangas to the west and the provinces of Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur to the east." ]	[ "Chitto Jetha Bhayshunyo Chitto jetha bhoyshunyo (Where the mind is without fear) is one of the most quoted poems in India and Bangladesh.Written by Rabindranath Tagore before India's independence, it represents Tagore's dream of how the new, awakened India should be to fight and chase the British from India. The original Bengali language poem was published in 1910 and was included in the 1910 collection Gitanjali and, in Tagore's own translation, in the 1912 English edition of Gitanjali.", "Heaven Watch the Philippines Heaven Watch the Philippines is a popular song by Irving Berlin, written in 1946.It was written as a tribute to Filipino resistance during the Japanese occupation in World War II. During the war, Japanese troops in the Philippines attempted to popularize self-glorifying songs such as \"Chichi Yo Anata Wa Tsuyokatta\" (\"Father, You Were Brave\" in English).", "Bago, Negros Occidental Bago, officially City of Bago, is a second class city in the province of Negros Occidental in the Philippines, some 21 kilometres (13 mi) south of the provincial capital Bacolod. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 163,045 people.Bago operates a subsidized college, Bago City College, located at Rafael M. Salas Drive in Barangay Balingasag. Most of its students come from Bago and from the southern part of the island.", "Baybayin Baybayin (Tagalog pronunciation: [baeˈbaejɪn]; pre-kudlit: ᜊᜊᜌᜒ, post-kudlit: ᜊᜌ᜔ᜊᜌᜒᜈ᜔) (known in Unicode as Tagalog alphabet; see below), known in Visayan as badlit (ᜊᜇ᜔ᜎᜒᜆ᜔), is an ancient Philippine script derived from Brahmic scripts of India and first recorded in the 16th century. It continued to be used during the Spanish colonization of the Philippines up until the late 19th century.", "Lyceum of the Philippines University The Lyceum of the Philippines University (Filipino: Pamantasang Liseo ng Pilipinas, abbreviated LPU) is an institute of higher education located in Intramuros in the City of Manila, Philippines. It was founded in 1952 by Dr. José P. Laurel, who became the third president of the Philippines. He named the institution after lykeion, the grove in ancient Athens where Aristotle taught his pupils. LPU is the only university founded by a president of the republic.", "Baganga, Davao Oriental Baganga is a first class municipality in the province of Davao Oriental, Philippines. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 53,426 people.Agriculture is its main economic strength, with coconut as the major crop, and others like abaca, root crops and fishery.", "Reunification Day Reunification Day (Ngày Thống nhất), Victory Day (Ngày Chiến thắng) or Liberation Day (Ngày Giải phóng or Ngày Giải phóng miền Nam) is a public holiday in Vietnam that marks the event when Viet Cong and North Vietnamese troops captured Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City) on April 30, 1975. This signalled the end of the Vietnam War, known in Vietnamese as Chiến tranh Việt Nam (Vietnam War) or Kháng chiến chống Mỹ \"\\Resistance War Against America\").", "Treaty of Vis The Treaty of Vis (Serbo-Croatian and Slovene: Viški sporazum, Cyrillic: Вишки споразум), also known as the Tito–Šubašić Agreement, was an attempt by the Western Powers to merge the royal Yugoslav government in exile with the Communist-led Partisans who were fighting the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia in the Second World War and were de facto rulers on the liberated territories.It was signed on the Dalmatian island of Vis (in Croatia) on June 16, 1944 by Josip Broz Tito, the leader of the Partisans, and Ivan Šubašić, Prime Minister of the Yugoslav Royal Government in exile and former ban (governor) of Banovina of Croatia in the pre-war Kingdom of Yugoslavia.", "Giliw Ko Giliw Ko (English: My Love) is a 1939 Filipino movie. A musical romance, Giliw Ko had a radio theme, and was first production of the Filipino company, LVN Pictures. The restored film is notable for being a gift from Australia to the Filipino people to commemorate 100 years of independence. It was directed and written by Carlos Vander Tolosa, and starred Mila del Sol, Fernando Poe, Sr., Ely Ramos and Fleur de Lis.", "Taguig Taguig City (Tagalog: [taˈɡiɡ], Filipino: Lungsod ng Taguig), is a highly urbanized city located in south-eastern portion of Metro Manila in the Philippines. From a thriving fishing community along the shores of Laguna de Bay, it is now an important residential, commercial and industrial center.", "Araneta Center The Araneta Center is a 35-hectare commercial area in Quezon City, Philippines. Araneta Center Inc. (ACI), owned by the Araneta family, brings in an estimated 1 million visitors daily. The centerpiece of the complex is the Smart Araneta Coliseum, the largest entertainment venue in Asia with a maximum seating capacity of 25,000.", "Church of the Gesù (Philippines) The Church of the Gesù is the Roman Catholic church of the Ateneo de Manila University campus in Quezon City in the Philippines. The landmark was designed by Jose Pedro Recio and Carmelo Casas. The edifice’s massive triangular structure symbolizes the Holy Trinity, as well as the three-fold mission and vision of the school. Its shape and design are also meant to suggest the outstretched arms of the Sacred Heart, and the traditional Filipino bahay kubo (nipa hut).", "Quirino Grandstand The Quirino Grandstand, formerly known as the Independence Grandstand, is a grandstand located at Rizal Park, Manila, Philippines.", "Sariaya, Quezon The Municipality of Sariaya (Filipino: Bayan ng Sariaya) is a first class municipality in the province of Quezon, Philippines. This populous municipality is famous for its pristine beach resorts, heritage houses, and nature-trekking activities that lead adventurous hikers to the peak of mythical Mount Banahaw.", "Fort Drum (El Fraile Island) Fort Drum (El Fraile Island), also known as \"the concrete battleship,\" is a heavily fortified island situated at the mouth of Manila Bay in the Philippines, due south of Corregidor Island. The reinforced concrete fortress shaped like a battleship, was built by the United States in 1909 as one of the harbor defenses at the wider South Channel entrance to the bay during the American colonial period. It was captured and occupied by the Japanese during World War II, and was recaptured by the U.S.", "Quezon City Science High School Quezon City Science High School (or to its students QueSci or Kisay) is the Regional Science High School for the National Capital Region. It is the premier science high school of Quezon City, and is regarded as one of the prestigious sciences triumvirate of the Republic of the Philippines along with the Philippine Science High School and Manila Science High School. It is located at Bago-Bantay, Quezon City, Philippines.", "Bagac, Bataan Bagac is a third class municipality in the province of Bataan, Philippines. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 25,568 people. With an area of 23,120 hectares (231.2 km2), Bagac is the largest municipality in the province of Bataan.Bagac is off Exit 60 of Bataan Provincial Expressway.", "Batac Batac is a city in the province of Ilocos Norte, Philippines. It is located in the northwest corner of Luzonisland, about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) from the eastern shores of the South China Sea. The municipalities of Banna, Currimao, Paoay, Pinili, Sarrat, Marcos and San Nicolas form its boundaries. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 53,542.Batac is known as the \"Home of Great Leaders\", as it is the hometown of many significant figures in the history of the Philippines.", "Sergio Osmeña Sergio Osmeña, PLH, better known as Sergio Osmeña, Sr. (9 September 1878 – 19 October 1961) was a Filipino politician who served as the fourth President of the Philippines from 1944 to 1946. He was Vice President under Manuel L. Quezon, and succeeded as President upon Quezon's sudden death in 1944, becoming the oldest officeholder at age 65.", "Heroes' Cemetery Heroes' Cemetery, also officially known as Libingan ng mga Bayani in Tagalog, is a national cemetery within Fort Bonifacio (formerly the American Fort William McKinley) in Western Bicutan, Taguig City, Metro Manila in the Philippines.It was established as a fitting resting place for Filipino military personnel from privates to generals, as well as heroes and martyrs.", "Paco, Manila Paco, formerly known as Dilao, is a district of Manila, Philippines located south of Pasig River, and San Miguel, west of Santa Ana, southwest of Pandacan, north of Malate, northwest of San Andres Bukid, and east of Ermita. According to the 2000 census, it has a population of 64,184 people in 13,438 households.", "Quezon, Bukidnon Quezon is a first class municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 94,584 people.", "Philippine Heart Center The Philippine Heart Center in Quezon City was established through Presidential Decree No. 673 issued by president Ferdinand E. Marcos in 1975. Its original name was the Philippine Heart Center for Asia and was changed to its current form in 1975. It was inaugurated on February 14, 1975. Cardiovascular specialists including Christiaan Barnard, Denton Cooley, Donald Effler, and Charles Bailey practised there.The first Director of the PHC was Avenilo P.", "List of Philippine historic sites Dilao, former name for Paco, ManilaFort SantiagoViganRizal ShrineIntramurosMalacañan PalaceEDSA ShrineCorregidorMendiolaZapote BridgeBiak na Bato National Park, San Miguel, BulacanJones BridgeMount Samat, BataanLuneta ParkKrus ni Magellan, CebuBarasoain Church, Malolos, BulacanAguinaldo ShrineLion's Head", "Amoranto Sports Complex The Amoranto Sports Complex is a sports complex located in Quezon City, Philippines. The complex has several venues, including a main stadium that is used for football, athletics, and others sports. The main stadium has a seating capacity of 15,000 spectators. There is also a velodrome that hosted the cycling events for the 2005 Southeast Asian Games.", "Pacencia Laurel Prudencia Hidalgo Valencia Vda. de Laurel (née Hidalgo y Valencia, April 30, 1889 – January 1, 1960) was the wife of Philippine President José P. Laurel and the third First Lady of the Philippines and the only First Lady to serve under the Japanese-occupied Philippines during World War II.She held out both as first lady and mother to the nation during the dark days of the war. Mrs. Laurel refused to live in Malacañang and opted for their family home in Paco, Manila. Like Mrs.", "Máximo Macapobre Don Máximo Macapobre was a 19th-century Philippines leader and activist, one of the founders of New Hinulawan (1863–1869), now part of Toledo, Cebu, in the Philippines. Little is known about his life except for stories handed down to his scions still living in Bato. His nickname was Kapitan Imok. He often denounced the abuses of the guardia civil (the police) and the oppression brought upon by tax collectors.", "Andrés Bonifacio Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro (November 30, 1863 – May 10, 1897) was a Filipino nationalist and revolutionary leader. He is often called \"the Father of the Philippine Revolution\". He was a founder and later Supremo (\"supreme leader\") of the Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or simply and more popularly called Katipunan, a movement which sought the independence of the Philippines from Spanish colonial rule and started the Philippine Revolution.", "Manila massacre The Manila massacre involved atrocities committed against Filipino civilians in the city of Manila, Philippines by Japanese troops during the World War II Battle of Manila (1945). The Manila massacre was one of several major war crimes committed by the Imperial Japanese Army, as judged by the postwar military tribunal.", "Braulio Yaranon Braulio Yaranon (born 1927) is a Filipino politician who was elected to serve as mayor of Baguio City for a three-year term beginning in 2004. Suspended from office in 2006, he was defeated for re-election in 2007.", "Pettit Barracks Pettit Barracks was located in Zamboanga City (Mindanao, the Philippines) and, along with Camp John Hay, was the location of the US Army's 43d Infantry Regiment (PS).", "Philippine Liberation Medal The Philippine Liberation Medal is a military award of the Republic of the Philippines which was created by an order of Commonwealth Army of the Philippines Headquarters on December 20, 1944.", "Jonathan M. Wainwright (general) Jonathan Mayhew \"Skinny\" Wainwright IV (August 23, 1883 – September 2, 1953) was a career American army officer and the commander of Allied forces in the Philippines at the time of their surrender to the Empire of Japan during World War II. Wainwright was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for his courageous leadership during the fall of the Philippines.", "Azad Hind Ārzī Hukūmat-e-Āzād Hind (Hindi: आर्ज़ी हुक़ूमत-ए-आज़ाद हिन्द; Urdu: عارضی حکومت‌ِ آزاد ہند‎; Nepali: आजाद हिन्द), the Provisional Government of Free India, or, more simply, Free India (Azad Hind), was an Indian provisional government established in Singapore in 1943 and was supported by Japan.It was a part of a political movement originating in the 1940s outside of India with the purpose of allying with Axis powers to free India from British Rule established by Indian nationalists-in-exile during the latter part of the Second World War in Singapore with monetary, military and political assistance from Imperial Japan.", "EDSA Shrine The Shrine of Mary, Queen of Peace, Our Lady of EDSA, or more popularly, the EDSA Shrine is a small church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila located at the intersection of Ortigas Avenue and Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA) in Barangay Ugong Norte, Quezon City. The shrine is also called the Archdiocesan Shrine of Mary, Queen of Peace or Mary, Queen of Peace Quasi-Parish, although these names are seldom used.", "Ishmael Bernal Ishmael Bernal (30 September 1938 – 2 June 1996) was a Filipino film, stage and television director, actor and screenwriter. Noted for his melodramas, particularly with feminist and moral issues, he directed many landmark Filipino films such as Nunal sa Tubig (1975), City After Dark (1980), Relasyon (1982), Himala (1982), and Hinugot sa Langit (1985). He was declared a National Artist of the Philippines in 2001.", "Pinaglabanan Shrine Pinaglabanan Shrine is a Filipino national shrine and park located on N. Domingo corner Pinaglabanan Street in the city of San Juan, Metro Manila, Philippines. The shrine has a statue of a woman supported by two children, holding up a bolo, or a machete. This was built to commemorate the opening salvo of the 1896 Philippine Revolution, when the local freedom fighters known as Katipuneros lay siege to an arms storage facility, called the almacen, belonging to the Spanish Colonial Government.", "Cabuyao Cabuyao (/kɑːbuːˈjɑːw/; [kabuˈjɐw]), or officially known as the City of Cabuyao (Filipino: Lungsod ng Kabuyaw) (ISO: PH-40; PSGC: 043404000) is a first class city in the western portion of Laguna, Philippines. According to the 2010 Census, it has a population of 248,436 inhabitants.Cabuyao is formerly known as the \"Richest Municipality in the Philippines\" as evidenced by the large populace of migrants working in the town's industrial estates.", "National Defense Act of 1935 The National Defense Act of 1935 (Commonwealth Act № 1) was passed by the Philippine National Assembly on December 21, 1935. The purpose of this act was to create an independent Philippine Army, an move interrupted by the outbreak of the Second World War.", "José Abad Santos José Abad Santos y Basco (February 19, 1886 – May 7, 1942) was the fifth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines. He briefly served as the Acting President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines during World War II, in behalf of President Quezon after the government went in exile to the United States. After about two months, he was killed by the Japanese forces for refusing to cooperate during their occupation of the country.", "Baggao, Cagayan Baggao is a first class municipality in the province of Cagayan, Philippines. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 78,188 people.", "Santiago Bose Santiago Bose (July 25, 1949 – December 3, 2002, Baguio City, Philippines) was a mixed-media artist from the Philippines. Bose co-founded the Baguio Arts Guild, and was also an educator, community organizer and art theorist.", "Santiago Alvarez (general) Santiago Alvarez (July 25, 1872 – October 30, 1930) was a revolutionary general and a founder and honorary president of the first directorate of the Nacionalista Party. Also known as Kidlat ng Apoy (En: Lightning of Fire; Fiery Lightning) because of his inflamed bravery and dedication as commander of Cavite's famous battles (particularly that in Dalahican), he was celebrated in present-day Cavite City as the Hero of the Battle of Dalahican.", "José P. Laurel José Paciano Laurel y García, PLH (March 9, 1891 – November 6, 1959) was a Filipino politician and judge. He was the president of the Second Philippine Republic, a Japanese puppet state when occupied during World War II, from 1943 to 1945. Since the administration of President Diosdado Macapagal (1961–1965), Laurel has been recognized as a legitimate president of the Philippines.", "Kim Koo Kim Koo (김구; 金九; Kim Gu or Kim Ku Korean pronunciation: [kimɡu]; also known by his pen name Baekbeom (백범; 白凡; [pɛkp͈ʌm]), August 29, 1876 – June 26, 1949) was a Korean nationalist politician. He was the sixth and later the last Premier of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, a leader of Korean independence movement against the Japanese Empire, and a reunification activist after 1945.", "Treaty of Paris (1898) The Treaty of Paris of 1898, 30 Stat. 1754, was an agreement made in 1898 that resulted in the Spanish Empire's surrendering control of Cuba and ceding Puerto Rico, parts of the Spanish West Indies, the island of Guam, and the Philippines to the United States. The cession of the Philippines involved a payment of $20 million from the United States to the Spanish Empire. The treaty was signed on December 10, 1898, and ended the Spanish–American War.", "Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality The Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality (ZOPFAN) is a declaration signed by the Foreign Ministers of the ASEAN member states (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand) on 1971 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.In the declaration, the parties publicly stated their intent to keep South East Asia \"free from any form or manner of interference by outside Powers\" and \"broaden the areas of cooperation.\"", "Oblation (University of the Philippines) The Oblation (Filipino: Pahinungod, Oblasyon) is a concrete statue by Filipino artist Guillermo E. Tolentino which serves as the iconic symbol of the University of the Philippines. It depicts a man facing upward with arms outstretched, symbolizing selfless offering of oneself to his country.", "Viva Freedom! Viva Freedom! (자유만세, Jayu Manse, aka Hurrah! For Freedom) is a 1946 Korean film directed by Choi In-kyu. It was the first film made in the country after achieving independence from Japan. During the colonial period, Choi was only allowed to make certain films, but the plot of Viva Freedom! is distinctly different, telling the story of a Korean patriotic resistance fighter in 1945.", "Metropolitan Manila Development Authority The Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (Filipino: Pangasiwaan sa Pagpapaunlad ng Kalakhang Maynila, MMDA), is an agency of the Republic of the Philippines created embracing the cities of Manila, Quezon City, Caloocan, Pasay, Mandaluyong, Makati, Pasig, Marikina, Muntinlupa, Las Piñas, Parañaque, Valenzuela, Malabon, Taguig, Navotas and San Juan and the municipality of Pateros.", "James Lindenberg James Lindenberg (December 20, 1921 – April 28, 2009) was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He moved to the Philippines in the 1940s. He is credited for his founding of Bolinao Electronics Corporation (BEC), the precursor of ABS-CBN Corporation.", "List of pro-Axis leaders and governments or direct control in occupied territories This is a list of Native Pro-Axis Leaders and Governments or Direct Control in Occupied Territories, including: territories with some indigenous pro-Axis leaders collaborating local administrations direct administration by occupying pro-Axis forces Albania (until 1945) Bohemia and Moravia (until 1945) Carpatho-Ruthenia (until 1944) Belgium (until 1944) Banat (until 1944) Backa (until 1944) Bosnia (until 1944-45) Herzegovina (until 1944-45) Dalmatia (until 1945) Slovenia (Carniola) (until 1945) Littoral (Küstenland) (until 1945) Sanjak of Novi Pazar (until 1944) Transylvania (Siebenburgen) (until 1944) Kosovo (until 1944) Macedonia (until 1944) Montenegro (until 1944) Serbia (until 1944) Croatia (until 1945) Slavonia (until 1944) Galicia (until 1944) Dobruja (until 1944) Bukovina (until 1944) Bessarabia (until 1944) Transnistria (until 1944) Moldavia (until 1944) Netherlands (until 1944) Luxembourg (until 1944) France (German held area of France) (until 1944) Channel Islands (German held area of British Isles) (until 1945) Greece (until 1944) Denmark (until 1945) Dodecanese (until 1943) Norway (until 1945) Estonia (until 1944) Latvia (until 1944) Lithuania (until 1944) Ukraine (until 1944) Belarus (until 1944) Russia (Occupied areas) (until 1944) Caucasia (north areas) (until 1943) General Government (German administration over occupied Polish areas) Syria (until 1941) Lebanon (until 1941) Morocco (until 1943) Algeria (until 1943) Tunisia (until 1943) Libya (until 1943) Ethiopia (until 1941) Somalia (until 1941) Djibouti (until 1942) Madagascar (until 1942) Hong Kong (Kowloon) (Japanese held British Land) (until 1945) Macau (Japanese Held Portuguese Land) (until 1945) Philippines (until 1945) Burma (until 1945) Malaya (Malacca) (until 1945) Singapore (Syonan) (until 1945) Brunei (until 1945) Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)(until 1945) Christmas Island (Japanese Held British Land) (until 1945) East Timor (Japanese Held Portuguese Land) (until 1945) New Guinea (Japanese Held Australian Land) (until 1945) Andaman & Nicobar Islands (Japanese Held British Land) (until 1945) Attu (Japanese Held American Land) (until 1942) Kiska (Japanese Held American Land) (until 1942) Solomon Islands (until 1943) Gilbert Islands (until 1944) Guam (until 1944) Wake Island (until 1945) Nauru (until 1945)", "Fort Stotsenburg Fort Stotsenburg, during the World War II era, was the location of the Philippine Department's 26th Cavalry Regiment, 86th Field Artillery Regiment, and 88th Field Artillery Regiment; along with the Philippine Division's 23rd and 24th Field Artillery Regiments. Also based here were the 12th Ordnance Company and a platoon of the 12th Quartermaster Regiment.Fort Stotsenburg is situated at Barrio Sapang Bato in Angeles City and is approximately 80 km north of Manila.", "Philippine Independence Medal The Philippine Independence Medal is a military award of the Republic of the Philippines which was created by order of the Philippine Army Headquarters on July 3, 1946.", "Quezon Service Cross The Quezon Service Cross (Filipino: Krus ng Serbisyo ni Quezon) is the highest national recognition of the Republic of the Philippines. It has been awarded to only five Filipinos since its creation in 1946.", "Jaime Sin Jaime Lachica Sin DD, PLH, OS, OL (Chinese: 辛海梅; 辛海棉 Xīn Hǎiméi; Xīn Hǎimián; Latin: Iacomus Sin; August 31, 1928 – June 21, 2005) was the 30th Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila, and was also a Cardinal.Of Chinese Filipino descent, Sin was known for his instrumental role in the 1986 People Power Revolution, which toppled the regime of President Ferdinand Marcos and installed Corazon Aquino as his successor.", "Proclamation No. 1081 Proclamation № 1081 was the declaration of Martial Law in the Philippines by President Ferdinand E. Marcos. It became effective throughout the entire country on 21 September 1972, and was announced to the public two days later. It was formally lifted on 17 January 1981—six months before the first presidential election in the Philippines in twelve years.", "Rizal Memorial Sports Complex The Rizal Memorial Sports Complex, is a national sports complex of the Philippines, located on Pablo Ocampo St. (formerly Vito Cruz St.), Malate, Manila. It is named after the country's national hero, José Rizal.Formerly the Manila Carnival Grounds, the RMSC was built in 1934 for the Far Eastern Championship Games, a precursor to the Asian Games. It was destroyed during World War II, and reconstructed in 1953 for use in the 1954 Asian Games.The complex was renovated in 2011.", "Raid at Cabanatuan The Raid at Cabanatuan, also known as The Great Raid, was a rescue of Allied prisoners of war (POWs) and civilians from a Japanese camp near Cabanatuan City, in the Philippines. On January 30, 1945, during World War II, United States Army Rangers, Alamo Scouts, and Filipino guerrillas liberated more than 500 from the POW camp.After the surrender of tens of thousands of American troops during the Battle of Bataan, many were sent to a Cabanatuan prison camp following the Bataan Death March.", "Battle of Corregidor The Battle of Corregidor (May 5–6, 1942) was the culmination of the Japanese campaign for the conquest of the Commonwealth of the Philippines during World War II.The fall of Bataan on April 9, 1942 ended all organized opposition by the U.S. Army Forces Far East to the invading Japanese forces on Luzon in the northern Philippines.", "High Commissioner to the Philippines High Commissioner to the Philippines was the title of the personal representative of the President of the United States to the Commonwealth of the Philippines during the period 1935-1946. The office was created by the Tydings–McDuffie Act of 1934, which provided for a period of transition from direct American rule to the complete independence of the islands on July 4, 1946. It replaced the office of Governor-General of the Philippines, who had direct executive authority.", "Quezon, Quezon Quezon is a fifth class municipality in the province of Quezon, Philippines, located on the southern part of Alabat Island. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 15,142 people. This municipality was named after Manuel L. Quezon, the second President of the Philippines, first President of the Philippine Commonwealth, and the former governor. It is home to the recently started Yubakan Festival.", "Republic Day (Philippines) Philippine Republic Day, also known as Filipino-American Friendship Day, is a commemoration in the Philippines held annually on 4 July. It was formerly an official holiday designated as Independence Day, celebrating the signing of the Treaty of Manila, which granted Philippine Independence from the United States of America in 1946.", "León Kilat Pantaleón Villegas y Soldi (July 27, 1873 – April 8, 1898) better known as León Kilat \"\\Lightning León\" in Cebuano), was a revolutionary leader in Cebu during the Philippine Revolution against Spain. He was born in Bacong, Negros Oriental, to Don Policarpio Villegas and Doña Úrsula Soldi.", "Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act The Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act (ch. 11, 47 Stat. 761, enacted January 17, 1933) was the first US law passed for the decolonization of the Philippines. It was the result of the OsRox Mission led by Sergio Osmeña and Manuel Roxas.By 1932, forces for the creation of this law around US farmers who were hit by the Great Depression and feared Filipino imports of sugar and coconut oil that were not subject to US tariff law; and Filipinos (such as Manuel L. Quezon) who were seeking Philippine independence.", "Independence Palace Independence Palace (Dinh Độc Lập), also known as Reunification Palace (Vietnamese: Dinh Thống Nhất), built on the site of the former Norodom Palace, is a landmark in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. It was designed by architect Ngô Viết Thụ and was the home and workplace of the President of South Vietnam during the Vietnam War. It was the site of the end of the Vietnam War during the Fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975, when a North Vietnamese Army tank crashed through its gates.", "Camp Aguinaldo Camp General Emilio Aguinaldo (CGEA) is the military headquarters of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and is located in Quezon City in the Philippines. It is located along Epifanio de los Santos Ave. (or EDSA), in front of Camp Crame, the national headquarters of the Philippine National Police (PNP).", "Kiamba, Sarangani Kiamba is a first class municipality established 1947, in the province of Sarangani, Philippines. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 54,871 people. As of 2010, Kiamba has a total voting population of 35,240 voters.It is bordered on the west by Maitum, on the east by Maasim, on the north by South Cotabato, and on the south by the Celebes Sea.Notable residents include Manny Pacquiao. It is the hometown of his wife Jinkee Pacquiao.", "General Nakar, Quezon General Nakar is a first class municipality in the province of Quezon, Philippines. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 25,973 people. This is the biggest municipality in the province. General Nakar is south of Dingalan (Aurora), north of Real and Infanta, east of Rodriguez, Antipolo City, Tanay (Rizal), Doña Remedios Trinidad, Bulacan and Norzagaray (Bulacan), and is bounded by Lamon Bay in the eastern side.", "Tydings–McDuffie Act The Tydings–McDuffie Act (officially the Philippine Independence Act, Pub.L. 73–127, 48 Stat. 456, enacted March 24, 1934) was a United States federal law which provided for self-government of the Philippines and for Filipino independence from the United States after a period of ten years.", "Aurora Quezon Aurora Antonia Aragón Vd.ª de Quezón (née Aragón y Molina; February 19, 1888 – April 28, 1949), usually known simply as Aurora Quezón, and sometimes as Aurora Aragón-Quezón, was the wife of Philippine President Manuel Luis Quezón and the First Lady of the Philippines from 1935 to 1944.", "Philippine Revolutionary Army The Philippine Revolutionary Army (Filipino: Panghimagsikang Hukbong Katihan ng Pilipinas) or Ejercito en la Republica de la Filipina was founded on March 22, 1897 in Cavite. General Artemio Ricarte was designated as its first Captain General during the Tejeros Convention. This armed force of General Emilio Aguinaldo's central revolutionary government replaced the Katipunan military.", "New Bataan, Compostela Valley New Bataan is a first class municipality at the Compostela Valley province of the Philippines, about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from Compostela, 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the provincial capital Nabunturan, and 75 kilometres (47 mi) from Tagum City. The municipality was founded on June 18, 1968, through Republic Act No. 4756.", "Calabarzon CALABARZON (/ká-lɑ-bɑr-zon/) is one of the regions of the Philippines. It is designated as Region IV-A and its regional center is Calamba City in Laguna. The region is composed of five provinces, namely: Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, and Quezon; whose names form the acronym CALABARZON. The region is also more formally known as Southern Tagalog Mainland.The region is in southwestern Luzon, just south and east of Metro Manila and is the second most densely populated region.", "General Emilio Aguinaldo, Cavite General Emilio Aguinaldo (formerly Bailen; Filipino: Heneral Emilio Aguinaldo) is a municipality in the province of Cavite, Philippines. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 17,507 people, and an income classification of fifth class. The municipality was named after Emilio Aguinaldo, the president of the First Philippine Republic. The municipality reverted its name to Bailen after the Provincial Board approved Committee Report 118-2012 last September 3, 2012.", "Philippine presidential election, 1935 The Philippine Presidential elections of 1935 were held, in sync with the National Assembly elections and local elections, on Monday, September 16, 1935. This was the first election since the enactment of the Tydings–McDuffie Act, that paved the way for a transitory government, as well as the first nationwide at-large election ever held in the Philippines.Senate President Manuel Luis Quezon won a lopsided victory against former President Emilio Aguinaldo.", "Bell Trade Act The Bell Trade Act of 1946, also known as the Philippine Trade Act, was an act passed by the United States Congress specifying the economic conditions governing the independence of the Philippines from the United States.", "José Corazón de Jesús José Corazón de Jesús (November 22, 1896 – May 26, 1932), also known by his pen name Huseng Batute, was a Filipino poet who used Tagalog poetry to express the Filipinos' desire for independence during the American occupation of the Philippines, a period that lasted from 1901 to 1946.", "Loakan Airport Loakan Airport (Filipino: Paliparan ng Loakan, Ilokano: Pagtayaban ti Loakan) (IATA: BAG, ICAO: RPUB) is an airport serving the general area of Baguio, located in the province of Benguet in the Philippines. The airport is classified as a Class 2 principal (minor domestic) airport by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP). Loakan Airport, the city's only airport was built in 1934.", "Commonwealth of the Philippines The Commonwealth of the Philippines (Tagalog: Komonwelt ng Pilipinas; Spanish: Mancomunidad de Filipinas) was the administrative body that governed the Philippines from 1935 to 1946, aside from a period of exile in the Second World War from 1942 to 1945 when Japan occupied the country. It replaced the Insular Government, a United States territorial government, and was established by the Tydings–McDuffie Act.", "Session Road Session Road is the main thoroughfare of Baguio in the Philippines and is the main hub of what is called the Baguio Central Business District. Located at the city center, it is actually divided into two parts: Lower Session Road, extending eastward from Magsaysay Avenue (opposite the Plaza or Kilometer 0 and Malcolm Square) running through the BCBD until the intersections of Father Carlu Street (towards the Baguio Cathedral and Upper Bonifacio Street) and Governor Pack Road.", "Invasion of Lingayen Gulf The Invasion of Lingayen Gulf was an Allied amphibious operation in the Philippines during World War II. In the early morning of 6 January 1945, a large Allied force commanded by Admiral Jesse B. Oldendorf began approaching the shores of Lingayen. U.S. Navy and Royal Australian Navy warships began bombarding suspected Japanese positions along the coast of Lingayen from their position in Lingayen Gulf for three days. On 9 January, the U.S.", "Philippines Campaign (1944–45) The Philippines campaign of 1944–45, (Operation Musketeer I, II, and III) the Battle of the Philippines 1944–45, or the Liberation of the Philippines was the American and Filipino campaign to defeat and expel the Imperial Japanese forces occupying the Philippines, during World War II. The Japanese Army had overrun all of the Philippines during the first half of 1942.", "Bonifacio Global City Bonifacio Global City (also known as BGC, Global City, or The Fort) is a financial district in Metro Manila, Philippines. It is located 11 km (6.8 mi) south-east of the center of Manila in an area disputed between the cities of Makati and Taguig as well as the municipality of Pateros. The area is currently under jurisdiction of the city of Taguig.", "Metro Manila Metropolitan Manila (Filipino: Kalakhang Maynila, Kamaynilaan), commonly known as Metro Manila, the National Capital Region (NCR) of the Philippines, is the seat of government and the most populous region of the country which is composed of Manila, the capital city of the country, Quezon City, the country's most populous city, the Municipality of Pateros, and the cities of Caloocan, Las Piñas, Makati, Malabon, Mandaluyong, Marikina, Muntinlupa, Navotas, Parañaque, Pasay, Pasig, San Juan, Taguig, and Valenzuela.The National Capital Region has a population of 7007118559750000000♠11,855,975, making it the most populous region in the Philippines, as well as the 7th most populous metropolitan area in Asia.", "Battle of Bataan (1945) The Battle for the Recapture of Bataan from 31 January to 21 February 1945, by US forces and Allied Filipino guerrillas from the Japanese, part of the campaign for the liberation of the Philippines, was waged to secure the western shore of Manila Bay to enable the use of its harbor and open new supply lines for American troops engaged in the crucial battle for the liberation of Manila.The Bataan peninsula's recapture also avenged the surrender of the defunct United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) to invading Japanese forces in 9 April 1942.", "Kawit, Cavite Kawit (formerly Cavite El Viejo) is a first class urban municipality in the province of Cavite, Philippines. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 78,209 people in a land area of 22.86 square kilometers.Kawit is the birthplace of Emilio Aguinaldo, the first president of the Republic of the Philippines. It is also the location of his home, the Aguinaldo Shrine, where independence from Spain was declared on June 12, 1898.", "Independence Day (Philippines) Independence Day (Filipino: Araw ng Kasarinlan; also known as Araw ng Kalayaan, (or \"Day of Freedom\") is an annual national holiday in the Philippines observed on June 12, commemorating the Philippine Declaration of Independence from Spain on June 12, 1898. Since 1962, it has been the country's National Day.", "Raid at Los Baños The Raid at Los Baños in the Philippines, early Friday morning on 23 February 1945, was executed by a combined U.S. Army Airborne and Filipino guerrilla task force, resulting in the liberation of 2,147 Allied civilian and military internees from an agricultural school campus turned Japanese internment camp. The 250 Japanese in the garrison were killed. It has been celebrated as one of the most successful rescue operations in modern military history.", "Philippine general election, 1941 Presidential, legislative and local elections were held on November 11, 1941 in the Philippines. Incumbent President Manuel Luis Quezon won an unprecedented second partial term as President of the Philippines via a landslide. His running mate, Vice President Sergio Osmeña also won via landslide. The elected officials however, did not serve their terms from 1942 to 1945 due to World War II. In 1943, a Japanese-sponsored Republic was established and appointed José P. Laurel as president.", "Manuel Roxas Manuel Acuña Róxas (January 1, 1892 – April 15, 1948) was the fifth President of the Philippines who served from 1946 until his death in 1948. He briefly served as the third and last President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines from May 28, 1946 to July 4, 1946, subsequently becoming the first President of the independent Third Philippine Republic after the United States ceded its sovereignty over the Philippines.", "Quezon Memorial Circle The Quezon Memorial Circle is a national park and a national shrine located in Quezon City, which became the capital of the Philippines from 1948 to 1976.The park is located inside a large traffic circle in the shape of an ellipse and bounded by the Elliptical Road. Its main feature is a tall mausoleum containing the remains of Manuel L.", "Manuel L. Quezon Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina (August 19, 1878 – August 1, 1944) served as president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines from 1935 to 1944.", "Baguio Baguio, officially the City of Baguio (Filipino: Lungsod ng Baguio ; Ibaloi: Ciudad ni Bagiw ; Pangasinan: Siyudad na Baguio ; Ilokano: Ciudad ti Baguio) and often referred to as Baguio City, is a highly urbanized city located in the province of Benguet in northern Luzon island of the Philippines.", "Philippine Declaration of Independence The Philippine Declaration of Independence was proclaimed on June 12, 1898 in Cavite II el Viejo (present-day Kawit, Cavite), Philippines. With the public reading of the Act of the Declaration of independence (Spanish: Acta de la proclamación de independencia del pueblo Filipino), Filipino revolutionary forces under General Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the sovereignty and independence of the Philippine Islands from the colonial rule of Spain.", "Quezon City Quezon City (Filipino: Lungsod Quezon, also known to Filipinos by its initials as QC) is the most populous city in the Philippines. It is one of the cities that make up Metro Manila, the National Capital Region of the Philippines. Quezon City was named after Manuel L. Quezon, second President of the Philippines, who founded the city and developed it to replace the City of Manila as the national capital for 28 years from 1948 to 1976.", "Aguinaldo Shrine The Aguinaldo Shrine is the national shrine located in Kawit, Cavite in the Republic of the Philippines, where the independence of the Philippines from Spain was declared on June 12, 1898. To commemorate the event, now known as Araw ng Kalayaan or Independence Day, a national holiday, the Philippine flag is raised here by top government officials on June 12th each year. The house is now a museum." ]	8
daggeroso inclined to use a dagger novel Sons and Lovers	[ "Sons and Lovers (1960 film)\nSons and Lovers is a 1960 CinemaScope British film adaptation of the D. H. Lawrence 1913 novel of the same name. It was adapted by T. E. B. Clarke and Gavin Lambert, directed by Jack Cardiff. and stars Trevor Howard, Dean Stockwell, Wendy Hiller, Mary Ure, William Lucas and Donald Pleasence.The film won an Academy Award for Best Cinematography (Freddie Francis) and received nominations in six additional categories, and was entered into the 1960 Cannes Film Festival.", "Sons and Lovers (1981 TV serial)\nSons and Lovers is a 1981 BBC television serial based on the D. H. Lawrence book Sons and Lovers. It starred Eileen Atkins, Tom Bell, Karl Johnson, Lynn Dearth and Leonie Mellinger. It was adapted by Trevor Griffiths and directed by Stuart Burge, and originally shown as seven episodes.", "Sons and Lovers\nSons and Lovers is a 1913 novel by the English writer D. H. Lawrence. The Modern Library placed it ninth on their list of the 100 best novels of the 20th century. While the novel initially incited a lukewarm critical reception, along with allegations of obscenity, it is today regarded as a masterpiece by many critics and is often regarded as Lawrence's finest achievement." ]	[ "E. R. Braithwaite Edward Ricardo Braithwaite (born June 27, 1920; some sources state 1912 or 1922) is a Guyanese novelist, writer, teacher, and diplomat, best known for his stories of social conditions and racial discrimination against black people. He is the author of the 1959 autobiographical novel To Sir, With Love which was made into a 1967 film, To Sir, with Love, starring Sidney Poitier.Braithwaite was born in Georgetown, Guyana.", "Ferishtah's Fancies Ferishtah's Fancies is a book of poetry by Robert Browning first published in 1884.", "1634: The Galileo Affair 1634: The Galileo Affair is the fourth book and third novel published in the 1632 series by Eric Flint and Andrew Dennis. It follows the activities of an embassy party sent from the United States of Europe (Grantville) to Venice, Italy, where the three young Stone brothers become involved with the local Committees of Correspondence and the Inquisition's trial of Galileo Galilei.", "The Path to the Nest of Spiders The Path to the Nest of Spiders (Italian: Il sentiero dei nidi di ragno) is a 1947 novel by the Italian writer Italo Calvino. The narrative is a coming-of-age story, set against the backdrop of World War II. It was Calvino's first novel.", "Baltasar and Blimunda Baltasar and Blimunda (Portuguese: Memorial do Convento, 1982) is a novel by the Nobel Prize-winning Portuguese author José Saramago.It is a love story set in the 18th century with the construction of the Convent of Mafra, now one of Portugal's chief tourist attractions, as a background.", "Gregorio Morales Gregorio Morales (7 July 1952 – 22 June 2015), was a Spanish novelist.Gregorio Morales represents a movement named quantum aesthetics that aims to look at human difficulties of all ages from a new perspective that solely derives from modern sciences such as particle physics, astronomy or psychology. In this way, Puerta del Sol (The Sun Door) (2002) is about love and genre violence.", "The Trumpet-Major The Trumpet-Major is a novel by Thomas Hardy published in 1880, and his only historical novel. It concerns the heroine, Anne Garland, being pursued by three suitors: John Loveday, the eponymous trumpet major in a British regiment, honest and loyal; his brother Bob, a flighty sailor; and Festus Derriman, the cowardly nephew of the local squire.", "Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands (novel) Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands (Portuguese: Dona Flor e Seus Dois Maridos) is a Brazilian novel, written by Jorge Amado in 1966 and published in English in 1969. The novel has been adapted into a 1976 film.", "John Blackburn (author) John Fenwick Blackburn (born Northumberland, 26 June 1923; died 1993) was a British novelist who wrote thrillers, horror novels, and The Flame and the Wind (1967), an unusual historical novel set in Roman times, in which a nephew of Pontius Pilate tries to discover the facts about the crucifixion of Jesus.His horror novels are often structured as thrillers, with detective story plots involving international espionage, but leading to a supernatural resolution.", "William J. Coughlin William Jeremiah Coughlin (1929 - 1992) is the popular author behind such novels as The Twelve Apostles, Her Father's Daughter, Her Honor, In The Presence Of Enemies, and Shadow of a Doubt (1991). He also wrote Cain's Chinese Adventure and The Mark of Cain under the pseudonym Sean A. Key.Coughlin combined a career as a United States administrative judge in Detroit with that of a best selling novelist.", "Father and Son (book) Father and Son (1907) is a memoir by poet and critic Edmund Gosse, which he subtitled \"a study of two temperaments.\" Edmund had previously published a biography of his father,originally published anonymously.The book describes Edmund's early years in an exceptionally devout Plymouth Brethren home. His mother, who died early and painfully of breast cancer, was a writer of Christian tracts.", "Lone Wolf and Cub: Baby Cart to Hades Lone Wolf and Cub: Baby Cart to Hades (Japanese: 子連れ狼　死に風に向う乳母車 or Kozure Ôkami: Shinikazeni mukau ubaguruma, literally Wolf with Child in Tow: Perambulator Against the Winds of Death), is the third in a series of six Japanese martial arts films based on the long-running Lone Wolf and Cub manga series about Ogami Ittō, a wandering assassin for hire who is accompanied by his young son, Daigoro.The film has also been released under the name Shogun Assassin 2: Lightning Swords of Death, as a sequel to Shogun Assassin, which was most of the second film, Lone Wolf and Cub: Baby Cart at the River Styx and some of the first film, Lone Wolf and Cub: Sword of Vengeance edited together for the US market.", "Gentlemen & Players Gentlemen & Players is a novel by Joanne Harris first published in 2005. A dark psychological thriller, some of the themes may be partly based on Harris' experiences as a teacher at Leeds Grammar School. Set in the present day during Michaelmas term at St Oswald's, a grammar school for boys somewhere in the North of England, the book is a psychological thriller about class distinctions, damaged childhood, secrets, identity and revenge.", "The Tricky Part The Tricky Part: One Boy's Fall from Trespass into Grace is a 2005 non-fiction book by Martin Moran.Between the age of 12 and 15, Martin Moran had a sexual relationship with Bob Doyle, a Vietnam veteran who was a counselor at a Catholic boys’ camp. Thirty years later, he meets his abuser again.The book won the Randy Shilts Award for Gay Non-Fiction from Publishing Triangle in 2006.", "Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes Honoré de Balzac's Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes, translated either as The Splendors and Miseries of Courtesans or as A Harlot High and Low, was published in four parts from 1838-1847. It continues the story of Lucien de Rubempré, who was a main character in Illusions perdues, a preceding Balzac novel. Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes forms part of Balzac's La Comédie humaine.", "Latigo y Daga Latigo y Daga \"\\Whip and Dagger\" in Spanish) is a Filipino martial art which focuses on the use of flexible weapons, particularly whips. It combines elements from a number of martial arts found in Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia.The Latigo y Daga system was formulated in 1987 by Tom Meadows.", "Advise and Consent Advise and Consent is a 1959 political novel by Allen Drury that explores the United States Senate confirmation of controversial Secretary of State nominee Robert Leffingwell, who is a former member of the Communist Party. The novel spent 102 weeks on The New York Times Best Seller list, won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1960 and was adapted into a successful 1962 film starring Henry Fonda. It was followed by Drury's A Shade of Difference in 1962, and four additional sequels.", "Snakes and Earrings Snakes and Earrings (蛇にピアス, Hebi ni Piasu, ISBN 0-525-94889-9) is a novel written by the Japanese author Hitomi Kanehara in 2003, and it won the 2003 Akutagawa Prize for literature. It was translated into English by David Karashima. In 2007, a film-version directed by Yukio Ninagawa was released.", "Pacchiarotto, and How He Worked in Distemper Pacchiarotto, and How He Worked in Distemper is a short collection of English poems by Robert Browning, published in 1876. The collection marked Browning's first collection of short pieces for more than twelve years, and was well received. The title poem, which ostensibly discusses the life and works of 15th Century Italian painter Giacomo Pacchiarotti, is actually a thinly veiled attack on Browning's own critics, and many other pieces in the collection take the same tone.", "Jocoseria Jocoseria is a collection of short poems by Robert Browning, first published in 1883.", "Aspects of Love (novel) Aspects of Love is a novel by author David Garnett centering on the loves of a young soldier named Alexis Golightly, his uncle George Dillingham, and the beautiful actress Rose Vibert from whom neither man could escape. It was originally published in 1955.In 1989 this book served as the basis for Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical of the same name.", "Strong Poison Strong Poison is a 1930 novel by Dorothy L. Sayers, her fifth featuring Lord Peter Wimsey.", "Edward Garnett Edward William Garnett (1868–1937) was an English writer, critic and a significant and personally generous literary editor, who was instrumental in getting D. H. Lawrence's Sons and Lovers published. His father Richard Garnett (1835-1906) was a writer and librarian at the British Museum.", "Prince Hohenstiel-Schwangau, Saviour of Society \"Prince Hohenstiel-Schwangau, Saviour of Society\" is a long poem by Robert Browning, first published in 1871.The poem, which takes the French Emperor Napoleon III as its subject, was largely written in Florence in the early 1860s before apparently being abandoned. It appears that the poem was largely forgotten while Browning worked on Dramatis Personae and The Ring and the Book, which raised his profile and commercial appeal.", "Porthos Porthos, Baron du Vallon de Bracieux de Pierrefonds is a fictional character in the novels The Three Musketeers, Twenty Years After and The Vicomte de Bragelonne by Alexandre Dumas, père. He and the other two musketeers, Athos and Aramis, are friends of the novel's protagonist, d'Artagnan (see D'Artagnan Romances). He carries a sword that Aramis nicknamed Balizarde.In The Three Musketeers his family name is du Vallon.", "Phantastes Phantastes: A Faerie Romance for Men is a fantasy novel written by George MacDonald, first published in London in 1858. It was later reprinted in paperback by Ballantine Books as the fourteenth volume of the Ballantine Adult Fantasy series in April 1970.The story centres on the character Anodos \"\\pathless\", or \"ascent\" in Greek) and takes its inspiration from German Romanticism, particularly Novalis.", "I Modi I Modi (The Ways), also known as The Sixteen Pleasures or under the Latin title De omnibus Veneris Schematibus, is a famous erotic book of the Italian Renaissance in which a series of sexual positions were explicitly depicted in engravings. While the original edition was apparently completely destroyed by the Catholic Church, fragments of a later edition survived. The second edition was accompanied by sonnets written by Pietro Aretino, which described the sexual acts depicted.", "The Theatre and its Double The Theatre and Its Double (Le Théâtre et son Double) is a collection of essays by French poet and playwright Antonin Artaud and published in 1938.Artaud intended his work as an attack on theatrical convention and the importance of language of drama, opposing the vitality of the viewer's sensual experience against theatre as a contrived literary form, and urgency of expression against complacency on the part of the audience.The collection's more famous pieces include No More Masterpieces, an attack on what Artaud believed to be the elitism of an irrelevant, outdated literary/theatrical canon, and The Theater of Cruelty, where Artaud expressed the importance of recovering \"the notion of a kind of unique language half-way between gesture and thought.\"The collection is still read to this day, and strongly influenced the directing philosophies of such renowned figures as Peter Brook.", "Narcissus and Goldmund Narcissus and Goldmund (German: Narziß und Goldmund; also published as Death and the Lover) is a novel written by the German–Swiss author Hermann Hesse which was first published in 1930. At its publication, Narcissus and Goldmund was considered Hesse's literary triumph; chronologically, it follows Steppenwolf.", "Las sergas de Esplandián Las Sergas de Esplandián (The Adventures of Esplandián) is the fifth book in a series of Spanish chivalric romance novels by Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo, which began with Amadís de Gaula. The first known edition of this work was published in Seville in July 1510.", "The Ambassadors The Ambassadors is a 1903 novel by Henry James, originally published as a serial in the North American Review (NAR). This dark comedy, seen as one of the masterpieces of James's final period, follows the trip of protagonist Lewis Lambert Strether to Europe in pursuit of Chad Newsome, his widowed fiancée's supposedly wayward son; he is to bring the young man back to the family business, but he encounters unexpected complications.", "Quicksand (novel) Quicksand (卍, Manji) is a novel by the Japanese author Jun'ichirō Tanizaki. It was written in serial format between 1928 and 1930 for the magazine Kaizō. The last of Tanizaki's major novels translated into English, it concerns a four-way bisexual love affair between upper-crust denizens of Osaka.", "The Raw Youth The Raw Youth (Russian: Подросток, Podrostok), also published as The Adolescent or An Accidental Family, is a novel by Russian writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky, first published in 1875. Ronald Hingley, author of Russians and Society and a specialist in Dostoyevsky's works, named this novel a bad one, whereas Richard Pevear (in the introduction to his and Larissa Volokhonsky's 2003 translation of the novel), vehemently defended its worth in spite of those who have deemed the work a failure.", "Alamut series The Alamut series consists of the two fantasy books Alamut (Doubleday, 1989) and The Dagger and the Cross (Doubleday, 1991) by Judith Tarr. The series is set in the same universe as The Hound and the Falcon, which was written first, but the Alamut series describes events which occurred before the events in The Hound and the Falcon.The books mainly tells the story of the elf Prince Aidan from the elf kingdom of Rhiyana.", "The Devil to Pay in the Backlands Grande Sertão: Veredas (Portuguese for \"Great Backlands: Tracks\"; English translation: The Devil to Pay in the Backlands) is a novel published in 1956 by the Brazilian writer João Guimarães Rosa.The original title refers to the veredas - small paths through wetlands usually located at higher altitudes characterized by the presence of grasses and buritizais, groups of the buriti palm-tree (Mauritia flexuosa), that criss-cross the Sertão region in northern Minas Gerais, Southeast Brazil - as a labyrinthine net where an outsider can easily get lost, and where there is no single way to a certain place, since all paths interconnect in such a way that any road can lead anywhere. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devil_to_Pay_in_the_Backlands?oldid=675412776> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/St._Viator_High_School> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> St. Viator High School is a Roman Catholic co-educational secondary school in Arlington Heights, Illinois. It serves as a college preparatory school with approximately nine-hundred and fifty students from the mid- and outer-northwest suburbs of Chicago. Part of the Archdiocese of Chicago, the school is run by the Clerics of Saint Viator.", "Punjab lasso The Punjab lasso is a type of weapon referred to in Gaston Leroux's novel The Phantom of the Opera. It is described as a noose but employed like a garotte to strangle victims. The name was derived from the Punjab region of India and present day Pakistan where the title character learned to use it.", "L'armata Brancaleone L'armata Brancaleone (known in English-speaking countries as For Love and Gold or The Incredible Army of Brancaleone) is an Italian comedy movie released in 1966, written by the famous duo Age & Scarpelli and directed by Mario Monicelli. It features Vittorio Gassman in the main role. It was entered into the 1966 Cannes Film Festival.The term Armata Brancaleone is still used today in Italian to define a group of badly assembled and useless people.", "The Two Noble Kinsmen The Two Noble Kinsmen is a Jacobean tragicomedy, first published in 1634 and attributed to John Fletcher and William Shakespeare. Its plot derives from \"The Knight's Tale\" in Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, which had already been dramatised at least twice before.Formerly a point of controversy, the dual attribution is now generally accepted by the scholarly consensus.", "McTeague McTeague is a novel by Frank Norris, first published in 1899. It tells the story of a couple's courtship and marriage, and their subsequent descent into poverty, violence and finally murder as the result of jealousy and greed. The book was the basis for the films McTeague (1916), Erich von Stroheim's Greed (1924), and Slow Burn (2000). It was also adapted as an opera by William Bolcom in 1992.", "Black Dagger Brotherhood The Black Dagger Brotherhood is an ongoing series of paranormal romance books by author J. R. Ward. The series focuses on a society (the \"Black Dagger Brotherhood\") of vampire warriors who live together and defend their race against de-souled humans called lessers. The first book in the series was published in 2005.Ward's Fallen Angels series is set in the same universe, and has some overlap in characters, but little overlap in storylines.", "The Book and the Sword The Book and the Sword is a wuxia novel by Jin Yong (Louis Cha). It was first serialised between 8 February 1955 and 5 September 1956 in the Hong Kong newspaper The New Evening Post.Set in the Qing dynasty during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–1796), the novel follows the quest of the Red Flower Society, a secret organisation aiming to overthrow the Qing government, and their entanglements with an Islamic tribe in northwestern China.", "Studs Lonigan Studs Lonigan is a novel trilogy by American author James T. Farrell: Young Lonigan (1932), The Young Manhood of Studs Lonigan (1934), and Judgment Day (1935). In 1998, the Modern Library ranked the Studs Lonigan trilogy at 29th on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.The trilogy was adapted into a minor 1960 film and a 1979 television miniseries both of which were simply titled Studs Lonigan.", "The Boy with the Thorn in His Side (book) The Boy with the Thorn in His Side (ISBN 0-9603574-4-0) is a 2005 book written by Pete Wentz the bassist and lyricist of the Illinois pop punk band, Fall Out Boy. The book was illustrated by Joe Tesauro and published by Clandestine Industries.The story of the book is influenced by the recurring nightmares Wentz suffered as a child. It is named after the song \"The Boy with the Thorn in His Side\" by The Smiths.", "Fumoto no iro Fumoto no iro (麓の色 Sex in the Foothills) is a novel and treatise on homosexual behavior (nanshoku (男色)) published in Japan in 1768 that tells the story of a sixty-year-old gigolo named Ogiya Yashige. Though fictional, Yashige is considered a precursor to modern Japanese notions of sexual morality, which dictates that (gay) male prostitutes are already past their prime at seventeen years of age. Pubescent boys were anal penetrators; pre-pubescent boys were to be penetrated.", "Karl May Karl (Carl) Friedrich May (/maɪ/ MY; German: [maɪ]; 25 February 1842 – 30 March 1912) was a German writer best known for his adventure novels set in the American Old West. His main protagonists are Winnetou and Old Shatterhand. May set similar books in the Orient and Middle East in which the main protagonists were Kara Ben Nemsi and Hadschi Halef Omar, Latin America and Germany. May also wrote poetry, a play, and composed music; he was a proficient player of several musical instruments.", "Dagger of Daggers The Dagger of Daggers was a special award given in 2005 by the Crime Writers' Association (CWA) to celebrate its 50th anniversary. All books that had previously won the CWA Gold Dagger for Best Crime Novel of the Year were eligible, and the purpose was to select \"the best of the best\". The shortlist was selected by a ballot of CWA members, with the winner decided by a second round of voting.", "Masuccio Salernitano Masuccio Salernitano (1410–1475), born Tommaso Guardati, was an Italian poet.Born in Salerno or Sorrento, he is best known today for Il Novellino, a collection of 50 \"novelle\" or short stories, each prefaced by a letter of dedication to a famous person and with an epilogue containing the \"moral\" of the story.The stories have a strongly anti-clerical bent, which caused Il Novellino to be included in the first Index of Prohibited Books in 1557.The 33rd of these stories is the story of Mariotto and Ganozza, which was apparently adapted by Luigi da Porto (1485–1529) first as Giulietta e Romeo and later as Historia novellamente ritrovata di due nobili amanti (\"Newly retrieved story of two noble lovers\"). @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masuccio_Salernitano?oldid=675709583> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Sandpiper> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Sandpipers are a large family, Scolopacidae, of waders or shorebirds. They include many species called sandpipers, as well as those called by names such as curlew and snipe. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Different lengths of bills enable different species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.Sandpipers have long bodies and legs, and narrow wings.", "The Picts and the Martyrs The Picts and the Martyrs is the eleventh book in Arthur Ransome's Swallows and Amazons series of children's books. It was published in 1943. This is the last completed book set in the Lake District and features the Blackett sisters, the Amazons and the Callum siblings, Dick and Dorothea, known as the Ds. Ransome's most native character, the Great Aunt also features prominently as do many aspects of Lakeland life.", "The Path of Daggers The Path of Daggers (abbreviated as tPoD by fans) is the eighth book of The Wheel of Time fantasy series written by American author Robert Jordan. It was published by Tor Books and released on October 20, 1998. Upon its release, it immediately rose to the #1 position on the New York Times hardcover fiction bestseller list, making it the first Wheel of Time book to reach the #1 position on that list. It remained on the list for the next two months.", "Katherine (Seton novel) Katherine is a 1954 historical novel by American author Anya Seton. It tells the story of the historically important, 14th-century love affair in England between the eponymous Katherine Swynford and John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, the third surviving son of King Edward III.In 2003, Katherine was ranked 95 in the BBC's Big Read survey of Britain's best-loved novels. It is commonly regarded as a prime example of historical fiction, and has been continuously in print since its publication date.", "Geoffrey Household Geoffrey Edward West Household (30 November 1900 — 4 October 1988) was a prolific British novelist who specialised in thrillers. He is best known for his novel Rogue Male (1939).", "Boy with Thorn Boy with Thorn, also called Fedele (Fedelino) or Spinario, is a Greco-Roman Hellenistic bronze sculpture of a boy withdrawing a thorn from the sole of his foot, now in the Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome. A Roman marble of this subject from the Medici collections is in a corridor of the Uffizi Gallery, Florence.The sculpture was one of the very few Roman bronzes that was never lost to sight.", "Treason by the Book Treason by the Book, by Jonathan Spence, is a historical account of the Zeng Jing (曾靜) case which took place during the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor of China, around the 1730s. Zeng Jing, a failed degree candidate heavily influenced by the seventeenth-century scholar Lü Liuliang, in October 1728 attempted to incite the descendant of Yue Fei, Yue Zhongqi (岳仲琪), Governor-general of Shaanxi-Sichuan, to rebellion.", "The Berrybender Narratives The Berrybender Narratives is a series of novels written by Larry McMurtry. It tells the story of an ill-fated hunting expedition lasting several years and covering much of the early American West. As with much of McMurtry's Western fiction, it weaves a tale of bloody adventure with a sort of ghastly dark humor. The four novels in the series, with publication dates, are: Sin Killer (2002) The Wandering Hill (2003) By Sorrow's River (2003) Folly and Glory (2004)", "Germano Almeida Germano Almeida (Portuguese pronunciation: [ʒɨɾˈmɐnu alˈmejdɐ]; born 1945) is a Cape Verde author and lawyer. Born on the Cape island Boa Vista, Almeida studied law in Lisbon and currently practices in Mindelo. His novels have been translated into several languages. Married Sam Stewart in 1970.In 1989 he founded the Ilhéu Editora publishing house and has since published 13 books (nine novels) which are detailed below.O dia das calças roladas (1982) First published on Ilhéu Editora, Cape Verde.", "In Desert and Wilderness In Desert and Wilderness (Polish: W pustyni i w puszczy) is a popular young adult novel by Polish author and Nobel Prize-winning novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz, written in 1912. It is the author's only novel written for children/teenagers. In Desert and Wilderness tells the story of two young friends, Staś Tarkowski (14 years old) and Nel Rawlison (8 years old), kidnapped by rebels during Mahdi's rebellion in Sudan. It was adapted for film twice, in 1973 and in 2001.", "Scaramouche (novel) Scaramouche is an historical novel by Rafael Sabatini, originally published in 1921. A romantic adventure, Scaramouche tells the story of a young lawyer during the French Revolution. In the course of his adventures he becomes an actor portraying \"Scaramouche\" (a roguish buffoon character in the commedia dell'arte). He also becomes a revolutionary, politician, and fencing-master, confounding his enemies with his powerful orations and swordsmanship.", "The Son of a Servant The Son of a Servant (Swedish: Tjänstekvinnans son) is the autobiographical novel of August Strindberg in four parts, published between 1886 and 1909.", "Private Eye Action, as You Like It A collection of short stories from early in the careers of Joe R. Lansdale and Lewis Shiner, published in a limited edition by Crossroads Press in 1998. They have never been made available in other collections and is now extremely rare.The Lansdale solo stories feature a character named Ray Slater; Lansdale also wrote a Ray Slater novel, unpublished at the time but later included in For a Few Stories More.", "The Romance of Crime The Romance of Crime is an original novel written by Gareth Roberts and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It features the Fourth Doctor, Romana II and K-9. It takes place directly before the Missing Adventure The English Way of Death, also by Roberts.The title is a quotation from the Morrissey song \"Sister I'm a Poet\".", "Devices and Desires Devices and Desires is a 1989 detective novel in the Adam Dalgliesh series by P. D. James. It takes place on Larksoken, an isolated headland in Norfolk.", "Rouse Up O Young Men of the New Age! Rouse Up, O Young Men of the New Age! (新しい人よ、眼ざめよ; Atarashii hito yo mezameyo) is a 1983 semi-autobiographical novel by Japanese author Kenzaburō Ōe, about his day-to-day life with his mentally handicapped son, Hikari (represented by an alter ego called \"Eeyore\") and the effect that William Blake's poetry has had on both his life and work.", "The War of the Saints The War of the Saints (Portuguese: O Sumiço da Santa) is a Brazilian Modernist novel. It was written by Jorge Amado in 1988 and published in English in 1993, with a translation by Gregory Rabassa. The English version was first published in paperback in 1995.The novel, which takes place within a period of 48 hours, centers around Dom Maximiliano von Gruden, Director of the Museum of Sacred Art in Salvador, Bahia in Brazil.", "Dramatic Lyrics Dramatic Lyrics is a collection of English poems by Robert Browning, first published in 1842 as the third volume in a series of self-published books entitled Bells and Pomegranates. It is most famous as the first appearance of Browning's poem The Pied Piper of Hamelin, but also contains several of the poet's other best-known pieces, including My Last Duchess, Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister, Porphyria's Lover, and Johannes Agricola in Meditation.", "The Volcano Lover The Volcano Lover is a 1992 novel by Susan Sontag. Set largely in Naples, it focuses upon Emma Hamilton, her marriage to Sir William Hamilton, the scandal relating to her affair with Lord Nelson, her abandonment, and her descent into poverty.The title comes from William Hamilton's interest in volcanos, and his investigations of Mount Vesuvius.", "Kane and Abel (novel) Kane and Abel is a 1979 novel by British author Jeffrey Archer. The title and story is a play on the Biblical brothers, Cain and Abel.Released in the United Kingdom in 1979 and in the United States in February 1980, the book was an international success. It reached No. 1 on the New York Times best-seller list and in 1985 was made into a CBS television miniseries titled Kane & Abel starring Peter Strauss as Rosnovski and Sam Neill as Kane.", "Tyrannick Love Tyrannick Love, or The Royal Martyr is a tragedy by John Dryden in rhymed couplets, first acted in June 1669, and published in 1670. It is a retelling of the story of Saint Catherine of Alexandria and her martyrdom by the Roman Emperor Maximinus, the \"tyrant\" of the title, who is enraged at Catherine's refusal to submit to his violent sexual passion.", "The Betrothed (Manzoni novel) The Betrothed (Italian: I promessi sposi [i proˈmessi ˈspɔːzi]) is an Italian historical novel by Alessandro Manzoni, first published in 1827, in three volumes. It has been called the most famous and widely read novel of the Italian language.Set in northern Italy in 1628, during the oppressive years under Spanish rule, it is sometimes seen as a veiled attack on Austria, which controlled the region at the time the novel was written. (The definitive version was published in 1842).", "The Dancer Upstairs The Dancer Upstairs is a 1995 novel by Nicholas Shakespeare. It is based on the Maoist insurgency of the 1980s in Peru, and tells the story of Agustin Rejas, a police Lieutenant (later promoted to Captain), hunting a terrorist based on Abimael Guzmán, leader of the Shining Path. In 2002 it was given a film adaptation under the same title.", "Sons of Fortune Sons of Fortune is a novel by Jeffrey Archer, published 2002 (ISBN 1-4050-2079-2). Its working title was In the Lap of the Gods.", "Lotte in Weimar: The Beloved Returns Thomas Mann's 1939 novel, Lotte in Weimar: The Beloved Returns, or otherwise known by Lotte in Weimar or The Beloved Returns, is a story written in the shadow of Goethe; Thomas Mann developed the narrative almost as a response to Goethe's novel The Sorrows of Young Werther, although Goethe's work is more than 150 years older than Lotte in Weimar. Lotte in Weimar was first published in English in 1940.", "Butterfly Lovers The Butterfly Lovers is a Chinese legend of a tragic love story of a pair of lovers, Liang Shanbo (梁山伯) and Zhu Yingtai (祝英台), whose names form the title of the story. The title is often abbreviated to Liang Zhu (梁祝).The story is now counted as one of China's Four Great Folktales, the others being the Legend of the White Snake (Baishezhuan), Lady Meng Jiang, and The Cowherd and the Weaving Maid (Niulang Zhinü).", "Fathers and Sons (novel) Fathers and Sons (Russian: Отцы и дети Ottsy i dety, IPA: [ɐˈtsɨ i ˈdʲetʲi]; archaic spelling Отцы и дѣти), also translated more literally as Fathers and Children, is an 1862 novel by Ivan Turgenev, one of his best-known works.", "Elective Affinities Elective Affinities (German: Die Wahlverwandtschaften), also translated under the title Kindred by Choice, is the third novel by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, published in 1809. The title is taken from a scientific term once used to describe the tendency of chemical species to combine with certain substances or species in preference to others.", "The Devil and Daniel Webster \"The Devil and Daniel Webster\" is a short story by Stephen Vincent Benét. This Faustian tale was inspired by Washington Irving's short story \"The Devil and Tom Walker.\" Benet's story centers on a New Hampshire farmer who sells his soul to the Devil and is defended by Daniel Webster, a fictional version of the famous statesman, lawyer, and orator.The story appeared in The Saturday Evening Post (October 24, 1936) and was later published in book form by Farrar & Rinehart, 1937.", "Quentin Compson Quentin Compson is a fictional character created by William Faulkner. He is an intelligent, neurotic, and introspective son of the Compson Family. He is featured in the classic novels The Sound and the Fury and Absalom, Absalom! as well as the short stories, \"That Evening Sun\" and \"A Justice\". Some of his thoughts are articulated with Faulkner's innovative stream-of-consciousness technique. In Absalom, Absalom!, he attempts to solve and reflect on a mysterious tragedy in the past.", "Bernardim Ribeiro Bernardim Ribeiro (1482 in Torrão – October 1552 in Lisbon) was a Renaissance Portuguese poet and writer.His father, Damião Ribeiro, was implicated in the conspiracy against King John II of Portugal. His Livro das saudades, mostly known as Menina e moça (taken from its incipit) and translated as Maiden and Modest in English, is one of the finest examples of the genre of pastoral romance in Renaissance literature.", "Modern Chivalry Modern Chivalry: Containing the Adventures of Captain John Farrago and Teague O'Regan, His servant is a rambling, satirical American novel by Hugh Henry Brackenridge, a Pittsburgh writer, lawyer, judge, and justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court.", "El laberinto For the Colombian television series, see El laberinto (television series)El Laberinto (Spanish for \"The Labyrinth\") is a 1974 novel by the Argentine writer Manuel Mujica Laínez.It purports to tell the story of Ginés de Silva, the boy shown holding a torch in the lower left-hand corner of El Greco's 1586 painting The Burial of Count Orgaz.This picaresque Bildungsroman presents, a rich and highly amusing series of pictures from the boy's Seville childhood in the 1570s to the old man's death in early colonial Argentina in the 1650s. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_laberinto?oldid=532084705> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/María_Tomasa_Palafox,_Marquise_of_Villafranca> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Doña María Tomasa Palafox y Portocarrero, Marquise of Villafranca and Duchess of Medina Sidonia (1780–1835), was a patron and muse of the painter Francisco de Goya y Lucientes and the wife of Francisco de Borja Álvarez de Toledo, 12th Marquis of Villafranca.In his famous painting, Goya portrays the Marchioness de Villafranca as an artist with brush and maulstick in her hand.", "Krondor's Sons Krondor's Sons is a series of fantasy novels written by Raymond E. Feist. The books are part of The Riftwar Cycle and set on the fictional world of Midkemia. The two novels are set between riftwars and explores Midkemia beyond the borders of the Kingdom of the Isles. The main characters are the three sons of Prince of Krondor Arutha ConDoin, Borric, Erland, and Nicholas.", "Luigi Da Porto Luigi Da Porto (Vicenza, 1485 – May 10, 1530) was an Italian writer and storiographer, better known as the author of the novel Novella novamente ritrovata with the story of Romeo and Juliet, later reprised by William Shakespeare for his famous drama.Da Porto wrote the novel in his villa in Montorso Vicentino near Vicenza. The title of the book was Historia novellamente ritrovata di due nobili amanti \"\\Newly found story of two noble lovers\"), published about 1530.", "Tobias Barreto Tobias Barreto de Meneses (June 7, 1839 – June 26, 1889) was a Brazilian poet, philosopher, jurist and literary critic, famous for creating the \"Condorism\" and revolutionizing Brazilian Romanticism and poetry. He is patron of the 38th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters.", "Sophie's Choice (novel) Sophie's Choice is a 1979 novel by American author William Styron. It concerns the relation between three people sharing a boarding house in Brooklyn: Stingo, a young aspiring writer from the South who befriends the Jewish Nathan Landau and his beautiful lover Sophie, a Polish survivor of the German Nazi concentration camps.", "The Daemon Lover \"The Daemon Lover\", also known as \"James Harris\", \"James Herries\", or \"The House Carpenter\" (Roud 14, Child 243) is a popular Scottish ballad.", "Seeking Whom He May Devour Seeking Whom He May Devour (French: L’Homme à l’envers, lit. \"The Inside-out Man\") is a crime novel by French writer Fred Vargas. The novel features her series protagonist Commissaire Adamsberg and concerns the supposed existence of werewolves in a remote French village. As with many of Vargas' novels in English translation, the English title bears no relationship to the original.", "The Tale of Two Lovers The Tale of Two Lovers (Latin: Historia de duobus amantibus) written in 1444 was one of the bestselling books of the fifteenth century, even before its author, Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini, became Pope Pius II. It is one of the earliest examples of an epistolary novel, full of erotic imagery. The first printed edition was published by Ulrich Zel in Cologne between 1467 and 1470.", "Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Pierre Ambroise François Choderlos de Laclos (French pronunciation: [pjɛʁ ɑ̃brwaːz ʃɔdɛʁlo də laklo]; 18 October 1741 – 5 September 1803) was a French novelist, official, freemason and army general, best known for writing the epistolary novel Les Liaisons dangereuses (Dangerous Liaisons) (1782).A unique case in French literature, he was for a long time considered to be as scandalous a writer as the Marquis de Sade or Nicolas-Edme Rétif.", "Enchiridion of Epictetus The Enchiridion or Manual of Epictetus (Ancient Greek: Ἐγχειρίδιον Ἐπικτήτου, Enkheirídion Epiktḗtou) (enchiridion is Greek for \"that which is held in the hand\" and by extension, to dagger) is a short manual of Stoic ethical advice compiled by Arrian, a 2nd-century disciple of the Greek philosopher Epictetus.Although the content is similar to the Discourses of Epictetus, it is not a summary of the Discourses but rather a compilation of practical precepts.", "Momotarō-zamurai Momotarō-zamurai (桃太郎侍) or Samurai Momotaro is a Japanese novel by Kiichirō Yamate (1899–1978). Published in 1946, the novel centers on an Edo-period ronin, Shinjirō, the younger twin brother of a daimyo who was caught in a succession dispute. Shinjirō comes to the aid of his brother in this good-versus-evil plot in which the title character assumes the name of Momotaro. Momotarō-zamurai has been the basis for many jidaigeki films and television series.", "The Dragon's Dagger The Dragon's Dagger is a 1994 fantasy novel by R. A. Salvatore, the second book in the Spearwielder's Tales book series.", "The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber, also translated as The Sword and the Knife, is a wuxia novel by Jin Yong (Louis Cha). It is the third instalment in the Condor Trilogy, and is preceded by The Legend of the Condor Heroes and The Return of the Condor Heroes. It was first serialised from 6 July 1961 to 2 September 1963 in the Hong Kong newspaper Ming Pao. Jin Yong revised the novel in 1979 with a number of amendments and additions.", "The Subtle Knife The Subtle Knife, the second book in the His Dark Materials series, is a young-adult fantasy novel written by Philip Pullman and published in 1997. The novel continues the adventures of Lyra Belacqua as she investigates the mysterious Dust phenomenon and searches for her father. Will Parry is introduced as a companion to Lyra, and together they explore the new realms to which they have both been introduced.", "Amores (Lucian) The Erōtes or Amores (Greek: Ἔρωτες; \"Loves\", or \"The two kinds of love\") is a Greek dialogue, an example of contest literature, comparing the love of women and the love of boys, and concluding that the latter was preferable. The dialogue was transmitted among the works of Lucian. Most modern scholars believe that the style of the dialogue puts into question its authorship. The work is normally cited under the name of Pseudo-Lucian.", "Enemies, A Love Story Enemies, A Love Story (Yiddish: Sonim, di Geshichte fun a Liebe‎) is a novel by Isaac Bashevis Singer first published serially in the Jewish Daily Forward in 1966. The English translation was published in 1972.", "Dramatic Romances and Lyrics Dramatic Romances and Lyrics is a collection of English poems by Robert Browning, first published in 1845 as the seventh volume in a series of self-published books entitled Bells and Pomegranates.", "Les Liaisons dangereuses Les Liaisons dangereuses (French pronunciation: [le ljɛ.zɔ̃ dɑ̃.ʒə.ʁøz]; Dangerous Liaisons) is a French epistolary novel by Pierre Choderlos de Laclos, first published in four volumes by Durand Neveu from March 23, 1782.It is the story of the Marquise de Merteuil and the Vicomte de Valmont, two rivals (and ex-lovers) who use seduction as a weapon to humiliate and degrade others, all the while enjoying their cruel games and boasting about their manipulative talents.", "Son Altesse Sérénissime Son Altesse Sérénissime (His Serene Highness) is a series of espionage novels created by French author Gérard de Villiers, featuring prince Malko Linge as the lead character. Since 2006, the novels have been published in comic books, though aimed mainly at adults given their contents." ]	2
Directed Bela Glen Glenda Bride Monster Plan 9 Outer Space	[ "Glen or Glenda\nGlen or Glenda is a 1953 drama film written, directed by, and starring Ed Wood, and featuring Bela Lugosi and Wood's then-girlfriend Dolores Fuller. The title was originally I Changed My Sex! and is often given as Glen or Glenda? but the question mark is not present in the film itself or on its poster. A new musical score for the film was composed in 2010 by Michael Penny.The film is a docudrama about cross-dressing and transsexuality, and is semi-autobiographical in nature.", "Plan 9 from Outer Space\nPlan 9 from Outer Space (originally titled Grave Robbers from Outer Space) is a 1959 American black-and-white science fiction horror film released by Distributors Corporation of America (as Valiant Pictures).", "Ed Wood (film)\nEd Wood is a 1994 American period comedy-drama biopic directed and produced by Tim Burton, and starring Johnny Depp as cult filmmaker Ed Wood. The film concerns the period in Wood's life when he made his best-known films as well as his relationship with actor Bela Lugosi, played by Martin Landau.", "Gregory Walcott\nGregory Walcott (January 13, 1928 – March 20, 2015) was an American television and film actor. Although he had roles in many successful Hollywood films and television series, he is perhaps best known for having appeared in the 1994 film Ed Wood and Wood's cult classic Plan 9 from Outer Space from 1959.", "Plan 9 from Outer Space (video game)\nPlan 9 from Outer Space is a point and click adventure game developed by Konami for the Amiga and Atari ST. It was released in 1992 and published by Gremlin Graphics. A DOS version was made but only released in the USA and Europe. There were two editions of the game. The rarest one came solely packed with the Plan 9 game, while the other edition came with a VHS copy of the film.", "Ed Wood filmography\nThis is a list of films starring, written, produced and directed by Ed Wood." ]	[ "The Arrangement (1969 film) The Arrangement is a 1969 film drama directed by Elia Kazan, based upon his 1967 novel of the same title.It tells the story of a successful Los Angeles-area advertising executive of Greek-American extraction, Evangelos Arness, who goes by the professional name \"Eddie Anderson.\" He is portrayed by Kirk Douglas.Eddie is suicidal and slowly having a psychotic breakdown. He is miserable at home in his marriage to his WASPy wife, Florence, played by Deborah Kerr, and with his career.", "John Brahm John Brahm (August 17, 1893 – October 13, 1982) was a film and television director. His films include The Undying Monster (1942), The Lodger (1944), Hangover Square (1945), The Locket (1946), The Brasher Doubloon (1947), and the 3D horror film, The Mad Magician (1954).", "Dark Star (film) Dark Star is a 1974 American comic science fiction film directed, co-written, produced and scored by John Carpenter, and co-written by, edited by and starring Dan O'Bannon.", "The Day After Tomorrow (TV special) The Day After Tomorrow (also known as Into Infinity in the United Kingdom) is a 1975 British science-fiction television drama produced by Gerry Anderson between the two series of Space: 1999. Written by Johnny Byrne and directed by Charles Crichton, it stars Brian Blessed, Joanna Dunham and Nick Tate, and is narrated by Ed Bishop. It aired in the United States on NBC, as an episode of the children's science education series Special Treat, in December 1975.", "Killer Klowns from Outer Space Killer Klowns from Outer Space is a 1988 American science fiction horror comedy movie made by The Chiodo Brothers and starring Grant Cramer and Suzanne Snyder. It is the only Chiodo Brothers' directed and written film—they have worked in many other projects in other roles, such as producing and visual effects. The filming took place in the city of Watsonville and at the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk.", "The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension!, often shortened to Buckaroo Banzai, is a 1984 American science fiction romantic adventure comedy film directed and produced by W. D. Richter, and concerns the efforts of the multi-talented Dr. Buckaroo Banzai, a physicist, neurosurgeon, test pilot, and rock musician, to save the world by defeating a band of inter-dimensional aliens called Red Lectroids from Planet 10.", "Dogora Dogara, the Space Monster, released in Japan as Uchū Daikaijū Dogora (宇宙大怪獣ドゴラ, lit. \"Giant Space Monster Dogora\"), is a 1964 Japanese tokusatsu science fiction film produced and released by Toho Studios. Directed by Ishirō Honda and featuring special effects by Eiji Tsuburaya, the film starred Nobuo Nakamura, Akiko Wakabayashi, and Hollywood actor Robert Dunham.", "Science Fiction/Double Feature \"Science Fiction/Double Feature\" is the opening song to the original 1973 musical stage production, The Rocky Horror Show as well as its 1975 film counterpart The Rocky Horror Picture Show, book, music and lyrics by Richard O'Brien, musical arrangements by Richard Hartley. The song is reprised at the end of the show, with lyrics that reflect on the final events of the story.The song is a tribute to and sendup of various B movies and serials parodied in the show itself.", "Glengarry Glen Ross (film) Glengarry Glen Ross is a 1992 American drama, adapted by David Mamet from his 1984 Pulitzer Prize- and Tony-winning play of the same name, and directed by James Foley. The film, set in New York City or Chicago and filmed in New York City, depicts two days in the lives of four real estate salesmen and how they become desperate when the corporate office sends a trainer to \"motivate\" them by announcing that, in one week, all except the top two salesmen will be fired.", "Stanley Cortez Stanley Cortez, A.S.C. (November 4, 1908 – December 23, 1997) was an American cinematographer. He worked on over seventy films, including Orson Welles' The Magnificent Ambersons (1942), Charles Laughton's The Night of the Hunter (1955), Nunnally Johnson's The Three Faces of Eve (1957), and Samuel Fuller's Shock Corridor (1963) and The Naked Kiss (1964).", "Franz Waxman Franz Waxman (/ˈwæksmən/; 24 December 1906 – 24 February 1967) - born Franz Wachsmann - was a German and American composer of Jewish descent, known primarily for his work in the film music genre. His film scores include The Bride of Frankenstein, Rebecca, Sunset Boulevard, A Place in the Sun, Stalag 17, Rear Window, Peyton Place, The Nun's Story, and Taras Bulba.", "Albert Nozaki Albert Nozaki (1 January 1912 – 16 November 2003) was an art director who worked on various films for Paramount Pictures. He is perhaps best known for his memorable design of the Martian war machines from the 1953 film The War of the Worlds and for his art direction on the epic The Ten Commandments. He retired in 1969 due to retinitis pigmentosa, which ultimately cost him his sight.", "Space Amoeba Space Amoeba, released in Japan as Gezora, Ganime, Kamēba: Kessen! Nankai no Daikaijū (ゲゾラ・ガニメ・カメーバ決戦! 南海の大怪獣, lit. \"Gezora, Ganimes, and Kamoebas: Decisive Battle! Giant Monsters of the South Seas\"), is a 1970 Japanese Science Fiction/Kaiju film produced and released by Toho Studios. Directed by Ishirō Honda, and featuring special effects by Sadamasa Arikawa, the film starred Kenji Sahara and Yoshio Tsuchiya.", "Galaxina Galaxina is a low-budget 1980 American comedy/science fiction film, best remembered for its lead actress, Playboy Playmate of the Year for 1980 Dorothy Stratten, who was murdered shortly after the movie's release. Besides its homages to and parodies of science fiction mainstays Star Wars, Star Trek, and Alien, this film also pokes fun at Western movies.", "Anthony Terpiloff Anthony Terpiloff was an English television screenwriter active in the period 1961-1978. He is particularly known for The Poet Game (1972) and his contributions to Gerry Anderson's science fiction series Space: 1999. His writing for Space: 1999 included Earthbound, Death's Other Dominion, Collision Course, The Infernal Machine and Catacombs of the Moon.", "Franklin J. Schaffner Franklin James Schaffner (May 30, 1920 – July 2, 1989) was an American film director best known for such films as Planet of the Apes (1968), Patton (1970), Nicholas and Alexandra (1971), Papillon (1973), and The Boys from Brazil (1978).", "Corpse Bride Corpse Bride, often referred to as Tim Burton's Corpse Bride, is a 2005 British-American stop-motion-animated musical fantasy film directed by Mike Johnson and Tim Burton with a screenplay by John August, Pamela Pettler, and Caroline Thompson based on characters created by Burton and Carlos Grangel. The plot is set in a fictional Victorian era village in Europe. Johnny Depp led a cast as the voice of Victor, while Helena Bonham Carter voiced Emily, the title character.", "Godzilla (1998 film) Godzilla is a 1998 American science fiction monster film directed and co-written by Roland Emmerich. A reimagining of the popular Japanese film monster of the same name, the film focuses on a giant reptilian monster, mutated by nuclear tests in French Polynesia, that migrates to New York City to nest its young. The cast features Matthew Broderick, Maria Pitillo, Hank Azaria, Kevin Dunn and Jean Reno.", "Babylon A.D. Babylon A.D. is a 2008 French science fiction action film based on the novel Babylon Babies by Maurice Georges Dantec. The film was directed by Mathieu Kassovitz and stars Vin Diesel. It was released on 29 August 2008 in the United States.", "Stephen Goosson Stephen Goosson (March 24, 1889 - March 25, 1973) was an American film set designer and art director.Born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Goosson was an architect in Detroit before starting his film career as art director for producer Lewis J. Selznick, and films for Fox Film Corporation such as New Movietone Follies of 1930. He eventually was hired by Columbia Pictures, where he served as supervising art director for 25 years.Goosson won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction for Lost Horizon.", "Rocketship X-M Rocketship X-M (also known as Expedition Moon and originally as Rocketship Expedition Moon) is a 1950 American black-and-white science fiction film from Lippert Pictures, the first outer space adventure of the post-World War II era.", "The Galaxy Being \"The Galaxy Being\" is the first episode of the original The Outer Limits television show. It first aired on 16 September 1963. In it, Allan Maxwell, an engineer for a small radio station, somehow makes contact with a peaceful alien creature, who gets transported to Earth by accident. The Galaxy Being inadvertently kills several people with its natural radiation, and is met with violence and hysteria from the people of Earth.", "Brian the Brain \"Brian the Brain\" is the ninth episode of the second series of Space: 1999 (and the thirty-third episode overall of the programme). The screenplay was written by Jack Ronder; the director was Kevin Connor. The final shooting script is dated 5 May 1976, with amendments dated 11 May 1976. Live action filming took place Tuesday 18 May 1976 through Wednesday 2 June 1976.", "Kin-dza-dza! Kin-dza-dza! (Russian: Кин-дза-дза!, translit. Kin-dzah-dza!) is a 1986 Soviet sci-fi dystopian black comedy cult film released by the Mosfilm studio and directed by Georgiy Daneliya, with a story by Georgiy Daneliya and Revaz Gabriadze. The movie was filmed in color, consists of two parts and runs for 135 minutes in total.Like many of Daneliya's works, Kin-dza-dza! represents a double entendre in terms of parody and features dark and grotesque aspects of humanity.", "BRD Trilogy The BRD Trilogy (German: BRD-Trilogie) consists of three films directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder: The Marriage of Maria Braun (1979), Veronika Voss (1982), and Lola (1981). The films are connected in a thematic rather than in a narrative sense. All three deal with different characters (though some actors recur in different roles) and plotlines, but each one focuses on the story of a specific woman in West Germany after World War II.", "Glen A. Larson Glen Albert Larson (January 3, 1937 – November 14, 2014) was an American television producer and writer best known as the creator of the television series Battlestar Galactica, Buck Rogers in the 25th Century, Quincy, M.E., The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries, B. J. and the Bear, The Fall Guy, Magnum, P.I. and Knight Rider.", "Donald Trumbull Donald Edmund Trumbull (May 27, 1909 – June 7, 2004) was a pioneer in the field of motion picture special effects.The films on which he worked included the following: The Wizard of Oz (1939) Silent Running (1972) Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977) Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope (1977) Spaceballs (1987)He was the father of Douglas Trumbull, with whom he worked on several of these film projects.", "Phase IV Phase IV is a 1974 British-American science fiction horror film. The only feature-length film directed by graphic designer and filmmaker Saul Bass, it stars Michael Murphy, Nigel Davenport and Lynne Frederick.The interiors of the film were shot at Pinewood Studios in England and the exterior locations were shot in Kenya, though the film is set in the Arizona desert in the United States.", "Prüfstand VII Prüfstand VII is a 2002 German docudrama film directed by Robert Bramkamp, about the V-2 rocket and the rocket research in the Peenemünde Army Research Center. The film deals with the history of ideas surrounding the rocket research and the conquest of space, with Bianca as the spirit of the rocket guiding the viewer around different aspects of rocket research.", "Moontrap Moontrap is a 1989 science fiction film from Magic Films. Written by Tex Ragsdale and directed by Robert Dyke, it was released on April 28 at WorldFest Houston. A comic book adaptation, featuring the movie's production notes, was released on the same year by Caliber Comics. The cast features Walter Koenig, Bruce Campbell and Leigh Lombardi as a group of astronauts — Lombardi playing one from the distant past — who face an alien invasion by a race of predatory cyborgs.", "Night Monster Night Monster is a 1942 American black-and-white horror film featuring Bela Lugosi and produced and distributed by Universal Pictures Company. The movie uses an original story and screenplay by Clarence Upson Young and was produced and directed by Ford Beebe.", "The Monolith Monsters The Monolith Monsters is a 1957 American black-and-white science fiction film from Universal-International, produced by Howard Christie and directed by John Sherwood, starring Grant Williams and Lola Albright. The film is based on a story by Jack Arnold and Robert M. Fresco, with a screenplay by Fresco and Norman Jolley.The Monolith Monsters tells the story of a large meteorite that crashes in the desert and explodes into hundreds of black fragments with strange properties.", "Jerry Sohl Gerald Allan Sohl Sr. (December 2, 1913 - November 4, 2002) was an American scriptwriter for The Twilight Zone (as a ghostwriter for Charles Beaumont), Alfred Hitchcock Presents, The Outer Limits, Star Trek: The Original Series (once using the pseudonym \"Nathan Butler\"), and other shows. He also wrote novels, feature film scripts, and the nonfiction works Underhanded Chess and Underhanded Bridge in 1973.", "Gary Trousdale Gary A. Trousdale (born June 8, 1960) is an American film director known for directing movies such as Beauty and the Beast, The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Atlantis: The Lost Empire. He frequently works with Kirk Wise and Don Hahn.Trousdale planned to become an architect, but decided instead to study animation at CalArts, where he studied for three years. He was hired in 1982 to design storyboards and do other animation.", "Gog (film) Gog is a 1954 science fiction film directed by Herbert L. Strock and released in 1954 by United Artists. It is notable for having been shot in color, widescreen and 3-D. It stars Richard Egan, Constance Dowling, and Herbert Marshall.It is the third episode in Ivan Tors' Office of Scientific Investigation (OSI) trilogy, following The Magnetic Monster and Riders to the Stars.", "It! The Terror from Beyond Space It! The Terror from Beyond Space is an independently made 1958 American black-and-white science fiction film produced by Robert Kent, directed by Edward L. Cahn, and starring Marshall Thompson, Shawn Smith (Shirley Patterson) and Kim Spalding.The film was distributed by United Artists.The plot involves a rescue mission to Mars that finds the sole survivor of a previous Earth expedition.", "Irwin Allen Irwin Allen (June 12, 1916 – November 2, 1991) was an American television, documentary and film director and producer with a varied career who became known as the \"Master of Disaster\" for his work in the disaster film genre. His most successful productions were The Poseidon Adventure (1972) and The Towering Inferno (1974). He also created several popular 1960s science fiction television series, such as Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, Lost in Space, and Land of the Giants.", "Michael Powell Michael Latham Powell (30 September 1905 – 19 February 1990) was an English film director, celebrated for his partnership with Emeric Pressburger. Through their production company \"The Archers\", they together wrote, produced and directed a series of classic British films, notably 49th Parallel (1941), The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp (1943), A Matter of Life and Death (1946, also called Stairway to Heaven), Black Narcissus (1947), The Red Shoes (1948), and The Tales of Hoffmann (1951).", "Invasion of Astro-Monster Invasion of Astro-Monster, known in Japan as Kaijū Daisensō (怪獣大戦争, lit. \"Great Monster War\"), is a Japanese/American science fiction kaiju TohoScope film directed by Ishirō Honda and featuring special effects by Eiji Tsuburaya. It is the sixth film in the Godzilla film series. The film was co-produced between the Japanese company Toho, and Henry G. Saperstein's American company UPA, marking the first time a Godzilla film was co-produced with an American studio.", "The Troubled Spirit \"The Troubled Spirit\" is the nineteenth episode of the first series of Space: 1999. The screenplay was written by Johnny Byrne; the director was Ray Austin. The final shooting script is dated 11 November 1974. Live-action filming took place Wednesday 20 November 1974 through Wednesday 4 December 1974.", "Herbert J. Leder Herbert J. Leder (1922–1983) was a film professor at Jersey City State College's Media Arts Department.His accomplishments were numerous in the world of film and movies. He produced the Captain Video Show, Loretta Young Show, Meet the Press, and wrote scripts for New York TV soap operas. He made a number of films such as Fiend Without a Face (1958), Pretty Boy Floyd (1960), Nine Miles to Noon (1963), The Frozen Dead (1966), It! (1966), and The Candy Man (1969).", "The Golden Voyage of Sinbad The Golden Voyage of Sinbad is a fantasy film released in 1974 and starring John Phillip Law as Sinbad. It includes a score by composer Miklós Rózsa and is known mostly for the stop motion effects by Ray Harryhausen. The film is the second of three Sinbad films that Harryhausen made for Columbia, the others being The 7th Voyage of Sinbad (1958) and Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger (1977).It won the first Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film.", "Collision Course (Space: 1999) \"Collision Course\" is the thirteenth episode of the first series of Space: 1999. The screenplay was written by Anthony Terpiloff; the director was Ray Austin. The final shooting script is dated 13 August 1974. Live-action filming took place Tuesday 27 August 1974 through Tuesday 10 September 1974.", "Herbert L. Strock Herbert L. Strock (January 13, 1918 - November 30, 2005) was an American television producer and director, and a B-movie director of titles such as I Was a Teenage Frankenstein (1957), How to Make a Monster (1958), The Hypnotic Eye (1960) and The Crawling Hand (1963).Strock was born in Boston, and moved with his family to Los Angeles when he was 13.", "Alfonso Brescia Alfonso Brescia (6 January 1930 – 6 June 2001) was an Italian film director of low-budget films, sometimes credited as Al Bradley or Al Bradly. Film buffs mainly know him for the four low-budget sci-fi films he hurriedly directed in 1978 to capitalize on the success of Star Wars.....Cosmos War of the Planets, Battle in Interstellar Space, War of the Robots and Star Odyssey.", "THX 1138 THX 1138 is a 1971 science fiction film directed by George Lucas in his feature film directorial debut. The film was produced by Francis Ford Coppola and written by Lucas and Walter Murch.", "Love Potion No. 9 (film) Love Potion No. 9 is a 1992 movie starring Sandra Bullock and Tate Donovan. Inspired by the famous doo-wop song of the same title, it's about a special elixir (Love Potion No. 8) that enables a person to make people of the opposite sex become completely infatuated with them by simply talking. The potion also makes people of the same sex repelled by the one using the potion.", "John Glen (director) John Glen (born 15 May 1932) is an English film director, film editor, and author. He is best known for his directorial and editing work on eight James Bond films from the 1960s to the 1980s.", "Battle Beyond the Stars Battle Beyond the Stars is an American 1980 science fiction film directed by Jimmy T. Murakami and produced by Roger Corman. The film, intended as a \"Magnificent Seven in outer space\", is based on The Magnificent Seven (in which Robert Vaughn also appeared), the Western remake of Akira Kurosawa's film Seven Samurai.", "Armageddon (1998 film) Armageddon is a 1998 American science fiction disaster thriller film directed by Michael Bay, produced by Jerry Bruckheimer, and released by Touchstone Pictures. The film follows a group of blue-collar deep-core drillers sent by NASA to stop a gigantic asteroid on a collision course with Earth.", "Spaceballs Spaceballs is a 1987 American parody film co-written and directed by Mel Brooks and starring Brooks, Bill Pullman, John Candy and Rick Moranis. It also features Daphne Zuniga, Dick Van Patten, and the voice of Joan Rivers. It was released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer on June 26, 1987, and was met with a mixed reception. It later became a cult classic on video and one of Brooks' most popular films.", "William Dear William Dear (born 30 November 1943) is a film director, producer and screenwriter known for directing Harry and the Hendersons, If Looks Could Kill, Angels in the Outfield, Wild America and Santa Who?.He has directed Saturday Night Live, Television Parts, Amazing Stories, Dinosaurs, Covington Cross and The Wannabes Starring Savvy.Dear was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He is the father of actor and storyboard artist, Oliver Dear.", "Dolores Fuller Dolores Agnes Fuller (née Eble; March 10, 1923 – May 9, 2011) was an American actress and songwriter best known as the one-time girlfriend of the low-budget film director Ed Wood. She played the protagonist's girlfriend in Glen or Glenda, co-starred in Wood's Jail Bait, and had a minor role in his Bride of the Monster. Later, Elvis Presley recorded a number of her songs written for his films.", "Space Invasion of Lapland Space Invasion of Lapland (Rymdinvasion i Lappland) is a Swedish / American black-and-white science fiction/horror movie from 1959 by the American director Virgil W. Vogel and the film is partly in English.The film is known by many different English titles: Horror in the Midnight Sun, or Terror in the Midnight Sun, or Invasion of the Animal People. In the American distribution, Jerry Warren added some scenes of his own to the film.", "Mario Philip Azzopardi Mario Philip Azzopardi (born 19 November 1950) is a television and film director and writer.He has worked on such shows as The Outer Limits, Stargate SG-1 (including its two-hour pilot), and Stargate Atlantis. In 2008 he directed all eight episodes of the highly acclaimed and award winning HBO Canada/TMN miniseries ZOS: Zone of Separation, which he co created and produced.", "Starman (film) Starman is a 1984 American science fiction romance film directed by John Carpenter, that tells the story of an humanoid alien (Jeff Bridges) who has come to Earth in response to the invitation found on the gold phonograph record installed on the Voyager 2 space probe.The original screenplay was written by Bruce A. Evans and Raynold Gideon, with Dean Riesner doing uncredited re-writes. Bridges was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role.", "Larry Buchanan Larry Buchanan (January 31, 1923 − December 2, 2004), born Marcus Larry Seale Jr., was a film director, producer and writer, who proclaimed himself a \"schlockmeister.\" Many of his titles have landed on \"worst movie\" lists or in the public domain, but all at least broke even and many made a profit. He is perhaps most famous for the films In the Year 2889, The Eye Creatures, Mars Needs Women, and It's Alive!.", "Bert I. Gordon Bert Ira Gordon (born September 24, 1922) is an American film director most famous for such science fiction and horror B-movies as The Amazing Colossal Man and Village of the Giants. Most of Gordon's work is in the idiom of giant monster films, for which he used rear-projection to create the special effects. His nickname \"Mister B.I.G.\" is a reference both to his initials and to his preferred technique for making super-sized creatures.", "The Astro-Zombies The Astro-Zombies ‒ sometimes known as The Astro Zombies (without the hyphenation), Space Zombies, and The Space Vampires ‒ is a 1968 science fiction horror film starring John Carradine, Wendell Corey (in his final film appearance) and Tura Satana. It was written, directed, and produced by Ted V. Mikels.", "Karn Evil 9 \"Karn Evil 9\" is an extended work by progressive rock group Emerson, Lake & Palmer, appearing on the album Brain Salad Surgery. A futuristic fusion of rock and classical themes, it is regarded by some to be their best work together with the song \"Tarkus\". At nearly half an hour long, it is also their longest studio recording.", "Woman in the Moon Woman in the Moon (German Frau im Mond) is a science fiction silent film that premiered 15 October 1929. It is often considered to be one of the first \"serious\" science fiction films. It was written and directed by Fritz Lang, based on the novel Die Frau im Mond (1928, translated as The Woman to the Moon in 1930) by his collaborator Thea von Harbou, his wife at the time. It was released in the USA as By Rocket to the Moon and in the UK as Woman in the Moon.", "Leslie Stevens For the editor of the United Kingdom Dictionary of National Biography and father of Virginia Woolf, see Sir Leslie Stephen.Leslie Clark Stevens IV (February 3, 1924 – April 24, 1998) was an American producer, writer, and director. He created the television series The Outer Limits (1963–1965) as well as the TV series Stoney Burke (1962–63) and Search (1972–73).", "Force of Life \"Force of Life\" is the ninth episode of the first series of Space: 1999. The screenplay was written by Johnny Byrne; the director was David Tomblin. The original title was \"Force of Evil\". The shooting script is dated 15 May 1974; the final shooting script is dated 24 May 1974. Live-action filming began Wednesday 29 May 1974 through Friday 7 June 1974.", "Queen of Outer Space Queen of Outer Space is a 1958 American CinemaScope science fiction feature film starring Zsa Zsa Gabor, Eric Fleming and Laurie Mitchell in a tale about a revolt against a cruel Venusian queen. The screenplay by Charles Beaumont was based on an idea supplied by Ben Hecht. The film was directed by Edward Bernds, has been broadcast on television and has been released to VHS and DVD.", "Forbidden Zone Forbidden Zone is a 1980 musical comedy film based upon the stage performances of the Mystic Knights of the Oingo Boingo. Originally shot on black-and-white film, the story of Forbidden Zone involves an alternate universe accessed through a door in the house of the Hercules family. Directed and produced by Richard Elfman, who co-wrote the film with fellow Mystic Knights member Matthew Bright, it was the first film scored by his brother Danny Elfman.", "Super 8 (film) Super 8 is a 2011 American science fiction thriller film written, co-produced, and directed by J. J. Abrams and produced by Steven Spielberg. The film stars Joel Courtney, Elle Fanning and Kyle Chandler and tells the story of a group of young teenagers who are filming their own Super 8 movie when a train derails, releasing a dangerous presence into their town.", "Monster's Ball Monster's Ball is a 2001 American romantic drama film directed by German-Swiss director Marc Forster starring Halle Berry, Billy Bob Thornton and Heath Ledger. The film tells the story of a poor Southern woman who falls for a widowed prison-guard after the execution of her husband.Berry won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her leading performance, and, as of 2015, is the first and only African-American woman to do so.", "Love Is the Plan the Plan Is Death \"Love Is the Plan the Plan Is Death\" is a short story by James Tiptree, Jr. which won a Nebula Award for Best Short Story in 1973. The novella first appeared in the anthology The Alien Condition, edited by Stephen Goldin, published by Ballantine Books in April 1973.", "Emeric Pressburger Emeric Pressburger (5 December 1902 – 5 February 1988) was a Hungarian British screenwriter, film director, and producer. He is best known for his series of film collaborations with Michael Powell, in a partnership known as The Archers and produced a series of films, notably 49th Parallel (1941), The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp (1943), A Matter of Life and Death (1946, also called Stairway to Heaven), Black Narcissus (1947), The Red Shoes (1948), and The Tales of Hoffmann (1951).", "Oskar Fischinger Oskar Wilhelm Fischinger (22 June 1900 – 31 January 1967) was a German-American abstract animator, filmmaker, and painter, notable for creating abstract musical animation many decades before the appearance of computer graphics and music videos. He created special effects for Fritz Lang's 1929 Woman In The Moon, one of the first sci-fi rocket movies. He made over 50 short films, and painted around 800 canvases, many of which are in museums, galleries and collections worldwide.", "Saturn 3 Saturn 3 is a 1980 British science fiction thriller film produced and directed by Stanley Donen. It stars Farrah Fawcett, Kirk Douglas and Harvey Keitel. The screenplay was written by Martin Amis, from a story by John Barry. Though a British production (made by Lew Grade's ITC Entertainment and shot at Shepperton Studios), the film has an American cast and director.", "The Atomic Space Bug The Atomic Space Bug is a 1999 horror film directed by Jonathan M. Parisen and starring Conrad Brooks (Plan 9 from Outer Space). The Atomic Space Bug is Parisen's homage to such fifties films as Robot Monster and Plan 9 from Outer Space. The film is about a giant insect-like creature that terrorizes a small town.", "It Came from Outer Space It Came from Outer Space is a 1953 American black-and-white science fiction film, the first in the 3-D process from Universal-International. It was produced by William Alland, directed by Jack Arnold, and stars Richard Carlson, Barbara Rush, and Charles Drake.", "Close Encounters of the Third Kind Close Encounters of the Third Kind is a 1977 American science fiction film, written and directed by Steven Spielberg and featuring Richard Dreyfuss, François Truffaut, Melinda Dillon, Teri Garr, Bob Balaban, and Cary Guffey. It tells the story of Roy Neary, an everyday blue collar worker in Indiana, whose life changes after an encounter with an unidentified flying object (UFO).Close Encounters was a long-cherished project for Spielberg.", "Zathura (film) Zathura: A Space Adventure (or just Zathura) is a 2005 American science fiction fantasy adventure film directed by Jon Favreau, and is loosely based on the illustrated book Zathura by Chris Van Allsburg, author of Jumanji. The film stars Josh Hutcherson, Jonah Bobo, Dax Shepard, Kristen Stewart, and Tim Robbins.The film was shot in Los Angeles and Culver City, California and was released on November 11, 2005 by Columbia Pictures.", "Lilith (film) Lilith (1964) is a film written and directed by Robert Rossen. It is based on a novel by J. R. Salamanca and stars Warren Beatty, Jean Seberg, Peter Fonda, Kim Hunter and Gene Hackman.", "9: The Last Resort 9: The Last Resort is a 1996 adventure computer game developed by Tribeca Interactive. The game was produced by Robert De Niro and Jane Rosenthal, and sported an all-star cast of voice-artists including Cher, James Belushi, Christopher Reeve, and two members of Aerosmith. It also includes the visual style and artwork of Mark Ryden.The game came soon after the release of Myst, which revolutionized the graphic adventure genre.", "Innerspace Innerspace is a 1987 science fiction comedy film directed by Joe Dante and produced by Michael Finnell. Steven Spielberg served as executive producer. The film was inspired by the 1966 science fiction film Fantastic Voyage. It stars Dennis Quaid, Martin Short and Meg Ryan, with Robert Picardo and Kevin McCarthy, with music composed by Jerry Goldsmith. It earned $25,893,810 of domestic gross revenue and won an Oscar, the only film directed by Dante to do so.", "Douglas Trumbull Douglas Huntley Trumbull (/ˈtrʌmbəl/; born April 8, 1942) is an American film director, special effects supervisor, and inventor. He contributed to, or was responsible for, the special photographic effects of 2001: A Space Odyssey, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Star Trek: The Motion Picture, Blade Runner and The Tree of Life, and directed the movies Silent Running and Brainstorm.", "The Creature Wasn't Nice The Creature Wasn't Nice (also known as Naked Space and Spaceship) is a 1981 U.S. motion picture written and directed by Bruce Kimmel. The movie is a comedy farce satirizing extraterrestrial horror movies such as Alien. It stars Leslie Nielsen in a role similar to those in the farcical comedies Airplane and Naked Gun. It co-stars Cindy Williams, Gerrit Graham, and Patrick Macnee.", "Terence Young (director) Shaun Terence Young (20 June 1915 – 7 September 1994) was a British film director and screenwriter best known for directing three James Bond films, Dr. No (1962), From Russia with Love (1963), and Thunderball (1965).", "Plan 9 Records Plan 9 Records, originally known as Blank Records, was an independent record label that was founded in 1977 by Glenn Danzig of the horror punk band The Misfits. The label was discontinued in 1995.In 1977, Danzig founded Blank Records as a means to distribute music by his newly formed band, The Misfits. However, after only one release, The Misfits' first single \"Cough/Cool\" (1977), Mercury Records had wanted to use the same name for a sub-label.", "Fire Maidens from Outer Space Fire Maidens from Outer Space (1956), released in the USA as Fire Maidens of Outer Space, is a 78-minute black-and-white science fiction feature film. It was a British production, written, produced and directed by American filmmaker Cy Roth as a collaboration between Cy Roth Productions and Criterion Films, and distributed in the UK by Eros Films and in the USA by Topaz Film Co..", "9 (2005 film) 9 is a 2005 computer animated short film created by Shane Acker as a student project at the UCLA Animation Workshop. Tim Burton saw the film and was so impressed by its artistic vision that he went on to produce a feature-length adaptation also titled 9, directed by Acker and distributed by Focus Features. The film was presented at the Indianapolis International Film Festival.", "Section Eight Productions Section Eight Productions, or just Section Eight, was a production company founded in 2000 by film director Steven Soderbergh and actor and director George Clooney. It produced the critical hits Far From Heaven, Insomnia, Syriana, A Scanner Darkly and Michael Clayton, as well as Clooney-directed films Confessions of a Dangerous Mind and Good Night, and Good Luck. In 2005, Syriana and Good Night, and Good Luck picked up eight Oscars nominations between them.", "The Ninth Configuration The Ninth Configuration (also known as Twinkle, Twinkle, \"Killer\" Kane) is a 1980 American film directed by William Peter Blatty. The film is based on Blatty's novel The Ninth Configuration (1978), which was itself a reworking of an earlier version of the novel, first published in 1966 as Twinkle, Twinkle, \"Killer\" Kane!.", "Teenagers from Outer Space Teenagers from Outer Space, released as The Gargon Terror in the UK and originally titled The Ray Gun Terror, is a 1959 science-fiction film about an extraterrestrial space ship landing on Earth to use it as a farm for its food supply. The crew of the ship includes teenagers, two of whom oppose each other in their activities. The independent film was originally distributed by Warner Brothers.", "Dudley Manlove Dudley Devere Manlove (June 11, 1914 – April 17, 1996) was an American radio announcer and actor. Manlove had a deep, resonant voice and a full career as an announcer and radio actor. He is also known for his roles in the science fiction B movies The Creation of the Humanoids and Plan 9 from Outer Space. He also had multiple guest-starring roles in the television series Dragnet and Alfred Hitchcock Presents.Manlove died on April 17, 1996 at the age of 81.", "Session 9 Session 9 is a 2001 American independent psychological horror film directed by Brad Anderson and written by Anderson and Stephen Gevedon.", "Bride of the Monster Bride of the Monster is a 1955 sci-fi horror film starring Bela Lugosi, along with Tor Johnson, Tony McCoy and Loretta King. It was produced, directed and co-written by Edward D. Wood, Jr.. Bride of the monster is considered to be Ed Wood's biggest budgeted film. Shooting started in 1953 but due to further financial problems the film wasn't finished until 1955.A sequel, entitled Night of the Ghouls, was finished in 1959, but due to last-minute financial problems, was not released until 1987.", "Paul Marco Paul Marco (June 10, 1927 – May 14, 2006) was an American actor who often appeared in movies made by Ed Wood, including the \"Kelton Trilogy\" of Bride of the Monster, Night of the Ghouls and Plan 9 from Outer Space, in which he played a bumbling, fearful policeman named Kelton.", "Maila Nurmi Maila Nurmi (December 11, 1922 – January 10, 2008) was a Finnish-American actress born in Petsamo, Finland, who created the campy 1950s characterVampira. She portrayed Vampira as TV's first horror host and in the Ed Wood cult film Plan 9 from Outer Space. She is also billed as Vampira in the 1959 movie The Beat Generation where she plays a beatnik poet.", "I Married a Monster from Outer Space I Married a Monster from Outer Space is a 1958 American black-and-white science fiction film from Paramount Pictures, produced and directed by Gene Fowler Jr. and starring Tom Tryon and Gloria Talbott.The plot of I Married a Monster from Outer Space revolves around a young wife realizing her new husband has become strangely transformed shortly after their honeymoon. He has seemingly lost all affection for her and for his pet dogs, even his earlier habits have now completely vanished.", "Conrad Brooks Conrad Brooks (born Conrad Biedrzycki on January 3, 1931 in Baltimore, Maryland) is an American actor. He moved to Hollywood, California in the early 1950s to pursue a career in acting. He got his start in movies appearing in Ed Wood films such as Plan 9 from Outer Space, Glen or Glenda, and Jail Bait. He took a break from acting during the 1960s and 1970s but due to the ongoing interest in the films of Ed Wood, he reemerged in the 1980s and has become a prolific actor.", "Bunny Breckinridge John Cabell \"Bunny\" Breckinridge (August 6, 1903 – November 5, 1996) was an American actor and drag queen, best known for his role as \"The Ruler\" in Ed Wood's film Plan 9 from Outer Space, his only film appearance." ]	2
1994 short story collection Alice Munro is Open	[ "List of short stories by Alice Munro\nThis is a list of short stories written by Alice Munro. It includes stories that were published in single-author collections (books), the first story ever published, \"The Dimensions of a Shadow\" (1950), and other stories having appeared elsewhere.", "Open Secrets\nOpen Secrets (ISBN 0-099-45971-X) is a book of short stories by Alice Munro published by McClelland and Stewart in 1994. It was nominated for the 1994 Governor General's Award for English Fiction.The Edmonton Journal called it \"the best Canadian book of 1994.\"", "Too Much Happiness\nToo Much Happiness is a short story collection by Canadian writer Alice Munro, published on August 25, 2009 by McClelland and Stewart's Douglas Gibson Books imprint.", "Friend of My Youth\nFriend of My Youth is a book of short stories by Alice Munro, published by McClelland and Stewart in 1990. It won the 1990 Trillium Book Award.", "Alice Munro\nAlice Ann Munro (/ˈælɨs ˌæn mʌnˈroʊ/, née Laidlaw /ˈleɪdlɔː/; born 10 July 1931) is a Canadian author. Munro's work has been described as having revolutionized the architecture of short stories, especially in its tendency to move forward and backward in time. Her stories have been said to \"embed more than announce, reveal more than parade.\"Munro's fiction is most often set in her native Huron County in southwestern Ontario. Her stories explore human complexities in an uncomplicated prose style." ]	[ "The Middleman and Other Stories The Middleman and Other Stories, (1988) is a collection of short stories by Bharati Mukherjee. Stories from this volume are frequently anthologized, particularly Orbiting, A Wife's Story, and The Middleman. The short story Jasmine would later be developed into the 1989 novel Jasmine.", "Breath, Eyes, Memory Breath, Eyes, Memory is Edwidge Danticat's acclaimed 1994 novel, and was chosen as an Oprah Book Club Selection in May 1998.", "The Thirteen Problems The Thirteen Problems is a short story collection written by Agatha Christie and first published in the UK by Collins Crime Club in June 1932 and in the US by Dodd, Mead and Company in 1933 under the title The Tuesday Club Murders. The UK edition retailed at seven shillings and sixpence (7/6) and the US edition at $2.00. The thirteen stories feature the amateur detective Miss Marple, her nephew Raymond West, and her friend Sir Henry Clithering.", "Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings (August 8, 1896 – December 14, 1953) was an American author who lived in rural Florida and wrote novels with rural themes and settings. Her best known work, The Yearling, about a boy who adopts an orphaned fawn, won a Pulitzer Prize for fiction in 1939 and was later made into a movie of the same name. The book was written long before the concept of young-adult fiction, but is now commonly included in teen-reading lists.", "DysEnchanted DysEnchanted is a short subject about seven storybook characters: Cinderella, Snow White, Goldilocks, Sleeping Beauty, Alice In Wonderland, Dorothy and Little Red Riding Hood. They are in group therapy dishing and dealing with what comes after \"happily ever after\". When Clara, a New Jersey divorcee, joins the group she discovers that life is no fairy tale.Written and directed by Terri Miller, DysEnchanted is only eight minutes long (six, without credits).", "Gilda Cordero-Fernando Gilda Cordero-Fernando is a writer and publisher from the Philippines. She was born on June 4, 1932 in Manila, has a B.A. from St. Theresa's College-Manila, and an M.A. from the Ateneo de Manila University.Cordero-Fernando has two collections of short stories: The Butcher, The Baker and The Candlestick Maker (1962) and A Wilderness of Sweets (1973). These books have been compiled and reissued as the Story Collection (1994).", "The Four-Chambered Heart The Four-Chambered Heart is a 1950 autobiographical novel by French-born writer Anaïs Nin, part of her Cities of the Interior sequence. It is about a woman named Djuna, her love, her thoughts, her emotions, her doubts, her decisions, and her sacrifices. It is not considered as one of Nin's most noteworthy novels, yet it continues to be referenced in various studies and discussions regarding Nin and her body of work.", "Star Songs of an Old Primate Star Songs of an Old Primate is the third short story collection by Alice Sheldon (under the pen name James Tiptree, Jr.). It was published by Del Rey Books (a specialized SF and Fantasy imprint of Ballantine Books) in 1978. It was the first of Tiptree's books published after the revelation that Tiptree was a female, rather than male, writer.", "Short Stories (Harry Chapin album) Short Stories is the third studio album by the American singer/songwriter Harry Chapin, released in 1973. (see 1973 in music). \"WOLD\", \"Mr Tanner\" and \"Mail Order Annie\" remained amongst his most popular work for the rest of his life. \"WOLD\" went to number 36 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.", "Benediction (short story) \"Benediction\" is a short story by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald, first published in 1920 in Fitzgerald's short story collection Flappers and Philosophers. It tells the story of a young girl, Lois, who is on her way to a tryst with her lover, Howard, and stops to meet her much older brother, Kieth [sic], who is in a seminary and about to become a priest.", "Brokeback Mountain (short story) \"Brokeback Mountain\" is a short story by American author Annie Proulx. It was originally published in The New Yorker on October 13, 1997. The New Yorker won the National Magazine Award for Fiction for its publication of \"Brokeback Mountain\" in 1998. Proulx won an O. Henry Award prize (third place) for her story in 1998. The story was published in a slightly expanded version in Proulx's 1999 collection of short stories, Close Range: Wyoming Stories.", "Everyday Use \"Everyday Use\" is a widely studied and frequently anthologized short story by Alice Walker. It was first published in 1973 as part of Walker's short story collection, In Love and Trouble.The story is told in first person by the \"Mama\", an African American woman living in the Deep South with one of her two daughters. The story humorously illustrates the differences between Mrs.", "The Foundling and Other Tales of Prydain The Foundling and Other Tales of Prydain is a collection of short high fantasy stories for children by Lloyd Alexander. The 1973 first edition includes six stories; the 1999 edition, eight.All are prequels to The Chronicles of Prydain, Alexander's award-winning series of five novels published 1964 to 1968.", "Go Down, Moses (short story collection) Go Down, Moses is a collection of seven related pieces of short fiction by American author William Faulkner, sometimes considered a novel. The most prominent character and unifying voice is that of Isaac McCaslin, \"Uncle Ike\", who will live to be an old man; \"uncle to half a county and father to no one.\" Though originally considered (by the public) a collection of short stories, Faulkner stood to be the object of all masculine pronouns. The year is about 1859.", "The Early Ayn Rand The Early Ayn Rand: A Selection from Her Unpublished Fiction is an anthology of unpublished early fiction written by Ayn Rand, first published in 1984, two years after her death. The selections include short stories, plays, and excerpts of material cut from her novels We the Living and The Fountainhead.", "The Great Automatic Grammatizator \"The Umbrella Man\" redirects here. For other uses, see Umbrella Man (disambiguation).The Great Automatic Grammatizator (published in the U.S. as The Umbrella Man and Other Stories) is a collection of thirteen short stories written by British author Roald Dahl. The stories were selected for teenagers from Dahl's adult works. All the stories included were published elsewhere originally; their sources are noted below.", "Aye, and Gomorrah \"Aye, and Gomorrah...\" is a famous science fiction short story by Samuel R. Delany. It is the first short story Delany sold, and won the 1967 Nebula Award for best short story. Before it appeared in Driftglass and Aye, and Gomorrah, and other stories, it first appeared as the final story in Harlan Ellison's seminal 1967 anthology, Dangerous Visions.", "Three Stories and Ten Poems Three Stories and Ten Poems (1923) was the first short story collection by Ernest Hemingway; it was also his first published work.", "Sredni Vashtar For the film, see: Sredni Vashtar \"film)\\Sredni Vashtar\" is a short story written by Saki (Hector Hugh Munro) between 1900 and 1911 and initially published in his book The Chronicles of Clovis. It has been adapted for opera, film, radio and television.The story concerns a slowly dying ten-year-old boy named Conradin, who lives with his strict cousin and guardian, Mrs. De Ropp.", "Kiss Kiss (book) Kiss Kiss is a collection of short stories by Roald Dahl, first published in 1960 by Alfred A. Knopf. Most of the constituent stories had been previously published elsewhere.It contains the following short \"tories:\\The Landlady\" (first appeared in The New Yorker magazine, November 28, 1959)\"William and Mary\" \"The Way Up to Heaven\" (first appeared in The New Yorker magazine, February 27, 1954)\"Parson's Pleasure\"\"Mrs.", "Shiloh and Other Stories Shiloh and Other Stories is a 1982 collection of short stories written by American author Bobbie Ann Mason. The collection won the Ernest Hemingway Foundation award for fiction. The collection brought Mason her first critical acclaim.The short story alluded to in the collection's title, \"Shiloh\", revolves around a man named Leroy who lives in rural Kentucky and is forced to quit his job as a truck driver after an accident.", "Deathbird Stories Deathbird Stories: A Pantheon of Modern Gods is a 1975 collection of short stories written by Harlan Ellison over a period of ten years; the stories address the theme of modern-day \"deities\" that have replaced the older, more traditional ones. The collection, with its satirical, skeptical tone, is widely considered one of Ellison's best. The book includes a 1973 introduction and a stern caveat lector page advising the reader against enjoying the volume in one sitting.", "Warm Worlds and Otherwise Warm Worlds and Otherwise is a short story collection by Alice Sheldon that, under her pen name James Tiptree, Jr., was first published in 1975. In its introduction, \"Who is Tiptree, What is He?\", fellow science fiction author Robert Silverberg wrote that he found the theory that Tiptree was female \"absurd\", and that the author of these stories could only be a man.", "The World Is the Home of Love and Death The World Is the Home of Love and Death: Stories is a collection of short stories written by Harold Brodkey and first published posthumously in 1997. Most of the stories were written to be part of his novel The Runaway Soul and concern its characters. Four of the eleven stories \"\\The Bullies\", \"Spring Fugue\", \"What I Do for Money\", and \"Dumbness is Everything\") were originally printed in The New Yorker and one (\"Religion\") in Glimmer Train, from 1986 to 1996.", "Alice Elliott Dark Alice Elliott Dark is a modern short story author and novelist. She is the author of two story collections, Naked to the Waist and In the Gloaming, and one novel Think of England.", "Barrel Fever Barrel Fever and Other Stories is a 1994 collection of short stories and essays by David Sedaris. The book is divided into two sections. The first section consists of short fiction and the second half contains autobiographical essays. The most famous of the essays is \"SantaLand Diaries\", the essay that made Sedaris famous when he read it on National Public Radio in 1992. The essay tells of his experiences working as an elf at Macy's.", "A Town Like Alice A Town Like Alice (United States title: The Legacy) is an economic development and romance novel by Nevil Shute, published in 1950 when Shute had newly settled in Australia.", "Dolores Claiborne Dolores Claiborne is a 1992 psychological thriller novel by Stephen King. The novel is narrated by the title character. Atypically for a King novel, it has no chapters, double-spacing between paragraphs, or other section breaks; thus the text is a single continuous narrative which reads like the transcription of a spoken monologue. It was the best selling novel of 1992 in the United States.The book is dedicated to King's mother: \"For my mother, Ruth Pillsbury King.\"", "A Collection 1984–1989 A Collection 1984–1989 is a 1995 greatest hits compilation of her by Jane Siberry. It was released in Canada and the United States. Later that year, the compilation Summer in the Yukon was released in the United Kingdom.", "The Stories of Ray Bradbury The Stories of Ray Bradbury (ISBN 0-394-51335-5) is, as the title suggests, an anthology containing 100 short stories by American writer Ray Bradbury and was first published by Knopf in 1980. The hundred stories, written from 1943 to 1980, were selected by the author himself.", "New Stories from the South New Stories from the South is an annual compilation of short stories published by Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill and billed as the year's best stories written by Southern writers or about the Southern United States. The stories are collected from more than 100 literary magazines, including The Atlantic, Harper's Magazine, The New Yorker, the Oxford American, The Paris Review, Ploughshares, and The Southern Review.", "High Spirits (short story collection) High Spirits is a collection of short stories by Canadian novelist, playwright, critic, journalist and professor Robertson Davies. It was first published by Penguin Canada in 1982Robertson Davies was Master of Massey College at the University of Toronto in Toronto, Ontario from 1963 until 1981. Shortly after founding the College, he decided that he would tell a ghost story at the College's annual Christmas party — its Gaudy Night — as an entertainment.", "The Visitor (Roald Dahl) \"The Visitor\" is a short story by British writer Roald Dahl, first published in the May 1965 issue of Playboy. It was included in the 1974 collection Switch Bitch, centered on the fictional Uncle Oswald and the lurid adventures he describes in his elaborate diaries. In this story, Oswald has amorous designs on his Syrian host's wife and teenage daughter, with unfortunate and unexpected consequences.Norton H.", "Six Stories Six Stories is a short story collection by Stephen King, published in 1997 by Philtrum Press. It is limited to 1100 copies, which are signed and numbered. Six Stories contains: \"Lunch at the Gotham Cafe\" (later published as part of Everything's Eventual, slightly revised) \"L.", "Tales from Earthsea Tales from Earthsea is a collection of fantasy stories and essays by American author Ursula K. Le Guin, published by Harcourt in 2001.", "The End of Alice The End of Alice is a 1996 novel by American writer A. M. Homes. It was published in the U.S. by Homes Scribner and in Britain by Anchor UK.The story is narrated mostly by a middle-aged pedophile and child killer who is serving a life sentence. He receives correspondence from a 19-year-old girl who plans to seduce a 12-year-old neighborhood boy. The child killer encourages her and gives her tips on seducing children. He delights in the girl's letters detailing her progress.", "Nine Stories (Salinger) Nine Stories (1953) is a collection of short stories by American fiction writer J. D. Salinger published in April 1953. It includes two of his most famous short stories, \"A Perfect Day for Bananafish\" and \"For Esmé – with Love and Squalor\". (Nine Stories is the U.S.", "Saki Hector Hugh Munro (18 December 1870 – 14 November 1916), better known by the pen name Saki, and also frequently as H. H. Munro, was a British writer whose witty, mischievous and sometimes macabre stories satirize Edwardian society and culture. He is considered a master of the short story, and often compared to O. Henry and Dorothy Parker. Influenced by Oscar Wilde, Lewis Carroll and Rudyard Kipling, he himself influenced A. A. Milne, Noël Coward and P. G.", "Short Stories (Elisabeth Andreassen album) Short Stories is a country album from Norwegian singer Elisabeth Andreassen. The album was released in Norway on October 17, 2005 and in Sweden on June 14, 2006.", "Iron Munro Iron Munro is a fictional superhero, who first appeared in Shadow Comics #1 (June 1940), published by Street & Smith. He is loosely based on Aarn Munro, the hero of a series of short stories written by John W. Campbell in the 1930s. The modern and better-known version of the character, who started life as Arn Munro, first appeared in Young All-Stars #1 (June 1987) and was created by Roy Thomas, Dann Thomas, Michael Bair and Brian Murray.", "Alice Through the Needle's Eye Alice Through the Needle's Eye: A Third Adventure for Lewis Carroll's Alice is a 1984 novel by Gilbert Adair that pays tribute to the work of Lewis Carroll through a further adventure of the eponymous fictional heroine, told in Carroll's surrealistic style.", "Alice, I Think (novel) Alice, I Think is the first in a trilogy of comic novels written by Susan Juby. It was first published in 2000. It is set in Smithers, British Columbia and describes the struggle of a young woman, Alice Macleod, as she matures.Alice, I Think was nominated for the Amazon/Books in Canada First Novel Award, and shortlisted for the Canadian Library Association Best Young Adult Novel Award.The second and third volumes in the series are Miss Smithers and Alice MacLeod, Realist at Last.", "The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway: The Finca Vigía Edition, is a posthumous collection of Ernest Hemingway's (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) short fiction, published in 1987. It contains the classic First Forty-Nine Stories plus a number of other works and a foreword by his sons.Only a small handful of stories published during Hemingway's lifetime are not included in The First Forty-Nine.", "Unlocking the Air and Other Stories Unlocking the Air and Other Stories is a 1996 collection of short stories by Ursula K. Le Guin. Like Searoad and Orsinian Tales, most of the included stories are neither science fiction nor fantasy.", "The Snow-Image, and Other Twice-Told Tales The Snow-Image, and Other Twice-Told Tales is the final collection of short stories published by Nathaniel Hawthorne in his lifetime, appearing in 1852.", "Gene Wolfe's Book of Days Gene Wolfe's Book of Days is a short story collection by American science fiction author Gene Wolfe published in 1981 by Doubleday. The stories within the collection are each paired with a holiday within the calendar year that is thematically linked to the content of the story. Thus, a story about the resurgence of slavery \"\\How the Whip Came Back\") is dedicated to Lincoln's Birthday.The material here was combined with The Castle of the Otter to make the volume Castle of Days.", "Snow, Glass, Apples \"Snow, Glass, Apples\" is a 1994 short story written by Neil Gaiman. It was originally released as a benefit book for the Comic Book Legal Defense Fund and was reprinted in the anthology Love in Vein II, edited by Poppy Z. Brite.", "The Regatta Mystery The Regatta Mystery and Other Stories is a short story collection written by Agatha Christie and first published in the US by Dodd, Mead and Company in 1939. The first edition retailed at $2.00.The stories feature, with one exception (In a Glass Darkly), Hercule Poirot, Miss Marple or Parker Pyne, Christie's famed detectives.", "Unaccompanied Sonata and Other Stories Unaccompanied Sonata and Other Stories (1980) is a collection of short stories by Orson Scott Card. Although not purely science fiction and definitely not hard science fiction, the book contains stories that have a futuristic angle or are purely works of fantasy set in current times. All the stories except “The Porcelain Salamander” were first published elsewhere before appearing in the Unaccompanied Sonata collection. All eleven of these stories were later published in Maps in a Mirror.", "Miss Rumphius Miss Rumphius is a picture book for children written and illustrated by Barbara Cooney and first published by Viking Books in 1982. It features the life story of fictional Miss Alice Rumphius, a woman who sought a way to make the world more beautiful and found it in planting lupine in the wild.Cooney and William Steig (Doctor De Soto) shared the 1983 National Book Award for Children's Books in category Picture Books, Hardcover.", "Zima Blue and Other Stories Zima Blue and Other Stories (2006, ISBN 1-59780-058-9) is the first collection of short works by Alastair Reynolds. It was published in September 2006, by Night Shade Books. It includes ten stories, most of them long out of print.", "Louise Munro Foley Louise Munro Foley (born October 22, 1933) is a Canadian writer who later moved to the United States. She was born as Louise Munro in Toronto; her last name was adopted in 1957 when she married Donald Foley.In the 1960s she worked as a copy editor for a number of radio stations and department stores before taking courses at California State University in Sacramento. Whilst doing this, she wrote her first book, \"The Caper Club\" and it was published in 1969.", "The Snows of Kilimanjaro (short story collection) The Snows of Kilimanjaro and Other Stories is a collection of short stories by Ernest Hemingway, published in 1961. The title story is considered by some to be the best story Hemingway ever wrote.", "Someone Like You (collection) Someone Like You is a collection of short stories by Roald Dahl. It was published in 1953 by Alfred Knopf.", "Bloodflowers: Ten Stories Bloodflowers: Ten Stories (ISBN 0-88750-085-4) is a short story anthology written by Canadian writer W. D. Valgardson. It was published by Oberon Press in Canada in 1973. The title short story was included in Best American Short Stories 1971.Many short stories involve the use of irony and symbolism and take place in isolated communities.", "Neil Munro (writer) Neil Munro (3 June 1863 – 22 December 1930) was a Scottish journalist, newspaper editor, author and literary critic. He was basically a serious writer but is now mainly known for his humorous short stories, originally written under the pen name Hugh Foulis.", "I, etcetera I, etcetera is a 1978 collection of short stories by Susan Sontag.", "A New Alice in the Old Wonderland A New Alice in the Old Wonderland is a novel by Anna Matlack Richards, written in 1895 and published by J. B. Lippincott of Philadelphia. It is, according to Carolyn Sigler, one of the more important \"Alice imitations\", or novels inspired by Lewis Carroll's Alice books.It concerns Alice Lee, an American girl with a coincidental name, visiting Wonderland and meeting all the characters she has read about in the original Alice book.", "Hard Candy: A Book of Stories Hard Candy: A Book of Stories is a 1954 collection of short stories by American playwright and writer Tennessee Williams.The 1967 New Directions paperback edition, dedicated to Jane and Paul Bowles, notes that \"Hard Candy\" is a later version of \"Mysteries of the Joy Rio\", but even though on the same theme in the same setting the results are so different that both stories are included for interest.", "Stones (book) Stones is the second book of short stories by Timothy Findley. It was first published by Viking Canada in 1988.The first two stories, Bragg and Minna and A Gift of Mercy both detail the marriage of a homosexual (or perhaps bisexual) man named Bragg and his Wife Minna. In Bragg and Minna, the two have a child (though Bragg is opposed to the idea), and it is born with six digits on each extremity and mental disabilities.", "Choose Me (book) Choose Me is a collection of short stories by Canadian writer Evelyn Lau. It was first published by Doubleday Canada in 1999.", "Tales from Watership Down Tales from Watership Down is a collection of nineteen short stories by Richard Adams, published in 1996 as a follow-up to Adams's highly successful 1972 novel about rabbits, Watership Down. It consists of a number of short stories of rabbit mythology, followed by several chapters featuring many of the characters introduced in the earlier book. Like its predecessor, Tales from Watership Down features epigraphs at the beginning of each chapter and a Lapine glossary.", "Karusellmusikk Karusellmusikk is a 2001 collection of short stories, written by Norwegian Jo Nesbø.", "Ten Thousand Light-Years from Home Ten Thousand Light-Years from Home is a short story collection by Alice Sheldon under the pen name of James Tiptree, Jr. that was first published in 1973. This was the first book Sheldon published.", "Bitch (short story) \"Bitch\" is a short story written by Roald Dahl and is part of his short story collection Switch Bitch. It was originally published in the July 1974 issue of Playboy. It is the second appearance of Dahl's character Uncle Oswald.", "Delta of Venus For the film adaptation, see Delta of Venus (film)Delta of Venus is a book of fifteen short stories by Anaïs Nin published posthumously in 1977 — though largely written in the 1940s as erotica for a private collector.In 1994 a film inspired by the book was directed by Zalman King.", "Orsinian Tales Orsinian Tales is a collection of eleven short stories by American writer Ursula K. Le Guin, most of them set in the imaginary country of Orsinia.", "Flatlander (short story collection) Flatlander (ISBN 0-345-39480-1) is a 1995 collection of stories by Larry Niven, all set in Known Space. It is the definitive collection of all stories by Niven about ARM agent Gil Hamilton. Many of the stories revolve around the theme of involuntary organ transplantation.The book includes the stories Death by Ecstasy (formerly The Organleggers), The Defenseless Dead, ARM, The Patchwork Girl, and The Woman in Del Rey Crater—the only previously unpublished story in the collection.", "Silent Snow, Secret Snow \"Silent Snow, Secret Snow\" (1934) is Conrad Aiken's best-known short story, often included in anthologies of classic American horror and fantasy short fiction. It appeared in The Collected Stories of Conrad Aiken in 1934, and since then has been widely anthologized.", "Recitatif \"Recitatif\" is Toni Morrison's only published short story. It was first published in 1983 in Confirmation: An Anthology of African American Women, an anthology edited by Amiri Baraka and his wife Amina Baraka.", "William and Mary (short story) \"William and Mary\" is a short story by Roald Dahl, originally published in 1959 and included in his 1960 collection Kiss Kiss. It was later adapted into episodes of Way Out and Tales of the Unexpected.", "Storeys from the Old Hotel Storeys from the Old Hotel is a short story collection by American science fiction author Gene Wolfe published in 1988. It won the World Fantasy Award for Best Collection.In the introduction, Wolfe describes the stories within the collection as \"some of my most obscure work.\"", "Elbow Room (short story collection) Elbow Room is a 1977 short story collection by American author James Alan McPherson. It won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1978.", "The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty is a collection of short stories by Eudora Welty, first published by Houghton Mifflin in 1980. Its first paperback edition (Harvest Books) won a 1983 U.S. National Book Award.Collected Stories demonstrates the author's ability to write from the point of view of diverse characters ranging from Aaron Burr to a deaf black servant boy, a traveling salesman, eccentric Southern matrons, and countless others.", "The Pat Hobby Stories The Pat Hobby Stories are a collection of 17 short stories written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, first published by Arnold Gingrich of Esquire magazine between January 1940 and May 1941, and later collected in one volume in 1962.", "Go Ask Alice Go Ask Alice is a 1971 novel about the life of a troubled teenage girl. It is written by Beatrice Sparks in the form of the diary of an anonymous teenage girl who becomes addicted to drugs. The diarist's name is never given in the book.", "A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain is a 1992 collection of short stories by Robert Olen Butler. It received the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1993.Each story in the collection is narrated by a different Vietnamese immigrant living in the U.S. state of Louisiana. The stories are largely character-driven, with cultural differences between Vietnam and the United States as an important theme.", "Close Range: Wyoming Stories Close Range: Wyoming Stories is a 1999 collection of short stories written by E. Annie Proulx, beginning in 1997. The stories are set in the desolate landscape of rural Wyoming and detail the often grim lives of the protagonists.The collection was shortlisted for the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.The best known story from the collection is \"Brokeback Mountain\", which was previously published as a 64-page novella in 1998.", "Rona Munro Rona Munro (born 7 September 1959) is a Scottish writer. She has written plays for theatre, radio, and television. Her film work includes Ken Loach's Ladybird, Ladybird (1994), Oranges and Sunshine (2010) for Jim Loach and Aimée & Jaguar (1999), co-authored by German director Max Färberböck.Rona Munro is also known for being the author of the last Doctor Who television serial of the original run to air, Survival (1989).", "Wilderness Tips Wilderness Tips is a collection of short stories by Margaret Atwood, published in 1991 by McClelland and Stewart. It was a finalist for the Governor General’s Award. Certain stories were previously published in The New Yorker, Saturday Night, Playboy, Harper's and Vogue.Several of the stories are fictionalized portrayals of Atwood's contemporaries in Canadian literature.", "The Collected Short Fiction of C. J. Cherryh The Collected Short Fiction of C. J. Cherryh is a collection of science fiction and fantasy short stories, novelettes and novella written by the United States author C. J. Cherryh between 1977 and 2004. It was first published by DAW Books in 2004.", "Switch Bitch Switch Bitch is a 1974 short story collection for adults by Roald Dahl. The book is made up of four stories: \"The Visitor,\" \"The Great Switcheroo,\" \"The Last Act,\" and \"Bitch\". Each story deals in some way with sex and deception. Furthermore, \"The Visitor\" contains the first appearance of Uncle Oswald, who appears again in \"Bitch\".The stories had been written by Dahl for Playboy magazine and published separately in 1965.", "Tales of the Unexpected (book) Roald Dahl's Tales of the Unexpected is a collection of sixteen short stories written by British author Roald Dahl and first published in 1979. All of the stories were earlier published in various magazines, and then in the collections Someone Like You and Kiss Kiss.", "Sudden Fiction (Continued) Sudden Fiction (Continued): 60 New Short Stories is a collection of short stories published in 1996. It was compiled and edited by Robert Shapard and James Thomas. It is a follow-up to Sudden Fiction International (1989) and Sudden Fiction - American Short-Short Stories.Notable authors in Sudden Fiction (Continued) include William Maxwell, Margaret Atwood, Don DeLillo, Mark Richard, Molly Giles, Bruce Holland Rogers, Barry Peters, Andrew Lam, and Judy Troy.", "Dance of the Happy Shades Dance of the Happy Shades (ISBN 0-099-27377-2) is a book of short stories by Alice Munro, published by Ryerson Press in 1968. It was her first collection of stories and won the 1968 Governor General's Award for English Fiction. The title of the main story is the English translation provided for the ballet in Gluck's Orfeo ed Euridice when it was first presented in London.", "Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage is a book of short stories by Alice Munro, published by McClelland and Stewart in 2001.In 2006, the story \"The Bear Came over the Mountain\" was adapted into a film, Away from Her, directed by Sarah Polley and produced by Atom Egoyan.", "Lives of Girls and Women Lives of Girls and Women is a short story cycle by Nobel Prize–winning author Alice Munro, published by McGraw-Hill Ryerson in 1971. All of the stories chronicle the life of a single character, Del Jordan, and the book has been characterized as a novel by some critics as a result.The cycle serves as a coming of age story for Del Jordan growing up first on the outskirts, and later in the centre, of the small, southern Ontario town of Jubilee.", "Something I've Been Meaning to Tell You Something I've Been Meaning to Tell You is a book of short stories by Alice Munro, published by McGraw-Hill (Canada) in 1974.", "The Moons of Jupiter The Moons of Jupiter is a book of short stories by Alice Munro, published by Macmillan of Canada in 1982. It was nominated for the 1982 Governor General's Award for English Fiction. The title of the collection follows from the last short story in the collection \"The Moons of Jupiter\".", "Runaway (book) Runaway is a book of short stories by Alice Munro. First published in 2004 by McClelland and Stewart, it was awarded that year's Giller Prize and Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize.", "The Progress of Love The Progress of Love is a book of short stories by Alice Munro, published by McClelland and Stewart in 1986. It won the 1986 Governor General's Award for English Fiction, her third win of that award.The book was originally contracted to Macmillan of Canada, the publisher of Munro's previous two books.", "The Love of a Good Woman The Love of a Good Woman is a collection of short stories by Canadian writer Alice Munro, published by McClelland and Stewart in 1998.The eight stories of this collection (one of which was originally published in Saturday Night; five others were originally published in The New Yorker) deal with Munro's typical themes: secrets, love, betrayal, and the stuff of ordinary lives.", "Vintage Munro Vintage Munro is a 2004 book of short stories by Alice Munro published by Vintage Books. It collects five stories published previously in earlier books.", "No Love Lost (book) No Love Lost is a 2003 collection of short stories by Alice Munro. Part of the New Canadian Library, it collects ten stories published in her earlier books, and features an afterword by Jane Urquhart.", "Selected Stories Selected Stories is a volume of short stories by Alice Munro, published by McClelland and Stewart in 1996. It collects stories previously published in her eight previous books." ]	2
Asian port state-city Sir Stamford Raffles	[ "Downtown Core\nThe Downtown Core is a 266-hectare urban planning area in the south of the city-state of Singapore. The Downtown Core surrounds the mouth of the Singapore River and southeastern portion of its watershed, and is part of the Central Area, Singapore's central business district. It is one of the most dense areas in Singapore, even more than other divisions in the Central Area, to the extent that much of it is filled with skyscrapers.", "Singapore in Malaysia\nSingapore was one of the 14 states of Malaysia from 1963 to 1965. It became part of Malaysia on 16 September 1963, Malaysia being a new political entity formed from the merger of the Federation of Malaya with North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore.", "Clifford Pier\nClifford Pier is a pier located beside Collyer Quay at Marina Bay within the Downtown Core of Central Area, in Singapore's central business district. Built in 1933, Clifford Pier was a landing point for immigrants and other sea passengers. A red oil lamp used to hang from the pier as a guide to seafarers, earning the pier the name Red Lamp Pier (Chinese: 红灯码头).", "Raffles' Landing Site\nThe Raffles' Landing Site is the location where tradition holds that Sir Stamford Raffles landed in on 29 January 1819. The site is located at Boat Quay within the Civic District, in the Downtown Core of the Central Area, Singapore's central business district.", "Singapore\nSingapore (/ˈsɪŋəpɔr/ or /ˈsɪŋɡəpɔr/), officially the Republic of Singapore, and often referred to as the Lion City, the Garden City, and the Red Dot, is a leading global city-state and island country in Southeast Asia. It lies at the southernmost tip of continental Asia, one degree (137 km; 85 mi) north of the equator, and is separated from Peninsular Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to the north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the Singapore Strait to the south.", "Stamford House, Singapore\nStamford House (Chinese: 史丹福大厦; pinyin: Shǐdānfú dàshà) is a historic building located at the corner of the junction of Stamford Road and Hill Street, in the Downtown Core of Singapore. Originally known as Oranje Building (sometimes spelled Oranjie), it currently houses a shopping mall.", "Raffles Institution (Junior College)\nThe Year 5-6 section of Raffles Institution (RI) offers the Raffles Programme at pre-university level. RI, the oldest centre of learning in Singapore, is an independent public school founded in 1823 by Sir Stamford Raffles. Its current campus is in Bishan.Formerly Raffles Junior College (RJC), it merged with Raffles Institution on 1 January 2009, with whom it had shared a common Board of Governors since June 2008.", "Timeline of Singaporean history\nThis is a timeline of Singaporean history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Singapore and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Singapore. See also the list of years in Singapore.", "Stamford Raffles\nSir Thomas Stamford Raffles, FRS (6 July 1781 – 5 July 1826) was a British statesman, Lieutenant-Governor of British Java (1811–1815) and Governor-General of Bencoolen (1817–1822), best known for his founding of Singapore. He was also heavily involved in the conquest of the Indonesian island of Java from Dutch and French military forces during the Napoleonic Wars and contributed to the expansion of the British Empire." ]	[ "Singapore Area Licensing Scheme The Singapore Area Licensing Scheme (ALS), (Malay : Skim Perlesenan Kawasan Singapura) introduced in 1975, charged drivers entering downtown Singapore, and thereby aimed to manage traffic demand. This was the first urban traffic congestion pricing scheme to be successfully implemented in the world.", "Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Mosque The Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Mosque (Malay: Masjid Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz) is the state mosque of Selangor, Malaysia. It is located in Shah Alam. It is the country's largest mosque and also the second largest mosque in Southeast Asia after Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta in Indonesia. Its most distinguishing feature is its large blue and silver dome. The mosque has four minarets, one erected at each of the corners.", "Tengku Ampuan Rahimah For the school in Klang, Selangor, Malaysia, please see SMK Tengku Ampuan Rahimah.Rahimah binti Abdul Aziz Langkat was the Tengku Ampuan of Selangor, Malaysia during the reign of her husband, Sultan Salahuddin of Selangor.", "Mandarin Oriental, Singapore Mandarin Oriental, Singapore is a luxury hotel located in Marina Centre next to Marina Square Shopping Mall and near Suntec City, home to one of Asia Pacific's largest convention centres – the Suntec Singapore International Convention and Exhibition Centre, and the city's financial district. The hotel includes 527 rooms and suites, 6 restaurants and bars, and the Spa at Mandarin Oriental, Singapore.", "North Klang Straits Bypass North Klang Straits Bypass, Federal Route 20 AH141 is the main highway bypass to Port Klang in Klang, Selangor, Malaysia. Federal Route 20 became the backbone of the road system linking Sungai Rasau to Port Klang before being surpassed by the New North Klang Straits Bypass 30px. The highway boasts a high number of cargo trucks travelling along the highway daily.", "West Port, Malaysia Westports Malaysia Sdn Bhd (formerly known as Kelang Multi Terminal Sdn Bhd) is located on Pulau Indah, Port Klang, Malaysia which is accessible by road via Pulau Indah Expressway, connecting to the KESAS Highway.", "Pasir Salak Pasir Salak is a historical riverside town in Perak, Malaysia, about 45 minutes from the state capital, Ipoh, where an important event in Malaysian history took place, the uprising fight against the colonial presence, when J.W.W. Birch the first British resident in Perak, was murdered by the local statesman Dato Maharaja Lela and Sepuntum. Today, Pasir Salak is also the name of the parliamentary constituency where the place is located.", "Proton City Proton City (tagged as “City of the Future”) is a new township with industrial, commercial and residential activities spread over 4,000 acres (16 km²). It is located about 5 km north of Tanjung Malim, a town in Perak, Malaysia, and houses the state-of-the-art RM1.8 billion Proton car assembly plant.To be fully developed by 2020, Proton City aims to be home to Malaysia's automobile industry.", "Hisamuddin of Selangor Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah Ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Alauddin Sulaiman Shah KCMG (13 May 1898 – 1 September 1960) was the second Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia from 14 April to 1 September 1960, and fifth and seventh Sultan of Selangor between 1938–1942 and again from 1945-1960.", "Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Building Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Building is Selangor's state secretariat building. It is located at Bukit SUK, Section 5, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. It was constructed between 1982 and 1984. The building was officially opened on 2 February 1985 by Almarhum Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah of Selangor. It houses the machineries of the state government, including Menteri Besar's office, State Assembly Hall and Silver Jubilee Hall.", "Sultan Alam Shah Museum Sultan Alam Shah Museum (Malay: Muzium Sultan Alam Shah) is the state museum of the Malaysian state of Selangor. It is situated in the state capital, Shah Alam. This museum was opened in 1989 by the late Sultan of Selangor Almarhum Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah.", "Australia TradeCoast Australia TradeCoast is an economic development area of Brisbane, the state capital of Queensland, Australia.The concept of branding and promoting the empty space around Brisbane's port and airport, following many years of Government reports and soul-searching on what might be done with the \"Brisbane Gateway Ports Area\", was first proposed to then Queensland Premier Peter Beattie by a 3PR marketing consultant who had developed Amsterdam Airport Area for Amsterdam's Schiphol Airport.Beattie took up the idea with enthusiasm, so a partnership was formed between the Queensland Government, Brisbane City Council, Brisbane Airport and the Port of Brisbane to drive the project forward. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_TradeCoast?oldid=662092589> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Chalong,_Mueang_Phuket> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Chalong (Thai: ฉลอง) is a subdistrict (tambon) in the southern portion of Phuket Province, Thailand. It is one of eight subdistricts in the capital district (amphoe mueang) Mueang Phuket.", "Kupang Not to be confused with Tanjung Kupang in JohoreKupang (Indonesian : Kota Kupang, Indonesian pronunciation: [ˈkupaŋ] ; Dutch spelling: Koepang) is the capital of the Indonesian province of East Nusa Tenggara, and has an estimated population in 2011 of 349,344. It is the biggest city and port on the island of Timor.", "Ipoh Ipoh /ˈiːpoʊ/ (Chinese: 怡保; pinyin: Yí bǎo) is the capital city of Perak state, Malaysia and also one of the largest cities in the country. It is approximately 200 km (125 miles) north of Kuala Lumpur and 130 km (81 miles) south of Penang on the North-South Expressway.It is also located within Penang state in the north, Sitiawan on the west, Cameron Highlands on the east and Tanjung Malim in the south in Perak.", "The Ritz-Carlton Millenia Singapore The Ritz-Carlton Millenia Singapore (Chinese: 新加坡丽嘉登美年大酒店) is a 32 floor deluxe hotel located at Millenia Singapore, Marina Centre, Singapore. The hotel is run by the Ritz-Carlton group of hotels, and it has won several awards. The hotel was opened in 1996, developed and owned by the Kwee brothers' company Pontiac Land.The embassy of Kuwait in Singapore is located in Suite 2109, Room 09 on the 21st floor of the The Ritz-Carlton Millenia Singapore.", "Port of Rotterdam The Port of Rotterdam is the largest port in Europe, located in the city of Rotterdam, Netherlands. From 1962 until 2002 it was the world's busiest port, now overtaken first by Singapore and then Shanghai. In 2011, Rotterdam was the world's eleventh-largest container port in terms of twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) handled (2009: tenth; 2008: ninth, 2006: sixth).", "Franklin Charles Gimson Sir Franklin Charles Gimson, KCMG, KStJ, (Chinese: 詹遜, 10 September 1890 – 13 February 1975) was a British colonial administrator, who served in Ceylon from 1914 to 1941, and later, the Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong and the Governor of Singapore.Gimson assumed the post of the Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong in December 1941. However, his appointment was interrupted by the Battle of Hong Kong.", "Jawaharlal Nehru Port Jawaharlal Nehru Port, also known as Nhava Sheva, is the largest container port in India. Located east of Mumbai in Maharashtra, the port on the Arabian Sea is accessed via Thane Creek. Its common name derives from the names of Nhava and Sheva villages that were situated here. This port is also the terminal of Western Dedicated Freight Corridor proposed by Indian Railways.", "Chek Chau Port Island (or Chek Chau, Chinese: 赤洲) is an island of Hong Kong, under the administration of Tai Po District. It is located in Tolo Channel, in the northeastern New Territories. Its name literally means red island; after the sedimentary rocks rich in iron that form this island.Port Island has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest since 1979.", "Hawker centre A hawker centre or cooked food centre (Chinese: 小贩中心 Xiǎofàn zhōngxīn or 熟食中心 shúshí zhōngxīn) is an open-air complex in Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong and the Riau Islands of Indonesia, housing many stalls that sell a variety of inexpensive food. They are typically found in city centres, near public housing estates or transport hubs (such as bus interchange ct or train stations).", "HarbourFront Centre HarbourFront Centre is a shopping mall and ferry terminal that connects to nearby Indonesian ports, as well as the city of Batam and Bintan Island. It is at 1 Maritime Square, Telok Blangah in the Bukit Merah Planning Area, Singapore. The mall is part of a development known as HarbourFront which is connected to VivoCity, the country's largest shopping mall.", "CityLink Mall CityLink Mall (simplified Chinese: 城联广场; traditional Chinese: 城聯廣場; pinyin: Chénglián guǎngchǎng) is Singapore's first underground mall, located within the One Raffles Link development at Marina Square. Opened in 1 July 2000, the 60,000 square feet (5,600 m2) underground mall connects City Hall and Esplanade on the Mass Rapid Transit, and to Suntec City Mall, Marina Square, hotels in Marina Centre, Millenia Singapore and to Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay.", "Yueh Hai Ching Temple Yueh Hai Ching Temple (simplified Chinese: 粤海清庙; traditional Chinese: 粵海清廟; pinyin: Yuè Hǎi Qīng Miào), also known as Wak Hai Cheng Bio in the Teochew dialect, is a Chinese temple in Singapore located in Raffles Place, Singapore's central business district. The temple, whose name literally translates to \"Cantonese Temple of Calming Sea\", was the first stop for Chinese immigrants to Singapore in the early 19th century.Yueh Hai Ching Temple is Singapore's oldest Taoist temple.", "Sungai Rengit Sungai Rengit is a town in southeastern Johor, Malaysia, located near Pengerang. It can be reached from Singapore by boat from the ferry terminal at Changi Village.Sungai Rengit is essentially a collection of fishing villages and is very popular with seafood lovers. The town usually comes alive during its weekend flea markets.", "Ahmad Shah of Pahang Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Al-Musta'in Billah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Abu Bakar Riayatuddin Al-Mu'adzam Shah is the fifth Sultan of Pahang of Pahang, and also served as the seventh Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia from 26 April 1979 to 25 April 1984.", "Kuala Sepetang Kuala Sepetang is a coastal town located in Perak, Malaysia. The town was formerly known as Port Weld after a former Governor, Frederick Weld. It is a thriving fishing village, and the main jumping-off point to the river mouth community of Kuala Sangga, which is a Chinese fishing community at the river mouth which specializes in fish breeding in cages. The Port Weld railway station was located at the centre of town.", "E. W. Hornung Ernest William Hornung (7 June 1866 – 22 March 1921) was an English author and poet known for writing the A. J. Raffles series of stories about a gentleman thief in late 19th-century London. Hornung was educated at Uppingham School; as a result of poor health he left the school in December 1883 to travel to Sydney, where he stayed for two years.", "Potong Pasir Potong Pasir is a housing estate located between Toa Payoh and Sennett Estate in the North-East Region of Singapore. For urban planning purposes, it is classified under the Toa Payoh area. Potong Pasir is particularly notable for being the longest-held opposition ward in one-party dominant Singapore. Its Opposition Member of Parliament Chiam See Tong held the ward from 1984 to 2011. Potong Pasir is easily accessible by the MRT station.In 2011, the ward, led by Mrs.", "Malacca City Malacca City (Malay: Bandaraya Melaka) is the capital city of the Malaysian state of Malacca. It is one of the oldest cities in the Straits of Malacca. It was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site together with George Town of Penang on 7 July 2008.", "Butterworth, Penang Butterworth is the principal town of Seberang Perai in the state of Penang in Malaysia. Named after William John Butterworth, Governor of the Straits Settlements (1843–1855), Butterworth was established in the mid-19th century as a landing place across the channel from the capital of Penang, George Town. The town has a population of 1,175,910 and it is also known unofficially in Malay as Bagan, meaning \\jetty\\\".\"", "Cheong Fatt Tze Cheong Fatt Tze or Tjong Tjen Hsoen (Chinese: 張弼士; pinyin: Zhāng Bìshì) (1840–1916) was a Chinese businessman and politician. He was a powerful Nanyang industrialist and a first-class Mandarin in the Manchu government; he was made Consul-General in Singapore and economic advisor to the Empress Dowager. The road, Jalan Cheong Fatt Tze, is named after him.", "Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality The Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality (ZOPFAN) is a declaration signed by the Foreign Ministers of the ASEAN member states (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand) on 1971 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.In the declaration, the parties publicly stated their intent to keep South East Asia \"free from any form or manner of interference by outside Powers\" and \"broaden the areas of cooperation.\"", "Port of Kaohsiung The Port of Kaohsiung (POK; Chinese: 高雄港; pinyin: Gāoxióng Gǎng) is the largest harbor in Taiwan, Republic of China, handling approximately 10 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) worth of cargo in 2007. The port is located in southern Taiwan, adjacent to Kaohsiung City, surrounded by the city districts of Gushan, Yancheng, Lingya, Cianjhen, Siaogang, and Cijin. It is operated by Taiwan International Ports Corporation, the Taiwan's only state-owned harbor management company.", "Parliament House, Singapore The Parliament House of Singapore is a public building and cultural landmark and houses the Parliament of Singapore. It is located in the Civic District of the Downtown Core within Singapore's central business district (the Central Area). Within its vicinity is Raffles Place, which lies across it from the Singapore River, and the Supreme Court's building across the road. The building was designed to represent a contemporary architectural expression of stateliness and authority.", "Association of Southeast Asian Nations The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN /ˈɑːsi.ɑːn/ AH-see-ahn, /ˈɑːzi.ɑːn/ AH-zee-ahn) is a political and economic organisation of ten Southeast Asian countries. It was formed on 8 August 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Since then, membership has expanded to include Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar (Burma), and Vietnam.", "Port of Kolkata The Port of Kolkata (Bengali: কলকাতা বন্দর) is a riverine port in the city of Kolkata, India, located around 203 kilometres (126 mi) from the sea. It is the oldest operating port in India, and was constructed by the British East India Company.The Port has two distinct dock systems - Kolkata Docks at Kolkata and a deep water dock at Haldia Dock Complex, Haldia.In the 19th century Kolkata Port was the premier port in British India.", "World's busiest port The world's busiest ports are commonly ranked by cargo tonnage and by volume of container shipment measured in TEUs. Since the 2000s, the Port of Shanghai has surpassed the Port of Singapore and the Port of Hong Kong to become the world's busiest port by both measures.", "Kuala Perlis Kuala Perlis is the second largest town and the main port of Perlis in Malaysia. It is in extreme northwest Peninsular Malaysia, near the border with Thailand. The older part of town has houses and mosques built on stilts over mangrove swamps. Kuala Perlis is also famous for its seafood, especially Laksa.", "Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah Tan Sri Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah (born 13 April 1937) is a Malaysian elder statesman and a major political figure from the state of Kelantan. He is dubbed the Father of Malaysia's Economy for playing a pivotal role in establishing and implementing key foundations and policies in Malaysia's economy. He is the uncle of the current Raja Perempuan (Queen) of Kelantan. Tengku is a Malay hereditary title usually translated as Prince.", "Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore The Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (Abbreviation: MPA; Chinese: 新加坡海事及港务管理局, Pinyin: Xīnjiāpō hǎishì jí gǎngwù gúanlǐjú; Malay: Lembaga Pelabuhan dan Maritim Singapura) is a statutory board under the Ministry of Transport of the Government of Singapore.", "HarbourFront HarbourFront (Chinese: 港湾; pinyin: Gǎng Wān) is a district situated in southern Singapore, within the Bukit Merah Planning Area. Harbourfront is also the gateway to Sentosa.Main thoroughfares HarbourFront include Keppel Way and Telok Blangah Road. Notable buildings in the vicinity include HarbourFront Centre, Singapore Cruise Centre, St James Power Station and VivoCity. HarbourFront is currently being redeveloped into a new business and lifestyle hub.", "Port Kembla, New South Wales Port Kembla is a suburb of Wollongong 8 km south of the CBD and part of the Illawarra region of New South Wales. The suburb comprises a seaport, industrial complex (one of the largest in Australia), a small harbour foreshore nature reserve, and a small commercial sector. It is situated on the tip of Red Point, first European sighting by Captain James Cook in 1770. The name \"Kembla\" is Aboriginal word meaning \"plenty wildfowl\".", "Horsburgh Lighthouse Horsburgh Lighthouse (Chinese: 霍士堡灯塔; Malay: Rumah Api Horsburgh) is a lighthouse which marks the eastern entrance to the Straits of Singapore. It is situated on Pedra Branca island. Singapore's earliest lighthouse by date of completion, it is located approximately 54 kilometres (34 mi) to the east of Singapore and 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) from the Malaysian state of Johor.", "Port of Teluk Bayur Teluk Bayur (Minangkabau: Taluak Bayua) formerly known as Emma Haven or Emmahaven is a port located in Bayur Bay of Padang city, West Sumatra, Indonesia.", "Bandar Muadzam Shah Bandar Muadzam Shah is a town located in the district of Rompin in the State of Pahang, Malaysia. The town was established in 1979 by the South-East Pahang Development Authority (DARA) under the purview of the second Malaysian Prime Minister, Tun Abdul Razak, who also happened to be the native of nearby Royal Town of Pekan.", "City Hall, Singapore The City Hall (Chinese: 政府大厦; Malay: Dewan Bandaraya; Tamil: நகர மண்டபம்) in Singapore is a national monument gazetted on 14 February 1992. It can be found in front of historical Padang and adjacent to the Supreme Court of Singapore, it was designed and built by the architects of the municipal government, A. Gordans and F. D. Meadows from 1926 to 1929. A flight of stairs takes visitors from the Corinthian colonnade to the main building.", "Port of Merak Merak is a city and seaport in Cilegon, Banten, on the northwestern tip of Java, Indonesia. The port and town are named after the green peafowl, which once lived in the region, but is now very rare. The port is connected to Jakarta via the Jakarta-Merak Toll Road.", "Jurong Port Jurong Port Pte Ltd (Chinese: 裕廊海港私人有限公司) is a port operator headquartered in Singapore. Jurong Port, which operates the only multi-purpose port in Singapore, handles bulk, breakbulk and containerized cargo. The Port welcomes over 40,000 vessel-calls annually.It is bounded by Jalan Ahmad Ibrahim, Jurong Pier Road, Jurong Island Highway, Seraya Avenue and Sugnei Jurong, including Pulau Damar Laut.", "Port of Chittagong The Port of Chittagong (Bengali: চট্টগ্রাম বন্দর) is the largest seaport in Bangladesh, located by the estuary of the Karnaphuli River in Patenga, near the city of Chittagong. It is a deep water seaport dominated by trade in containerised manufactured products (especially garments, jute and jute goods, leather products, fertilizers and seafood), raw materials and to a lesser extent passengers.", "Battle of Myeongnyang In the Battle of Myeongnyang, on October 26, 1597, the Korean Joseon kingdom's navy, led by Admiral Yi Sun-sin, fought the Japanese navy in the Myeongnyang Strait, near Jindo Island, off the southwest corner of the Korean peninsula.With only 13 ships remaining from Admiral Won Gyun's disastrous defeat at the Battle of Chilchonryang, Admiral Yi held the strait as a \"last stand\" battle against the Japanese Navy, who were sailing to support their land army's advance towards the Joseon capital of Hanyang (modern day Seoul). @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Myeongnyang?oldid=683550563> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Barnoldby_le_Beck> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Barnoldby le Beck is a village and civil parish in North East Lincolnshire, England, It is situated just east of the A18 and is close to the village of Waltham and the town of Grimsby.", "Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall The Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall is a complex of two buildings and a clock tower joined together by a common corridor and is located in the civic district of Singapore.On 6 February 1919, which marked the centenary of Singapore's founding, a statue of Stamford Raffles by T. Woolner was moved from the Padang to the front of the memorial hall.", "Batam Batam refers to both an island, municipality (an Indonesian kotamadya), the largest city in the Riau Islands Province of Indonesia, across the Strait of Singapore, the third-largest city in Sumatra region after Medan and Palembang, and the eighth-largest city in Indonesia after Jakarta Raya, Surabaya, Bandung, Medan, Semarang, Makassar, and Palembang.Batam is an industrial boomtown, an emerging transport hub, a part of a free trade zone the Indonesia–Malaysia–Singapore Growth Triangle, located 20 km (12 mi) off Singapore's south coast.", "Port of Belawan Belawan is a port city on the northeast coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. Located on the Deli River near the city of Medan, Belawan is Indonesia's busiest port outside of Java.A regular ferry service connects Belawan to across the Strait of Malacca to Penang, Malaysia; at times a ferry has also run from Belawan to Satun, Thailand.", "Marina Mandarin Singapore The Marina Mandarin Singapore is a five-star luxury hotel located on Raffles Boulevard in the Marina Centre complex, in the Downtown Core of Singapore.", "Asian Network of Major Cities 21 Asian Network of Major Cities 21 is a body representing the interests of several of Asia's largest capital cities around common themes of importance, including urban planning, sustainability and crisis management. The organization was advocated by then Tokyo Governor Shintaro Ishihara (1999-2012) and formed by common declaration of at a meeting held in Kuala Lumpur in August 2000.", "Frank Swettenham Sir Frank Athelstane Swettenham, GCMG, CH (28 March 1850 – 11 June 1946) was the first Resident General of the Federated Malay States, a British protectorate that is now part of independent Malaysia), which was formed by combining a number of sultanates. He served from 1 July 1896 to 1901. He was also an amateur photographer. He was born in Belper, Derbyshire, Britain.He was one of close to forty former British Empire officials to actually oppose the Malayan Union.", "Port Island For Port Island in Gdańsk, see Port Island (Gdańsk)For the island in Hong Kong, see Chek ChauPort Island (ポートアイランド, Pōto Airando) is an artificial island in Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan.", "Federated Malay States The Federated Malay States (FMS) was a federation of four protected states in the Malay Peninsula—Selangor, Perak, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang—established by the British government in 1895, which lasted until 1946, when they, together with two of the former Straits Settlements (Malacca and Penang) and the Unfederated Malay States, formed the Malayan Union.", "Tanjung Berhala Tanjung Berhala is a small port town in Terengganu, Malaysia.", "Geylang Geylang is a neighbourhood in Singapore east of the Central Area, Singapore's central business district. It is located to the east of the Singapore River, an area that locals have associated, from the days of Stamford Raffles, as a Malay kampong opposite facing two islands Batin and Rokok (where the former National Stadium used to stand), reclaimed to make space for Singapore's first commercial airport opened in 1937.", "Straits Settlements The Straits Settlements (Malay: Negeri-negeri Selat, نݢري٢ سلت; Chinese: 叻嶼呷/海峽殖民地) were a group of British territories located in Southeast Asia. Originally established in 1826 as part of the territories controlled by the British East India Company, the Straits Settlements came under direct British control as a Crown colony on 1 April 1867.", "Tan Si Chong Su Tan Si Chong Su is a Chinese temple in Singapore, and is located at Magazine Road in the Singapore River Planning Area, within the Central Area, Singapore's central business district.The temple is also known as Po Chiak Keng (保赤宫) as well as Tan Seng Haw, and was constructed between 1876 and 1878. It was built as the ancestral temple of the Tan clan, in the Chinese belief that people with the same surname share a common ancestry.", "Cheonghaejin Cheonghaejin (literally \"Blue sea headquarters\") was a major military headquarters and trading hub located on Wando island, South Jeolla province of South Korea, and established by Korean general Jang Bogo in 828 ACE during the Silla kingdom period. It traded mainly with Tang Dynasty China and Japan, and served as a military hub to combat various pirate factions.", "Musa Ghiatuddin Riayat Shah of Selangor Sultan Musa Ghiatuddin Riayat Shah Ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Alauddin Sulaiman Shah (9 December 1893 – 8 November 1955) was Sultan of Selangor in Malaysia during the Japanese occupation of that state (1942–1945). He received the Order of the Rising Sun from the Emperor of Japan.", "Singapore Strait The Singapore Strait (or Straits of Singapore; simplified Chinese: 新加坡海峡; traditional Chinese: 星加坡海峽; pinyin: Xīnjiāpō Hǎixiá Malay: Selat Singapura) is a 105-kilometer long, 16-kilometer wide strait between the Strait of Malacca in the west and the South China Sea in the east. Singapore is on the north of the channel and the Riau Islands are on the south. The Indonesia-Singapore border lies along the length of the straits.It includes Keppel Harbour and many small islands.", "Rafflesia Rafflesia is a genus of parasitic flowering plants. It contains approximately 28 species (including four incompletely characterized species as recognized by Willem Meijer in 1997), all found in southeastern Asia, in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines.Rafflesia was found in the Indonesian rain forest by an Indonesian guide working for Dr. Joseph Arnold in 1818, and named after Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, the leader of the expedition.", "Temasek Temasek ('Sea Town' in Old Javanese, pronounced Tumasik) was the name of an early city on the site of modern Singapore. It is written as 淡马锡 in Hokkien (pronounced Danmaxi in Mandarin). From the 14th century, the island has also been known as Singapura, which is derived from Sanskrit and means \"Lion City\".", "Malaysia–Singapore Points of Agreement of 1990 Malaysia–Singapore Points of Agreement of 1990 (POA) is an agreement between the Southeast Asian countries of Malaysia and Singapore over the issue of the future of railway land owned by the Malaysian government through Malayan Railways (Keretapi Tanah Melayu or KTM) in Singapore.", "Raffles Holdings Raffles Holdings SGX: R03 was the parent company of Raffles International. It is owned by Temasek Holdings which is the investment arm of the Singapore government. In 2005, Raffles Holdings' hotel business ranked 17th or 18th in the world in terms of market capitalization and number of rooms, all marketed under the Raffles and Swissôtel brand names.", "Fairmont Singapore Fairmont Singapore (Chinese: 费尔蒙特酒店), formerly Raffles The Plaza (Chinese: 莱佛士大厦) is the sister hotel of Swissôtel The Stamford located within the Raffles City complex in Singapore. It has a total of 769 rooms and suites housed within two 26-story towers.", "Port of Singapore The Port of Singapore refers to the collective facilities and terminals that conduct maritime trade handling functions in harbours and which handle Singapore's shipping. Currently the world's second-busiest port in terms of total shipping tonnage, it also trans-ships a fifth of the world's shipping containers, half of the world's annual supply of crude oil, and is the world's busiest transshipment port.", "Sri Temasek Sri Temasek (Chinese: 斯里淡马锡) is a two-storey detached house built in 1869 which is sited within the grounds of the Istana in Singapore. During the island's colonial era, it served as the residence of the Colonial Secretary or Chief Secretary. Since the establishment of the State of Singapore in 1959, it has been the official residence of the Prime Minister of Singapore, though none of Singapore's Prime Ministers has ever lived there.", "Shanghai International Settlement The Shanghai International Settlement (Chinese: 上海公共租界; pinyin: Shànghǎi Gōnggòng Zūjiè) originated following the defeat of the Qing dynasty of China by the British Empire in the First Opium War (1839–1842) and the subsequent signature of the Treaty of Nanking. Under the terms of the treaty, the Chinese city of Shanghai, along with four other treaty ports, opened to foreign trade, overturning the former monopoly held by the southern port of Canton (Guangzhou) under the Canton System.", "Southern Integrated Gateway The Southern Integrated Gateway (Malay: Gerbang Selatan Bersepadu) refers to a complex in Johor Bahru, Malaysia incorporating the city's main railway station, JB Sentral, and a customs, immigration, and quarantine complex (CIQ), the Sultan Iskandar Building (Malay: Bangunan Sultan Iskandar), named after Sultan Iskandar of Johor.The station and complex are the main transportation hub of Johor Bahru and southern Peninsular Malaysia.", "Raffles Institution Lane Raffles Institution Lane is a lane leading from Bishan Street 21 to the shared entrance of Raffles Institution (Secondary) and Raffles Institution (Junior College). The nearest Mass Rapid Transit station is Marymount.It was formerly known as Bishan Lane.", "Port of Tanjung Pelepas The Port of Tanjung Pelepas (abbreviation: PTP, UN/Locode: MYTPP ) is a container port located in south-western Johor, Malaysia, and is part of the APM Terminals Global Terminal Network, which holds a minority share in the joint venture. Receiving its maiden vessel on 10 October 1999 on a three-month trial operation, it set a world record as the fastest growing port with 1 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) of containers handled after 571 days of operations.", "Johor Port Johor Port is located at Pasir Gudang in the southeast of Johor in Peninsular Malaysia. Built by the Johor Port Authority and run by Johor Port Berhad in 1977, it is the first port in Johor and is designed as a multi-purpose port that caters to practically all types of cargo. It is the first port in Malaysia to be located within a free trade zone. Johor Port's warehouses are exempted from customs duties.", "Pulau Satumu Pulau Satumu (Chinese: 沙都姆岛) is a small island to the south of the main Singapore island, and the southernmost island of Singapore. The Raffles Lighthouse is located on the island. The island's name means \"One Tree\" in the Malay Language.", "City of Palaces (ship) City of Palaces was a convict ship that transported four convicts from Singapore to Fremantle, Western Australia in 1857. It arrived in Fremantle on 8 August 1857. The four convicts were all soldiers and sailors who had been convicted by court-martial in India, and sentenced to transportation. Other than the four convicts, there were no passengers on board.", "Nepenthes rafflesiana Nepenthes rafflesiana (/nɨˈpɛnθiːz ræˌfliːziˈɑːnə/; after Stamford Raffles), or Raffles' Pitcher-Plant, is a species of tropical pitcher plant. It has a very wide distribution covering Borneo, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, and Singapore. Nepenthes rafflesiana is extremely variable, with numerous forms and varieties described. In Borneo alone, there are at least three distinct varieties. The giant form of this species produces enormous pitchers rivalling those of N. rajah in size.", "Keppel Harbour Keppel Harbour (Chinese: 吉宝港口; pinyin: Jíbǎo Gǎngkǒu) is a stretch of water in Singapore between the mainland and the southern islands of Pulau Brani and Sentosa (formerly Pulau Blakang Mati) . Its naturally sheltered and deep waters was to meet the requirements of British colonists attempting to establish a Far East maritime colony in that part of the world, and thereby setting the stage for the eventual formation of Singapore as a successful independent state.", "One Raffles Quay One Raffles Quay (Chinese: 莱佛士码头一号) is an office building complex located at Raffles Place, the central business district of Singapore.Designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox, One Raffles Quay (ORQ) consists of the 50-storey North Tower and the 29-storey South Tower, totalling about 1.3 million square feet of prime grade A office space.", "Swissôtel The Stamford Swissôtel The Stamford (Chinese: 史丹福瑞士酒店), is a luxury hotel in Singapore managed by Swissôtel Hotels & Resorts, and is the sister hotel of the Fairmont Singapore. Both hotels are currently managed by Fairmont Raffles Hotels International The 5-star hotel offers 1,261 luxurious rooms and suites, 15 restaurants and bars, access to the Raffles City Convention Centre, and one of Asia's largest Spas.", "Raffles Institution Raffles Institution (RI), founded in 1823, is the oldest and widely considered to be the most prestigious school in Singapore for pre-tertiary learning. It is an independent school, providing secondary education through a boys-only Year 1-4 section and pre-university education through a coeducational Year 5-6 section.", "Port Klang Port Klang is a town and the main gateway by sea into Malaysia. Known during colonial times as Port Swettenham but renamed Port Klang in July 1972, it is the largest port in the country. It is located about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) southwest of the town of Klang, and 38 kilometres (24 mi) southwest of Kuala Lumpur. Pulau Indah, Pulau Ketam and the other surrounding island are under Port Klang Authority.Located in the District of Klang, it was the 12th busiest container port (2012) in the world.", "Tanjung Pinang Tanjung Pinang (Jawi: تنجوڠ ڤينڠ ‎) is the capital and second largest city of the Indonesian province of Riau Islands after Batam. A city with roughly 200,000 residents, it is a trading port between islands in the Riau archipelago. Tanjung Pinang is located on south of Bintan island and has ferry and speedboat connections to Batam, Singapore (40 km away), and Johor Bahru.", "Raffles Place MRT Station Raffles Place MRT Station is a Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange station on the North South Line and the East West Line in Singapore. It is directly beneath the centre of the financial district of Raffles Place, located in the Downtown Core area, south of the Singapore River. It is one of the more prominent and busier stations within Singapore's transport system, especially being an interchange station located within the Central Area.", "History of Singapore The written history of Singapore dates back to the third century. Later, the Kingdom of Singapura rose in importance during the 14th century under the rule of Srivijayan prince Parameswara and Singapore became an important port, until it was destroyed by Acehnese raiders in 1613. The modern history of Singapore began in 1819 when Englishman Sir Stamford Raffles established a British port on the island.", "One Raffles Link One Raffles Link (Chinese: 莱佛士连道一号) is an office building located at Marina Centre, Singapore. The building is six storeys high with a basement and is managed by Hongkong Land. Completed in 2000, it was jointly designed by world-renowned architect, Kohn Pedersen Fox and Aedas LPT Architects. The development costs S$340 million and is a Grade A office building. VISA, Credit Suisse, Goldman Sachs and Citibank are major tenants of the building.", "Founding of modern Singapore Modern Singapore was founded in 1819 by Sir Stamford Raffles as a British colony. This was distinct from its earlier probable use as a port in ancient times during the dominance of Srivijaya, and later, Melaka in the region.", "Raffles Place Raffles Place is a geographical location in Singapore, south of the mouth of the Singapore River. Located in the Downtown Core and the Central Area, it features some of the tallest buildings and landmarks of the country.", "Raffles Lighthouse Raffles Lighthouse (Chinese: 莱佛士灯塔; Malay: Rumah Api Raffles) is a lighthouse located on Pulau Satumu in the Singapore Strait, about 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) south of the main island of Singapore.", "Raffles Hotel Raffles Hotel is a colonial-style hotel in Singapore. It was established by two Armenian brothers from Persia—Martin and Tigran Sarkies—in 1887. In later years they were joined by younger brothers Aviet and Arshak and kinsman Martyrose Arathoon. They also built hotels in Penang and Rangoon. With their innovative cuisine and extensive modernisations, the firm built the hotel into Singapore's best known icon.", "Raffles City Raffles City is a large complex located in the Civic District within the Downtown Core of the city-state of Singapore. Occupying an entire city block bounded by Stamford Road, Beach Road, Bras Basah Road and North Bridge Road, it houses two hotels and an office tower over a podium which contains a shopping complex and a convention centre." ]	2
Large glaciers island nation Langjokull Hofsjokull Vatnajokull	[ "Bárðarbunga\nBárðarbunga ([ˈpaurðarpuŋka]), Bardarbunga (Anglophone spelling), is a stratovolcano located under Vatnajökull, Iceland's most extensive glacier. The second highest mountain in Iceland, 2,009 metres (6,591 ft) above sea level, Bárðarbunga is also part of a volcanic system that is approximately 200 kilometres (120 mi) long and 25 kilometres (16 mi) wide.", "Thórsmörk\nThórsmörk (Icelandic: Þórsmörk, About this sound [listen] ) is a mountain ridge in Iceland that was named after the Norse god Thor (Þórr). It is situated in the south of Iceland between the glaciers Tindfjallajökull and Eyjafjallajökull. The name \"Thórsmörk\" properly refers only to the mountain ridge between the rivers Krossá, Þröngá and Markarfljót, but is sometimes used informally to describe a wider area that includes the region between Thórsmörk and Eyjafjallajökull.", "Langjökull\nLangjökull (Icelandic for \"long glacier\") is the second largest ice cap in Iceland (953 km2), after Vatnajökull. It is situated in the west of the Icelandic interior or Highlands of Iceland and can be seen clearly from Haukadalur.The glacier is located at 64°45′N 19°59′W.Its volume is 195 km³ and the ice is up to 580 m (1,900 ft) thick.", "Jökulsárlón\nJökulsárlón (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈjœːkʏlsˌaurˌloun̥]; literally \"glacial river lagoon\") is a large glacial lake in southeast Iceland, on the edge of Vatnajökull National Park. Situated at the head of the Breiðamerkurjökull glacier, it developed into a lake after the glacier started receding from the edge of the Atlantic Ocean. The lake has grown since then at varying rates because of melting of the glaciers.", "Geography of Iceland\nThe geography of Iceland entails the geographic features of Iceland, an island country at the confluence of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. Iceland is located east of Greenland and immediately south of the Arctic Circle, atop the constructive boundary of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It lies about 860 km (534 mi) from Scotland and 4,200 km (2,610 mi) from New York City.", "Heard Island glaciers\nThe Heard Island glaciers covered 79 percent of Heard Island itself, in 1947, covering 288 km2; by 1988, this had decreased by 11 percent to 257 km2.", "Hofsjökull\nHofsjökull (Icelandic: “temple glacier”) is the third largest glacier in Iceland after Vatnajökull and Langjökull and the largest active volcano in the country. It is situated in the west of the Highlands of Iceland and north of the mountain range Kerlingarfjöll, between the two largest glaciers of Iceland. It covers an area of 925 km2, reaching 1,765 m (5,791 ft) at its summit.", "Vahsel Glacier\nVahsel Glacier (53°04′S 73°23′E) is a glacier on the northwestern side of Heard Island in the southern Indian Ocean. It flows west into South West Bay, between Erratic Point and Cape Gazert. Immediately to the north of Vahsel Glacier is Schmidt Glacier, whose terminus is located between Mount Drygalski and North West Cornice. To the south of Vahsel Glacier is Allison Glacier, whose terminus is located south of Cape Gazert, which separates Allison Glacier from Vahsel Glacier.", "Vatnajökull\nVatnajökull (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈvaʰtnaˌjœːkʏtl̥]), also known as the Vatna Glacier, is the largest and most voluminous ice cap in Iceland, and one of the largest in area in Europe. It is located in the south-east of the island, covering more than 8 percent of the country.", "Vatnajökull National Park\nVatnajökull National Park is one of three national parks in Iceland. It encompasses all of Vatnajökull glacier and extensive surrounding areas. These include the national parks previously existing at Skaftafell in the southwest and Jökulsárgljúfur in the north.In general, national parks are protected areas which are considered unique because of their nature or cultural heritage.", "Glaciers of New Zealand\nNew Zealand contains many glaciers, mostly located near the Main Divide of the Southern Alps in the South Island. They are classed as mid-latitude mountain glaciers. There are eighteen small glaciers in the North Island on Mount Ruapehu. An inventory of South Island glaciers during the 1980s indicated there were about 3,155 glaciers with an area of at least one hectare (2.5 acres). Approximately one sixth of these glaciers covered more than 10 hectares.", "List of glaciers in Europe\nThis is a list of glaciers in Europe.", "Prestahnúkur\nThe volcano Prestahnúkur is in the west of the Highlands of Iceland to the west of Langjökull glacier, or to be more specific, to the west of Geitlandsjökull glacier, a part of the Langjökull.", "Breiðamerkurjökull\nBreiðamerkurjökull (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈpreːiðaˌmɛr̥kʏrˌjœːkʏtl̥]) is an outlet glacier of the larger glacier of Vatnajökull in southeastern Iceland. Emerging as a tongue of the Vatnajökull, it ends in a small lagoon, known as Jökulsárlón. Over time, it has gradually been breaking down.As the icebergs break away from the tongue of the glacier, they drift slowly to the mouth of the lagoon and eventually join the ocean.", "List of glaciers of Iceland\nThe glaciers and ice caps of Iceland cover 11.1% of the land area of the country (about 11,400 km² out of the total area of 103,125 km²) and have a considerable impact on its landscape and meteorology. An ice cap is a mass of glacial ice that covers less than 50,000 km² of land area covering a highland area and they feed outlet glaciers.", "Thordarhyrna\nÞórðarhyrna (also known as Thordarhyrna) is one of seven subglacial volcanos beneath the Vatnajokull glacier Iceland." ]	[ "Stefansson Island Stefansson Island is an uninhabited island in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago in the Kitikmeot Region of Nunavut, Canada. It has a total area of 4,463 km2 (1,723 sq mi), making it the 128th largest island in the world, and Canada's 27th largest island. The island is located in Viscount Melville Sound, with M'Clintock Channel to the east. It lies just off Victoria Island's Storkerson Peninsula, separated by the Goldsmith Channel.", "Medven Glacier Medven Glacier (Lednik Medven \\\\'led-nik 'med-ven\\\\) is a 2.5 km long and 1.5 km wide glacier on Ioannes Paulus II Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica situated east of Etar Snowfield, south of Urdoviza Glacier and north of Berkovitsa Glacier. It is bounded by the east slopes of Oryahovo Heights and drains eastwards into Prisoe Cove, Hero Bay between Remetalk Point and Agüero Point.", "Taku Glacier Taku Glacier is a tidewater glacier located in Taku Inlet in the U.S. state of Alaska, just southeast of the city of Juneau. Recognized as the deepest and thickest alpine temperate glacier known in the world, the Taku Glacier is measured at 4,845 feet (1,477 m) thick.", "Miles Glacier Miles Glacier is a 30 miles (48 km)-long glacier in the U.S. state of Alaska. It flows west to its terminus at Miles Lake (Alaska), 2 miles (3.2 km) north of Goat Mountain and 33 miles (53 km) north of Katalla. It was named in 1885 after U.S. Army Maj. Gen. Nelson A. Miles by a Lt. Allen during his Alaska expedition.", "Nansen Island Nansen Island or Isla Nansen Sur is the largest of the islands lying in Wilhelmina Bay off the west coast of Graham Land, lying 6.4 km (4 miles) east of Emma Island. Nansen Island was discovered by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition (1897–1899) under Adrien de Gerlache and named for Dr. Fridtjof Nansen, noted Arctic explorer.", "Lambert Glacier Lambert Glacier is a major glacier in East Antarctica. At about 60 miles (100 km) wide, over 250 miles (400 km) long, and about 2,500 m deep, it holds the Guinness world record for the world's largest glacier. It drains 8% of the Antarctic ice sheet to the east and south of the Prince Charles Mountains and flows northward to the Amery Ice Shelf. It flows in part of Lambert Graben and exits the continent at Prydz Bay.This glacier was delineated and named in 1952 by American geographer John H.", "Lamplugh Glacier Lamplugh Glacier is an 8-mile-long (13 km) glacier located in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve in the U.S. state of Alaska. It leads north to its 1961 terminus in Johns Hopkins Inlet, 1.4 miles (2.3 km) west of Ptarmigan Creek and 76 miles (122 km) northwest of Hoonah. The glacier was named by Lawrence Martin of the U.S. Geological Survey around 1912 for English geologist George William Lamplugh (1859–1926), who visited Glacier Bay in 1884.", "Hardangerjøkulen Hardangerjøkulen is the sixth largest glacier in mainland Norway. It is located in the municipalities of Eidfjord and Ulvik in Hordaland county. It is located about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) northeast of the village of Eidfjord, about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) south of Finse, and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) west of Haugastøl.Hardangerjøkulen's highest point is 1,863 m (6,112 ft) above sea level, and is the highest point in Hordaland county. Its lowest point is 1,050 m (3,440 ft) above sea level.", "Aviator Glacier Aviator Glacier is major valley glacier in Antarctica that is over 60 miles (96 km) long and 5 miles (8 km) wide, descending generally southward from the plateau of Victoria Land along the west side of Mountaineer Range, and entering Lady Newnes Bay between Cape Sibbald and Hayes Head where it forms the Aviator Glacier Tongue.A glacier is a mass of ice with sufficient thickness to flow away from the source area in lobes, tongues or masses.", "Dall Island Dall Island is an island in the Alexander Archipelago off the southeast coast of Alaska, just west of Prince of Wales Island and north of Canadian waters. Its peak elevation is 2,443 feet (745 meters) above sea level. Its land area is 254.0 square miles (657.9 km2), making it the 28th largest island in the United States. Dall is used economically for fishing and limestone quarrying.The 2000 census recorded 20 persons living on the island.", "Bogoslof Island Bogoslof Island or Agasagook Island (Aleut: Aĝasaaĝux̂) is the summit of a largely submarine stratovolcano located in the Bering Sea in the U.S. state of Alaska, 31 miles (50 km) behind the main Aleutian volcanic arc. It has a land area of 173 acres (0.70 km2) and is unpopulated. The peak elevation of the island is 490 feet (150 m). It last erupted in 1992. It is 1.76 kilometres (1.09 mi) long and 540 metres (0.34 mi) wide.", "Peter I Island Peter I Island (Norwegian: Peter I Øy) is an uninhabited volcanic island in the Bellingshausen Sea, 450 kilometres (280 mi) from Antarctica. It is claimed as a dependency of Norway, and along with Queen Maud Land and Bouvet Island comprises one of the three Norwegian dependent territories in the Antarctic and Subantarctic. Peter I Island is 11 by 19 kilometres (6.8 by 11.8 mi) long and 156 square kilometres (60 sq mi).", "Chamberlin Glacier (Greenland) The Chamberlin Glacier is located in the far northwest of Greenland, to the north of the Thule Air Base. It is one of four large glaciers which feeds the Wolstenholme Fjord. The other glaciers are the Salisbury Glacier, the Knud Rasmussen Glacier, and the Harald Moltke Glacier. The Chamberlin Glacier is the longest of the four glaciers (over 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) in length) and is approximately 800 metres (2,600 ft) in width.", "Höfn Höfn or Höfn í Hornafirði (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈhœpn i ˈhɔrtna fɪrðɪ]) is an Icelandic fishing town in the south-eastern part of the country. It lies near a fjord named Hornafjörður.This harbour town, the second largest in the south-eastern part of Iceland, gives scenic views of Vatnajökull (the largest ice cap in Europe by volume). The community was formerly known as Hornafjarðarbær, between 1994 and 1998.", "Murgash Glacier Murgash Glacier (Lednik Murgash \\\\'led-nik mur-'gash\\\\)is the 3.4 km long and 3.2 km wide glacier on Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica situated southeast of Yakoruda Glacier, south of Teteven Glacier, southwest of Traub Glacier and west-northwest of Bravo Glacier.", "Gorner Glacier The Gorner Glacier (German: Gornergletscher) is a valley glacier found on the west side of the Monte Rosa Massif close to Zermatt in the canton of Valais, Switzerland. It is about 14 km (8.7 mi) long and 1 to 1.5 km (0.62 to 0.93 mi) wide. The entire glacial area of the glacier related to Gorner Glacier is 57 km2 (22 sq mi) (1999), which makes it the second largest glacial system in the Alps after the Aletsch Glacier system. Numerous smaller glaciers connect with the Gorner Glacier.", "Srebarna Glacier Srebarna Glacier (Lednik Srebarna \\\\'led-nik 'sre-bar-na\\\\) on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is situated east-northeast of Boyana Glacier, southeast of the head of Macy Glacier and southwest of Magura Glacier.", "King George Island (South Shetland Islands) King George Island (Argentina: Isla 25 de Mayo, Chile: Isla Rey Jorge, Russian: Ватерло́о Vaterloo (Waterloo)) is the largest of the South Shetland Islands, lying 120 kilometres (75 mi) off the coast of Antarctica in the Southern Ocean. The island was named after King George III.", "Myklebustbreen Myklebustbreen or Snønipbreen is the seventh largest glacier in mainland Norway. It is located in the municipalities of Jølster, Gloppen, and Stryn in Sogn og Fjordane county. Its highest point is located just below the nunatak Snønipa, with an altitude of 1,827 metres (5,994 ft).", "Yakoruda Glacier Yakoruda Glacier (Lednik Yakoruda \\\\'led-nik ya-ko-'ru-da\\\\) is a glacier on the west slopes of Dryanovo Heights, Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica situated west of Teteven Glacier and northwest of Murgash Glacier.", "Perunika Glacier Perunika Glacier (Lednik Perunika \\\\'led-nik pe-ru-'ni-ka\\\\) is an 8 km long and 3 km wide (average) roughly crescent-shaped glacier in eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica situated east of Pimpirev Glacier, south of Saedinenie Snowfield, southwest of Kaliakra Glacier, west of Huron Glacier, and north of Balkan Snowfield and the head of Huntress Glacier.", "Zheravna Glacier Zheravna Glacier (Lednik Zheravna \\\\'led-nik 'zhe-rav-na\\\\) is a glacier on Greenwich Island, Antarctica situated east of Wulfila Glacier and west of Targovishte Glacier.", "October Revolution Island October Revolution Island (Russian: Остров Октябрьской Революции, Ostrov Oktyabrskoy Revolyutsii) is the largest island of the Severnaya Zemlya group in the Russian Arctic.The area of this island has been estimated at 14,170 km2 (5,470 sq mi) making it the 56th largest island in the world. It rises to a height of 965 m (3,166 ft) on Mount Karpinsky. Half the island is covered with glaciers reaching down into the sea. In the sections free from ice, the vegetation is desert or tundra.", "Surge (glacier) Glacial surges are short-lived events where a glacier can advance substantially, moving at velocities up to 100 times faster than normal. Surging glaciers are clustered around a few areas. High concentrations of surging glaciers can be found in Svalbard, Canadian Arctic islands, Alaska and Iceland. In some glaciers, surges can occur in fairly regular cycles with 15 to 100 or more surge events per year. In other glaciers, surging is unpredictable.", "Þingvallavatn Þingvallavatn is a rift valley lake in southwestern Iceland. With a surface of 84 km² it is the largest natural lake in Iceland. Its greatest depth is at 114 m. At the northern shore of the lake, at Þingvellir (after which the lake is named), the Alþingi, the national parliament, was founded in the year 930.The lake lies partially within Þingvellir National Park. The volcanic origin of the islands in the lake is clearly visible.", "Långnäs Långnäs is a port in Lumparland on the eastern mainland of Åland. Road ferries to Kumlinge and Galtby via Kökar start here. In the early 1960s, Silja Line built a ferry terminal in Långnäs, designed by architect Bengt Lundsten. The terminal was in use 1965-1975 and was then closed and removed in 1993. A new terminal was built in 1999 to accommodate the large cruiseferries on the Stockholm—Turku route.", "Selaön Selaön is the largest island in Mälaren, Sweden, and covers 95 km². It is located at Stallarholmen, east of Strängnäs, and it has about 3,000 permanent residents. It is connected by a bridge to the mainland. It is the largest island in any lake in Sweden.In the Heimskringla, Granmar, the king of Södermanland, was murdered on this island by Ingjald Illruler.", "Watkins Island Watkins Island is a low lying, ice-covered island 5 miles (8 km) long, lying 3 miles (5 km) SW of Lavoisier Island in the Biscoe Islands. The island was first mapped by the French Antarctic Expedition under Jean-Baptiste Charcot, 1903–05 and 1908–10, but remained unnamed until resighted by the BGLE under Rymill, 1934–37. He gave the name Mikkelsen Island after Ejnar Mikkelsen, Danish Arctic explorer.", "Lars Christensen Peak Lars Christensen Peak, also known as Lars Christensentoppen, is the highest point at 1,640 metres (5,381 ft) on Peter I Island, off the coast of Antarctica.The peak is a shield volcano. It is not known whether it is extinct or not, for the upper part is apparently unmodified by glaciation.The peak owes its name to Lars Christensen, the shipowner of the SS Odd I, a whaler that circumnavigated the island in January 1927.", "Pine Island Glacier Pine Island Glacier (PIG) is a large ice stream glacier, and the fastest melting glacier in Antarctica, responsible for about 25% of Antarctica's ice loss. The glacier ice streams flow west-northwest along the south side of the Hudson Mountains into Pine Island Bay, Amundsen Sea, Antarctica.", "Kjölur Kjölur is a plateau in the highlands of Iceland, roughly defined as the area between the Langjökull and Hofsjökull glaciers. It is lies at an altitude of about 600–700 metres.", "Blöndulón At 57 km², Blöndulón is one of Iceland's largest lakes. It was created in 1984-1991 as a reservoir for the Blönduvirkjun power plant, and has a depth of 39 m.It is situated near the Kjölur highland road in the Highlands of Iceland. The hot springs of Hveravellir are situated some 25 km to the south.", "Shirase Glacier Shirase Glacier (Japanese: 白瀬氷河; Shirase Hyōga) is a large glacier entering Havsbotn, the bay that forms the head of Lutzow-Holm Bay in Antarctica. The area occupied by this feature was first mapped as a bay and named Instefjorden (the innermost fjord) by the Lars Christensen Expedition, 1936-37. Surveys by JARE, 1957-62, revealed the large glacier in this position which they named after Lt. Nobu Shirase, leader of the Japanese Antarctic Expedition of 1911-12.", "Matanuska Glacier Matanuska Glacier is a valley glacier in the US state of Alaska. At 27 miles (43 km) long by 4 miles (6.4 km) wide, it is the largest glacier accessible by car in the United States. Its terminus feeds the Matanuska River. It lies near the Glenn Highway about 100 miles (160 km) north-east of Anchorage. Matanuska Glacier flows about 1 foot (30 cm) per day.", "Berkovitsa Glacier Berkovitsa Glacier (Lednik Berkovitsa \\\\'led-nik ber-'ko-vi-tsa\\\\) is a glacier on Livingston Island, Antarctica situated east of Etar Snowfield, south of Medven Glacier, west-northwest of Tundzha Glacier and north-northeast of Verila Glacier. It is bounded by the southeastern slopes of Oryahovo Heights and the northwestern slopes of Snow Peak.", "Sigöldulón The lake Sigöldulón is a reservoir in Iceland, also known as Krókslón. Situated in the south of the country, not far from Landmannalaugar, it is one of the country's 20 largest lakes at 14 km².Both the lake and the nearby power station (Sigölduvirkjun) take their names from a tuff ridge at about 600 m above sea level where the river Tungnaá once passed through a canyon. Its waters now flow in tubes into the power station, constructed between 1973 and 1977.", "Ellef Ringnes Island Ellef Ringnes Island is one of the Sverdrup Islands in Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada. Also a member of the Queen Elizabeth Islands and Canadian Arctic Archipelago, it is located in the Arctic Ocean, east of Borden Island, and west of Amund Ringnes Island. It has an area of 11,295 km2 (4,361 sq mi), making it the 69th largest island in the world (slightly larger than Jamaica) and Canada's 16th largest island.", "Nettilling Lake Nettilling Lake [nech'iling] is a cold freshwater lake located toward the south end of Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada. It is also the world's largest lake on an island, with an area of 5,542 km2 and a maximum length of 123 km. The lake is in the Great Plain of the Koukdjuak about 280 km northwest of Iqaluit. The Arctic Circle crosses the lake. The lake's name is of Inuktitut origin, coming from the word for the adult ringed seal (netsilak).", "Kuskulana Glacier The Kuskulana Glacier is a glacier in the Wrangell Mountains of Alaska.The Kuskulana Glacier trends southwest 24 km (15 mi) from Mount Blackburn to its terminus at the head of Kuskulana River, 46 km (29 mi) northwest of McCarthy in the Wrangell Mountains.Kuskulana is an Indian name given in 1900 by T. G. Gerdine of the US Geological Survey.", "Ebbe Glacier Ebbe Glacier (71°03′S 164°45′E) is a tributary glacier about 60 miles (100 km) long, draining northwest from the Homerun Range and the Robinson Heights, and then west-northwest between the Everett Range and the Anare Mountains into Lillie Glacier, Victoria Land, Antarctica. This feature saddles with Tucker Glacier, the latter draining southeast to the Ross Sea.", "White Island (Enderby Land) White Island is a 24-kilometre-long (13 nmi) and 9-kilometre-wide (5 nmi) ice-covered island in Enderby Land, Antarctica. 15-kilometre-wide (8 nmi) Styles Strait separates it from Sakellari Peninsula. Discovered and called Hvitøya \"\\White Island\") by Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen in January 1930, its existence was considered doubtful for a number of years but was confirmed by the Soviet expedition in the Lena in March 1957, and by ANARE (Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions) led by D.F.", "Flatey, Breiðafjörður Flatey is the largest island of the western islands, a cluster of about forty large and small islands and islets located in Breiðafjörður on the northwestern part of Iceland. Flatey and its surrounding islands are, as a creation, believed to have forged from under the weight of a great glacier during the previous Ice age.", "Kaliakra Glacier Kaliakra Glacier (Lednik Kaliakra \\\\'led-nik ka-li-'a-kra\\\\) is a glacier in northeastern Livingston Island, Antarctica extending 7 km in east-west direction and 8 km in north-south direction, and situated southeast of Saedinenie Snowfield, southwest of Panega Glacier, north of Struma Glacier and upper Huron Glacier, and northeast of Perunika Glacier.", "Berkner Island Berkner Island or Berkner Ice Rise or Hubley Island is an ice rise, where bedrock below sea level makes the ice dome upward. If the ice cap melted, it would be under water. Berkner \"Island\" is high and completely ice-covered and about 320 kilometres (200 mi) long and 150 kilometres (93 mi) wide, with an area of 44,000 km2 (17,000 sq mi). Berkner is surrounded by the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf. The northernmost point of the Berkner is about 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the open sea.", "Kong Karls Land Kong Karls Land or King Charles Land is an island group in the Svalbard archipelago, in Arctic Ocean. The island group covers an area of 332 km2 (128 sq mi) and is made up of the islands of Kongsøya, Svenskøya, Abeløya, Helgolandøya and Tirpitzøya.The islands, which have the largest concentration of Polar bear in Svalbard, are part of the Nordaust-Svalbard Nature Reserve, along with Nordaustlandet and Kvitøya.", "Tazlina Glacier Tazlina Glacier is a 25-mile-long (40 km) glacier in the U.S. state of Alaska. It begins 1.5 miles (2.4 km) north of Mount Cashman and flows north to its terminus one mile (1.6 km) south of Tazlina Lake and 43 miles (69 km) north of Valdez. Tazlina Glacier is the largest northward flowing glacier in the Chugach Mountains. The terminus of the glacier is retreating and thinning.", "Vatulele Vatulele (pronounced [Vaatuˈlele]) is a coral and volcanic island 30 kilometers south of Viti Levu, Fiji's largest island. Situated at 18.50° South and 177.63° East, Vatulele has an area of 32 square kilometers. Its maximum altitude is only 34 meters.The island is inhabited by four villages, including Taunovo and Bouwaqa. Economic activities include coconut and taro farming.", "Harbardsbreen Harbardsbreen is the 10th largest glacier in mainland Norway. It is located on the south side of the Tverrådalskyrkja mountain in the Breheimen mountain range in the municipality of Luster in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway.The 36-square-kilometre (14 sq mi) glacier is inside Breheimen National Park, just northeast of the Spørteggbreen glacier.", "Sirmilik National Park Sirmilik National Park (; Inuktitut: \"the place of glaciers\") is a protected area located in Qikiqtaaluk, Nunavut, Canada, established in 2001. Situated within the Arctic Cordillera, the park is composed of three areas: most of Bylot Island with the exception for a few areas that are Inuit-owned lands, Oliver Sound, and Baffin Island's Borden Peninsula. Much of the park is bordered by water.", "Nabesna Glacier Nabesna Glacier is a glacier in the U.S. state of Alaska. Fed by deep snowfall in the Wrangell Mountains, the 53 mile (85 km) long Nabesna is the longest valley glacier in North America and the world's longest interior valley glacier.The glacier flows from an extensive icefield which covers the northern flanks of 14,163 feet (4,317 m) Mount Wrangell, a large shield volcano.", "Vestmannaeyjar Vestmannaeyjar (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈvɛstmanːaˌeiːjar], sometimes anglicized as Westman Islands) is a town and archipelago off the south coast of Iceland.The largest island, Heimaey, has a population of 4,135. The other islands are uninhabited, although six have single hunting cabins. Vestmannaeyjar came to international attention in 1973 with the eruption of Eldfell volcano, which destroyed many buildings and forced a months-long evacuation of the entire population to mainland Iceland.", "Spitsbergen Spitsbergen (formerly known as West Spitsbergen; Norwegian: Vest Spitsbergen or Vestspitsbergen) is the largest and only permanently populated island of the Svalbard archipelago in northern Norway. Constituting the westernmost bulk of the archipelago, it borders the Arctic Ocean, the Norwegian Sea, and the Greenland Sea. Spitsbergen covers an area of 39,044 km2 (15,075 sq mi), making it the largest island in Norway and the 36th-largest in the world. The administrative centre is Longyearbyen.", "Knud Rasmussen Glacier The Knud Rasmussen Glacier is located in the far northwest of Greenland, to the north of the Thule Air Base. It is one of four large glaciers which feeds the Wolstenholme Fjord (sometimes referred to as \"the world's largest ice machine\"). The other glaciers are the Salisbury Glacier, the Chamberlin Glacier, and the Harald Moltke Glacier. The Knud Rasmussen Glacier is over 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) in length and is approximately 900 metres (3,000 ft) in width.", "Breiðárlón Breiðárlón is a glacier lake at the south end of the Icelandic glacier Vatnajökull.The glacier calving into the lagoon is a part of Vatnajökull National Park and the better known glacier lake Jökulsárlón is not far from there. From Breiðárlón a little river flows into the Fjallsárlón.", "Jakobshavn Glacier Jakobshavn Glacier, also known as Sermeq Kujalleq (in Greenlandic) and the Jakobshavn Isbræ (in Danish), is a large outlet glacier in West Greenland. It is located near the Greenlandic town of Ilulissat (Danish: Jakobshavn) and ends at the sea in the Ilulissat Icefjord.Jakobshavn Glacier drains 6.5% of the Greenland ice sheet and produces around 10% of all Greenland icebergs. Some 35 billion tonnes of icebergs calve off and pass out of the fjord every year.", "Drang-Drung Glacier The Drang-Drung Glacier (also called Durung Drung Glacier) is a mountain glacier near the Pensi La mountain pass at the Kargil - Zanaskar Road in the Kargil district of Jammu and Kashmir in India.The Drang-Drung Glacier is likely to be the largest glacier in Ladakh other than the Siachen Glacier in the Karakoram Range, with a maximum length of 23 kilometres (14 mi) at an average elevation of 4,780 m (15,680 feet).", "Eisriesenwelt The Eisriesenwelt (German for \"World of the Ice Giants\") is a natural limestone ice cave located in Werfen, Austria, about 40 km south of Salzburg. The cave is inside the Hochkogel mountain in the Tennengebirge section of the Alps. It is the largest ice cave in the world, extending more than 42 km and visited by about 200,000 tourists every year.", "Øksfjordjøkelen Øksfjordjøkelen (Northern Sami: Ákšovuonjiehkki) is the ninth largest glacier in mainland Norway. The glacier is located on the border between Finnmark and Troms counties. The 42-square-kilometre (16 sq mi) glacier lies in both Loppa and Kvænangen municipalities.The highest point was earlier known to have an elevation of 1,204 metres (3,950 ft). It is now a mere 1,191 metres (3,907 ft) due to glacier shrinkage. But it still is, for the time being, the highest point in all of Finnmark county.", "Mýrdalsjökull Mýrdalsjökull (pronounced [ˈmirtalsˌjœːkʏtl], Icelandic for \"(the) mire dale glacier\" or \"(the) mire valley glacier\") is a glacier in the south of Iceland. It is to the north of Vík í Mýrdal and to the east of the smaller glacier Eyjafjallajökull. Between these two glaciers is Fimmvörðuháls pass. Its peak reaches 1,493 m (4,898 ft) in height and in 1980 it covered an area of 595 km2 (230 sq mi).The icecap of the glacier covers an active volcano called Katla.", "Aletsch Glacier The Aletsch Glacier (German: Aletschgletscher) or Great Aletsch Glacier (German: Grosser Aletschgletscher) is the largest glacier in the Alps. It has a length of about 23 km (14 mi) and covers more than 120 square kilometres (46 sq mi) in the eastern Bernese Alps in the Swiss canton of Valais. The Aletsch Glacier is composed of three smaller glaciers converging at Concordia, where its thickness was measured by the ETH to be near 1 km (3,300 ft).", "Árnafjall Árnafjall is the highest mountain on the island of Vágar in the Faroe Islands. The highest point is 722 meters above sea level. The name Árnafjall translates to the eagles mountain. The mountain lies on the west side of Vágar close to the village of Gásadalur.There is also a mountain Árnafjall on the island Mykines where the highest point is 350 meters above sea level.", "Sprengisandur Sprengisandur (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈspreiɲcɪˌsantʏr̥]) is a highland plateau in Iceland, defined roughly as the area between the Hofsjökull and Vatnajökull glaciers.", "Salisbury Glacier The Salisbury Glacier is located in the far northwest of Greenland, to the north of the Thule Air Base. It is one of four large glaciers which feeds the Wolstenholme Fjord (sometimes referred to as \"the world's largest ice machine\"). The other glaciers are the Chamberlin Glacier, the Knud Rasmussen Glacier, and the Harald Moltke Glacier. The Salisbury Glacier is over 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) in length and is approximately 450 metres (1,480 ft) in width.", "Kverkfjöll The mountain range Kverkfjöll (1,764 m) is situated on the north-eastern border of the glacier Vatnajökull in Iceland. With their glacier Kverkjökull, they are to be found between the Vatnajökull and the Dyngjufjöll (s. Askja). The mountains are still active volcanoes. Especially around 1720, they were often erupting and causing glacier runs.Under the mountains, there is a very large, very hot magma chamber which leads to the originating of glacier caves.", "Svartisen Svartisen is a collective term for two glaciers located in northern Norway. The system consists of two separate glaciers, Vestre (western) Svartisen (221 km2), which is the second largest glacier on the Norwegian mainland (there are larger glaciers on Svalbard) after Jostedalsbreen Østre (eastern) Svartisen (148 km2), which is the country's fourth largest.There are also a number of minor glaciers in the area, such as Glombreen in the northern part of Meløy, and Simlebreen in Beiarn.", "Blåmannsisen Blåmannsisen (Lule Sami: Ålmåjalosjiegŋa) is the fifth largest glacier in mainland Norway. It is located on the border of the municipalities of Fauske and Sørfold in Nordland county, Norway—just 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) west of the border with Sweden.Its highest point is 1,560 metres (5,120 ft) above sea level and its lowest point is at an elevation of 810 metres (2,660 ft). Three outlet glaciers extend from the icecap.", "Lang Island Lang Island (Dutch: \"Long\"; modern Indonesian: Rakata Kecil or Panjang) lies in the Sunda Strait, between Java and Sumatra, in Indonesia. It is one of the Krakatoa Islands, near the famous volcano. Lang suffered only slightly in the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa; it actually grew in area from massive pumice fall, although most of the additional area washed away within several years.The island is quite hilly.", "Coats Island Coats Island (Inuktitut: Akpatordjuark) lies at the northern end of Hudson Bay in the Kivalliq Region of Nunavut. At 5,498 km2 (2,123 sq mi) in size, it is the 107th largest island in the world, and Canada's 24th largest island.The island has areas of federal crown land and areas of private land owned by Inuit, however, the last permanent residents left in the 1970s.", "Nyrðra-Vatnalautavatn Nyrðra-Vatnalautavatn is the largest body of water on Ófeigsfjarðarheiði in Iceland.The lake is mostly famous for its idiosyncratic name.", "Lillie Glacier Lillie Glacier (70°45′S 163°55′E) is a large glacier in Antarctica, about 100 nautical miles (190 km) long and 10 nautical miles (19 km) wide.", "Stancomb-Wills Glacier Stancomb-Wills Glacier is a large glacier that debouches into eastern Weddell Sea southward of Lyddan Island. The glacier was discovered in the course of the U.S. Navy LC-130 plane flight over the coast on November 5, 1967, and was plotted by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from photographs obtained at that time.", "Nordenskjöld Glacier For Nordenskiöldbreen, a glacier on Spitsbergen, see NordenskiöldbreenNordenskjold Glacier (54°22′S 36°22′W) is a large glacier flowing north to the head of Cumberland East Bay, on the north coast of South Georgia. It was charted by the Swedish Antarctic Expedition and named for Otto Nordenskiöld, leader of the expedition.", "Borchgrevink Glacier Borchgrevink Glacier (73°4′S 168°30′E) is a large glacier in the Victory Mountains, Victoria Land, draining south between Malta Plateau and Daniell Peninsula, and thence projecting into Glacier Strait, Ross Sea, as a floating glacier tongue, the Borchgrevink Glacier Tongue, just south of Cape Jones. It was named by the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition, 1957–58, for Carsten Borchgrevink, leader of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1898–1900.", "King William Island King William Island (previously: King William Land; Inuktitut: Qikiqtaq) is an island in the Kitikmeot Region of Nunavut and forms part of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. In area it is between 12,516 km2 (4,832 sq mi) and 13,111 km2 (5,062 sq mi) making it the 61st-largest island in the world and Canada's 15th-largest island.", "Teteven Glacier Teteven Glacier (Lednik Teteven \\\\'led-nik 'te-te-ven\\\\) is a glacier on Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica situated east of Yakoruda Glacier, west of Quito Glacier, northwest of Traub Glacier and north of Murgash Glacier.", "Lagarfljót Lagarfljót (also called Lögurinn) is a lake situated in the east of Iceland near Egilsstaðir. Its surface measures 53 square kilometres (20 sq mi) and it is 25 kilometres (16 mi) long; its greatest width is 2.5 km (1.6 mi) and its greatest depth 112 m (367 ft). The River Lagarfljót flows through this lake.The biggest forest in Iceland, Hallormsstaðaskógur is found near the lake as well as a waterfall, Hengifoss. Hengifoss, at 118 m (387 ft), is one of the tallest waterfalls in the country.", "Bering Glacier Bering Glacier is a glacier in the U.S. state of Alaska. It currently terminates in Vitus Lake south of Alaska’s Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, about 10 km (6.2 mi) from the Gulf of Alaska. Combined with the Bagley Icefield, where the snow that feeds the glacier accumulates, the Bering is the largest glacier in North America. Warmer temperatures and changes in precipitation over the past century have thinned the Bering Glacier by several hundred meters.", "Jostedal Glacier Jostedal Glacier (Norwegian Jostedalsbreen) is the largest glacier in continental Europe. It is situated in Sogn og Fjordane county in Western Norway. Jostedalsbreen lies in the municipalities of Luster, Sogndal, Jølster, and Stryn. The highest peak in the area is Lodalskåpa at a height of 2,083 metres (6,834 ft).", "Snæfellsjökull Snæfellsjökull (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈstn̥aiːfɛlsˌjœːkʏtl̥], snow-fell glacier) is a 700,000-year-old stratovolcano with a glacier covering its summit in western Iceland. The name of the mountain is actually Snæfell, but it is normally called \"Snæfellsjökull\" to distinguish it from two other mountains with this name. It is situated on the most western part of the Snæfellsnes peninsula in Iceland.", "Jökulsá á Fjöllum Jökulsá á Fjöllum is the second longest river in Iceland (206 km). Its source is the Vatnajökull glacier. It flows into the Greenland Sea. Jökulsá á Fjöllum streams over the waterfalls Selfoss, Dettifoss, and Hafragilsfoss, the second of which is the most powerful waterfall in Europe.The source of the river is in the Vatnajökull National Park, one of three national parks in Iceland.", "Gihtsejiegŋa Gihtsejiegŋa is one of the largest glaciers in mainland Norway. It is located in the municipality of Tysfjord in Nordland county, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of the village of Kjøpsvik, on the border with Sweden. The name of the glacier comes from the Lule Sami language. The elevation of the glacier ranges from 1,500 to 870 metres (4,920 to 2,850 ft) above sea level. The highest point of the glacier sits right below the summit of the 1,520-metre (4,990 ft) tall Bjørntoppen.", "Fjallavatn Fjallavatn is the second largest lake in the Faroe Islands. It is situated on the island of Vágar and its size is 1 km2.", "Malaspina Glacier The Malaspina Glacier in southeastern Alaska is the largest piedmont glacier in the world. Situated at the head of the Alaska Panhandle, it is about 65 km (40 mi) wide and 45 km (28 mi) long, with an area of some 3,900 km2 (1,500 sq mi). It is named in honor of Alessandro Malaspina, an Italian explorer in the service of the Spanish Navy, who visited the region in 1791. In 1874, W.H. Dall, of what is now the U.S.", "Snæfellsnes The Snæfellsnes (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈstn̥aiːfɛlsˌnɛːs]) is a peninsula situated to the west of Borgarfjörður, in western Iceland.It has been named Iceland in Miniature, because many national sights can be found in the area, including the Snæfellsjökull volcano, regarded as one of the symbols of Iceland. With its height of 1446 m, it is the highest mountain on the peninsula and has a glacier at its peak (jökull means \"glacier\" in Icelandic).", "Hvannadalshnúkur Hvannadalshnúkur or Hvannadalshnjúkur (pronounced [ˈkvanːatalsˌn̥ʲuːkʏr]) is a pyramidal peak on the northwestern rim of the summit crater of the Öræfajökull volcano in Iceland and is the highest point of the island. An official measurement completed in August 2005 established its height as 2,109.6 metres (6,921 ft) (previously set as 2,119 m (6,952 ft)).The peak is part of the Vatnajökull National Park.", "Veststraumen Glacier Veststraumen Glacier (74°15′S 15°0′W) is a glacier about 45 miles long draining west along the south end of Kraul Mountains into Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf. The glacier was seen in the course of a U.S. Navy LC-130 plane flight over the coast on November 5, 1967, and was plotted by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from photographs obtained at that time.", "Harald Moltke Glacier The Harald Moltke Glacier is located in the far northwest of Greenland, to the north of the Thule Air Base. It is one of four large glaciers which feeds the Wolstenholme Fjord (sometimes referred to as \"the world's largest ice machine\"). The other glaciers are the Salisbury Glacier, the Chamberlin Glacier, and the Knud Rasmussen Glacier. The Harald Moltke Glacier is over 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) in length and is approximately 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) in width.", "Jostedalsbreen National Park Jostedalsbreen National Park (Norwegian: Jostedalsbreen nasjonalpark) is a national park in Norway that encompasses the largest glacier on the European mainland, Jostedalsbreen. The park was established by royal decree on 25 October 1991, and then in 1998, it was enlarged to the northwest. The park now covers 1,310 square kilometres (510 sq mi), with the glaciers covering about 800 square kilometres (310 sq mi) of the park.", "Eyjafjallajökull Eyjafjallajökull (Icelandic pronunciation [ˈeɪjaˌfjatlaˌjœːkʏtl̥]), English Eyjafjalla Glacier, is one of the smaller ice caps of Iceland, situated to the north of Skógar and to the west of Mýrdalsjökull. The ice cap covers the caldera of a volcano with a summit elevation of 1,651 metres (5,417 ft). The volcano has erupted relatively frequently since the last glacial period, most recently in 2010.", "Langisjór Langisjór is a lake in the Highlands of Iceland. It is around 20 km in length and up to 2 km wide, with a total surface area of about 26 km² and a depth of 75m at its deepest point.The lake is situated rather far from civilisation at the south-western border of Vatnajökull at an altitude of 670 m above sea level. Environmental campaigners have expressed concern at government plans to site an industrial dam on the lake.", "Fjallsárlón Fjallsárlón is a glacier lake at the south end of the Icelandic glacier Vatnajökull. Fjallsjökull which is part of the bigger glacier reaches down to the water of the lake and some ice-bergs are drifting by on its surface.The glacier calving into the lagoon is a part of Vatnajökull National Park and the better known glacier lake Jökulsárlón is not far from there.", "Grænalón Grænalón is one of the glacier lakes of the Icelandic glacier Vatnajökull. It is situated in the south of Iceland. Its surface measures 18 km².Unlike the better known glacier lake Jökulsárlón, it is lying not at the sea shore, but in the Highlands of Iceland at the northwestern end of the glacier Skeiðarájökull which is part of Vatnajökull.", "Sulitjelmaisen Sulitjelmaisen (Lule Sami: Sállajiegŋa) is one of the largest glaciers in mainland Norway. It is mostly located in the municipality of Fauske in Nordland county, Norway. The far eastern part of the glacier crosses the border into Sweden, where it is referred to as Salajekna. When the whole glacier is considered, is the largest glacier in Sweden.The glacier's highest point is 1,680 metres (5,510 ft) above sea level and its lowest point is at an elevation of 830 metres (2,720 ft).", "Öræfajökull Öræfajökull is an ice-covered volcano in south-east Iceland, at the southern extremity of the Vatnajökull glacier and overlooking the Ring Road between Höfn and Vík. It is the largest active volcano in the country, and on the summit crater's north-western rim is Hvannadalshnúkur, the highest peak in Iceland at 2,110 metres (6,920 ft)." ]	8
successor James G. Blaine studied law	[ "William P. Frye\nWilliam Pierce Frye (September 2, 1830 – August 8, 1911) was an American politician from the U.S. state of Maine. Frye, a member of the Republican Party, spent most of his political career as a legislator, serving in the Maine House of Representatives and U.S. House of Representatives before being elected to the U.S. Senate, where he served for 30 years and died in office. Frye was a member of the Frye political family, and was the grandfather of Wallace H. White, Jr.", "Michael C. Kerr\nMichael Crawford Kerr (March 15, 1827 – August 19, 1876) was an American legislator.He was born at Titusville, Pennsylvania and educated at the Erie Academy. He graduated from the University of Louisville School of Law in 1851. He moved to New Albany, Indiana in 1852 and was a member of the State Legislature in 1856 to 1857.He was elected to Congress in 1864 as a War Democrat, having vigorously opposed the Copperhead element in his district.", "James G. Blaine\nJames Gillespie Blaine (January 31, 1830 – January 27, 1893) was an American statesman and Republican politician who represented Maine in the United States House of Representatives from 1863 to 1876, serving as Speaker of the House from 1869 to 1875, and then in the United States Senate from 1876 to 1881.", "James G. Blaine Society\nThe James G. Blaine Society is an unofficial organization dedicated to protecting the U.S. state of Oregon from overpopulation. It was founded in the early 1960s by writer Stewart Holbrook. The goal of the society is to discourage people from immigrating to Oregon. The society is named after James G. Blaine, a United States senator from Maine, because he never visited Oregon. The society has no organization, leaders, membership roster, meetings, or dues." ]	[ "James H. Hawley James Henry Hawley (January 17, 1847 – August 3, 1929) was an attorney and politician from Idaho. He was state's ninth Governor from 1911 to 1913, and the mayor of Boise from 1903 to 1905. He also acted as prosecutor or defense attorney for a substantial number of criminal cases. Outside of criminal law, he specialized in irrigation and mining cases.", "Jim Grant (lawyer) James Andrews \"Jim\" Grant, PC CM QC (born 1937) is a Canadian lawyer.He received a B.A. in 1958 and a Bachelor of Civil Law in 1961 from McGill University. He was called to the Bar of Quebec in 1962. He is a partner and Chairman Emeritus of the law firm, Stikeman Elliott LLP. He serves on the Board of Directors of CAE, Inc. and CIBC.In 2003, he was president of the Royal Canadian Golf Association.", "Walter A. Gordon Walter Arthur Gordon (October 10, 1894 – April 2, 1976) was the first African American to receive a doctorate of law from UC Berkeley's Boalt Hall law school. He had an extremely long and varied career where he served as a police officer, lawyer, assistant football coach, member of the California Adult Authority, Governor of the United States Virgin Islands, and a Federal District Judge.", "James L. Allen James L. Allen (November 21, 1904–1992) was one of the founders of the management consulting firms Booz Allen Hamilton and Strategy&, a division of PricewaterhouseCoopers.Allen was born November 21, 1904, on a farm in Somerset, Kentucky. He spent his boyhood in Somerset, was educated in public schools, and graduated from Somerset High School in 1921.He attended business college and in 1922 moved to Chicago where he worked at several jobs and attended night school.", "James A. Hemenway James Alexander Hemenway (March 8, 1860 – February 10, 1923) was a United States Representative and Senator from Indiana. Born in Boonville, Indiana, he attended the common schools, studied law, and was admitted to the bar, commencing practice in Boonville in 1885.", "J. Reuben Clark Law School The J. Reuben Clark Law School (JRCLS) is a professional graduate school located in Provo, Utah at Brigham Young University (BYU). Founded in 1973, the school is named after J. Reuben Clark, Jr.—former U.S. Ambassador, Undersecretary of State, and LDS Church general authority—and its charter dean was former U.S. Solicitor General Rex E. Lee. The school offers traditional J.D. and LL.M. degrees, as well as five joint-degree programs.", "William H. H. Miller William Henry Harrison Miller (September 6, 1840 – May 25, 1917) was an American lawyer and Attorney General of the United States.Born in Augusta, New York, William Miller graduated from Hamilton College in 1861. While at Hamilton, he joined The Delta Upsilon Fraternity. He studied law in the office of Chief Justice Morrison Waite, and was admitted to the bar at Peru, Indiana in 1865. Miller practiced in that city for a short time, and also held the office of county school examiner.", "James Logan (statesman) James Logan (October 20, 1674–October 31, 1751), a statesman and scholar, was born in Lurgan, County Armagh, Ireland, of Scottish descent and Quaker parentage. Logan served as colonial secretary to William Penn. he held a number of public offices, including Mayor of Philadelphia. He was a founding trustee of the College of Philadelphia, the predecessor of the University of Pennsylvania.", "Mark Zaid Mark S. Zaid is a Washington DC attorney, with a practice focus on national security law, free speech constitutional claims and government accountability. He was named as a 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012 DC Superlawyer for his work on behalf of national security whistleblowers. He founded the James Madison Project in 1998, an organization dedicated to reduce government secrecy. It is interested in the Freedom of Information Act and government whistleblowers.", "James Westcott, Jr. James Diament Westcott, Jr. (June 18, 1839 – April 29, 1887) was a Florida Supreme Court Justice, Florida Attorney General, and a member of the Florida House of Representatives.Westcott was born in Tallahassee, Florida to James Westcott and Rebecca Sibley Bacon. His father was active in politics, helped write the first Florida Constitution and was one of Florida's first U.S. Senators while James Jr. was a child. James Jr. attended school in Tallahassee, mostly at West Florida Seminary.", "William J. Quinn William J. Quinn (April 23, 1883 – October 10, 1963) native of San Francisco, California. He attended Lincoln Grammar School, Sacred Heart College and studied law at Saint Ignatius College (now the University of San Francisco), graduating in 1925. He walked his first police beat in 1906.Served as Chief of Police in San Francisco, California from January 1, 1929 until February 15, 1940.", "Jerry Blaine Jerry Blaine (December 31, 1910 – March 14, 1973) was a bandleader, label owner, record distributor, and singer who recorded 18 sides for the Master and Bluebird labels in 1937-1938.", "James Mercer (jurist) James Mercer (February 26, 1736 – October 31, 1793), also known as William James Mercer, was an American soldier, jurist and political figure.", "Thomson Jay Hudson Thomson Jay Hudson (born Windham, Ohio, USA, February 22, 1834) was chief examiner of the US Patent Office and psychical researcher, known for his three laws of psychic phenomena, which were first published in 1893.Refusing his father's wish to become a minister of religion, Hudson funded his own study of law at college. He began a law practice in Port Huron, Michigan but, in 1860, he began a journalistic career instead. In 1866, he unsuccessfully ran for the US Senate.", "Raoul Berger Raoul Berger (1901 – 2000) was an attorney and professor at The University of California at Berkeley and Harvard University School of Law. While at Harvard, he was the Charles Warren Senior Fellow in American Legal History.", "James L. Buckley James Lane Buckley (born March 9, 1923) is a judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. He served as a United States Senator from the state of New York as a member of the Conservative Party of New York from January 3, 1971 to January 3, 1977.", "Logan Edwin Bleckley Logan Edwin Bleckley (July 3, 1827 – March 6, 1907) was an American lawyer and jurist.Born in 1827 on Screamer Mountain in Rabun County, Georgia, Bleckley became a self-taught lawyer. At age eleven, he started working in his father's office (Clerk of the Court in Clayton. He was admitted to the bar in 1846 at age nineteen.", "James M. Beck James Montgomery Beck (July 9, 1861 – April 12, 1936) was an American lawyer and politician from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was a member of the Republican Party, who served as U.S. Solicitor General and U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania.", "James Wilfred Estey James Wilfred (Bill) Estey (December 1, 1889 – January 22, 1956) was a Canadian lawyer, politician, and jurist.Born in Keswick Ridge, New Brunswick, the son of Byron Leslie Estey and Sarah Ann Kee, he received a Bachelor of Arts from the University of New Brunswick in 1910. In 1915, he received a Bachelor of Law from Harvard University in 1915. On 1917, he was called to the Saskatchewan bar, eventually founding the law firm Estey, Moxon, Schmitt & McDonald.", "James Collier James William Collier (September 28, 1872 – September 28, 1933) was a politician from the U.S. state of Mississippi.Born on the Glenwood Plantation near Vicksburg in 1872, he graduated from the University of Mississippi at Oxford in 1894 with a degree in law. Later that year, he was admitted to the Bar association and commenced practice in Vicksburg.Collier's political career began in 1896, when he was elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives. He remained in that position until 1899.", "William Lowell Putnam William Lowell Putnam II (November 22, 1861 – June 1923) (more commonly known as William Putnam, Sr.) was an American lawyer and banker.Putnam graduated from Harvard in 1882, and proceeded to make a professional name for himself in legal and financial circles.", "Hozumi Yatsuka Hozumi Yatsuka (穂積八束, March 20, 1860 – October 5, 1912) He entered University of Tokyo at the age of nineteen after studying English for six years because many professors were foreigners who lectured in their own language. In 1883 after his graduation he entered the graduate school to continue his studies of political science. In August 1884 he went to Germany to study European institutional history and constitutional law.", "Jesse Dukeminier Jesse Dukeminier (August 12, 1925 – April 20, 2003) was a professor of law for 40 years at the University of California, Los Angeles, and authored or co-authored a significant number of articles and textbooks in the areas of property law, wills, trusts, and estates. His two major textbooks on property law and on wills, trusts, and estates are the most widely used books in their separate fields.", "James G. Barry James G. Barry (1800– May 9, 1880) was an Irish-born mayor of St. Louis, Missouri.He served as a Democrat from 1849 to 1850.", "Jim Mattox James Albon \"Jim\" Mattox (August 29, 1943 – November 20, 2008) was an American lawyer and politician who served three terms in the United States House of Representatives and two four-year terms as state Attorney General, but lost high profile races for Governor in 1990, the U.S. Senate in 1994, and again as attorney general in 1998. He was known as the \"people's lawyer\" because of his advocacy of what he deemed the needs of everyday Texans. He was a member of the Democratic Party.", "James Halpern James S. Halpern (born New York, 1945) is a judge of the United States Tax Court.Halpern attended Hackley School in Tarrytown, New York until 1963 and earned a B.S. at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in 1967. His J.D. came from the University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1972, followed by an LL.M.", "James C. Duff James C. Duff is the Director of the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts. He was appointed to the position by Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Jr., effective January 1, 2015. This is Duff's second appointment to lead the Administrative Office.", "Eugene K. Garfield Eugene Kerik Garfield (January 18, 1936 – December 26, 2010) was an American lawyer who founded the Auto-Train Corporation. Auto-Train became what is now known as Amtrak's Auto Train. He served in the executive branch of the State of Florida and the federal government.", "James G. Maguire James George Maguire (February 22, 1853 – June 20, 1920) was a American politician and Georgist who served as a U.S. Representative from California.Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Maguire moved with his parents to California in February 1854. He attended the public schools of Watsonville in Santa Cruz County and the private academy of Joseph K. Fallon. Maguire served as a member of the California State Assembly from 1875 to 1877, one of 20 members from the five San Francisco districts.", "James A. Flaherty James A. Flaherty (July 3, 1853 - January 2, 1937) was the sixth Supreme Knight of the Knights of Columbus from September 1, 1909 to August 31, 1927. James A. Flaherty was born to Irish immigrant parents in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He attended classes at the University of Pennsylvania Law School in the 1870s.", "John Blair, Jr. John Blair, Jr. (1732 – September 12, 1800) was an American politician, Founding Father and jurist.Blair was one of the best-trained jurists of his day. A famous legal scholar, he avoided the tumult of state politics, preferring to work behind the scenes. But he was devoted to the idea of a permanent union of the newly independent states and loyally supported fellow Virginians James Madison and George Washington at the Constitutional Convention.", "Princeton Law School The Law School at the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) was a department of Princeton University from 1847 until 1852. It began instruction in 1847 as a modest effort consisting of three professors: Joseph Coerten Hornblower, Richard Stockton Field, and James S. Green. Only seven students obtained a law degree before the school closed in 1852.", "Benjamin W. Heineman Benjamin W. Heineman (February 10, 1914 – August 5, 2012) was an attorney and American railroad executive. Heineman first attended the University of Michigan (1930-1933), and later attended Northwestern's school of law. He first gained attention in the railroad industry in 1954, when he orchestrated a successful proxy battle for control of the Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway.", "Stephen T. Logan Stephen Trigg Logan (February 24, 1800 – July 24, 1880) was an American lawyer and politician.He practiced law with Abraham Lincoln from 1841 to 1843. He served as Illinois circuit court judge and in 1847 was elected to the Illinois Constitutional Convention. He also served in the Illinois House of Representatives. Logan's son, David was a politician in Oregon, serving as mayor of Portland.", "Henry James Sumner Maine Sir Henry James Sumner Maine, KCSI (15 August 1822 – 3 February 1888), was a British comparative jurist and historian.", "Charles A. Shanor Charles A. Shanor is a professor of law at Emory University School of Law in Atlanta, Georgia.Shanor attended Rice University, was a Rhodes Scholar, and received bachelor's and master's degrees from Oxford University. He received his law degree from the University of Virginia.He served as General Counsel to the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission from June 1984 to March 1987. He was nominated to the position by then President Ronald Reagan.", "Randy Barnett Randy Evan Barnett (born February 5, 1952) is a lawyer, a law professor at Georgetown University Law Center, where he teaches constitutional law and contracts, and a legal theorist in the United States. He writes about the libertarian theory of law and contract theory, constitutional law, and jurisprudence.After attending Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, and Harvard Law School in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Barnett worked as a prosecutor in Chicago, Illinois.", "Pennsylvania State University - Dickinson Law Penn State University - Dickinson Law, located in Carlisle, PA is one of two independent and fully accredited law schools of Pennsylvania State University. The Law School offers J.D. and LL.M. degrees in law and hosts visiting scholars. Named for Founding Father John Dickinson, the Law School was opened by Judge John Reed in 1834, making it the seventh oldest law school in the United States and the oldest law school in Pennsylvania.In 2000, Penn State and The Dickinson School of Law merged.", "Howell Edmunds Jackson Howell Edmunds Jackson (April 8, 1832 – August 8, 1895) was an American jurist and politician. He served on the United States Supreme Court, in the U.S. Senate, United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, and the Tennessee House of Representatives. He authored notable opinions on the Interstate Commerce Act and the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. His secretary on the Supreme Court was James Clark McReynolds, who later also became a Supreme Court Justice.", "James M. Tunnell James Miller Tunnell (August 2, 1879 - November 14, 1957) was an American teacher, lawyer and politician from Georgetown, in Sussex County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party, and served as U.S. Senator from Delaware.", "James Henry (Continental Congress) James Henry (1731 – December 9, 1804) was an American lawyer from Virginia who was a delegate to the Continental Congress.He was first elected to the Congress on December 17, 1779, but didn't enter the Congress until April 1780. Although he was elected again the following year, he attended no other sessions.James Henry was a native of Virginia, who studied law at the University of Edinburgh. Afterwards, he settled on the eastern shore of Virginia.", "James T. Walsh James Thomas \"Jim\" Walsh (born June 19, 1947) is an American Republican politician from Syracuse, New York. Currently a government affairs counselor for K & L Gates in Washington, DC, Walsh retired from the United States House of Representatives in 2009 after serving for twenty years.", "Byron White Byron Raymond White (June 8, 1917 – April 15, 2002) won fame both as a football halfback and as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Born and raised in Colorado, White played in the National Football League for three seasons and practiced law for 15 years before his Supreme Court appointment. White was the Colorado state chair of John F. Kennedy's 1960 presidential campaign.White was appointed to the Supreme Court by Kennedy in 1962.", "Samuel Livermore (legal writer) Samuel Livermore (c. 1786–1833) was an American lawyer and legal writer, known for his works on agency law and conflict of laws.Livermore graduated from Harvard in 1804. He subsequently studied law and was admitted to the bar. He moved to New Orleans, where he lived until his death.", "E. G. Marshall E. G. Marshall (June 18, 1914 – August 24, 1998) was an American actor, best known for his television roles as the lawyer Lawrence Preston on The Defenders in the 1960s and as neurosurgeon David Craig on The Bold Ones: The New Doctors in the 1970s. Among his film roles he is perhaps best known as the unflappable, conscientious \"Juror #4\" in Sidney Lumet's courtroom drama 12 Angry Men (1957).", "James F. Byrnes James Francis Byrnes (US /ˈbɜrnz/; May 2, 1882 – April 9, 1972) was an American politician from the state of South Carolina. During his career, Byrnes served as a U.S. Representative (1911–1925), a U.S. Senator (1931–1941), a Justice of the Supreme Court (1941–1942), Secretary of State (1945–1947), and 104th governor of South Carolina (1951–1955). He is one of very few politicians to serve in all three branches of the American federal government while also being active in state government.", "Steven J. Law Steven J. Law is President and CEO of American Crossroads, and President of its sister organization CrossroadsGPS. He previously held the position of Chief Legal Officer and General Counsel at the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. He served as Deputy Secretary of Labor in the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush.", "James Bradley Thayer James Bradley Thayer (January 15, 1831 – February 14, 1902) American legal writer and educationist.Born at Haverhill, Massachusetts, he graduated at Harvard College in 1852, where he established the overcoat fund for needy undergraduates. He graduated from the Harvard Law School in 1856, in which year he was admitted to the bar of Suffolk County and began to practice in Boston.", "James Benton Grant James Benton Grant (January 2, 1848 – November 1, 1911) was an American mining engineer and the third Governor of Colorado from 1883 to 1885. He was born in Russell County, Alabama and died in Excelsior Springs, Missouri.He attended what is now Iowa State University for two years and then Cornell University from 1873–1874 before he moved to the Freiberg School of Mines in Germany, where he studied metallurgy. He was also the first Democratic governor of Colorado.", "Preston Gates & Ellis Preston Gates & Ellis, LLP, also known as Preston Gates, was a law firm with offices in the United States, China and Taiwan. Its main office was in the IDX Tower in Seattle, Washington. In 2007 the firm ceased to exist, merging with Kirkpatrick & Lockhart Nicholson Graham to form K&L Gates.The \"Gates\" in the firm's name is William H. Gates, Sr., father of Microsoft founder Bill Gates. Gates retired from the firm in 1998.", "William Henry Moody William Henry Moody (December 23, 1853 – July 2, 1917) was an American politician and jurist, who held positions in all three branches of the Government of the United States.", "Amos T. Akerman Amos Tappan Akerman (February 23, 1821 – December 21, 1880) served as United States Attorney General under President Ulysses S. Grant from 1870 to 1871. A native of New Hampshire, Akerman graduated from Dartmouth College in 1842. Upon graduation Akerman worked with young boys as Headmaster in North Carolina and as a tutor in Georgia. Having become interested in law Akerman studied and passed the bar in Georgia in 1850; where he and an associate practiced law.", "Ulysses S. Webb Ulysses Sigel Webb (September 29, 1864 – July 31, 1947) was an American lawyer and politician affiliated with the Republican Party. He served as the 19th Attorney General of California for the lengthy span of 37 years.Webb's parents were Cyrus Webb, a Civil War captain, and Eliza Cather Webb. He was born in West Virginia and educated in Kansas, and later moved to Quincy, California.", "Edmund Law Edmund Law (6 June 1703 – 14 August 1787) was a priest in the Church of England. He served as Master of Peterhouse, Cambridge, as Knightbridge Professor of Philosophy in the University of Cambridge from 1764 to 1769, and as bishop of Carlisle from 1768 to 1787.", "Pan-American Conference The Conferences of American States, commonly referred to as the Pan-American Conferences, were meetings of the Pan-American Union, an international organization for cooperation on trade. James G. Blaine, a United States politician, Secretary of State and presidential contender, first proposed establishment of closer ties between the United States and its southern neighbors and proposed international conference.", "Duncan Kennedy (legal philosopher) Duncan Kennedy (born 1942) is the Carter Professor of General Jurisprudence at Harvard Law School and a founder of critical legal studies as movement and school of thought.", "School of Government, Law, & Law Enforcement The Judge Barefoot Sanders Magnet Center for Public Service, Government, Law and Law Enforcement at the Yvonne A. Ewell Townview Magnet Center (also known as Law Magnet) is a college preparatory magnet high school in the Dallas Independent School District. The school was renamed after Judge Barefoot Sanders in 2010. In the spring of 2007, Robert L. Giesler, the longest serving principal of the Law Magnet, announced that he was retiring.", "William Schwartz (law professor) William Schwartz (born 6 May 1933) is an American law professor and corporate director. He graduated magna cum laude in 1955 as a J.D. from the Boston University School of Law.He was professor of law at Boston University from 1955 to 1991, and Dean of the Boston University School of Law from 1980 to 1988.", "Philip Perry Philip J. Perry (born October 16, 1964) is an American attorney and was a political appointee in the administration of George W. Bush. He was acting associate attorney general at the Department of Justice, general counsel of the Office of Management and Budget, and general counsel of the Department of Homeland Security. He is a partner at Latham & Watkins in Washington, D.C.", "James Rudolph Garfield James Rudolph Garfield (October 17, 1865 – March 24, 1950) was an American politician, lawyer and son of President James Abram Garfield and First Lady Lucretia Garfield. He was Secretary of the Interior during Theodore Roosevelt's administration.", "James W. Bradbury James Ware Bradbury (June 10, 1802 – January 6, 1901) was a United States Senator from Maine.Born in Parsonsfield, Maine, he attended the common schools and Gorham Academy. After graduating from Bowdoin College in 1825, he became principal of Hallowell Academy and founder of the first normal school in New England, at Effingham, New Hampshire, in 1829.He then studied law, was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Augusta, Maine, in 1830.", "Marshall Davis Ewell Marshall Davis Ewell (August 18, 1844 – 1928) was an American lawyer.Ewell was born at Oxford, Michigan in 1844. He graduated from the University of Michigan Law School in 1868. He founded Kent College of Law, which merged with Chicago College of Law in 1887 to become Chicago-Kent College of Law. In 1969, Chicago-Kent became part of Illinois Institute of Technology. Ewell wrote numerous publications and he edited Blackwell on Tax Titles, Evans on Agency, and Lindley on Partnership.", "Edward Bates Edward Bates (September 4, 1793 – March 25, 1869) was a U.S. lawyer and statesman. He served as the first attorney general of Missouri after it was admitted as a state. He served as the United States Attorney General under President Abraham Lincoln from 1861 to 1864, and was notable as the first cabinet member to be appointed from west of the Mississippi River.", "James E. Rogers College of Law James E. Rogers College of Law is the law school at the University of Arizona located in Tucson, Arizona and was the first law school founded in the State of Arizona, opening its doors in 1915. Also known as University of Arizona College of Law, it was renamed in 1999 in honor of noted broadcasting executive and philanthropist James E.", "Charles Rann Kennedy Charles Rann Kennedy (1808 – December 17, 1867) was an English lawyer and classicist, best remembered for his involvement in the Swinfen will case and the issues of contingency fee agreements and legal ethics that it involved.", "Jim Ryan (politician) This article is about the former Illinois attorney general. For the Kansas congressman, see Jim Ryun.James E. Ryan (born February 21, 1946) is an American politician who served two four-year terms as Illinois Attorney General. A career Republican, he received his party's nomination and ran unsuccessfully for Governor of Illinois against Rod Blagojevich in 2002. He has been a professor at Benedictine University since 2003.", "James Carroll (Maryland politician) James Carroll (December 2, 1791 – January 16, 1873) was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He graduated from St. Mary's College in Baltimore in 1808. Carroll studied law, but did not practice. He settled on a farm on the West River, but later moved back to Baltimore. His reputation was improved when he became judge of the orphans' court and a trustee of the poor.", "John Morton-Finney John Morton-Finney, (June 25, 1889 - January 28, 1998) was a civil rights activist, lawyer and educator. He was born in Kentucky. He served in World War I as a Buffalo Soldier (an elite group of black soldiers). He earned his law degree in 1911 and practiced law until he was 106, a period of nearly 85 years. Finney was believed to be the longest practicing attorney in the United States, taking the record from Rush Limbaugh I (1891-1996) who practiced law for 75 years.", "James Duane James Duane (February 6, 1733 – February 1, 1797) was an American lawyer, jurist, and Revolutionary leader from New York. He served as a delegate to the Continental Congress, a New York state senator, the 44th Mayor of New York City – the first post-colonial American mayor – and a U.S. District Judge. Duane was a signer of both the Continental Association and the Articles of Confederation.", "John G. Sargent John Garibaldi Sargent (October 13, 1860 – March 5, 1939) was an American lawyer and government official. He served as United States Attorney General during the administration of President Calvin Coolidge.", "James W. Gerard James Watson Gerard (August 25, 1867 – September 6, 1951) was a United States lawyer and diplomat.", "James B. Greenough James Bradstreet Greenough (May 4, 1833 - October 11, 1901), United States classical scholar, was born in Portland, Maine.He graduated at Harvard in 1856, studied one year at the Harvard Law School, was admitted to the Michigan bar and practised in Marshall, Michigan, until 1865, when he was appointed tutor in Latin at Harvard.", "Arthur Garfield Hays Arthur Garfield Hays (December 12, 1881 – December 14, 1954) was an American lawyer who became prominent in civil liberties issues; he was a co-founder of the American Civil Liberties Union and served as general counsel beginning in 1920. He also took private cases and became wealthy representing powerful or controversial clients, participating in notable cases such as the Sacco and Vanzetti trial. He was a member of the Committee of 48 and a contributor to The New Republic.", "James Speed James Speed (March 11, 1812 – June 25, 1887) was an American lawyer, politician and professor. In 1864, he was appointed by Abraham Lincoln to be the United States Attorney General. He previously served in the Kentucky Legislature, and in local political office.", "Charles W. Gilchrist Charles W. Gilchrist received degrees from Williams College magna cum laude in 1958 and Harvard Law School in 1961 and was admitted into the Maryland Bar in 1962. He was active in many civic and political organizations, including the D.C. Bar Association and the Democratic Central Committee, and served as a Maryland state senator. In 1978 he was elected as County Executive after the retirement of James P. Gleason.", "James Bryant Conant James Bryant Conant (March 26, 1893 – February 11, 1978) was an American chemist, a transformative President of Harvard University, and the first U.S. Ambassador to West Germany. Conant obtained a PhD in Chemistry from Harvard in 1916. During World War I he served in the U.S. Army, working on the development of poison gases. He became an assistant professor of chemistry at Harvard in 1919, and the Sheldon Emery Professor of Organic Chemistry in 1929.", "William Draper Lewis William Draper Lewis (1867–1949) was the first full-time dean of the University of Pennsylvania Law School (1896-1914) and the founding director (1923-1947) of the American Law Institute.", "James G. Carr James G. Carr (born November 7, 1940) is a federal district judge for the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio.Carr was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He received a B.A. from Kenyon College in 1962, and an LL.B. from Harvard Law School in 1969. He was in private practice of law in Chicago, Illinois from 1966 to 1968. He was a Staff attorney of the Cook County Legal Assistance Foundation from 1968 to 1970.", "John H. Riley John H. Riley (January 19, 1947-March 6, 1994) was an American attorney and railroad transportation administrator. He was born in New York and raised in Danbury, Connecticut, and moved to Minnesota after graduating from law school. Riley went to Washington DC in 1978 as an aide to U.S. Senator David Durenberger (R-Minnesota) and was his chief counsel and later, his chief of staff.", "James Kent James Kent (July 31, 1763 Fredericksburg, then Dutchess, now Putnam County, New York – December 12, 1847 New York City) was an American jurist and legal scholar. He was the author of Commentaries on American Law.", "James Boyd White James Boyd White (born 1938) is an American law professor, literary critic, scholar and philosopher who is generally credited with founding the \"Law and Literature\" movement and is the preeminent proponent of the analysis of constitutive rhetoric in the analysis of legal texts.", "James Shields (politician, born 1810) James Shields (May 10, 1810 – June 1, 1879) was an Irish American Democratic politician and United States Army officer, who is the only person in United States history to serve as a U.S. Senator for three different states. Shields represented Illinois from 1849 to 1855, in the 31st, 32nd, and 33rd Congresses, Minnesota from 1858 to 1859, in the 35th Congress, and Missouri in 1879, in the 45th Congress.", "James Yates (jurist) James A. Yates is an American lawyer and former judge from New York. He had been appointed general counsel to the Governor of New York, David Paterson, in 2008, but Yates ultimately decided to remain a judge instead. The appointment had come as a surprise, as the two are not close associates.Yates received an A.B. from Princeton University in 1967 and a J.D. from Rutgers School of Law in 1973.", "Edward H. Levi Edward Hirsch Levi (June 26, 1911 – March 7, 2000) was an American law professor, academic leader, scholar, and statesman. He served as president of the University of Chicago from 1968 to 1975, and then as United States Attorney General in the Ford Administration. Levi is regularly cited as the \"model of a modern attorney general,\" the \"greatest lawyer of his time,\" and is credited with restoring order after Watergate.", "Grant Gilmore Grant Gilmore (1910 – 1982) was an American law professor who taught at Yale Law School, University of Chicago Law School, the College of Law (now Moritz College of Law) at The Ohio State University, and Vermont Law School. He was a scholar of commercial law and one of the principal drafters of the Uniform Commercial Code.Gilmore attended Boston Latin School and then went on to Yale University, where he earned a Ph.D. in Romance languages.", "James A. McDougall James Alexander McDougall (November 19, 1817 – September 3, 1867) was an American attorney and politician elected to statewide office in two U.S. states, then to the United States House of Representatives and United States Senate. A gifted orator, McDougall began his career as a civil engineer in New York, then read law, rising quickly to heights in his profession in Illinois, where he became a friend of fellow prairie attorneys Abraham Lincoln, Edward D. Baker, and Stephen Douglas.", "Edmund Law Lushington Edmund Law Lushington (10 January 1811 – 13 July 1893) was a classical scholar, a Professor of Greek, and Rector of the University of Glasgow.", "Harry Augustus Garfield Harry Augustus \"Hal\" Garfield (October 11, 1863 – December 12, 1942) was an American lawyer, academic and public official. He was president of Williams College and supervised the Federal Fuel Administration during World War I.", "James Barr Ames James Barr Ames (June 22, 1846 – January 8, 1910) was an American law educator, who popularized the \"case-study\" method of teaching law.", "Christopher Edley, Jr. Christopher Fairchild Edley, Jr. (born January 13, 1953) was the Dean of the University of California, Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall) from 2004 to 2013. After receiving his undergraduate degree from Swarthmore College, he attended Harvard Law School, where he later served as a professor. He is married to Maria Echaveste, former deputy chief of staff for U.S. President Bill Clinton.", "Litchfield Law School The Litchfield Law School of Litchfield, Connecticut, was the second school of law founded in the United States of America.Tapping Reeve's first student was his brother-in-law, Aaron Burr, who studied with him in 1774. By 1784, Reeve had developed a 14-month course of study to prepare students for the Bar exam. Reeve, who later became the Chief Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court, hired former student James Gould to assist him in delivering lectures.", "Blaine Amendment The term Blaine Amendment refers to either a failed federal constitutional amendment or actual constitutional provisions that exist in 38 of the 50 state constitutions in the United States both of which forbid direct government aid to educational institutions that have any religious affiliation. All were aimed to stop aid to parochial schools, especially those operated by the Catholic Church in immigration centers.", "James Fleissner James P. Fleissner (Jim) is an American attorney and a Professor of Law at Mercer University School of Law in Macon, Georgia. While at Mercer, Fleissner has remained Special Assistant United States Attorney and Deputy Special Counsel. As Deputy Special Counsel, Fleissner was lead counsel in litigation regarding motions filed by journalists to quash subpoenas and contempt proceedings in the CIA leak grand jury investigation.", "James P. Gleason James P. Gleason was born in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1921 and received an undergraduate degree and law degree from Georgetown University through an accelerated program in 1950. He served as a legislative assistant to Senator Richard Nixon, administrative assistant to Senator Knowland, consultant to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and the U.S. Department of Transportation, Assistant Administrator of NASA, and as a member of many other task forces and committees.", "The Blaine House The Blaine House, also known as James G. Blaine House, is the official residence of the Governor of Maine and his or her family. The Executive Mansion was officially declared the residence of the Governor in 1919 with the name \"The Blaine House.\" It is located at Capitol and Main Streets in Augusta, Maine, United States, across the street from the Maine State House.The Blaine House was donated to the State of Maine for use as a Governor's residence by Harriet Blaine Beale in 1919.", "Blaine Act The Blaine Act was sponsored by Wisconsin Senator John J. Blaine and passed by the United States Senate on February 16, 1933. It initiated the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which established Prohibition in the United States. The repeal was formally adopted as the 21st Amendment to the Constitution on December 5, 1933.", "John J. Blaine John James Blaine (May 4, 1875 – April 16, 1934) was an American politician and the 24th Governor of Wisconsin and a United States Senator." ]	2
Beloved author African-American Nobel Prize Literature	[ "Wole Soyinka\nAkinwande Oluwole \"Wole\" Babatunde Soyinka (Yoruba: Akinwándé Oluwo̩lé Babátúndé S̩óyinká, pronounced [wɔlé ʃójĩká]; born 13 July 1934) is a Nigerian playwright and poet. He was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Literature, the first African to be honored in that category.Soyinka was born into a Yoruba family in Abeokuta. After study in Nigeria and the UK, he worked with the Royal Court Theatre in London. He went on to write plays that were produced in both countries, in theatres and on radio.", "Chinua Achebe\nChinua Achebe (/ˈtʃɪnwɑː əˈtʃɛbɛ/, born Albert Chinualumogu Achebe; 16 November 1930 – 21 March 2013) was a Nigerian novelist, poet, professor, and critic. His first novel Things Fall Apart (1958) was considered his magnum opus, and is the most widely read book in modern African literature.Raised by his parents in the Igbo town of Ogidi in South-Eastern Nigeria, Achebe excelled at school and won a scholarship for undergraduate studies.", "List of African-American writers\nThis is a list of African-American authors and writers, all of whom are considered part of African-American literature, and who already have Wikipedia articles. The list also includes non-American authors and writers of African descent.Note: Consult Who is African-American? to gain a better sense as to who can be listed as an African-American writer.", "Beloved (novel)\nBeloved is a 1987 novel by the American writer Toni Morrison. Set after the American Civil War (1861–1865), it is inspired by the story of an African-American slave, Margaret Garner, who escaped slavery in Kentucky late January 1856 by fleeing to Ohio, a free state. In the novel, the protagonist Sethe is also a slave who escapes slavery, running to Cincinnati, Ohio.", "Sinclair Lewis\nHarry Sinclair Lewis (/ˈluːɪs/; February 7, 1885 – January 10, 1951) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and playwright. In 1930, he became the first writer from the United States to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, which was awarded \"for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters.\" His works are known for their insightful and critical views of American capitalism and materialism between the wars.", "African-American literature\nAfrican-American literature is the body of literature produced in the United States by writers of African descent. It begins with the works of such late 18th-century writers as Phillis Wheatley. Before the high point of slave narratives, African-American literature was dominated by autobiographical spiritual narratives. African-American literature reached early high points with slave narratives of the nineteenth century.", "List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates\nThe Norwegian Nobel Committee each year awards the Nobel Peace Prize (Norwegian and Swedish: Nobels fredspris) \"to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses.\" It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates?oldid=683879293> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Concurrent_MetateM> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Concurrent MetateM is a multi-agent language in which each agent is programmed using a set of (augmented) temporal logic specifications of the behaviour it should exhibit. These specifications are executed directly to generate the behaviour of the agent.", "Paradise (novel)\nParadise is a 1997 novel by Toni Morrison, and her first novel since winning the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993. According to the author, it completes a \"trilogy\" that begins with Beloved and includes Jazz.The book was chosen as an Oprah's Book Club selection January 1998. Morrison wanted to call the novel War but was overridden by her editor.", "Ralph Bunche\nRalph Johnson Bunche (/bʌntʃ/; August 7, 1903 or 1904 – December 9, 1971) was an American political scientist, academic, and diplomat who received the 1950 Nobel Peace Prize for his late 1940s mediation in Israel. He was the first African American and the first American person of color to be so honored in the history of the prize. He was involved in the formation and administration of the United Nations. In 1963, he was awarded the Medal of Freedom by President John F.", "Sula (novel)\nSula is a 1973 novel by Nobel Prize-winning author Toni Morrison.", "Orhan Pamuk\nFerit Orhan Pamuk (generally known simply as Orhan Pamuk; born 7 June 1952) is a Turkish novelist, screenwriter, academic and recipient of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature. One of Turkey's most prominent novelists, his work has sold over eleven million books in sixty languages, making him the country's best-selling writer.Pamuk is the author of novels including The White Castle, The Black Book, The New Life, My Name Is Red, Snow and The Museum of Innocence." ]	[ "Poems of Black Africa Poems of Black Africa is a poetry anthology edited by Wole Soyinka, and published in 1975 (see 1975 in poetry) as part of the Heinemann African Writers Series. It was arranged by theme.", "Booth Tarkington Newton Booth Tarkington (July 29, 1869 – May 19, 1946) was an American novelist and dramatist best known for his novels The Magnificent Ambersons and Alice Adams. He is, with William Faulkner and John Updike, one of only three novelists to win the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction more than once.", "Benjamin Griffith Brawley Benjamin Griffith Brawley (April 22, 1882 - February 1, 1939) was a prominent African-American author and educator. Several of his books were considered standard college texts, including The Negro in Literature and Art in the United States (1918) and New Survey of English Literature (1925).Born in 1882 in Columbia, South Carolina, Brawley was the second son of Edward McKnight Brawley and Margaret Dickerson Brawley.", "Stephen Vincent Benét Stephen Vincent Benét (July 22, 1898 – March 13, 1943) was an American author, poet, short story writer, and novelist. Benét is best known for his book-length narrative poem of the American Civil War, John Brown's Body (1928), for which he won a Pulitzer Prize in 1929, and for two short stories, \"The Devil and Daniel Webster\" (1936) and \"By the Waters of Babylon\" (1937).", "James Emanuel James Emanuel (born June 15, 1921 – September 28, 2013) was a poet and scholar from Alliance, Nebraska. Emanuel, who is ranked by some critics as one of the best and most neglected poets of the 20th century, published more than 300 poems, 13 individual books, an influential anthology of African American literature, an autobiography, and more. He is also credited with creating a new literary genre, jazz-and-blues haiku, often read with musical accompaniment.", "Karl Adolph Gjellerup Karl Adolph Gjellerup (2 June 1857 – 13 October 1919) was a Danish poet and novelist who together with his compatriot Henrik Pontoppidan won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1917. He belonged to the Modern Break-Through. He occasionally used the pseudonym Epigonos.", "Carl Spitteler Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler (24 April 1845 – 29 December 1924) was a Swiss poet who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1919 \"in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring\". His work includes both pessimistic and heroic poems.", "African American National Biography Project The African American National Biography Project is a joint project of the W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African American Research and Oxford University Press. Editors are Henry Louis Gates, Jr., and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham. The object of the project is to publish and maintain a database of African Americans similar in scope to the American National Biography.", "Timothy Thomas Fortune Timothy Thomas Fortune (October 3, 1856 – June 2, 1928) was an orator, civil rights leader, journalist, writer, editor and publisher. He was the highly influential editor of the nation's leading black newspaper The New York Age, and was the leading economist in the black community. He was a long-time adviser to Booker T. Washington and the ghost writer, and the editor of Washington's first autobiography, The Story of My Life and Work.", "Harriet E. Wilson For the Regency courtesan, see Harriette Wilson.Harriet E. Wilson (March 15, 1825 – June 28, 1900) is considered the first female African-American novelist, as well as the first African American of any gender to publish a novel on the North American continent. Her novel Our Nig, or Sketches from the Life of a Free Black was published anonymously in 1859 in Boston, Massachusetts, and was not widely known.", "Etheridge Knight Etheridge Knight (April 19, 1931 – March 10, 1991) was an African-American poet who made his name in 1968 with his debut volume, Poems from Prison. The book recalls in verse his eight-year-long sentence after his arrest for robbery in 1960. By the time he left prison, Knight had prepared a second volume featuring his own writings and works of his fellow inmates.", "Ernest J. Gaines Ernest James Gaines (born January 15, 1933) is an African-American author. His works have been taught in college classrooms and translated into many languages, including French, Spanish, German, Russian and Chinese. Four of his works have been made into television movies.His 1993 novel, A Lesson Before Dying, won the National Book Critics Circle Award for fiction.", "Gao Xingjian Gao Xingjian (Chinese: 高行健; Mandarin: [káu ɕĭŋ tɕiɛ̂n]; born January 4, 1940) is a Chinese émigré novelist, playwright, and critic who in 2000 was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature “for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity.” He is also a noted translator (particularly of Samuel Beckett and Eugène Ionesco), screenwriter, stage director, and a celebrated painter.", "Charles W. Chesnutt Charles Waddell Chesnutt (June 20, 1858 – November 15, 1932) was an African American author, essayist, political activist and lawyer, best known for his novels and short stories exploring complex issues of racial and social identity in the post-Civil War South.", "Max Theiler Max Theiler (30 January 1899 – 11 August 1972) was a South African-American virologist and doctor. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1951 for developing a vaccine against yellow fever in 1937, becoming the first African-born Nobel laureate.Born in Pretoria, Theiler was educated in South Africa through completion of his degree in medical school.", "Regina M. Anderson Regina M. Anderson (May 21, 1901 – February 5, 1993) was a African-Americanplaywright and librarian. She was of Native American, Jewish, East Indian, Swedish, and other European ancestry (including one grandparent who was a Confederate general); one of her eight grandparents was of African descent, born in Madagascar. Despite her own identification of her race as \"American\", she was perceived to be African-American by others, and became a key member of the Harlem Renaissance.", "Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller (/ˈmiːtə ˈvaʊ/ MEE-tə VOW; June 9, 1877 – 18 March 1968) was an African-American artist, notable for her art celebrating Afrocentric themes. She was known as a multi-talented artist who wrote poetry, painted, and sculpted. At the turn of the twentieth century, she was a well-known sculptor in Paris before her return to the United States. She was a protege of Auguste Rodin, and has been described as \"one of the most imaginative Black artists of her generation.", "Henrietta Vinton Davis Henrietta Vinton Davis (August 25, 1860 – November 23, 1941) was an American elocutionist, dramatist, and impersonator.In addition to being \"the premier actor of all nineteenth-century black performers on the dramatic stage,\" Henrietta Davis was proclaimed by Marcus Garvey to be the \"greatest woman of the Negro race today\".", "George Moses Horton George Moses Horton (1798–1884) was an African-American poet and the first African American poet to be published in the Southern United States. His book was published in 1828 while he was still enslaved; he remained enslaved until he was emancipated late in the Civil War.", "Sidney Poitier Sir Sidney Poitier, KBE (/ˈpwɑːtjeɪ/ or /ˈpwɑːti.eɪ/; born February 20, 1927), is a Bahamian-American actor, film director, author and diplomat.In 1964, Poitier became the first Bahamian and first African-American to win an Academy Award for Best Actor, for his role in Lilies of the Field.", "David Levering Lewis David Levering Lewis (born May 25, 1936) is the Julius Silver University Professor and Professor of History at New York University. He is twice winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography, for part one and part two of his biography of W. E. B. Du Bois (in 1994 and 2001, respectively).", "Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson Bjørnstjerne Martinius Bjørnson (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈbjøːɳˈstjæːɳə ˈbjøːɳˈʂɔn]; 8 December 1832 – 26 April 1910) was a Norwegian writer who received the 1903 Nobel Prize in Literature \"as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit\", becoming the first Norwegian Nobel laureate.", "William Raspberry William Raspberry (October 12, 1935 – July 17, 2012) was a Pulitzer Prize-winning syndicated American public affairs columnist. He was also the Knight Professor of the Practice of Communications and Journalism at the Sanford Institute of Public Policy at Duke University. An African American, he frequently wrote on racial issues.In 1999, Raspberry received the Elijah Parish Lovejoy Award as well as an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Colby College.After earning a B.S.", "Harry Martinson Harry Martinson (6 May 1904 – 11 February 1978) was a Swedish author, poet and former sailor. In 1949 he was elected into the Swedish Academy. He was awarded a joint Nobel Prize in Literature in 1974 together with fellow Swede Eyvind Johnson \"for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos\".", "Yosef Ben-Jochannan Yosef Alfredo Antonio Ben-Jochannan (/ˈbɛn ˈjoʊkənən/; December 31, 1918 – March 19, 2015), referred to by his admirers as \"Dr. Ben\", was an African-American writer and historian. He was considered to be one of the more prominent Afrocentric scholars.", "Frances Harper Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (September 24, 1825 – February 22, 1911) was an African-American abolitionist, poet and author. She was also active in other types of social reform and was a member of the Women's Christian Temperance Union, which advocated the federal government taking a role in progressive reform.Born free in Baltimore, Maryland, she had a long and prolific career, publishing her first book of poetry at age 20 and her widely praised Iola Leroy, at age 67.", "Seamus Heaney Seamus Justin Heaney, MRIA (/ˈʃeɪməs ˈhiːni/; 13 April 1939 – 30 August 2013) was an Irish poet, playwright, translator and lecturer, and the recipient of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Literature. In the early 1960s, he became a lecturer in Belfast after attending university there and began to publish poetry. He lived in Sandymount, Dublin, from 1976 until his death.", "Andraé Crouch Andraé Edward Crouch (July 1, 1942 – January 8, 2015) was an American gospel singer, songwriter, arranger, record producer and pastor. Referred to as \"the father of modern gospel music\" by contemporary Christian and gospel music professionals, Crouch was known for his compositions \"The Blood Will Never Lose Its Power\", \"My Tribute (To God Be the Glory)\" and \"Soon and Very Soon\".", "Stanley Crouch Stanley Crouch (born December 14, 1945) is an African-American poet, music and cultural critic, syndicated columnist, novelist and biographer, perhaps best known for his jazz criticism and his novel Don't the Moon Look Lonesome?", "Edwin Arlington Robinson Edwin Arlington Robinson (December 22, 1869––April 6, 1935) was an American poet and sonnet writer who won three Pulitzer Prizes for his work.", "Shmuel Yosef Agnon Shmuel Yosef Agnon (Hebrew: שמואל יוסף עגנון‎) (July 17, 1888 – February 17, 1970) was a Nobel Prize laureate writer and was one of the central figures of modern Hebrew fiction. In Hebrew, he is known by the acronym Shai Agnon \"ש\\י עגנון). In English, his works are published under the name S. Y. Agnon.Agnon was born in Galicia, Austro-Hungarian Empire (today Ukraine).", "Betsey Brown Betsey Brown is an African-American literature novel by Ntozake Shange, published in 1985.", "Margaret Walker Margaret Walker (Margaret Abigail Walker Alexander by marriage; July 7, 1915 – November 30, 1998) was an American poet and writer. She was part of the African-American literary movement in Chicago. Her notable works include the award-winning poem For My People (1942) and the novel Jubilee (1966), set in the South during the American Civil War.", "Wallace Thurman Wallace Henry Thurman (1902–1934) was an American novelist active during the Harlem Renaissance. He also wrote essays, worked as an editor, and was a publisher of short-lived newspapers and literary journals. He is best known for his novel The Blacker the Berry: A Novel of Negro Life (1929), which explores discrimination within the black community based on skin color, with lighter skin being more highly valued.", "Ralph Bunche Park Ralph Bunche Park is a small municipal public park in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of New York City, at the northwest corner of First Avenue and 42nd Street. It was named in 1979 for the late Ralph Bunche, the first African-American to win the Nobel Peace Prize.The park is across First Avenue from the United Nations headquarters.", "Anne Moody Anne Moody (September 15, 1940 – February 5, 2015) was an African-American author who wrote about her experiences growing up poor and black in rural Mississippi, joining the Civil Rights Movement, and fighting racism against blacks in the United States beginning in the 1960s.", "Romain Rolland Romain Rolland (French: [ʁɔlɑ̃]; 29 January 1866 – 30 December 1944) was a French dramatist, novelist, essayist, art historian and mystic who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1915 \"as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings\".", "Ann Petry Ann Petry (October 12, 1908 – April 28, 1997) was an American author who became the first black woman writer with book sales topping a million copies for her novel The Street.", "Edna St. Vincent Millay Edna St. Vincent Millay (February 22, 1892 – October 19, 1950) was an American lyrical poet and playwright. She received the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1923, the third woman to win the award for poetry, and was also known for her feminist activism. She used the pseudonym Nancy Boyd for her prose work. The poet Richard Wilbur asserted, \"She wrote some of the best sonnets of the century.\"", "Keorapetse Kgositsile Keorapetse William Kgositsile, also known as \"Bra Willie\" (born 19 September 1938), is a South African poet and political activist. An influential member of the African National Congress in the 1960s and 1970s, he was inaugurated as South Africa's National Poet Laureate in 2006. Kgositsile lived in exile in the United States from 1962 until 1975, the peak of his literary career. He made an extensive study of African-American literature and culture, becoming particularly interested in jazz.", "Mikhail Sholokhov Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov (/ˈʃɔːləˌkɔːf, -ˌkɒf/; Russian: Михаи́л Алекса́ндрович Шо́лохов; May 24 [O.S. May 11] 1905 – February 21, 1984) was a Soviet/Russian novelist and winner of the 1965 Nobel Prize in Literature. He is known for writing about life and fate of Don Cossacks during the Russian revolution, the civil war and the period of collectivization, primarily the famous And Quiet Flows the Don.", "Richard Wright (author) Richard Nathaniel Wright (September 4, 1908 – November 28, 1960) was an American author of sometimes controversial novels, short stories, poems, and non-fiction. Much of his literature concerns racial themes, especially those involving the plight of African Americans during the late 19th to mid-20th centuries. Literary critics believe his work helped change race relations in the United States in the mid-20th century.", "Doris Lessing Doris May Lessing CH (née Tayler; 22 October 1919 – 17 November 2013) was a British novelist, poet, playwright, librettist, biographer and short story writer. Her novels include The Grass is Singing (1950), the sequence of five novels collectively called Children of Violence (1952–69), The Golden Notebook (1962), The Good Terrorist (1985), and five novels collectively known as Canopus in Argos: Archives (1979–1983).Lessing was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Literature.", "Dorothy West Dorothy West (June 2, 1907 – August 16, 1998) was a novelist and short story writer during the time of the Harlem Renaissance. She is best known for her novel The Living Is Easy, as well as many other short stories and essays, about the life of an upper-class black family.", "Dudley Randall Dudley Randall (January 14, 1914 – August 5, 2000) was an African-American poet and poetry publisher from Detroit, Michigan. He founded a pioneering publishing company called Broadside Press in 1965, which published many leading African-American writers, among them Melvin Tolson, Sonia Sanchez, Audre Lorde, Gwendolyn Brooks, Etheridge Knight, Margaret Walker, and others.", "Lorraine Hansberry Lorraine Vivian Hansberry (May 19, 1930 – January 12, 1965) was an American playwright and writer. Hansberry inspired Nina Simone's song \"To Be Young, Gifted and Black\".She was the first black woman to write a play performed on Broadway. Her best known work, the play A Raisin in the Sun, highlights the lives of Black Americans living under racial segregation in Chicago.", "May Miller May Miller (January 26, 1899 – February 8, 1995) was an African-American poet, playwright and educator. Miller became known as the most widely published female playwright of the Harlem Renaissance, with seven published volumes of poetry during her career as a writer.", "William Golding Sir William Gerald Golding CBE (19 September 1911 – 19 June 1993) was an English novelist, playwright, and poet. Best known for his novel Lord of the Flies, he won a Nobel Prize in Literature, and was also awarded the Booker Prize for literature in 1980 for his novel Rites of Passage, the first book in what became his sea trilogy, To the Ends of the Earth.Golding was knighted by Elizabeth II in 1988. He was a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.", "Yasunari Kawabata Yasunari Kawabata (川端康成, Kawabata Yasunari, 11 June 1899 – 16 April 1972) was a Japanese novelist and short story writer whose spare, lyrical, subtly-shaded prose works won him the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1968, the first Japanese author to receive the award. His works have enjoyed broad international appeal and are still widely read.", "Joel Augustus Rogers Joel Augustus Rogers (September 6, 1880 or 1883 – March 26, 1966) was a Jamaican-American author, journalist, and historian who contributed to the history of Africa and the African diaspora, especially the history of African Americans in the United States. His research spanned the academic fields of history, sociology and anthropology. He challenged prevailing ideas about race, demonstrated the connections between civilizations, and traced African achievements.", "Rita Dove Rita Frances Dove (born August 28, 1952) is an American poet and author. From 1993 to 1995 she served as Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress. She is the first African American to have been appointed since the position was created by an act of Congress in 1986 from the previous \"consultant in poetry\" position (1937–86). Dove also received an appointment as \"special consultant in poetry\" for the Library of Congress's bicentennial year from 1999 to 2000.", "Henrik Pontoppidan Henrik Pontoppidan (24 July 1857 – 21 August 1943) was a Danish realist writer who shared with Karl Gjellerup the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1917 for \"his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark.\" Pontoppidan's novels and short stories — informed with a desire for social progress but despairing, later in his life, of its realization — present an unusually comprehensive picture of his country and his epoch.", "Eugene O'Neill Eugene Gladstone O'Neill (October 16, 1888 – November 27, 1953) was an American playwright and Nobel laureate in Literature. His poetically titled plays were among the first to introduce into American drama techniques of realism earlier associated with Russian playwright Anton Chekhov, Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen, and Swedish playwright August Strindberg.", "Robert Penn Warren Robert Penn Warren (April 24, 1905 – September 15, 1989) was an American poet, novelist, and literary critic and was one of the founders of New Criticism. He was also a charter member of the Fellowship of Southern Writers. He founded the influential literary journal The Southern Review with Cleanth Brooks in 1935. He received the 1947 Pulitzer Prize for the Novel for his novel All the King's Men (1946) and the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1958 and 1979.", "Helene Johnson Helen Johnson, who was better known as Helene Johnson (July 7, 1906 – July 6, 1995) was an African-American poet during the Harlem Renaissance. She was also a cousin of author Dorothy West.She spent her early years at her grandfather’s house in Boston. The rest of her formative years were spent in Brookline, Massachusetts.Johnson's literary career began when she won first prize in a short story competition sponsored by the Boston Chronicle.", "Phillis Wheatley Phillis Wheatley (c. 1753 – December 5, 1784) was the first published African-American female poet. Born in West Africa, she was sold into slavery at the age of seven and transported to North America.", "Saint-John Perse Saint-John Perse (French: [pɛʁs]; also Saint-Leger Leger; pseudonyms of Alexis Leger) (31 May 1887 – 20 September 1975) was a French poet-diplomat, awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1960 \"for the soaring flight and evocative imagery of his poetry.\" He was a major French diplomat from 1914 to 1940, after which he lived primarily in the United States until 1967.", "Jazz (novel) Jazz is a 1992 historical novel by Pulitzer and Nobel Prize-winning American author Toni Morrison. The majority of the narrative takes place in Harlem during the 1920s; however, as the pasts of the various characters are explored, the narrative extends back to the mid-19th century American South. The novel forms the second part of Morrison's Dantesque trilogy on African American history, beginning with Beloved and ending with Paradise.", "Paule Marshall Paule Marshall (born April 9, 1929) is an American author, whose novels \"emphasize the need for black Americans to reclaim their African heritage\".", "Sully Prudhomme René François Armand (Sully) Prudhomme (French: [syli pʀydɔm]; 16 March 1839 – 6 September 1907) was a French poet and essayist, and was the first ever winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, in 1901.Born in Paris, Prudhomme originally studied to be an engineer, but turned to philosophy and later to poetry; he declared it as his intent to create scientific poetry for modern times.", "Knut Hamsun Knut Hamsun (August 4, 1859 – February 19, 1952) was a Norwegian author, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1920. Hamsun's work spans more than 70 years and shows variation with regard to the subject, perspective and environment. He published more than 20 novels, a collection of poetry, some short stories and plays, a travelogue, and some essays.The young Hamsun objected to realism and naturalism.", "Jean Toomer Jean Toomer (December 26, 1894 – March 30, 1967) was an American poet and novelist and an important figure of the Harlem Renaissance and modernism. His first book Cane, published in 1923, is considered by many to be his most significant. Of mixed race and majority European ancestry, Toomer struggled to identify as \"an American\" and resisted efforts to classify him as a black writer.He continued to write poetry, short stories and essays.", "Virginia Hamilton Virginia Esther Hamilton (March 12, 1934 – February 19, 2002) was a multi-award winning African-American children's books author. She wrote 41 books, including M. C. Higgins, the Great (1974), for which she won the U.S.", "Frank Yerby Frank Garvin Yerby ((1916-09-05)September 5, 1916 – November 29, 1991(1991-11-29)) was an African-American historical novelist. He is best known as the first African-American writer to become a millionaire from his pen, and to have a book purchased by a Hollywood studio for a film adaptation.", "Owen Dodson Owen Vincent Dodson (November 28, 1914 – June 21, 1983) was an American poet, novelist, and playwright. He was one of the leading African-American poets of his time, associated with the generation of black poets following the Harlem Renaissance.", "J. M. Coetzee John Maxwell \"J. M.\" Coetzee (/kʊtˈsiː/, kuut-SEE; born 9 February 1940) is a South African novelist, essayist, linguist, translator and recipient of the 2003 Nobel Prize in Literature. He relocated to Australia in 2002 and lives in Adelaide. He became an Australian citizen in 2006.In 2013, Richard Poplak of the Daily Maverick described Coetzee as \"inarguably the most celebrated and decorated living English-language author\".", "Pauline Hopkins Pauline Elizabeth Hopkins (1859 – August 13, 1930) was a prominent African-American novelist, journalist, playwright, historian, and editor. She is considered a pioneer in her use of the romantic novel to explore social and racial themes. Her work reflects the influence of W. E. B. Du Bois.", "Song of Solomon (novel) Song of Solomon is a 1977 novel by American author Toni Morrison. It follows the life of Macon \"Milkman\" Dead III, an African-American man living in Michigan, from birth to adulthood.This book won the National Books Critics Award, was chosen for Oprah Winfrey's popular book club, and was cited by the Swedish Academy in awarding Morrison the 1993 Nobel Prize in literature. In 1998, the Radcliffe Publishing Course named it the 25th best English-language novel of the 20th century.", "John A. Williams John Alfred Williams (December 5, 1925 – July 3, 2015) was an African-American author, journalist and academic. His novel The Man Who Cried I Am was a bestseller in 1967.", "Langston Hughes Medal The Langston Hughes Medal is awarded annually to recognize an influential and engaging African-American writer. Established by the late Raymond R. Patterson, Professor Emeritus of English at the City College of New York (CCNY), the medal honors Langston Hughes' lifelong commitment to social change through works that reflect various cultures with roots in an African heritage.", "Claude McKay Festus Claudius \"Claude\" McKay (September 15, 1889 – May 22, 1948) was a Jamaican-American writer and poet, who was a seminal figure in the Harlem Renaissance. He wrote four novels: Home to Harlem (1928), a best-seller that won the Harmon Gold Award for Literature, Banjo (1929), Banana Bottom (1933), and in 1941 a manuscript called Amiable With Big Teeth: A Novel of the Love Affair Between the Communists and the Poor Black Sheep of Harlem that has not yet been published.", "François Mauriac François Charles Mauriac (French: [moʁjak]; 11 October 1885 – 1 September 1970) was a French author, member of the Académie française (from 1933), and laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1952). He was awarded the Grand Cross of the Légion d'honneur in 1958.", "Eyvind Johnson Eyvind Johnson (29 July 1900 – 25 August 1976) was a Swedish writer and author. He became a member of the Swedish Academy in 1957 and shared the Nobel Prize in Literature with Harry Martinson in 1974 with the citation: for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom.", "Isaac Bashevis Singer Isaac Bashevis Singer (Yiddish: יצחק באַשעװיס זינגער‎; November 21, 1902 – July 24, 1991) was a Polish-born Jewish author in Yiddish, awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1978. The Polish form of his birth name was Icek Hersz Zynger. He used his mother's first name in an initial literary pseudonym, Izaak Baszewis, which he later expanded to the form under which he is now known. He was a leading figure in the Yiddish literary movement, writing and publishing only in Yiddish.", "Sterling Allen Brown Sterling Allen Brown (May 1, 1901 – January 13, 1989) was an African-American professor, folklorist, poet and literary critic. He chiefly studied black culture of the Southern United States and was a full professor at Howard University for most of his career. He was a visiting professor at several other notable institutions, including Vassar College, New York University (NYU), Atlanta University, and Yale University.", "Arna Bontemps Arnaud \"Arna\" Wendell Bontemps (October 13, 1902 – June 4, 1973) was an African-American poet, novelist and librarian, and a noted member of the Harlem Renaissance.", "Derek Walcott Derek Alton Walcott, OBE OCC (born 23 January 1930) is a Saint Lucian poet and playwright. He received the 1992 Nobel Prize in Literature. He is currently Professor of Poetry at the University of Essex.", "Rabindranath Tagore Rabindranath Tagore (/rəˈbindrəˈnɑːt ˈtɑːɡɔr/; Bengali pronunciation: [robind̪ro nat̪ʰ ʈʰakur]), also written Ravīndranātha Thākura (7 May 1861 – 7 August 1941), sobriquet Gurudev, was a Bengali polymath who reshaped Bengali literature and music, as well as Indian art with Contextual Modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Author of Gitanjali and its \"profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse\", he became the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913.", "J. M. G. Le Clézio Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio (French: [ʒɑ̃ maʁi ɡystav lə klezjo]; born 13 April 1940), usually identified as J. M. G. Le Clézio, is a French-Mauritian writer and professor. The author of over forty works, he was awarded the 1963 Prix Renaudot for his novel Le Procès-Verbal, as well as the 2008 Nobel Prize in Literature for his life's work, as an \"author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization\".", "Naguib Mahfouz Naguib Mahfouz (Arabic: نجيب محفوظ‎ Nagīb Maḥfūẓ, IPA: [næˈɡiːb mɑħˈfuːzˤ]; December 11, 1911 – August 30, 2006) was an Egyptian writer who won the 1988 Nobel Prize for Literature. He is regarded as one of the first contemporary writers of Arabic literature, along with Tawfiq el-Hakim, to explore themes of existentialism. He published 34 novels, over 350 short stories, dozens of movie scripts, and five plays over a 70-year career. Many of his works have been made into Egyptian and foreign films.", "Toni Morrison Toni Morrison (born Chloe Ardelia Wofford; February 18, 1931) is an American novelist, editor, and professor. Her novels are known for their epic themes, vivid dialogue, and richly detailed characters. Among her best known novels are The Bluest Eye (1970), Sula (1973), Song of Solomon (1977), and Beloved (1987). She was also commissioned to write the libretto for a new opera, Margaret Garner, first performed in 2005.", "Charles Gordone Charles Gordone (October 12, 1925 – November 16, 1995) was an American playwright, actor, director, and educator. He was the first African American to win the annual Pulitzer Prize for Drama and he devoted much of his professional life to the pursuit of multi-racial American theater and racial unity.", "André Gide André Paul Guillaume Gide (French: [ɑ̃dʁe pɔl ɡijom ʒid]; 22 November 1869 – 19 February 1951) was a French author and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1947 \"for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight\".", "Henry Dumas Henry Dumas (July 20, 1934 – May 23, 1968) was an African-American writer and poet. He has been called \"an absolute genius\" by Toni Morrison, who as a commissioning editor at Random House published collections both of his poetry, Play Ebony, Play Ivory, and his short stories, Ark of Bones.", "The African (essay) \"The African\" (French: L'Africain) is a short autobiographical essay written by French Nobel laureate J. M. G. Le Clézio.", "Robert Hayden Robert Hayden (4 August 1913 – 25 February 1980) was an American poet, essayist, educator. He served as Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress from 1976–78, a role today known as US Poet Laureate. He was the first African-American writer to hold the office.", "William Faulkner William Cuthbert Faulkner (/ˈfɔːlknər/, September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962) was an American writer and Nobel Prize laureate from Oxford, Mississippi. Faulkner wrote novels, short stories, a play, poetry, essays, and screenplays.", "Nadine Gordimer Nadine Gordimer (20 November 1923 – 13 July 2014) was a South African writer, political activist and recipient of the 1991 Nobel Prize in Literature. She was recognized as a woman \"who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity\".Gordimer's writing dealt with moral and racial issues, particularly apartheid in South Africa. Under that regime, works such as Burger's Daughter and July's People were banned.", "Gwendolyn Brooks Gwendolyn Elizabeth Brooks (June 7, 1917 – December 2, 2000) was an American poet and teacher. She was the first black person (the term she preferred to African-American) to win a Pulitzer prize when she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1950 for her second collection, Annie Allen.Throughout her career she received many more honors." ]	2
Seoul Korea river name ethnic group China	[ "Han Chinese\nThe Han Chinese are an ethnic group native to East Asia. They constitute approximately 92% of the population of Mainland China, 93% of the population of Hong Kong, 92% of the population of Macau, 98% of the population of Taiwan, 74% of the population of Singapore, 24.5% of the population of Malaysia, and about 19% of the entire global human population, making them the largest ethnic group in the world.", "Han River (Korea)\nThe Han River is a major river in South Korea and the fourth longest river on the Korean peninsula after the Amnok (Yalu), Tuman (Tumen), and Nakdong rivers. The river begins as two smaller rivers in the eastern mountains of the Korean peninsula, which then converge near Seoul, the capital of the country.The Han River and its surrounding area have played an important role in Korean history.", "List of ethnic groups in China\nMultiple ethnic groups populate China, where \"China\" is taken to mean areas controlled by either of the two states using \"China\" in their formal names, the People's Republic of China (China) and the Republic of China (Taiwan).The Han Chinese are the largest ethnic group, where (as of 2010) some 91.51% of the population was classified as Han Chinese (~1.3 billion).", "Anyangcheon\nThe Anyangcheon is a river in Gyeonggi-do and Seoul, South Korea. It has its source on the slopes of Mount Gwanggyo in the city of Uiwang and flows north, through the city of Gunpo, where a major cleanup operation saw several species of birds return to the area in 2005. Here, though, the water table remains depleted. The river then flows through Anyang City, where it is met by its major tributary, the Hakuicheon stream.", "Geography of South Korea\nSouth Korea is located in East Asia, on the southern half of the Korean Peninsula jutting out from the far east of the Asian land mass. The only country with a land border to South Korea is North Korea, lying to the north with 238 kilometres (148 mi) of border running along the Korean Demilitarized Zone. South Korea is mostly surrounded by water and has 2,413 kilometres (1,499 mi) of coast line along three seas." ]	[ "Gakgung The Korean Bow (Korean: 각궁, Gak-gung hanja : 國弓, literally means nation bow) is a water buffalo horn-based composite reflex bow, standardized about 1900 CE from the variety of such weapons in earlier use. It uses with thumb draw. The Korean Thumb ring is different from the Manchu, Mongol, or the Turkish Thumb Ring. It comes in two styles, male and female. Male thumb ring sticks out as an extra appendage, while the female thumb ring covers the front joint of the thumb only.", "Korea Korea, called Hanguk (Korean: 한국; Hanja: 韓國) or Daehan (Korean: 대한; Hanja: 大韓) in South Korea and Chosŏn (Korean: 조선; Hanja: 朝鮮) in North Korea and elsewhere, is an East Asian territory that is divided into two distinct sovereign states, North Korea (also known as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, or DPRK) and South Korea (also known as the Republic of Korea, or ROK). Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by China to the northwest and Russia to the northeast.", "Lishui River Lishui River (also known as Li River, Chinese language: 澧水, pinyin: lǐshuǐ, Wade-Giles: li3-shui3) is a river in Hunan province of China, one of the Yangtze River's four largest tributaries in the province. (Also see the Li River disambiguation page.)Lishui has three origination places, the north, the middle and the south. The north one is the most important place, origination from Shanmujie of Sangzhi county in Zhangjiajie.", "Yale Romanization Yale Romanization could refer to any of the romanization systems created at Yale University for the following four East Asian languages: Yale romanization of Mandarin developed in 1943 by the Yale sinologist George Kennedy. Yale romanization of Cantonese was developed by Parker Po-fei Huang and Gerald P. Kok and published in 1970. Yale romanization of Korean was developed by Samuel Elmo Martin and his colleagues at Yale University around 1942 about half a decade after McCune–Reischauer.", "Shin (Korean surname) Shin is a Korean family name. It is cognate to the Chinese family names Shēn and Xin. According to the 2000 census in South Korea, there were 911,556 people carrying the Shin surname.", "Ping Yuen River Ping Yuen River (also known as River Ganges) (Chinese: 平原河;Hong Kong Chinese: Ap5li4 Ziu1; Hong Kong Chinese:Pin2ngien2 Ho2) is a river in the northern New Territories, Hong Kong. Its source lies near Cheung Shan in Ping Che. It flows along Ping Che Road and into the River Ganges Pumping Station near Chau Tin Village before emptying into the Sham Chun River.", "Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido is a Fourteenth-Century Korean star map, copies of which were spread nationwide in the Joseon Dynasty. The name is sometimes translated as \"chart of the constellations and the regions they govern.\"King Taejo ordered royal astronomers to carve the constellations on a flat black stone in December 1395. The stone was about 122.5 cm in width, 211 cm in height, and 12 cm in depth.", "Geography of Korea Korea is located on the Korean Peninsula in North-East Asia. To the northwest, the Amnok River (Yalu River) separates Korea from China and to the northeast, the Duman River (Tumen River) separates Korea from China and Russia. The Yellow Sea is to the west, the East China Sea and Korea Strait is to the south, and the Sea of Japan (East Sea) is to the east.", "Koreans The Koreans (Hangul: 한민족; hanja: 韓民族; alternatively Hangul: 조선민족; hanja: 朝鮮民族, see names of Korea) are a historic people based in the Korean Peninsula and Manchuria. In the last century and a half, the 7 million people of the Korean diaspora have spread along the Pacific Rim, especially to China, United States and Japan.", "Battle of Chungju The Battle of Chungju or the Battle of Tangeumdae was the last battle of the Chungju Campaign fought between the Koreans and Japanese during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592. Chungju is located just south of the Han River and Seoul, Korea's capital. The failure to defend it led to the capture of the capital weeks later.", "Hong Dagu Hong Dagu (Mongolian name: Charghu 察爾球) (1244–1291) was a Korean commander of the Yuan dynasty. His given name was Jun-gi (俊奇; 준기, zun4 qi2), but his courtesy name Dagu is far more famous. The Hong family dominated the Liaoyang province in Manchuria during the late 13th and the early 14th centuries.", "Southern Han Southern Han (simplified Chinese: 南汉; traditional Chinese: 南漢; pinyin: Nán Hàn) was a kingdom that existed during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (907-960) along China’s southern coast from 917 to 971. The Kingdom greatly expanded its capital city Hing Wong Fu (Chinese: 興王府; pinyin: Xìngwángfǔ), namely present-day Guangzhou. Not only did it have interaction with other Chinese kingdoms, but due to its location, it also had relations with the Viet (Chinese: 越) people to the south.", "Etymology of the Korean currencies The won is the currency of both North and South Korea. Won is a cognate of the Chinese currency unit, the yuan, and the Japanese currency unit, the yen, meaning \"round object\". The won is subdivided into 100 jeon (전; 錢; McCune-Reischauer: chŏn; Revised Romanization: jeon).Yang is a former Korean currency. It is a cognate of the Chinese tael (pronounced \"liǎng\" in Chinese). The yang was subdivided into 100 fun (pronounced \"pun\" but spelt with an \"f\" on the coins).", "Jialing River The Jialing River (Chinese: 嘉陵江; pinyin: Jīalíng jiāng; Wade–Giles: chia-ling-chiang) is a tributary of the Yangtze River with its source in Gansu province. It gets its name from its crossing the Jialing Vale in Feng County of Shaanxi. It was once known as Langshui (simplified Chinese: 阆水; traditional Chinese: 閬水; pinyin: làngshǔi) or Yushui (渝水; Pinyin: yúshǔi).", "Apgujeong-dong Apgujeong-dong (Hangul: 압구정동; hanja: 狎鷗亭洞) is a ward of Gangnam-gu in Seoul, South Korea. The dong originates from a pavilion with the same name founded by Han Myung-hoi, a high-ranking government official during the Joseon dynasty. It is an upmarket residential, fashion, shopping, and educational area.", "Sejongno Sejongno (Hangul: 세종로; hanja: 世宗路), also known as Sejong-ro, is a street that runs through Jongno-gu in downtown Seoul. It is named after King Sejong the Great of Joseon. The street is 600 meters in length, but due to its central location it is of great symbolic importance. It points north to Gwanaksan and Bukhansan (Mountains), and the Joseon Dynasty palace, Gyeongbokgung.", "Xi River The Xi River (Chinese: 西江) is the western tributary of the Pearl River in China. It is formed by the confluence of the Gui and Xun Rivers in Wuzhou, Guangxi. It then flows east through Guangdong, and enters the Pearl River Delta just east of the Lingyang Gorge in Zhaoqing. The main branch of the Xi River flows southeast through the delta entering the South China Sea at Modao Men, just west of Macau.", "Sea of Japan naming dispute The international name for the body of water which is bordered by Japan, North Korea, Russia, and South Korea is disputed. In 1992, objections to the name Sea of Japan were first raised by North Korea and South Korea at the Sixth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names. The Japanese government supports the use of the name \"Sea of Japan\", while South Korea supports the name \"East Sea\", and North Korea supports the name \"East Sea of Korea\".", "Love River The Love River or Ai River or DPP river (simplified Chinese: 爱河; traditional Chinese: 愛河; pinyin: Ài Hé; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ài-hô) is a river (canal) in southern Taiwan. It originates in Renwu District, Kaohsiung City, and flows 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) through Kaohsiung to Kaohsiung Harbor. Love River is the spine of Kaohsiung, playing a similar role to the River Thames of London. It is of great cultural significance to the people of Kaohsiung and plays an important role in its economy and tourism.", "Seodaemun District Seodaemun District (Seodaemun-gu) is a gu located in northwestern Seoul, South Korea. The name derives from Seodaemun, meaning literally \"Great West Gate\", which was once located in the district. Seodaemun was one of the four great gates of the city wall surrounding the Joseon capital of Hanyang (only Dongdaemun and Namdaemun survive intact, though the latter was destroyed by arson in 2008 and only recently rebuilt).", "Zhangjiagang Zhangjiagang (simplified Chinese: 张家港; traditional Chinese: 張家港; pinyin: Zhāngjiāgǎng; Wade–Giles: Chang-chia-kang; literally: \"Zhangs' Harbor\"), formerly Shazhou County (沙洲县), is a county-level city under the administration of Suzhou, Jiangsu province, China. With 1,246,762 inhabitants at the 2010 census, the city is now part of Jiangyn-Zhangjiagang-Jingjiang metropolitan area with 3,526,260 inhabitants. Continued growth will encompass the Shangai-Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou Metroplex.", "Zi River The Zi Jiang (also Zishui River or Zi River; S.Chinese: 资江 or 资水; T.Chinese: 資江 or 資水; pinyin: zī jiāng; Wade-Giles: Tzu¹-chiang¹) is one of the four largest rivers in Hunan province of China, also one of the main tributaries of the Yangtze River. It is 653 kilometres (406 mi) long and covers 28,214 square kilometres (10,893 sq mi) of which 26,728 square kilometres (10,320 sq mi) is in Hunan.The Zijiang has two sources, the South and the West.", "Liao River The Liao River (simplified Chinese: 辽河; traditional Chinese: 遼河; pinyin: Liáo Hé; Jyutping: liu4 ho4), which is 1,345 kilometres (836 mi) long, is the principal river in northeast China. The province of Liaoning and the Liaodong Peninsula derive their names from the river.", "Tumen, Jilin Tumen is a county-level city in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, eastern Jilin province, Northeast China. Of its 136,000 inhabitants, approximately 78,000 (or 57%) are of Korean descent. The two official languages are Chinese and Korean. Tumen is separated from Namyang of North Hamgyong province of North Korea by the Tumen River. Due to this proximity, many North Koreans escaping their country pass through Tumen.", "Hongshui River The Hongshui River (Chinese: 红水河; pinyin: Hongshuihe) is a major river in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in Southern China. It is one of the main rivers in the basin of the Xi River, which in its turn is one of the main tributaries of the Pearl River.Conventionally, the Honghsui River is formed by the merging of the Beipan and Nanpan Rivers (Beipanjiang and Nanpanjiang, i.e., the Northern and Southern Pan Rivers) at the Guizhou-Guangzi border.", "Lee (Korean surname) Lee is the typical romanization of the common South Korean surname I (Hangul 이), North Korean surname Ri (리) and surname Ye in the Korean Empire (as Ye Wanyong) at the end of the 19th century. The name is written identically to the Chinese name Li 李 in Hanja characters.", "Chang'an Chang'an (/ˈtʃɑːŋˈɑːn/, About this sound listen ) (simplified Chinese: 长安; traditional Chinese: 長安; pinyin: Cháng'ān; Wade–Giles: Ch'ang-an) is an ancient capital of more than ten dynasties in Chinese history, today known as Xi'an. Chang'an means \"Perpetual Peace\" in Classical Chinese. During the short-lived Xin dynasty, the city was renamed \"Constant Peace\" (Chinese: 常安; pinyin: Cháng'ān); yet after its fall in AD 23, the old name was restored.", "Min River (Sichuan) The Min River or Min Jiang (Chinese: 岷江, p Mínjiāng) is a 735-kilometer-long river (457 mi) in central Sichuan province, China. It is a tributary of the upper Yangtze River which it joins at Yibin. Within China, it was traditionally taken as the main course of the upper Yangtze prior to extensive exploration of its sources.", "Gwandong Gwandong is a region coinciding with the former Gangwon Province in Korea. Today, the term refers to South Korea's Gangwon Province and North Korea's Kangwon Provinces. The name is often used to refer to people residing in the region.The term literally means \"east of Daegwallyeong\", a mountain pass in the Taebaek Mountains of the eastern Korean peninsula.", "Balhae Balhae or Bohai (698–926) (Hangul: 발해, Chinese: 渤海, Korean pronunciation: [palhɛ]) was a mixed ethnic Goguryeo–Mohe kingdom established in northern Korean Peninsula and Northeast China after the fall of Goguryeo.", "Li River (Guangxi) The Li River (Chinese: 漓江; pinyin: Lí Jiāng) or Lijiang is a river in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. It flows 83 kilometres (52 mi) from Guilin to Yangshuo, where the karst mountains and river sights highlight the famous Li River cruise.", "Gyeonggi Province Gyeonggi-do (Hangul: 경기도, Korean pronunciation: [kjʌŋ.ɡi.do]) is the most populous province in South Korea. Its name, Gyeonggi means \"the area surrounding capital\". Thus Gyeonggi-do can be translated as \"province surrounding Seoul\". The provincial capital is located at Suwon. Seoul—South Korea's largest city and national capital—is located in the heart of the province, but has been separately administered as a provincial-level special city since 1946.", "Qing River The Qing River (Chinese: 清江; pinyin: Qīng Jiāng; literally: \"Pure River\") is a right (southern) tributary of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) in Hubei province of south-central China.", "Battle of Chosin Reservoir The Battle of Chosin Reservoir, also known as the Chosin Reservoir Campaign or the Changjin Lake Campaign (Korean: 장진호 전투(長津湖戰鬪); Chinese: 长津湖战役; pinyin: Cháng Jīn Hú Zhànyì), was a decisive battle in the Korean War. \"Chosin\" is the Japanese pronunciation of the Korean name, \"Changjin\". Reportedly, updated maps in Korean were unavailable, hence the use of maps reflecting the Japanese pronunciation (Korea had been liberated from Japanese colonial rule only five years prior, in 1945).", "Heaven Lake Heaven Lake (천지 (Ch'ŏnji or Cheonji) in Korean; 天池 (Tiānchí) in Chinese; Tamun omo or Tamun juce in Manchu) is a crater lake on the border between China and North Korea. It lies within a caldera atop the volcanic Baekdu Mountain, a part of the Baekdudaegan mountain range and the Changbai mountain range. It is located partly in Ryanggang Province, North Korea, at 42.006°N 128.057°E / 42.006; 128.057, and partly in Jilin Province, northeastern China.", "Gangwon Province (historical) Gangwon Province or Gangwon-do (Korean pronunciation: [kaŋwʌn-do]) was one of the Eight Provinces of Korea during the Joseon Dynasty. The province was formed in 1395, and derived its name from the names of the principal cities of Gangneung (강릉; 江陵) and the provincial capital Wonju (원주; 原州).In 1895, Gangwon-do was replaced by the Districts of Chuncheon (Chuncheon-bu; 춘천부; 春川府) in the west and Gangneung (Gangneung-bu; 강릉부; 江陵府) in the east.", "Heunginjimun Heunginjimun, literally \"Gate of Rising Benevolence\" or more commonly known as Dongdaemun, is one of The Eight Gates of Seoul in the Fortress Wall of Seoul, a prominent landmark in central Seoul, South Korea. The Korean name \"Dongdaemun\" means \"Great East Gate,\" and it was so named because it was the major eastern gate in the wall that surrounded Seoul during the Joseon Dynasty. The gate is located at Jongno 6-ga in Jongno-gu.", "Yí River The Yí River (Spanish, Río Yí) is a river in Uruguay. The Yí and the Tacuarembó Rivers are the principal trutaries of the Río Negro.", "Yeongseo Yeongseo is the western, inland region of Gangwon Province, South Korea and Kangwon Province, North Korea. It is divided from the coastal Yeongdong region by the Taebaek Mountains. The name yeongseo reflects this distinction; it literally means “west of the passes”. The region is marked by high plateaus and mountains, with deep valleys. The Han and Nakdong Rivers both have their headwaters in this region.", "Chun Kwan Chun Kwan (Chinese: 真君) is a deity in China with surname Ng (吳). At the reign of Emperor Lizong in South Sung Dynasty, Guangdong was frequently raided by pirates. The government's military having little success against the pirates, the people suffered.", "Seoul Subway Line 5 Seoul Subway Line 5 of the Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation, dubbed the purple line, is a long line crossing from the west to the east across the Seoul National Capital Area, South Korea. Line 5 holds the distinction of being one of the two subway lines in Seoul to cross under the Han River (the other being Bundang Line), which is done at two points (between Mapo–Yeouinaru and Gwangnaru–Cheonho).", "Songhua River The Songhua River (Chinese: 松花江; pinyin: Sōnghuā Jiāng) or Sungari River (Manchu: 35px, Sunggari Ula) is a river in Northeast China, and is the largest tributary of the Heilong River (Amur), flowing about 1,434 kilometres (891 mi) from Changbai Mountains through Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces.", "Sham Chun River Sham Chun River (also called Shenzhen River or Shenzhen He) serves as the natural border between Hong Kong and Mainland China, together with the Sha Tau Kok River.It formed part of the limit of the lease of the New Territories in 1898 in the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory (also Second Convention of Peking).It lies in the North District of Hong Kong, and the city of Shenzhen, Guangdong. Its source is at Wutong Mountain, Shenzhen.", "Seocho District Seocho District (Hangul: 서초구) is one of the 25 gu (local government districts) which make up the city of Seoul, South Korea. It is a popular residential area for the upper-class residents in Seoul. Seocho is generally referred to as a part of Greater Gangnam Area, along with Gangnam District and Songpa District.Seocho District is served by the Seoul Subway Line 2, Line 3, Line 4 Seoul Subway Line 4, Line 7, Bundang Line, and Line 9. South Korea's longest highway, Gyeongbu Expressway, ends here.", "Red River (Asia) The Red River (Chinese: t 紅河, s 红河, p Hóng Hé; Vietnamese: Sông Hồng), also known as the Hồng Hà and Sông Cái (lit. \"Mother River\") in Vietnamese and the Yuan River (元江, Yuán Jiāng) in Chinese, is a river that flows from Yunnan in southwest China through northern Vietnam to the Gulf of Tonkin. According to C. Michael Hogan, the associated Red River Fault was instrumental in forming the entire South China Sea at least as early as 37 million years before present.", "Gan River (Jiangxi) The Gan River (simplified Chinese: 赣江; traditional Chinese: 贛江; pinyin: Gàn Jiāng, Gan: Kōm-kong) travels 885 km (550 mi) north through the western part of Jiangxi before flowing into Lake Poyang and thence into the Yangtze River.", "Chang Jiang (motorcycle) Chang Jiang (simplified Chinese: 长江; traditional Chinese: 長江; pinyin: Cháng Jiāng) is the transcribed brand name of motorcycles that were once manufactured by the China Nanchang Aircraft Manufacturing Company. It takes its name from the Chang Jiang River, also known as the Yangtze or, in English, the Long River.", "Huangpu River The About this sound Huangpu , formerly romanized as Whangpoo, is a 113 kilometres (70 mi)-long river flowing through Shanghai, China that was first excavated and created by Lord Chunshen, one of the Four Lords of the Warring States during the Warring States Period (475 BC - 221 BC). It is the last significant tributary of the Yangtze before it empties into the East China Sea.", "Hahoe Folk Village The Hahae Folk Village (Korean: 안동하회마을) is a traditional village from the Joseon Dynasty. The 'Ha' is short for river and 'hae' means to 'turn around, return, come \"ack.\\ In English, one might call the village 'Swirling River Village', Wandering River Village', 'Round River Village' or 'Snake River Village' or perhaps simply, 'Riverbend' or 'Ouroboros' or 'Kundalini'.", "Chuncheon Chuncheon (Hangul: 춘천; hanja: 春川市; RR: Chuncheon-si) is the capital of Gangwon Province, South Korea. The city lies in the north of the county, located in a basin formed by the Soyang River and Han River. There are some large lakes around the city, most notably Lake Soyang and Lake Uiam.", "Heilongjiang Heilongjiang (Chinese: 黑龙江; pinyin: About this sound Hēilóngjiāng ) is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the northeastern part of the country. \"Heilongjiang\" literally means Black Dragon River, which is the Chinese name for the Amur. The one-character abbreviation is 黑 (pinyin: Hēi).", "Gyeongin The name Gyeongin refers to the Seoul-Incheon corridor in South Korea, and is used as a name for the Gyeongin railway line, the Gyeongin Expressway, and the Gyeongin Canal (which was completed in 2011 and is now called the Arabaetgil Canal), all of which link Seoul—the South Korean capital and largest city—to nearby Incheon—the second-largest port and fourth-largest city.", "Yangtze River Delta The Yangtze River Delta, Yangtze Delta or YRD, also called Yangzi Jiang Delta, Changjiang Delta, River Chang Delta, Lake Tai Region or the Golden Triangle of the Yangtze, generally comprises the triangle-shaped territory of Wu-speaking Shanghai, southern Jiangsu province and northern Zhejiang province of China. The area lies at the heart of the region traditionally called Jiangnan (literally, \"south of the Yangtze River\"). The Yangtze River drains into the East China Sea.", "Hangul Day The Korean Alphabet Day, known as Hangeul Day in South Korea, and Chosŏn'gŭl Day in North Korea, is a national Korean commemorative day marking the invention and the proclamation of the Korean alphabet (한글; 조선글), the alphabet of the Korean language, by the 15th-century Korean monarch Sejong the Great. It is observed on October 9 in South Korea and on January 15 in North Korea.", "Hyeongsan River The Hyeongsan River is a river in southeastern South Korea. It flows from Baeyanggol Valley (배양골), Wolpyeong-ri (월평리/月坪里), Dudong-myeon (두동면/斗東面), Ulju County in Ulsan to the Sea of Japan (East Sea), covering a distance of about 62 km. The Hyeongsan watershed covers roughly 1,167 km² (Jo 1987:35). The Hyeongsan flows north from near the northern border of Greater Ulsan into Gyeongju city, where it enters the Gyeongju Basin and is joined by the Bukcheon stream (북천/北川), a major tributary.", "Nanyang (region) Nanyang (Chinese: 南洋; pinyin: nányáng; literally: \"Southern Ocean\") is the Chinese name for the warmer and fertile geographical region south of China, otherwise known as the 'South Sea' or Southeast Asia. The term came into common usage in self-reference to the large ethnic Chinese migrant population in Southeast Asia, and is contrasted with Xiyang (西洋; Western Ocean), which refers to the Western world, and Dongyang (東洋; Eastern Ocean), which refers to Japan.", "Korean alcoholic beverages Korean culture has a wide variety of traditional alcoholic beverages, most of which are called by the Sino-Korean term ju (hangul: 주; hanja: 酒).", "Jiandao Jiandao, also known in Korean as Gando, refers to a small piece of marsh land between the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and Helong in Jilin, Northeast China. The original Chinese name of Jiandao is Jiajiang (Chinese: 假江; pinyin: Jiájiāng).Another way to define Jiandao was provided by the Imperial Japan in early 20th century.", "Dongmyo Dongmyo (which literally means \"Eastern Shrine\") is shrine in metropolitan Seoul built in honour of 3rd century Chinese military commander, Guan Yu.The Joseon government embarked on construction in 1599 and completed the work in 1601. The Wanli Emperor of Ming provided funds for construction of shrine, along with plaque with his own calligraphy. Three shrines - Dongmyo (east shrine), Seomyo (west shrine) and Bungmyo (north shrine) - were actually constructed in 1601.", "Xiang River The Xiang River (also as Xiangjiang, Xiangjiang River, or simply as Xiang, Chinese: 湘江, 湘水 or 湘; pinyin: Xiāng Jiāng, Xiāng Shǔi; Wade–Giles: hsiāng chiāng or hsiāng shuǐ), in older transliterations as the Siang River or Hsiang River, is a river in southern China. The river gave Hunan its Chinese abbreviation, the same as Xiang (湘).", "Hwang River The Hwang River is a tributary of the Nakdong River, flowing through Gyeongsangnam-do in southeastern South Korea. It originates in Geochang, from the union of various streams flowing from the slopes of Deogyusan, and meets the Nakdong in Hapcheon County. It covers about 117 kilometers.", "Battle of Baekgang The Battle of Baekgang, also known as Battle of Baekgang-gu or by the Japanese name Battle of Hakusukinoe (白村江の戦い Hakusuki-no-e no Tatakai or Hakusonkō no Tatakai), was a battle between Baekje restoration forces and their ally, Yamato Japan, against the allied forces of Silla and the Tang Dynasty of ancient China. The battle took place in the lower reaches of the Geum River in Jeollabuk-do province, Korea.", "Hanja Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters (hanzi). More specifically, it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated into the Korean language with Korean pronunciation. Hanja-mal or hanja-eo refers to words that can be written with hanja, and hanmun (한문, 漢文) refers to Classical Chinese writing, although \"hanja\" is sometimes used loosely to encompass these other concepts.", "Yeong River The Yeong River is a river in Mungyeong City, North Gyeongsang province, South Korea. It flows into the Nakdong River, which in turn flows into the Sea of Japan (East Sea). The river rises from Hwabuk-myeon in Sangju, and drains most of western Mungyeong and parts of northern Sangju. From tip to tail, it covers a total of 66.2 km² and drains an area of 913.7 km².", "Chen (surname) Chen ([ʈʂʰə̌n]) or Chan (simplified Chinese: 陈; traditional Chinese: 陳; pinyin: Chén; Wade–Giles: Ch'en) is one of the most common Han Chinese and Korean family names. It ranks as the 5th most common surname in China, as of 2007 and the most common surname in Singapore (2000) and Taiwan (2010). Chen is also the most common family name in Guangdong, Zhejiang, Fujian, Hong Kong (spelt Chan in Hong Kong and Macau).", "Taegeuk Taegeuk (Chinese: 太極; Korean: 태극, Korean pronunciation: [tʰɛgɯk̚], a loanword from Middle Chinese IPA: [tʰɑiHɡɨk̚] refers to the Absolute from which all things and values are derived. It is also the symbol that makes up the center of the flag of South Korea and the source for its name, taegeukgi (hanja: 태극기 , where gi means \"flag\"). The taegeuk is commonly associated with Daoist philosophical values as well as Korean shamanism.", "Taedong River The Taedong River (Chosŏn'gŭl: 대동강) is a large river in North Korea. It rises in the Rangrim Mountains of the country's north. It then flows southwest into Korea Bay at Namp'o. In between, it runs through the country's capital, Pyongyang. Along the river are landmarks such as the Juche Tower and Kim Il-sung Square.The river has a length of 439 kilometers and is generally deep. It is the fifth longest river on the Korean peninsula and the second longest in North Korea.", "Yongsan District Yongsan District (Yongsan-gu) is a district of Seoul, South Korea. Its name means \"Dragon Hill\", derived from the hanja characters for dragon (龍 yong) and hill/mountain (山 san). It sits to the north of the Han River under the shadow of Seoul Tower. It is in the center of Seoul. It is home to roughly 250,000 people and is divided into 20 dong, or neighborhoods.", "Yeongsan River The Yeongsan River is a river in south-western South Korea. It has a length of 129.50 km, and covers an area of 3,467.83 km2. It runs through Damyang, Naju, Gwangju and other regions and eventually flows into the Yellow Sea at Yeongam through the estuary bank.", "Names of Korea There are various names of Korea in use today, derived from ancient kingdoms and dynasties. The modern English name Korea is an exonym derived from the Goryeo period and is used by both North Korea and South Korea in international contexts. In the Korean language, the two Koreas use different terms to refer to the nominally unified nation: Chosŏn (조선) in North Korea and China, and Hanguk (한국) in South Korea.", "Koreans in China The population of Koreans in China include millions of descendants of Korean immigrants with citizenship of the People's Republic of China, as well as smaller groups of South and North Korean expatriates, with a total of roughly 2.3 million people as of 2009, making it the largest ethnic Korean population living outside the Korean Peninsula.Chaoxianzu (Chinese: 朝鲜族) or Chosŏnjok (Chosŏn'gŭl: 조선족) form one of the 56 ethnicities officially recognized by the Chinese government.", "Gangseo District, Busan Gangseo District (literally west of river district) is a gu on the west side of Nakdong River in Busan, South Korea. It has an area of 179.05 km², and a population of about 66,000; it has a lower population density than Gijang county of Busan.", "Dong River (China) The Dong River is the eastern tributary of the Pearl River in Guangdong province, southern China. The other two main tributaries of Pearl River are Xi River and Bei River. The headwater is located in Mount Sanbai (三百山) in Anyuan County, Jiangxi.The Dong River is a major source of water for Hong Kong. The Hong Kong Government has purchased Dong River water from Guangdong since 1965. Over 70% of domestic water in Hong Kong is imported from the Dong River.", "Han (surname) Han (simplified Chinese: 韩; traditional Chinese: 韓; pinyin: Hán; Korean: 한) is a common Chinese and Korean surname. The spelling \"Han\" is based on China's pinyin system and so used throughout Mainland China.", "Seowoncheon The name Seowoncheon is also applied to the portion of the Jungnangcheon which separates Seoul from Gyeonggi Province.The Seowoncheon is a stream which flows through Iseo-myeon in Cheongdo County, southern Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea. It is a third-level tributary of the Nakdong River, as it flows into the Cheongdocheon, which in turn flows into the Miryang River, which in turn flows into the Nakdong.", "Dandong Dandong (simplified Chinese: 丹东; traditional Chinese: 丹東; pinyin: Dāndōng), previously known as Andong, is a prefecture-level city in southeastern-eastern Liaoning province, People's Republic of China. It is the largest Chinese border city, facing Sinuiju, North Korea across the Yalu River, which demarcates the Sino-Korean border. To the southwest of the city, the river flows into Korea Bay.", "Yanji Yanji (Korean pronunciation: [jʌnɡil]), is the seat of the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, in eastern Jilin province, People's Republic of China. Its population is approximately 400,000 of which a large section is ethnic Korean. Yanji is a busy hub of transport and trade between China and North Korea.", "Tumen River The Tumen River, also called the Tuman River (Korean pronunciation: [tumanɡaŋ]; called the Duman in South Korea), is a 521-kilometre (324 mi) long river that serves as part of the boundary between China, North Korea and Russia, rising on the slopes of Mount Paektu and flowing into the Sea of Japan.The river flows in northeast Asia, on the border between China and North Korea in its upper reaches, and between North Korea and Russia in its last 17 kilometers (11 mi) before entering the Sea of Japan.", "Yangtze The Yangtze River (English pronunciation: /ˈjæŋtsi/ or /ˈjɑːŋtsi/), (Chinese: 长江, Cháng Jiāng), known in China as the Chang Jiang or the Yangzi, is the longest river in Asia and the third-longest in the world. It flows for 6,300 kilometers (3,915 mi) from the glaciers on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in Qinghai eastward across southwest, central and eastern China before emptying into the East China Sea at Shanghai. The river is the longest in the world to flow entirely within one country.", "Gyeongho River The Gyeongho River flows through western Gyeongsangnam-do in southern South Korea. It rises on the eastern slopes of Jirisan and flows around the edge of Jirisan National Park, eventually joining the Deokcheon River at Jinyang Lake. Thereafter it drains into the Nam River, and then into the Nakdong River, which carries its waters into the Sea of Japan (East Sea).The Gyeongho River is thus named because it is said its 'water is as clear as a mirror'.", "Man Jiang Hong Man Jiang Hong (simplified Chinese: 满江红; traditional Chinese: 滿江紅; pinyin: Mǎn Jīang Hóng; literally: \"the whole river red\") is the title of a set of Chinese lyrical poems (ci) sharing the same pattern. If unspecified, it most often refers to the one normally attributed to the Song dynasty general Yue Fei. However, the commonly accepted authorship of that particular poem has been disputed.", "Korean Chinese cuisine Korean Chinese cuisine (Korean: 중화요리 Junghwa yori, hanja: 中華料理) is derived from traditional Chinese cuisine but has it been influenced by local ingredients in Korea. Due to geographical proximity, most Korean-Chinese dishes are derived from Northern styles of Chinese cuisine such as Beijing and Shandong cuisine.The cuisine developed in the port city of Incheon, where the majority of Korea's ethnic Chinese population historically lived.", "Miracle on the Han River The Miracle on the Han River (Hangul: 한강의 기적; hanja: 漢江의 奇蹟; RR: Hangangui Gijeok) is a term used to refer to South Korea's postwar export-fueled economic growth, including rapid industrialization, technological achievement, education boom, large rise in living standards, rapid urbanization, skyscraper boom, modernization, successful hosting of the 1988 Summer Olympics and co-hosting of the 2002 FIFA World Cup.", "Gangnam District The Gangnam District (Hangul: 강남구; hanja: 江南區; RR: Gangnam-gu) is one of the 25 gu (local government districts) which make up the city of Seoul, South Korea. Gangnam [kaŋnam] literally means \"South of the (Han) River\".As of the 2010 census, Gangnam District had a population of 527,641, making it the 4th most populated district in Seoul. Gangnam District is the third largest district in Seoul, with an area of 39.5 km2 (15.3 sq mi).", "Pearl River (China) The Pearl River or Zhu Jiang (Chinese: 珠江; pinyin: Zhū Jiāng; Jyutping: zyu1 gong1, literally \"Pearl River\", pronounced [ʈʂú tɕjɑ́ŋ]; Portuguese: Rio das Pérolas) or less commonly, the Guangdong River or Canton River, (Chinese: 粤江), is an extensive river system in southern China. The name Pearl River is usually used as a catchment term to refer to the watersheds of the Xi River (\"West River\"), the Bei River (\"North River\"), and the Dong River (\"East River\").", "Yalu River The Yalu River, also called the Amnok River (Korean pronunciation: [amnog.k͈aŋ]), is a river on the border between North Korea and China. Together with the Tumen River to its east, and a small portion of Paektu Mountain, the Yalu forms the border between North Korea and China and is notable as a site involved in military conflicts in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and the Korean War.", "Yeongdeungpo District Yeongdeungpo District (Yeongdeungpo-gu) is an administrative district in southwest Seoul, South Korea. Although the origin of the name is uncertain, the first two syllables are thought to be from \"yeongdeung\" (靈登) or \"divine ascent\", a shamanic rite. The third syllable is \"po\", representing the bank of a river (浦), referring to the district's position on the Han River. The 2006 population was 408,819.", "Nakdong River The Nakdong River is the longest river in South Korea, and passes through major cities such as Daegu and Busan.", "Geumho River The Geumho River flows through North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea, and drains into the Nakdong River. It rises in the hilly area of western Pohang, flows west for 116 kilometers before its meeting with the Nakdong in western Daegu. It drains an area of more than 2,000 square kilometers. Notable tributaries include the Sincheon, which flows north through Daegu. The name Geumho-gang means \"river of the zither-shaped lake,\" a reference to its oxbow curve in northern Daegu.", "Imjin River The Imjin River (Hangul: 임진강 in South Korea) or Rimjin River (Chosŏn'gŭl: 림진강 in North Korea) is the 7th largest river in Korea. It flows from north to south, crossing the Demilitarized Zone and joining the Han River downstream of Seoul, near the Yellow Sea. The river is not the namesake of the Imjin Waeran Japanese invasions of Korea in the late 16th century.", "Tancheon Tancheon, a tributary of Seoul's Han River, is a stream beginning in the city of Yongin in Gyeonggi-do and flowing through Seongnam and then between the districts of Songpa-gu and Gangnam-gu in Seoul before entering flowing into the Han River. It has a total length of 35.6 kilometres.Winding through the district of Bundang, the stream is one of the widely recognised symbols of the borough. All streams in the Bundang area flow towards the Tancheon.", "Korea Bay The Korea Bay, sometimes the West Korea Bay (Hangul: 서조선만 or 서한만; hanja: 西朝鮮灣 or 西韓灣; Korean pronunciation: [sʰʌdʑosʰʌn.man] or [sʰʌhan.man]) is a northern extension of the Yellow Sea, between Liaoning Province of China and North P'yŏngan Province of North Korea.It is separated from the Bohai by the Liaodong Peninsula, with Dalian at its southernmost point.The Yalu (Amnok) River, which marks the border between China and North Korea, empties into the Korea Bay between Dandong (China) and Sinŭiju (North Korea).", "Sino-Korean Friendship Bridge The Sino–Korean Friendship Bridge, Sino–Korea Friendship Bridge, or China–North Korea Friendship Bridge (renamed from Yalu River Bridge in 1990) connects the cities of Dandong, China and Sinuiju, North Korea, along the China–North Korea border. It was constructed by the Imperial Japanese Army between April 1937 and May 1943, during their occupation of Korea and Manchukuo, to span the Yalu River. One of the few ways to enter or leave North Korea, it carries automobile and rail traffic.", "Han River (Shaanxi and Hubei) The Han River (simplified Chinese: 汉江; traditional Chinese: 漢江; pinyin: Hàn Jiāng) is a left tributary of the Yangtze River (Cháng Jiāng) with a length of 1,532 kilometres (952 mi). Historically it was referred to as Hanshui (simplified Chinese: 汉水; traditional Chinese: 漢水; pinyin: Hànshuǐ) and the name is still occasionally used today.", "Sino-Korean vocabulary Sino-Korean or Hanja-eo (Korean: 한자어, Hanja: 漢字語) refers to the set of words in the Korean language vocabulary that originated from or were influenced by hanja. The Sino-Korean lexicon consists of both words loaned from Chinese and words coined in the Korean language using hanja.Sino-Korean words are one of the three main types of vocabulary in Korean.", "Gangnam (Seoul) Gangnam or Gangnam three Districts is the area of three \"gu\" (local government wards) in Seoul, South Korea, individually known as Gangnam-gu, Seocho-gu and Songpa-gu and often collectively referred to as \"Gangnam\". Gangnam is strictly a Sino-Korean place name meaning \"south of the river\".These districts are known for their expensive real estate. Media reports frequently refer to this area when they cover stories about real estate.", "Hanyang District Hanyang is also a former name of Seoul, South Korea.Hanyang District (simplified Chinese: 汉阳区; traditional Chinese: 漢陽區; pinyin: Hànyáng qū) forms part of the urban core of and is one of 13 districts of Wuhan, the capital of Hubei province, People's Republic of China. Currently, it is a district and stands between the Han River (right/southern bank) and the Yangtze River (left/northwestern bank), where the former drains into the latter." ]	9
Prime minister Canada nicknamed Silver-Tongued Laurier longest unbroken term	[ "List of Prime Ministers of Canada by residence\nBefore 1951 the Prime Minister of Canada had no official residence and they lived in a variety of structures around Ottawa:John A. Macdonald1867-1870 - A now demolished house at 63 Daly Street in Sandy Hill1872-1873 - A now demolished house 195 Chapel St.", "List of Prime Ministers of Canada by time in office\nPrime ministers of Canada do not have a fixed term of office; instead, they may stay in office as long as their government is supported by parliament under a system of responsible government. Both the number of terms served and the length of individual terms have varied considerably since Confederation.", "List of Prime Ministers of Canada by academic degrees\nThis is a list of the Prime Ministers of Canada and their academic degrees", "Wilfrid Laurier Memorial\nThe Wilfrid Laurier Memorial is a monument in Downtown Montreal.", "Prime Ministers of Canada in popular culture\nThere have been numerous depictions of Prime Ministers of Canada in popular culture.", "List of Prime Ministers of Canada by longevity\nThis is a list of Canadian Prime Ministers by longevity. Where the person in question is still living, the longevity is calculated up to October 20, 2015.Two measures of the longevity are given - this is to allow for the differing number of leap days occurring within the life of each Prime Minister.", "List of Prime Ministers of Canada by age\nThis is a list of Prime Ministers of Canada since Confederation in 1867, arranged in descending order of their age upon first taking office. * Date of Confederation. John A. Macdonald began his first mandate as Joint Premier of the pre-confederation Province of Canada on May 24, 1856, when he was 41y 144d old, which would make him the second-youngest on the list. Charles Tupper was Premier of Nova Scotia at the time of Confederation having been in that office since 1864 when he was 45.", "Romuald-Charlemagne Laurier\nRomuald-Charlemagne Laurier (January 7, 1852 – December 28, 1906) was a Canadian politician.Born in Saint-Lin, Canada East, the son of Carolus Laurier and Adeline Ethier, he was the half-brother to the Prime Minister of Canada Sir Wilfrid Laurier. Laurier was educated at the PublicSchool of St. Lin and was a general merchant by profession. He was first elected to the Canadian House of Commons for the riding of L'Assomption in the general elections of 1900.", "Prime Minister of Canada\nThe Prime Minister of Canada (French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus head of government for Canada, charged with advising the Canadian monarch or federal viceroy on the exercise of the executive powers vested in them by the constitution.", "Wilfrid Laurier\nSir Henri Charles Wilfrid Laurier, GCMG, PC, KC, (20 November 1841 – 17 February 1919), known as Wilfrid Laurier (French: [wilfʁid loʁje]; English /ˈlɔrieɪ/; lor-yay), was the seventh Prime Minister of Canada, in office from 11 July 1896 to 6 October 1911.Canada's first francophone prime minister, Laurier is often considered one of the country's greatest statesmen. He is well known for his policies of conciliation, expanding Confederation, and compromise between French and English Canada.", "List of Prime Ministers of Canada\nThe Prime Minister of Canada is an official who serves as the primary Minister of the Crown, chair of the Cabinet, and thus Head of Government of Canada. Officially, the Prime Minister is appointed by the Governor General of Canada, but by constitutional convention the Prime Minister must have the confidence of the House of Commons.", "List of Prime Ministers of Canada by date of birth\nThis is a list of Prime Ministers of Canada by Date of Birth.", "List of Prime Ministers of Canada by constituency\nThe following list indicates ridings represented by Canadian Prime Ministers during their term(s) of office. Some Prime Ministers represented more than one constituency during their term(s), hence the tallied numbers exceed the number of Prime Ministers." ]	[ "William M. Bulger William Michael \"Billy\" Bulger (born February 2, 1934) is a retired American Democratic politician, lawyer, and educator from South Boston, Massachusetts, whose eighteen-year tenure as President of the Massachusetts Senate is the longest in history, and who was also president of the University of Massachusetts.", "Edward Blake Dominick Edward Blake, PC, QC (October 13, 1833 – March 1, 1912), known as Edward Blake, was the second Premier of Ontario, Canada, from 1871 to 1872 and leader of the Liberal Party of Canada from 1880 to 1887. He is one of only three federal permanent Liberal leaders never to become Prime Minister of Canada, the others being Stéphane Dion and the latter's immediate successor Michael Ignatieff.", "John G. Diefenbaker Building The John G. Diefenbaker Building is a building in the New Edinburgh neighbourhood of Ottawa, Ontario. The building served as Ottawa's city hall from 1958 to 2000, and is commonly known as Old City Hall. Purchased in 2003 by the Government of Canada, it was known by its municipal address, 111 Sussex Drive, until September, 2011 when it was renamed after Canada's 13th prime minister, John Diefenbaker.", "William McKell Sir William John McKell GCMG (26 September 1891 – 11 January 1985), Australian politician, was Premier of New South Wales from 1941 to 1947, and was the 12th Governor-General of Australia from 1947 to 1953. He was the longest-lived Governor-General, aged 93 when he died.", "Edward Schreyer Edward Richard Schreyer PC CC CMM OM CD (born December 21, 1935), commonly known as Ed Schreyer, is a Canadian politician, diplomat, and statesman who served as Governor General of Canada, the 22nd since Canadian Confederation.Schreyer was born and educated in Manitoba prior to being elected in 1958 to the province's legislative assembly.", "Vincent Massey Charles Vincent Massey PC CH CC CD FRSC(hon) (February 20, 1887 – December 30, 1967) was a Canadian lawyer and diplomat who served as Governor General of Canada, the 18th since Canadian Confederation.Massey was born into an influential Toronto family and was educated in Ontario and England, obtaining a degree in law and befriending future prime minister William Lyon Mackenzie King while studying at the University of Oxford.", "28th Canadian Parliament The 28th Canadian Parliament was in session from September 12, 1968, until September 1, 1972. The membership was set by the 1968 federal election on June 25, 1968, and it changed only slightly due to resignations and by-elections until it was dissolved prior to the 1972 election.It was controlled by a Liberal Party majority under Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and the 20th Canadian Ministry.", "Maurice Duplessis Maurice Le Noblet Duplessis (French pronunciation: [dzyplɛsi]; 20 April 1890 – 7 September 1959) served as the 16th Premier of the Canadian province of Quebec from 1936 to 1939 and 1944 to 1959.", "Louis-Olivier Taillon Sir Louis-Olivier Taillon, PC (September 26, 1840 – April 25, 1923) was born in Terrebonne, Lower Canada (now Quebec). He twice served as the eighth Premier of the Canadian province of Quebec. Taillon's first term of office was just four days, from January 25 to January 29, 1887. This term came at the end of the Conservative government of his predecessor John Jones Ross.", "27th Canadian Parliament The 27th Canadian Parliament was in session from January 18, 1966 until April 23, 1968. The membership was set by the 1965 federal election on November 8, 1965, and it changed only somewhat due to resignations and by-elections until it was dissolved prior to the 1968 election.It was controlled by a Liberal Party minority under Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson and the 19th Canadian Ministry.", "Richard Seddon Richard John Seddon (22 June 1845 – 10 June 1906) is to date the longest-serving Prime Minister of New Zealand. He is regarded by some, including historian Keith Sinclair, as one of New Zealand's greatest political leaders. Sometimes derisively known as King Dick for his autocratic style, Seddon dominated the Liberal government for thirteen years, achieving many social and economic changes.", "30th Canadian Parliament The 30th Canadian Parliament was in session from September 30, 1974 until March 26, 1979. The membership was set by the 1974 election on July 8, 1974, and was only changed somewhat due to resignations and by-elections before it was dissolved prior to the 1979 election.It was controlled by a Liberal Party majority led by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and the 20th Canadian Ministry.", "Laurier—Sainte-Marie Laurier—Sainte-Marie is a federal electoral district in Downtown Montreal, Quebec, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1988. Its population in 2006 was 101,758.", "Canadian federal election, 1968 The Canadian federal election of 1968 was held on June 25, 1968, to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 28th Parliament of Canada. The Liberal Party won a majority government under its new leader, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau.This was the last federal election in which some provinces (specifically Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Quebec and Saskatchewan) had fewer seats they had been allocated in the previous election due to a redistribution.", "Canadian federal election, 1974 The Canadian federal election of 1974 was held on July 8, 1974 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 30th Parliament of Canada. The governing Liberal Party was reelected, going from a minority to a majority government, and gave Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau his third term. The Progressive Conservatives, led by Robert Stanfield, did well in the Atlantic provinces, and in the West, but the Liberal support in Ontario and Quebec ensured a majority Liberal government.", "R. B. Bennett Richard Bedford Bennett, 1st Viscount Bennett, PC KC (3 July 1870 – 26 June 1947) was a Canadian lawyer, businessman, politician, and philanthropist. He served as the 11th Prime Minister of Canada from 7 August 1930, to 23 October 1935, during the worst of the Great Depression years.", "Margaret Thatcher Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS (née Roberts, 13 October 1925 – 8 April 2013) was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and the Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She was the longest-serving British Prime Minister of the 20th century and is the only woman to have held the office. A Soviet journalist called her the \"Iron Lady\", a nickname that became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style.", "Paul Martin Paul Edgar Philippe Martin PC CC (born August 28, 1938), also known as Paul Martin Jr., is a Canadian politician who was the 21st Prime Minister of Canada and leader of the Liberal Party of Canada after being the Canadian Minister of Finance.On November 14, 2003, Martin succeeded Jean Chrétien as leader of the Liberal Party and became prime minister on December 12, 2003. After the 2004 election, his Liberal Party retained power, though it was reduced to a minority government.", "11th Canadian Parliament The 11th Canadian Parliament was in session from January 20, 1909, until July 29, 1911. The membership was set by the 1908 federal election on October 26, 1908, and it changed only somewhat due to resignations and by-elections until it was dissolved prior to the 1911 election.It was controlled by a Liberal Party majority under Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the 8th Canadian Ministry.", "Canadian federal election, 1896 The Canadian federal election of 1896 was held on June 23, 1896 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 8th Parliament of Canada. Though the Conservative Party won a plurality of the popular vote, the Liberal Party, led by Wilfrid Laurier, won the majority of seats to form the next government.The governing Conservative Party, since the death of John A. Macdonald in 1891, had been disorganized, going through four leaders in five years.", "Canadian federal election, 1984 The Canadian federal election of 1984 was held on September 4 of that year to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 33rd Parliament of Canada. The Progressive Conservative Party, led by Brian Mulroney, won the largest landslide majority government (by total number of seats) in Canadian history, while the Liberals suffered what at that time was the worst defeat for a governing party at the federal level.", "J. E. Stanley Lewis J. E. Stanley \"Stan\" Lewis (February 29, 1888 – August 18, 1970) was Ottawa's longest serving mayor, to date, from 1936 to 1948.He was born in Ottawa in 1888 to Edward and Isabella Lewis. He owned and operated an electrical store in the city. He was first elected to City Council as an alderman in 1930.", "Wilfrid Heighington Wilfrid Laurier Heighington KC (1897 – 23 March 1945) was a Canadian soldier, writer, lawyer and politician.", "25th Canadian Parliament The 25th Canadian Parliament was in session from September 27, 1962 until February 6, 1963. The membership was set by the 1962 federal election on June 18, 1962, and it changed only somewhat due to resignations and by-elections until it was dissolved prior to the 1963 election.It was controlled by a Progressive Conservative Party minority under Prime Minister John Diefenbaker and the 18th Canadian Ministry. The Official Opposition was the Liberal Party, led by Lester B.", "Earle Page Sir Earle Christmas Grafton Page, GCMG, CH (8 August 1880 – 20 December 1961) was an Australian politician who served as the 11th Prime Minister of Australia in 1939. With 41 years, 361 days in Parliament, he is the third-longest serving federal parliamentarian in Australian history, behind only Billy Hughes and Philip Ruddock.", "History of Canada (1982–92) The history of Canada (1982–1992) refers to the period immediately following the early 1980s, and prior to the 1993 resignation of Brian Mulroney the 18th Prime Minister of Canada.", "26th Canadian Parliament The 26th Canadian Parliament was in session from May 16, 1963 until September 8, 1965. The membership was set by the 1963 federal election on April 8, 1963, and it changed only somewhat due to resignations and by-elections until it was dissolved prior to the 1965 election.It was controlled by a Liberal Party minority under Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson and the 19th Canadian Ministry.", "Canadian federal election, 1979 The Canadian federal election of 1979 was held on May 22, 1979 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 31st Parliament of Canada. It resulted in the defeat of the Liberal Party of Canada after 11 years in power under Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. Joe Clark led the Progressive Conservative Party to power, but with only a minority of seats in the House of Commons.", "John Buchan John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir GCMG GCVO CH PC (/ˈbʌxən/; 26 August 1875 – 11 February 1940) was a Scottish novelist, historian and Unionist politician who served as Governor General of Canada, the 15th since Canadian Confederation.After a brief legal career, Buchan simultaneously began his writing career and his political and diplomatic careers, serving as a private secretary to the colonial administrator of various colonies in southern Africa.", "Edna Diefenbaker Edna May Brower Diefenbaker (November 30, 1899 – February 7, 1951) was the first wife of John Diefenbaker, who after her death served as the 13th Prime Minister of Canada .", "Einar Gerhardsen About this sound Einar Henry Gerhardsen (10 May 1897 – 19 September 1987) was a Norwegian politician from the Labour Party of Norway. He was Prime Minister for three periods, 1945–1951, 1955–1963 and 1963–1965. With 17 years in office, he is the longest serving Prime Minister in Norway since the introduction of parliamentarism.", "Mackenzie Bowell Sir Mackenzie Bowell, PC KCMG (/ˈboʊ.əl/; December 27, 1823 – December 10, 1917) was an English-born Canadian politician who served as the fifth Prime Minister of Canada, from December 21, 1894 to April 27, 1896.", "William Ross Macdonald William Ross Macdonald, PC OC CD QC (December 25, 1891 – May 28, 1976), served as the 21st Lieutenant Governor of Ontario from 1968 to 1974, and as Speaker of the Canadian House of Commons from 1949 to 1953.", "Ray Hnatyshyn Ramon John Hnatyshyn PC CC CMM CD QC (Can) QC (Sask) FRHSC(hon) (/nəˈtɪʃən/; March 16, 1934 – December 18, 2002), commonly known as Ray Hnatyshyn, was a Canadian politician and statesman who served as Governor General of Canada, the 24th since Canadian Confederation.Hnatyshyn was born and educated in Saskatchewan and also served in the Royal Canadian Air Cadets prior to being elected to the House of Commons in 1974, whereafter he served as a minister of the Crown in two non-successive governments until 1988.", "Wilfrid Laurier McDougald Wilfrid Laurier McDougald (August 9, 1881 – June 19, 1942) was a Canadian senator.Born in Alexandria, Ontario, he was educated at McGill University (where he was a member of The Kappa Alpha Society) and Queen's University and practiced medicine in Montreal. He was appointed Chairman of the Montreal Harbour Commission in 1922.In 1926, he was appointed to the Senate representing the senatorial division of Wellington, Quebec. He resigned in 1932 as a result of the Beauharnois Scandal.", "Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière Sir Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière, PC KCMG (December 5, 1829 – November 16, 1908) served as the fourth Premier of the Canadian province of Quebec, a federal Cabinet minister, and the seventh Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia.", "Jules Léger Jules Léger PC CC CMM CD (April 4, 1913 – November 22, 1980) was a Canadian diplomat and statesman who served as Governor General of Canada, the 21st since Canadian Confederation.Léger was born and educated in Quebec and France prior to starting a career in the Canadian Department of External Affairs, and eventually served as ambassador to a number of countries.", "Pattie Menzies Dame Pattie Maie Menzies GBE (2 March 1899 – 30 August 1995) was the wife of Australia's longest-serving Prime Minister, Sir Robert Menzies.", "Robert Borden Sir Robert Laird Borden, PC GCMG KC (June 26, 1854 – June 10, 1937) was a Canadian lawyer and politician. He served as the eighth Prime Minister of Canada from October 10, 1911, to July 10, 1920, and was the third Nova Scotian to hold this office. After retiring from public life, he served as the chancellor of Queen's University. His portrait appears on Canadian $100 notes produced since 1976.", "20th Canadian Parliament The 20th Canadian Parliament was in session from September 6, 1945 until April 30, 1949. The membership was set by the 1945 federal election on June 11, 1945, and it changed only somewhat due to resignations and by-elections until it was dissolved prior to the 1949 election.It was controlled by a Liberal Party minority first under Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King and the 16th Canadian Ministry, and later a majority under Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent and the 17th Canadian Ministry.", "H. H. Asquith Herbert Henry Asquith, 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith KG PC KC (12 September 1852 – 15 February 1928), served as the Liberal Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1908 to 1916. Until 5 January 1988, he had been the longest continuously serving Prime Minister in the 20th century.As Prime Minister, he led his Liberal party to a series of domestic reforms, including social insurance and the reduction of the power of the House of Lords.", "Allan MacEachen Allan Joseph MacEachen, PC, OC (born July 6, 1921) is a retired Canadian politician, a many-time Cabinet minister, a retired Senator, one of Canada's elder statesmen, and was the first Deputy Prime Minister of Canada, serving from 1977 to 1979 and 1980 to 1984.", "Joe Clark Charles Joseph \"Joe\" Clark, PC CC AOE (born June 5, 1939) is a Canadian statesman, businessman, writer, and university professor, and former journalist and politician. He served as the 16th Prime Minister of Canada, from June 4, 1979, to March 3, 1980.Despite his relative inexperience, Clark rose quickly in federal politics, entering the House of Commons in the 1972 election and winning the leadership of the Progressive Conservative Party in 1976.", "John Howard John Winston Howard, OM, AC, (born 26 July 1939) was the 25th Prime Minister of Australia, from 11 March 1996 to 3 December 2007. He is the second longest-serving Australian prime minister, after Sir Robert Menzies. Born in the multicultural Sydney suburb of Earlwood, Howard is the son of a University of Sydney lecturer and a former office worker.", "Hugh John Macdonald Sir Hugh John Macdonald, PC (March 13, 1850 – March 29, 1929) was the only surviving son of the first Prime Minister of Canada, Sir John A. Macdonald, and was a politician in his own right, serving as a member of the Canadian House of Commons and a federal cabinet minister, and briefly as the eighth Premier of Manitoba.", "King–Byng Affair The King–Byng Affair (sometimes referred to as the King-Byng Thing or the King-Byng Wing Ding) was a Canadian constitutional crisis that occurred in 1926, when the Governor General of Canada, the Lord Byng of Vimy, refused a request by his prime minister, William Lyon Mackenzie King, to dissolve parliament and call a general election.The crisis came to redefine the role of governor general, not only in Canada but throughout the Dominions, becoming a major impetus in negotiations at Imperial Conferences held in the late 1920s that led to the adoption of the Statute of Westminster in 1931.", "William Ewart Gladstone William Ewart Gladstone (; 29 December 1809 – 19 May 1898), was a British Liberal politician. In a career lasting over sixty years, he served as Prime Minister four separate times (1868–74, 1880–85, February–July 1886 and 1892–94), more than any other person, and served as Chancellor of the Exchequer four times. Gladstone was also Britain's oldest Prime Minister; he resigned for the final time when he was 84 years old.Gladstone first entered Parliament in 1832.", "Jean Charest Jean James Charest, PC (born John James Charest) (pronounced: [ʒɑ̃ ʃɑʁɛ]; born June 24, 1958) was the 29th Premier of Quebec, from 2003 to 2012. He lost the provincial election held September 4, 2012, and resigned as Premier on September 19. He was the Deputy Prime Minister of Canada from June 25, 1993, until November 4, 1993. Charest was the leader of the federal Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1993 to 1998, and was the leader of the Quebec Liberal Party from 1998 to 2012.", "29th Canadian Parliament The 29th Canadian Parliament was in session from January 4, 1973 until May 9, 1974. The membership was set by the 1972 federal election on October 30, 1972, and it was dissolved prior to the 1974 election.It was controlled by a Liberal Party minority led by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and the 20th Canadian Ministry, with the support of David Lewis's New Democratic Party. The Official Opposition was the Progressive Conservative Party, led by Robert Stanfield.The Speaker was Lucien Lamoureux.", "Mahathir Mohamad Tun Dato' Sri Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad (Jawi:محضير بن محمد; pronounced [maˈhaðɪr bɪn moˈhamad]; born 10 July 1925) was the fourth Prime Minister of Malaysia. He held the post for 22 years from 1981 to 2003, making him Malaysia's longest-serving Prime Minister. His political career spanned almost 40 years.Born and raised in Alor Setar, Kedah, Mahathir excelled at school and became a medical doctor.", "Maryon Pearson Maryon Elspeth Pearson (née Moody; December 13, 1901 – December 26, 1989) was the wife of Lester Bowles Pearson, the 14th Prime Minister of Canada. Maryon and Lester Pearson married on August 22, 1925. They met at the University of Toronto, where he was a teacher and she was a student. Maryon Pearson was also known for her sharp tongued wit. John English in his biography, Shadow of Heaven: The Life of Lester Pearson, devoted a full chapter to the subject of Mrs. Pearson's prickly personality.", "Jack Austin (politician) Jacob \"Jack\" Austin PC CM OBC (born March 2, 1932) is a Canadian former politician and former member of the Canadian Senate. He was appointed to the upper house by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau on August 8, 1975 and represented British Columbia. At the time of his retirement he was the longest serving Senator.", "Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine Sir Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine (or La Fontaine, or LaFontaine), 1st Baronet, KCMG (October 4, 1807 – February 26, 1864) was the first Canadian to become Prime Minister of the United Province of Canada and the first head of a responsible government in Canada. He was born in Boucherville, Lower Canada in 1807. A jurist and statesman, Lafontaine was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada in 1830.", "Edward M. Lawson Edward M. Lawson (born September 24, 1929 in Gerald, Saskatchewan) is a retired Canadian trade unionist and politician. Lawson was he second longest-serving member of the Canadian Senate, and the longest-serving senator to be appointed by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau when he retired upon reaching the age of 75 on September 24, 2004. He was appointed on October 7, 1970 as an independent.", "Lyman Duff Sir Lyman Poore Duff, GCMG, PC, QC (7 January 1865 - 26 April 1955) was the eighth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, was the longest serving justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, and briefly served as Acting Governor General of Canada in 1931 and 1940.Born in Meaford, Canada West (now Ontario) to a Congregationalist minister, he received a Bachelor of Arts in mathematics and metaphysics in 1887, a Bachelor of Laws in 1889 from the University of Toronto and then entered Osgoode Hall Law School.", "Owen Arthur Owen Seymour Arthur, PC, MP (born October 17, 1949) is a Barbadian politician who was Prime Minister of Barbados from 1994 to 2008. To date, he is the longest serving Barbadian Prime Minister. He was Leader of the Opposition in Barbados from 2010 to 2013.He led the Barbados Labour Party (BLP) to victory in the 1994 general election and won general elections again in 1999 and 2003. In the 2008 general election, his party was defeated by the Democratic Labour Party and its leader David Thompson.", "10th Canadian Parliament The 10th Canadian Parliament was in session from January 11, 1905, until September 17, 1908. The membership was set by the 1904 federal election on November 3, 1904. It was dissolved prior to the 1908 election.It was controlled by a Liberal Party majority under Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the 8th Canadian Ministry. The Official Opposition was the Conservative/Liberal-Conservative, led by Robert Borden.The Speaker was Robert Franklin Sutherland.", "Robert Menzies Sir Robert Gordon Menzies, KT, AK, CH, FAA, FRS, QC (20 December 1894 – 15 May 1978), was an Australian politician and the 12th Prime Minister of Australia. He served over 18 collective years, first from 1939 to 1941 and from 1949 to 1966, and is Australia's longest-serving Prime Minister.", "24 Sussex Drive 24 Sussex Drive or Gorffwysfa is the official residence of the Prime Minister of Canada, located in the New Edinburgh neighbourhood of Ottawa, Ontario. Built between 1866 and 1868 by Joseph Merrill Currier, it has been the official home of the Canadian prime minister since 1951. It is one of two official residences made available to the Prime Minister, the Harrington Lake estate in nearby Gatineau Park being the other.", "Herbert O. Sparrow Herbert Orval Sparrow, CM (January 4, 1930 – September 6, 2012) was a Canadian politician. At the time of his retirement, Sparrow was the longest-serving member of the Canadian Senate, and was the last remaining member of the Upper House to have been appointed by Prime Minister Lester Pearson. He was appointed on February 9, 1968, and sat as a member of the Liberal Party of Canada representing the province of Saskatchewan.", "9th Canadian Parliament The 9th Canadian Parliament was in session from February 6, 1901, until September 29, 1904. The membership was set by the 1900 federal election on November 7, 1900. It was dissolved prior to the 1904 election.It was controlled by a Liberal Party majority under Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the 8th Canadian Ministry. The Official Opposition was the Conservative/Liberal-Conservative, led by Robert Borden.The Speaker was first Louis Philippe Brodeur, and later Napoléon Antoine Belcourt.", "Jim Breithaupt James Roos Breithaupt (popularly pronounced \"bright-up\"), KStJ, CD, OM(Pol), QC, MA, LLB (born September 7, 1934), is a former Canadian politician. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1967 to 1984 as a member of the Liberal Party. He won a total of five elections, and is the longest serving former Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) for Kitchener since Canadian Confederation in 1867.", "Laurier—Outremont Laurier—Outremont was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the Canadian House of Commons from 1917 to 1935.This riding was created in 1914 from parts of Jacques Cartier, St. Antoine and St.", "William McMahon Sir William \"Billy\" McMahon, GCMG, CH (23 February 1908 – 31 March 1988), was an Australian Liberal politician and the 20th Prime Minister of Australia. He was the longest continuously serving government minister in Australian history (21 years and 6 months) and held the longest tenure as Prime Minister without leading his party to victory at an election.", "24th Canadian Parliament The 24th Canadian Parliament was in session from May 12, 1958 until April 19, 1962. The membership was set by the 1958 federal election on March 31, 1958, and it changed only somewhat due to resignations and by-elections until it was dissolved prior to the 1962 election.It was controlled by a Progressive Conservative Party majority, which won the largest majority in Canadian history, under Prime Minister John Diefenbaker and the 18th Canadian Ministry.", "John Roberts (Canadian politician) John Moody Roberts, PC (November 28, 1933 – March 30, 2007) was a Canadian politician. He was a Liberal Member of Parliament for 13 years interspersed between 1968 and 1984. He was a member of cabinet in the government of Pierre Trudeau.", "Brian Mulroney Martin Brian Mulroney (born March 20, 1939), PC, CC, GOQ, was the 18th Prime Minister of Canada from September 17, 1984 to June 25, 1993, and was leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1983 to 1993. His tenure as Prime Minister was marked by the introduction of major economic reforms, such as the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement and the Goods and Services Tax, and the rejection of constitutional reforms such as the Meech Lake Accord and the Charlottetown Accord.", "32nd Canadian Parliament The 32nd Canadian Parliament was in session from April 14, 1980 until July 9, 1984. The membership was set by the 1980 federal election on February 18, 1980, and it only changed slightly due to resignations and by-elections prior to being dissolved before the 1984 election.It was controlled by a Liberal Party majority, led first by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and the 22nd Canadian Ministry, and then by Prime Minister John Turner and the 23rd Canadian Ministry.", "6th Canadian Parliament The 6th Canadian Parliament was in session from April 13, 1887 until February 3, 1891. The membership was set by the 1887 federal election on February 22, 1887. It was dissolved prior to the 1891 election.It was controlled by a Conservative/Liberal-Conservative majority under Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald and the 3rd Canadian Ministry. The Official Opposition was the Liberal Party, led first by Edward Blake, and later by Wilfrid Laurier.The Speaker was Joseph-Aldéric Ouimet.", "List of Prime Ministers of Canada by military service This is a list of the Prime Ministers of Canada and their military serviceThe Prime Minister is not Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces, rather the role is held by the Queen of Canada and is held on behalf of the monarch by the Governor General of Canada.Only seven Prime Ministers have served in the military: Four Prime Ministers served in volunteer militia units (see Canadian Militia) attached to the British Army in Canada in later part of the 19th Century One Prime Minister (Trudeau) was a cadet (not a full member) of the volunteer Canadian Army during World War II Only Diefenbaker and Pearson served as officers and overseas (during World War I) Seven Prime Ministers were members of the Army (none in the Navy or Air Force) One Prime Minister (Pearson) served in a non-Canadian military unit, the Royal Flying Corps (later RAF) during World War ITwo Prime Ministers have been Minister of Militia and Defence (Macdonald and Bowell) and one as Minister of National Defence (Campbell).", "Louis St. Laurent Louis Stephen St. Laurent, PC, CC, QC (Saint-Laurent or St-Laurent in French, baptized Louis-Étienne St-Laurent), (1 February 1882 – 25 July 1973) was the 12th Prime Minister of Canada, from 15 November 1948 to 21 June 1957. He was a Liberal with a strong base in the Catholic francophone community, from which base he had long mobilised support to Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King.", "Trudeaumania Trudeaumania was the nickname given in early 1968 to the excitement generated by Pierre Trudeau's entry into the leadership race of the Liberal Party of Canada. Trudeaumania continued during the subsequent federal election campaign and during Trudeau's early years as Prime Minister of Canada.Many young people in Canada at this time, especially young women, were influenced by the 1960s counterculture and identified with Trudeau, an energetic nonconformist who was relatively young.", "Canadian federal election, 1900 The Canadian federal election of 1900 was held on November 7 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 9th Parliament of Canada. As a result of the election, the Liberal Party, led by Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier, was re-elected to a second majority government, defeating the Conservative Party and Liberal-Conservatives led by Charles Tupper. The voter turn-out was 77.4%", "Laurier Liberals Prior to the 1917 federal election in Canada, the Liberal Party of Canada split into two factions: The Laurier Liberals, who opposed conscription of soldiers to support Canada's involvement in World War I and who were led by former Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier; and The Liberal Unionists who joined Sir Robert Borden's Unionist government.", "Roland Michener Daniel Roland Michener PC CC CMM OOnt CD QC FRHSC(hon) (April 19, 1900 – August 6, 1991), commonly known as Roland Michener, was a Canadian lawyer, politician, and diplomat who served as Governor General of Canada, the 20th since Canadian Confederation.Michener was born and educated in Alberta, where, after serving briefly in the Royal Air Force, he acquired a university degree.", "Azellus Denis Azellus Denis, PC, QC (March 26, 1907 – September 4, 1991) was a Canadian politician who served in the Parliament of Canada as a Member of Parliament and Senator for the longest period of time, 55 years, 10 months and 20 days.Born in Saint-Norbert, Quebec, the son of Arsène Denis and Georgiana Laporte, he was educated in Saint-Norbert, Joliette and at the Université de Montréal. Denis practised law in Montreal.", "John Abbott Sir John Joseph Caldwell Abbott, PC KCMG QC (March 12, 1821 – October 30, 1893) was the third Prime Minister of Canada. He served in the office for seventeen months, from June 16, 1891 to November 24, 1892.", "Laurier (electoral district) Laurier was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the Canadian House of Commons from 1935 to 1988.It was created in 1933 from parts of Laurier—Outremont and Saint-Denis ridings. It was abolished in 1987 when it was redistributed into Laurier—Sainte-Marie, Outremont, Rosemont and Saint-Henri—Westmount ridings.The riding was re-created in 2003, and renamed Laurier—Sainte-Marie in 2004.", "Laurier Macdonald High School Laurier Macdonald High School (traditionally abbreviated as \"LMAC\", but occasionally as \"LMHS\") is an English-language public school in the east end of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The school is named for Sir John A. Macdonald, the first Prime Minister of Canada and a Father of Confederation and Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the first French-Canadian Prime Minister of Canada. Formerly part of La Commission Scolaire Jérôme-Le Royer, the school has been part of the English Montreal School Board since 1998.", "Pierre Trudeau Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau, PC CH CC QC FRSC (/truːˈdoʊ/; French pronunciation: [tʁydo]; October 18, 1919 – September 28, 2000), usually known as Pierre Trudeau or Pierre Elliott Trudeau, was the 15th Prime Minister of Canada from April 20, 1968, to June 4, 1979, and again from March 3, 1980, to June 30, 1984.Trudeau began his political career as a lawyer, intellectual, and activist in Quebec politics.", "Leslie Frost Leslie Miscampbell Frost, PC CC QC (September 20, 1895 – May 4, 1973) was a politician in Ontario, Canada, who served as the 16th Premier from May 4, 1949 to November 8, 1961. Due to his lengthy tenure, he gained the nickname \"Old Man Ontario\"; he was also known as \"the Silver Fox\".", "Peter Milliken Peter Andrew Stewart Milliken PC OC FRSC (born November 12, 1946) is a Canadian lawyer and politician. He was a member of the Canadian House of Commons from 1988 until his retirement in 2011 and served as Speaker of the House for 10 years beginning in 2001. Milliken represented the Ontario riding of Kingston and the Islands as a member of the Liberal Party. On October 12, 2009, he became the longest serving Speaker of the House of Commons in Canadian history.", "8th Canadian Parliament The 8th Canadian Parliament was in session from August 19, 1896 until October 9, 1900. The membership was set by the 1896 federal election on June 23, 1896. It was dissolved prior to the 1900 election.It was controlled by a Liberal Party majority under Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the 8th Canadian Ministry. The Official Opposition was the Conservative/Liberal-Conservative, led by Charles Tupper.The Speaker was first James David Edgar, and later Thomas Bain.", "Ernest Manning Ernest Charles Manning, PC CC AOE (September 20, 1908 – February 19, 1996), a Canadian politician, was the eighth premier of Alberta between 1943 and 1968 for the Social Credit Party of Alberta. He served longer than any other premier in the province's history and was the second longest serving provincial premier in Canadian history (only after George H. Murray of Nova Scotia). For a period of time, Manning was the longest continually serving democratically elected official in the world.", "Laurier Avenue Laurier Avenue (French: Avenue Laurier) (Ottawa Road #48) is a central east west street running through Ottawa, Canada. Originally known as \"Maria Street\" (west of Waller) and \"Theodore Street\" (east of Waller), it was renamed in honour of Canadian Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier. Laurier House, the residence of Prime Ministers Laurier and William Lyon Mackenzie King, is located at the corner of Laurier Avenue East and Chapel Street.", "Lucien Lamoureux This article is about the Canadian politician. For the French politician, see Lucien Lamoureux (France).Lucien Lamoureux, PC, OC (August 3, 1920 – July 16, 1998) was a Canadian politician and Speaker of the Canadian House of Commons from 1966 to 1974. He is the second longest-serving occupant of that office.", "Laurier LaPierre Laurier L. LaPierre, OC (November 21, 1929 – December 16, 2012), was a Canadian Senator professor, broadcaster, journalist and author. He was a member of the Liberal Party of Canada.Fluently bilingual, LaPierre was best known for having been co-host with Patrick Watson of the CBC's influential public affairs show This Hour Has Seven Days in the 1960s.", "Jean Chrétien Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien PC OM CC QC (born January 11, 1934) known commonly as Jean Chrétien (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ kʁetjɛ̃]) is a Canadian politician and statesman who served as the 20th Prime Minister of Canada. He served in the position for over ten years, from November 4, 1993 to December 12, 2003.Born and raised in Shawinigan, Quebec, Chrétien is a law graduate from Université Laval. He was first elected to the Canadian House of Commons in 1963.", "Guy Charbonneau Guy Charbonneau, PC (June 21, 1922 – January 18, 1998) was the longest serving Speaker of the Canadian Senate, serving from 1984 to 1993. During his tenure, amendments to the Standing Orders of the Senate extended the powers of the Speaker.Chabonneau was born in Trois-Rivières, Quebec. He received his Bachelor of Arts from the Université de Montréal, and pursued further studies in economics at McGill University.", "John Diefenbaker John George Diefenbaker PC CH QC (/ˈdiːfənˌbeɪkər/; September 18, 1895 – August 16, 1979) was the 13th Prime Minister of Canada, serving from June 21, 1957, to April 22, 1963. He was the only Progressive Conservative (PC or Tory) party leader between 1930 and 1979 to lead the party to an election victory, doing so three times, although only once with a majority of seats in the Canadian House of Commons.Diefenbaker was born in southwestern Ontario in 1895.", "John Graham Haggart John Graham Haggart, PC (14 November 1836 – 13 March 1913) was a Canadian politician.Haggart served as a member of the Canadian House of Commons from 1872 to 1913. This forty-year period of service in the Commons is the second-longest in Canadian history, exceeded only by Sir Wilfrid Laurier, whose period of service (1874-1919) mostly overlaps with Haggart's. He was appointed as Postmaster General, serving in the cabinets of Sir John A.", "Kenneth Ozmon Kenneth Lawrence Ozmon, OC (born September 4, 1931) is a Canadian university administrator who was Canada's longest serving university president for 21 consecutive years.Born in Portsmouth, Virginia, he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1955 from St.", "George Henry Murray George Henry Murray (June 7, 1861 – January 6, 1929) was a Nova Scotia politician who served as the province's eighth Premier for twenty-seven years, the longest unbroken tenure for a head of government in Canadian history. He was born in Grand Narrows, Nova Scotia.Despite his later political longevity, Murray's early political career was marked by inability to get elected. He lost five consecutive elections at the federal and provincial level before finally winning a seat.", "W. A. C. Bennett William Andrew Cecil Bennett, PC, OC (September 6, 1900 – February 23, 1979) was the 25th Premier of the Canadian province of British Columbia. With just over 20 years in office, Bennett was and remains the longest-serving premier in British Columbia history. He was usually referred to as W.A.C. Bennett, although some referred to him either affectionately or mockingly as \"Wacky\" Bennett. To his close friends, he was known as \"Cece\".", "Laurier House Laurier House is a National Historic Site in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, located at 335 Laurier Avenue East (in the Sandy Hill district). It was formerly the residence of two Canadian Prime Ministers, Sir Wilfrid Laurier (for whom the house is named) and William Lyon Mackenzie King. The house was built in 1878, but had significant later alterations.", "Zoé Laurier Zoé Lafontaine, Lady Laurier (June 26, 1841 – November 1, 1921) was the wife of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the seventh Prime Minister of Canada.", "William Lyon Mackenzie King William Lyon Mackenzie King, PC, OM, CMG (December 17, 1874 – July 22, 1950), also commonly known as Mackenzie King, was the dominant Canadian political leader from the 1920s through the 1940s. He served as the tenth Prime Minister of Canada from December 29, 1921, to June 28, 1926; from September 25, 1926, to August 7, 1930; and from October 23, 1935, to November 15, 1948. A Liberal with 22 years in office, he was the longest-serving Prime Minister in Canadian history." ]	2
U.S. president authorise nuclear weapons against Japan	[ "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki\nThe United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, during the final stage of the Second World War. The two bombings, which killed at least 129,000 people, remain the only use of nuclear weapons for warfare in history.In the final year of the war, the Allies prepared for what was anticipated to be a very costly invasion of the Japanese mainland. This was preceded by a U.S. firebombing campaign that obliterated many Japanese cities.", "Timeline of World War II (1945)\nThis is a timeline of the events that stretched over the period of World War II from January 1945 to its conclusion.", "Interim Committee\nThe Interim Committee was a secret high-level group created in May 1945 by United States Secretary of War, Henry L. Stimson at the urging of leaders of the Manhattan Project and with the approval of President Harry S. Truman to advise on matters pertaining to nuclear energy.", "Nuclear weapons and the United States\nThe United States was the first country to develop nuclear weapons, and is the only country to have used them in warfare, with the separate bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in World War II. Before and during the Cold War, it conducted over a thousand nuclear tests and developed many long-range weapon delivery systems.Between 1940 and 1996, the U.S." ]	[ "Operation Eagle Claw Operation Eagle Claw (or Operation Evening Light or Operation Rice Bowl) was a United States Armed Forces operation ordered by US President Jimmy Carter to attempt to end the Iran hostage crisis by rescuing 52 diplomats held captive at the embassy of the United States, Tehran on 24 April 1980. Its failure, and the humiliating public debacle that ensued, damaged US prestige worldwide.", "Day of Deceit Day of Deceit: The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor is a book by Robert Stinnett alleging that the Roosevelt administration deliberately provoked and allowed the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in order to bring the United States into World War II.", "William J. Crowe William James Crowe, Jr. (January 2, 1925 – October 18, 2007) was a United States Navy admiral who served as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff under Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush, and as the ambassador to the United Kingdom under President Bill Clinton.", "Root–Takahira Agreement The Root–Takahira Agreement (高平・ルート協定, Takahira-Rūto Kyōtei) was an agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan negotiated between United States Secretary of State Elihu Root and Japanese Ambassador to the United States Takahira Kogorō.Signed on November 30, 1908, the agreement consisted of an official recognition of the territorial status quo as of November 1908, affirmation of the independence and territorial integrity of China (i.e.", "John Foster Dulles John Foster Dulles (/ˈdʌləs/; February 25, 1888 – May 24, 1959) served as U.S. Secretary of State under Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959. He was a significant figure in the early Cold War era, advocating an aggressive stance against Communism throughout the world. He negotiated numerous treaties and alliances that reflected this point of view.", "J. Robert Oppenheimer Julius Robert Oppenheimer (April 22, 1904 – February 18, 1967) was an American theoretical physicist and professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley. As the wartime head of the Los Alamos Laboratory, he is among those who are often called the \"father of the atomic bomb\" for their role in the Manhattan Project, the World War II project that developed the first nuclear weapons.", "Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution (日本国憲法第9条, Nihonkokukenpō dai kyū-jō) is a clause in the National Constitution of Japan outlawing war as a means to settle international disputes involving the state. The Constitution came into effect on May 3, 1947, following World War II.", "Agreement on the Prevention of Nuclear War The Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement was created to reduce the danger of nuclear war between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The agreement was signed in Washington, D.C. on June 22, 1973 during a relative period of détente. The United States and the U.S.S.R. agreed to reduce the threat of a nuclear war and establish a policy to restrain hostility.", "The wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time, and with the wrong enemy \"The wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time, and with the wrong enemy\" is General Omar Bradley's famous rebuke in his May 15, 1951 Congressional testimony as the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to the idea of extending the Korean War into China, as proposed by General Douglas MacArthur, the commander of the U.N. forces in Korea before being relieved of command by President Harry Truman on April 11, 1951.", "Program 437 Program 437 was the second anti-satellite weapons program of the U.S. military. The US anti-satellite weapons program began development in the early 1960s and was officially discontinued on 1 April 1975. Program 437 was approved for development by U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara on November 20, 1962, after a series of tests involving high altitude nuclear explosions. The program's facilities were located on Johnston Island, an isolated island in the north central Pacific Ocean.", "Nuclear Power 2010 Program The \"Nuclear Power 2010 Program\" was launched in 2002 by President George W. Bush in order to restart orders for nuclear power reactors in the U.S. by providing subsidies for a handful of Generation III+ demonstration plants. The expectation was that these plants would come online by 2010, but this expectation was not met.", "Operation Buster–Jangle Operation Buster–Jangle was a series of seven (six atmospheric, one cratering) nuclear weapons tests conducted by the United States in late 1951 at the Nevada Test Site. Buster-Jangle was the first joint test program between the DOD (Operation Buster) and Los Alamos National Laboratories (Operation Jangle). As part of Operation Buster, 6,500 troops were involved in the Operation Desert Rock I, II, and III exercises in conjunction with the tests.", "Enola Gay The Enola Gay is a Boeing B-29 Superfortress bomber, named for Enola Gay Tibbets, the mother of the pilot, Colonel Paul Tibbets, who selected the aircraft while it was still on the assembly line. On 6 August 1945, during the final stages of World War II, it became the first aircraft to drop an atomic bomb. The bomb, code-named \"Little Boy\", was targeted at the city of Hiroshima, Japan, and caused unprecedented destruction.", "Winds Code The \"Winds Code\" is a confused military intelligence episode relating to the Attack on Pearl Harbor, especially the advance-knowledge debate.The Winds Code was an instruction from Tokyo to the Japanese embassy in Washington on November 19, 1941. In case of an emergency leading to the interruption of regular communication channels, a coded message would be inserted into the daily Japanese international news broadcast.", "Thomas Ferebee Thomas W. Ferebee (November 9, 1918 – March 16, 2000) was the bombardier aboard the B-29 Superfortress, Enola Gay, who dropped the atomic bomb, \"Little Boy\", on Hiroshima in 1945.", "Executive Order 11110 Executive Order 11110 was issued by U.S. President John F. Kennedy on June 4, 1963.This executive order amended Executive Order 10289 (dated September 17, 1951) by delegating to the Secretary of the Treasury the president's authority to issue silver certificates under the Thomas Amendment of the Agricultural Adjustment Act, as amended by the Gold Reserve Act.", "Reverse course Reverse Course was a change in US government and Allied Occupation policy toward Japan during the post-World War II reconstruction. Beginning roughly between 1947 and 1948, it lasted until the end of the occupation in 1952.The impetus for the Reverse Course divides between global events and developments within Japan. On the one hand, it is linked to the escalation of the Cold War, the Chinese Communist Revolution and the looming Korean War.", "Hiroshima (film) Hiroshima is a 1995 Japanese / Canadian film directed by Koreyoshi Kurahara and Roger Spottiswoode about the decision-making processes that led to the dropping of the atomic bombs by the United States on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki toward the end of World War II.", "Mutual Defense Assistance Act The Mutual Defense Assistance Act was a United States Act of Congress signed by President Harry S. Truman on 6 October 1949. For US Foreign policy, it was the first U.S. military foreign aid legislation of the Cold War era, and initially to Europe. The Act followed Truman's signing of the Economic Cooperation Act (the Marshall Plan), on April 3, 1948, which provided non-military, economic reconstruction and development aid to Europe.", "Munson Report The Report on Japanese on the West Coast of the United States, often called the Munson Report, was a 29-page report written in 1940 by Curtis B. Munson, a Detroit businessman commissioned as a special representative of the State Department, on the sympathies and loyalties of Japanese Americans living in California and the West Coast of the United States. Munson's report was submitted to the White House on October 7, 1941, exactly two months before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.", "Ivy Mike Ivy Mike was the codename given to the first test of a full-scale thermonuclear device, in which part of the explosive yield comes from nuclear fusion. It was detonated on November 1, 1952 by the United States on Enewetak, an atoll in the Pacific Ocean, as part of Operation Ivy.", "Nixon Doctrine The Nixon Doctrine (also known as the Guam Doctrine) was put forth during a press conference in Guam on July 25, 1969 by U.S. President Richard Nixon and later formalized in his speech on Vietnamization on November 3, 1969.", "Fred Korematsu Fred Toyosaburo Korematsu (是松豊三郎, Korematsu Toyosaburō, January 30, 1919 – March 30, 2005) was one of the many Japanese-American citizens living on the West Coast of the United States at the onset of World War II. Shortly after the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D.", "START I START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) was a bilateral treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) on the reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms. The treaty was signed on 31 July 1991 and entered into force on 5 December 1994. The treaty barred its signatories from deploying more than 6,000 nuclear warheads atop a total of 1,600 inter-continental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and bombers.", "Three Non-Nuclear Principles Japan's Three Non-Nuclear Principles (非核三原則, Hikaku San Gensoku) are a parliamentary resolution (never adopted into law) that have guided Japanese nuclear policy since their inception in the late 1960s, and reflect general public sentiment and national policy since the end of World War II. The tenets state that Japan shall neither possess nor manufacture nuclear weapons, nor shall it permit their introduction into Japanese territory.", "Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory The Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory is the argument that American government officials had advance knowledge of Japan's December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. Ever since the Japanese attack there has been debate as to how and why the United States had been caught off guard and how much and when American officials knew of Japanese plans for an attack. In September 1944, John T.", "Operation Greenhouse Operation Greenhouse was the fifth American nuclear test series, the second conducted in 1951 and the first to test principles that would lead to developing thermonuclear weapons (hydrogen bombs). Conducted at the new Pacific Proving Ground, specifically on islands of the Enewetak Atoll, all of the devices were mounted in large steel towers, to simulate air bursts.", "Charles Sweeney Major General Charles W. Sweeney (December 27, 1919 – July 16, 2004) was an officer in the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II and the pilot who flew Bockscar carrying the Fat Man atomic bomb to the Japanese city of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. Separating from active duty at the end of World War II, he later became an officer in the Massachusetts Air National Guard as the Army Air Forces transitioned to an independent U.S. Air Force, eventually rising to the rank of Major General.", "Frederick Ashworth Vice Admiral Frederick Lincoln \"Dick\" Ashworth (24 January 1912 – 3 December 2005) was a United States Navy officer who served as the weaponeer on the B-29 Bockscar that dropped a Fat Man atomic bomb on Nagasaki, Japan on 9 August 1945 during World War II.A 1933 graduate of the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, Ashworth commanded Torpedo Squadron Eleven (VT-11), a Grumman TBF Avenger unit based on Guadalcanal that flew patrol, search, spotting, strike, and night mine-laying missions in support of the New Georgia Campaign in the Solomon Islands. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Ashworth?oldid=664476818> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Inventive_spelling> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Inventive spelling (sometimes invented spelling) is the use of unconventional spellings of words.Conventional written English is not phonetic (that is, it is not written as it sounds, due to the history of its spelling, which led to outdated, unintuitive, misleading or arbitrary spelling conventions and spellings of individual words) unlike, for example, German or Spanish, where letters have relatively fixed associated sounds, so that the written text is a fair representation of the spoken words.", "Rangoon bombing The Rangoon bombing of October 9, 1983, was an assassination attempt against Chun Doo-hwan, the fifth President of South Korea, orchestrated by North Korea. Two of the bombers were captured, one of whom confessed to being a North Korean military officer.", "List of Allied ships at the Japanese surrender These ships of the Allied navies of World War II were present in Tokyo Bay on Victory over Japan Day (2 September 1945) when the Japanese Instrument of Surrender was signed on board the battleship USS Missouri (BB-63).", "Operation Unthinkable Operation Unthinkable was a code name of two related plans of a conflict between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union. Both were ordered by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill in 1945 and developed by the British Armed Forces' Joint Planning Staff at the end of World War II in Europe.The first of the two assumed a surprise attack on the Soviet forces stationed in Germany in order to \"impose the will of the Western Allies\" on the Soviets.", "Bin Ladin Determined To Strike in US Bin Ladin Determined To Strike in US was the President's Daily Brief prepared by the Central Intelligence Agency and given to U.S. President George W. Bush on Monday, August 6, 2001. The brief warned of terrorism threats from Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda 36 days before the September 11, 2001 attacks.", "Ivy King Ivy King was the largest pure-fission nuclear bomb ever tested by the United States. The bomb was tested during the Truman administration as part of Operation Ivy. This series of tests involved the development of very powerful nuclear weapons in response to the nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union.The production of Ivy King was hurried to be ready in case its sister project, Ivy Mike, failed in its attempt to achieve a thermonuclear reaction.", "John J. McCloy John Jay McCloy (March 31, 1895 – March 11, 1989), was an American lawyer and banker who served as Assistant Secretary of War during World War II, where he made many major decisions. After the war he served as president of the World Bank, U.S. High Commissioner for Germany, chairman of Chase Manhattan Bank, and chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations.", "Operation Matterhorn Operation Matterhorn was a military operation of the United States Army Air Forces in World War II for the strategic bombing of Japanese forces by B-29 Superfortresses based in India and China. Targets included Japan itself, and Japanese bases in China and South East Asia. The name comes from the Matterhorn, a mountain traditionally considered particularly difficult to climb.", "Atoms for Peace \"Atoms for Peace\" was the title of a speech delivered by U.S. President Dwight D.", "John L. DeWitt John Lesesne DeWitt (January 9, 1880-June 20, 1962) was a general in the United States Army, best known for his vocal support of the internment of Japanese-Americans and his role supervising the combat operations in the Aleutian Islands, some of which had been invaded by Japanese forces during World War II.General DeWitt believed that Japanese and Japanese Americans in California, Oregon, and Washington could be conspiring against the American war effort, and recommended they be removed from coastal areas.", "Stimson Doctrine The Stimson Doctrine is a policy of the United States federal government, enunciated in a note of January 7, 1932, to Japan and China, of non-recognition of international territorial changes that were executed by force. The doctrine was an application of the principle of ex injuria jus non oritur.", "Military history of the United States during World War II The military history of the United States' involvement in World War II covers the war against Japan, Germany and Italy starting with the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. During the first two years of the global conflict, the United States had maintained formal neutrality as made officially in the 1937 Quarantine Speech delivered by U.S. President Franklin D.", "Stockholm Appeal On March 15, 1950, the World Peace Council approved the Stockholm Appeal, calling for an absolute ban on nuclear weapons. The appeal was initiated by the French Communist physicist Frédéric Joliot-Curie, gathered petitions allegedly signed by 273,470,566 persons (including the entire adult population of the U.S.S.R.)The text of the Appeal read:“We demand the outlawing of atomic weapons as instruments of intimidation and mass murder of peoples.", "Arsenal of Democracy The \"Arsenal of Democracy\" in World War II was a slogan used by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, in a radio broadcast delivered on December 29, 1940. Roosevelt promised to help the United Kingdom fight Nazi Germany by giving them military supplies while the United States stayed out of the actual fighting.", "Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo is a 1944 American war film released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It is based on the true story of the Doolittle Raid, America's first retaliatory air strike against Japan four months after the December 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.Mervyn LeRoy directed Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo and Sam Zimbalist produced the film. The screenplay by Dalton Trumbo was based on the 1943 book of the same name, written by Captain Ted W. Lawson, a pilot who participated in the raid.", "Kawakita v. United States Kawakita v. United States, 343 U.S. 717 (1952), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that a dual U.S./Japanese citizen could be convicted of treason for acts performed in Japan during World War II.", "War Plan Orange War Plan Orange (commonly known as Plan Orange or just Orange) refers to a series of United States Joint Army and Navy Board war plans for dealing with a possible war with Japan during the years between the First and Second World Wars.Informal studies as early as 1906 covered a number of possibilities, from basing at Gibraltar or Singapore (an idea revived by the British before World War II) to \"a quick trans-Atlantic dash\" to the Pacific.", "Iraq Intelligence Commission The Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction is a panel created by Executive Order 13328, signed by U.S. President George W. Bush in February 2004.", "Single Integrated Operational Plan The Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP) was the United States' general plan for nuclear war from 1961 to 2003. The SIOP gave the President of the United States a range of targeting options, and described launch procedures and target sets against which nuclear weapons would be launched. The plan integrated the capabilities of the nuclear triad of strategic bombers, land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM), and sea-based submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBM).", "Paul Tibbets Paul Warfield Tibbets, Jr. (February 23, 1915 – November 1, 2007), was a brigadier general in the United States Air Force. He is best known as the pilot who flew the Enola Gay (named after his mother) when it dropped Little Boy, the first atomic bomb used in warfare, on the Japanese city of Hiroshima.Tibbets enlisted in the United States Army in 1937 and qualified as a pilot in 1938. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor he flew anti-submarine patrols over the Atlantic.", "Korematsu v. United States Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of citizenship.In a 6–3 decision, the Court sided with the government, ruling that the exclusion order was constitutional. Six of eight Roosevelt appointees sided with Roosevelt. The lone Republican appointee, Owen Roberts, dissented.", "Executive Order 12170 Executive Order 12170 was issued by American president Jimmy Carter on November 14, 1979, ten days after the Iran hostage crisis had started. This Executive Order, empowered under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, called for the freezing of all Iranian government assets held within the United States.", "William Sterling Parsons Rear Admiral William Sterling \"Deak\" Parsons (26 November 1901 – 5 December 1953) was an American Naval officer who worked as an ordnance expert on the Manhattan Project during World War II. He is best known for being the weaponeer on the Enola Gay, the aircraft which dropped the Little Boy atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan in 1945.A 1922 graduate of the United States Naval Academy, Parsons served on a variety of warships beginning with the battleship USS Idaho.", "Operation Ivy Operation Ivy was the eighth series of American nuclear tests, coming after Tumbler-Snapper and before Upshot-Knothole. Its purpose was to help upgrade the U.S. arsenal of nuclear weapons in response to the Soviet nuclear weapons program. The two explosions were staged in late 1952 at Eniwetok Atoll in the Pacific Proving Ground in the Marshall Islands.", "Cairo Conference The Cairo Conference (codenamed Sextant) of November 22–26, 1943, held in Cairo, Egypt, outlined the Allied position against Japan during World War II and made decisions about postwar Asia. The meeting was attended by President of the United States Franklin Roosevelt, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill, and Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek of the Republic of China.", "Saburō Kurusu Saburō Kurusu (来栖三郎, Kurusu Saburō, March 6, 1886- April 7, 1954) was a Japanese career diplomat. He is remembered now as an envoy who tried to negotiate peace and understanding with the United States while Japan was secretly preparing the attack on Pearl Harbor.As Imperial Japan's ambassador to Germany from 1939 to November 1941, he signed the Tripartite Pact along with the foreign ministers of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy on September 27, 1940.", "Occupation of Japan The Allied occupation of Japan at the end of World War II was led by Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, with support from the British Commonwealth. Unlike the occupation of Germany, the Soviet Union was allowed little to no influence over Japan. This foreign presence marked the first time in its history that the nation had been occupied by a foreign power.", "509th Composite Group The 509th Composite Group (509 CG) was a unit of the United States Army Air Forces created during World War II and tasked with the operational deployment of nuclear weapons. It conducted the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, in August 1945.The group was activated on 17 December 1944 at Wendover Army Air Field, Utah. It was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Paul W. Tibbets.", "United States and weapons of mass destruction The United States is known to have possessed three types of weapons of mass destruction: nuclear weapons, chemical weapons, and biological weapons. The U.S. is the only country to have used nuclear weapons in combat in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in World War II. It had secretly developed the earliest form of the atomic weapon during the 1940s under the title \"Manhattan Project\".", "Operation Downfall Operation Downfall was the codename for the Allied plan for the invasion of Japan near the end of World War II. The planned operation was abandoned when Japan surrendered following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Soviet declaration of war. The operation had two parts: Operations Olympic and Coronet.", "Operation Hailstone Operation Hailstone (known in Japan as Japanese: トラック島空襲 Torakku-tō Kūshū, lit. \"the airstrike on Truk Island\") was a massive naval air and surface attack launched on February 16–17, 1944, during World War II by the United States Navy against the Japanese naval and air base at Truk in the Caroline Islands, a pre-war Japanese territory.", "Lewis Strauss Lewis Lichtenstein Strauss (January 31, 1896 – January 21, 1974) (pronounced \"straws\" /ˈstrɔːz/) was a Jewish American businessman, philanthropist, public official, and naval officer. He was a major figure in the development of nuclear weapons and nuclear power in the United States.Strauss was the driving force in the hearings, held in April 1954 before a U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Personnel Security Board, in which J. Robert Oppenheimer's security clearance was revoked.", "Henry L. Stimson Henry Lewis Stimson (September 21, 1867 – October 20, 1950) was an American statesman, lawyer and Republican Party politician and spokesman on foreign policy. He served as Secretary of War (1911–1913) under Republican William Howard Taft, and as Governor-General of the Philippines (1927–1929). As Secretary of State (1929–1933) under Republican President Herbert Hoover, he articulated the Stimson Doctrine which announced American opposition to Japanese expansion in Asia.", "Johnson Doctrine The Johnson Doctrine, enunciated by U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson after the United States' intervention in the Dominican Republic in 1965, declared that domestic revolution in the Western Hemisphere would no longer be a local matter when \"the object is the establishment of a Communist dictatorship\".", "Truman Doctrine The Truman Doctrine was an American foreign policy to stop Soviet imperialism during the Cold War. It was announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947 when he pledged to contain Soviet threats to Greece and Turkey. No American military force was involved; instead Congress appropriated a free gift of financial aid to support the economies and the militaries of Greece and Turkey.", "War Powers Resolution The War Powers Resolution (also known as the War Powers Resolution of 1973) (50 U.S.C. 1541–1548) is a federal law intended to check the president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the U.S. Congress. The Resolution was adopted in the form of a United States Congress joint resolution. It provides that the U.S. President can send U.S.", "Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project was a research and development project that produced the first nuclear weapons during World War II. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada. From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer was the director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory that designed the actual bombs.", "Doctrine for Joint Nuclear Operations The Doctrine for Joint Nuclear Operations was a U.S. Department of Defense document publicly discovered in 2005 on the circumstances under which commanders of U.S. forces could request the use of nuclear weapons. The document was a draft being revised to be consistent with the Bush doctrine of preemptive attack.", "Washington Naval Conference The Washington Naval Conference, also called the Washington Arms Conference or the Washington Disarmament Conference, was a military conference called by President Warren G. Harding and held in Washington from 12 November 1921 to 6 February 1922. Conducted outside the auspice of the League of Nations, it was attended by nine nations—the United States, Japan, China, France, Britain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Portugal—regarding interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia.", "START II START II (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) was a bilateral treaty between the United States of America and Russia on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms. It was signed by United States President George H. W. Bush and Russian President Boris Yeltsin on 3 January 1993, banning the use of multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs) on intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). Hence, it is often cited as the De-MIRV-ing Agreement. It never entered into effect.", "History of nuclear weapons Nuclear weapons possess enormous destructive power derived from nuclear fission or combined fission and fusion reactions. Starting with scientific breakthroughs made during the 1930s, the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada collaborated during World War II in what was called the Manhattan Project to counter the suspected Nazi German atomic bomb project. In August 1945 two fission bombs were dropped on Japan ending the Pacific War.", "Szilárd petition The Szilárd petition, drafted by scientist Leó Szilárd, was signed by 70 scientists working on the Manhattan Project in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and the Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago, Illinois. It was circulated in July 1945 and asked President Harry S. Truman to consider an observed demonstration of the power of the atomic bomb first, before using it against people. However, the petition never made it through the chain of command to President Truman.", "Kichisaburō Nomura Kichisaburō Nomura (野村吉三郎, Nomura Kichisaburō, December 16, 1877 – May 8, 1964) was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy and was the ambassador to the United States at the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor.", "Operation Crossroads Operation Crossroads was a pair of nuclear weapon tests conducted by the United States at Bikini Atoll in mid-1946. They were the first nuclear weapon tests since Trinity in July 1945, and the first detonations of nuclear devices since the atomic bombing of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945.", "McCollum memo The McCollum memo, also known as the Eight Action Memo was a memorandum, dated October 7, 1940 (more than a year before the Pearl Harbor attack), sent by Lieutenant Commander Arthur H. McCollum, who \"provided the president with intelligence reports on [Japan]... [and oversaw] every intercepted and decoded Japanese military and diplomatic report destined for the White House\"Template:Unreliable source? in his capacity as director of the Office of Naval Intelligence's Far East Asia section.", "Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism On November 13, 2001 U.S. President George W.", "Doolittle Raid The Doolittle Raid, also known as the Tokyo Raid, on 18 April 1942, was an air raid by the United States on the Japanese capital Tokyo and other places on Honshu island during World War II, the first air raid to strike the Japanese Home Islands. It demonstrated that Japan itself was vulnerable to American air attack, served as retaliation for the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, and provided an important boost to U.S. morale while damaging Japanese morale.", "Japanese nuclear weapon program The Japanese program to develop nuclear weapons was conducted during World War II. Like the German nuclear weapons program, it suffered from an array of problems, and was ultimately unable to progress beyond the laboratory stage before the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Japanese surrender in August 1945.Today, Japan's nuclear energy infrastructure makes it eminently capable of constructing nuclear weapons at will.", "United States – Russia mutual detargeting Between 12 and 15 January 1994, President Bill Clinton of the United States and President Boris Yeltsin of the Russian Federation negotiated an agreement between their respective countries not to target strategic nuclear missiles at each other.The text of the agreement, which is thirteen paragraphs long, includes a single paragraph on the subject of detargeting.", "Japan and weapons of mass destruction Beginning in the mid-1930s, the nation of Japan conducted numerous attempts to acquire and develop weapons of mass destruction. The 1943 Battle of Changde saw Japanese use of both bioweapons and chemical weapons, and the Japanese conducted a serious, though futile, nuclear weapon program.", "Treaty of Portsmouth The Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the 1904–05 Russo-Japanese War. It was signed on September 5, 1905 after negotiations lasting from August 6 to August 30, at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, in the United States. President Theodore Roosevelt was instrumental in the negotiations, and won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts.", "Little Boy Little Boy was the codename for the type of atomic bomb dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 by the Boeing B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay, piloted by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., commander of the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces. It was the first atomic bomb to be used in warfare. The Hiroshima bombing was the second artificial nuclear explosion in history, after the Trinity test, and the first uranium-based detonation.", "President Robert L. Booth Robert Linus Booth is a fictional character from the British comic strip Judge Dredd in 2000 AD. He was the last President of the United States and the man who initiated the Atomic Wars.", "Nuclear football The nuclear football (also known as the atomic football, the president's emergency satchel, the button, the black box, or just the football) is a briefcase, the contents of which are to be used by the President of the United States to authorize a nuclear attack while away from fixed command centers, such as the White House Situation Room. It functions as a mobile hub in the strategic defense system of the United States.", "Kremlin accords The Kremlin accords were a series of treaties signed by President of the United States Bill Clinton and President of Russia Boris Yeltsin on January 14, 1994. These treaties stopped the preprogrammed aiming of nuclear missiles at targets on any nation and provided for the dismantling of the Russian nuclear arsenal positioned in Ukraine.", "Attack on Pearl Harbor The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, in the United States Territory of Hawaii, on the morning of December 7, 1941. The attack led to the United States' entry into World War II.Japan intended the attack as a preventive action to keep the U.S.", "Japan's non-nuclear weapons policy Japan's non-nuclear weapons policy is a policy popularly articulated as the Three Non-Nuclear Principles of non-possession, non-production, and non-introduction of nuclear weapons imposed by Douglas MacArthur during the Allied occupation after the Second World War.", "Fat Man \"Fat Man\" was the codename for the type of atomic bomb that was detonated over the Japanese city of Nagasaki by the United States on 9 August 1945. It was the second of the only two nuclear weapons ever used in warfare, the first being Little Boy, and its detonation caused the third man-made nuclear explosion. It was built by scientists and engineers at Los Alamos Laboratory using plutonium from the Hanford Site and dropped from the Boeing B-29 Superfortress Bockscar.", "Infamy Speech The Infamy Speech was a speech delivered by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt to a Joint Session of Congress on December 8, 1941, one day after the Empire of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The name derives from the first line of the speech: Roosevelt describing the previous day as \"a date which will live in infamy\".", "We begin bombing in five minutes On August 11, 1984, United States President Ronald Reagan, while running for re-election, was preparing to make his weekly Saturday radio address on National Public Radio. At a sound check before the address, Reagan made the following joke to the radio technicians: \"My fellow Americans, I'm pleased to tell you today that I've signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever.", "Axis of evil U.S. President George W. Bush used the term \"axis of evil\" in his State of the Union Address on January 29, 2002, and often repeated it throughout his presidency, to describe governments that he accused of helping terrorism and seeking weapons of mass destruction. Iran, Iraq, and North Korea were portrayed by George W. Bush during the State of the Union as building nuclear weapons.", "Hull note The Hull note or officially Outline of Proposed Basis for Agreement Between the United States and Japan was the final proposal delivered to the Empire of Japan by the United States before the attack on Pearl Harbor and the declaration of war between the two nations. The note was delivered on November 26, 1941; it is named for Secretary of State Cordell Hull.", "Plan Totality Plan Totality was a nuclear plan established by U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower on the direction of President Harry S. Truman after the end of the Potsdam Conference.The plan envisioned a nuclear attack on the Soviet Union with 20 to 30 atomic bombs.", "Franck Report The Franck Report of June 1945 was a document signed by several prominent nuclear physicists recommending that the United States not use the atomic bomb as a weapon to prompt the surrender of Japan in World War II.The report was named for James Franck, the head of the committee that produced it. The committee was appointed by Arthur Compton and met in secret, in all-night sessions in a highly secure environment.", "Operation Vengeance Operation Vengeance was the American military operation to kill Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto of the Imperial Japanese Navy on April 18, 1943, during the Solomon Islands campaign in the Pacific Theater of World War II and exactly one year following the United States' most direct previous blow to Japan with the Doolittle Raid.", "Potsdam Declaration The Potsdam Declaration or the Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender is a statement that called for the surrender of all Japanese armed forces during World War II. On July 26, 1945, United States President Harry S. Truman, United Kingdom Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Chairman of the Nationalist Government of China Chiang Kai-shek issued the document, which outlined the terms of surrender for the Empire of Japan as agreed upon at the Potsdam Conference.", "Executive Order 9066 Executive Order 9066 is a United States presidential executive order signed and issued during World War II by the United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, authorizing the Secretary of War to prescribe certain areas as military zones. Eventually, EO 9066 cleared the way for the deportation of Japanese Americans, Italian Americans, and German Americans to internment camps.", "General Order No. 1 General Order No. 1 for the surrender of Japan, was prepared by the Joint Chiefs of Staff of U.S. military forces and approved by the President of the United States on 17 August 1945.It was the U.S. General Douglas MacArthur's first order to the forces of the Empire of Japan following the surrender of Japan." ]	8
Texas city Baylor University tornado 1953	[ "1953 Waco tornado outbreak\nThe 1953 Waco tornado outbreak was a series of 33 tornadoes, over a three day period, occurring in 10 different U.S. States. Tornadoes appeared daily, from May 9 to May 11, 1953, from Minnesota in the north to Texas in the south. The strongest (F5 on the Fujita scale) and deadliest (114 of the 144 deaths) was the tornado that struck Waco, Texas on Monday May 11 1953.", "Waco, Texas\nWaco /ˈweɪkoʊ/ is a city which is the county seat of McLennan County, Texas, United States. It is situated along the Brazos River and I-35, halfway between Dallas and Austin. The city had a 2010 population of 124,805, making it the 22nd-most populous city in the state. The US Census 2014 population estimate is 130,194. The Waco Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of McLennan and Falls Counties, which had a 2010 population of 234,906. Falls County was added to the Waco MSA in 2013.", "List of tornadoes striking downtown areas of large cities\nThis article is a list of tornadoes that have impacted the central business district (downtown or city centre) of a large city (that is, one having at least 50,000 people, not counting suburbs or outlying communities, at the time of the storm).It is a common myth that tornadoes do not strike downtown areas. The odds are much lower due to the small areas covered, but paths can go anywhere, including over downtown areas. St.", "Baylor County, Texas\nBaylor County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 3,726. Its county seat is Seymour. The county was created in 1858 and later organized in 1879. It is named for Henry Weidner Baylor, a surgeon in the Texas Rangers during the Mexican-American War.Baylor County is not to be confused with Baylor University, which is located approximately 230 miles southeast in McLennan County.", "Baylor University Institute for Oral History\nThe Baylor University Institute for Oral History (BUIOH), located in Waco, Texas, is a freestanding research department within Baylor University's Division of Academic Affairs. The BUIOH creates oral history memoirs by preserving an audio recording and transcript of interviews with individuals who are eyewitnesses to history; it provides both physical and digital access to these materials for those interested in the stories." ]	[ "Golden Cyclones The Golden Cyclones were a 1930s group of women athletes who played Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) softball, basketball and track-and-field. Based in Dallas, Texas they were sponsored by the Employers Casualty Insurance Company (ECC) and coached by \"Colonel\" Melvin J.", "Burton Coliseum The Burton Coliseum, built in 1976, is located in Lake Charles, Louisiana. The arena contains a domed roof and stands 105 feet from the floor to the top of the roof. It and other buildings in the Burton Complex serve many purposes. The coliseum has served as home to the McNeese State Cowboys and McNeese State Cowgirls basketball teams since 1986.", "Pine Lake tornado The Pine Lake tornado was a deadly tornado in central Alberta which occurred on July 14, 2000 and struck a campground and a trailer park. Twelve people were killed, making it the first deadly tornado in Canada since 1994, when a doctor was killed by an F2 tornado in Saint-Charles-sur-Richelieu, Quebec.", "Tornado Alley (book) Tornado Alley is a collection of short stories and one poem by Beat Generation author William S. Burroughs, written during the later years of his career and first published in 1989. The first edition of the book included illustrations by S. Clay Wilson.Notable pieces in the collection include the poem \"Thanksgiving Day, Nov. 28, 1986\" and the crime melodrama \"Where He Was Going\", both of which are read by Burroughs on his album Dead City Radio.", "1946 Windsor–Tecumseh tornado The Windsor–Tecumseh Tornado of 1946 was the most powerful tornado to hit Windsor, Ontario, being an F4 in strength, touching down on June 17 of that year. The tornado touched down near River Rouge, Michigan, then crossed the Detroit River and made landfall in the Brighton Beach neighbourhood of Windsor. It then cut across southern Windsor and northern Sandwich West Township, Ontario (now the Municipality of LaSalle, Ontario), along a path 60 kilometres (40 mi) in length.", "1900 Galveston hurricane The Hurricane of 1900 made landfall on September 8, 1900, in Galveston, Texas, in the United States. It had estimated winds of 145 miles per hour (233 km/h) at landfall, making it a Category 4 storm on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale. It was the deadliest hurricane in US history, and the second costliest hurricane in U.S.", "1995 Anderson Hills tornado The Anderson Hills tornado struck near Huntsville, Alabama on May 18, 1995, killing one person and causing extensive damage and devastation, including the destruction of the Anderson Hills subdivision. It was rated an F4 when it made a direct hit on the subdivision. The tornado touched down just northwest of Athens.", "Richard W. Dowling Richard William \"Dick\" Dowling (1837 – September 23, 1867) was the victorious commander at the Second Battle of Sabine Pass in the American Civil War, and is considered Houston, Texas's first prominent citizen and hero.", "Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium (formerly War Memorial Stadium, Memorial Stadium, and Texas Memorial Stadium), located in Austin, Texas, has been home to the University of Texas at Austin Longhorns football team since 1924. The stadium has delivered a great home field advantage with the team's home record through the 2014 season being 359–105–10 (76.8%).", "Robert Fassnacht Robert E. Fassnacht ((1937-01-14)January 14, 1937 – August 24, 1970(1970-08-24)) was a physics post-doctoral researcher who was killed by the bombing of Sterling Hall on August 24, 1970, on the University of Wisconsin–Madison campus.Fassnacht was a student from South Bend, Indiana who received a Westinghouse scholarship to attend college.", "Poe Elementary School bombing The Poe Elementary School bombing was a school bombing that occurred in Houston, Texas, United States on September 15, 1959. Six people, including the perpetrator and his own son, were killed.", "Pat Morris Neff Pat Morris Neff (26 November 1871 – 20 January 1952) was the 28th Governor of Texas from 1921 to 1925 and ninth President of Baylor University from 1932 to 1947.", "Jean Baptiste Adoue Jean Baptiste Adoue, Jr. (November 4, 1884 – November 17, 1956) was the mayor of Dallas, Texas from 1951 to 1953.", "Dal-Tex Building The Dal-Tex Building is a seven story office building located at 501 Elm Street in the West End Historic District of downtown Dallas, Texas. The building is located on the northeast corner of Elm and North Houston Streets, across the street from the Texas School Book Depository in Dealey Plaza, the scene of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963.", "Evansville Tornado of November 2005 The Evansville Tornado of November 2005 was an F3 tornado that formed early in the morning of November 6, 2005, outside of Evansville, Indiana, USA. It was the first of several tornado events that November. The tornado resulted in 25 confirmed fatalities across the region, making it the deadliest and most destructive November tornado in Indiana's history. The Evansville tornado was part of a small outbreak that produced 8 tornadoes.", "Colin Edwards Colin Edwards II (born February 27, 1974) nicknamed the Texas Tornado is an American former professional motorcycle racer who retired half-way through the 2014 season, but continues in the sport as a factory test rider. He is a two-time World Superbike champion and competed in the MotoGP class from 2003 to 2014.", "Dallas Texans (NFL) The Dallas Texans played in the National Football League for one season, 1952, with a record of 1–11. They were one of the worst teams in NFL history, both on (lowest franchise winning percentage) and off the field. This 'Dallas' team was based in Dallas then Hershey, Pennsylvania and Akron, Ohio during its single season.", "Brewster McCloud Brewster McCloud is a 1970 movie, directed by Robert Altman, about a young recluse (Bud Cort, as the title character) who lives in a fallout shelter of the Houston Astrodome, where he is building a pair of wings so he can fly. He is helped by his comely and enigmatic \"fairy godmother\", played by Sally Kellerman. The film was shot on location in Houston, Texas.", "Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry The Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry (TAMBCD), located in Dallas, Texas, United States, is the dental school of the Texas A&M University System and is a component of the Texas A&M Health Science Center. Almost two-thirds of all the dentists in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex received their education at Texas A&M, and more than one-third of all dentists in Texas are graduates of the college.", "Earle Cabell Earle Cabell (October 27, 1906 – September 24, 1975), was a Texas politician who served as mayor of Dallas, Texas. Cabell was mayor at the time of the assassination of John F. Kennedy and was later a member of the U.S. House of Representatives.", "May 2004 tornado outbreak sequence The May 2004 tornado outbreak sequence was a series of tornado outbreaks that affected much of southern Ontario, the Central and Southern United States from east of the Rockies to the Mid-Atlantic States from May 21 to May 31, 2004. Particularly hard hit were the central Plains from Missouri to Iowa and the Ohio Valley. The Central Plains were hit by two significant outbreaks on May 22 and May 24, the first outbreak which produced a very large and violent tornado in Hallam, Nebraska.", "Baylor School Baylor School, commonly called Baylor, is a private, coeducational prep school on the outskirts of Chattanooga, Tennessee. Founded in 1893, the school currently sits atop a 680 acres (2.8 km2) campus and enrolls students in grades 6-12, including boarding students in grades 9-12. These students are served by Baylor's 148 members of faculty, over two-thirds of whom hold advanced degrees, including nearly 40 adults who live on campus and serve as dorm parents.", "Texas Theatre The Texas Theatre is a movie theater and Dallas Landmark located in the Oak Cliff neighborhood of Dallas, Texas. It gained historical fame November 22, 1963, as the location of Lee Harvey Oswald's arrest for the Assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy and the killing of Dallas police officer J. D. Tippit. Today, it hosts a mix of repertory cinema and special events.", "Smokey the Cannon Smokey the Cannon is a famous replica Civil War artillery cannon that has served as part of the pageantry of college football games at the University of Texas at Austin since 1954. Smokey the Cannon is owned and operated by the Texas Cowboys (an honorary men's service organization at Texas) and is stationed in the left corner of the south endzone at Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium during every Texas Longhorns home football game.", "April 8–9, 1999 tornado outbreak The April 8–9, 1999 tornado outbreak was a widespread tornado outbreak that affected the United States in early April 1999. It is best known for producing an F4 that killed four people in the Blue Ash and Montgomery, Ohio areas.", "Hayden Fry John Hayden Fry (born February 28, 1929) is a former American football player and coach. He played college football for Baylor University. He served as the head coach at Southern Methodist University (1962–1972), North Texas State University, now the University of North Texas (1973–1978), and the University of Iowa (1979–1998), compiling a career college football record of 232–178–10. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 2003.", "Hightower High School Hightower High School is a secondary school (grades 9-12) located at 3333 Hurricane Lane, Missouri City, Texas, United States.Hightower is administered by Fort Bend Independent School District and its mascot is Poseidon, but they are known as the Hightower Hurricanes.Hightower serves parts of Missouri City. The school also serves the city of Arcola, the unincorporated area of Fresno, the neighborhood of Lake Shore Harbour, which is located in the extraterritorial jurisdiction of Missouri City.", "Harvey Robinson This article is for the college football coach. For the serial killer of the same name, see Harvey Miguel Robinson.Harvey Leigh Robinson (March 23, 1908 – April 25, 1979) was an American football player and coach. He served as the head coach at the University of Tennessee for two seasons, 1953 and 1954, compiling a career record of 10–10–1. Robinson replaced General Robert Neyland, who retired as head coach due to health reasons.", "1896 St. Louis–East St. Louis tornado The 1896 St. Louis – East St. Louis tornado was a historic tornado that occurred on Wednesday, May 27, 1896, as part of a major tornado outbreak across the Central United States that day, continuing across the Eastern United States on the 28th. One of the deadliest and most destructive tornadoes in U.S. history, this large and violent tornado was the most notable of an outbreak which produced other large, long-track, violent, killer tornadoes.", "Hurricane Alicia Hurricane Alicia was the costliest tropical cyclone in the Atlantic since Hurricane Agnes in 1972. Alicia was the third depression, the first tropical storm, and the only major hurricane of the 1983 Atlantic hurricane season. It struck Galveston and Houston, Texas directly, causing $2.6 billion (1983 USD; US$6.16 billion 2015) in damage and killing 21 people; this made it the worst Texas hurricane since Hurricane Carla in 1961.", "Kimbrough Memorial Stadium Kimbrough Memorial Stadium is a stadium in Canyon, Texas. It is primarily used for American football, and is the home field of West Texas A&M University. The stadium holds 20,000 people and was built in 1959. It was originally called Buffalo Bowl on Canyon Hill but was renamed Kimbrough Memorial Stadium in 1971 in honor of the late West Texas State University football coach and athletic director Frank Kimbrough.", "Robert Beattie Robert Beattie, an American, Wichita-based, lawyer, is the author of the non-fiction book Nightmare in Wichita. It is about BTK, a serial killer in Wichita, Kansas who created the name BTK after his modus operandi, \"Bind Them, Torture Them, Kill Them\". Dennis Rader started sending out letters to media again after hearing about the book. Right before he was going to publish it, Dennis Rader was arrested then convicted as the BTK Killer, a.k.a.", "Texas Tommy (dance move) The Texas Tommy (aka Apache)(aka Tornado) is the name used in Lindy Hop for a dance move in which the leader executes a swingout but on the four counts of the return, places the follower's right hand behind her back at waist level and puts that hand in his right hand, a position similar to shaking hands behind the follower's back.", "1899 New Richmond tornado The 1899 New Richmond Tornado was an estimated F5 tornado that nearly destroyed the town of New Richmond, Wisconsin, on June 12, 1899, killing 117 and injuring 125 people. More than $300,000 (USD) ($8,504,000 in today's dollars) in damage was reported.", "April 26, 1991 tornado outbreak The April 26, 1991 tornado outbreak was a violent outbreak of 55 tornadoes that took place on April 26, 1991 in the Central and Southern Great Plains, killing 21 people and injuring hundreds more.", "Hotter'N Hell Hundred The Hotter’N Hell Hundred is an annual bicycle ride in Wichita Falls, Texas. It is held each year on the 4th or 5th Saturday in August (always 9 days before Labor Day) and includes professional as well as amateur riders. The professional racers ride a 100-mile road race, as well as time trials and criterium. For the amateur riders, there are road routes of 100 miles, 100K, 50 miles, 25 miles, and 10K.", "Dealey Plaza Dealey Plaza /ˈdiːliː/, in the historic West End district of downtown Dallas, Texas (U.S.), is the location of the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963. The Dealey Plaza Historic District was named a National Historic Landmark in 1993 to preserve Dealey Plaza, street rights-of-way, and buildings and structures by the plaza visible from the assassination site, that have been identified as witness locations or as possible assassin locations.", "Reckling Park Reckling Park is the baseball stadium at Rice University in Houston, Texas, USA. It serves as the home field of the Rice Owls baseball team. The stadium was built on the site of Cameron Field, Rice's home from 1978–99, in time for the 2000 season. The Owls have hosted eight NCAA regional and five super regional tournaments at Reckling Park, including one of each in their national championship season of 2003 and in the years of other College World Series appearances, 2002, 2006, 2007, and 2008.", "1997 Miami tornado The 1997 Miami Tornado (also known as the Great Miami Tornado) was an F1 tornado which touched down in Miami, Florida on May 12, 1997. It is remembered not for its minor damage but for its haunting pictures, which made headlines around the world.The tornado formed in the afternoon (around 2:00 PM), initially touching down in the Silver Bluff Estates area. It then swept through Downtown, bypassing the city's skyscrapers.", "Longhorn Ballroom The Longhorn Ballroom is a music venue and country western dance hall in Dallas, Texas (USA). It was known in the early 1950s as Bob Wills' Ranch House when the large ballroom was built and operated by O.L. Nelms, an eccentric Dallas millionaire, for his close friend, western swing bandleader Bob Wills. When Wills left, O.L. Nelms leased the sprawling dance club to Jack Ruby who later killed Lee Harvey Oswald, John F. Kennedy's accused assassin. O.L.", "Early-May 1965 tornado outbreak sequence The early-May 1965 tornado outbreak sequence was a major severe weather event that affected much of the Central United States on May 5–8, 1965. For four consecutive days, tornado outbreaks produced at least three significant (F2+) tornadoes each day, and at least two violent (F4–F5) tornadoes on three of the four days. The entire sequence generated 37 significant tornadoes, including at least nine violent tornadoes, one of which was rated F5.", "1998 Kissimmee tornado outbreak The 1998 Kissimmee tornado outbreak of February 22–23, 1998, was a devastating tornado outbreak, the deadliest tornado event in Florida history, that is sometimes known as The Night of the Tornadoes. Affecting the I-4 corridor of Central Florida, including the Greater Orlando area, the tornadoes—among the strongest ever recorded in Florida—produced F3 (in some cases, near-F4) damage, killed 42 people, and caused 260 injuries.", "Michael Polanyi Center The Michael Polanyi Center (MPC) at Baylor University, Texas was the first center at a research university exclusively dedicated to intelligent design study. It was founded in 1999 \"with the primary aim of advancing theunderstanding of the sciences,\" in a religious context and is named for Michael Polanyi. All of the center's research investigated the subject of intelligent design.", "1998 Comfrey–St. Peter tornado outbreak The 1998 Comfrey–St. Peter tornado outbreak was an unseasonably-strong tornado outbreak which affected the Upper Midwest region of the United States on March 29, 1998. A strong area of low pressure combined with a warm front and favorable upper-level dynamics to produce 16 tornadoes across the region—14 in Minnesota and two in Wisconsin. Thirteen of the tornadoes in Minnesota were spawned by a single supercell thunderstorm.", "Armstrong Browning Library The Armstrong Browning Library is located on the campus of Baylor University in Waco, Texas, USA and is the home of the largest collections of English poets Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Additionally it is thought to house the largest collection of secular stained glass in the world.", "March 1913 tornado outbreak sequence The March 1913 tornado outbreak sequence was a devastating series of tornado outbreaks that affected the northern Great Plains, the Southern United States, and sections of the upper Midwest over a two-day-long period between March 21–23, 1913. Composed of two outbreaks, the sequence first began with a tornado outbreak that commenced in Mississippi early on March 21.", "June 1966 tornado outbreak sequence The June 1966 tornado outbreak sequence was a series of tornado outbreaks which occurred between June 2 and June 12.The most destructive tornado of this event occurred on the early evening of June 8, 1966, when Topeka, Kansas was struck by an F5 rated tornado. It started on the southwest side of town, moving northeast, passing through several subdivisions and over a local landmark named Burnett's Mound.", "Felton Turner Felton Turner (April 2, 1933 - April 23, 2006) was an African-American whose survival from a vicious attack on March 7, 1960, helped galvanize the city of Houston, Texas during the American Civil Rights movement.Turner was an 27-year-old unemployed awning installer in Houston who fell victim to the enmity caused by continuing sit-in demonstrations against segregation.", "Central Texas Stampede The Central Texas Stampede are a defunct minor league professional ice hockey team which was located in Belton, Texas. They played in the Western Professional Hockey League for five seasons, from 1996 to 2001. The team folded during the fifth season of its operation. The team played its home games at the Bell County Expo Center.", "Tri-State Tornado The Great Tri-State Tornado of Wednesday, March 18, 1925, is the deadliest tornado in U.S. history. It is the most exceptional tornado of a major outbreak of at least twelve known significant tornadoes across a large portion of the Midwestern and Southern U.S. The Tri-State Tornado alone inflicted 695 fatalities, more than twice as many as the second deadliest, the 1840 Great Natchez Tornado.", "DFW Tornados DFW Tornados (also known as Dallas–Fort Worth Tornados) was an American soccer team based in Dallas, Texas, United States. Founded in 1986, the team played in the USL Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Mid South Division of the Southern Conference. The franchise folded at the end of the 2010 season and left the league thereafter.", "1990 Plainfield tornado The 1990 Plainfield tornado was a devastating tornado that occurred on the afternoon of Tuesday, August 28, 1990. The violent tornado killed 29 people and injured 353. It is the only F5 tornado ever recorded in August and the only F5 tornado to strike the Chicago area. There are no known videos or photographs of this heavily rain-wrapped tornado. The Plainfield tornado was part of a small outbreak that produced several tornadoes in the northern US and in Canada.", "Gary England Gary England (born October 3, 1939) is the former chief meteorologist for KWTV (channel 9), the CBS-affiliated television station in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. England was the first on-air meteorologist to alert his viewers of a possible tornado using a commercial Doppler weather radar. He is also known for contributing to the invention of the First Warning map graphic commonly used to show ongoing weather alerts without interrupting regular programming.", "Aggie Doppler Radar The Aggie Doppler Radar (ADRAD) is a Doppler weather radar located on the roof of the Eller Oceanography & Meteorology Building on the Texas A&M University campus in College Station, Texas.", "Baylor Massacre A raid, widely known as the \"Baylor Massacre\" or the \"Tappan Massacre\", was a surprise attack on September 27, 1778, against the 3rd Regiment of Continental Light Dragoons under the command of Colonel George Baylor during the American Revolutionary War. It occurred in the present-day town of River Vale, New Jersey.", "Dallas Tornado Dallas Tornado was a soccer team based in Dallas that played in the North American Soccer League (NASL). They played from 1967 to 1981. Of the twelve teams that comprised the USA in 1967, the Tornado franchise played the longest—15 seasons.Their home fields were Cotton Bowl (1967–1968), P.C. Cobb Stadium (1969), Franklin Stadium (1970–1971), Texas Stadium (1972–1975, 1980–1981) and Ownby Stadium on the SMU campus (1976–1979).", "1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak The 1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak was an outbreak of at least 12 tornadoes that struck the Southeastern United States from April 5–6, 1936. Approximately 454 people were killed by these tornadoes—419 by two tornadoes alone. This outbreak is the second deadliest ever recorded in US history. Although the outbreak was centered on Tupelo, Mississippi, and Gainesville, Georgia where the fourth and fifth deadliest tornadoes in U.S.", "Ball High School Ball High School is a public secondary school in Galveston, Texas, United States. Ball, which covers grades 9 through 12, is a part of Galveston Independent School District.Ball High School serves the cities of Galveston and Jamaica Beach and the unincorporated communities of Port Bolivar and Crystal Beach on the Bolivar Peninsula. The school mascot is the Tornado.", "Gerald Stockton Court Gerald Stockton Court is a 5,200 seat multi-purpose arena in Wichita Falls, Texas, United States. Built in 1969, it is the home of the Midwestern State University Mustangs basketball and volleyball teams.", "Daulatpur–Saturia tornado The Daulatpur–Saturia, Bangladesh tornado was an extremely dangerous tornado that occurred in the Manikganj District, Bangladesh on April 26, 1989. It was the costliest and deadliest tornado in Bangladesh's history. There is great uncertainty about the death toll, but estimates indicate that it killed around 1,300 people, which would make it the deadliest tornado in history.", "Extraco Events Center The Heart O' Texas Fair Complex, now known as the Extraco Events Center, is located in Waco, Texas. It was once the prime basketball facility for Baylor University. The H.O.T Coliseum was constructed after McLennan County voters authorized a bond issue of $1,200,000 in the early 1950s. Despite public criticism that might be directed toward the board and individual members, it was the board’s unanimous decision to build portions of the entire plant that the available money would permit.", "New London School explosion The New London School explosion occurred on March 18, 1937, when a natural gas leak caused an explosion, destroying the London School of New London, Texas, a community in Rusk County previously known as \"London\". The disaster killed more than 295 students and teachers, making it the deadliest school disaster in American history. As of 2014, the event is the third deadliest disaster in the history of Texas, after the Galveston Hurricane of 1900, and the 1947 Texas City Disaster.", "1999 Salt Lake City tornado The 1999 Salt Lake City tornado was a very rare tornado that occurred in Salt Lake City, Utah on August 11, 1999, during an unusually strong summer monsoon season. It was among the most notable tornadoes to hit west of the Great Plains in the 20th century and the second tornado to hit in Utah that resulted in a fatality (the other occurring in 1884). This was the sixth significant tornado in Utah since June 1963.", "September 24, 2001 tornado outbreak The September 24, 2001 tornado outbreak was the most dramatic recent tornado event to directly affect the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area in the United States. The outbreak occurred on Monday, September 24, 2001, and was responsible for two deaths and 57 injuries.The first tornado of the outbreak was also the strongest – an F4 (see Fujita scale) tornado that left a 10-mile-long damage path through rural Culpeper and Fauquier Counties in Virginia.", "Darrell Royal Darrell K Royal (July 6, 1924 – November 7, 2012) was an American football player and coach. He served as the head coach at Mississippi State University (1954–1955), the University of Washington (1956), and the University of Texas at Austin (1957–1976), compiling a career college football record of 184–60–5. In his 20 seasons at Texas, Royal's teams won three national championships (1963, 1969, and 1970), 11 Southwest Conference titles, and amassed a record of 167–47–5.", "TOtable Tornado Observatory The TOtable Tornado Observatory (nicknamed \"TOTO\" after the dog in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, in which a tornado is a key plot element) is a large, instrumented barrel-shaped device invented in 1979 by engineers Dr. Al Bedard and Carl Ramzy of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Environmental Technology Laboratory (ETL), and Dr. Howard Bluestein, meteorologist at the University of Oklahoma (OU).", "Bob Woodruff (American football) George Robert Woodruff (March 14, 1916 – November 1, 2001) was an American college football player, coach and sports administrator. Woodruff was a native of Georgia and an alumnus of the University of Tennessee, where he played college football. He was best known as the head coach of the Baylor University and University of Florida football teams, and later, as the athletic director at the University of Tennessee.", "1988 Raleigh tornado outbreak The 1988 Raleigh tornado outbreak of November 28, 1988 was the most destructive of the seven tornadoes reported in northeastern North Carolina and southeastern Virginia between 1:00 AM and 5:45 AM The Raleigh tornado produced over $77 million in damage, along with four fatalities (two in the city of Raleigh, and two in Nash County) and 154 injuries. The damage path from the storm was measured at 84 miles (135 km) long, and .5 miles (0.8 km) wide at times.", "Baylor Ballpark Baylor Ballpark is the baseball stadium at Baylor University in Waco, Texas. The stadium was built on the site of Ferrell Field, Baylor's home from 1977–98, by mid-February in 1999. The Bears have hosted three NCAA regional and two super regional tournaments at Baylor Ballpark, including one of each in their College World Series season of 2005.", "Robert C. Miller Col. Robert C. Miller, USAF (1920 - 1998), was an American meteorologist, who pioneered severe convective storms forecasting and applied research, developing an empirical forecasting method, identifying many features associated with severe thunderstorms, a forecast checklist and manuals, and is known for the first official tornado forecast (1948 Tinker Air Force Base tornadoes), and it verified, in 1948.", "The NoZe Brotherhood The NoZe Brotherhood is a collegiate secret society at Baylor University. Founded in Brooks Hall in 1924, the society was originally formed as a joke regarding Leonard Shoaf, a freshman with a large nose.", "Nightmare in Wichita Nightmare in Wichita: The Hunt for the BTK Strangler by lawyer Robert Beattie is a nonfiction book about a serial killer in Wichita, Kansas known as the BTK Strangler. The book debuted at No. 4 on The New York Times bestseller list upon its April 2005 release.Dennis Rader, a city compliance officer and church council president working in Park City, just north of Wichita, was ultimately arrested, charged and convicted of the crimes.", "Texas City disaster The Texas City disaster was an industrial accident that occurred April 16, 1947, in the Port of Texas City. It was the deadliest industrial accident in U.S. history, and one of the largest non-nuclear explosions.", "Texas Tornado The Texas Tornado were a Junior A hockey team located in Frisco, Texas, USA.", "Floyd Casey Stadium Floyd Casey Stadium is a stadium in Waco, Texas. It is primarily used for football, and was the home field of the Baylor Bears. The stadium, located about four miles from the Baylor University campus, cost $1.8 million to build and seats 50,000 people. Originally named Baylor Stadium, it opened in 1950 with a Baylor game against the Houston Cougars.", "Baylor University basketball scandal In the early 2000s Baylor University's men's basketball program was investigated and punished for numerous NCAA violations. The scandal broke out after the 2003 murder of men's basketball player Patrick Dennehy.", "1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak From May 2–8, 1999, a significant tornado outbreak took place across much of the Central and parts of the Eastern United States. During this week-long event, 152 tornadoes touched down (including one in Canada), more than half of them on May 3 and 4 when activity reached its peak over Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, Texas, and Arkansas.The most significant tornado first touched down southwest of Chickasha, Oklahoma, and became an F5 before dissipating near Midwest City.", "1994 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak The 1994 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak was the third notable tornado outbreak that occurred on Palm Sunday, and the second to take place in the southeastern United States. 40 people were killed in the outbreak and 491 were injured as 29 tornadoes struck Texas, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, causing $140 million in damage. The deadliest tornado of the outbreak was rated F4 on the Fujita scale and was the deadliest tornado in the U.S. in 1994.", "Bernard Johnson Coliseum Bernard Johnson Coliseum is a 6,110-seat multi-purpose arena in Huntsville, Texas. It was built in 1976 and is home to the Bearkats men's and women's basketball teams and the Bearkats women's volleyball team. It hosted the Southland Conference men's basketball tournament in 2003. It was also home to XWO Reborn, a professional wrestling organization that promoted shows throughout south Texas.", "Edmonton tornado The Edmonton tornado of 1987, an event also known as Black Friday to Edmontonians, was a powerful and devastating tornado that ripped through the eastern part of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada and parts of neighbouring Strathcona County on the afternoon of Friday, July 31, 1987.The tornado remained on the ground for an hour, cutting a swath of destruction 40 kilometres (25 mi) long and up to a kilometre (0.6 miles, or 3000 feet) wide in places, and peaking at F4 on the Fujita scale.", "1954 Atlantic hurricane season The 1954 Atlantic hurricane season caused over $750 million in damage, the most of any season at the time. The season officially began on June 15, and nine days later the first named storm developed. Hurricane Alice developed in the Gulf of Mexico and moved inland along the Rio Grande, producing significant precipitation and record flooding that killed 55 people. Activity was slow until late August; only Barbara, a minimal tropical storm, developed in July.", "April 6–9, 1998 tornado outbreak For the 2005 tornado in Birmingham, UK see 2005 Birmingham tornado. For other tornadoes in the history of Birmingham, Alabama, see Birmingham Tornado (disambiguation).The April 6–9, 1998 tornado outbreak was a large tornado outbreak that started on April 6 across the Great Plains and ended on April 9 across the Carolinas and Georgia. A total of 62 tornadoes touched down from the Middle Atlantic States to the Midwestern United States and Texas.", "April 1956 tornado outbreak The April 1956 tornado outbreak was a large, deadly tornado outbreak that affected the Great Plains, parts of the South, and the upper Midwest in the contiguous United States. Occurring from April 2–3, 1956, the outbreak produced 47 tornadoes, including an F5 tornado that devastated the Hudsonville and Standale, Michigan areas in the U.S. state of Michigan on April 3. It was one of three tornadoes to move across southwest Lower Michigan on that day.", "Early-May 1933 tornado outbreak sequence The Early-May 1933 tornado outbreak sequence was a severe weather event that occurred from May 4–10, 1933, and produced at least 27 tornadoes. Among them was the Beatty Swamps tornado, a violent F4 that struck shortly after midnight CST on May 11, 1933, in Overton County, Tennessee, killing 35 people and devastating the unincorporated community of Beatty Swamps (also known as Bethsaida).", "Ferrell Center The Ferrell Center is an arena in Waco, Texas. Built in 1988 and located adjacent to the Brazos River, it is home to the Baylor University Bears basketball and volleyball teams. It is named for Charles R. Ferrell, a Baylor student and legacy who died in 1967, and whose family's estate was a major benefactor of the arena. The building replaced the Heart O' Texas Coliseum as the school's primary indoor athletic facility.", "Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas (Baylor Dallas or BUMC) is a not-for-profit hospital in Dallas, Texas. It has 1,025 licensed beds and is one of the major centers for patient care, medical training and research North Texas. In 1993, it was named by the U.S. News & World Report in its list of \"America's Best Hospitals\" for the fifteenth consecutive year.In 2013, Scott & White merged with Baylor Health Care System to form Baylor Scott & White Health.", "Mayborn Museum Complex The Mayborn Museum Complex is a 142,000-square-foot (13,200 m2) facility that opened in May 2004 at Baylor University in Waco, Texas. It features a natural history museum focusing on Central Texas with walk-in dioramas including one on the Waco Mammoth Site, and exploration stations for geology, paleontology, archeology, and natural history. Sixteen themed discovery rooms encourage hands-on learning for all ages.", "Jim Granberry James Harlan Granberry, Sr., known as Jim Granberry (born June 23, 1932), is a former mayor of Lubbock, Texas, who guided the city through a series of tornadoes that shattered the region on May 11, 1970. He imposed a curfew to restore order. He had just become mayor when the tornadoes occurred. He served only one two-year term from 1970-1972. He was a member of the Lubbock City Council from 1966-1970. He did not seek a second two-year term in 1972 and was succeeded by city councilman Morris W.", "2000 Fort Worth tornado The Great 2000 Fort Worth Tornado occurred on March 28, 2000, moving eastward through the downtown area of Fort Worth, Texas (USA).The tornado passed through the west side of Fort Worth at about 6:18 p.m. It tore a 4-mile (5-km) path through the city, blowing out windows and causing significant damage to many of the downtown high rise buildings (including the Bank One building and the headquarters of Cash America International).", "1953 Flint–Beecher tornado The 1953 Flint-Beecher Tornado occurred on Monday, June 8, 1953 and ranks as one of the top ten single deadliest tornadoes in United States history. Rated as an F5 on the Fujita Scale, the tornado touched down in Genesee County, Michigan at 8:30 p.m. (01:30 UTC) and continued on a 27 mile (43 km) path causing 116 fatalities, 844 injuries and an estimated $19 million (1953 USD) in damage.", "Flint–Worcester tornado outbreak sequence The 1953 Flint–Worcester tornado outbreak sequence was a devastating tornado outbreak sequence spanning three days, two of which featured tornadoes each causing at least 90 deaths—an F5 occurring in Flint, Michigan, on June 8, 1953, and an F4 in Worcester, Massachusetts, on June 9. These tornadoes are among the deadliest in United States history and were caused by the same storm system that moved eastward across the nation.", "1947 Glazier–Higgins–Woodward tornadoes The 1947 Glazier–Higgins–Woodward tornadoes were a series of related tornadoes spawned by a single supercell that swept through Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas on April 9, 1947. Most of the damage and all the deaths are still blamed on one large F5 tornado, known as the Glazier-Higgins-Woodward Tornado, that traveled nearly 125 miles from Texas to Oklahoma.", "1970 Lubbock tornado The 1970 Lubbock tornado was a tornado event that occurred in Lubbock, Texas, on May 11, 1970. It was one of the worst tornadoes in Texas history, and occurred exactly 17 years to the day after the deadly Waco Tornado. It is also the most recent F5 tornado to have struck a central business district of a large city.", "1979 Red River Valley tornado outbreak The 1979 Red River Valley tornado outbreak was a tornado event that occurred on April 10, 1979 near the Red River Valley. It is noted for the F4 tornado that hit Wichita Falls, Texas and is commonly referred to as \"Terrible Tuesday\" by many meteorologists. Additional ones were reported across the Southern Plains as well as in the Mississippi River Valley on April 10-11, 1979.", "1902 Goliad, Texas tornado The 1902 Goliad, Texas tornado was a F4 tornado that struck the town of Goliad, Texas on May 18, 1902. The tornado touched down on the south side of the San Antonio River at 3:35 p.m.", "1997 Central Texas tornado outbreak The 1997 Central Texas tornado outbreak was an unusual tornado outbreak in Central Texas which occurred on May 27, 1997. The F5 tornado that struck the town of Jarrell, Texas killed 27 people out of 1319 residents. The tornado was 3/4 of a mile (1.2 km) wide and tracked across the ground for 7.6 miles (12.2 km). Double Creek Estates, a subdivision of Jarrell, was literally wiped off the face of the earth with all 38 homes and several mobile homes destroyed." ]	2
1997 Houston airport president	[ "Houston County Airport (Texas)\nHouston County Airport (ICAO: KDKR, FAA LID: DKR) is a public airport located three miles (5 km) southeast of the central business district of Crockett, in Houston County, Texas, United States. It is owned by Houston County.Although most U.S.", "George Bush Intercontinental Airport\nGeorge Bush Intercontinental Airport, (IATA: IAH, ICAO: KIAH, FAA LID: IAH) is a the main international airport in Houston, Texas, United States, under class B airspace, serving the Greater Houston metropolitan area, the fifth-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Located about 23 miles (37 km) north of Downtown Houston, between Interstate 45 and Interstate 69/U.S.", "Houston International Airport\nHouston International Airport may refer to: William P. Hobby Airport, previously Houston International Airport George Bush Intercontinental Airport, Houston, Texas' main international airport", "Houston Airport\nHouston Airport may refer to:George Bush Intercontinental Airport, serving Houston, Texas, United StatesWilliam P. Hobby Airport, serving Houston, Texas, United StatesEllington Airport (Texas), serving Houston, Texas, United StatesHouston Aerodrome near Houston, British Columbia, Canada", "Houston Airport System\nHouston Airport System (HAS) is a department of the City of Houston, Texas, United States that manages city airports. Its administrative offices are on the property of George Bush Intercontinental Airport. It operates Bush, William P. Hobby Airport, and Ellington Airport in Houston.The city of Houston acquired Hobby Airport in 1937. Previously named Houston Municipal Airport, it was renamed to honor William P." ]	[ "Minute Maid Park Minute Maid Park (also The Ballpark at Union Station, Enron Field, and Astros Field) is a ballpark in Downtown Houston, Texas, United States that opened in 2000 to house the Houston Astros Major League Baseball team.The ballpark was Houston's first retractable-roofed stadium, protecting fans and athletes from Houston's notoriously humid weather as did its predecessor, the Astrodome, but also allowing fans to enjoy outdoor baseball during favorable weather.", "Robert Eugene Allen Robert Eugene Allen (born 1935) is an American telecommunications businessman. He was the president of AT&T between 1986 and 1988. He also served as its CEO and chairman from 1988 until 1997.Robert Allen graduated from Wabash College in Crawfordsville, Indiana with his bachelor's degree in political science in 1957.", "Elizabeth Dole Mary Elizabeth Alexander Hanford \"Liddy\" Dole (born July 29, 1936) is an American politician who served in both the Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush presidential administrations, as well as a United States Senator.A graduate of Duke University and Harvard Law School, Dole served as Secretary of Transportation under Ronald Reagan and Secretary of Labor under George H.W. Bush before becoming head of the American Red Cross.", "Pedro Koechlin von Stein Pedro Koechlin von Stein is a Peruvian politician and entrepreneur. He was With Force Peru's presidential candidate for the 2006 national election. He received 0.3% of the vote, coming in 11th place.His politics is centered on environment-friendly policies in a so-called \"Blue Proposal\".He is the majority owner of airline Wayra Peru.", "James Bryant Conant James Bryant Conant (March 26, 1893 – February 11, 1978) was an American chemist, a transformative President of Harvard University, and the first U.S. Ambassador to West Germany. Conant obtained a PhD in Chemistry from Harvard in 1916. During World War I he served in the U.S. Army, working on the development of poison gases. He became an assistant professor of chemistry at Harvard in 1919, and the Sheldon Emery Professor of Organic Chemistry in 1929.", "Henry Bienen Henry Samuel Bienen (born 1939) is an American academic administrator and former president of Northwestern University. He was elected president on June 13, 1994 and took office on January 1, 1995. He announced his retirement effective August 31, 2009. He since took a position with Rasmussen College as Vice Chairman effective September 1, 2009; he will also serve as chairman of the United Football League's board of directors.", "Hansford T. Johnson Hansford Tillman (HT) Johnson (born January 3, 1936) is a retired four-star general in the U.S. Air Force who served as the Acting United States Secretary of the Navy, overseeing the United States Navy and Marine Corps (Acting) in the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush. He is the only retired Air Force officer to ever hold that position. Prior to that he was Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Installation and Environment). He currently works at the Institute for Defense Analyses.", "Winston Chang Winston Hsiao-tzu Chang (Chinese: 章孝慈; pinyin: Zhāng Xiàocí; March 1, 1942 - February 24, 1996) was a president of Soochow University in Taipei.", "V. Lane Rawlins V. Lane Rawlins (born November 30, 1937) was the President of the University of North Texas for nearly four years starting in May 2010. He retired in February 2014 as President Emeritus. He is the former President of Washington State University (WSU) and of the University of Memphis.", "Henry Earl Singleton Henry Earl Singleton (November 27, 1916 – August 31, 1999) was an American electrical engineer, business executive, and rancher/land owner. Singleton made significant contributions to aircraft inertial guidance and was elected to the National Academy of Engineering. He co-founded Teledyne, Inc., one of Americas most successful conglomerates and was its chief executive officer for three decades. Late in life, Singleton became one of largest holders of ranchland in the United States.", "Peter Likins Peter William Likins (born July 4, 1936) was president of the University of Arizona from 1997 until his retirement in summer 2006.Previous posts in order of most recent were:President of Lehigh UniversityProvost for professional schools at Columbia University,Dean of Columbia's engineering school.At each of these universities, Likins was a professor of engineering. During his administration at Lehigh, he and the Reverend John E. Brooks, S.J.", "Michael J. Lotz Michael J. Lotz is President and Chief Operating Officer of Mesa Air Group, joining the Company in July 1998. In January 1999, Mr. Lotz became Chief Operating Officer. In August 1999, Mr. Lotz became the Company’s Chief Financial Officer and in January 2000 returned to the position of Chief Operating Officer. On June 22, 2000, Mr. Lotz was appointed President of the Company. Prior to joining the Company, Mr.", "Alvin F. Grospiron Alvin F. Grospiron (17 April 1916–January 1985) was president of Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International Union (OCAW) from 1965 to 1979. He had been Secretary-Treasurer of the international union under the O. A. Knight, who had led the union since its founding merger in 1955. He retired in 1979, and was succeeded by Robert Goss.His work landed him on the master list of Nixon political opponents.", "James J. Nance James J. Nance (February 19, 1900 – July 1984) was an American industrialist who became president of Studebaker Packard. Later, he was chief executive of the Central National Bank of Cleveland, chairman of the executive committee of Montgomery Ward and chairman of the board of trustees of Cleveland State University and a major property investor.", "Hall Hibbard Hall Livingstone Hibbard (July 25, 1903 – June 6, 1996) was an engineer and administrator of the Lockheed Corporation beginning with the company's purchase by a board of investors led by Robert E. Gross in 1932. Born in Kansas, he received a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics at the College of Emporia in 1925. He graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology two years later. He worked for Stearman as a draftsman, before joining Robert Gross' Viking Flying Boat Company.", "Daniel Meyer (engineer) Daniel Meyer (February 6, 1932 – May 16, 1998) was the founder and president Southwest Technical Products Corporation. He was born in New Braunfels, Texas and raised in San Marcos, Texas where he earned a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics in 1957 from Southwest Texas State. After college he married Helen Wentz, moved to San Antonio and became a research engineer in the electrical engineering department of Southwest Research Institute.He soon started writing hobbyist articles.", "Houston Force The Houston Force were an American soccer club. In 1994, the club was originally called the Puerto Rico Islanders, but were forced to move by FIFA before playing any games. Landing in Houston, Texas on June 1, the Force only played one game before folding.The team had only three players with any significant professional experience, David Vaudreuil, Chris Charles and Eloy Salgado. Vaudreuil and Charles had both played with the Tampa Bay Rowdies in 1993 and Salgado had played in MISL.", "John Kirby Allen John Kirby Allen (1810–August 15, 1838), was a co-founder of the city of Houston and a former member of the Republic of Texas House of Representatives. He was born in Canaseraga Village, New York (the present day hamlet of Sullivan in the Town of Sullivan, New York). He never married. He died of congestive fever on August 15, 1838, and was buried at Founders Memorial Cemetery in Houston.", "Joan Claybrook Joan Claybrook (born June 12, 1937) is an American lawyer who served as President of Public Citizen from 1982 until she announced her resignation on December 9, 2008. Previously, she was head of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in the Carter administration from 1977 to 1981.Claybrook grew up in the 1930s in Baltimore. She graduated from Goucher College in Baltimore in 1959.", "Elaine Shaffer Elaine Shaffer (October 22, 1925 – February 19, 1973) was an American flutist and principal of the Houston Symphony Orchestra between 1948 and 1953.", "Ron Brown (U.S. politician) Ronald Harmon \"Ron\" Brown (August 1, 1941 – April 3, 1996) was the United States Secretary of Commerce, serving during the first term of President Bill Clinton. He was the first African American to hold this position. He was killed, along with 34 others, in a 1996 plane crash in Croatia.", "Henry King Stanford Henry King Stanford (April 22, 1916 – January 1, 2009) was President of Georgia Southwestern College (now known as Georgia Southwestern State University), President of Georgia State College for Women (now known as Georgia College & State University), President of Birmingham Southern College, the 3rd President of the University of Miami, and 19th President of the University of Georgia.", "Donna Hrinak Donna Jean Hrinak (born c. 1950) has served as the president of Boeing Latin America & Caribbean, since September 2011.Hrinak was born in Pennsylvania. After graduating from Michigan State University, she attended George Washington University, and Notre Dame Law School. In 2008, she joined PepsiCo, where she served as vice president of global public policy and government affairs.", "Gene Budig Gene A. Budig (born May 25, 1939) was the last president of Major League Baseball's American League from 1994 to 1999, when the presidencies of the American League and the National League were abolished.", "Ramón Villeda Morales International Airport Ramón Villeda Morales International Airport Aeropuerto Internacional Ramón Villeda Morales (IATA: SAP, ICAO: MHLM), also known as La Mesa International Airport, is located 11 km (6.8 mi) from the city of San Pedro Sula, in the Cortés Department in Honduras. The airport is named after Ramón Villeda Morales, who served as President of Honduras from 1957 to 1963.It is the major and busiest airport in Honduras, handling about 742,000 passengers in 2010.", "Hazel R. O'Leary Hazel Reid O'Leary (born May 17, 1937) was the seventh United States Secretary of Energy, from 1993 to 1997, appointed by President Bill Clinton. As of 2012, she is the first and only woman and first and only African American to hold the position. She served as president of Fisk University, a historically black college (HBCU), from 2004 to 2012.", "William P. Hobby William Pettus Hobby (March 26, 1878 – June 7, 1964) was the publisher of the Houston Post and the 27th Governor of the U.S. state of Texas from 1917 to 1921.", "Bill White (Texas politician) William Howard \"Bill\" White (born June 16, 1954) is an American lawyer and politician. He is a former mayor of Houston. He was an unsuccessful candidate in the 2010 Texas gubernatorial election, losing to incumbent Republican Rick Perry. Before serving as mayor, White was a lawyer and businessman, and served as U.S. Deputy Secretary of Energy under President Bill Clinton from 1993 to 1995. White is on the membership roster of the Council on Foreign Relations.", "Henry Hyde Henry John Hyde (April 18, 1924 – November 29, 2007), an American politician, was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1975 to 2007, representing the 6th District of Illinois, an area of Chicago's northwestern suburbs which included O'Hare International Airport. He chaired the Judiciary Committee from 1995 to 2001, and the House International Relations Committee from 2001 to 2007.", "Gordon Bethune Gordon M. Bethune (born August 29, 1941) is a retired US airline executive. He was the CEO of Continental Airlines from 1994 until his retirement at the end of 2004. He currently serves on the boards of Honeywell, Sprint, Prudential Financial.Bethune holds a commercial pilot certificate with type ratings in the Douglas DC-3, Boeing 757, and Boeing 767.", "Grayson L. Kirk Grayson Louis Kirk (October 12, 1903 – November 21, 1997) was president of Columbia University during the Columbia University protests of 1968. He was also a Professor of Government, advisor to the State Department, and instrumental in the formation of the United Nations.", "Alvin O. Austin Alvin O. \"Bud\" Austin (born January 6, 1942 Tampa, Florida) was the fifth president of LeTourneau University in Longview, Texas from 1986 to 2007. Since July 2007 he has held the role of University Chancellor, in accordance with the wishes of the Board of Trustees.", "Liamine Zéroual Liamine Zéroual (Arabic: اليمين زروال‎ ALA-LC: al-Yamīn Zarwāl; Berber: Lyamin Ẓerwal; born 3 July 1941) was the fourth President of Algeria from 31 January 1994 to 27 April 1999.", "Gary C. Kelly Gary C. Kelly is the chief executive officer and chairman of Southwest Airlines. He first joined the company in 1986 as Controller. In 1989, Kelly was promoted to Chief Financial Officer and Vice President of Finance. In 2001, he was promoted to Executive Vice President. Kelly spent 3 years in this role until he was promoted to his current position as CEO and vice chairman in 2004 replacing James Parker who succeeded Herb Kelleher in 2001.", "Policarpo Bonilla José Policarpo Bonilla Vasquez (1858–1926) was President of Honduras between 22 February 1894 and 1 February 1899.", "John Shedd Reed John Shedd Reed (1917 – March 16, 2008) was president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway from 1967 until 1986. The rail transport industry journal Modern Railways named Reed its Man of the Year for 1970. Popularly known as \"John Santa Fe\" by his employees, Reed would oversee the final transition of the Santa Fe from steam to diesel engines.He was educated at The Hotchkiss School and Yale University.", "William F. Ballhaus, Jr. Dr. William F. Ballhaus, Jr. (born January 28, 1945) is an American engineer. From 2001 to 2007, he was president and chief executive officer of The Aerospace Corporation, an independent, nonprofit organization dedicated to the objective application of science and technology toward the solution of critical issues in the nation’s space program. He previously worked for Lockheed Martin Corporation, Martin Marietta Corporation and was director of NASA's Ames Research Center.", "Bonnie J. Dunbar Bonnie Jeanne Dunbar (born March 3, 1949) is a former NASA astronaut. She retired from NASA in September 2005. She then served as president and CEO of The Museum of Flight until April 2010. Dr. Dunbar now leads the new University of Houston's STEM Center (science, technology, engineering and math) and joined the faculty of the Cullen College of Engineering.", "Andrew Card Andrew Hill Card, Jr. (born May 10, 1947) is an American politician who was White House Chief of Staff under President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2006, as well as head of Bush's White House Iraq Group. Card previously served as United States Secretary of Transportation under President George H. W. Bush from 1992 to 1993.Card announced his resignation as Chief of Staff on March 28, 2006, effective April 14, 2006.", "Charles Hanna Charles George Hanna (1889–1942) was a politician from the United States. He was the forty-first mayor of Syracuse, New York (Republican, 1926–1929) and largely responsible for bringing air travel to the Syracuse Area. He acquired an airfield in Camillus, NY and renamed it Syracuse Municipal Airport in 1927. After World War II, the airport couldn't keep up with demand, so the city took over the former Mattydale Bomber Base and renamed it Syracuse Hancock International Airport.", "Harold Geneen Harold \"Hal\" Sydney Geneen (January 22, 1910 — November 21, 1997), was an American businessman most famous for serving as president of the ITT Corporation.", "Airport '77 Airport '77 is a 1977 disaster film and third film in the Airport franchise. The film stars a number of veteran actors, including Jack Lemmon, James Stewart, Joseph Cotten, Christopher Lee, and Olivia de Havilland. Like its predecessors, Airport '77 was a box office hit earning $30 million, making the film the 19th highest-grossing picture of 1977. It was nominated for two Academy Awards and was directed by Jerry Jameson.", "Hartmut Mehdorn Hartmut Mehdorn (born 31 July 1942 in Warsaw) is a German manager and current CEO of Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg GmbH (FBB), the owner and future operator of Berlin Brandenburg Airport. He served as CEO of Germany's second largest airline Air Berlin until he stepped down in January 2013. Until May 2009 he served as CEO of Deutsche Bahn AG, Germany's biggest railway company.", "Richard H. Truly Richard Harrison Truly (born November 12, 1937) is a retired Vice Admiral in the United States Navy, a former fighter pilot, former astronaut for both the United States Air Force and NASA, and was the eighth Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) from 1989 to 1992.", "Michael Coats Michael Lloyd Coats (born January 16, 1946 in Sacramento, California) is a former NASA astronaut (three spaceflights), raised in Riverside, California. From December 2005 to December 2012, he served as Director of the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas.", "T. Keith Glennan Thomas Keith Glennan (September 8, 1905 – April 11, 1995) was the first Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, serving from August 19, 1958 to January 20, 1961.", "Henry C. Lord Henry Clark Lord (October 2, 1824 – March 23, 1884) was the fourth president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. He was born in Amherst, Massachusetts, the son of Dartmouth College president Nathan Lord.In 1837, Henry enrolled at Dartmouth. He graduated in 1843 and began working as a tutor in Virginia. After studying law, he was admitted to the Suffolk Bar in Boston.He married Eliza Burret Wright of Cincinnati, and he moved there in the 1850s.", "Nancy Hopkins (aviator) Nancy Hopkins Trier (May 16, 1909 – January 15, 1997) was an aviator. She was the president of the International Women's Air and Space Museum and a member of United Flying Octogenarians.", "Annise Parker Annise Danette Parker (born May 17, 1956) is an American politician, who has been elected Houston Mayor three times, serving since January 2, 2010. She also served as an at-large member of the Houston City Council from 1998 to 2003 and city controller from 2004 to 2010.Parker is Houston's second female mayor (after Kathy Whitmire), and one of the first openly gay mayors of a major U.S. city, with Houston being the most populous U.S. city to elect an openly gay mayor.", "Harry Augustus Garfield Harry Augustus \"Hal\" Garfield (October 11, 1863 – December 12, 1942) was an American lawyer, academic and public official. He was president of Williams College and supervised the Federal Fuel Administration during World War I.", "Keiji Tachikawa Keiji Tachikawa (立川敬二, Tachikawa Keiji, born May 27, 1939 in Gifu Prefecture) is the president of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).Keiji Tachikawa was born in Gifu Prefecture on May 27, 1939. He graduated from University of Tokyo, Department of Electrical EngineeringSchool of Engineering, in 1962. In 1978, he earned an MBA from the MIT Sloan School of Management.", "William Millar William Henry Millar born August 7, 1954 is the former President of the American Public Transportation Association. From October 1, 1984 until October 31, 1996 he was the CEO of the Port Authority of Allegheny County serving the Pittsburgh metro area. One of his chief deputies during this time was another Transit scholar Paul Skoutelas.", "John Peyton (U.S. politician) John Stephens Peyton (born July 28, 1964) is an American businessman and politician who is currently president of Gate Petroleum. He served as Mayor of Jacksonville, Florida from 2003 to 2011, when he was succeeded by Alvin Brown. He was the second Republican to be elected to the position since 1888. After his term he returned to Gate, his family business, and succeeded his father Herb Peyton as the company's president in January 2012.", "Jane Garvey (aviation administrator) Jane Garvey (née Famiano) was head of the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration from 1997 to 2002.", "Hans Mark Hans Michael Mark (born June 17, 1929 in Mannheim, Germany) is a former Secretary of the Air Force and a former Deputy Administrator of NASA. He is an expert and consultant in aerospace design and national defense policy. Mark is currently working in the Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics at the University of Texas at Austin's Cockrell School of Engineering.", "Roy Hofheinz Roy Mark Hofheinz (April 10, 1912 – November 22, 1982), popularly known as Judge Hofheinz or \"The Judge\", was State Representative from 1934 to 1936, County Judge of Harris County, Texas from 1936 to 1944, and mayor of the city of Houston, Texas from 1953 to 1955.", "Gerald Grinstein Gerald Grinstein (born 1932) is the former CEO of Delta Air Lines, Inc. of Atlanta, Georgia. Grinstein came to the position in 2004, after CEO Leo F. Mullin stepped down amid a controversy over executive retirement and cash bonus plans that were deemed excessive. He is succeeded by Richard Anderson, a former Northwest Airlines executive, although Grinstein expected one of his two deputies for the top job.", "Houston, We've Got a Problem Houston, We've Got a Problem is a 1974 television film about the Apollo 13 spaceflight, directed by Lawrence Doheny and starring Ed Nelson in the role of NASA Flight Director Gene Kranz.", "Yutaka Katayama Yutaka Katayama (片山豊, born Yutaka Asoh; 15 September 1909 – 19 February 2015), also known as Mr. K, was a Japanese automotive executive who was employed by Nissan and served as the first president of Nissan Motor Corporation U.S.A. Katayama expanded Nissan's focus from economy vehicles towards sportier vehicles, and is regarded by Datsun/Nissan Z Car enthusiasts as the father of the Z-Car, as well as the Datsun 510.", "Thomas O. Paine Thomas Otten Paine (November 9, 1921 – May 4, 1992), an American scientist and advocate of Space exploration, was the third Administrator of NASA, serving from March 21, 1969 to September 15, 1970.During his administration at NASA, the first seven Apollo manned missions were flown, including the first ever manned lunar landing by Apollo 11. Paine was also deeply involved in preparing plans for the post-Apollo era at NASA.", "Assad Kotaite Assad Kotaite (Arabic: أسعد قطيط‎) (November 6, 1924 - February 27, 2014), was a former Secretary-General and Council President of the International Civil Aviation Organization from 1976 to 2006.", "Anson Jones Anson Jones (January 20, 1798 – January 9, 1858) was a doctor, businessman, congressman, and the fourth and last President of the Republic of Texas, sometimes called the \"Architect of Annexation\".", "Jerry Junkins Jerry Ray Junkins (December 9, 1937 – May 29, 1996) was a U.S. electronics businessman who served as the president, chairman, and CEO of Texas Instruments, Incorporated from 1988 until his death in Germany, during a business trip.Junkins was born in Fort Madison, Iowa. He was the salutatorian of his high school class of 25 students. Junkins would later marry the class valedictorian, Sally Schevers.", "Joseph Sweetman Ames Joseph Sweetman Ames (July 3, 1864 – June 24, 1943) was a physicist, professor at Johns Hopkins University, provost of the university from 1926 until 1929, and university president from 1929 until 1935. He is best remembered as one of the founding members of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA, the predecessor of NASA) and its longtime chairman (1919–1939). NASA Ames Research Center is named after him.", "William P. Hobby Airport William P. Hobby Airport (IATA: HOU, ICAO: KHOU, FAA LID: HOU) is a public airport in Houston, Texas, 7 miles (11 km) from downtown Houston. Hobby is Houston's oldest commercial airport and was its primary commercial airport until Houston Intercontinental Airport, now George Bush Intercontinental Airport, opened in 1969.", "George Low George Michael Low (born George Wilhelm Low; June 10, 1926 – July 17, 1984) was a NASA administrator and 14th President of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.", "Rono Dutta Rono Dutta is the former President of United Airlines from 1999 to 2002.", "William A. Patterson William A. \"Pat\" Patterson (October, 1899 — June 13, 1980) was the President of United Airlines from 1934 until 1966.", "Henri Ziegler Henri Ziegler CVO, CBE (18 November 1906 in Limoges – 24 July 1998, in Paris) was one of the founders of Airbus and its first president.A Polytechnic engineer and graduate of \"Sup'Aéro\" (the national aerospace engineering school) as well as a French air force officer and test pilot, he was a founding father of Airbus Industrie (along with Roger Béteille and Felix Kracht) and became its first CEO.", "David Criswell David R. Criswell, Ph.D is the Director of the Institute for Space Systems Operations at the University of Houston. ISSO is the operational agent for the Houston Partnership for Space Exploration.Criswell received a Bachelor of Science degree in 1963 (graduating cum laude) and a Master of Science degree in Physics in 1964 from the University of North Texas, in Denton, Texas.", "Howard Putnam Howard D. Putnam (born August 21, 1937) is an American businessman. He was CEO of Southwest Airlines for three years, and later CEO of Braniff International Airways at the time of its bankruptcy.", "Herb Kelleher Herbert \"Herb\" David Kelleher (born March 12, 1931) is the co-founder, Chairman Emeritus, and former CEO of Southwest Airlines (based in the United States).", "Adam Herbert Adam William Herbert, Jr. (born December 1, 1943) is an American retired academic administrator. He served as President of the University of North Florida from 1989 to 1998, as Chancellor of the State University System of Florida from 1998 to 2001, and as President of Indiana University from 2003 to 2007. He was the first African-American to hold the latter two positions. He announced his retirement from Indiana University in 2007, and was succeeded by Michael McRobbie.", "Claude Brinegar Claude Stout Brinegar (December 16, 1926 – March 13, 2009) was the third United States Secretary of Transportation, serving from February 2, 1973 to February 1, 1975. Holding a Ph.D from Stanford University in economic research, Brinegar had previously been an oil company executive. Brinegar was Secretary of Transportation during the 1973 oil crisis.", "Keith Houk Keith Houk was the president and CEO of US Airways subsidiary PSA Airlines. He joined PSA as its CEO in 1988, and became president and CEO of Allegheny Airlines, another US Airways subsidiary, in 1997. He returned to lead PSA in January, 2005. Houk is a business graduate of Ohio University and an United States Air Force veteran. In 2014, he retired from PSA after 25 years of service to the company.", "Andrau Airpark Andrau Airpark (ICAO: KAAP) was a public use airport located in the Alief community of Houston, Texas, United States, formerly an unincorporated section of Harris County, from the late 1940s through 1998. The airport was southeast of the intersection of Old Westheimer road and Richmond Avenue. The airport closed in 1998 and as of 2008 is the Royal Oaks Country Club subdivision.", "Daniel Goldin Daniel Saul Goldin (born July 23, 1940) served as the 9th and longest-tenured Administrator of NASA from April 1, 1992, to November 17, 2001. He was appointed by President George H. W. Bush and also served under Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush.", "Frank Lorenzo Francisco Anthony \"Frank\" Lorenzo (born May 19, 1940) is an American businessman and philanthropist. He is most famous for his leadership of Texas International Airlines and its successor holding company Texas Air Corporation between 1972 and 1990, through which he formed or acquired a number of major U.S.", "Presidential Airways (scheduled) Presidential Airways (IATA: XV, ICAO: n/a , Call sign: Washington Eagle) was an airline with its headquarters on the grounds of Washington Dulles International Airport in Northern Virginia. It was founded in 1985 by Harold J. (Hap) Pareti, formerly an officer at People Express Airlines, (known as \"PEOPLExpress\") as a low-cost carrier, with Boeing 737-200 service from Dulles to Logan International Airport in Boston, Massachusetts commencing October 10 of that year.", "Oscar F. Holcombe Oscar Fitzallen Holcombe (December 31, 1888 – June 18, 1968) served as the mayor of Houston, Texas for 22 years, in 11 non-consecutive terms.Holcombe was born in Mobile, Alabama and raised in San Antonio, Texas. He moved to Houston when he was 18, and founded his own construction business, the O. F. Holcombe Company, at age 26. His business acumen and contacts eventually made Holcombe a millionaire.Six years after founding his business, in 1921, Holcombe won his first term as mayor.", "Robert Ivany Dr. Robert Rudolph Ivany (born February 4, 1947) is the eighth president of the University of St. Thomas in Houston.", "Albert Plesman Dr. Albert Plesman (7 September 1889 – 31 December 1953) was a Dutch pioneer in aviation and the first president of KLM, the oldest airline in the world still operating under its original name.He was born as the son of an egg trader from The Hague. In 1915 he joined the mobilized Dutch airforce as a professional officer, at the time still called the \"militaire luchtvaartafdeling\" (military aviation department), in Soesterberg.", "Paul Hill (flight director) Paul Sean Hill (born June 23, 1962) was the Director of Mission Operations at the NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. He was formerly a Flight Director in the Mission Control Center for Space Shuttle and International Space Station missions under the call sign \\Atlas\\\".\"", "Kathryn J. Whitmire Kathryn Jean \"Kathy\" Whitmire (born August 15, 1946) was Mayor of the city of Houston, Texas, from 1982 to 1991.Whitmire was a professor at the University of Maryland, College Park, where she taught political science classes in the Burns Leadership Academy. Whitmire was the daughter of Ida Reeves and Karl Niederhofer, a licensed electrician. She was married to James M. (Jim) Whitmire who died in 1976.", "Henry Cisneros Henry Gabriel Cisneros (born June 11, 1947) is an American politician and businessman. He served as the mayor of San Antonio, Texas, from 1981 to 1989, the second Latino mayor of a major American city and the city's first since 1842 (when Juan Seguín was forced out of office). A Democrat, Cisneros served as the 10th Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) in the administration of President Bill Clinton from 1993 to 1997.", "John Hay Whitney John Hay Whitney (17 August 1904 – 8 February 1982), colloquially known as \"Jock\" Whitney, was U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom, publisher of the New York Herald Tribune, and president of the Museum of Modern Art. He was a member of the Whitney family.", "James H. Burnley IV James Horace Burnley IV (born July 30, 1948) is an American politician and lawyer. He served as the United States Secretary of Transportation from 1987 until 1989, during the administration of President Ronald Reagan.", "Larry Faulkner Dr. Larry Ray Faulkner (born November 26, 1944) is an American academic and businessman. He served as the twenty-seventh president of The University of Texas at Austin from 1998 to 2006, and as the president of the Houston Endowment Inc. from 2006 to 2012.", "John E. Potter John E. \"Jack\" Potter (born 1956) is the President and CEO of the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority since July 18, 2011. He is the former United States Postmaster General and CEO of the United States Postal Service (USPS), having become the 72nd Postmaster General on June 1, 2001.", "Bob Lanier (politician) Robert Clayton Lanier (March 10, 1925 – December 20, 2014) was an American businessman and politician. He served as mayor of the city of Houston, Texas from 1992 to 1998. At the time of his death, he was Houston's oldest living mayor.", "T. Allan McArtor Trusten Allan McArtor (born July 3, 1942) was the Administrator of the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration from 1987 to 1989.Born in St. Louis, Missouri in 1942, McArtor is Chairman of Airbus North America Holdings, Inc., parent company of Airbus North America Sales, Inc. and Airbus North America Customer Services, Inc., all located in Herndon, Virginia, and Airbus North America Engineering in Wichita, Kansas.", "Langhorne Bond Langhorne McCook Bond (born March 11, 1937) was the Administrator of the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration from 1977 to 1981 under President Jimmy Carter. He is the son of William Langhorne Bond.", "C. R. Smith Cyrus Rowlett \"C. R.\" Smith (September 9, 1899 – April 4, 1990) was the CEO of American Airlines from 1934 to 1968 and from 1973 to 1974. He was also the wartime deputy commander of the Air Transport Command, and United States Secretary of Commerce for a brief period under President Lyndon B. Johnson. He is regarded as one of the titans of U.S. airline history.", "Lee P. Brown Lee Patrick Brown (born October 4, 1937) is a criminologist, public administrator, politician and businessman; in 1997 he was the first African American to be elected mayor of Houston, Texas. He was reelected twice to serve the maximum of three terms from 1998 to 2004.He has had a long career in law enforcement and academia; leading police departments in Atlanta, Houston and New York over the course of nearly four decades.", "Fred Hofheinz Fred Hofheinz (born 1938), was mayor of Houston, Texas, from 1974 to 1978. (Hofheinz's father, Roy, was mayor of the city in the 1950s.)He attended the University of Texas, earning a B.A., M.A., PhD, and J.D.After his term as mayor, he practiced law in Houston." ]	2
Kennedy assassination governor of Texas seriously injured	[ "List of assassinated American politicians\nThis is a list of assassinated American politicians. Individuals listed were either elected or appointed to office, or were candidates for elected office.", "John F. Kennedy\nJohn Fitzgerald \"Jack\" Kennedy (JFK), (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963. The Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, the establishment of the Peace Corps, developments in the Space Race, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Civil Rights Movement, and increased U.S.", "Malcolm Perry (physician)\nMalcolm Oliver Perry II (September 3, 1929 – December 5, 2009) was an American physician and surgeon. Perry was one of the doctors that attended to the President of the United States John F. Kennedy at Parkland Memorial Hospital in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963 after Kennedy was shot while riding in an open car.", "Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy\nThe assassination of Robert Francis \"Bobby\" Kennedy, a United States Senator and brother of assassinated President John Fitzgerald \"Jack\" Kennedy, took place shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968, in Los Angeles, California, during the campaign season for the United States Presidential election, 1968.", "James Tague\nJames \"Jim\" Thomas Tague (October 17, 1936 – February 28, 2014) was a witness to the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. Tague received a minor wound to his right cheek immediately prior to the assassination, caused by tiny pieces of concrete debris from a street curb that was struck by a bullet presumably intended for Kennedy. Besides Kennedy and Texas Governor John B.", "Lee Bowers\nLee Edward Bowers, Jr. (January 12, 1925 – August 9, 1966) was a witness to the assassination of John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963.Conspiracy theorists claim that Bowers died under \"mysterious circumstances\".", "CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory\nThe CIA Kennedy assassination theory is a prominent John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory. The CIA's potential involvement was frequently mentioned during the 1960s and 1970s when the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was involved in plots to assassinate foreign leaders, particularly Fidel Castro.According to author James Douglass, Kennedy was assassinated because he was turning away from the Cold War and seeking a negotiated peace with the Soviet Union.", "Assassination of John F. Kennedy\nJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was assassinated at 12:30 p.m. Central Standard Time (18:30 UTC) on Friday, November 22, 1963, in Dealey Plaza, Dallas, Texas. Kennedy was fatally shot by Lee Harvey Oswald while traveling with his wife Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, and Connally's wife Nellie, in a presidential motorcade.", "John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories\nThere are numerous conspiracy theories surrounding the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963. These theories posit that the assassination involved people or organizations other than Lee Harvey Oswald. Most current theories put forth a criminal conspiracy involving parties as varied as the CIA, the Mafia, sitting Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, Cuban President Fidel Castro, the KGB, or some combination of those entities.", "Dealey Plaza\nDealey Plaza /ˈdiːliː/, in the historic West End district of downtown Dallas, Texas (U.S.), is the location of the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963. The Dealey Plaza Historic District was named a National Historic Landmark in 1993 to preserve Dealey Plaza, street rights-of-way, and buildings and structures by the plaza visible from the assassination site, that have been identified as witness locations or as possible assassin locations.", "Robert F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories\nThe conspiracy theories relating to the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy, a United States Senator and brother of assassinated President John F. Kennedy, relate to non-standard accounts of the assassination that took place shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968, in Los Angeles, California. Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated during celebrations of his successful campaign in the Californian primary elections while seeking the Democratic nomination for President of the United States.", "Lee Harvey Oswald\nLee Harvey Oswald (October 18, 1939 – November 24, 1963) was the sniper who assassinated John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, on November 22, 1963. According to five U.S. government investigations, Oswald shot and killed Kennedy as he traveled by motorcade through Dealey Plaza in the city of Dallas, Texas.Oswald was a former U.S. Marine who defected to the Soviet Union in October 1959.", "Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination\nThis article considers the detailed timeline of events before, during, and after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States.", "Nellie Connally\nIdanell \"Nellie\" Brill Connally (February 24, 1919 – September 1, 2006) was the First Lady of Texas from 1963 to 1969. She was the wife of John Connally, who served as Governor of Texas and later as Secretary of the Treasury.She and her husband were passengers in the presidential limousine carrying President John F. Kennedy when he was assassinated in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963." ]	[ "William P. Hobby William Pettus Hobby (March 26, 1878 – June 7, 1964) was the publisher of the Houston Post and the 27th Governor of the U.S. state of Texas from 1917 to 1921.", "Thomas Mitchell Campbell Thomas Mitchell Campbell (April 22, 1856 – April 1, 1923) was the 24th Governor of Texas from 1907 to 1911.", "Coke R. Stevenson Coke Robert Stevenson (March 20, 1888 – June 28, 1975) was the 35th Governor of Texas from 1941 to 1947. He was the only 20th century Texan politician to serve as Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives, as Lieutenant Governor, and then as Governor. In 1966, Recorded Texas Historic Landmark marker number 5118, honoring Stevenson, was placed on the Kimble County Courthouse grounds in Junction, Texas.", "Albert S. Marks Albert Smith Marks (October 16, 1836 – November 4, 1891) was an American attorney, soldier and politician. He was Governor of Tennessee from 1879 to 1881. Prior to that, he had served as a state chancery court judge. Marks fought for the Confederacy during the Civil War, and part of his leg was amputated as a result of a wound suffered at the Battle of Stones River in 1862.", "William Sulzer William Sulzer (March 18, 1863 – November 6, 1941) was an American lawyer and politician, nicknamed Plain Bill Sulzer. He was the 39th Governor of New York and a long-serving congressman from the same state. He was the first and so far only New York Governor to be impeached. He broke with his sponsors at Tammany Hall, and they produced convincing evidence that Sulzer had falsified his sworn statement of campaign expenditures.", "Louis Wigfall Louis Trezevant Wigfall (April 21, 1816 – February 18, 1874) was an American politician from Texas who served as a member of the Texas Legislature, United States Senate, and Confederate Senate. Wigfall was among a group of leading secessionists known as Fire-Eaters, advocating the preservation and expansion of an aristocratic agricultural society based on slave labor.", "Pendleton Murrah Pendleton Murrah (1826 – August 4, 1865) was the tenth Governor of Texas. His term in office coincided with the American Civil War.", "Rick Perry James Richard \"Rick\" Perry (born March 4, 1950) is an American politician who served as the 47th Governor of Texas from December 2000 to January 2015. A Republican, he was elected Lieutenant Governor of Texas in 1998 and assumed the governorship in December 2000 when then-governor George W. Bush resigned to become President of the United States. Perry was the longest serving governor in Texas state history.", "James Brady James Scott \"Jim\" Brady (August 29, 1940 – August 4, 2014) was an assistant to the U.S. President and White House Press Secretary under President Ronald Reagan. After nearly being killed and becoming permanently disabled as a result of the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan in 1981, Brady became an ardent supporter of gun control.On August 8, 2014, Brady's death was ruled a homicide, 33 years after the gunshot wound he received in 1981.", "Allan Shivers Robert Allan Shivers (October 5, 1907 – January 14, 1985) was a Texas politician who led the conservative faction of the Texas Democratic Party during the turbulent 1940s and 1950s. Shivers also developed the lieutenant governor's post into an extremely powerful perch in state government.", "Edmund G. Ross Edmund Gibson Ross (December 7, 1826 – May 8, 1907) was a politician who represented Kansas after the American Civil War and was later governor of the New Mexico Territory. His vote against convicting President Andrew Johnson of \"high crimes and misdemeanors\" allowed Johnson to stay in office by the margin of one vote. As the seventh of seven Republican U.S. Senators to break with his party, Ross proved to be the person whose decision would result in conviction or acquittal.", "John Tower John Goodwin Tower (September 29, 1925 – April 5, 1991) was the first Republican United States senator from Texas since Reconstruction. He served from 1961 until his retirement on January 3, 1985, after which time he was appointed as the chairman of the Reagan-appointed Tower Commission that investigated the Iran-Contra Affair. He was George H. W. Bush's nominee for Secretary of Defense in 1989 but was rejected by the Senate, 53–47.", "George Tyler Wood George Tyler Wood (March 12, 1795 – September 3, 1858) was an American military officer and politician who served as the second Governor of Texas.", "Hardin Richard Runnels Hardin Richard Runnels (August 30, 1820 – December 25, 1873) was a U.S. political figure. Runnels served as the sixth Governor of Texas, for only one term, but notably was the only person to ever defeat Sam Houston in a political contest.", "Oran Milo Roberts Oran Milo Roberts (July 9, 1815 – May 19, 1898), was the 17th Governor of Texas from January 21, 1879 to January 16, 1883. He was a member of the Democratic Party. Roberts County, Texas, is named after him.Oran M. Roberts was born in Laurens District, South Carolina. He studied at the University of Alabama and graduated in 1836, and was admitted to the bar the following year. After serving a term in the Alabama legislature, he moved to Texas, where he opened a successful law practice.", "Longhorn Ballroom The Longhorn Ballroom is a music venue and country western dance hall in Dallas, Texas (USA). It was known in the early 1950s as Bob Wills' Ranch House when the large ballroom was built and operated by O.L. Nelms, an eccentric Dallas millionaire, for his close friend, western swing bandleader Bob Wills. When Wills left, O.L. Nelms leased the sprawling dance club to Jack Ruby who later killed Lee Harvey Oswald, John F. Kennedy's accused assassin. O.L.", "W. Haydon Burns William Haydon Burns (March 17, 1912 – November 22, 1987) was the 35th Governor of Florida from 1965 to 1967. He was also Mayor of the city of Jacksonville, Florida from 1949 to 1965.", "Felton Turner Felton Turner (April 2, 1933 - April 23, 2006) was an African-American whose survival from a vicious attack on March 7, 1960, helped galvanize the city of Houston, Texas during the American Civil Rights movement.Turner was an 27-year-old unemployed awning installer in Houston who fell victim to the enmity caused by continuing sit-in demonstrations against segregation.", "Jim Hogg James Stephen \"Big Jim\" Hogg (March 24, 1851 – March 3, 1906) was an American lawyer and statesman, and the 20th Governor of Texas. He was born near Rusk, Texas. Hogg was a follower of the conservative New South Creed which became popular following the U.S. Civil War, and was also associated with populism. He was the first Texas Governor to have been born in Texas.", "Claude R. Kirk, Jr. Claude Roy Kirk, Jr. (January 7, 1926 – September 28, 2011), was the 36th Governor of the U.S. state of Florida (1967–1971). He was the first Republican Governor of Florida since Reconstruction.", "Thomas Jefferson Rusk Thomas Jefferson Rusk (December 5, 1803 – July 29, 1857) was an early political and military leader of the Republic of Texas, serving as its first Secretary of War as well as a general at the Battle of San Jacinto. He was later a US politician and served as a Senator from Texas from 1846 until his suicide. He served as the President pro tempore of the United States Senate in 1857.", "Emmet Montgomery Reily Emmet Montgomery Reily (October 21, 1866 – October 31, 1954), sometimes E. Mont Reily, was a Texas and, later, Missouri politician who served a number of local offices, especially in Fort Worth and Kansas City. He was active in the Republican Party. He was later appointed as Governor of Puerto Rico by President Warren G. Harding.", "Bob Bullock Robert Douglas Bullock, Sr., known as Bob Bullock (July 10, 1929 – June 18, 1999), was a Democratic politician from Texas, whose career spanned four decades. His service culminated in his term as the 38th Lieutenant Governor of Texas from January 15, 1991 to January 19, 1999 during the term of Governor Ann W. Richards and the first term of Governor George W. Bush.", "James Pinckney Henderson James Pinckney Henderson (March 31, 1808 – June 4, 1858) was a United States and Republic of Texas lawyer, politician, soldier, and the first Governor of the State of Texas.", "Bob C. Riley Bob Cowley Riley (September 18, 1924 – February 16, 1994) was an American educator and politician who served as Acting Governor of Arkansas for 11 days in 1975. He had previously been a member of the Arkansas House of Representatives from 1946 to 1950, the mayor of Arkadelphia, Arkansas, in 1966 and 1967, and the eighth Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas from 1971 to 1975.", "Austin Augustus King Austin Augustus King (September 21, 1802 – April 22, 1870), also known as Austin A. King and Austin King, was an American lawyer, politician, and military officer. A Democrat, he was the tenth Governor of Missouri and a one-term United States Congressman.", "Edmund J. Davis Edmund Jackson Davis (October 2, 1827 – February 7, 1883) was an American lawyer, soldier, and politician. He was a Southern Unionist and a general in the Union Army in the American Civil War. He also served for one term from 1870 to 1874 as the 14th Governor of Texas.", "Death of Brian Deneke On December 12, 1997, 19-year-old punk musician Brian Theodore Deneke (March 9, 1978 – December 12, 1997) was killed in a deliberate hit and run attack in Amarillo, Texas, by 17-year-old jock Dustin Camp.Camp was later found guilty of voluntary vehicular manslaughter and sentenced to ten years probation. In 2001, he was sentenced to an eight-year imprisonment for a variety of parole violations.", "Roy Kellerman Roy Herman Kellerman (March 14, 1915 – March 22, 1984) was a U.S. Secret Service Agent assigned to protect President John F. Kennedy when he was assassinated on November 22, 1963. In his reports, later testimony and interviews, Kellerman outlines in detail his role in the immediate aftermath of the assassination, controlling key evidence of the crime and guiding doctors during the official autopsy at Bethesda Naval Hospital.", "William J. Holloway William Judson Holloway (December 15, 1888 – January 27, 1970) was an American principal, lawyer, and politician who served as the fourth Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma. Following Henry S. Johnston’s impeachment and removal from office, Holloway became the eighth governor of Oklahoma.Prior to becoming governor, Holloway was a Hugo schoolteacher, a state senator and President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate.", "Texas Governor's Mansion The Texas Governor's Mansion, also known simply as Governor's Mansion is a historic home for the Governor of Texas in downtown Austin, Texas. It was built in 1854, designed by prominent architect Abner Cook, and has been the home of every governor since 1856.On June 8, 2008, while midway through a major renovation, the mansion was badly damaged by an arson fire started with a Molotov cocktail.", "John Hinckley, Jr. John Warnock Hinckley, Jr. (born May 29, 1955), attempted to assassinate U.S. President Ronald Reagan in Washington, D.C., on March 30, 1981, as the culmination of an effort to impress actress Jodie Foster. Reported to have been driven by an obsessional fixation on her, he was found not guilty by reason of insanity, and has remained under institutional psychiatric care since then.", "William Greer William Robert Greer (September 22, 1909 – February 23, 1985) was an agent of the U.S. Secret Service, best known for having driven President John F. Kennedy's automobile in the motorcade through Dealey Plaza in Dallas on November 22, 1963, when the president was assassinated.", "Texas gubernatorial election, 2006 The 2006 Texas gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 2006 elect the Governor of Texas. The election was a rare four-way race, with incumbent Republican Governor Rick Perry running for reelection against Democrat Chris Bell and Independents Carole Keeton Strayhorn and Kinky Friedman. Perry was reelected to a second full term in office, winning 39% of the vote to Bell's 30%, Strayhorn's 18% and Friedman's 12%.", "Ronald Ray Howard Ronald Ray Howard (July 22, 1973 – October 6, 2005) was a convicted American murderer executed by lethal injection by the U.S. state of Texas. He was convicted of the shooting death of Texas Department of Public Safety Trooper Bill Davidson after Howard was stopped driving a stolen car on April 11, 1992.", "Harry Whittington Harry M. Whittington (born March 3, 1927) is an American lawyer, real estate investor, and political figure from Austin, Texas who received international media attention on February 11, 2006, when he was shot by Vice President Dick Cheney while hunting quail with two women on a ranch in Kenedy County, Texas, near Corpus Christi.", "Carlos Bringuier Carlos Jose Bringuier (born June 22, 1934) is a Cuban exile in the United States of America who campaigned against Fidel Castro's government. Bringuier is principally known for his brief connection with Lee Harvey Oswald, the assassin of President John F. Kennedy.", "Ann Richards Dorothy Ann Willis Richards (September 1, 1933 – September 13, 2006) was an American politician and the 45th Governor of Texas. A Democrat, she first came to national attention as the state treasurer of Texas, when she delivered the keynote address at the 1988 Democratic National Convention. Richards served as the 45th Governor of Texas from 1991 to 1995 and was defeated for re-election in 1994 by George W. Bush.", "Jim Garrison Earling Carothers \"Jim\" Garrison (November 20, 1921 – October 21, 1992) – who changed his first name to Jim in the early 1960s – was the District Attorney of Orleans Parish, Louisiana, from 1962 to 1973. A member of the Democratic Party, he is best known for his investigations into the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. He was played by Kevin Costner in Oliver Stone's JFK.", "Pat Morris Neff Pat Morris Neff (26 November 1871 – 20 January 1952) was the 28th Governor of Texas from 1921 to 1925 and ninth President of Baylor University from 1932 to 1947.", "Murder of James Byrd, Jr. James Byrd, Jr. (May 2, 1949 – June 7, 1998) was an African-American who was murdered by three men, of whom at least two were white supremacists, in Jasper, Texas, on June 7, 1998. Shawn Berry, Lawrence Russell Brewer, and John King dragged Byrd for three miles behind a pick-up truck along an asphalt road.Byrd, who remained conscious throughout most of the ordeal, was killed when his body hit the edge of a culvert, severing his right arm and head.", "New London School explosion The New London School explosion occurred on March 18, 1937, when a natural gas leak caused an explosion, destroying the London School of New London, Texas, a community in Rusk County previously known as \"London\". The disaster killed more than 295 students and teachers, making it the deadliest school disaster in American history. As of 2014, the event is the third deadliest disaster in the history of Texas, after the Galveston Hurricane of 1900, and the 1947 Texas City Disaster.", "Texas School Book Depository The Texas School Book Depository, now known as the Dallas County Administration Building, is a seven-floor building facing Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas, United States. It is located 411 Elm Street on the northwest corner of Elm and North Houston Streets, at the western end of downtown Dallas. The building is notable for its connection to the assassination of John F. Kennedy. An employee, Lee Harvey Oswald, shot the president from a sixth floor window on the southeast corner.", "Dan Moody Daniel James Moody, Jr. (June 1, 1893 – May 22, 1966), was a Democratic political figure, originally from Taylor, Texas, USA. He served as the 30th Governor of Texas between 1927 and 1931. At the age of thirty-three, he was elected and took office as the youngest governor in Texas history.", "Texas gubernatorial election, 1994 The 1994 Texas gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1994 to elect the Governor of Texas. Incumbent Democratic Governor Ann Richards was defeated in her bid for reelection by Republican nominee George W. Bush, the son of former President George H. W. Bush.On election day, Bush carried 188 of the state's 254 counties, while Richards carried 66.", "Carl Weiss Carl Austin Weiss, Sr. (December 6, 1906 – September 8, 1935), was an American physician from Baton Rouge, Louisiana, who assassinated nationally famous U.S. Senator Huey Pierce Long, Jr., at the Louisiana State Capitol on September 8, 1935.", "James W. Throckmorton James Webb Throckmorton (February 1, 1825 – April 21, 1894) was an American politician who served as the 12th Governor of Texas from 1866 to 1867 during the early days of Reconstruction. He was a United States Congressman from Texas from 1875 to 1879 and again from 1883 to 1889.Following the outbreak of the Mexican-American War, he joined the 1st Texas Volunteers as a private in February 1847.", "Gordon Arnold Gordon Leslie Arnold (August 14, 1941 – October 14, 1997) was a man who claimed to have witnessed the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas.On August 27, 1978, The Dallas Morning News published an article by Earl Golz alleging that several \"counterfeit\" agents of the United States Secret Service were in Dealey Plaza shortly before and after the assassination.", "John H. Wood, Jr. John Howland Wood, Jr. (March 31, 1916 - May 29, 1979) was an American lawyer and judge from the U.S. state of Texas. He served on the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas before being assassinated by Charles Harrelson outside Wood's home in San Antonio, Texas, in 1979. Wood's killing was the first assassination of a federal judge in the 20th century. (Two other federal judges were assassinated in the 1980s, Richard J. Daronco in 1988 and Robert Smith Vance in 1989.)", "Texas gubernatorial election, 1998 The 1998 Texas gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1998 to elect the Governor of Texas. Incumbent Republican Governor George W. Bush was reelected in a landslide over Democrat Garry Mauro, winning 68% of the vote to Mauro's 31%. Bush's 37% margin of victory was the largest won by any candidate since 1966 and is, to date, the largest ever won by a Republican candidate.Bush carried 240 counties, while Mauro carried just 14.", "Dick Cheney hunting incident The Dick Cheney hunting incident occurred on February 11, 2006 (this particular date has been subject to question), when then U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney shot Harry Whittington, a 78-year-old Texas attorney, while participating in a quail hunt on a ranch in Kenedy County, Texas. Both Cheney and Whittington called the incident an accident.First public news of the incident was called in to the Corpus Christi Caller-Times on February 12, 2006, by ranch owner Katharine Armstrong.", "Mark White Mark Wells White, Jr., (born March 17, 1940) is an American lawyer, who served as the 43rd Governor of Texas from January 18, 1983 to January 20, 1987.", "James E. Ferguson James Edward \"Pa\" Ferguson, Jr. (August 31, 1871 – September 21, 1944), was a Democratic politician and the 26th governor from the state of Texas and later on, the first gentleman of Texas.", "Francis Lubbock Francis Richard Lubbock (October 16, 1815 – June 22, 1905) was the ninth Governor of Texas and was in office during the American Civil War. He was the brother of Thomas Saltus Lubbock, for whom Lubbock County, Texas and the City of Lubbock are named.Born in Beaufort, South Carolina, Lubbock was a businessman in South Carolina before moving to Texas in 1836.", "Kenneth O'Donnell Kenneth Patrick \"Kenny\" O'Donnell (March 4, 1924 – September 9, 1977) was an American political consultant who served as the special assistant and appointments secretary to U.S. President John F. Kennedy from 1961 until President Kennedy's assassination in November 1963. O'Donnell was a close friend of President Kennedy and his younger brother, politican Robert F. Kennedy, and was part of the group of Kennedy's close advisors called the \"Irish Mafia\".O'Donnell served as President Lyndon B.", "Peter Hansborough Bell Peter Hansborough Bell (May 11, 1810 – March 8, 1898) was an American military officer and politician who served as the third Governor of Texas and represented the state for two terms in the United States House of Representatives.", "Ike Altgens James William \"Ike\" Altgens (/ˈɑːlt.ɡənz/); April 28, 1919 – December 12, 1995) was an American photojournalist and field reporter for the Associated Press (AP) based in Dallas, Texas. Altgens began his career with the AP as a teenager and, following a stint with the United States Coast Guard, worked his way into a senior position with the AP Dallas bureau. While on assignment for the AP on November 22, 1963, Altgens made two historic photographs during the assassination of President John F.", "Henry S. Johnston Henry Simpson Johnston (December 30, 1867 – January 7, 1965) was an American lawyer and politician who served as a delegate to the Oklahoma Constitutional Convention, the first President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate, and the seventh governor of Oklahoma. He would become the second governor in Oklahoma history to be impeached and removed from office.As governor, Johnston successfully proposed the establishment of a crippled children’s hospital and a large increase to school aid funds.", "Don Yarborough Donald Howard Yarborough (December 15, 1925 - September 23, 2009), was a liberal Democratic politician who was reportedly the first Southern politician to endorse the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Yarborough, an attorney in Houston, Texas, ran for governor of Texas in 1962, 1964, and 1968. In 1962, he came close to winning the primary runoff election against John B. Connally, Jr., having polled 49 percent of the ballots.", "John F. Kennedy assassination rifle In March 1963, Lee Harvey Oswald, using the alias \"A. Hidell\", purchased by mail order a 6.5 mm Carcano Model 91/38 carbine, also improperly called Mannlicher–Carcano, with a 4x scope. He also purchased a revolver from a different company, by the same method. Both weapons were signed for in the name of Lee Harvey Oswald. It is officially accepted that the rifle was fired from the Texas School Book Depository in Dallas, Texas to assassinate United States President John F.", "Henry Grover Henry Cushing Grover (April 1, 1927 – November 28, 2005), usually known as Hank Grover, was a conservative politician from the U.S. state of Texas best known for his relatively narrow defeat as the Republican gubernatorial nominee in 1972.Grover was born in Corpus Christi. Grover lived as a youth in San Antonio. A Roman Catholic, he graduated from the college-preparatory and all-male St. Thomas High School in Houston.", "Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan The attempted assassination of United States President Ronald Reagan occurred on March 30, 1981, 69 days into his presidency. While leaving a speaking engagement at the Washington Hilton Hotel in Washington, D.C., President Reagan and three others were shot and wounded by John Hinckley, Jr. The most seriously wounded victim, James Brady, died decades later of complications related to his injuries.", "Edmund Kirby Smith Edmund Kirby Smith (May 16, 1824 – March 28, 1893) was a career United States Army officer who served with the Confederates during the Civil War, as one of only seven officers to reach the rank of Full General.Wounded at First Bull Run, he distinguished himself during Braxton Bragg’s invasion of Kentucky, before being made commander of the Trans-Mississippi Department (Texas, Louisiana, Western Arkansas) in January 1863.", "Ross S. Sterling Ross Shaw Sterling (February 11, 1875 – March 25, 1949) was an American politician who was the 31st Governor of Texas, serving a single two-year term from January 20, 1931 to January 17, 1933.", "Oscar Branch Colquitt Oscar Branch Colquitt (December 16, 1861 – March 8, 1940) was the 25th Governor of Texas from January 17, 1911 to January 19, 1915. He was a member of the Democratic Party. Gov. Colquitt defended the actions of the Texas Rangers who allegedly crossed into Mexico in pursuit of the body of Clemente Vergara in March 1914.", "Sam Houston Clinton Sam Houston Clinton, Jr. (September 17, 1923 – October 5, 2004) was a Texas Court of Criminal Appeals Judge, who as a lawyer represented both atheist leader Madalyn Murray O'Hair and Jack Ruby, the man who shot and killed presidential assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald.", "James Allred James V. Allred (March 29, 1899 – September 24, 1959) was a United States politician who served as the 33rd Governor of Texas during the New Deal era. He was thereafter a United States federal judge. He is remembered for his unwavering support of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt.", "Jack Ruby Jack Leon Ruby (born Jacob Leon Rubenstein; March 25, 1911 – January 3, 1967) was a nightclub operator in Dallas, Texas. On November 24, 1963, Ruby fatally shot Lee Harvey Oswald, who was in police custody after being charged with the murder of President John F. Kennedy two days earlier. A Dallas jury found Ruby guilty of murdering Oswald, and Ruby was sentenced to death. Later, Ruby appealed his conviction, had it overturned and was granted a new trial.", "Reactions to the assassination of John F. Kennedy Around the world, there was a stunned reaction to the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the President of the United States, on November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas.The first hour after the shooting, before his death was announced, was a time of great confusion. Taking place during the Cold War, it was at first unclear whether the shooting might be part of a larger attack upon the U.S., and whether Vice-President Lyndon B.", "Clay Shaw Clay LaVerne Shaw (March 17, 1913 – August 15, 1974) was a businessman in New Orleans, Louisiana. He was the only person prosecuted in connection with the assassination of President John F. Kennedy and was acquitted.", "J. D. Tippit J. D. Tippit (September 18, 1924 – November 22, 1963) was an American police officer who was an 11-year veteran with the Dallas Police Department. On November 22, 1963, Tippit was fatally shot on a Dallas street approximately 45 minutes after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. According to five federal government investigations, Tippit was shot by former United States Marine Lee Harvey Oswald, but Oswald denied shooting Tippit.", "John Connally John Bowden Connally, Jr. (February 27, 1917 – June 15, 1993), was an American politician. As a Democrat he served as the 39th Governor of Texas, as Secretary of the Navy under President John F. Kennedy, and as Secretary of the Treasury under President Richard M. Nixon. As Treasury Secretary, Connally is best remembered for removing the U.S. dollar from the gold standard in 1971, an event known as the Nixon shock.", "Jesse Curry Jesse Edward Curry (October 3, 1913 – June 22, 1980) was an American police officer who was the chief of the Dallas Police Department from 1960 to 1966. Curry was chief at the time of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in downtown Dallas on November 22, 1963, and the murder of his assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald, while in police custody two days later.", "Abraham Zapruder Abraham Zapruder (Russian; Авраам Запрудер; May 15, 1905 – August 30, 1970) was an American clothing manufacturer who witnessed the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963. Zapruder unexpectedly captured the event in a home movie while filming the presidential motorcade as it traveled through Dealey Plaza.", "Lawrence Sullivan Ross Lawrence Sullivan \"Sul\" Ross (September 27, 1838 – January 3, 1898) was the 19th Governor of Texas (USA), a Confederate States Army general during the American Civil War, and a president of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, now called Texas A&M University.Ross was raised in the Republic of Texas, which was later annexed to the United States. Much of his childhood was spent on the frontier, where his family founded the town of Waco.", "Thomas Delahanty Thomas K. Delahanty (born c. 1934) is a former District of Columbia policeman, who was wounded during the assassination attempt on U.S. President Ronald Reagan on Monday, March 30, 1981, in Washington, D.C.", "John F. Kennedy assassination Dictabelt recording A Dictabelt recording from a microphone stuck in the open position on a motorcycle police officer's radio in the vicinity of the assassination of John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963, has been used as evidence related to the assassination.", "John Ireland (politician) John Ireland (January 1, 1827 – March 15, 1896) was the 18th Governor of Texas from 1883 to 1887. During Ireland's term, the University of Texas was established, and construction on the Texas State Capitol began. Ireland is credited with the selection of local pink granite as the construction material.", "Texas Theatre The Texas Theatre is a movie theater and Dallas Landmark located in the Oak Cliff neighborhood of Dallas, Texas. It gained historical fame November 22, 1963, as the location of Lee Harvey Oswald's arrest for the Assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy and the killing of Dallas police officer J. D. Tippit. Today, it hosts a mix of repertory cinema and special events.", "Beauford H. Jester Beauford Halbert Jester (January 12, 1893 – July 11, 1949) was the 36th Governor of Texas, serving from 1947 until 1949, when he died of a heart attack. He is the only Texas governor ever to have died in office. Jester was the son of George Taylor Jester.", "Charles Brehm Charles F. Brehm (January 14, 1925 - August 11, 1996) was a very close witness to the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963.", "George Dealey George Bannerman Dealey (September 18, 1859 – February 26, 1946) was a Dallas, Texas, businessman. Dealey was the long-time publisher of The Dallas Morning News and owner of the A. H. Belo Corporation. Dealey Plaza in Dallas is named in his honor, and became instantly world-famous on Friday, November 22, 1963, when it became the site of the assassination of President John Kennedy.", "Charles R. Baxter Charles Rufus Baxter (November 4, 1929 – March 10, 2005) was an American medical doctor. Baxter was one of the doctors who unsuccessfully tried to save John F. Kennedy after he was shot in Dallas, Texas in 1963.Born in Paris, Texas, Baxter graduated from the University of Texas at Austin in 1950.", "Bill Clements William Perry \"Bill\" Clements, Jr. (April 13, 1917 – May 29, 2011), was the 42nd and 44th governor of Texas, serving from 1979 to 1983 and again from 1987 to 1991. Clements was the first Republican to have served as governor of the U.S. state of Texas since Reconstruction. Clements' eight years in office were the most served by any Texan governor prior to governor Rick Perry.", "Jean Hill Norma Jean Lollis Hill (February 11, 1931 – November 7, 2000) was an eyewitness to the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. Hill was known as the \"Lady in Red\" because of the long red raincoat she wore that day, as seen in Abraham Zapruder's film of the assassination.", "Preston Smith (governor) Preston Earnest Smith (March 8, 1912 – October 18, 2003) was the 40th Governor of Texas from 1969 to 1973, who earlier served as the lieutenant governor from 1963 to 1969.", "Earle Cabell Earle Cabell (October 27, 1906 – September 24, 1975), was a Texas politician who served as mayor of Dallas, Texas. Cabell was mayor at the time of the assassination of John F. Kennedy and was later a member of the U.S. House of Representatives.", "Richard B. Hubbard Richard Bennett Hubbard, Jr. (November 1, 1832 – July 12, 1901) was the 16th Governor of Texas from 1876 to 1879 and United States Envoy to Japan from 1885 to 1889. He was a Confederate veteran of the American Civil War and was a member of the Democratic Party.", "Dolph Briscoe Dolph Briscoe, Jr. (April 23, 1923 – June 27, 2010) was a Uvalde, Texas rancher and businessman who was the 41st Governor of Texas between 1973 and 1979.", "Edward Clark (governor) Edward Clark (April 1, 1815 – May 4, 1880) was the eighth Governor of Texas. His term coincided with the beginning of the American Civil War.", "Joseph D. Sayers Joseph Draper Sayers (September 23, 1841 – May 15, 1929) was the 22nd Governor of Texas from 1899 to 1903. During Sayers's term, the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 demolished that city.", "Price Daniel Marion Price Daniel, Sr. (October 10, 1910 – August 25, 1988), was a Democratic U.S. Senator and the 38th Governor of the state of Texas. He was appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson to be a member of the National Security Council, Director of the Office of Emergency Preparedness, and Assistant to the President for Federal-State Relations. Daniel also served as Associate Justice of the Texas Supreme Court." ]	2
Alexander Nevsky Cathedral Bulgarian city liberation Turks	[ "Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Yalta\nThe Alexander Nevsky Cathedral is a cathedral in Yalta, Crimea, built in 1902.", "Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Tallinn\nThe Alexander Nevsky Cathedral is an orthodox cathedral in the Tallinn Old Town, Estonia. It was built to a design by Mikhail Preobrazhensky in a typical Russian Revival style between 1894 and 1900, during the period when the country was part of the Russian Empire. The Alexander Nevsky Cathedral is Tallinn's largest and grandest orthodox cupola cathedral.", "List of cathedrals in Bulgaria\nThis is the list of cathedrals in Bulgaria sorted by denomination.", "Sofia\nSofia (/ˈsoʊfiə/) (Bulgarian: София, Sofiya,pronounced [ˈsɔfijɐ]) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria. Sofia is the 14th largest city in the European Union with population of more than 1.2 million people. The city is located at the foot of Vitosha Mountain in the western part of the country, within less than 50 kilometres (31 mi) drive from the Serbian border.", "Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Łódź\nThe Orthodox Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Łódź was completed in 1884, during the period when the part of Poland was part of the Russian Empire.", "Alexander Nevsky Lavra\nSaint Alexander Nevsky Lavra or Saint Alexander Nevsky Monastery was founded by Peter I of Russia in 1710 at the eastern end of the Nevsky Prospekt in Saint Petersburg supposing that that was the site of the Neva Battle in 1240 when Alexander Nevsky, a prince, defeated the Swedes; however, the battle actually took place about 12 miles (19 km) away from that site. \"On April 5, 1713, in St. Petersburg, in the presence of Peter I, the wooden Church of the Annunciation was consecrated.", "Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Tiflis\nThe St. Alexander Nevsky Military Cathedral of Tiflis (Georgian: ტფილისის სამხედრო ტაძარი, tp'ilisis samkhedro tadzari; Russian: Тифлисский Александро-Невский военный собор, Tiflisskiy Aleksandro-Nevskiy voyenny sobor) was an Orthodox Christian cathedral in downtown Tiflis (now Tbilisi), Georgia, constructed during the Imperial Russian rule in the 1871-1872 and 1889–1897 and demolished by the Soviet authorities in 1930.", "Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia\nThe St. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral (Bulgarian: Храм-паметник „Свети Александър Невски“, Hram-pametnik „Sveti Aleksandar Nevski“) is a Bulgarian Orthodox cathedral in Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria. Built in Neo-Byzantine style, it serves as the cathedral church of the Patriarch of Bulgaria and is one of the largest Eastern Orthodox cathedrals in the world, as well as one of Sofia's symbols and primary tourist attractions.The St." ]	[ "Saints Constantine and Helena, Bulgaria Saints Constantine and Helena (Bulgarian: Св. св. Константин и Елена) is a resort town on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast within a landscaped park 10 km north of downtown Varna, 2 km east of its Vinitsa quarter, and 7 km south of Golden Sands. Bulgaria's oldest Black Sea resort was also known in the past as Druzhba (Дружба) and Varna Resort (Курорт Варна).", "Battle of Erzincan The Battle of Erzincan (Russian: Эрзинджанское сражение, Turkish: Erzincan Muharebesi) was a Russian victory over the Ottoman Empire during the First World War.In February 1916, Nikolai Yudenich had taken the cities of Erzurum and Trabzon. Trabzon had provided the Russians with a port to receive reinforcements in the Caucasus. Enver Pasha ordered the Third Army, now under Vehip Pasha, to retake Trabzon. Vehip's attack failed and General Yudenich counterattacked on July 2.", "Battle of Kulevicha The Battle of Kulevicha, also known as the Battle of Kulewtscha, was fought during the Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829 on June 11, 1829 between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.The Russians were led by Hans Karl von Diebitsch (German-born general serving the Russian Empire), while the Ottomans were led by Reşid Mehmed Pasha (Georgian-born general enslaved as a child by the Ottomans) with the objective of relieving Varna. The Russians were victorious.", "Order of Alexander Nevsky The Order of Alexander Nevsky (Russian: орден Александра Невского) is an order of merit of the Russian Federation named in honour of saint Alexander Nevsky (1220–1263) and bestowed to civil servants for twenty years or more of highly meritorious service. It was originally established by the Soviet Union as a military honour during World War II, more precisely by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of July 7, 1942.", "Kurtuluş Kurtuluş, (Turkish for Liberation, Salvation, formerly known as Tatavla meaning \"horse stable in Greek: Ταταύλα) is a cosmopolitan neighborhood of Şişli whose population consists of Turks, Greeks (now almost completely emigrated), Armenians (who still live there in numbers), Kurds (who are relatively recent economic migrants), and Jews (who still live there in numbers). The Turkish name means \"independence\", \"deliverance\" and also \"good riddance\".", "Bulgarian Exarchate The Bulgarian Exarchate (Bulgarian: Българска екзархия Bǎlgarska ekzarhija) was the official name of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church before its autocephaly was recognized by the Ecumenical See in 1945 and the Bulgarian Patriarchate was restored in 1953.The Exarchate (a de facto autocephaly) was unilaterally (without the blessing of the Ecumenical Patriarch) promulgated on May 23 [O.S. May 11] 1872, in the Bulgarian church in Constantinople in pursuance of the March 12 [O.S.", "Ottoman Bulgaria The history of Ottoman Bulgaria spans nearly 500 years, from the conquest by the Ottoman Empire of the smaller kingdoms emerging from the disintegrating Second Bulgarian Empire in the late 14th century, to the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1878. Bulgarian territories were administrated as the Rumelia Eyalet. The Ottoman rule was a period marked by oppression and misgovernment and represents a deviation of Bulgaria's development as a Christian European state.", "Euthymius of Tarnovo Saint Euthymius of Tarnovo (also Evtimiy; Bulgarian: Свети Евтимий Търновски, Sveti Evtimiy Tarnovski) was Patriarch of Bulgaria between 1375 and 1393. Regarded as one of the most important figures of medieval Bulgaria, Euthymius was the last head of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church in the Second Bulgarian Empire. Arguably the best esteemed of all Bulgarian patriarchs, Euthymius was a supporter of hesychasm and an authoritative figure in the Eastern Orthodox world of the time.", "Hagia Irene Hagia Irene or Hagia Eirene (Greek: Ἁγία Εἰρήνη, \"Holy Peace\", Turkish: Aya İrini), sometimes known also as Saint Irene, is an Eastern Orthodox church located in the outer courtyard of Topkapı Palace in Istanbul, Turkey. It is open as a museum every day except Tuesday.", "Eastern Rumelia Eastern Rumelia (Bulgarian: Източна Румелия, Iztochna Rumeliya; Ottoman Turkish: روم الى شرقى‎, Rumeli-i Şarkî; Greek: Ανατολική Ρωμυλία, Anatoliki Romylia) was an autonomous territory (oblast in Bulgarian, vilayet in Turkish) in the Ottoman Empire, created in 1878 by the Treaty of Berlin and de facto ended in 1885, when it was united with the principality of Bulgaria, also under Ottoman suzerainty.", "Saint Petersburg Mosque The Saint Petersburg Mosque (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́ргская мече́ть), when opened in 1913, was the largest mosque in Europe outside Turkey, its minarets 49 meters in height and the dome is 39 meters high. The mosque is situated in downtown St Petersburg. It can accommodate up to five thousand worshippers.The founding stone was laid in 1910 to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the reign of Abdul Ahat Khan in Bukhara.", "Kazan Cathedral, Saint Petersburg Kazan Cathedral or Kazanskiy Kafedralniy Sobor (Russian: Каза́нский кафедра́льный собо́р), also known as the Cathedral of Our Lady of Kazan, is a cathedral of the Russian Orthodox Church on the Nevsky Prospekt in Saint Petersburg. It is dedicated to Our Lady of Kazan, probably the most venerated icon in Russia.", "Church of the Tithes The Church of the Tithes or Church of the Dormition of the Virgin (Ukrainian: Десятинна Церква, Desiatynna Tserkva; Russian: Десятинная Церковь, Desyatinnaya Tserkov') was the first stone church in Kiev. Originally it was built by the order of Grand Prince Vladimir (Volodymyr) the Great between 989 and 996 by Byzantine and local workers at the site of death of martyrs Theodor the Varangian and his son Johann.", "Church of St. George, Sofia The Church of St George (Bulgarian: Ротонда „Свети Георги“ Rotonda \"Sveti Georgi\") is an Early Christian red brick rotunda that is considered the oldest building in Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria. It is situated behind the Sheraton Hotel, amid remains of the ancient town of Serdica.Built by the Romans in the 4th century, it is a cylindrical domed structure built on a square base.", "Georgi Dimitrov Mausoleum The Georgi Dimitrov Mausoleum (Bulgarian: мавзолей на Георги Димитров) in Sofia, Bulgaria was built in 1949 to hold the embalmed body of the Communist leader Georgi Dimitrov (1882–1949). The construction of the Mausoleum was begun right after the news of Dimitrov's death. It was built for a record time of just 6 days, the time it took for Dimitrov's body to return to Sofia from the USSR.", "Battle of Nicopolis The Battle of Nicopolis (Turkish: Niğbolu Muharebesi) took place on 25 September 1396 and resulted in the rout of an allied crusader army of Hungarian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Wallachian, French, Burgundian, German and assorted troops (assisted by the Venetian navy) at the hands of an Ottoman force, raising of the siege of the Danubian fortress of Nicopolis and leading to the end of the Second Bulgarian Empire.", "Shumi Maritsa \"Shumi Maritsa\" (Bulgarian: Шуми Марица [ʃoˈmi mɐˈritsɐ]) was the Bulgarian national anthem from 1886 until 1944. The music was derived from the German folk song \"Wenn die Soldaten durch die Stadt marschieren\" that was very popular in Bulgaria in the mid-19th century. The original text was written by Nikola Zhivkov, a head teacher in Veles (now in the Republic of Macedonia). The lyrics were edited many times, most notably in 1912 by the poet Ivan Vazov.", "Division Street Russian and Turkish Baths Division Street Russian and Turkish Baths was a traditional Russian-style bathhouse at 1914 W. Division Street in the Wicker Park neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, which closed in 2010. Until close, it had operated since 1906. Although it originally provided separate facilities for both men and women, the women's side had been closed for several years.The most popular feature at Division Bath was the traditional Russian Banya or hot room.", "Church of the Intercession on the Nerl The Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin on the Nerl River (Russian: Церковь Покрова на Нерли, Tserkov Pokrova na Nerli) is an Orthodox church and a symbol of medieval Russia.The church is situated at the confluence of Nerl and Klyazma Rivers in Bogolyubovo, Suzdalsky District, Vladimir Oblast, 13 km north-east of the ancient capital of Vladimir.The church was commissioned by Andrei Bogolyubsky.", "Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915 The deportation of Armenian intellectuals, sometimes known as Red Sunday (Western Armenian: Կարմիր կիրակի Garmir giragi), was an event during the Armenian Genocide in which leaders of the Armenian community of the Ottoman capital, Constantinople (today Istanbul), and later other locations were arrested and moved to two holding centers near Ankara. The order to do so was given by Minister of the Interior Talaat Pasha on 24 April 1915, the day before the Allied landings at Gallipoli.", "Church of the Twelve Apostles For the eponymous structure in Constantinople, see Church of the Holy Apostles.The Church of the Twelve Apostles (Russian: церковь Двенадцати Апостолов) is a minor cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, commissioned by Patriarch Nikon as part of his stately residence in 1653 and dedicated to Philip the Apostle three years later.Although premises for the Muscovite metropolitan had existed in the Kremlin ever since the 14th century, Patriarch Nikon, who aspired to rival the tsar in authority and magnificence, had them replaced with a much more ambitious residence, centered on a spacious chamber in the form of the cross, once used as a banqueting hall but now serving as a museum of applied arts.", "Osman Nuri Pasha Osman Nuri Pasha (Ottoman Turkish: عثمان نوری پاشا‎‎; 1832 – 5 April 1900), also known as Gazi Osman Pasha, was an Ottoman field marshal and the hero of the Siege of Plevna in 1877. Although unsuccessful in defending the city, he was awarded the title Gazi \"\\warrior\" or \"veteran\") as a result of that siege.In addition to his Adjutancy title, Osman received the Order of the Medjidie and the Imtiyaz Medal for his services to the Empire.", "Postnik Yakovlev Postnik Yakovlev (Постник Яковлев) is most famous as one of the architects and builders of Saint Basil's Cathedral on Red Square in Moscow (built between 1555 and 1560, the other architect is Barma).", "Dyavolski most The Dyavolski most (Bulgarian: Дяволски мост, \"Devil's Bridge\"; Turkish: Şeytan Köprüsü) is an arch bridge over the Arda River situated in a narrow gorge. It is located 10 km (6.2 mi) from the Bulgarian town of Ardino in the Rhodope Mountains and is part of the ancient road connecting the lowlands of Thrace with the north Aegean Sea coast. Dyavolski most was built between 1515 and 1518 by the Ottomans.", "Church of St. John the Warrior Church of St. John the Warrior on Yakimanka Street (Russian: Церковь Иоанна Воина, Tserkov' Ivana Voina) is a Russian Orthodox church in Yakimanka District of Moscow erected in 1704-1717, during the reign of Peter the Great. It is attributed to architect Ivan Zarudny. The church address is 46, Bolshaya Yakimanka.", "Union of Liberation The Union of Liberation (Russian: Союз Освобождения, English transliteration: Soyuz Osvobozhdeniya) was a liberal political group founded in St. Petersburg, Russia in January 1904 under the influence of Peter Struve, a former Marxist. Its goal was originally the replacement of the absolutism of the Tsar with a constitutional monarchy.", "Vosstaniya Square Vosstaniya Square (Russian: Пло́щадь Восста́ния, lit. Uprising Square) is a major square in the Central Business District of Saint Petersburg, Russia. The square lies at the crossing of Nevsky Prospekt, Ligovsky Prospekt, Vosstaniya Street and Goncharnaya Street, in front of the Moskovsky Rail Terminal, which is the northern terminus of the line connecting the city with Moscow. Administratively, the Vosstaniya Square falls under the authority of the Tsentralny District.", "Tombul Mosque The Sherif Halil Pasha Mosque, (Bulgarian: Томбул джамия Turkish: Tombul Camii), more commonly known as the Tombul (or Tumbul) Mosque, located in Shumen, is the largest mosque in Bulgaria and one of the largest on the Balkan.", "Vasil Levski Vasil Levski (Bulgarian: Васил Левски, originally spelled Василъ Лѣвскій, pronounced [vɐˈsiɫ ˈlɛfski]), born Vasil Ivanov Kunchev (Васил Иванов Кунчев; 18 July 1837 – 18 February 1873), was a Bulgarian revolutionary and is a national hero of Bulgaria. Dubbed the Apostle of Freedom, Levski ideologised and strategised a revolutionary movement to liberate Bulgaria from Ottoman rule.", "Ulubatlı Hasan Ulubatlı Hasan (sometimes written as Uluabatlı Hasan, in English Hasan of Uluabat) (1428 – May 29, 1453) was a Timarli Sipâhî in the service of Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire who achieved legendary status as a heroic Turkish martyr at the successful Siege of Constantinople.He was born in a small village called Ulubat (near Karacabey) in the province of Bursa \"\\Ulubatlı Hasan\" meaning \"Hasan of Ulubat\" in Turkish).", "Iberian Gate and Chapel Resurrection Gate (Russian: Воскресенские ворота, also called Иверские ворота, or Iberian Gate) is the only existing gate of the Kitai-gorod in Moscow. It connects the north-western end of Red Square with Manege Square and gives its name to nearby Voskresenskaya Square (Resurrection Square). The gate adjoins the ornate building of the Moscow City Hall to the east and the State Historical Museum to the west.", "Neve Shalom Synagogue Neve Shalom Synagogue, (Turkish: Neve Şalom Sinagogu, Hebrew: בית הכנסת נווה שלום‎; lit. \"Oasis of Peace\" or \"Valley of Peace\"), is a synagogue in the Karaköy quarter of Beyoğlu district, in Istanbul, Turkey.The synagogue was built in response to an increase in the Jewish population in the old Galata neighborhood (today encompassed by Beyoğlu district) in the late 1930s. A Jewish primary school was torn down in 1949 for that purpose and the synagogue was built on its ruins.", "Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi The Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi (once commonly spelled Unkiar Skelessi and translating to The Treaty of \"the Royal Pier\" or \"the Sultan's Pier\") was a treaty signed between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire on July 8, 1833, following the military aid of Russia against Mehmed Ali that same year. The treaty brought about an alliance between the two powers, as well as a guarantee that the Ottomans would close the Dardanelles to any foreign warships if the Russians requested such action.", "Alexander Column The Alexander Column (Russian: Алекса́ндровская коло́нна, Aleksandrovskaya kolonna) also known as Alexandrian Column (Russian: Александри́йская коло́нна, Aleksandriyskaya kolonna), is the focal point of Palace Square in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The monument was erected after the Russian victory in the war with Napoleon's France. The column is named for Emperor Alexander I of Russia, who reigned from 1801–25.", "Menshikov Tower Menshikov Tower (Russian: Меншикова башня), also known as the Church of Archangel Gabriel, is a Baroque Russian Orthodox Church in Basmanny District of Moscow, within the Boulevard Ring. The church was initially built in 1707 to order of Alexander Menshikov by Ivan Zarudny assisted by Domenico Trezzini, a team of Italian-Swiss craftsmen from Ticino and Freyburg cantons and Russian stonemasons from Kostroma and Yaroslavl.", "Kazan Cathedral, Moscow Kazan Cathedral Russian: Казанский собор, also known as the \"Cathedral of Our Lady of Kazan\", is a Russian Orthodox church located on the northeast corner of Red Square in Moscow, Russia. The current building is a reconstruction of the original church, which was destroyed at the direction of then General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin, in 1936.", "Emperor's Mosque The Emperor's Mosque (Bosnian: Careva Džamija, Turkish: Hünkâr Camii) is an important landmark in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, being the first mosque to be built (1457) after the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia. It is the largest single-subdome mosque in Bosnia and Herzegovina, built in the classical Ottoman style of the era.It was built by one Isaković-Hranušić who dedicated it to the Sultan, Mehmed the Conqueror, the conqueror of Constantinople.", "Yelokhovo Cathedral The Epiphany Cathedral at Yelokhovo, Moscow, is the vicarial church of the Moscow Patriarchs. The surviving building was designed and built by Yevgraph Tyurin in 1837–1845.The original church in the village of Yelokhovo near Moscow was built in 1722-31 for Tsarevna Praskovia Ivanovna. It was there that Alexander Pushkin was baptised in 1799. In 1790 a refectory with a four-tier belfry was built.The present structure was erected in 1837-1845 to a Neoclassical design by Yevgraph Tyurin.", "Alexander Schmorell Saint Alexander Schmorell (16 September 1917 in Orenburg, Russia; – 13 July 1943 in Munich) was one of five Munich University students who formed a resistance group known as White Rose (Weiße Rose) which was active against Germany's Nazi regime from June 1942 to February 1943. In 2012, he was glorified as a Passion bearer by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia.", "St. Kliment Ohridski Base St. Kliment Ohridski Base (Bulgarian: База Св. Климент Охридски, Baza Sv. Kliment Ohridski \\\\'ba-za sve-'ti 'kli-ment 'o-hrid-ski\\\\) is a Bulgarian Antarctic base on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands.The base, originally known as Sofia University Refuge or Hemus Base, was named in 1993 for Clement of Ohrid, a ninth- and tenth-century Bulgarian scholar and saint.", "Sennaya Square Sennaya Square or Sennaya Ploshchad (Russian: Сeннáя Плóщадь, literally: Hay Square), known as Peace Square between 1963 and 1991, is a large city square in Central Saint Petersburg, located at the crossing of Garden Street, Moskovsky Prospekt, and Grivtsova Lane.The square was established in 1737 as a market where hay, firewood and cattle were sold. It was built under the extension of the Garden Street, and grew quickly, becoming the cheapest and the most active market in Saint Petersburg.", "Battle of Lule Burgas The Battle of Lule Burgas (Turkish: Lüleburgaz Muharebesi) or 'Battle of Luleburgas - Bunarhisar line (Bulgarian: Битка на линията Люлебургас - Бунархисар , Turkish: Lüleburgaz - Pınarhisar Muharebesi) was a battle between the Kingdom of Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire. The battle took place from the 28 October to 3 November 1912. The outnumbered Bulgarian forces made the Ottomans retreat to Çatalca line, 30 km from the Ottoman capital Constantinople.", "Battle of Versinikia The Battle of Versinikia (Bulgarian: Битката при Версиникия, Greek: Μάχη της Βερσινικίας) was fought in 813 between the Byzantine Empire and the Bulgarian Empire, near the city of Adrianople (Edirne) in contemporary Turkey. Despite being vastly outnumbered the Bulgarians were victorious, resulting in the dethroning of Michael I Rangabe (811-813) by Leo V the Armenian.", "Gothic Chapel (Peterhof) Gothic Chapel in Peterhof is an Orthodox church in the name of Saint Alexander Nevsky situated in the Alexandria Park of Petergof, Russia. It was designed at the request of Nicholas I of Russia by Karl Friedrich Schinkel in Gothic Revival style in 1829 and consecrated in July 1834.", "Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca Turkish: Küçük Kaynarca Antlaşması (also spelled Kuchuk Kainarjæ) was a peace treaty signed on 21 July 1774, in Küçük Kaynarca (today Kaynardzha, Bulgaria) between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. Following the recent Ottoman defeat at the Battle of Kozludzha, the document ended the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–74 and marked a defeat of the Ottomans in their struggle against Russia.", "Life of Alexander Nevsky Life of Alexander Nevsky (Russian: Житие Александра Невского, Zhitiye Aleksandra Nevskogo), a Russian literary monument of the late 13th – early 14th centuries.The work describes life and achievements of Alexander Nevsky, a Russian ruler and a military leader, who defended the northern borders of Rus against the Swedish invasion, defeated the Teutonic knights at the Lake Chud in 1242 and paid a few visits to Batu Khan to protect the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality from the Khazar raids.", "Siege of Adrianople (813) The siege of Adrianople (Bulgarian: Обсада на Одрин) in 813 was a part of the wars of the Byzantine Empire with the Bulgarian khan Krum (Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars). It began soon after the Byzantine field army was defeated in the battle of Versinikia on June 22. At first the besieging force was commanded by Krum's brother (whose name is not mentioned in the primary sources). The khan himself went on with an army to Constantinople.", "SS. Cyril and Methodius National Library The SS. Cyril and Methodius National Library (Национална библиотека „Свети Свети Кирил и Методий“) is the national library of Bulgaria, situated in the capital city of Sofia. Founded on 4 April 1878, the library received the status of Bulgarian National Library three years later and the Bulgarian National Revival Archive was merged into it in 1924.It is named after \"SS. Cyril and Methodius\"; Saints Cyril and Methodius. They are the creators of the Glagolitic alphabet.", "Ghazanchetsots Cathedral Ghazanchetsots Cathedral (Armenian: Սուրբ Ղազանչեցոց, Surb Ghazanchetsots), also known as the Cathedral of Christ the Holy Savior (Ղազանչեցոց Սուրբ Ամենափրկիչ Մայր Տաճար Ghazanchets'ots' Surb Amenap'rkich Mayr Tachar), is an Armenian church located in Shusha, Nagorno-Karabakh.", "Battle of Kirk Kilisse The Battle of Kirk Kilisse or Battle of Kirkkilise or Battle of Lozengrad was part of the First Balkan War between the armies of Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire. It took place on 24 October 1912, when the Bulgarian army defeated an Ottoman army in Eastern Thrace.The initial clashes were around several villages to the north of the town. The Bulgarian attacks were irresistible and the Ottoman forces were forced to retreat.", "Chudov Monastery The Chudov Monastery (Чу́дов монасты́рь) (more formally known as Alexius’ Archangel Michael Monastery) was founded in the Moscow Kremlin in 1358 by Metropolitan Alexius of Moscow. The monastery was dedicated to the miracle (chudo in Russian) of the Archangel Michael at Chonae (feast day: September 19 [O.S. September 6]). The Monastery was closed in 1918, and dismantled in 1929.The construction of the monastery together with its katholikon (cathedral) was finished in 1365.", "Battle of Philippopolis (1878) The Battle of Philippopolis or Battle of Plovdiv was one of the final battles of the 1877-1878 Russo-Turkish War. Following the crushing Russian victory at the last battle of Shipka Pass, Russian commander Gen. Joseph Vladimirovich Gourko began to move southeast towards Constantinople. Blocking the route was the Ottoman fortress at Plovdiv under Suleiman Pasha. On January 17, 1878, a squadron of Russian dragoons led by Capt. Burago stormed the city.", "Prince Alexander of Battenberg Square Prince Alexander I Square (Bulgarian: площад „Княз Александър I“, Ploshtad \"Knyaz Aleksandar I\"), often called simply Battenberg Square (площад „Батенберг“) is the largest square of Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria.", "Anthim I Anthim I (Bulgarian: Антим I, secular name Atanas Mihaylov Chalakov, Bulgarian: Aтанас Михайлов Чалъков; 1816 – 1 December 1888) was a Bulgarian education figure and clergyman, and a participant in the Bulgarian liberation and church-independence movement. He was the first head of the Bulgarian Exarchate, a post he held from 1872 to 1877.", "Saint Isaac's Cathedral Saint Isaac's Cathedral or Isaakievskiy Sobor (Russian: Исаа́киевский Собо́р) in Saint Petersburg, Russia is the largest Russian Orthodox cathedral (sobor) in the city. It is the largest orthodox basilica and the fourth largest cathedral in the world. It is dedicated to Saint Isaac of Dalmatia, a patron saint of Peter the Great, who had been born on the feast day of that saint.", "Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising The Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising or simply the Ilinden Uprising of August 1903 (Bulgarian: Илинденско-Преображенско въстание, Ilindensko-Preobrazhensko vastanie; Macedonian: Илинденско востание, Ilindensko vostanie; Greek: Εξέγερση του Ίλιντεν, Eksegersi tou Ilinden) was an organized revolt against the Ottoman Empire, which was prepared and carried out by the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization.", "Avvakum Avvakum Petrov (Russian: Авваку́м Петро́в) (November 20, 1620 or 1621 – April 14, 1682), born in Grigorovo (in present-day Nizhny Novgorod), was a Russian protopope of Kazan Cathedral on Red Square who led the opposition to Patriarch Nikon's reforms of the Russian Orthodox Church.", "Kadin most The Kadin most (Bulgarian: Кадин мост, \"bridge of the qadi\") or Nevestin most (Невестин мост, \"Nevestino bridge\") is a 15th-century stone arch bridge over the Struma River at Nevestino, Kyustendil Province, in southwestern Bulgaria. It was constructed in 1470 on the order of Ishak Pasha during the reign of Ottoman sultan Mehmed II, as evidenced by the Ottoman Turkish stone inscription on one of the sides. The bridge has three arches, its longest span is 20 m.", "Fall of Constantinople The Fall of Constantinople (Greek: Άλωση της Κωνσταντινούπολης, Alōsē tēs Kōnstantinoupolēs; Turkish: İstanbul'un Fethi Conquest of Istanbul) was the capture of the capital of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire by an invading army of the Ottoman Empire on Tuesday, 29 May 1453. The Ottomans were commanded by 21-year-old Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, who defeated an army commanded by Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos.", "Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Kaliningrad) The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Russian: Храм Христа Спасителя, Khram Khrista Spasitelya) in the Russian city of Kaliningrad (formerly Königsberg) is the largest church of Kaliningrad Oblast. It is the dominant building of the inner city and is situated near the central square, called Ploshchad Pobedy (Victory Square).The Cathedral's construction was completed on 10 September 2006. A small wooden chapel that served as the original worship space still stands nearby.", "Saint Sofia Church, Sofia The Saint Sofia Church (Bulgarian: църква „Света София“, tsarkva „Sveta Sofia“) is the second oldest church in the Bulgarian capital Sofia, dating to the 6th century. In the predecessor building took place the Council of Serdica held most probably in 343 and attended by 316 bishops. In the 14th century, the church gave its name to the city, previously known as Sredets (Средец).", "Senate Square (Saint Petersburg) Senate Square (Russian: Сенатская площадь), formerly known as Decembrists' Square (Площадь Декабристов) in 1925-2008, and Peter's Square (Петрова площадь), before 1925, is a city square in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It is situated on the left bank of the Bolshaya Neva, in front of Saint Isaac's Cathedral. In 1925 it was renamed Decembrists Square to commemorate the Decembrist Revolt, which took place there in 1825.The square is bounded by the Admiralty building to the east.", "Romanian People's Salvation Cathedral The Cathedral for the Salvation of the Romanian People (Catedrala Mântuirii Neamului Românesc) is the common name used to refer to a future Romanian Orthodox cathedral currently under construction in Bucharest. It will be the patriarchal cathedral of the Romanian Orthodox Church, and the tallest Orthodox Christian church in the world if completed.", "Siege of Plevna The Siege of Plevna, or Siege of Pleven, was a major battle of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78), fought by the joint army of Russia and Romania against the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman defense held up the main Russian advance southwards into Bulgaria for five months, encouraging other great powers actively to support the Ottoman cause. Eventually, superior Russian and Romanian numbers forced the garrison to capitulate. According to British diplomatic historian A. J. P.", "Nicaea Nicaea or Nicea (/naɪˈsiːə/; Turkish: İznik Greek: Νίκαια) was an ancient city in northwestern Anatolia, and is primarily known as the site of the First and Second Councils of Nicaea (the first and seventh Ecumenical councils in the early history of the Christian Church), the Nicene Creed (which comes from the First Council), and as the capital city of the Empire of Nicaea following the Fourth Crusade in 1204, until the recapture of Constantinople by the Byzantines in 1261.The ancient city is located within the modern Turkish city of İznik (whose modern name derives from Nicaea's), and is situated in a fertile basin at the eastern end of Lake Ascanius, bounded by ranges of hills to the north and south.", "Bulgarian St. Stephen Church The Bulgarian St Stephen Church (Bulgarian: Църква „Свети Стефан“; Turkish: Sveti Stefan Kilisesi), also known as the Bulgarian Iron Church, is a Bulgarian Orthodox church in Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey, famous for being made of cast iron. The church belongs to the Bulgarian minority in the city.", "St Nedelya Church Holy Sunday Church (Bulgarian: църква „Света Неделя“ Sveta Nedelya) is an Eastern Orthodox church in Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria, a cathedral of the Sofia bishopric of the Bulgarian Patriarchate. Sveta Nedelya is a medieval church that has suffered destruction through the ages and has been reconstructed many times. The present building of the temple is among the landmarks of Sofia. It was designed by the famous Bulgarian architectural team Vasilyov-Tsolov.", "Treaty of Adrianople (1829) The Treaty of Adrianople (also called the Treaty of Edirne) concluded the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29, between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. It was signed on 14 September 1829 in Adrianople by Count Alexey Fyodorovich Orlov of Russia and by Abdülkadir Bey of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire gave Russia access to the mouths of the Danube and the fortresses of Akhaltsikhe and Akhalkalaki in Georgia.", "Hagia Sophia, Trabzon The former Church of Saint Sophia (Greek: Ἁγία Σοφία, meaning \"Holy Wisdom\" Turkish: Ayasofya), now the Saint Sophia Museum, is a former Chalcedonian (Greek Orthodox) church located in the city of Trabzon in the north-eastern part of Turkey. It dates back to the thirteenth century when Trabzon was the capital of the Empire of Trebizond. It is located near the seashore and two miles west of the medieval town's limits. It is one of a few dozen Byzantine sites still existent in the area.", "Sophia Cathedral The Ascension Cathedral in the town of Sophia (now a part of Pushkin) in the vicinity of Saint Petersburg, was one of the first purely Palladian churches to be built in Russia. Rather paradoxically, it may also be defined as \"the first example of Byzantinism in Russian architecture\".", "Pereyaslavets Pereyaslavets (Переяславец; East Slavic form) or Preslavets (Преславец; Bulgarian form) was a trade city located at the mouth of the Danube. The city's name is derived from that of the Bulgarian capital of the time, Preslav, and means Little Preslav (Byzantine Greek: Μικρᾶ Πρεσθλάβα). In Greek it was also known as Presthlavitza (Πρεσθλαβίτζα).A thriving trade centre of the First Bulgarian Empire, it was captured by Prince Svyatoslav of Kievan Rus in 968 (See Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria).", "Church of St Petka of the Saddlers The Church of St Petka of the Saddlers (Bulgarian: Църква „Света Петка Самарджийска“) is a medieval Bulgarian Orthodox church in Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria. It is a small one-naved building partially dug into the ground located in the very centre of both the modern and the antique city, in the TZUM subway. The church features a semi-cylindrical vault, a hemispherical apse, and a crypt discovered during excavations after the Second World War.", "Aleksandrovska University Hospital The Aleksandrovska University Hospital (Bulgarian: университетска болница „Александровска“) is a university hospital in Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria. It was founded in 1879 and was named after Bulgarian Prince Alexander I Battenberg in October 1884. A military hospital between 1912 and 1919, it was the site where the Sofia Medical University was founded in 1917.The hospital is situated on 258,000 m2 (2,780,000 sq ft), having a capacity of 1,100 beds and a staff of 540.", "Battle of Lovcha The Battle of Lovcha, or Loftcha (today Lovech), was a battle of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) which occurred during the siege of Plevna. Russian forces successfully reduced the fortress at Lovcha, which had protected Plevna's communication and supply lines.In July 1877, shortly after the siege of Plevna began, the garrison's commander, Osman Pasha, received 15 battalions of reinforcements from Sofia.", "Lubyanka Square Lubyanka Square (Russian: Лубянская площадь, Lubyanskaya ploshchad’) in Moscow is about 900 metres (980 yd) north east of Red Square. The name is first mentioned in 1480, when Ivan III settled many Novgorodians in the area. They built the church of St Sophia, modelled after St Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod, and called the area Lubyanka after the Lubyanitsy district of their native city.Lubyanka Square is best known for Aleksandr V. Ivanov's monumental building from 1897 to 1898.", "Sveti Sedmochislenitsi Church The Sveti Sedmochislenitsi Church (Bulgarian: църква „Свети Седмочисленици“) is a Bulgarian Orthodox church in Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria. It was created between 1901 and 1902 through the conversion of an abandoned Ottoman mosque, and was inaugurated on 27 July 1903.", "Second Battle of Adrianople The Second Battle of Adrianople (Turkish: Edirne'nin kurtulușu, known as the Liberation of Edirne in Turkey) was a minor conflict during the Second Balkan War. The conflict was between the Kingdom of Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire and was fought on 21 July 1913. When the Second Balkan War began, the Ottoman Empire looked to regain its lost territories from Bulgaria. Enver Pasha led an army to take back Adrianople, which it had lost a few months ago.", "Trinity Cathedral, Saint Petersburg The Trinity Cathedral (Russian: Троицкий собор, Troitsky sobor; Russian: Троице-Измайловский соборTroitse-Izmailovsky sobor), sometimes called the Troitsky Cathedral, in Saint Petersburg, Russia, is a late example of the Empire style, built between 1828 and 1835 to a design by Vasily Stasov.", "Church of the Savior on Blood The Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood (Russian: Церковь Спаса на Крови, Tserkovʹ Spasa na Krovi) is one of the main sights of St. Petersburg, Russia. Other names include the Church on Spilt Blood (Russian: Церковь на Крови, Tserkov’ na Krovi) and the Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ (Russian: Собор Воскресения Христова, Sobor Voskreseniya Khristova).This Church was built on the site where Emperor Alexander II was fatally wounded in March 1881.The church was built from 1883 till 1907.", "Gospels of Tsar Ivan Alexander The Gospels of Tsar Ivan Alexander, Tetraevangelia of Ivan Alexander, Gospels of Tsar Ivan Alexander, or Four Gospels of Ivan Alexander (Bulgarian: Четвероевангелие на (цар) Иван Александър, transliterated as Chetveroevangelie na (tsar) Ivan Aleksandar) is an illuminated manuscript Gospel Book, written and illustrated in 1355–1356 for Tsar Ivan Alexander of the Second Bulgarian Empire.", "Liberation of Bulgaria In Bulgarian historiography, the Liberation of Bulgaria refers to those events of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 that led to the re-establishment of the Bulgarian state under the Treaty of San Stefano of March 3, 1878. According to the treaty, the Ottoman Empire was deprived of a large portion of its territory, which was assigned to the client state, Bulgaria.", "Ružica Church Ružica Church (Serbian: Црква Ружица, Little Rose Church) is a Serbian Orthodox church located in the Kalemegdan Fortress, in Belgrade, Serbia. A church of the same name existed on the site in the time of Stefan Lazarević. It was demolished in 1521 by the invading Ottoman Turks. The church was used as a gunpowder magazine in the 18th century, and was converted into a military church between 1867 and 1869. Heavily damaged during the First World War, the church was renovated in 1925.", "Hagia Sophia Hagia Sophia (from the Greek: Ἁγία Σοφία, \"Holy Wisdom\"; Latin: Sancta Sophia or Sancta Sapientia; Turkish: Ayasofya) is a former Christian patriarchal basilica (church), later an imperial mosque, and now a museum (Ayasofya Müzesi) in Istanbul, Turkey. From the date of its construction in 537 until 1453, it served as a Greek Orthodox cathedral and seat of the Patriarch of Constantinople, except between 1204 and 1261, when it was converted to a Roman Catholic cathedral under the Latin Empire.", "Chiprovtsi Uprising The Chiprovtsi Uprising (Bulgarian: Чипровско въстание, Chiprovsko vastanie) was an uprising against Ottoman rule organized in northwestern Bulgaria by Roman Catholic Bulgarians, but also involving many Eastern Orthodox Christians. It broke out after the capture of Belgrade by Austria on 6 September 1688 and ended unsuccessfully, with the centre of insurrectionary activity, Chiprovtsi, being completely destroyed by Ottoman forces.", "Dormition of the Mother of God Cathedral, Varna The Dormition of the Mother of God Cathedral (Катедрален храм \"Успение Пресвятия Богородици\" or Катедрален храм \"Успение Богородично\" translit. Katedralen Hram Uspenie Bogorodichno) is the largest and most famous Bulgarian Orthodox cathedral in the Bulgarian Black Sea port city of Varna, and the second largest in Bulgaria (after cathedral Alexander Nevski in Sofia). Officially opened on 30 August 1886. It is the residence of the bishopric of Varna and Preslav and one of the symbols of Varna.", "Holy Forty Martyrs Church, Veliko Tarnovo The Holy Forty Martyrs Church (Bulgarian: църква \"Св. Четиридесет мъченици\", tsarkva \"Sv. Chetirideset machenitsi\") is a medieval Eastern Orthodox church constructed in 1230 in the town of Veliko Tarnovo in Bulgaria, the former capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire.The Holy Forty Martyrs Church, an elongated six-columned basilica, has three semicircular apses and a narrow narthex from the west. Another building was added later to the west side of the church.", "St Nedelya Church assault The St Nedelya Church assault was a terrorist attack on St Nedelya Church in Sofia, Bulgaria. It was carried out on 16 April 1925, when a group of the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) blew up the church's roof during the funeral service of General Konstantin Georgiev, who had been killed in a previous Communist assault on 14 April. 150 people, mainly from the country's political and military elite, were killed in the attack and around 500 were injured.", "Pleven Panorama Pleven Epopee 1877, more commonly known as Pleven Panorama, is a panorama located in Pleven, Bulgaria, that depicts the events of the Russian-Turkish War of 1877–78, specifically the five-month Siege of Plevna (Pleven Epopee) which made the city internationally famous and which contributed to the Liberation of Bulgaria after five centuries of Ottoman rule.The panorama was created by 13 Russian and Bulgarian artists and was constructed in honor of the 100th anniversary of the Pleven Epopee and was officially unveiled on 10 December 1977.", "Russian Church, Sofia The Russian Church (Bulgarian: Руска църква, Ruska tsarkva), officially known as the Church of St Nicholas the Miracle-Maker (църква \"Св. Николай Чудотворец\", tsarkva \"Sv. Nikolay Chudotvorets\"), is a Russian Orthodox church in central Sofia, Bulgaria, situated on Tsar Osvoboditel Boulevard.", "Siege of Adrianople (1912–13) The Battle or Siege of Adrianople (Bulgarian: Битка при Одрин, Serbian: Опсада Једрена, Turkish: Edirne Kuşatması) was fought during the First Balkan War, beginning in mid-November 1912 and ending on 26 March 1913 with the capture of Edirne (Adrianople) by the Bulgarian 2nd Army.The victorious end of the siege was considered an enormous military success because the defenses of city were carefully developed by leading German siege experts and were dubbed 'undefeatable'.", "Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Warsaw The Alexander Nevsky Cathedral (Polish: Sobór św. Aleksandra Newskiego, Russian: Александро-Невский собор в Варшаве) was a Russian Orthodox Cathedral in Saxon Square built in Warsaw, Poland, then a part of the Russian Empire. The cathedral was designed by distinguished Russian architect Leon Benois, and was built between 1894 and 1912.", "Monument to the Tsar Liberator The Monument to the Tsar Liberator (Bulgarian: Паметник на Цар Освободител, Pametnik na Tsar Osvoboditel) is an equestrian monument in the centre of Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria. It was erected in honour of Russian Emperor Alexander II who liberated Bulgaria of Ottoman rule during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78.", "Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Baku The Alexander Nevsky Cathedral (Russian: Александро-Невский Собор; Azeri: Aleksandr Nevski Başkilsəsi, often referred to as Qızıllı kilsə – \"The Gilt Church\") was the main Russian Orthodox cathedral in Baku, Azerbaijan from when it was completed in 1898 until its destruction in 1937 during the Soviet era under Joseph Stalin. The cathedral was the biggest Russian Orthodox structure ever built in the South Caucasus." ]	2
England football player highest paid	[ "Luis Suárez\nLuis Alberto Suárez Díaz (American Spanish: [ˈlwis ˈswaɾes]; born 24 January 1987) is a Uruguayan professional footballer who plays for Spanish club FC Barcelona and the Uruguay national team as a striker. In July 2014, he moved from Liverpool to Barcelona for a fee reported by the English press in the region of £75 million (€94 million), while Barcelona claim a fee of £65 million (€81 million), making him the third-most expensive player in football history.", "John Craggs (footballer)\nJohn Craggs (born 31 October 1948 in Flint Hill, County Durham, England) is a retired footballer, who spent all of his playing career in the North East of England. He played over 400 times for Middlesbrough but also had spells at Newcastle United and Darlington before taking up a coaching role at Hartlepool United. Middlesbrough paid a then club record £60000 fee to bring Craggs to Teesside in 1971.After a testimonial match against Newcastle United F.C.", "Forbes' list of world's highest-paid athletes\nThis is a list of the highest-paid athletes in the world for 2015 as ranked by Forbes magazine on their earnings.", "Wayne Rooney\nWayne Mark Rooney /ˈruːni/ (born 24 October 1985) is an English professional footballer who plays for and captains both Manchester United and the England national team. He has played much of his career as a forward, but he has also been used in various midfield roles.Aged nine, Rooney joined the youth team of Everton, for whom he made his professional debut in 2002 at the age of 16.", "List of largest sports contracts\nThe following is a list of the largest sports contracts. These figures include signing bonuses but exclude options, buyouts, and endorsement deals. This list does not reflect the highest annual salaries or career earnings, only the largest contracts and thus is limited to athletes in team sports and auto racing. Athletes in individual sports, such as golf, tennis, and boxing are not employed by a team and usually earn money primarily through event winnings.", "List of most expensive association football transfers\nThe following is a list of most expensive association football transfers, which details the 115 highest transfer fees ever paid for players as of the end of the summer transfer window of 2015.The list contains seven transfers which broke the world transfer record: those of Gareth Bale, Cristiano Ronaldo, Zinedine Zidane, Luís Figo, Hernán Crespo, Christian Vieri, and Denílson all broke the record, with the former five signing for Spanish clubs and the latter two signing for Italian clubs.", "Adrian Randall\nAdrian John Randall (born 10 November 1968 in Amesbury, England) is an English former professional footballer. Randall became York City's most expensive signing when they paid £140,000 to sign the midfielder from Burnley. He was capped by the England national youth team in 1986.", "List of England international footballers\nThis article is about male England national football team players with at least 25 appearances. For a complete list of England internationals, see List of England international footballers (alphabetical) For female England players, see List of England women's international footballers (alphabetical). For a list of all national team players with a Wikipedia article, see the England international footballers category.", "Anthony Martial\nAnthony Martial (French pronunciation: [maʁ.sjal]; born 5 December 1995) is a French footballer who plays as a forward for Manchester United. Formed at Lyon, he transferred to AS Monaco in 2013 for a fee of €6 million, where he later became a regular. Two years later, he joined Manchester United for an initial £36 million, the highest fee paid for a teenager in football history. An international for France from under-16 to under-21 level, he made his senior debut in 2015.", "Frank Lampard\nFrank James Lampard OBE (born 20 June 1978) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for New York City FC.", "David Beckham\nDavid Robert Joseph Beckham, OBE (/ˈbɛkəm/; born 2 May 1975) is a retired English professional footballer. He played for Manchester United, Preston North End, Real Madrid, Milan, LA Galaxy, Paris Saint-Germain, and the England national team for which he holds the appearance record for an outfield player. He is the only English player to win league titles in four countries, England, Spain, the United States and France.", "Kieron Dyer\nKieron Courtney Dyer /ˈdaɪər/ (born 29 December 1978) is an English former footballer who played as a midfielder. Born in Ipswich, he played youth football for his home club Ipswich Town before going on to make nearly 100 league appearances for the club's first team. He was sold to Newcastle United for £6 million, at the time the highest fee paid for an Ipswich player, and made nearly 200 appearances for Newcastle between 1999 and 2007.", "Progression of British football transfer fee record\nThe progression of the British football transfer fee record tracks the increases in the record for the highest transfer fee paid or received by British association football clubs. A transfer fee is the sum of money paid by one club to purchase the contract, and therefore the playing services, of a professional footballer. Fees are not generally formally disclosed by the clubs involved, and discrepancies can occur in figures quoted in the press." ]	[ "Francis Jeffers Francis Jeffers (born 25 January 1981) is an English former professional footballer who played as a striker. In his career Jeffers has played for Premier League teams Everton, Arsenal, Charlton Athletic and Blackburn Rovers, as well as various lower-tier clubs. He has one cap for England, scoring one goal against Australia. Jeffers is the joint all-time highest scorer for the England Under-21 side with 13 goals in 16 appearances.", "Trevor Benjamin Trevor Junior Benjamin (born 8 February 1979) is an English-born Jamaican former professional footballer who played as a forward from 1995 to 2012.He is famed for being a prime example of a Journeyman footballer, having represented 29 different teams in his career, and with that making over 350 appearances in the Football League between 1995 and 2008. He also holds the record for the most league clubs played for, which is 16 in total.", "Stephen Warnock Stephen Warnock (born 12 December 1981) is an English footballer who plays for Derby County. He plays as a left-back.He has been capped by England twice and was part of the nation's squad at the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Warnock previously played for Liverpool, Coventry City, Bradford City, Blackburn Rovers, Aston Villa, Bolton Wanderers and Leeds United.", "John Barnes (footballer) John Charles Bryan Barnes MBE (born 7 November 1963) is an English former footballer, rapper and manager of Jamaican and Trinidadian origin, who currently works as a commentator and pundit for ESPN and SuperSport. A fast, skilful left wing player, Barnes had successful periods at Watford and Liverpool in the 1980s and 1990s, and played for the England national team on 79 occasions.", "Tom Huddlestone Thomas Andrew \"Tom\" Huddlestone (born 28 December 1986) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Hull City and the England national team.Having progressed through the youth ranks at Nottingham Forest and Derby County, Huddlestone began his professional career in 2003 with the latter club. He quickly broke into the first team, and made 95 league appearances before switching to Tottenham Hotspur in 2005.", "Emile Heskey Emile William Ivanhoe Heskey (born 11 January 1978) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Championship club Bolton Wanderers. Before joining the club, he made more than 500 appearances in the Football League and Premier League over an 18-year career, and represented England in international football.", "Brian Deane Brian Christopher Deane (born 7 February 1968 in Leeds) is an English football coach and former player whose most recent position was as the manager of the Norwegian side Sarpsborg 08.During his playing career, he played as forward from 1985 until 2006.He was the scorer of the first ever goal in the FA Premier League in 1992, when he was a Sheffield United player.", "José Mourinho José Mário dos Santos Mourinho Félix OIH (born 26 January 1963), known as José Mourinho (Portuguese pronunciation: [ʒuˈzɛ moˈɾiɲu]), is a Portuguese football manager and former football player, who is the current manager of English club Chelsea.He is regarded by a number of players, coaches, and commentators as one of the greatest and most successful managers in the world. Mourinho began his involvement in professional football as a player in the Portuguese Second Division.", "Darren Bent Darren Ashley Bent (born 6 February 1984) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Championship club Derby County.Bent started his career with Ipswich Town. After progressing through their youth system he made his first team debut in 2001. He made 122 appearances and scored 48 goals in the league for Ipswich, before joining Charlton Athletic for a fee of £2.5 million in 2005.", "Tim Cahill Timothy Filiga \"Tim\" Cahill (born 6 December 1979) is an Australian professional football player, who currently plays for Shanghai Shenhua in the Chinese Super League and the Australia national football team, where he is the all-time top goal scorer. Prior to joining Shanghai, he played for Millwall, Everton and the New York Red Bulls. Cahill plays as an attacking midfielder, but has also played as a forward on several occasions.", "Peter Storey Peter Edwin Storey (born 7 September 1945) is a former England international footballer. Able to play at full-back or more commonly as a defensive midfielder, he picked up a reputation in the Football League as a 'hatchet man' in the 1960s and 1970s.He turned professional at his boyhood club Arsenal in September 1962, and became a first team regular after making his debut in October 1965.", "John Petrie (footballer) John \"Jocky\" Petrie (born 1867/1868 – died ?) was a Scottish football player who played for Arbroath F.C. He holds the record for the most goals ever scored in a senior British football game with 13 goals. This occurred during Arbroath's famous 36–0 victory over Bon Accord F.C. in 1885.At an international level, his record was not equaled until 2001 by Archie Thompson who scored 13 goals for Australia in a 31–0 win over American Samoa.", "Jermaine Jenas Jermaine Anthony Jenas (/ˈdʒiːnəs/ JEE-nəs; born 18 February 1983) is an English professional footballer central midfielder who is currently a free agent after his Queens Park Rangers contract expired at the end of the 2013–14 season.He began his career at local side Nottingham Forest, and at the age of 18 he joined Newcastle United of the Premier League for £5 million.", "Thierry Henry Thierry Daniel Henry (French pronunciation: [tjɛʁi ɑ̃ʁi]; born 17 August 1977) is a retired French professional footballer, who played as a forward. He played for Monaco, Juventus, Barcelona, New York Red Bulls and spent eight years at Arsenal where he is the club's all-time record goalscorer.", "Viv Anderson Vivian Alexander \"Viv\" Anderson MBE (born 29 July 1956) is an English football coach and former player. Born in Clifton, Nottingham, he played for various clubs in The Football League in the 1970s and 1980s, including Nottingham Forest, Arsenal, Manchester United and Sheffield Wednesday. He is also notable for being the first black football player to represent England in a full international match.", "Peter Schmeichel Peter Bolesław Schmeichel MBE (Danish pronunciation: [pʰed̥ɐ ˈsmɑɪ̯ˀɡ̊l̩]; born 18 November 1963) is a Danish retired professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper, and was voted the \"IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper\" in 1992 and 1993. He is best remembered for his most successful years at English club Manchester United, whom he captained to the 1999 UEFA Champions League to complete the Treble, and for winning UEFA Euro 1992 with Denmark.", "Dean Saunders Dean Nicholas Saunders (born 21 June 1964) is a Welsh professional footballer who played as a striker in a career which lasted from 1982 until 2001 and is currently manager of Chesterfield.He was a high profile Premier League player in the 1990s for both Liverpool and Aston Villa, and set a new British transfer record when he joined the former from Derby County.", "Lee Chapman Lee Roy Chapman (born 5 December 1959) is an English former professional footballer who played as a striker from 1978 until 1996, in which he scored almost 200 first-team goals.He is best known for spells with Stoke City, Leeds United, Sheffield Wednesday, Nottingham Forest and West Ham United. He also played for Plymouth Argyle, Arsenal, Sunderland, Portsmouth, Southend United, Ipswich Town and Swansea City.", "David Jack David Bone Nightingale Jack (3 April 1898 – 10 September 1958) was an English footballer, the first player ever to score at Wembley, and the first footballer in the world to be transferred for more than £10,000. His father, Bob Jack, was also a footballer, as were his brothers Rollo and Donald.An inside forward, born in Bolton, Lancashire, Jack started his career with his father's club, Plymouth Argyle in 1919. There he scored 15 goals in 48 appearances in all competitions.", "Roger Hunt Roger Hunt, MBE (born 20 July 1938) is an English former footballer. He was a member of the England team which won the 1966 World Cup.", "Gareth Bale Gareth Frank Bale (born 16 July 1989) is a Welsh professional footballer who plays as a winger for La Liga club Real Madrid and the Wales national team. He began his professional career at Southampton, playing at left-back and earning acclaim as a free kick specialist. Bale moved to Tottenham Hotspur in 2007, for an eventual £7 million fee. During his time at Spurs, managerial and tactical shifts saw him transform into a more offensive player.", "Jim Hammond This article is about the English Footballer. For the comic book superhero Jim Hammond, A.K.A. The Human Torch see Human Torch (android)Herbert Edward 'Jim' Hammond was an English professional football (soccer) player for Fulham and a cricket player for Sussex.Having been signed from non-league side Lewes F.C., Hammond played for Fulham between 1928 and 1938, scoring 150 goals in 342 games. He was once called up for duty with the national team, although never played.", "Ade Akinbiyi Adeola Oluwatoyin \"Ade\" Akinbiyi (born 10 October 1974) is a former Nigerian footballer who played as a forward.Akinbiyi has had a much-travelled career with many different clubs with transfer fees totalling more than £11.5 million during his career, including being Leicester City's record signing (at £5.3 million).Born in England, Akinbiyi qualifies to play for the Nigeria national football team through his parents, and earned one cap for Nigeria.", "Joe Cole Joseph John \"Joe\" Cole (born 8 November 1981) is an English professional footballer who plays for Aston Villa as a midfielder. He started his career with West Ham United, where he played more than 120 Premier League games during five years, until he left for Chelsea in 2003. Cole won a number of trophies with Chelsea, including three Premier League titles and two FA Cups before leaving on a free transfer in July 2010 to join Liverpool, who a year later loaned him to Lille.", "Tony Ford (footballer, born 1959) Anthony \"Tony\" Ford MBE (born 14 May 1959 in Grimsby, Lincolnshire) is a former English footballer. Through most of his career, Ford was a right-sided midfielder, but in the later years of his career, he was converted to right-back. In a career that spanned 26 years, Ford played no fewer than 931 league matches, which is the all-time record for matches played in the English league by an outfield player. Only goalkeeper Peter Shilton (1005 matches) has played more.", "Simon Garner Simon Garner (born 23 November 1959) is an English former professional footballer who spent the majority of his career playing for Blackburn Rovers, where he is the record holder for most goals scored; 194 in all competitions and 168 in the Football League. He also played for West Bromwich Albion, Wycombe Wanderers and Torquay United.", "Paul Gascoigne Paul John Gascoigne (born 27 May 1967) is a former England international footballer and football manager. He is also known by his nickname, Gazza. He earned 57 caps during his England career and has been described by the National Football Museum as \"the most naturally gifted English midfielder of his generation\".Born and raised in Gateshead, the midfielder signed schoolboy terms with Newcastle United, before turning professional at the club in 1985.", "Nat Lofthouse Nathaniel \"Nat\" Lofthouse, OBE (27 August 1925 – 15 January 2011) was an English professional footballer who played for Bolton Wanderers for his whole career. He was capped 33 times for the England national football team between 1950 and 1958, scoring 30 goals and giving himself one of the greatest goals-per-game ratios of any player to represent England at the highest level.", "Kenny Sansom Kenneth Graham Sansom (born 26 September 1958) is an English former footballer. Until overtaken by Ashley Cole in February 2011, he held the record for the number of caps for an England national team full back, having appeared 86 times for his country between 1979 and 1988.", "Steve Daley See also Steve Daley (journalist)Steve Daley (born 15 April 1953 in Barnsley) is a former English footballer, who played as a midfielder. The most notorious incident in his career was his English record transfer to Manchester City in 1979, later described in a 2001 Observer article as \"the biggest waste of money in football history\". The Manchester City manager Malcolm Allison and chairman Peter Swales subsequently accused each other of inflating the fee.", "Gary Cahill Gary James Cahill /ˈkeɪhɪl/ (born 19 December 1985) is an English professional footballer who plays for Chelsea and is the vice-captain of the England national team. He usually plays centre back for both club and country. Despite being a defender, Cahill is noted for his technical ability and distribution, and occasionally, for his finishing prowess, and strength with his head.", "Neal Hatley Neal Hatley (born 23 December 1969) is a rugby union footballer who played at prop for London Irish and the University of Natal.On 16 May 2007 he was selected to captain the England Saxons squad for the forthcoming Churchill Cup tournament in England, which he captained to victory lifting the Churchill Cup.He is the most capped player of the Premiership ever.", "Richard Scudamore Richard Craig Scudamore (born 11 August 1959) is the Chief Executive of the highest tier of association football in England, the Premier League, a position he has held since November 1999.", "Didier Drogba Didier Yves Drogba Tébily (French pronunciation: [didje dʁɔɡba]; born 11 March 1978), known as Didier Drogba, is an Ivorian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Canadian club Montreal Impact. He is the all-time top scorer and former captain of the Ivory Coast national team. He is best known for his career at Chelsea, for whom he has scored more goals than any other foreign player and is currently the club's fourth highest goal scorer of all time.", "Jermain Defoe Jermain Colin Defoe (born 7 October 1982) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for English club Sunderland and the England national teamDefoe began his career with Charlton Athletic, joining their youth team at age fourteen, before moving to West Ham United aged sixteen and rising through the ranks. He made his professional debut for West Ham in 2000, and after a season-long loan spell at Bournemouth during the 2000–01 season, established himself in the West Ham line-up.", "Peter Barnes (footballer) Peter Simon Barnes (born 10 June 1957) is an English former international footballer, and the son of renowned coach and scout Ken Barnes. He is one of a small number of players to have played for both Manchester City and Manchester United.He was named as PFA Young Player of the Year after scoring in the 1976 League Cup final victory for Manchester City. He won 22 England caps, and became West Bromwich Albion's record buy at £748,000, but found that his career faltered in the mid-1980s.", "Leon Best Leon Julian Brendan Best (born 19 September 1986) is a footballer who plays as a striker. He has played for the Republic of Ireland national football team. Best represented Ireland at under-21 level and won his first full international cap against Nigeria on 29 May 2009.Best had a youth career at Notts County. His first professional club was then Premier League club Southampton. He has also played for Coventry City and Newcastle United before his 2012 move to Blackburn Rovers.", "Bobby Tambling Robert Victor \"Bobby\" Tambling (born 18 September 1941) is a former English professional footballer, who played most notably for Chelsea, Crystal Palace and England. He was Chelsea's all-time top scorer for 47 years, with 202 goals in all competitions until Frank Lampard surpassed this total on 11 May 2013. Tambling remains Chelsea's all-time top scorer in league competition with 164 goals.", "Jack Rowley John Frederick \"Jack\" Rowley (7 October 1920 – 28 June 1998) was an English footballer who played as a forward from the 1930s to the 1950s, mainly remembered for a 17-year spell with Manchester United. He was nicknamed \"The Gunner\" because of his prolific and explosive goalscoring, scoring 211 goals in 424 appearances for United. His younger brother, Arthur, still holds the record for the highest number of career goals scored in the Football League with 434.", "Leon Knight Leon Leroy Knight (born 16 September 1982) is an English footballer who plays as a striker; he is currently with Barnton where he is player-manager. A journeyman player, he has played for fifteen different clubs spanning five countries; England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and Greece.Having begun his career with Chelsea, he spent time on loan with Queens Park Rangers, Huddersfield Town, Sheffield Wednesday and Brighton & Hove Albion before joining the latter permanently in 2003.", "List of Arsenal F.C. players Arsenal Football Club is an English professional football club based in Holloway, North London. The club's first team has competed in numerous nationally and internationally organised competitions, and all players who have played in 100 or more such matches are listed below.David O'Leary holds the record for the greatest number of appearances for Arsenal. Between 1975 and 1993 the Irish defender played 722 times for the club.", "Jermaine Beckford Jermaine Paul Alexander Beckford (born 9 December 1983) is a Jamaican international footballer who plays as a striker for Preston North End. He began his career as a trainee at Chelsea, and has since played for Wealdstone, Uxbridge, Leeds United, Carlisle United, Scunthorpe United, Everton, Leicester City, Huddersfield Town, Bolton Wanderers and Preston North End.", "Ole Gunnar Solskjær Ole Gunnar Solskjær (born 26 February 1973) is a Norwegian football manager and former player. As a player, he spent most of his career playing as a forward for Manchester United.Before his arrival in England, Solskjær played for the Norwegian clubs Clausenengen and Molde. He joined Manchester United in 1996 for a transfer fee of £1.5 million. Nicknamed \"The Baby-faced Assassin\", he played 366 times for United, and scored 126 goals during a successful period for the club.", "Bruce Dyer Bruce Antonio Noel Emmanuel Dyer (born 13 April 1975) is an English former footballer who played as a striker.His career started in 1993 with Watford, before he became the country's first £1 million-teenager when he joined Crystal Palace in 1994. He spent five years with Palace, playing more than 100 games, and then another five years with Barnsley, before he returned to Watford.", "Daniel Sturridge Daniel Andre Sturridge /ˈstʌrɪdʒ/ (born 1 September 1989) is an English footballer who plays for Liverpool and the England national team as a striker, but he has also been used as a winger on many occasions.Born in Birmingham, Sturridge spent four years in the Aston Villa academy before moving to Coventry City. He then signed for Manchester City in 2003. He continued his development at City and played in two FA Youth Cup finals.", "Joe Hart Charles Joseph John \"Joe\" Hart (born 19 April 1987) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Premier League club Manchester City and the England national team. With over 100 Premier League clean sheets, Hart holds the record for the most Premier League Golden Glove awards (four) and has amassed over 50 international caps since his debut in 2008.He began his career at his hometown club Shrewsbury Town in the Conference and League Two.", "Jerome Thomas Jerome William Thomas (born 23 March 1983) is an English footballer who plays predominantly as a left winger, but can also operate centrally. He has made more than 200 appearances in the Premier League and Football League, playing for Leeds United, Queens Park Rangers, Charlton Athletic, Portsmouth, West Bromwich Albion and Crystal Palace.He has also represented England at England U19 and England U21 level.", "Martin Peters Martin Stanford Peters, MBE (born 8 November 1943) is a former football player and manager and a member of the England team which won the 1966 World Cup as well as playing in the 1970 FIFA World Cup. Born in Plaistow, Essex) he played club football for West Ham United, Tottenham Hotspur, Norwich City and Sheffield United. He briefly managed Sheffield United before retiring from professional football in 1981.", "John Aldridge John William Aldridge (born 18 September 1958 Liverpool, England) is a former Republic of Ireland international footballer and football manager. He was a prolific record-breaking striker best known for his productive time with Liverpool in the late 1980s, and for being the first man to have a penalty kick saved in a Wembley FA Cup Final.His tally of 330 league goals is still the 6th highest in the history of English football.", "Peter Winterbottom Peter James Winterbottom (born 31 May 1960 in Otley, West Yorkshire), is a former England rugby union footballer who played as an openside flanker. He was England's most-capped openside (with 58 caps) until being overtaken by Neil Back in 2003. He made his England debut on 2 January 1982 against Australia, and his final appearance on 20 March 1993 against Ireland.Winterbottom was known for his work rate, durability, hard tackling and courage.", "2001 Germany v England football match On 1 September 2001 Germany met England during the qualifying stages of the 2002 World Cup, at the Olympiastadion in Munich. England won the game 5–1, abetted by a hat-trick from England striker Michael Owen. All of the England goalscorers were Liverpool players.The two teams had met most recently in 2000, in what was the final match at the old Wembley stadium. The match ended with a 1–0 victory for Germany, with Dietmar Hamann scoring.", "Michael Owen Michael James Owen (born 14 December 1979) is a former English footballer who played as a striker for Liverpool, Real Madrid, Newcastle United, Manchester United and Stoke City as well as the England national team. He is a regular pundit on BT Sport football coverage and sometimes appears on BBC's Match of the Day as a pundit.", "George Robledo Jorge \"George\" Robledo Oliver (14 April 1926 – 1 April 1989) was a Chilean professional football player. He played as a striker, and is most notable for his time spent with Newcastle United. He was the first non-British-registered foreign player to become top scorer in England.", "John Charles William John Charles, CBE (27 December 1931 – 21 February 2004) was a Welsh international footballer who played for Leeds United and Juventus. Rated by many as the greatest all-round footballer ever to come from Britain, he was equally adept at centre-forward or centre-back. Due to his height, physique, and strength, he excelled in the air, although he was also a prolific goalscorer with his feet, due to his powerful and accurate shot.", "Steve Finnan Stephen John \"Steve\" Finnan (born 24 April 1976) is a retired Irish international footballer who played as a right back.He is the only player to have played in the World Cup, UEFA Champions League, UEFA Cup, Intertoto Cup, all four levels of the English league football and the Football Conference. Among the honours won during his career was the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final for Liverpool.", "Jussi Jääskeläinen Jussi Albert Jääskeläinen (pronounced [ˈjussi ˈjæːskelæi̯nen]; born 19 April 1975) is a Finnish footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for English club Wigan Athletic.He holds the record for being the longest serving foreign player in the Premier League after playing for Bolton Wanderers from 1997 until 2012.", "Kevin Keegan Joseph Kevin Keegan, OBE (born 14 February 1951) is an English former football player and manager. He played for several clubs including Liverpool and Hamburger SV. He went on to manage Newcastle United, Fulham and Manchester City, winning promotion as champions in his first full season at all three clubs. He also managed the England national team.As a player in the 1970s and 1980s, he has been described as \"arguably the first superstar English player to attract the modern media spotlight\".", "Anthony Gardner Anthony Derek Gardner (born 19 September 1980) is an England international football defender, who is a free agent after being released by Sheffield Wednesday. A tall centre-back, he has played once for England and been bought and sold for millions in the domestic transfer market. However, his career has been dogged with injuries, limiting his appearances.Starting his career with Port Vale in 1998, within two years he earned a million-pound move to Tottenham Hotspur.", "Charlie Hodgson Charles Christopher Hodgson (born 12 November 1980) is an English rugby union footballer. He plays fly-half for Saracens, and is the leading Premiership points scorer of all time. Hodgson also played for England, until announcing his international retirement in 2012. Only two English fly-halves have started ten or more Test matches in a row for England; Hodgson holds the record for most consecutive starts: 18 between 2004 and 2006.", "Greg Williams (Australian footballer) Gregory Donald \"Greg\" Williams (born 30 September 1963) is a former Australian rules footballer who represented Geelong, the Sydney Swans and Carlton in the Australian Football League (AFL) during the 1980s and 1990s. A midfielder, he is a dual Brownlow Medal winner and at his peak was the highest-paid player in the history of the sport. He was also a very controversial player throughout his career, and was involved in a variety of scandals throughout the 1990s.", "George Camsell George Henry Camsell (27 November 1902 - 7 March 1966) was an English football player who scored 325 goals in 419 games for Middlesbrough, and 18 goals in 9 appearances for England. His 63 goals in all competitions in one season (1926-27) for Middlesbrough is a club record, and he also holds the highest goals-to-games ratio for England of anyone who has played more than a single international.", "Kerry Dixon Kerry Michael Dixon (born 24 July 1961, in Luton) is a retired English professional footballer who played as a forward.His club career was spent most notably at Chelsea, where he won the Second Division twice. His 193 goals across all competitions made him their third-highest goalscorer of all time.Dixon scored four goals in eight international appearances for the England national football team, and represented the nation at the 1986 FIFA World Cup.", "Darren Anderton Darren Robert Anderton (born 3 March 1972) is an English former footballer who spent most of his career with Tottenham Hotspur as a midfielder. He played 30 times for the England national football team, scoring 7 goals.", "Marcus Bent Marcus Nathan Bent (born 19 May 1978) is an English former football striker. An England under-21 international, the journeyman striker played 574 games and scored 113 goals for fourteen different clubs. His numerous transfer fees totalled over £10 million.He began his career at Brentford in 1995, before he signed with Crystal Palace in 1998. The next year he joined Sheffield United via Port Vale.", "List of highest paid Major League Baseball players The highest paid player in Major League Baseball (MLB) from the 2013 season is New York Yankees' third baseman Alex Rodriguez with an annual salary of $29,000,000, $4 million higher than the second-highest paid player, Cliff Lee. MLB does not have a hard salary cap, instead employing a luxury tax which applies to teams whose total payroll exceeds certain set thresholds for a given season.", "Aaron Lennon Aaron Justin Lennon (born 16 April 1987) is an English professional footballer who plays as a winger for Everton and the England national team.He began his career at hometown club Leeds United making his debut in 2003 as the youngest player in the Premier League. In 2005, he moved to Tottenham Hotspur for £1 million, where he made over 350 appearances across all competitions, winning the 2008 Football League Cup Final.", "Henning Berg Henning Stille Berg (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈhɛnˈnɪŋ ˈstɪlˈlə ˈbærg]; born 1 September 1969) is a Norwegian football manager and former player who played as a defender.His career lasted from 1988 to 2004, most notably in the Premier League where he won titles with both Blackburn Rovers and Manchester United, becoming the first player to win the Premier League with two clubs.", "Jamie Redknapp Jamie Frank Redknapp (born 25 June 1973) is an English retired professional footballer who was active from 1989 until 2005. He is now a pundit at Sky Sports and an editorial sports columnist at the Daily Mail. A technically skilful and creative midfielder, who was also an accurate and powerful free-kick taker, Redknapp played for Bournemouth, Southampton, Liverpool, and Tottenham Hotspur, captaining the latter two. He also gained 17 England caps between 1995 and 1999.", "Gianluigi Lentini Gianluigi Lentini (born March 27 1969) is a former Italian professional footballer who played as a winger, usually on the left flank.He was once the world's most expensive footballer, when he moved from Torino to AC Milan for £13 million in 1992.", "Graeme Le Saux Graeme Pierre Le Saux (/ləˈsoʊ/ lə-SOH; born 17 October 1968) is an English former professional footballer of French ancestry. He played as a left back from 1989 to 2005 for Chelsea, Blackburn Rovers and Southampton, and for the England national football team. He came out of retirement in 2012 by signing with Wembley in order to appear in the club's FA Cup fixtures.After beginning playing in Jersey, he moved to England and debuted for Chelsea in 1989.", "Denis Law Denis Law (born 24 February 1940) is a Scottish former football player, who enjoyed a long and successful career as a striker from the 1950s to the 1970s.Law's career as a football player began at Second Division Huddersfield Town in 1956. After four years at Huddersfield, he was signed by Manchester City for a transfer fee of £55,000, which set a new British record.", "Alan Ball, Jr. Alan James Ball, Jr., MBE (12 May 1945 – 25 April 2007) was a professional English footballer and football club manager.He was the youngest member of England's 1966 World Cup winning team and played for various clubs, scoring more than 180 league goals in a career spanning 22 years. His playing career also included a then national record £220,000 transfer from Everton to Arsenal at the end of 1971.", "Billy Wright (footballer, born 1924) William Ambrose \"Billy\" Wright, CBE (6 February 1924 – 3 September 1994) was an English footballer, who spent his whole career at Wolverhampton Wanderers. The first footballer in the world to earn 100 international caps, Wright also holds the record for longest unbroken run in competitive international football; he made a total of 105 appearances for England, captaining them a record 90 times.", "Matthew Upson Matthew James Upson (born 18 April 1979) is an English footballer who is currently playing for Milton Keynes Dons. He is a central defender who played for England at full international level including at the 2010 World Cup.Upson started his career with Bedfordshire club Luton Town before he joined Premiership side Arsenal for a fee of £2 million in May 1997.", "Rickie Lambert Rickie Lee Lambert (born 16 February 1982) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Premier League club West Bromwich Albion and the England national team. He has won a number of personal awards, including three league Golden Boots.", "Bobby Charlton Sir Robert \"Bobby\" Charlton CBE (born 11 October 1937) is an English former football player, regarded as one of the greatest midfielders of all time, and an essential member of the England team who won the World Cup in 1966, the year he also won the Ballon d'Or. He played almost all of his club football at Manchester United, where he became renowned for his attacking instincts and passing abilities from midfield and his ferocious long-range shot.", "Jonathan Woodgate Jonathan Simon Woodgate (born 22 January 1980) is an English footballer who plays as a defender for Middlesbrough.Woodgate started his career at Leeds United where he established himself in the starting eleven. He was sold to Newcastle United for £9 million in January 2003, where he impressed despite injury problems. His performances in Europe for Newcastle led to Spanish giants Real Madrid signing him for £13.4 million in August 2004.", "Theo Walcott Theo James Walcott (born 16 March 1989) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for Premier League club Arsenal and the England national team. Walcott won the BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year Award in 2006.Walcott is a product of the Southampton Academy and started his career with Southampton before joining Arsenal for £5 million in 2006. His speedy pace and ball crossing led his manager Arsène Wenger to deploy him on the wing for most of his career.", "Geoff Hurst Sir Geoffrey Charles \"Geoff\" Hurst MBE (born 8 December 1941) is a former England international footballer. A striker, he remains the only man to score a hat-trick in a World Cup final as England recorded a 4–2 victory over West Germany at the old Wembley in 1966.He began his career with West Ham United, where he scored 242 goals in 500 first team appearances. There he won the FA Cup in 1964 and the European Cup Winners' Cup 1965. He was sold to Stoke City in 1972 for £80,000.", "1999 FIFA World Player of the Year The 1999 FIFA World Player of the Year award was won by Rivaldo with 536 points. David Beckham took second place, the highest ever position for an English footballer. Argentina striker Gabriel Batistuta came third.", "Phil Neal Philip George Neal (born 20 February 1951) is a retired English footballer who played for Northampton Town, Liverpool and Bolton Wanderers as a full back. He is one of the most successful English players of all time, having won eight First Divisions, four League Cups, five FA Charity Shields, four European Cups, one UEFA Cup and one UEFA Super Cup during his eleven years at Liverpool.", "Nigel Martyn Antony Nigel Martyn (born 11 August 1966), more commonly known as Nigel Martyn, is an English retired professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper from 1987 until 2006.Having started his career with Bristol Rovers he moved to Crystal Palace where he became the first £1million goalkeeper in British football and also won the Full Members Cup. Martyn then left to spend six seasons at Leeds United. He went on to win 23 England caps.", "Peter Crouch Peter James Crouch (born 30 January 1981) is an English footballer who plays for Stoke City as a striker. He was capped 42 times by the England national team from 2005 to 2010, scoring 22 goals for his country in that time, and appearing at two World Cups.Crouch started his career as a trainee with Tottenham Hotspur. He failed to make an appearance for Spurs and after loan spells at Dulwich Hamlet and Swedish club IFK Hässleholm he joined Queens Park Rangers.", "Peter Beardsley Peter Andrew Beardsley MBE (born 18 January 1961) is an English former footballer who played between 1979 and 1999. In 1987, he set a record transfer fee in the English game and represented his country 59 times between 1986 and 1996, once as captain. He played for Newcastle United, Liverpool and Everton, having also had spells with Carlisle United, Manchester United, Vancouver Whitecaps, Bolton Wanderers, Manchester City, Fulham, Hartlepool United and the Melbourne Knights.", "Kevin Phillips (footballer) Kevin Mark Phillips (born 25 July 1973) is a retired English professional footballer and current assistant coach at Derby County.Phillips was the Premier League top scorer in the 1999–2000 season with 30 goals for Sunderland, a tally which won him the European Golden Shoe. He remains the only Englishman to win the trophy. He also had spells at Watford, Southampton, Aston Villa, West Bromwich Albion, Birmingham City, Blackpool, Crystal Palace and Leicester City.", "Stanley Matthews Sir Stanley Matthews, CBE (1 February 1915 – 23 February 2000) was an English footballer. Often regarded as one of the greatest players of the English game, he is the only player to have been knighted while still playing, as well as being the first winner of both the European Footballer of the Year and the Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year awards.", "Gary Lineker Gary Winston Lineker, OBE (born 30 November 1960) is an English former footballer and current sports broadcaster. He holds England's record for goals in FIFA World Cup finals, with 10 scored. Lineker's media career began with the BBC, where he has presented the flagship programme Match of the Day since the late 1990s.", "Peter Shilton Peter Leslie Shilton OBE (born 18 September 1949) is a former English footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He currently holds the record for playing more games for the England men's team than anyone else, earning 125 caps, and he also holds the all-time record for the most competitive appearances in world football.", "Alan Shearer Alan Shearer OBE, DL (/ˈʃɪərər/; born 13 August 1970) is an English retired footballer. He played as a striker in the top level of English league football for Southampton, Blackburn Rovers, Newcastle United and for the England national team. He was widely regarded as one of the world's best strikers, being both Newcastle's and the Premier League's record goalscorer. Since retiring as a player in 2006, Shearer has worked as a television pundit for the BBC.", "FWA Footballer of the Year The Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year (often called the FWA Footballer of the Year, or in England simply the Footballer of the Year) is an annual award given to the player who is adjudged to have been the best of the season in English football. The award has been presented since the 1947–48 season, when the inaugural winner was Blackpool winger Stanley Matthews. The latest winner of the award as of 2014-15 is Eden Hazard of Chelsea.", "Stan Collymore Stanley Victor \"Stan\" Collymore (born 22 January 1971) is a retired English football player who played as a centre-forward from 1990 to 2001. He held the English transfer record when he moved from Nottingham Forest to Liverpool for £8.5 million in 1995 and was capped three times at senior level by the England national football team. He is currently a football pundit.", "Jimmy Greaves James Peter \"Jimmy\" Greaves (born 20 February 1940) is a former England international footballer. He is England's fourth highest international goalscorer (44 goals), Tottenham Hotspur's highest ever goalscorer (268 goals), the highest goalscorer in the history of English top-flight football (357 goals), and has also scored more hat-tricks (six) for England than anyone else. He finished as the First Division's top scorer in six seasons.", "Arthur Rowley George Arthur Rowley Jr., (21 April 1926 – 19 December 2002), nicknamed \"The Gunner\" because of his explosive left-foot shot, was an English football player and cricketer. He holds the record for the most goals in the history of English league football, scoring 434 from 619 league games. He was the younger brother of Manchester United footballer Jack Rowley.", "Trevor Francis Trevor John Francis (born 19 April 1954 in Plymouth, England), is a former footballer who won the European Cup with Nottingham Forest and played for England 52 times. He was England's first £1 million player.Between 1988 and 2003 he was a football manager, most notably with Sheffield Wednesday and then Birmingham City. Francis is currently working as a pundit with Al Jazeera Sports and Sky Sports.", "Rachel Yankey Rachel Aba Yankey, OBE (born 1 November 1979) is an English footballer who plays for the English FA WSL club Arsenal, and for the England national team. She plays as a left winger or forward, and wears the number 11 for both Arsenal and England. She is of Ghanaian descent, from her father's side.Since making her debut in 1997, Yankey has appeared on 129 occasions for England and became the most capped player ever to play for England, ahead of male goalkeeper Peter Shilton with 125." ]	0
prima ballerina Bolshoi Theatre 1960	[ "List of dance personalities\nThis is a partial list of people involved in dance", "Violetta Elvin\nVioletta Elvin (born 3 November 1924) is a Russian former prima ballerina.", "Bolshoi Theatre\nThe Bolshoi Theatre (Russian: Большо́й теа́тр, tr. Bol'shoy Teatr. Translation: Big Theatre; IPA: [bɐlʲˈʂoj tʲɪˈatr]) is a historic theatre in Moscow, Russia, designed by architect Joseph Bové, which holds performances of ballet and opera. The theatre's original name was the Imperial Bolshoi Theatre of Moscow, while the St. Petersburg Bolshoi Theatre (demolished in 1886), was called the Imperial Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre.At that time, all Russian theatres were imperial property. Moscow and St.", "Maya Plisetskaya\nMaya Mikhaylovna Plisetskaya (Russian: Ма́йя Миха́йловна Плисе́цкая; 20 November 1925 – 2 May 2015) was a Soviet-born ballet dancer, choreographer, ballet director, and actress, who held Spanish and Lithuanian citizenship. She danced during the Soviet era at the same time as Galina Ulanova, another famed Russian ballerina.", "Ludmilla Tchérina\nLudmilla Tchérina (10 October 1924 – 21 March 2004) was a French prima ballerina, sculptor, actress, painter, choreographer and author of two novels.Tchérina was born Monique Tchemerzine, into Circassian aristocracy as the daughter of Kabardian Prince Avenir Tchemerzine (Shamyrze), a former Russian general, who had escaped from St. Petersburg, and Stéphane Finette, a Frenchwoman.She studied with Blanche d'Alessandri, Olga Preobrajenska and Clustine." ]	[ "Ludmila Belousova Ludmila Yevgenyevna Belousova (Russian: Людмила Евгеньевна Белоусова; born 22 November 1935) is a former Russian pair skater who represented the Soviet Union. With her partner and husband Oleg Protopopov she is a two-time Olympic champion (1964, 1968) and four-time World champion (1965–1968). In 1979 the pair defected to Switzerland and became Swiss citizens in 1995. They continued to skate at ice shows and exhibitions through their seventies.", "Mariinsky Theatre The Mariinsky Theatre (Russian: Мариинский театр, Mariinskiy Teatr, also spelled Maryinsky, Mariyinsky) is a historic theatre of opera and ballet in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Opened in 1860, it became the preeminent music theatre of late 19th century Russia, where many of the stage masterpieces of Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky, and Rimsky-Korsakov received their premieres. Through most of the Soviet era, it was known as the Kirov Theatre.", "Centre Stage (1992 film) Centre Stage (Chinese: 阮玲玉; pinyin: ruǎn líng yù; Cantonese Yale: yun5 ling4 yuk6), also known as Actress and Yuen Ling-yuk, is a 1992 Hong Kong film, directed by Stanley Kwan.The film is based on a true story: the tragic life of China's first prima donna of the silver screen, Ruan Lingyu. This movie chronicles her rise to fame as a movie actress in Shanghai during the 1930s.", "Trixi Schuba Beatrix \"Trixi\" Schuba (born 15 April 1951) is an Austrian former competitive figure skater who competed in ladies' singles. She is a six-time Austrian national champion (1967–1972), a two-time European champion (1971 and 1972), a two-time World champion (1971 and 1972), and 1972 Olympic champion.She is considered to be one of the best compulsory figure skaters ever.", "Elena Mukhina Elena Vyacheslavovna Mukhina (Russian: Елена Вячеславовна Мухина; first name sometimes rendered \"Yelena\", last name sometimes rendered \"Muchina\"; June 1, 1960 – December 22, 2006), born in Moscow, Russian SFSR, was a Soviet gymnast who won the All-Around title at the 1978 World Championships at Strasbourg, France.", "Aleksandra Yablochkina Aleksandra Aleksandrovna Yablochkina (Александра Александровна Яблочкина; November 3, 1866 - March 20, 1964) was a leading actress of the Maly Theatre in Moscow for more than 75 years. She studied acting under her father before joining the Korsh Theatre troupe in 1886. Two years later, she moved to the Maly, where she worked with Maria Yermolova and Alexander Yuzhin. Yablochkina specialized in comedy roles and was renowned for the purity of her enunciation.", "Valery Levental Valery Yakovlevich Levental (Russian: Вале́рий Я́ковлевич Левента́ль; 17 August 1938 – 8 June 2015) was a Russian theatrical scenic designer. He was named People's Artist of the USSR and was a member-correspondent of the Academy of Art.He designed many musicals and dramas in Russia and abroad. Between 1988 and 1995, he was the lead artist at Russia's famed Bolshoi Theatre. Levental was awarded the State Prize of the Russian Federation in 1994.", "Marie Anne de Cupis de Camargo Marie Anne de Cupis de Camargo (15 April 1710, Brussels –28 April 1770, Paris) sometimes known simply as La Camargo, was a French/Belgian dancer. The first woman to execute the entrechat quatre, Camargo was also responsible for two innovations in ballet as she was the first dancer to wear slippers instead of heeled shoes, and she was the first female to wear the short calf-length ballet skirt and the now standardized ballet tights.", "Wassily de Basil Wassily de Basil (16 September 1888 – 27 July 1951), usually referred to as Colonel W. de Basil, was a Russian ballet impresario.De Basil was born Vassily Grigorievich Voskresensky in Kaunas, Lithuania, in 1888 (his year of birth is given variously as 1880 or 1886.) He is said to have been a colonel in the Cossack army, although his claim to the title \"Colonel\" is disputed.", "Ciniselli Circus Circus Ciniselli (Russian: Цирк Чинизелли) was the first brick-built circus in Russia; it is situated beside the Fontanka in Saint Petersburg.The building, which still stands, was opened on 26 December 1877, with a large stage (13 meters in diameter) and stables (housing 150 horses). The architect was Vasily Kenel.The Italian circus performer Gaetano Ciniselli (1815-1881) first visited Saint Petersburg in 1847, as part of the troupe of Alessandro Guerra.", "Walk Away Renée/Pretty Ballerina Walk Away Renée/Pretty Ballerina is the debut album by New York pop band The Left Banke, released on Smash Records in 1967. Named after its two hit singles, \"Walk Away Renée\" and \"Pretty Ballerina\", it peaked at number 67 on the Billboard Albums chart. Although the album was not widely popular upon its initial release, and fell into relative obscurity for a time, it is now viewed as a definitive example of baroque pop music.", "Nikolay Okhlopkov Nikolay Pavlovich Okhlopkov (Russian: Никола́й Па́влович Охло́пков; 15 May 1900 – 8 January 1967) was a Soviet actor and theatre director who patterned his work after Meyerhold.Okhlopkov was born in Irkutsk, Siberia and started his acting career there in 1918.", "Boris Shakhlin Boris Anfiyanovich Shakhlin (Russian: Борис Анфиянович Шахлин) (27 January 1932 – 30 May 2008) was a Soviet gymnast who was the 1960 Olympic all-around champion and the 1958 all-around World Champion. He won total of 13 medals including seven gold medals at the Summer Olympics, and was the most successful athlete at the 1960 Summer Olympics.", "Bryantsev Youth Theatre The A. Bryantsev Youth Theatre (also spelled State Theater For Young Audience Named After A. A. Bryantsev or Bryantsev Young Viewers Theater; Russian: Театр Юного Зрителя имени Брянцева) is one of the first professional children's theatres in Russia, opened in 1922. In Soviet time the theatre was called Leningrad Young People's Theatre (Russian: Ленинградский театр юных зрителей, ЛенТЮЗ). In 1962 it was moved to the current newly constructed building.", "Karl Knipper Theatre Knipper Theatre, Kniper Theatre or Knieper Theatre (Russian: Театр Карла Книпера) was the venue of a German theatrical troupe led by Karl Kniper which performed in Saint Petersburg beginning in 1775.The theatre building was converted from a manège (riding school), located on the Tsaritsa Meadow (Russian: Царицын луг – Tsaritsyn lug, now Ploshchad Zhertv Revolutsii – The Place of the Victims of Revolution) near the present-day Tripartite Bridge.", "Delia Scala Delia Scala (25 September 1929 – 15 January 2004) was an Italian ballerina and actress.Born Odette Bedogni in Bracciano, Lazio, Italy, as a young girl the family moved to Milan where she studied ballet at \"La Scala\" Ballet School for seven years. She performed in numerous ballets until World War II, after which she began appearing in motion pictures using the stage name, Delia Scala. In 1956, she began a career in television, an industry that at the time in Italy was still in its infancy.", "Coppélia Coppélia is a comic ballet originally choreographed by Arthur Saint-Léon to the music of Léo Delibes, with libretto by Charles Nuitter. Nuitter's libretto and mise-en-scène was based upon two stories by E. T. A. Hoffmann: Der Sandmann (The Sandman) and Die Puppe (The Doll). In Greek, κοπελιά means girl, young lady. Coppélia premiered on 25 May 1870 at the Théâtre Impérial l'Opéra, with the 16-year-old Giuseppina Bozzacchi in the principal role of Swanhilde.", "Valda Valkyrien Valda Valkyrien (September 30, 1895 – October 22, 1956) was a Danish prima ballerina and a silent film actress.", "Margot Lander Margot Ella Florentz Lander (1910–1961), a prima ballerina with the Royal Danish Ballet, was the most important Danish ballerina of the first half of the twentieth century.Born in Oslo to Ella Florentz (1891-?), an opera singer, and Marx Gerharh (1871–1938), a journalist, Lander began studying at the Royal Danish Ballet School in 1917 and joined the Royal Danish Ballet in 1928.", "Tamara Moskvina Tamara Nikolayevna Moskvina, née Bratus, (Russian: About this sound Тама́ра Никола́евна Москвина́ ; earlier Братусь) is a Russian pair skating coach and former competitive skater. Competing in pairs with Alexei Mishin, she became the 1969 World silver medalist and Soviet national champion. As a singles skater, she was a five-time (1962–1966) Soviet national champion.", "Pierina Legnani Pierina Legnani (September 30, 1863 – November 15, 1930) was an Italian ballerina considered one of the greatest ballerinas of all time.", "Natalia Bestemianova Natalia Filimonovna Bestemianova or Bestemyanova (Russian: Наталья Филимоновна Бестемьянова, born 6 January 1960) is a Russian ice dancer who competed for the Soviet Union. With her partner Andrei Bukin, she is the 1988 Olympic Champion, 1984 Olympic silver medalist, four-time World champion, three-time World silver medalist, and five-time European champion.", "Tanaquil LeClercq Tanaquil Le Clercq (/lɛ.klɛr/ le-clare; October 2, 1929 – December 31, 2000) was a principal dancer with the New York City Ballet. Her dancing career ended abruptly when she was stricken with polio in Copenhagen during the company's European tour in 1956. Eventually regaining most of the use of her arms and torso, she remained paralyzed from the waist down for the rest of her life.", "Lev Ivanov Lev Ivanovich Ivanov (Russian: Лев Ива́нович Ива́нов; 2 March 1834, Moscow – 24 December 1901, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian ballet dancer and choreographer and later, Second Balletmaster of the Imperial Ballet. As a performer with the Imperial Ballet, he achieved prominence after performing as an understudy in a benefit performance of La Fille Mal Gardée.", "Rudolf Nureyev Rudolf Khametovich Nureyev (Tatar: Рудольф Хәмит улы Нуриев, Russian: Рудо́льф Хаме́тович Нуре́ев) (17 March 1938 – 6 January 1993) was a Soviet dancer of ballet and modern dance, one of the most celebrated of the 20th century. Nureyev's artistic skills explored expressive areas of the dance, providing a new role to the male ballet dancer who once served only as support to the women.Nureyev defected from the Soviet Union to the West in 1961, despite KGB efforts to stop him.", "Lucile Grahn Lucile Alexia Grahn-Young (30 June 1819 - 4 April 1907) was the first internationally renowned Danish ballerina and one of the popular dancers of the Romantic ballet era.Grahn studied from a young age at the Royal Danish Theatre School in Copenhagen, Denmark under the tutelage of August Bournonville. She officially debuted in 1834 at the theater and took on the leading role of Astrid in Bournonville's Valdemar in 1835.", "Marcelle Lender Marcelle Lender (1862 – 27 September 1926) was a French singer, dancer and entertainer made famous in paintings by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec.Born Anne-Marie Marcelle Bastien, she began dancing at the age of sixteen and within a few years made a name for herself performing at the Théâtre des Variétés in Montmartre.Marcelle Lender appears in several works by Lautrec but the most notable is the one of her dancing the Bolero during her February 1895 performance in the Hervé operetta Chilpéric.", "Lyubov Orlova Lyubov Petrovna Orlova, (Russian: Любо́вь Петро́вна Орло́ва; 29 January [O.S. 16 January] 1902, Zvenigorod – 26 January 1975, Moscow) was the first recognized star of Soviet cinema, famous theatre actress and a gifted singer.She was born to a family of Russian nobles in Zvenigorod near Moscow and grew up in Yaroslavl.", "Darcey Bussell Darcey Andrea Bussell CBE (born Marnie Mercedes Darcey Pemberton Crittle 27 April 1969) is a retired English ballerina.Trained at the Arts Educational School and the Royal Ballet School, she started her professional ballet career at Sadlers Wells Royal Ballet, but after only one year she moved to The Royal Ballet, where she became a principal dancer at just 20 years old in 1989. Bussell is widely acclaimed as one of the great British ballerinas.", "Yury Grigorovich Yury Nikolayevich Grigorovich (born January 2, 1927 in Leningrad) is a Soviet and Russian dancer and choreographer who dominated the Russian ballet for 30 years.Grigorovich was born into a family connected with the Imperial Russian Ballet. He graduated from the Leningrad Choreographic School in 1946 and danced as a soloist of the Kirov Ballet until 1962. His staging of Sergey Prokofiev's The Stone Flower (1957) and of The Legend of Love (1961) brought him acclaim as a choreographer.", "Mikhail Baryshnikov Mikhail Nikolayevich Baryshnikov (Russian: Михаи́л Никола́евич Бары́шников; born January 27, 1948), nicknamed \"Misha\" (Russian diminutive of the name \"Mikhail\"), is a Russian-American dancer, choreographer, and actor born in the Soviet Union, often cited alongside Vaslav Nijinsky and Rudolf Nureyev as one of the greatest ballet dancers in history. After a promising start in the Kirov Ballet in Leningrad, he defected to Canada in 1974 for more opportunities in western dance.", "Maria Tallchief Elizabeth Marie \"Betty\" Tall Chief (Osage family name: Ki He Kah Stah Tsa; January 24, 1925 – April 11, 2013) was considered America's first major prima ballerina, and was the first Native American to hold the rank.Almost from birth, Tall Chief was involved in dance, starting formal lessons at age three. When she was eight, her family relocated from her birth home of Fairfax, Oklahoma, to Los Angeles, California, to advance the careers of her and her younger sister, Marjorie.", "Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre The Saint Petersburg Imperial Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre (The Big Stone Theatre of Saint Petersburg, Russian: Большой Каменный Театр) was a theatre in Saint Petersburg.", "Antoinette Sibley Dame Antoinette Sibley, DBE (born 27 February 1939) is a British prima ballerina. She joined the Royal Ballet from the Royal Ballet School in 1956 and became a soloist in 1960. She was celebrated for her partnership with Anthony Dowell. After her retirement from dancing in 1989 she became President of the Royal Academy of Dance in 1991, and guest coach at the Royal Ballet (1991) and Governor, Royal Ballet Board (2000).", "Emma Livry Emma Livry (born as Jeanne Emma Emarot or Emma Marie Emarot; 24 September 1842 – 26 July 1863) was one of the last ballerinas of the Romantic ballet era and a protégée of Marie Taglioni. She died from complications after burn injuries sustained when her costume caught fire during a rehearsal.", "Ivan Novikoff Ivan Novikoff (August 26, 1899 – March 20, 2002) was a ballet master.Born in Kazan, Russia, Novikoff studied at the Imperial Ballet School. He fled to China because of the Russian Revolution of 1917 at age 17, where he taught dance to the children of Russian soldiers.In 1923, he immigrated to the United States, where he continued teaching ballet until his death.", "Tamara Sinyavskaya Tamara Ilyinichna Sinyavskaya (Тамара Ильинична Синявская; born 6 July 1943 in Moscow) is a Russian mezzo soprano from the Bolshoi Theatre.She was awarded the title of People's Artist of the USSR in 1982. In 1997, 4981 Sinyavskaya was named in her honor.She was married to Azerbaijani singer Muslim Magomaev.", "Galina Vishnevskaya Galina Pavlovna Vishnevskaya (née Ivanova, Russian: Гали́на Па́вловна Вишне́вская; 25 October 1926 – 11 December 2012) was a Russian soprano opera singer and recitalist who was named a People's Artist of the USSR in 1966. She was the wife of cellist Mstislav Rostropovich, and mother to their two daughters, Olga and Elena Rostropovich.", "Alla Bayanova Alla Nikolayevna Bayanova (Russian: Алла Николаевна Баянова; 18 May 1914 – 30 August 2011) was a Russian Romance singer sometimes compared with Édith Piaf for her simple yet dramatic style of performance.", "William Ball (director) William Gormaly Ball (29 April 1931 – 30 July 1991) was an American stage director and founder of the American Conservatory Theatre (ACT). He was awarded the Drama Desk Vernon Rice Award in 1959 for his production of Chekhov's Ivanov and was nominated for a Tony Award in 1965 for his production of Molière's Tartuffe, starring Michael O'Sullivan and Rene Auberjonois. He was also a noted director of opera.", "Bal du moulin de la Galette Bal du moulin de la Galette (commonly known as Dance at Le moulin de la Galette) is an 1876 painting by French artist Pierre-Auguste Renoir. It is housed at the Musée d'Orsay in Paris and is one of Impressionism's most celebrated masterpieces. The painting depicts a typical Sunday afternoon at Moulin de la Galette in the district of Montmartre in Paris.", "Giuseppina Bozzacchi Giuseppina Bozzacchi (23 November 1853 – 23 November 1870) was an Italian ballerina, noted for creating the role of Swanhilda in Léo Delibes' ballet Coppélia at the age of 16 while dancing for the Paris Opera Ballet.Bozzacchi, who was born in Milan, had come to Paris to study with Mme Dominique.", "Vasily Tikhomirov Vasiliy Dmitriyevich Tikhomirov (1876–1956) was a dancer (from 1895) and a choreographer (from 1913) with the Bolshoi Ballet of Moscow, Russia. His most distinguished production was The Red Poppy (1927), with his wife Yekaterina Geltzer in the main role. After the divorce Yekaterina Geltzer and Vasily Tikhomirov remained onstage partners. He and Geltzer were buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery.", "Oksana Grishuk Oksana (Pasha) Vladimirovna Grishuk (Russian: Оксана (Паша) Владимировна Грищук; born March 17, 1972) is a Russian former competitive ice dancer. She is best known for her partnership with Evgeni Platov from 1989–1998. With Platov, she is a two-time Olympic champion (1994, 1998), four-time World champion (1994–1997), and three-time European champion (1996–1998). With previous partner Alexandr Chichkov, she is the 1988 World Junior champion.", "Margot Fonteyn Dame Margot Fonteyn de Arias, DBE (18 May 1919 – 21 February 1991), was an English ballerina. She is widely regarded as one of the greatest classical ballet dancers of all time. She spent her entire career as a dancer with The Royal Ballet, eventually being appointed Prima Ballerina Assoluta of the company by Queen Elizabeth II.", "Theatre on the Balustrade The Theatre on the Balustrade (Divadlo Na zábradlí) is situated in Prague, Czech republic.The theatre was founded in 1958. Its founders - Helena Philipová, Ivan Vyskočil, Jiří Suchý and Vladimír Vodička named their professional theatre after a street leading from the square to the river. Its first production, a musical collage titled If a Thousand Clarinets (Czech: Kdyby tisíc klarinetů), was premiered on 9 December 1958.", "Margarita Nazarova (artist) Margarita Petrovna Nazarova (Russian: Маргарита Петровна Назарова; November 26, 1926 – October 26, 2005) was a Russian circus performer best known for her leading role in the 1961 comedy Striped Trip. She was awarded the title of People's Artist of the RSFSR.", "Alla Sizova Alla Sizova (September 22, 1939 – November 23, 2014) was a Russian ballet dancer, best known for her work with the Kirov Ballet. She was one of the four superstar ballerinas of the Soviet Union along with Natalia Makarova, Alla Osipenko and Irina Kolpakova, as well as the preferred dance partner of Rudolph Nureyev before his defection.", "Louis Mérante Louis Alexandre Mérante (23 July 1828–Courbevoie, 17 July 1887) was a dancer and choreographer, the Maître de Ballet (First Balletmaster/Chief Choreographer) of the Paris Opera Ballet at the Salle Le Peletier until its destruction by fire in 1873, and subsequently the first Ballet Master at the company's new Palais Garnier, which opened in 1875. He is best remembered as the choreographer of Léo Delibes' Sylvia, ou la nymphe de Diane (1876).", "Alexander Bryantsev Alexander Alexandrovich Bryantsev (Russian: Александр Александрович Брянцев;1883–1961) was a Soviet Theater director, creator (1921) and the Chief Director (1921–1961) of the Leningrad Youth Theatre (since 1980 Briantsev Youth Theatre).Alexander Bryantsev won the Stalin Prize in 1950, and was awarded People's Artist of the USSR in 1956.Alexander's son, Dmitry Alexandrovich Bryantsev (ru:Дмитрий Брянцев) is a renowned ballet master.", "Ulyana Lopatkina Ulyana Vyacheslavovna Lopatkina (Russian: Ульяна Вячеславовна Лопаткина; born 23 October 1973) is a Prima ballerina at the Kirov Ballet/Mariinsky Theatre in St Petersburg. She studied at the Vaganova Academy with Natalia Dudinskaya. Upon graduation Lopatkina joined the Kirov/Mariinsky Theatre Ballet in 1991, and was promoted to principal dancer in 1995. Lopatkina is married to Vladimir Kornev, architect and writer, and has one daughter (Masha, born 2002).", "Alexandra Danilova Aleksandra Dionisyevna Danilova (Russian: Александра Дионисьевна Данилова; November 20, 1903 – July 13, 1997) was a Russian-born prima ballerina, who became an American citizen. In 1989, she was recognized for lifetime achievements in ballet as a Kennedy Center Honoree.", "Marie Rambert Dame Marie Rambert, Mrs Ashley Dukes DBE (20 February 1888 – 12 June 1982) was a Polish-born dancer and pedagogue who exerted great influence on British ballet, both as a dancer and teacher.", "Elizaveta Gerdt Elizaveta Pavlovna Gerdt (Russian: Елизавета Павловна Гердт; 29 January [O.S. 17 January] 1891 – 6 November 1975) was a Russian dancer and teacher whose career links the Russian imperial and Soviet schools of classical dance.A daughter of celebrated dancer Paul Gerdt, she studied under Michel Fokine at the Imperial Ballet School, where her chief partner was Vaslav Nijinsky.", "Tamara Toumanova Tamara Toumanova (Russian: Тамара Туманова, Georgian: თამარა თუმანოვა, Armenian: Թամար Թումանեան; 2 March 1919 – 29 May 1996) was a Russian-born American prima ballerina and actress.", "Marie-Thérèse de Subligny Marie-Thérèse Perdou de Subligny (1666–1735) was a French ballerina. She entered the l'Académie Royale de Musique in 1688, where she succeeded Mademoiselle de Lafontaine as prima ballerina, a position she held until 1707. She appeared mostly in opera ballets of Jean-Baptiste Lully and André Campra. She was the first professional ballerina to appear in England (1702-3). She was seen as one of the Queens of ballet.", "Marie Taglioni Marie Taglioni (23 April 1804 – 22 April 1884) was a ballet dancer of the Romantic ballet era, a central figure in the history of European dance. She was one of the most celebrated ballerinas of the romantic ballet, which was cultivated primarily at Her Majesty's Theatre in London, and at the Théâtre de l'Académie Royale de Musique of the Paris Opera Ballet. She is credited with (though not confirmed) being the first ballerina to truly dance en pointe.", "Natalia Makarova Natalia Romanovna Makarova (Russian: Наталья Романовна Макарова, born 21 November 1940) is a Soviet-Russian-born prima ballerina and choreographer. The History of Dance, published in 1981, notes that “her performances set standards of artistry and aristocracy of dance which mark her as the finest ballerina of her generation in the West.”", "Altynai Asylmuratova Altynai Abduahimovna Asylmuratova (Russian: Алтынай Абдуахимовна Асылмуратова; born 1 January 1961) is a former Kazakhstani-Russian prima ballerina with the Kirov Ballet/Mariinsky Theatre and a guest artist all over the world.", "Alla Tarasova Alla Konstantinovna Tarasova (Russian: Алла Константиновна Тарасова, 6 February [O.S. 25 January] 1898 in Kiev – 5 April 1973 in Moscow) was a leading actress of Constantin Stanislavski's Moscow Art Theatre from the late 1920s onward.A title role in Anna Karenina (1937) was her most resounding success. She appeared to mixed reviews as Katerina in the screen version of Ostrovsky's The Storm (1934) and as Catherine I in the movie Peter the Great (1937).", "Vladimir Malakhov (dancer) Vladimir Malakhov (born 1968 in Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine) was the artistic director of the Staatsballett Berlin (Berlin State Ballet) from its founding in 2004 until 2014. He is a former principal dancer with American Ballet Theatre.He began his dance training at the age of four at a small ballet school and remained there until continuing his training at the school of the Bolshoi Ballet in Moscow.", "Novosibirsk Opera and Ballet Theatre The Novosibirsk Opera and Ballet Theatre (the official title is the Novosibirsk State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre (Russian: Новосибирский государственный академический театр оперы и балета) is one of the most important theatres in Novosibirsk and Siberia. It is located at the center of Novosibirsk at Lenin square.The building was completed in February 1944, and the first performance was held on 12 May 1945.", "Ida Rubinstein Ida Lvovna Rubinstein (Russian: И́да Льво́вна Рубинште́йн; 5 October [O.S. 21 September] 1883 – 20 September 1960) was a Russian ballet dancer, actress, patron and Belle Époque figure.", "Natalia Dudinskaya Natalia Mikhailovna Dudinskaya (21 August [O.S. 8 August] 1912 in Kharkiv — 29 January 2003 in Saint Petersburg) was a Russian prima ballerina who dominated the Kirov Ballet in the 1930s through 1950s.Dudinskaya's mother was Natalia Tagliori, a ballerina coached by Enrico Cecchetti. Trained by Agrippina Vaganova, Dudinskaya matriculated from her school in 1931. She danced all the classical leads at the Kirov Theatre including the starring role in Cinderella.", "Ivan Allen Ivan Allen (June 29, 1930 – May 7, 2012) was an American ballet dancer who was active as a principal dancer with the American Ballet Theatre during the 1950s and early 1960s. He became a principal soloist with the Metropolitan Opera in 1964, making his debut with the company in Jules Massenet's Manon on November 18, 1964.", "Mikhail Mordkin Mikhail Mordkin (Russian: Михаил Михайлович Мордкин; December 9, 1880, Moscow, Russian Empire - July 15, 1944, New York) graduated from the Bolshoi Ballet School in 1899, and in the same year was appointed ballet master.He joined Diaghilev's ballet in 1909 as a leading dancer. After the first season he remained in Paris to dance with Pavlova.", "Galina Ulanova Galina Sergeyevna Ulánova (Russian: Галина Серге́евна Ула́нова, 8 January 1910 [O.S. 26 December 1909] – 21 March 1998) was a Russian ballet dancer. She is frequently cited as being one of the greatest ballerinas of the 20th century.", "Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux, is a theatre in Bordeaux, France, first inaugurated on 17 April 1780. It was in this theatre that the ballet La Fille Mal Gardée premiered in 1789, and where a young Marius Petipa staged some of his first ballets.", "Avdotia Istomina Evdokia or (informally) Avdotia Ilyinichna Istomina (Russian: Евдокия Ильинична Истомина; 1799–1848) was the most celebrated Imperial Russian ballerina of the 19th century.She was orphaned early. But she was lucky: she was accepted into the Imperial Theater School, where children could live in complete security.A pupil of Charles Didelot, she debuted in the Imperial Russian Ballet in 1815 to immediate acclaim.", "Taganka Theatre Taganka Theatre (Театр на Таганке) is a theater located in the Art Nouveau building on Taganka Square in Moscow. The theatre was founded in 1964 by Yuri Lyubimov and continued the traditions of his alma mater, the Vakhtangov Theatre, while also exploring the possibilities of Bertolt Brecht's \"epic theatre\".Under Lyubimov, the theatre rose to popularity in Moscow, with Vladimir Vysotsky and Alla Demidova as the leading actors.", "Alicia Markova Dame Alicia Markova DBE (1 December 1910 – 2 December 2004) was an English ballerina and a choreographer, director and teacher of classical ballet. Most noted for her career with Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes and touring internationally, she was widely considered to be one of the greatest classical ballet dancers of the twentieth century.", "Rosella Hightower Rosella Hightower (January 10, 1920 – November 4, 2008) was an American ballerina who achieved fame in both the United States and Europe.", "Pati Behrs Pati Behrs (February 13, 1922 – July 4, 2004) was a Russian-born prima ballerina.", "Ludmila Semenyaka Ludmila Semenyaka (Russian: Людмила Семеняка, b. 16 January 1952) is a Soviet ballerina, born in Leningrad. She studied at the Vaganova School as a pupil of Nina Belikova. She joined the Kirov Ballet in 1970 and later the Bolshoi Ballet in 1972, where she was a prima ballerina. She was named People's Artist of the USSR in 1986 and received the USSR State Prize.", "Olga Baclanova Olga Vladimirovna Baclanova (Russian: О́льга Влади́мировна Бакла́нова; 19 August 1893[under discussion] – 6 September 1974) was a Russian-born actress of stage and screen and operatic singer, and ballerina.", "Olga Preobrajenska Olga Iosifovna Preobrajenska born Preobrazhenskaya (Russian: О́льга Ио́сифовна Преображе́нская; 2 February [O.S. 21 January] 1871 – 27 December 1962) was a well-known Russian ballerina of the Russian Imperial Ballet and a noted ballet instructor.", "Colette Marchand Colette Janine Marchand (April 29, 1925 – June 5, 2015) was a French prima ballerina and actress.She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1952 for her performance as Marie Charlet in Moulin Rouge, directed by John Huston.During the height of her dance career she was considered one of the greatest dancers in Europe, known as Les jambes (The Legs), along with Violetta Elvin, Zizi Jeanmaire, Yvette Chauviré, Janine Charrat, and Margot Fonteyn.", "Bolshoi Ballet The Bolshoi Ballet is an internationally renowned classical ballet company, based at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow, Russia. Founded in 1776, the Bolshoi is among the world's oldest ballet companies. It only achieved worldwide acclaim, however, in the early 20th century when Moscow became the capital of Soviet Russia. Along with the Mariinsky Ballet in Saint Petersburg, the Bolshoi is recognised as one of the foremost ballet companies in Russia.", "Mia Slavenska Mia Slavenska (Slavonski Brod, February 20, 1916 – Los Angeles, October 5, 2002), birth name Mia Čorak, was a Croatian-born American prima ballerina. She formed the Slavenska Ballette Variante and, later, the Theatre Ballette. In 1954, she became the prima ballerina of the Metropolitan Opera Ballet.", "Vera Komissarzhevskaya Vera Fyodorovna Komissarzhevskaya (Russian: Ве́ра Фё́доровна Комиссарже́вская; 8 November 1864 – 23 February 1910) was one of the most celebrated actresses and theatre managers of the late Russian Empire. She made her professional debut in 1893, after having acted as an amateur at Constantin Stanislavsky's Society of Art and Literature.", "Anastasia Volochkova Anastasia Volochkova (Russian: Анастасия Волочкова; born 20 January 1976) is a Russian prima ballerina.", "Mathilde Kschessinska Mathilda-Marie Feliksovna Kschessinskaya (Polish: Matylda Maria Krzesińska, Russian: Матильда Феликсовна Кшесинская; 31 August [O.S. 19 August] 1872 – 6 December 1971 (also known as Her Serene Highness Princess Romanova-Krasinskaya from 1935) was a Russian ballerina from a family of Polish origin. Her father Feliks Krzesiński and her brother both danced in St. Petersburg. She eventually attained the highest rank, that of prima ballerina assoluta.", "Svetlana Zakharova (dancer) Svetlana Zakharova (Russian: Светлана Захарова) (born June 10, 1979) is a prima ballerina with both the Bolshoi Ballet and the La Scala Theatre Ballet.", "Vera Volkova Vera Volkova (Russian: Bepa Boлкoвa; (31 May 1905 – May 5, 1975) was an influential Russian ballet dancer and dance teacher.Born in Tomsk, she trained in Petrograd at Akim Volynsky's School of Russian Ballet, also studying with the renowned Russian ballet mistress Agrippina Vaganova.", "Olga Spessivtseva Olga Alexandrovna Spessivtseva (Russian: Ольга Алекса́ндровна Спеси́вцева (18 July [O.S. 6 July] 1895 – 16 September 1991) was a Russian ballerina whose stage career spanned from 1913=39.", "Prima ballerina assoluta Prima ballerina assoluta is a title awarded to the most notable of female ballet dancers. To be recognised as a prima ballerina assoluta is a rare honour, traditionally reserved only for the most exceptional dancers of their generation.", "Petrushka (ballet) Petrushka (French: Pétrouchka; Russian: Петрушка) is a ballet burlesque in four scenes. It was composed in 1910–11 and revised in 1947. Igor Stravinsky composed the music, and, with Alexandre Benois, fashioned the libretto. Michel Fokine choreographed the ballet; Benois designed the sets and costumes. Petrushka was first performed by Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris on 13 June 1911. Vaslav Nijinsky portrayed Petrushka with Tamara Karsavina as the Ballerina.", "Tatiana Riabouchinska Tatiana Mikhailovna Riabouchinska (Russian: Татья́на Миха́йловна Рябуши́нская, Tatiana Mikhailovna Ryabushinskaya; 23 May 1917 – 24 August 2000) was a Russian American prima ballerina and teacher. Famous at age 14 as one of the three \"Baby Ballerinas\" of the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo in the 1930s, she matured into an artist whom critics called \"the most unusual dancer of her generation.\"", "Alla Pugacheva Alla Borisovna Pugacheva (Russian: Алла Борисовна Пугачёва; sometimes transcribed in English as Pugachova, Russian pronunciation: [pʊɡɐˈtɕɵvə]; born 15 April 1949), is а Soviet and Russian musical performer. Her career started in 1965 and continues to this day. For her \"clear mezzosoprano and a full display of sincere emotions\", she enjoys an iconic status across the former Soviet Union as the most successful Soviet performer in terms of record sales and popularity.", "Anna Pavlova Anna Pavlovna (Matveyevna) Pavlova (Russian: Анна Павловна (Матвеевна) Павлова; February 12 [O.S. January 31] 1881 – January 23, 1931) was a Russian prima ballerina of the late 19th and the early 20th centuries. She was a principal artist of the Imperial Russian Ballet and the Ballets Russes of Sergei Diaghilev. Pavlova is most recognized for the creation of the role The Dying Swan and, with her own company, became the first ballerina to tour ballet around the world.", "Tamara Karsavina Tamara Platonovna Karsavina (Russian: Тама́ра Плато́новна Карса́вина, 10 March 1885 – 26 May 1978) was a Russian prima ballerina, renowned for her beauty, who was a principal artist of the Imperial Russian Ballet and later of the Ballets Russes of Serge Diaghilev. After settling in Britain at Hampstead in London, she began teaching ballet professionally and became recognised as one of the founders of modern British ballet.", "Pavel Gerdt Pavel Andreyevich Gerdt (Russian: Па́вел Андре́евич Ге́рдт), also known as Paul Gerdt (near Saint Petersburg, Russia, 22 November 1844 — Vamaloki, Finland 12 August 1917), was the Premier Danseur Noble of the Imperial Ballet, the Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre, and the Mariinsky Theatre for 56 years, making his debut in 1860, and retiring in 1916.", "Marina Semyonova Marina Timofeyevna Semyonova (Russian: Марина Тимофеевна Семёнова, 12 June [O.S. 30 May] 1908 – 9 June 2010) was the first Soviet-trained prima ballerina. She was born in Saint-Petersburg. She was named a People's Artist of the USSR in 1975.", "Yekaterina Geltzer Yekaterina Vasilyevna Geltzer (November 2, 1876 - December 12, 1962) was a prima ballerina of the Bolshoi Ballet who danced in the theatre from 1898 to 1935. She is the daughter of the famous Russian dancer Vasily Geltzer.She worked with Marius Petipa, Sergei Diaghilev, and Reinhold Glière. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, she helped to preserve the art of ballet in Russia. She was the first ballet dancer to receive the title of \"People's Artist of Russia\" (1925).", "Natalia Bessmertnova Natalia Igorevna Bessmertnova (Russian: Наталья Игоревна Бессмертнова; 19 July 1941 – 19 February 2008) was a Soviet prima ballerina of the Bolshoi Ballet and a People's Artist of the USSR (1976)." ]	2
Bob Ricker Executive Director the latest front group for the anti-gun movement	[ "Bob Ricker\nBob Ricker (died December 4, 2009) was a member of the board of directors and Executive Director of the American Hunters and Shooters Association who resigned on January 6, 2009 after accusing gun manufacturers of \"irresponsible\" and \"negligent\" behavior." ]	[ "Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood The Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood (CBMW) is an evangelical Christian organization promoting a complementarian rather than egalitarian, feminist or patriarchal view of gender issues. CBMW's current president is Dr. J. Ligon Duncan, III, who is also the pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Jackson, Mississippi. In January 2013, Dr. Owen Strachan of Boyce College was named Executive Director.", "Knight's Armament Company Knight's Armament Company (KAC) is an American firearms and firearms parts manufacturer, best known for producing the Rail Interface System (RIS) and the Rail Adapter System (RAS) grips for firearms use. They currently produce a variety of firearms, specifically rifles built on the AR-15 platform. One of their best known rifles is the SR-25 semi-automatic special application sniper rifle.KAC is owned by C. Reed Knight and is based in Titusville, Florida.", "British American Security Information Council The British American Security Information Council, also known as \"BASIC\", is a small, but influential think tank, based in London and Washington, D.C.. BASIC takes a uniquely inclusive approach to promote nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation by working with politicians, civil society, and other stakeholders who share this vision, as well as with those who might oppose it.", "Bop Gun (One Nation) \"Bop Gun (One Nation)\" is the third single from Ice Cube's fourth album, Lethal Injection. It samples the Funkadelic song \"One Nation Under a Groove\". It reached number 6 on the Hot Rap Singles chart and number 23 on the Billboard Pop Singles chart.The term \"Bop Gun\" was invented and popularized by Parliament and George Clinton in the 1977 song \"Bop Gun (Endangered Species)\". It is \"shot\" at the funkless people and fills their heart with funk and enlightenment from false ideology.", "Arming America Arming America: The Origins of a National Gun Culture is a discredited 2000 book by Michael A. Bellesiles on American gun culture. The book is an expansion of a 1996 Journal of American History article that uses falsified research to argue that guns were uncommon during peacetime in the early United States and that a culture of gun ownership arose only much later.It initially won the prestigious Bancroft Prize, but later became the first book in that prize's history to have its award rescinded.", "The Way of the Gun The Way of the Gun is a 2000 American action film written and directed by Christopher McQuarrie, and stars Ryan Phillippe, Benicio del Toro, Juliette Lewis, Taye Diggs, Nicky Katt and James Caan. It is considered a cult film.", "Concerned Businessmen's Association of America The Concerned Businessmen's Association of America (CBAA), founded in 1983, is a Scientology-related movement directed at promoting moral education and \"enhanced well-being\". The organization uses L. Ron Hubbard's The Way to Happiness booklet as part of their Set A Good Example (SAGE) program, which holds children's anti-drug contests, and awards grants to participating schools. The Way to Happiness presents Scientology's religious concepts in a secular framework.", "Bob Crow Robert Crow (13 June 1961 – 11 March 2014) was an English trade union leader who served as the General Secretary of the National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers (RMT) from 2002 until his death. He was also a member of the General Council of the Trades Union Congress (TUC).", "Carl Dix Carl Dix is a founding member, and a representative, of the Revolutionary Communist Party, USA (RCP). He is a regular contributor to Revolution newspaper.Dix has long been associated with Bob Avakian.In 1996, Dix co-founded the October 22nd Coalition to Stop Police Brutality, Repression and the Criminalization of Generation.", "Matt Pizzolo Matt Pizzolo (born on Long Island, New York) is an award-winning film director, screenwriter, producer, comic book writer, playwright, and entrepreneur, best known for his work as creator of the transmedia franchise Godkiller, writer-director of the indie movie Threat, and director of music videos for Atari Teenage Riot.He is the organizer of the Occupy Comics project, creators of DiY-Fest, co-founder of Kings Mob Productions with filmmaking partner Katie Nisa, and also runs indie film studio HALO 8 Entertainment and the comic book publisher Black Mask Studios with partners Brett Gurewitz and Steve Niles.Pizzolo is known for mixing new technologies with film, previously unveiling a still in-development, non-linear film format called EtherFilms at San Diego Comic Con.", "Mel Tappan Mel Tappan (1933 – 1980, born Melrose H. Tappan III) was the editor of the newsletter Personal Survival \"\\P.S.\") Letter and the books Survival Guns and Tappan on Survival. Tappan was an influential leader of the Survivalist movement who advocated relocation to survival retreats in lightly populated regions.", "Robert Trivers Robert Ludlow \"Bob\" Trivers (/ˈtrɪvərz/; born February 19, 1943) is an American evolutionary biologist and sociobiologist, who is a Professor of Anthropology and Biological Sciences at Rutgers University. Trivers proposed the theories of reciprocal altruism (1971), parental investment (1972), facultative sex ratio determination (1973), and parent–offspring conflict (1974).", "Karl Gallant Karl M. Gallant is a former staffer for Thomas D. DeLay and the former director of DeLay's Americans for a Republican Majority Political Action Committee (ARMPAC). Gallant ran and served as the registered agent for Ed Buckham's Republican Majority Issues Committee (RMIC).", "Moving America Forward Foundation The Moving America Forward Foundation (MAFF) was a 501(c)(3), formed in Oct. 2003 by Democratic New Mexico governor Bill Richardson. MAFF was dissolved in December 2008 amid news of a pay to play probe involving Governor Richardson's political action committees Moving America Forward, Inc. and Si Se Puede, Inc.", "American Hunters and Shooters Association The American Hunters and Shooters Association (AHSA) was a United States-based non-profit 501(c)(4) organization which operated from 2005 to 2010. The group described itself as a national grassroots organization for responsible gun ownership and advocated for increased gun control.", "Bob Cryer George Robert Cryer (3 December 1934 – 12 April 1994) was a Labour politician in the United Kingdom and founder of the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway.", "Under the Gun (band) Under the Gun was a punk rock group founded in New York City in 1997 by Mickey Lee Ambush (vocals, rhythm guitar) Todd Anthony (vocals, lead guitar) Chrisipline (drums) and Keith Allen (bass, vocals). Todd Anthony left shortly after the band's first few shows and was later replaced by Joe Naylor. Naylor took over bass playing duties after Keith Allen left the band in 1999. Under The Gun, who named themselves after a song by the Circle Jerks, recorded two albums.", "Colorado Alliance for Immigration Reform Colorado Alliance for Immigration Reform (CAIR) is an immigration reduction organization based in Lakewood, Colorado. The organization's goals are the elimination of illegal immigration into Colorado and a more sustainable level of legal immigration nationally.CAIR is part of the grassroots immigration reduction movement and has an action alert system.Members are alerted to pertinent articles in Colorado newspapers and are encouraged to write letters to the editors advocating CAIR's viewpoint.", "National Muzzle Loading Rifle Association Founded in 1933, the National Muzzle Loading Rifle Association (NMLRA) is the largest association of muzzleloaders in the United States. It is known for its promotion of the sport of muzzleloading which involves the firing of muzzleloader or black-powder firearms.", "Paul Helmke Walter Paul Helmke, Jr. (born 1948) is an American politician, and the former president of the Washington, DC-based Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence. He held this position from July 2006 to July 10, 2011. He is a former mayor of Fort Wayne, Indiana and a former president of The United States Conference of Mayors.", "American Crusade Against Lynching The American Crusade Against Lynching (ACAL) was an organization created in 1946 and headed by Paul Robeson, dedicated to eliminating lynching in the United States.", "IANSA (NGO) The International Action Network on Small Arms (IANSA) is an international non-governmental organisation recognised by the United Nations. IANSA is the global movement against gun violence, linking civil society organisations working to stop the proliferation and misuse of small arms and light weapons, and all ownership of firearms by anyone other than a government agency.", "Rick Fantasia Rick Fantasia is a Professor in the Social Sciences at Smith College in the United States and Director of its Kahn Liberal Arts Institute. He frequently conducts research in France, and his research interests include the interaction between labor and culture in the United States and France. He was particularly influenced by the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, and is the Director of the Louise W. and Edmund J. Kahn Liberal Arts Institute.", "Rick Scarborough Rick Scarborough is a Christian right political advocate and former Southern Baptist pastor from Pearland, Texas, who heads Vision America, Vision America Action and the Judeo-Christian Council for Constitutional Restoration.Rick Scarborough received a B.A. from Houston Baptist University, in 1978 he received a M.Div. from Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, and a D.Min. from Louisiana Baptist Theological Seminary in 1996.", "Judeo-Christian Council for Constitutional Restoration The Judeo-Christian Council for Constitutional Restoration is a conservative, religious organization formed in early 2005 that ran the website StopActivistJudges.org. By February 28th 2013, the domain had expired and been acquired by a domain parking company.The council is descended from the Dallas Group. It is currently chaired by Rick Scarborough. The council's executive director is Philip Jauregui, former counsel to Chief Justice Roy Moore.", "Cornerstone Group The Cornerstone Group is a socially conservative or traditional conservative political organisation within the British Conservative Party. The Group espouses traditional values as exemplified by its motto: Faith, Flag, and Family. It comprises Members of Parliament with a traditionalist outlook and was founded in 2005. The Group's president is Edward Leigh and its chairman John Hayes.", "START II START II (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) was a bilateral treaty between the United States of America and Russia on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms. It was signed by United States President George H. W. Bush and Russian President Boris Yeltsin on 3 January 1993, banning the use of multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs) on intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). Hence, it is often cited as the De-MIRV-ing Agreement. It never entered into effect.", "Violence Policy Center The Violence Policy Center (VPC) is an American nonprofit organization that advocates for gun control. Founded in 1988 by Josh Sugarmann, the VPC approaches violence, and firearms violence in particular, as a public health issue affecting the whole population, rather than solely a criminal matter.", "Robert Fellmeth Robert \"\\Bob\") Fellmeth, is a tenured Professor of Law at the University of San Diego School of Law, holder of the Price Chair in Public Interest Law, and executive director of the Center for Public Interest Law and the Children’s Advocacy Institute.", "Provo (movement) Provo was a Dutch counterculture movement in the mid-1960s that focused on provoking violent responses from authorities using non-violent bait. It was preceded by the nozem movement and followed by the hippie movement. Provo was founded, on 25 May 1965, by Robert Jasper Grootveld, an anti-smoking activist, and the anarchists Roel van Duijn and Rob Stolk. The term was used for the movement as a whole and for individual members. Provo was officially disbanded on 13 May 1967.", "Roger Nash Baldwin Roger Nash Baldwin (January 21, 1884 – August 26, 1981) was one of the founders of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). He served as executive director of the ACLU until 1950.Many of the ACLU's original landmark cases took place under his direction, including the Scopes Trial, the Sacco and Vanzetti murder trial, and its challenge to the ban on James Joyce's Ulysses. Baldwin was a well-known pacifist and author.", "ProTell ProTell (formally: \"The Society for Liberal Weapons Rights\") is a Swiss grassroots gun-rights advocacy group based in Bern, Switzerland.Switzerland has a long tradition of gun ownership by civilians, as well as of target shooting practice, probably since 1291 at its very foundation with the first three cantons (Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden).", "Third Force (Northern Ireland) The Third Force' was the name given to a number of attempts by Northern Irish politician Ian Paisley, then leader of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), to create an Ulster loyalist 'defensive militia'.The best known example was the Third Force rallies on 1 April 1981. At a number of these rallies, large groups of men displayed what purported to be firearms certificates. Rallies were held on hillsides near Gortin, Newry, and Armagh.", "Forum Waffenrecht Forum Waffenrecht is a political organization in Germany advocating gun ownership rights. The organization advocates for the rights of law-abiding gun owners while working to reduce gun crime.", "Anti-War Committee The Anti-War Committee (AWC) is a grassroots political organization based in Minneapolis, Minnesota that wants to end U.S. intervention .", "Newfrontiers Newfrontiers (previously New Frontiers International) is a neocharismatic apostolic network of evangelical, charismatic churches founded by Terry Virgo. It forms part of the British New Church Movement, which began in the late 50s and 60s combining features of Pentecostalism with British evangelicalism. Other streams of the British New Church Movement with which it shares some features include Together, Ministries Without Borders, and Life-Links.", "War Resisters League The War Resisters League (WRL) is the oldest secular pacifist organization in the United States. Founded in 1923 by men and women who had opposed World War I, it is a section of the London-based War Resisters' International. It continues to be one of the leading radical voices in the anti-war movement.Many of the organization's founders had been jailed during World War I for refusing military service.", "Refuse & Resist! Refuse & Resist! \"\\R&R!\") was a human rights activist group founded in New York City in 1987 by Emile de Antonio, Dore Ashton, Dennis Brutus, John Gerassi, Abbie Hoffman, William Kunstler, C. Clark Kissinger, Conrad Lynn, Sonia Sanchez, Rev. Fernando Santillana, and other activists who were concerned that the American government, epitomized by U.S. President Ronald Reagan, advocated a far right-wing political program directed against the political rights of its people.", "Richard Landes Richard Allen Landes (born June 26, 1949) is an American historian and author, specializing in Millennialism. He coined the term \"Pallywood\" for what he considers the practice of \"staged filming\" of \"evidence\" against Israel for the benefit of the Palestinians. He currently serves as an associate professor in the Department of History at Boston University. Landes was the director of the now quiescent Center for Millennial Studies.", "Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press (RCFP) is an American nonprofit organization, founded in 1970, that provides free legal assistance to and on behalf of journalists. Its offices are located in Arlington, Virginia, and the executive committee is chaired by Pierre Thomas of ABC News. The steering committee includes Wolf Blitzer, Tony Mauro, Andrea Mitchell, and Judy Woodruff; Walter Cronkite was an active member from 1973 until his death in 2009.", "Bob Black Robert Charles \"Bob\" Black, Jr. (born January 4, 1951) is an American anarchist. He is the author of the books The Abolition of Work and Other Essays, Beneath the Underground, Friendly Fire, Anarchy After Leftism, Defacing the Currency, and numerous political essays.", "Flip Benham Philip \"Flip\" Benham (born April 16, 1948) is an Evangelical Christian minister and the national leader of Concord, North Carolina-based Operation Save America, an anti-abortion group that evolved from another anti-abortion organization, Operation Rescue.", "Nexter Systems Nexter (formerly known as GIAT Industries or Groupement des Industries de l'Armée de Terre, Army Industries Group) is a French government-owned weapons manufacturer, based in Roanne, Loire.", "Robert Jay Mathews Robert Jay Mathews (January 16, 1953 – December 8, 1984) was an American neo-Nazi terrorist and the leader of The Order, an American white supremacist militant group.Mathews burned to death during an intense gunfight with approximately seventy-five federal law enforcement agents who surrounded his house on Whidbey Island, near Freeland, Washington.Mathews' life inspired the production of the 1988 theatrical film Betrayed and the 1999 television film Brotherhood of Murder.", "Families Against Mandatory Minimums Families Against Mandatory Minimums (FAMM) is a USA nonprofit organization founded in 1991 to challenge what they believe to be the inflexible and excessive penalties required by mandatory sentencing laws. FAMM promotes sentencing policies that give judges the discretion to distinguish between defendants and sentence them according to their role in the offense, the seriousness of the offense, and their potential for rehabilitation.", "Business Executives Move for Vietnam Peace Business Executives Move for Vietnam Peace (BEM) was an organization opposed to the Vietnam War. In September 1967 a group of nearly one thousand businessmen formed a national committee opposing United States participation in the Vietnam War. Henry E. Niles, board chairman of Baltimore Life Insurance Company, founded the national group.In 1971, the Chicago Business Executives Move for Vietnam Peace honored Joan Baez with an award for her anti-war work.", "Posse Comitatus (organization) The Posse Comitatus (Latin, \"force of the county\") is a loosely organized, far-right social movement in the United States starting in the late 1960s, whose members spread a conspiracy-minded, anti-government and anti-semitic message in the name of white Christians to counter what they believe is an attack on their social and political rights.Many Posse members practice survivalism and played a role in the formation of the armed citizens' militias in the 1990s.", "April Fifth Action April Fifth Action or AFAG (Chinese: 四五行動) is a Hong Kong Left-wing group named after the first Tiananmen incident of 5 April 1976. While the organization's Chinese name translates as \"April Fifth Action\", English-language media in Hong Kong usually refer to it as the April Fifth Action Group.", "Bobbi DePorter Roberta \"Bobbi\" DePorter is the President of the Quantum Learning Network (QLN) and co-founder of the SuperCamp program. In the late 1970s, DePorter was a co-founder of the Burklyn Business School in Vermont – an avante-garde school that taught traditional business subjects in a non-traditional manner. DePorter studied with Dr.", "Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners The Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners (AFTE) is an international non-profit organization dedicated to the advancement of firearm and tool mark identification, which is one of the forensic sciences.", "Rebecca Peters Rebecca Peters served as Director of the International Action Network on Small Arms (IANSA) from 2002 to 2010. She was still listed on the IANSA board of directors as of April 2012.As chair of the (Australian) National Coalition for Gun Control at the time of the Port Arthur massacre in 1996, Peters played a key role in the introduction of stricter gun control in Australia, an area in which she remains active today.", "Advancement of Sound Science Center The Advancement of Sound Science Center (TASSC), formerly The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition, is an industry-funded lobby group and crisis management vehicle, and was created in 1993 by Phillip Morris and APCO in response to a 1992 United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) report which identified secondhand smoke as a Group A (i.e. confirmed) human carcinogen.", "Jon Wolfsthal Jon Wolfsthal is an American writer, academic, and former government advisor. The author of Deadly Arsenals: Tracking Weapons of Mass Destruction, described by the office of U.S. vice president Joe Biden as \"a globally recognized expert on nuclear security and nonproliferation\", he is currently the deputy director of the James C. Martin Center for nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies.Wolfsthal served at the U.S.", "Rick Prelinger Rick Prelinger (born 1953, Washington, D.C.) is an archivist, associate professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz, writer and filmmaker, and founder of the Prelinger Archives, a collection of 60,000 advertising, educational, industrial, and amateur films acquired by the Library of Congress in 2002 after 20 years' operation.Rick has partnered with the Internet Archive to make over 6,000 films from Prelinger Archives available online for free viewing, downloading and reuse.", "Wayne LaPierre Wayne Robert LaPierre, Jr. (born November 8, 1948) is an American author and gun rights advocate. He is best known for his position as the executive vice president of the National Rifle Association and for his criticism of gun control proponents.", "Robert Lasner Robert Lasner is the co-founder of Ig Publishing, a publishing company based in Brooklyn, New York. His books include For Fucks Sake, a bildungsroman novel which gained somewhat of a cult following, and The Real Republican Dictionary, a satirical dictionary of the Republican lexicon [1]. Lasner also co-edited Proud to be Liberal, a collection of essays from liberal voices in America.", "White Aryan Resistance White Aryan Resistance (WAR) is a neo-Nazi white supremacist organization in the United States founded and led by former Ku Klux Klan Grand Wizard Tom Metzger. It is based in Warsaw, Indiana, and is incorporated as a business. It holds views that are self-described as racist, as seen in its website sections \"Racist Jokes\" and \"Racist Videos,\" and in the tagline for its newspaper The Insurgent: \"the most racist newspaper on earth.\" WAR uses the slogan White Revolution is the Only Solution.", "Russell Bate Russell Bate, OAM is the Country Alliance spokesperson; chairs Majitek Pty Ltd and the Firearms Safety Foundation of Victoria.", "European-American Unity and Rights Organization The European-American Unity and Rights Organization (EURO) is an American organization led by former Grand Wizard of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, David Duke. Founded in 2000, the group has been described as white nationalist and white supremacist.Initially, it was to be called the National Organization for European-American Rights (or NO FEAR), until the use of the name was legally challenged by No Fear Inc.", "Compassion Over Killing Compassion Over Killing (COK) is a nonprofit animal protection organization based in Washington, D.C., founded by Paul Shapiro and currently led by Erica Meier. Formed in 1995, COK's primary campaigns are to advocate against factory farms and promote vegetarian eating. While it welcomes those who are interested in animal welfare who eat meat, the group encourages a transition to a plant-based diet, even if gradual or part-time.", "Americans for a Republican Majority Americans for a Republican Majority (also ARMPAC) was a political action committee formed by former Republican House Majority Leader Tom DeLay and directed by Karl Gallant. On July 7, 2006 ARMPAC reached an agreement with the Federal Election Commission to pay a fine of $115,000 for various violations and to shut down operations. It filed its termination papers on April 24, 2007.", "ARES FMG The ARES FMG is a folding submachine gun designed by Francis J. Warin of Oak Harbor, Ohio, while he worked at Eugene Stoner's ARES Inc. Warin designed the gun for concealment and covert use, describing it as a “businessman’s personal defense weapon”. Allegedly, Warin had the idea of a defense weapon for VIPs and CEOs following the numbers of kidnappings of many of such persons in South America during the early 1980s.", "United States v. Rybar United States of America v. Raymond Rybar, Jr., 103 F.3d 273 (3d Cir. 1996), is a case which was argued before the Third Circuit Court of Appeals on September 13, 1995, and decided on December 30, 1996. The appeal addressed the constitutionality of a provision of the Firearm Owners Protection Act of 1986 under the Commerce Clause and the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution.", "Moral Re-Armament Moral Re-Armament (MRA) was an international moral and spiritual movement that, in 1938, developed from the American minister Frank Buchman's Oxford Group. Buchman headed MRA for 23 years until his death in 1961. In 2001 the movement was renamed Initiatives of Change.", "Linda Thompson (attorney) Linda Thompson (April 26, 1953 – May 10, 2009) was an American attorney, filmmaker, and the founder of the American Justice Federation. In 1993, she quit her job as a lawyer in Indianapolis, Indiana to start the American Justice Federation, a non-profit group that promoted pro-gun and pro-Constitution causes through a shortwave radio program, a computer bulletin board system, and sales of its newsletter and videos.", "Second Amendment Sisters Second Amendment Sisters, Inc. (SAS) is a United States women's gun rights advocacy group that supports gun use for self defense. According to a 2003 Los Angeles Times times article, SAS was founded in December 1999 by five women who were \"outraged\" by the Million Mom March.", "Bob Loveless Robert Waldorf Loveless (January 2, 1929 – September 2, 2010), aka Bob Loveless or RW Loveless, was an American knife maker who designed and popularized the hollowground drop point blade and the use of full tapered tangs and screw-type handle scale fasteners within the art of knifemaking. He is cited by other knifemakers and collectors as one of the most innovative custom knife makers in the world.", "Richard Cowan (cannabis activist) Richard Cowan (born June 26, 1940), former director of the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML), is editor of The Marijuana News, Co-Founder of Freedom Leaf, Inc. and editor in chief of Freedom Leaf Magazine.", "Mark Pitcavage Mark Pitcavage is a historian and critic of far right wing groups. He works with the Anti-Defamation League and was the creator of the now archived Militia Watchdog website. The site has been an archive since 2000 when Pitcavage took the position of Director of Fact Finding for the Anti-Defamation League.", "Magnum Research Magnum Research Inc. (MRI) is an American privately held corporation based in Fridley, Minnesota which manufactures and distributes firearms. The majority owners, Jim Skildum (President and CEO) and John Risdall (Chairman, COO), have been with the company since its founding in 1979.In June 2010, Kahr Arms, an American-based producer of compact pistols, announced its purchase of the Minnesota-based firearms manufacturer.", "Brady Campaign The Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence and the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence are affiliated American nonprofit organizations that advocate for gun control. Together, they are commonly referred to as the Brady Campaign.", "Paul Weyrich Paul Michael Weyrich (October 7, 1942 – December 18, 2008) was an American religious conservative political activist and commentator, most notable as a figurehead of the New Right. He co-founded the conservative think tanks, the Heritage Foundation, the Free Congress Foundation, and the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC). He coined the term \"moral majority\", the name of the political action group Moral Majority that he co-founded in 1979 with Jerry Falwell.", "62 Group The 62 Group was a militant broad-based coalition of anti-fascists in London. It was set up in 1962 largely in response to the resurgence of fascism in Britain at the time, and particularly the creation of Colin Jordan's Nationalist Socialist Movement. It used violence against the remnants of Oswald Mosley's Union Movement, the original British National Party, and the emerging National Front, as well as the NSM.", "Rüdiger Nehberg Rüdiger Nehberg, also known as 'Sir Vival', (born 4 May 1935) is a German human rights activist, author and survival expert who introduced survival training to Europe. He is the founder and chairman of the anti-FGM organization TARGET, and chairman of the organizations Friends of Peoples Close to Nature (German section - Freunde der Naturvölker) and Rettet den Regenwald (Save the Rainforest). He currently lives in Rausdorf near Hamburg, Germany.", "Rob Kampia Rob Kampia is co-founder and executive director of the Marijuana Policy Project, the largest 501(c)(4) nonprofit organization in the U.S. that is solely dedicated to ending cannabis prohibition.", "Counter-Revolutionary Organization on Salvation and Service The Counter-Revolutionary Organization on Salvation and Service (CROSS) was a short-lived white-supremacist group. It was founded by the right-wing evangelist Bill Beeny in St. Louis, Missouri during the mid-1960s, and operated out of Beeny's Saint Louis Baptist Temple. Among other activities, the group mounted \"home-defense seminars\"—an effort to train Temple parishioners in the use of fire-arms in order to thwart the \"black nationalist revolution\" that Beeny warned was imminent.", "Gun Owners of America Gun Owners of America (GOA) is a gun rights organization in the United States with over 300,000 members. It makes efforts to differentiate itself from the larger National Rifle Association (NRA), and has publicly criticized the NRA on multiple occasions for allegedly compromising on gun rights issues and thereby selling out the gun rights movement. The GOA has often been in opposition to the NRA in its endorsements and ratings of politicians and candidates.", "Committee on the Present Danger The Committee on the Present Danger (CPD) is an American foreign policy interest group. Its current stated single goal is \"to stiffen American resolve to confront the challenge presented by terrorism and the ideologies that drive it\" through \"education and advocacy\". Throughout its three iterations—in the 1950s, the 1970s, and the 2000s (decade), it influenced the Presidential administrations of Dwight D. Eisenhower, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, and George W.", "Arlington Group The Arlington Group is a coalition which unites the leaders of prominent Christian conservative organizations in the United States. Founded in 2002 principally through the efforts of American Family Association President Donald Wildmon and Free Congress Foundation Chairman Paul Weyrich, the group seeks to establish consensus goals and strategy among its members and translate its combined constituency into an overwhelming force within the Republican Party, particularly at its highest levels.", "America First Party (2002) The America First Party is a paleoconservative minor party in the United States.The party was formed on April 15, 2002 when a group of Pat Buchanan supporters left the Reform Party. The party is pro-life, opposes all gun control, seeks to end affirmative action, racial quotas, and illegal and unlimited immigration. Buchanan himself has never publicly professed any affiliation with the party, though his books are for sale on the party's website \"[A]utographed... specially for the Party\".", "John Lott John Richard Lott, Jr. (born May 8, 1958) is an American economist, political commentator, and gun rights advocate. Lott was formerly employed at various academic institutions including the University of Chicago, Yale University, the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, and the University of Maryland, College Park, and at the American Enterprise Institute conservative think tank. He is also currently a columnist for FoxNews.com. Lott holds a Ph.D.", "Josh Sugarmann Josh Sugarmann is the executive director and founder of the Violence Policy Center (VPC) and the author of two books on gun control. Prior to founding the VPC, Sugarmann was a press officer in the national office of Amnesty International USA and was the communications director for the National Coalition to Ban Handguns.", "The Anti-Group The Anti-Group Communications, or T.A.G.C. are a side project of Clock DVA.Formed in the early 1980s by Adi Newton (although the idea existed as early as 1978), T.A.G.C. (originally The Anti-Group) was conceived as an open-membership experimental multimedia collective, focused on audio, visual, and textual research and production, as well as performance art and installations.T.A.G.C. audio recordings are released on Newton's Anterior Research Recordings label.", "Bob Vander Plaats Robert Lee \"Bob\" Vander Plaats (born April 12, 1963) is an American politician and political activist. He is currently the president and CEO of The Family Leader, a social conservative organization.", "Bob Corker Robert Phillips \"Bob\" Corker, Jr. (born August 24, 1952) is an American politician and the junior United States Senator from Tennessee, serving since 2007. Corker, a member of the Republican Party, is currently the chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations in the 114th congress.Born in Orangeburg, South Carolina, Corker is a graduate of the University of Tennessee. In 1978 at the age of 25, Corker founded a successful construction company, which he later sold in 1990.", "Bob Perkins Bob Perkins is a judge who sits on the Travis County District Court in Austin, Texas. In November 2005, he was assigned to preside over the Tom DeLay money-laundering case. DeLay's attorneys objected, noting that Perkins was a member of the Democratic Party, and had contributed to the liberal group MoveOn.org which Delay's lawyers allege sold anti-DeLay t-shirts. MoveOn.org denies the sale of the t-shirts and has issued a statement saying so.", "New Black Panther Party The New Black Panther Party for Self-Defense (NBPP) is a U.S.-based black political organization founded in Dallas, Texas, in 1989. Despite its name, NBPP is not an official successor of the Black Panther Party. Members of the original Black Panther Party have insisted that the newer party is illegitimate and have firmly declared, \"There is no new Black Panther Party\".The New Black Panther Party is currently led by Hashim Nzinga.", "Don Kates Don Kates is a retired American lawyer and research fellow with The Independent Institute in Oakland, California who has focused on promoting gun rights. His books include Armed: New Perspectives On Gun Control, Restricting Handguns: The Liberal Skeptics Speak Out, Firearms and Violence: Issues of Public Policy, and The Great American Gun Debate: Essays on Firearms and Violence (with Gary Kleck).", "Bob Rickard Robert \"Bob\" J M Rickard is the founder and editor of the UK magazine Fortean Times: The Journal of Strange Phenomena, which debuted in 1973 under its original title The News. The magazine's express purpose is to continue the documentary work of Charles Fort on the strange, anomalous and unexplained. In addition to his editorial role, Rickard has written several books and hundreds of articles on a wide range of Fortean topics.", "Troops Out Now Coalition The Troops Out Now Coalition (TONC) is a United States anti-war organization, which describes itself as \"a national grassroots coalition of antiwar activists, trade unionists, solidarity activists and community organizers.\" Closely associated with the revolutionary communist Workers World Party, TONC was founded on December 3, 2004 upon the decision of A.N.S.W.E.R. to disassociate itself from the International Action Center and to align itself with the Party for Socialism and Liberation.", "Richard Barrett (lawyer) Richard Barrett (1943 – April 22, 2010) was an American lawyer, white nationalist, and self-proclaimed leader in the nationalist Skinheadz movement. Barrett was a speaker and editor of the All The Way monthly newsletter. He was general counsel of the Nationalist Movement, which he founded in Mississippi.", "Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership (JPFO) is a group dedicated to the preservation of gun rights in the United States and \"to encourage Americans to understand and defend all of the Bill of Rights for everyone\". The group was founded by former firearms dealer Aaron S. Zelman in 1989. The JPFO interprets the Second Amendment as recognizing a pre-existing natural right of individuals to keep and bear arms.", "Robert Sengstacke Abbott Robert Sengstacke Abbott (November 24, 1870 – February 29, 1940) was an African-American lawyer, newspaper publisher and an early African-American Bahá'í. Abbott is the founder of The Chicago Defender newspaper and The Bud Billiken Parade and Picnic.", "Small Arms Working Group The Small Arms Working Group(SAWG) is an alliance of US-based non-governmental groups working together to promote change in US and international policies on small arms. SAWG members believe that small arms proliferation must be countered by more responsible policies on legal sales and international co-operation to reduce illicit trafficking. Participation in SAWG is open to any organizations that support its objectives.", "Second Amendment Foundation The Second Amendment Foundation (SAF) is a United States nonprofit organization that supports gun rights. Founded in 1974 by Alan Gottlieb and headquarter in Bellevue, Washington, SAF publishes gun rights magazines and public education materials, funds conferences, provides media contacts, and has assumed a central role in sponsoring lawsuits.The lobbying affiliate of the SAF in the Citizens Committee for the Right to Keep and Bear Arms (CCRKBA).", "American Front American Front (AF) is a white supremacist organization started in 1987 in San Francisco, California by Bob Heick. It began as a loose organization modeled after the British National Front. Heick began working with Tom Metzger's White Aryan Resistance (WAR) in 1988. Heick and artist Boyd Rice posed for photos in AF uniforms for an article on neo-Nazism in Sassy magazine. Rice claims he was never really a member of the American Front, but that he was friends with Heick.", "Last Amendment Last Amendment (formerly known as The Crass Collective and Crass Agenda) is the working title of a series of collaborations by ex-members of the anarchist punk band Crass and others. Although Crass formally split up in 1984, Penny Rimbaud, Gee Vaucher, Eve Libertine, Steve Ignorant, Andy Palmer and Pete Wright came together in November 2002 to put on a concert at the Queen Elizabeth Hall on London's South Bank in opposition to the at that time proposed War on Iraq." ]	2
most famous award winning actor singer	[ "Levi Kreis\nLevi Kreis (born November 4, 1981) is an American recording artist and Tony award winning actor from Oliver Springs, Tennessee.", "Roshan Ranawana\nRoshan Ranawana (Sinhalese: රොෂාන් රණවන) (born 23 March 1981) is a Sarasaviya Awards winning Sri Lankan actor, singer, and a model. Roshan was awarded the most popular actors award at Derana film awards 2013Ranawana made his acting debut with Hiripoda Wessa (2006) and won a Presidential award for best upcoming actor for his performance.", "Dani Martín\nDaniel Martín García (born 19 February 1977) is a Spanish singer. He was the vocalist of the famous spanish award-winning pop rock band El Canto del Loco (ECDL).", "Eddie Murphy filmography\nEdward Regan \"Eddie\" Murphy (born April 3, 1961) is an American comedian, actor, writer, singer, director, and musician.Thanks to some sketches, it is thought that Rockstar Games originally considered Murphy to define Lance Vance's appearance, and possibly even voicing him in Grand Theft Auto: Vice City. The characters was voiced by Philip Michael Thomas, most famous for Miami Vice.", "Alien Huang\nAlien Huang (traditional Chinese: 黃鴻升; simplified Chinese: 黄鸿升; pinyin: Huáng Hóng Shēng), also known as Xiao Gui (小鬼), is a Taiwanese singer, actor, TV presenter, lyricist, writer, illustrator and fashion designer, born on 28 November 1983.He was formerly part of Japanese TV Asahi's disbanded boy band HC3 in 2002 and Taiwanese Rock Records' disbanded boy band Cosmo (丸子) in 2003.Later, as a solo artist, he has now released many albums and has acted important roles in numerous movies and television dramas.", "Kati Kovács\nKati Kovács (born 25 October 1944), is a Ferenc Liszt and Kossuth Award-winning Hungarian pop-rock singer, performer, lyricist and actress.Probably the most famous singer of Hungary, with dozens of recorded albums, awards and presentations indoor/abroad, international recognition and a very active career until today.Her voice type is Mezzosoprano. Hungarian musical critics have praised her raspy and very strong voice, and they've called her: \"The Best Female Voice of Hungary\".", "Yaza Ne Win\nYaza Ne Win (Burmese: ရာဇာနေဝင်း; pronounced: [jàzà nè wɪ́ɴ]; also Yarzar Ne Win; born 1968) is a Burmese film actor and singer. He was one of the most successful leading men of Burmese cinema during the first half of the 2000s.Ne Win comes from a well known artistic family.", "Devarajan Varadarajan\nDevarajan Varadarajan (Dev) is an Award Winning Singaporean actor, singer and director.", "Andy Lau\nAndy Lau Tak-wah MH, JP (born 27 September 1961) is a Hong Kong Cantopop singer-songwriter, actor, presenter, and film producer. Lau has been one of Hong Kong's most commercially successful film actors since the mid-1980s, performing in more than 160 films while maintaining a successful singing career at the same time.", "Dale Badway\nDale Badway is a Tony Award Winning professional actor, singer, producer and the Executive Producer and Creative Director of Badway on Broadway Productions, most famous for his portrayal of Conrad Birdie in the national tour of Bye Bye Birdie (musical) which played in 26 states and for hosting the TV show, Fame-Wall. He is also the vice-president of the Theatre World Awards.", "Kevin McHale (actor)\nKevin Michael McHale (born June 14, 1988) is an American actor, singer, dancer and voice actor. Formerly of the boy band NLT, McHale is known for his role as Artie Abrams on the Fox television series Glee. As of 2014, he hosts the E4 panel show Virtually Famous in the UK.Kevin McHale is currently one of the four hosts of Sick of My Voice Show on Main Stage on Dash Radio.", "Kishore Kumar\nKishore Kumar (4 August 1929 – 13 October 1987) was an Indian film playback singer, actor, lyricist, composer, producer, director, screenplay writer and scriptwriter. He is considered as one of the most successful playback singers of the Hindi film industry. Apart from Hindi, he sang in many Indian languages including Bengali, Marathi, Assamese, Gujarati, Kannada, Bhojpuri, Malayalam, Odia, and Urdu.", "Karen Clark Sheard\nKaren Clark-Sheard (born Karen Valencia Clark; November 15, 1960) is an American gospel four-time Grammy Award winning singer, musician, and songwriter. The youngest daughter of pioneering gospel choral director Mattie Moss Clark, Sheard began her career as a member of the Grammy-Award winning, gospel legendary female group, The Clark Sisters.", "John Legend\nJohn Roger Stephens (born December 28, 1978), better known by his stage name John Legend, is an American singer, songwriter, and actor. He has won nine Grammy Awards, one Golden Globe, and one Academy Award. In 2007, Legend received the special Starlight Award from the Songwriters Hall of Fame.Prior to the release of Legend's debut album, his career gained momentum through a series of successful collaborations with multiple established artists.", "Tony Leung Chiu-wai\nTony Leung Chiu-wai (born 27 June 1962) is a Hong Kong actor and C-pop singer. He was the winner of Cannes Film Festival for Best Actor for his role in Wong Kar-wai's film In the Mood for Love.", "Denis King\nDenis Andrew King (born 25 July 1939, Hornchurch, Essex) is an English Ivor Novello award-winning composer, singer and actor. He began his musical career at the age of six as a banjolele-playing singer at children's matinees and by the age of thirteen, with his two older brothers, Mike and Tony, was a member of one of the most successful pop groups of the Fifties and Sixties, The King Brothers— considered by many to be Britain’s first Boy Band.", "Simone Kleinsma\nSimone Kleinsma (born 8 May 1958) is an award winning musical theatre actress in the Netherlands.", "Dwight Yoakam\nDwight David Yoakam (born October 23, 1956) is an American singer-songwriter, actor and film director, most famous for his pioneering country music. Popular since the early 1980s, he has recorded more than 21 albums and compilations, charted more than 30 singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts, and sold more than 25 million records. He has recorded 5 Billboard #1 Albums, 12 Gold Albums, and 9 Platinum Albums, including the Triple Platinum This Time.", "Kevin Costner\nKevin Michael Costner (born January 18, 1955) is an American actor, film director, producer, musician, and singer. He has won two Academy Awards, three Golden Globe Awards, and one Emmy Award, and has been nominated for three BAFTA (British Academy of Film and Television Arts) Awards. In 2013, he was awarded the Honorary César.Costner's notable roles include Eliot Ness in The Untouchables, Crash Davis in Bull Durham, Ray Kinsella in Field of Dreams, Lt. John J.", "Jamie Foxx\nEric Marlon Bishop (born December 13, 1967), known professionally as Jamie Foxx, is an American actor, singer, comedian, writer, and producer.As an actor, his work in the 2004 Ray Charles biographical film Ray earned him the Academy Award and BAFTA Award for Best Actor as well as the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a musical or comedy. The same year, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in the action film Collateral.", "Jordan Scott Gilbert\nJordan Scott Gilbert is an Award winning Broadway/TV/film actor, singer, director, writer, and producer, most recently co-producing the Tony Award-nominated Broadway production of Ghost the Musical, for which he was named BROADWAY PRODUCER OF THE YEAR by Broadway Global, Examiner, and received a Drama League award nomination, among other honors.", "Ernst Rolf\nErnst Rolf (1891–1932), was a Swedish actor, singer and musical revue artist.Rolf was born in Falun in the Swedish province of Dalarna, where his father was a tailor and member of the temperance movement. His musical talent was evident from the start when even as a young child he performed at IOGT meetings. He would sing while his older brother Birger played the piano.In 1906 Rolf found work at the Åhlén & Holm mail order company in Insjön, Dalarna.", "Leo Ku\nLeo Ku Kui-Kei is a Hong Kong Cantopop and Mandopop singer, actor, TV host, model, cartoonist, MV director, and producer and designer, a major figure in popular music culture. Ku was selected the \"Ten Outstanding Young Persons of Hong Kong\" in 2005 by the Government of Hong Kong. He is one of the few Cantopop artists who employ the use of falsetto (假音) – Because of this, many people, including David Tao, have praised this unique talent.", "Miyuki Nakajima\nMiyuki Nakajima (中島みゆき, Nakajima Miyuki) (born February 23, 1952, Sapporo, Hokkaidō, Japan) is a Japanese singer-songwriter and radio personality. She has released 37 studio albums, 40 singles, 2 live albums and multiple compilations as of May 2013. Her sales have been estimated at more than 21 million copies.In the mid-1970s, Nakajima signed to Canyon Records and launched her recording career with her debut single, \"Azami Jō no Rarabai\" (アザミ嬢のララバイ).", "Rick Crom\nRick Crom (born March 15, 1957) is an award-winning American actor, singer, comedian, lyricist, and composer. He has appeared in numerous television shows and specials, Broadway and off-Broadway musicals, as well as written several off-Broadway revues, and has 3 times been nominated for the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lyrics.", "Bret McKenzie\nBret Peter Tarrant McKenzie, ONZM (born 29 June 1976) is a New Zealand comedian, actor, musician and producer, best known for being one half of the Grammy Award winning musical comedy duo Flight of the Conchords along with Jemaine Clement. The duo's comedy and music became the basis of a BBC radio series and then an American television series, which aired for two seasons on HBO.", "Fiona Sit\nFiona Sit (born 11 August 1981) is a Chinese Cantopop singer and actress from Hong Kong.", "Ellis Hollins\nEllis Hollins (born 14 November 1999) is a British Soap Award winning child actor. He is most famous for playing the role Tom Cunningham in the British Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks, which he has played since 1999, only being weeks old. In 2006, he appeared in Alpha Male, a family film released in the United Kingdom.", "Michael Jackson\nMichael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, and actor.", "Sulakshana Pandit\nSulakshana Pratap Narain Pandit is a Filmfare Award winning playback singer and actor. Her brothers are the composing duo Jatin Lalit and her younger sister is Vijeta Pandit who achieved fame with her debut movie Love Story. Her uncle is the accomplished classical vocalist Pandit Jasraj.", "Leslie Cheung\nLeslie Cheung Kwok Wing (12 September 1956 – 1 April 2003) was a Hong Kong singer, actor and film producer. He is considered as \"one of the founding fathers of Cantopop\" by \"combining a hugely successful film and music career.\"He rose to prominence as a teen heartthrob and pop icon of Hong Kong in the 1980s, receiving numerous music awards including both Most Popular Male Artist Awards at the 1988 and 1989 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards.", "Craig McLachlan\nCraig Dougall McLachlan (born 1 September 1965) is a Gold Logie award winning Australian actor, musician and singer and composer. He has been involved in film, television and music theatre for 25 years. He is best known for appearing in the soap operas Neighbours and Home and Away and the BBC One spy drama Bugs.", "Ron Moody\nRon Moody (born Ronald Moodnick; 8 January 1924 – 11 June 2015) was a British actor, best known for his Golden Globe-winning and Oscar-nominated performance as Fagin in Oliver! He holds the distinction of having portrayed Merlin the wizard in two Disney films, Unidentified Flying Oddball and A Kid in King Arthur's Court.", "John Kraaijkamp, Sr.\nJan Hendrik (John) Kraaijkamp, Sr. (19 April 1925 – 17 July 2011) was a Dutch Golden Calf and Louis d'Or winning actor, comedian and singer. For years, he formed a comedy team with Rijk de Gooyer. One of The Netherlands' most popular comedians, praised for his perfect timing, he also played in more serious plays, including the title role in King Lear (1979) and in the Academy Award winning WOII drama film The Assault (1986).", "Anuj Gurwara\nAnuj Gurwara is a Filmfare Award winning playback singer, master of ceremonies, actor, voice artist, radio jockey and television show host, from Mumbai, India.", "Eminem\nMarshall Bruce Mathers III (born October 17, 1972), better known by his stage name Eminem, is an American rapper, record producer, singer and songwriter from Detroit, Michigan. In addition to his solo career, he is a member of D12 and (with Royce da \"'9\\) half of the hip-hop duo Bad Meets Evil. Eminem is the best-selling artist of the 2000s in the United States; Rolling Stone ranked him 83rd on its list of 100 Greatest Artists of All Time, calling him the King of Hip Hop.", "Leonard Crofoot\nLeonard John Crofoot (born September 20, 1948 in Utica, New York) is an actor, singer, dancer, writer and choreographer. He is also credited as 'Leonard Crofoot.'Crofoot has performed extensively on Broadway. His appearances include his Drama-Logue Critics Award-winning role of \"Tom Thumb\" in Barnum (1980) and in the original Broadway shows The Happy Time (1968), Come Summer (1969), Grind (1985) and Gigi (1973) and as replacement in American Dance Machine (1978)." ]	[ "Jennifer Jones Jennifer Jones (March 2, 1919 – December 17, 2009), also known as Jennifer Jones Simon, was an American actress during the Hollywood golden years. Jones, who won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in The Song of Bernadette (1943), was also Academy Award-nominated for her performances in four other films. She married three times, most notably to film producer David O.", "Freddie Bartholomew Frederick Cecil Bartholomew (March 28, 1924 – January 23, 1992), known for his acting work as Freddie Bartholomew, was an English-American child actor. One of the most famous child actors of all time, he became very popular in 1930s Hollywood films.", "Ringo Starr Richard Starkey, MBE (born 7 July 1940), known professionally as Ringo Starr, is an English musician and actor who gained worldwide fame as the drummer for the Beatles. He occasionally sang lead vocals, usually for one song on an album, including \"With a Little Help from My Friends\", \"Yellow Submarine\" and their cover of \"Act Naturally\".", "Cliff Richard Sir Cliff Richard OBE (born Harry Rodger Webb; 14 October 1940) is a British pop singer, musician, performer, actor and philanthropist. Richard has sold more than 250 million records worldwide.", "Roy Acuff Roy Claxton Acuff (September 15, 1903 – November 23, 1992) was an American country music singer, fiddler, and promoter. Known as the \"King of Country Music,\" Acuff is often credited with moving the genre from its early string band and \"hoedown\" format to the star singer-based format that helped make it internationally successful. In 1952 Hank Williams told Ralph Gleason, \"He's the biggest singer this music ever knew. You booked him and you didn't worry about crowds.", "José Ferrer José Vicente Ferrer de Otero y Cintrón (January 8, 1912 – January 26, 1992), best known as José Ferrer, was a Puerto Rican actor, theater, and film director. He was the first Puerto Rican actor, as well as the first Hispanic actor, to win an Academy Award (in 1950, for Cyrano de Bergerac).To honor his roots, he donated his Oscar award to the University of Puerto Rico. The prolific and distinguished thespian also won several Tony Awards.", "Peter Wolf Peter Wolf (born Peter W. Blankfield; March 7, 1946) is an American rhythm and blues, soul and rock and roll musician, best known as the lead vocalist for the J. Geils Band from 1967 to 1983; and for a successful solo career with writing partner Will Jennings. Wolf married actress Faye Dunaway in 1974. The marriage ended in divorce in 1979.", "Dean Martin Dean Martin (born Dino Paul Crocetti; June 7, 1917 – December 25, 1995) was an American singer, actor, comedian, and film producer.One of the most popular and enduring American entertainers of the mid-20th century, Martin was nicknamed the \"King of Cool\" for his seemingly effortless charisma and self-assuredness. He and Jerry Lewis were partners in the immensely popular comedy team \"Martin and Lewis\".", "Leonardo DiCaprio Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio (/dɨˈkæpri.oʊ/; born November 11, 1974) is an American actor and film producer. He has been nominated for ten Golden Globe Awards, winning two, and five Academy Awards.DiCaprio began his career by appearing in television commercials, after which he had recurring roles in TV series such as the soap opera Santa Barbara and the sitcom Growing Pains in the early 1990s.", "Dennis Quaid Dennis William Quaid (born April 9, 1954) is an American actor known for a wide variety of dramatic and comedic roles. First gaining widespread attention in the 1980s, his career rebounded in the 1990s after he overcame an addiction to drugs and an eating disorder. Some of his notable credits include Breaking Away, The Right Stuff, Wyatt Earp, The Rookie, The Day After Tomorrow, Traffic, Vantage Point, Footloose, Frequency, The Parent Trap, Yours Mine and Ours and Soul Surfer.", "Jorge Negrete Jorge Alberto Negrete Moreno (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈxorxe neˈɣɾete]; 30 November 1911 – 5 December 1953) is considered one of the most popular Mexican singers and actors of all time.", "Neil Diamond Neil Leslie Diamond (born January 24, 1941) is an American singer-songwriter and musician with a career that began in the 1960s. Diamond has sold over 125 million records worldwide, making him one of the world's best-selling artists of all time. He is the third most successful adult contemporary artist on the Billboard charts behind Elton John and one-time duet partner Barbra Streisand.", "Tom Jones (singer) Sir Thomas Jones Woodward, OBE (born 7 June 1940), is a Welsh singer known by his stage name Tom Jones. He became one of the most popular vocalists to emerge from the mid-1960s.", "Uttam Kumar Uttam Kumar (3 September 1926 – 24 July 1980) (born as Arun Kumar Chatterjee) was an Indian film actor, director, producer, singer and music composer, playback singer who predominantly worked in Indian Cinema.He is widely regarded as the greatest actor of Bengali cinema, and also among the greatest actors ever in India. Through his career he earned commercial as well as critical success, and he remains as an Indian cultural \"con,\\Raj Kapoor said Uttam is \"Smart Modern Hero of India\".", "Charles King (vaudevillian) Charles King (October 31, 1886 – January 11, 1944) was a vaudeville and Broadway actor who also starred in several movies. He starred as the leading actor in the hit MGM movie, The Broadway Melody (1929), the first all-talking film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture.", "Sinatra Sings Days of Wine and Roses, Moon River, and Other Academy Award Winners Sinatra Sings Days of Wine and Roses, Moon River, and Other Academy Award Winners (or simply Academy Award Winners) is a 1964 album by Frank Sinatra, focusing on songs that won the Academy Award for Best Song. The orchestra is arranged and conducted by Nelson Riddle.", "Charles Santley Sir Charles Santley (28 February 1834 – 22 September 1922) was an English-born opera and oratorio star with a bravura technique who became the most eminent English baritone and male concert singer of the Victorian era. His has been called 'the longest, most distinguished and most versatile vocal career which history records.'Santley appeared in many major opera and oratorio productions in Great Britain and North America, giving numerous recitals as well.", "Ernest Borgnine Ermes Effron Borgnino, known as Ernest Borgnine (/ˈbɔrɡnaɪn/; January 24, 1917 – July 8, 2012) was an American film and television actor whose career spanned more than six decades. He was an unconventional lead in many films of the 1950s, winning the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1955 for Marty. On television, he played Quinton McHale in the 1962–1966 series McHale's Navy and co-starred in the mid-1980s action series Airwolf, in addition to a wide variety of other roles.", "Wayne Newton Carson Wayne Newton (born April 3, 1942) is an American singer and entertainer. One of the best-known entertainers in Las Vegas, Nevada, he is known by the nicknames The Midnight Idol, Mr. Las Vegas and Mr. Entertainment. His well known songs include 1972's \"Daddy, Don't You Walk So Fast\" (his biggest hit, peaking at No. 4 on the Billboard chart), \"Years\" (1980), and his vocal version of \"Red Roses for a Blue Lady\" (1965).", "Tom London Tom London (August 24, 1889 – December 5, 1963) was an American veteran actor who played frequently in B-Westerns. According to The Guinness Book of Movie Records, London is credited with appearing in the most films in the history of Hollywood, this according to the 2001 book Film Facts, where it states that he was the performer who played in the most films was \"Tom London, who made his first of over 2000 appearances in the The Great Train Robbery.", "BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Best Actor in a Leading Role is a British Academy Film award presented annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) to recognize an actor who has delivered an outstanding leading performance in a film.", "List of Academy Award Best Actor winners by age This is a list of winners of the Academy Award for Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role, presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) to an actor who has delivered an outstanding performance while working within the film industry.", "Glen Campbell Glen Travis Campbell (born April 22, 1936) is an American country music singer, guitarist, songwriter, television host, and occasional actor. He is best known for a series of hits in the 1960s and 1970s, and for hosting a variety show called The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour on CBS television.During his 50 years in show business, Campbell has released more than 70 albums. He has sold 45 million records and accumulated 12 RIAA Gold albums, 4 Platinum albums and 1 Double-Platinum album.", "Jackie Cooper John Cooper, Jr. (September 15, 1922 – May 3, 2011), known as Jackie Cooper, was an American actor, television director, producer and executive. He was a child actor who managed to make the transition to an adult career. Cooper was the first child actor to receive an Academy Award nomination. At age 9, he was also the youngest performer to have been nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role—an honor that he received for the film Skippy (1931).", "Robert Plant Robert Anthony Plant, CBE (born 20 August 1948) is an English musician, singer, and songwriter best known as the lead singer and lyricist of the rock band Led Zeppelin. A powerful and wide vocal range (particularly evident in his high-pitched vocals) have given him a successful solo career spanning over 40 years. Plant is regarded as one of the greatest singers in the history of rock and roll, and has influenced musicians such as Freddie Mercury, Axl Rose and Chris Cornell.", "Adrien Brody Adrien Brody (born April 14, 1973) is an American actor. He received widespread recognition and acclaim after starring in Roman Polanski's The Pianist (2002), for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor at age 29, making him the youngest actor to win in that category. Brody is also the only male American actor to receive the French César Award.", "James Caan James Edmund Caan (born March 26, 1940) is an American actor. After early roles in films such as El Dorado (1966), Caan came into prominence in the 1970s with significant roles in films such as Brian's Song (1971) The Godfather (1972), The Gambler (1974), Rollerball (1975), and A Bridge Too Far (1977). Some of Caan's subsequent notable performances include roles in Thief (1981), Misery (1990), and Elf (2003), as well as the role of \"Big Ed\" Deline in the television series Las Vegas (2003-2008).", "Geoffrey Rush Geoffrey Roy Rush AC (born 6 July 1951) is an internationally renowned Australian actor and film producer. He is the youngest of the few people who have won the \"Triple Crown of Acting\": an Academy Award, a Tony Award and an Emmy Award. He has won one Academy Award for acting (from four nominations), three British Academy Film Awards (from five nominations), two Golden Globe Awards and four Screen Actors Guild Awards.", "Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor The Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor is chosen by a distinguished panel of judges from the Indian \"Bollywood\" film industry and the winners are announced in January. The first award was given to Anupam Kher. Saif Ali Khan, having won the award thrice, has more awards than any other actor in this category.", "Cloris Leachman Cloris Leachman (born April 30, 1926) is an American actress of stage, film, and television. She has won eight Primetime Emmy Awards (more than any other performer) and one Daytime Emmy Award. She co-starred in the 1971 film The Last Picture Show for which she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.As Miss Chicago, Leachman competed in the 20th Miss America pageant and placed in the Top 16 in 1946.", "Bette Midler Bette Midler (born December 1, 1945), also known by her informal stage name The Divine Miss M, is an American singer, songwriter, actress, comedian, and film producer. In a career spanning almost half a century, Midler has been nominated for two Academy Awards, and won three Grammy Awards, four Golden Globes, three Emmy Awards, and a special Tony Award.", "Martin Sheen Ramón Antonio Gerardo Estévez (born August 3, 1940), better known by his stage name Martin Sheen, is an American actor who first achieved fame with roles in the films Badlands (1973) and Apocalypse Now (1979).Other notable films in Sheen's career include Gettysburg (1993), The Departed (2006), and The Amazing Spider-Man (2012).", "Ben Affleck Benjamin Geza Affleck-Boldt (born August 15, 1972), better known as Ben Affleck, is an American actor, film director, screenwriter and producer. He has won two Academy Awards and three Golden Globe Awards.Affleck began his career as a child actor, starring in the PBS educational series The Voyage of the Mimi (1984, 1988). He later appeared in Dazed and Confused (1993) and various Kevin Smith films including Chasing Amy (1997) and Dogma (1999).", "Helen Mirren Dame Helen Lydia Mirren, DBE (née Mironoff; born 26 July 1945), is an English actor. Mirren began her acting career with the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1967, and is one of the few performers who have achieved the Triple Crown of Acting, having won the Academy Award for Best Actress in 2007, after two previous nominations, for her performance as Elizabeth II in The Queen.", "Zhou Xuan Zhou Xuan (August 1, 1918 – September 22, 1957), also romanized as Chow Hsuan, was an iconic Chinese singer and film actress. By the 1940s, she had become one of China's seven great singing stars. She was the best known of the seven, nicknamed the \"Golden Voice\", and had a concurrent movie career until 1953. She recorded more than 200 songs and appeared in over 40 films in her career.", "Charley Pride Charley Frank Pride (born March 18, 1938) is an American country music singer, musician/guitarist, recording artist, performer, and business owner. His greatest musical success came in the early- to mid-1970s when he became the best-selling performer for RCA Records since Elvis Presley. In total, he has garnered 39 No.", "List of one-word stage names This is a list of notable people best known by a stage name consisting of a single word.This list does not include the many famous people who are commonly referred to by their surname (e.g., Liberace, Mantovani, Mozart, Shakespeare); it is quite common and regular for surnames to be used to identify historic and pop culture figures.People marketed on promotional material using their given name as a mononym, such as Prince Rogers Nelson and Madonna Louise Ciccone, are included.", "Frankie Valli Frankie Valli (born Francesco Stephen Castelluccio; May 3, 1934) is an American popular singer, known as the frontman of The Four Seasons beginning in 1960. He is known for his unusually powerful falsetto voice.Valli scored 29 Top 40 hits with The Four Seasons, one Top 40 hit under The Four Seasons' alias 'The Wonder Who?', and nine Top 40 hits as a solo artist.", "List of awards and nominations received by Beyoncé Beyoncé is an American singer, songwriter, actress, and entrepreneur. With a total of 20 awards and 53 nominations from the Grammys for her music (as a solo artist and with Destiny's Child), she is the most nominated woman in Grammy history.", "Jampa Tsering Jampa Tsering (Tibetan: བྱམས་པ་ཚེ་རིང་, Wylie: Byams-pa Tse-ring was a Tibetan pop singer and dancer.Born in Lhasa in the early 1960s, Jampa Tsering became famous in the late 1980s and early 1990s, releasing an immensely popular album, Gnas mchog gi glu dbyangs (Songs of the Holy Land), including songs such as \"Aro Khampa\" (\"Hey, Khampa\"); \"Ngai tsewai Lhasa\" (\"My Beloved Lhasa\"); and \"Cha chig yinna samchung\" (\"I Wished, If Only I Was A Bird\").Jampa Tsering studied music in the Shanghai Conservatoire for about seven years, learning piano. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jampa_Tsering?oldid=592822777> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/William_Schallert> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> William Joseph Schallert (born July 6, 1922) is an American character actor who has appeared in many films and in such television series as Perry Mason, The Smurfs, Jefferson Drum, Philip Marlowe, The Rat Patrol, Gunsmoke, Star Trek, The Patty Duke Show, 87th Precinct, The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis, The Waltons, The Partridge Family, Bonanza, Wanted: Dead or Alive, Leave It to Beaver, The Dick Van Dyke Show, Love, American Style, Get Smart, Lawman, Combat!, The Wild Wild West and in later years, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Medium and True Blood.As with many character actors with long careers, Schallert's face is more recognizable than his name.", "Gregory Peck Eldred Gregory Peck (April 5, 1916 – June 12, 2003) was an American actor. One of the world's most popular film stars from the 1940s to the 1960s, Peck continued to play major film roles until the late 1970s. His performance as Atticus Finch in the 1962 film To Kill a Mockingbird earned him the Academy Award for Best Actor.", "Mario Lanza Mario Lanza (born Alfred Arnold Cocozza; January 31, 1921 – October 7, 1959) was an American tenor, actor and Hollywood film star of the late 1940s and the 1950s.Lanza began studying to be a professional singer at the age of 16. After appearing at the Hollywood Bowl in 1947, Lanza signed a seven-year film contract with Louis B. Mayer, the head of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer who saw his performance and was impressed by his singing.", "Harvey Fierstein Harvey Forbes Fierstein (born June 6, 1954) is an American actor, playwright, and voice actor.Fierstein has won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play for his own play Torch Song Trilogy (about a gay drag-performer and his quest for true love and family) and the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical for playing Edna Turnblad in Hairspray.", "Lionel Richie Lionel Brockman Richie, Jr. (born June 20, 1949) is an American singer, songwriter, musician, record producer and actor. Beginning in 1968, he was a member of the musical group Commodores signed to Motown Records. Richie made his solo debut in 1982 with the album Lionel Richie and the number-one hit \"Truly\". He has sold more than 100 million records worldwide, making him one of the world's best-selling artists of all time.", "Richard Kiley Richard Paul Kiley (March 31, 1922 – March 5, 1999) was an American stage, television, and film actor. He is best known for his distinguished theatrical career in which he twice won the Tony Award for Best Actor In A Musical. Kiley created the role of Don Quixote in the original 1965 production of the Broadway musical Man of La Mancha and was the first to sing and record \"The Impossible Dream\", the hit song from the show.", "Luise Rainer Luise Rainer (12 January 1910 – 30 December 2014) was a German and American film actress. She was the first actor to win multiple Academy Awards and the first person to win them consecutively. At the time of her death, she was the longest-lived individual ever to have received an Academy Award.Rainer began acting in Germany at age 16, being trained by Austria's leading stage director, Max Reinhardt.", "Kelly Clarkson Kelly Brianne Clarkson (born April 24, 1982) is an American singer and songwriter. She rose to fame in 2002 after winning the first season of American Idol, and has since been established as \"The Original American Idol.\" Her debut single, \"A Moment Like This\", topped the US Billboard Hot 100 and became the best-selling single of 2002 in the United States. She became the runner-up of World Idol the following year.", "Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor The following is a list of Saturn Award winners for Best Supporting Actor (in a film). Burgess Meredith, Ian Mckellen and Andy Serkis are the only actors that have won the award multiple times (twice), while only Javier Bardem and Heath Ledger have won both the Saturn Award and the Academy Award for Best Supporting \"ctor.Notes:\\†\" indicates an Academy Award-winning actor on the same category.\"‡\" indicates an Academy Award-nominated actor on the same category.", "Best Actress Best Actress is the name of an award which is presented by various film, television and theatre organizations, festivals, and people's awards to leading actresses in a film, television series, television film or play.The first Best Actress award was awarded for acting in a film, on May 16, 1929 by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) at the Academy Awards to Janet Gaynor for her role of Diane in 7th Heaven, Angela in Street Angel and The Wife - Indre in Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans.", "Sidney Poitier Sir Sidney Poitier, KBE (/ˈpwɑːtjeɪ/ or /ˈpwɑːti.eɪ/; born February 20, 1927), is a Bahamian-American actor, film director, author and diplomat.In 1964, Poitier became the first Bahamian and first African-American to win an Academy Award for Best Actor, for his role in Lilies of the Field.", "Irene Cara Irene Cara (born Irene Cara Escalera; March 18, 1959) is an American singer, songwriter and actress. She became famous for her role as Coco Hernandez in the 1980 film Fame, earning her a Golden Globe nomination, and her recording of the song \"Fame\" became an international hit. Cara won an Academy Award in 1984 in the category of Best Original Song for co-writing \"Flashdance... What a Feeling\", which also became an international hit.", "Matt Monro Matt Monro (1 December 1930 – 7 February 1985), known as The Man With The Golden Voice, was an English singer who became one of the most popular entertainers on the international music scene during the 1960s and 1970s. Throughout his 30-year career, he filled cabarets, nightclubs, music halls, and stadiums in Australia, Japan, the Philippines, and Hong Kong to Africa, the Middle East, Europe, and the Americas.", "Erik Santos Rhoderick Ramos Santos (born October 10, 1982), more commonly known as simply Erik Santos, is a Filipino singer, actor, TV host, commercial model, and the first Grand Champion of the ABS-CBN singing competition Star In A Million Season 1 in 2003.Erik Santos was ABS-CBN’s Star In A Million Grand Champion last January 2004. A young balladeer known for his soulful voice, Erik made his way to stardom through the music scene owing the title Prince of Pop .", "Barry Manilow Barry Manilow (born Barry Alan Pincus; June 17, 1943) is an American singer-songwriter and producer. He is best known for such recordings as \"Mandy\", \"Can't Smile Without You\", and \"Copacabana (At the Copa)\".In 1978, five of his albums were on the best-seller charts simultaneously, a feat equalled only by Herb Alpert, The Beatles, Frank Sinatra, Michael Jackson, Bruce Springsteen, and Johnny Mathis.", "Tab Hunter Tab Hunter (born Arthur Andrew Kelm; July 11, 1931) is an American actor, singer, and author who has starred in over 40 films.", "Marlee Matlin Marlee Beth Matlin (born August 24, 1965) is an American actress. She won the Academy Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for Children of a Lesser God (1986), and is both the only deaf performer to win the award, and, at 21, the youngest to date. Her work in film and television has resulted in a Golden Globe award, with two additional nominations, and four Emmy nominations. Deaf since she was 18 months old, she is also a prominent member of the National Association of the Deaf.", "Mithun Chakraborty Gourang Chakraborty, better known by his stage name Mithun Chakraborty (Bengali: মিঠুন চক্রবর্তী); informally referred to as Mithun Da, is an Indian film actor, singer, producer, writer, social worker, entrepreneur and a Rajya Sabha Member of Parliament. He is the recipient of three National Film Awards.", "Harold Russell Harold John Avery Russell (January 14, 1914 – January 29, 2002) was a Canadian-American World War II veteran who became one of only two non-professional actors to win an Academy Award for acting (the other being Haing S. Ngor). Russell also holds the unique honor of receiving two Academy Awards for the same role.", "IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor The IIFA Best Supporting Actor is chosen by the viewers and the winner is announced at the ceremony. Saif Ali Khan, Arjun Rampal and Abhishek Bachchan are leading with 2 wins.", "Philip Ahn Philip Ahn (March 29, 1905 – February 28, 1978) was a Korean-American actor. He was the first Asian American film actor to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.", "Morris Day Morris E. Day (born 1957) is an American musician, composer, and actor. He is best known as the lead singer of The Time.", "Josh Groban Joshua Winslow \"Josh\" Groban (born February 27, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, actor, and record producer. His first four solo albums have been certified multi-platinum, and he was charted in 2007 as the number-one best selling artist in the United States, with over 22.3 million records in the nation. To date, he has sold over 25 million records worldwide.Groban originally studied acting, but moved to singing as his voice developed.", "Kumar Sanu Kedarnath Bhattacharya, better known as Kumar Sanu (born 20 October 1957), is an Indian singer. Kumar Sanu is one of the most popular playback singers of Bollywood. He holds the Guinness Book world record for recording the maximum number of songs in a day, which are 28. He is noted for his contributions as a playback singer in Bollywood. He was awarded the Filmfare Best Male Playback Singer Award for five consecutive years.", "David Hasselhoff David Michael Hasselhoff (born July 17, 1952), nicknamed \"The Hoff,\" is an American actor, singer, producer, and businessman. He is a multi-setter of Guinness World Records, being the most watched man on TV and having the highest reverse bungee jump.He first gained recognition on The Young and The Restless, playing Dr. Snapper Foster. His career continued with his leading role as Michael Knight on Knight Rider and as L.A. County Lifeguard Mitch Buchannon in the series Baywatch.", "Frank Sinatra Francis Albert \"Frank\" Sinatra (/sɨˈnɑːtrə/; December 12, 1915 – May 14, 1998) was an American singer, actor, director, and film producer. Beginning his musical career in the swing era as a boy singer with Harry James and Tommy Dorsey, Sinatra found success as a solo artist from the early to mid-1940s after being signed by Columbia Records in 1943. The idol of the \"bobby soxers\", he released his first album, The Voice of Frank Sinatra, in 1946.", "Lawrence Tibbett Lawrence Mervil Tibbett (November 16, 1896 – July 15, 1960) was a famous American opera singer and recording artist who also performed as a film actor and radio personality. A baritone, he sang leading roles with the New York Metropolitan Opera company more than 600 times from 1923 to 1950. He performed diverse musical theatre roles, including Captain Hook in Peter Pan in a touring show.", "Harry Connick, Jr. Joseph Harry Fowler Connick, Jr. (born September 11, 1967) is an American singer, musician, and actor. He has sold over 28 million albums worldwide. Connick is ranked among the top 60 best-selling male artists in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America, with 16 million in certified sales.", "Luciano Pavarotti Luciano Pavarotti, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI (Italian pronunciation: [luˈtʃano pavaˈrɔtti]; 12 October 1935 – 6 September 2007) was an Italian operatic tenor who also crossed over into popular music, eventually becoming one of the most commercially successful tenors of all time.", "National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer The following is a list of winners of the National Film Award (Silver Lotus Award) for Best Male Playback singer. The award was first granted to Mahendra Kapoor in the year 1967. The singer with the most awards in this category is K. J. Yesudas with seven wins for three different languages (Malayalam, Telugu & Hindi), followed by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam who won six times for 4 different languages; Hindi, Kannada, Tamil and Telugu.", "Stardust Award for Star of the Year – Male The Stardust Star of the Year Award – Male is chosen by the readers of the annual Stardust magazine. The award honours a star that has made an impact with their acting in a film. The first actor to receive this awards was Ajay Devgan in 2003. Frequent winners include Shah Rukh Khan, Akshay Kumar and Sanjay Dutt with 3 Awards, whilst Amitabh Bachchan and Salman Khan have 2 awards each.", "Sarah Bernhardt Sarah Bernhardt (French: [sa.ʁa bɛʁ.nɑʁt]; c. 22/23 October 1844 – 26 March 1923) was a French stage and early film actress. She was referred to as \"the most famous actress the world has ever known\". Bernhardt made her fame on the stages of France in the 1870s, at the beginning of the Belle Epoque period, and was soon in demand in Europe and the Americas. She developed a reputation as a serious dramatic actress, earning the nickname \"The Divine Sarah\".", "List of people who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards Twelve people have won all four major annual American entertainment awards in a competitive, individual (non-group), category: the Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony. Doing so may be abbreviated EGOT. These awards honor outstanding achievements in, respectively, television, music (or other audio recording), film, and theater. Winning all four awards has been referred to as winning the grand slam of show business. The acronym EGOT was coined by actor Philip Michael Thomas.", "Emil Jannings Emil Jannings (23 July 1884 – 2 January 1950) was a Swiss-born German/Austrian actor. He was the first Oscar recipient and the only German actor ever honored with the Academy Award for Best Actor, at the 1929 ceremony.Jannings is best known for his collaborations with F.W. Murnau and Josef von Sternberg, including 1930's The Blue Angel, with Marlene Dietrich.", "Jay Black Jay Black (born David Blatt; 2 November 1938) is an American singer, also known as \"The Voice,\" whose height of fame came in the 1960s when he was the lead singer of the band Jay and the Americans. The band had numerous hits including \"Cara Mia\", \"Come a Little Bit Closer\", and \"This Magic Moment\".Black was born in New York and grew up in Brooklyn in the neighborhood of Boro Park.", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture:Performers that earned or won Academy Award nominations1. Denzel Washington- Glory2. Djimon Hounsou- In America3. Morgan Freeman- Million Dollar Baby4. Jamie Foxx- Collateral5. Djimon Hounsou- Blood Diamond6. Eddie Murphy- Dreamgirls", "Halle Berry Halle Maria Berry (born Maria Halle Berry; August 14, 1966) is an American actress and former fashion model. She won an Academy Award for Best Actress in 2002 for her performance in the romantic drama Monster's Ball (2001), becoming the first and, as of 2015, the only woman of color to win an Oscar for a leading role. She was one of the highest paid actresses in Hollywood during the 2000s and has been involved in the production of several of the films in which she performed.", "Spencer Tracy Spencer Bonaventure Tracy (April 5, 1900 – June 10, 1967) was an American actor, noted for his natural style and versatility. One of the major stars of Hollywood's Golden Age, Tracy was nominated for nine Academy Awards for Best Actor and won two, sharing the record for nominations in that category with Laurence Olivier.Tracy discovered his talent for acting while attending Ripon College, and later received a scholarship for the American Academy of Dramatic Arts.", "F. Murray Abraham F. Murray Abraham (born Murray Abraham; October 24, 1939) is an American actor. He became widely known during the 1980s after winning the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Antonio Salieri in Amadeus (1984).", "Helen Hayes Helen Hayes MacArthur (née Brown) (October 10, 1900 – March 17, 1993) was an American actress whose career spanned almost 80 years. She eventually garnered the nickname First Lady of American Theatre and was one of twelve people who have won an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar and a Tony Award (an EGOT). Hayes also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, America's highest civilian honor, from President Ronald Reagan in 1986.In 1988, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts.", "Morgan Freeman Morgan Freeman (born June 1, 1937) is an American actor, film director, and narrator. Freeman has received Academy Award nominations for his performances in Street Smart, Driving Miss Daisy, The Shawshank Redemption and Invictus, and won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar in 2005 for Million Dollar Baby. He has also won a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award.", "Giuseppe Di Stefano Giuseppe Di Stefano (24 July 1921 – 3 March 2008) was an Italian operatic tenor who sang professionally from the late 1940s until the early 1990s. He was known as the \"Golden voice\" or \"The most beautiful voice\", as the true successor of Beniamino Gigli. He was also known for his long-term performance and recording association and brief romantic episode with the soprano Maria Callas.", "James Baskett James Baskett (February 16, 1904 – July 9, 1948) was an American actor known for his portrayal of Uncle Remus, singing the song \"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\" in the 1946 Disney feature film Song of the South. In recognition of his warm portrayal of the famous black storyteller he was given an Honorary Academy Award, making him the very first black male performer to receive an Oscar.", "Fredric March Fredric March (born Ernest Frederick McIntyre Bickel; August 31, 1897 – April 14, 1975) was a \"distinguished stage actor and one of Hollywood's most celebrated, versatile stars of the 1930s and 40s.\" He won the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1932 for Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and in 1947 for The Best Years of Our Lives. March is the only actor to have won both the Academy Award and the Tony Award twice.", "Whitney Houston Whitney Elizabeth Houston (August 9, 1963 – February 11, 2012) was an American singer, actress, producer, and model. In 2009, Guinness World Records cited her as the most awarded female act of all time. Houston is one of pop music's best-selling music artists of all-time, with an estimated 170–200 million records sold worldwide. She released six studio albums, one holiday album and three movie soundtrack albums, all of which have diamond, multi-platinum, platinum or gold certification.", "Ian McKellen Sir Ian Murray McKellen, CH, CBE (born 25 May 1939) is an English actor. He is the recipient of six Laurence Olivier Awards, a Tony Award, a Golden Globe Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, a BIF Award, two Saturn Awards, four Drama Desk Awards and two Critics' Choice Awards. He has also received two Academy Award nominations, four BAFTA nominations and five Emmy Award nominations. McKellen's work spans genres ranging from Shakespearean and modern theatre to popular fantasy and science fiction.", "Norbert Leo Butz Norbert Leo Butz (born January 30, 1967) is an American actor and singer best known for his work in Broadway theatre. He is a two-time winner of the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical, and is one of only nine actors ever to have won the award twice as lead actor.", "Famous Stars and Straps Famous Stars and Straps (or simply Famous) is an American clothing and accessory line created by blink-182 drummer Travis Barker in December 1999. The company is based in Ontario, California.Famous Stars And Straps clothing is influenced by music genres such as punk rock and hip hop.Since their initial boom, Famous has become a respected brand in the skate, BMX, and motorcycle arenas with sponsored riders like Rick Thorne, Dave Dillewaard, and Luis Tolentino.", "Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy The Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Comedy is one of the annual television awards given by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Since its inception, Alan Alda has the most wins with six, for MAS*H. Michael J. Fox follows in with four wins in total for Family Ties (one time) and Spin City (three times), while Alec Baldwin has three wins for 30 Rock.", "Brahmanandam Brahmanandam Kanneganti (born 1 February 1956), is an Indian film actor and comedian. Hailing from Sattenapalli in Andhra Pradesh, he mostly acts in Telugu films. Prior to films, he was a Telugu lecturer in Attili, a town in West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. He currently holds the Guinness World Record for the most screen credits for a living actor. He was honoured with the Padma Shri, for his contribution to Indian cinema in 2009.", "Beniamino Gigli Beniamino Gigli (pronounced [benjaˈmiːno ˈdʒiʎʎi]; March 20, 1890 – November 30, 1957) was an Italian opera singer. The most famous tenor of his generation, he was renowned internationally for the great beauty of his voice and the soundness of his vocal technique. Music critics sometimes took him to task, however, for what was perceived to be the over-emotionalism of his interpretations.", "Chen Hanwei Tan Hung Wee (born 29 August 1969), better known by his Chinese stage name Chen Hanwei(Chinese: 陈汉玮), is a Malaysian actor and MediaCorp artiste based in Singapore. He is known especially for a song, 关怀方式, sung together with Cai Lilian. Chen is a versatile actor who has won many awards for his craft. He was crowned the Best Actor at the annual Star Awards in the years, 2001, 2005, 2009 and 2010, making him having the most number of Best Actor wins other than Xie Shaoguang (who has five wins).", "Tyler Perry Tyler Perry (born Emmitt Perry Jr.; September 13, 1969) is an American actor, director, screenwriter, playwright, producer, author, and songwriter, specializing in the gospel genre. Perry wrote and produced many stage plays during the 1990s and early 2000s. In 2011, Forbes named him the highest paid man in entertainment; he earned US$130 million between May 2010 and 2011.Perry is known for both creating and performing as the Madea character, a tough elderly woman.", "Bing Crosby Harry Lillis \"Bing\" Crosby, Jr. (May 3, 1903 – October 14, 1977) was an American singer and actor. Crosby's trademark warm bass-baritone voice made him one of the best-selling recording artists of the 20th century, having sold close to one billion records, tapes, compact discs and digital downloads around the world.A multimedia star, from 1934 to 1954 Crosby was a leader in record sales, radio ratings, and motion picture grosses.", "New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor The New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor is one of the awards given by the New York Film Critics Circle to honor the finest achievements in filmmaking.In the last two decades, the Circle agreed with the Oscars on 7 occasions: 1995 Nicolas Cage for Leaving Las Vegas, 1996 Geoffrey Rush for Shine, 2006 Forest Whitaker for The Last King of Scotland, 2007 Daniel Day-Lewis for There Will Be Blood, 2008 Sean Penn for Milk, 2010 Colin Firth for The King's Speech, and 2012 Daniel Day-Lewis for Lincoln .", "Will Smith Willard Carroll \"Will\" Smith, Jr. (born September 25, 1968) is an American actor, producer, rapper, and songwriter. He has enjoyed success in television, film, and music. In April 2007, Newsweek called him \"the most powerful actor in Hollywood\". Smith has been nominated for four Golden Globe Awards, two Academy Awards, and has won four Grammy Awards.In the late 1980s, Smith achieved modest fame as a rapper under the name The Fresh Prince.", "Filmfare Award for Best Actor The Filmfare Award for Best Actor is given by Filmfare as part of its annual Filmfare Awards for Hindi (Bollywood) films, to recognise a male actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role. The award was first given in 1953. As of 2015, Dilip Kumar and ShahRukh Khan lead the list, with eight wins each.", "Best Actor Best Actor is the name of an award which is presented by various film, television and theatre organizations, festivals, and people's awards to leading actors in a film, television series, television film or play.The first Best Actor award was awarded for acting in a film, on May 16, 1929 by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) at the Academy Awards to Emil Jannings for his role of Grand Duke Sergius Alexander in The Last Command and August Schilling in The Way of All Flesh." ]	1
mathematician computer scientist MIT's six inaugural MacVicar Faculty Fellows	[ "Hal Abelson\nHarold \"Hal\" Abelson (born April 26, 1947) is a Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, a fellow of the IEEE, and a founding director of both Creative Commons and the Free Software Foundation.", "Alan Edelman\nAlan Stuart Edelman (born June 1963, Brooklyn, New York) is an American mathematician and computer scientist. He is a Professor of Applied Mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a Principal Investigator at the MIT Computer Science and AI Laboratory (CSAIL) where he leads a group in Applied Computing. In 2004 Professor Edelman founded Interactive Supercomputing, recently acquired by Microsoft.", "David Jerison\nDavid Saul Jerison is an American mathematician, a professor of mathematics and a MacVicar Faculty Fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and an expert in partial differential equations and Fourier analysis.", "Carla Savage\nCarla Diane Savage is an American computer scientist and mathematician, a professor of computer science at North Carolina State University and the secretary of the American Mathematical Society.", "Seymour Papert\nSeymour Aubrey Papert (born February 29, 1928) is an MIT mathematician, computer scientist, and educator. He is one of the pioneers of artificial intelligence, and co-inventor, with Wally Feurzeig, of the Logo programming language." ]	[ "Jerome Lettvin Jerome Ysroael Lettvin (February 23, 1920 – April 23, 2011), often known as Jerry Lettvin, was an American cognitive scientist, and Professor of Electrical and Bioengineering and Communications Physiology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He is best known as the lead author of the paper, \"What the Frog's Eye Tells the Frog's Brain\" (1959), one of the most cited papers in the Science Citation Index.", "Lotfi A. Zadeh Lotfali Askar Zadeh (/ˈzɑːdeɪ/; Azerbaijani: Lütfəli Rəhimoğlu Əsgərzadə; born February 4, 1921), better known as Lotfi A. Zadeh, is a mathematician, computer scientist, electrical engineer, artificial intelligence researcher and professor emeritus of computer science at the University of California, Berkeley.", "Scott Shenker Scott J. Shenker (born January 24, 1956 in Alexandria, Virginia) is an American computer scientist, and professor of computer science at UC Berkeley. He is also the leader of the Initiatives Group and the Chief Scientist of the International Computer Science Institute in Berkeley, California. Shenker is an ISI Highly Cited researcher, and according to Google Scholar he is one of the five highest ranked American computer scientists and the h-index is 122 until Oct 28, 2014.", "Robert Tarjan Robert Endre Tarjan (born April 30, 1948) is an American computer scientist and mathematician. He is the discoverer of several graph algorithms, including Tarjan's off-line least common ancestors algorithm, and co-inventor of both splay trees and Fibonacci heaps. Tarjan is currently the James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor of Computer Science at Princeton University, and the Chief Scientist at Intertrust Technologies.", "Walter Savitch Walter John Savitch (born February 21, 1943) is best known for discovering the complexity class NL (nondeterministic logarithmic space), and for Savitch's theorem, which defines a relationship between the NSPACE and DSPACE complexity classes. His work in establishing complexity classes has helped to create the background against which non-deterministic and probabilistic reasoning can be performed.", "Peter J. Weinberger Peter Jay Weinberger (born August 6, 1942) is a computer scientist best known for his early work at Bell Labs. He now works at Google.Weinberger was an undergraduate at Swarthmore College, graduating in 1964. He received his PhD in mathematics (number theory) in 1969 from the University of California, Berkeley under Derrick Henry Lehmer for a thesis entitled \"Proof of a Conjecture of Gauss on Class Number Two\".", "Butler Lampson Butler W. Lampson (born December 23, 1943) is a computer scientist.After graduating from the Lawrenceville School (where in 2009 he was awarded the Aldo Leopold Award, also known as the Lawrenceville Medal, Lawrenceville's highest award to alumni), Lampson received his Bachelor's degree in Physics from Harvard University in 1964, and his Ph.D.", "Mathnet Mathnet is a segment on the children's television show Square One Television, of which five seasons were produced (1987–92). This parody of Dragnet featured mathematician/detectives at the Los Angeles Police Department who solved mysteries using their mathematical skills. There were two main characters: detectives Kate Monday (Beverly Leech) and George Frankly (Joe Howard). Mary Watson also had a regular role as the duo's technical analyst, Debbie Williams.", "Stewart Nelson (hacker) Stewart Nelson is an American mathematician and programmer from the Bronx who co-founded Systems Concepts. From a young age, Nelson was tinkering with electronics, aided and abetted by his physicist/engineer father. When he enrolled in MIT, Nelson became known for hooking up the AI Lab's PDP-1 (and later the PDP-6) to the telephone network, making him one of the first phreakers; he later accomplished other feats like hardwiring additional instructions into the PDP-1.", "Peter Shor Peter Williston Shor (born August 14, 1959) is an American professor of applied mathematics at MIT, most famous for his work on quantum computation, in particular for devising Shor's algorithm, a quantum algorithm for factoring exponentially faster than the best currently-known algorithm running on a classical computer.", "Joel Moses Joel Moses (born 1941) is an Israeli-American computer scientist and Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Joel Moses was born in Palestine in 1941 and emigrated to the U.S. in 1954. He attended Midwood High School in Brooklyn, New York. He received his undergraduate degree in Mathematics from Columbia University and a master's degree in Mathematics, also from Columbia.", "Metin Sitti Metin Sitti is a professor in Department of Electrical Engineering and Robotics Institute in Carnegie Mellon University. He obtained his PhD in Tokyo University. He is interested in micro/nanorobotics, nanomanufacturing, MEMS/NEMS, biomimetic micro/nanosystems, directed self-assembly, bionanotechnology, haptic interfaces, and tele-robotics.", "Dan Connolly (computer scientist) Dan Connolly received a B.S. in Computer Science from the University of Texas at Austin in 1990. His research interests include investigating the value of formal descriptions of chaotic systems like the Web, particularly in the consensus-building process, and the Semantic Web.He became involved with distributed hypertext systems and SGML in 1992. With Tim Berners-Lee he was co-editor of the initial Internet Engineering Task Force's draft specification for HTML.", "Timothy J. Hickey Timothy J Hickey is a professor of computer science and Chair of the Computer Science and Internet Studies Program (INET) at Brandeis University. He was born on July 24, 1955.Hickey's specialties include analysis of algorithms, logic programming and parallel processing, symbolic manipulation, and groupware. He is also the lead developer of the JScheme programming language and the GrewpEdit collaborative editor.Hickey has a B.A. from Brandeis University and an M.S. and a Ph.D.", "Saul Rappaport Saul Rappaport is a professor emeritus of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Rappaport became Assistant Professor in the MIT Department of Physics in 1969 and became a full Professor in 1981. From 1993 to 1995, he was Head of the Astrophysics Division.He received his A.B. from Temple University in 1963 and his Ph.D. from MIT in 1968.His main research interest is in binary systems containing collapsed stars—white dwarfs, neutron stars (including pulsars), and black holes.", "Holbrook Mann MacNeille Holbrook Mann MacNeille (May 11, 1907 – September 30, 1973) was an American mathematician who worked for the United States Atomic Energy Commission before becoming the first Executive Director of the American Mathematical Society.", "Hans Moravec Hans Moravec (born November 30, 1948, Kautzen, Austria) is an adjunct faculty member at the Robotics Institute of Carnegie Mellon University. He is known for his work on robotics, artificial intelligence, and writings on the impact of technology. Moravec also is a futurist with many of his publications and predictions focusing on transhumanism. Moravec developed techniques in computer vision for determining the region of interest (ROI) in a scene.", "Susan Lindquist Susan Lindquist (born June 5, 1949) is a professor of biology at MIT specializing in molecular biology, particularly the protein folding problem within a family of molecules known as heat-shock proteins, and prions. Lindquist is a member and former Director of the Whitehead Institute and was awarded the National Medal of Science in 2010.", "Jagadeesh Moodera Jagadeesh Subbaiah Moodera is an American physicist of Indian origin and is senior research scientist at MIT's Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory. In 1994 he led an MIT research team in the discovery of a practical way to implement room temperature magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) using a magnetic stack based on CoFe–Al2O3–Co, demonstrating a tunnel magnetoresistance ratio (TMR) of 11.8%.", "Arunas Rudvalis Arunas Rudvalis (born June 8, 1945) is an Associate Professor of Mathematics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst - Amherst. He is best known for the Rudvalis group.Rudvalis went to the Harvey Mudd College and received his Ph.D. degree in Dartmouth College under direction of Ernst Snapper.", "David D. Clark David Dana \"Dave\" Clark (born April 7, 1944) is an American computer scientist and Internet pioneer who has been involved with Internet developments since the mid-1970s. He currently works as a Senior Research Scientist at MIT's Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL).", "Michael Garey Michael Randolph Garey is a computer science researcher, and co-author (with David S. Johnson) of Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-completeness. He and Johnson received the 1979 Lanchester Prize from the Operations Research Society of America for the book. Garey earned his PhD in computer science in 1970 from the University of Wisconsin–Madison.", "Neil Gershenfeld Neil A. Gershenfeld (born 1959 or 1960) is an American professor at MIT and the director of MIT's Center for Bits and Atoms, a sister lab to the MIT Media Lab. His research studies are predominantly focused in interdisciplinary studies involving physics and computer science, in such fields as quantum computing, nanotechnology, and personal fabrication. Gershenfeld attended Swarthmore College, where he graduated in 1981 with a B.A.", "Michael O. Rabin Michael Oser Rabin (Hebrew: מִיכָאֵל עוזר רַבִּין‎, born September 1, 1931), is an Israeli computer scientist and a recipient of the Turing Award.", "Pietro Cataldi Pietro Antonio Cataldi (15 April 1548, Bologna – 11 February 1626, Bologna) was an Italian mathematician. A citizen of Bologna, he taught mathematics and astronomy and also worked on military problems. His work included the development of continued fractions and a method for their representation. He was one of many mathematicians who attempted to prove Euclid's fifth postulate. Cataldi discovered the sixth and seventh primes later to acquire the designation Mersenne primes by 1588.", "James McLurkin James McLurkin (born in 1972) is an engineering assistant professor at Rice University specializing in swarm robotics. He appeared on Nova on PBS. In addition, he is a winner of the 2003 Lemelson-MIT Prize and completed his Ph.D. in computer science in May 2008 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. He earned his master’s degree in electrical engineering from the University of California at Berkeley.", "S. R. Ranganathan Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan (About this sound listen ; 12 August 1892 – 27 September 1972) was a mathematician and librarian from India. His most notable contributions to the field were his five laws of library science and the development of the first major analytico-synthetic classification system, the colon classification.", "Samuel S. Wagstaff, Jr. Samuel Standfield Wagstaff, Jr. (born 21 February 1945) is an American mathematician and computer scientist born in 1945, whose research interests are in the areas of cryptography, parallel computation, and analysis of algorithms, especially number theoretic algorithms. He is currently a professor of computer science and mathematics at Purdue University who coordinates the Cunningham project, a project to factor numbers of the form bn ± 1, since 1983.", "Rahul Sarpeshkar Rahul Sarpeshkar is a tenured professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and heads the Analog Circuits and Biological Systems Group [1] there. His interdisciplinary work lies at the border of bioengineering, electrical engineering, and biophysics.On July 7, 2015, Dr. Sarpeshkar was named the inaugural Thomas E. Kurtz Chair in the William H. Neukom Academic Cluster in Computational Science at Dartmouth College, effective September 1, 2015.", "Tom Maibaum Thomas Stephen Edward Maibaum FRSA (born 18 August 1947 in Hungary) is a computer scientist.Maibaum has an undergraduate degree in Pure Mathematics from the University of Toronto, Canada (1970), and a PhD in Computer Science from Queen Mary and Royal Holloway Colleges, University of London, England (1974).Maibaum has held academic posts at Imperial College, London, King's College London (UK) and McMaster University (Canada).", "Jon Kleinberg Jon Michael Kleinberg is an American computer scientist and the Tisch University Professor of Computer Science at Cornell University known for his work in algorithms and networks. He is a recipient of the Nevanlinna Prize by the International Mathematical Union.", "Curtis T. McMullen Curtis Tracy McMullen (born 21 May 1958) is Professor of Mathematics at Harvard University. He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1998 for his work in complex dynamics, hyperbolic geometry and Teichmüller theory.McMullen graduated as valedictorian in 1980 from Williams College and obtained his Ph.D. in 1985 from Harvard University, supervised by Dennis Sullivan.", "James Pustejovsky James Pustejovsky is the TJX Feldberg professor of computer science at Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts, United States. His expertise includes theoretical and computational modeling of language, specifically: Computational linguistics, Lexical semantics, Knowledge representation, temporal and spatial reasoning and Extraction.", "Peter Samson Peter R. Samson (born 1941 in Fitchburg, Massachusetts) is an American computer scientist, best known for creating pioneering computer software.Samson studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) between 1958-1963. He wrote, with characteristic wit, the first editions of the Tech Model Railroad Club (TMRC) dictionary, a predecessor to the Jargon File. He appears in Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution by Steven Levy.", "Douglas McIlroy Malcolm Douglas McIlroy (born 1932) is a mathematician, engineer, and programmer. As of 2007 he is an Adjunct Professor of Computer Science at Dartmouth College. McIlroy is best known for having originally developed Unix pipelines, software componentry and several Unix tools, such as spell, diff, sort, join, graph, speak, and tr.His seminal work on software componentization makes him a pioneer of component-based software engineering and software product line engineering.", "Hugh Lowell Montgomery Hugh Lowell Montgomery (born August 26, 1944) is an American mathematician, working in the fields of analytic number theory and mathematical analysis. As a Marshall scholar, Montgomery earned his Ph.D. from the University of Cambridge. For many years, Montgomery has been teaching at the University of Michigan.He is best known for Montgomery's pair correlation conjecture, his development of the large sieve methods and for co-authoring (with Ivan M.", "Michael Viscardi Michael Anthony Viscardi (born February 22, 1989 in Plano, Texas) of San Diego, California is a young American mathematician who won the 2005 Siemens Competition and Davidson Fellowship with a mathematical project on the Dirichlet problem, whose applications include describing the flow of heat across a metal surface, winning $100,000 and $50,000 in scholarships, respectively. Viscardi's theorem is an expansion of the 19th-century work of Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet.", "Robert Ammann Robert Ammann (October 1, 1946 – May, 1994) was an amateur mathematician who made several significant and groundbreaking contributions to the theory of quasicrystals and aperiodic tilings.Ammann attended Brandeis University, but generally did not go to classes, and left after three years. He worked as a programmer for Honeywell.", "Mathematical Applications Group Mathematical Applications Group, Inc. (a.k.a. MAGI or MAGI/Synthavision) was an early computer technology company founded in 1966 by Dr. Philip Mittelman and located in Elmsford, New York, where it was evaluating nuclear radiation exposure. In 1972, the graphics group called MAGI/SynthaVision was formed at MAGI by Robert Goldstein.It was one of four companies hired to create the CGI animation for the film Tron.", "Ben Shneiderman Ben Shneiderman (born August 21, 1947) is an American computer scientist, and professor of computer science at the University of Maryland Human-Computer Interaction Lab at the University of Maryland, College Park. He conducted fundamental research in the field of human–computer interaction, developing new ideas, methods, and tools such as the direct manipulation interface, and his eight rules of design.", "Theodore Slaman Theodore Allen Slaman is a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley who works in recursion theory. Slaman and W. Hugh Woodin formulated the Bi-interpretability Conjecture for the Turing degrees, which conjectures that the partial order of the Turing degrees is logically equivalent to second order arithmetic. They showed that the Bi-interpretability Conjecture is equivalent to there being no nontrivial automorphism of the Turing degrees.", "James (Mac) Hyman James Macklin \"Mac\" Hyman (born 1950) is an applied mathematician formerly at Los Alamos National Laboratory and currently at Tulane University in the United States. He received his undergraduate degree from Tulane University and his PhD in 1976 from NYU's Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences under Peter Lax with thesis The method of lines solution of partial differential equations.Hyman served as president of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM) in 2003-2005.", "Timothy Gowers Sir William Timothy Gowers, FRS (/ˈɡaʊərz/; born 20 November 1963) is a British mathematician. He is a Royal Society Research Professor at the Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics at the University of Cambridge, where he also holds the Rouse Ball chair, and is a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1998 he received the Fields Medal for research connecting the fields of functional analysis and combinatorics.", "Erik Brynjolfsson Erik Brynjolfsson (born 1962) is an American academic, and Schussel Family Professor of Management at the MIT Sloan School of Management, the Director of the MIT Initiative on the Digital Economy, Director of the MIT Center for Digital Business and a Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research, known for his contributions to the world of IT Productivity research and work on the economics of information more generally.", "Matthew Cook Matthew Cook (born February 7, 1970) is a mathematician and computer scientist who proved Stephen Wolfram's conjecture that the Rule 110 cellular automaton is Turing-complete.", "MIT Media Lab Object-Based Media The Object-Based Media Group at the MIT Media Lab, led by V. Michael Bove, Jr., explores the creative and technological applications and implications of the intersection of context-aware consumer electronics and self-aware digital content. Projects include immersive, interactive, and personalized television, 3-D display technologies (in particular computer generated holography), novel user interfaces, and applications that run on ecosystems of consumer electronics devices.", "Mordechai Ben-Ari Mordechai (Moti) Ben-Ari (Hebrew: מרדכי (מוטי) בן-ארי‎) is a professor of computer science education at the Weizmann Institute of ScienceBen-Ari has published numerous textbooks in computer science, developed software tools for teaching Computer Science, and written many influential papers in computer science education.", "Juris Hartmanis Juris Hartmanis (born July 5, 1928) is a prominent computer scientist and computational theorist who, with Richard E. Stearns, received the 1993 ACM Turing Award \"in recognition of their seminal paper which established the foundations for the field of computational complexity theory\".Hartmanis was born in Latvia. He was a son of Mārtiņš Hartmanis, a general in the Latvian Army. After the Soviet Union occupied Latvia in 1940, Mārtiņš Hartmanis was arrested by Soviets and died in a prison.", "Matthew J. Holman Matthew J. Holman (born 1967) is a Smithsonian Astrophysicist and lecturer at Harvard University. Holman studied at MIT, where he received his bachelor's degree in mathematics in 1989 and his PhD in planetary science in 1994.", "Ian Foster Ian T. Foster (born in 1959 in Wellington, New Zealand). He is an American computer scientist and the Director of the Computation Institute in Chicago, Illinois. He is also a Distinguished Fellow and Senior Scientist in the Mathematics and Computer Science Division at Argonne National Laboratory, and a Professor in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Chicago.", "Neil Immerman Neil Immerman (24 November 1953, Manhasset, New York) is an American theoretical computer scientist, a professor of computer science at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. He is one of the key developers of descriptive complexity, an approach he is currently applying to research in model checking, database theory, and computational complexity theory.Professor Immerman is an editor of the SIAM Journal on Computing and of Logical Methods in Computer Science. He received B.S. and M.S.", "Richard E. Stearns Richard Edwin Stearns (born July 5, 1936) is a prominent computer scientist who, with Juris Hartmanis, received the 1993 ACM Turing Award \"in recognition of their seminal paper which established the foundations for the field of computational complexity theory\" (Hartmanis and Stearns, 1965). In 1994 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.Stearns earned his PhD from Princeton University in 1961. His PhD thesis adviser was Harold W. Kuhn.", "Raphael Finkel Raphael Finkel (born 1951) is an American computer scientist and a professor at the University of Kentucky. He compiled the first version of the Jargon File. He is the author of An Operating Systems Vade Mecum, a textbook on operating systems, and Advanced Programming Language Design, an introductory book on programming paradigms. Finkel and J.L. Bentley created the data structure called the quadtree.", "Vijay Vazirani Vijay Virkumar Vazirani (Hindi: विजय वीरकुमार वज़ीरानी; b. 1957) is an Indian American Professor of Computer Science at Georgia Tech.He received his Bachelor's degree from MIT in 1979 and his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley in 1983. During the early to mid nineties, he was a Professor of Computer Science at the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi.", "Alan V. Oppenheim Alan Victor Oppenheim (born 1937 in New York City) is a Professor of Engineering at MIT's Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. He is also a principal investigator in MIT's Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE), at the Digital Signal Processing Group. His research interests are in the general area of signal processing and its applications. He is coauthor of the widely used textbooks Discrete-Time Signal Processing and Signals and Systems.", "Raj Reddy Dabbala Rajagopal \"Raj\" Reddy (born June 13, 1937) is an Indian-American computer scientist and a winner of the Turing Award. He is one of the early pioneers of Artificial Intelligence and has served on the faculty of Stanford and Carnegie Mellon University for over 40 years. He was the founding director of the Robotics Institute at Carnegie Mellon University.", "Jeffrey Shallit Jeffrey Outlaw Shallit (born October 17, 1957) is a computer scientist, number theorist, a noted advocate for civil liberties on the Internet, and a noted critic of intelligent design. He is married to Anna Lubiw, also a computer scientist.", "Leslie Valiant Leslie Gabriel Valiant FRS (born 28 March 1949) is a British computer scientist and computational theorist. He is currently the T. Jefferson Coolidge Professor of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics at Harvard University.", "Leslie Lamport Leslie B. Lamport (born February 7, 1941) is an American computer scientist. Lamport is best known for his seminal work in distributed systems and as the initial developer of the document preparation system LaTeX. Leslie Lamport was the winner of the 2013 Turing Award for imposing clear, well-defined coherence on the seemingly chaotic behavior of distributed computing systems, in which several autonomous computers communicate with each other by passing messages.", "Barbara Liskov Barbara Liskov (born November 7, 1939 as Barbara Jane Huberman) is an American computer scientist who is an institute professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Ford Professor of Engineering in its School of Engineering's electrical engineering and computer science department.", "Judith Donath Judith Stefania Donath (born May 7, 1962) is a fellow at Harvard's Berkman Center, and the founder of the Sociable Media Group at the MIT Media Lab.", "George Lusztig George Lusztig (born Gheorghe Lusztig, May 20, 1946) is a Romanian-American mathematician and Abdun Nur Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He was a Norbert Wiener Professor with the Department of Mathematics from 1999 to 2009.", "Eric Lander Eric Steven Lander (born February 3, 1957), a mathematician and geneticist, is a Professor of Biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), former member of the Whitehead Institute, and founding director of the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard who has devoted his career to realizing the promise of the human genome for medicine. He is co-chair of U.S. President Barack Obama's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology.", "Robert Horovitz Robert Horvitz, professor of biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), won the Nobel prize in physiology and medicine in 2001 for his work in programmed cell death. He received his Ph.D. in 1974 from Harvard University. Dr. Horvitz began his work with C. elegans in the 1970s, working with John Sulston. In the 1980s he was a biology professor at MIT, and it was there he identified the first \"cell death\" genes, called ced-3 and ced-4.", "Steven Rudich Steven Rudich (born October 4, 1961) is a professor in the Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science. In 1994, he and Alexander Razborov proved that a large class of combinatorial arguments, dubbed natural proofs were unlikely to answer many of the important problems in computational complexity theory. For this work, they were awarded the Gödel prize in 2007.", "MSU Faculty of Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics MSU Faculty of Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics (CMC) (Russian: Факультет вычислительной математики и кибернетики (ВМК)) is a part of Moscow State University, founded in 1970 by Andrey N. Tikhonov.", "DIMACS The Center for Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science (DIMACS) is a collaboration between Rutgers University, Princeton University, and the research firms AT&T, Bell Labs, Applied Communication Sciences, and NEC. It was founded in 1989 with money from the National Science Foundation.", "Isadore Singer Isadore Manuel Singer (born May 3, 1924) is an Institute Professor in the Department of Mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is noted for his work with Michael Atiyah proving the Atiyah–Singer index theorem in 1962, which paved the way for new interactions between pure mathematics and theoretical physics.He was born in Detroit, Michigan, and received his undergraduate degree from the University of Michigan in 1944. After obtaining his M.S. and Ph.D.", "Marc Thomas Marc Phillip Thomas (born in 1950) is a professor of computer science and mathematics, current chair and a system administrator of Computer Science department at CSU Bakersfield.His successful research projects include the resolution of the commutative Singer-Wermer conjecture and construction of a non-standard closed ideal in a certain radical Banach algebra of power series and their quotients.", "Richard Cockburn Maclaurin Richard Cockburn Maclaurin (/ˈkoʊbərn/; June 5, 1870 – January 15, 1920) was a Scottish-born U.S. educator and mathematical physicist. He was made president of MIT in 1909, and held the position until his death in 1920.During his tenure as president of MIT, the Institute moved across the Charles River from Boston to its present campus in Cambridge.", "Shafi Goldwasser Shafrira Goldwasser (Hebrew: שפרירה גולדווסר‎; born 1958) is an American-born Israeli computer scientist. She is a professor of electrical engineering and computer science at MIT, and a professor of mathematical sciences at the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel.", "Gerald Jay Sussman Gerald Jay Sussman (February 8, 1947) is the Panasonic Professor of Electrical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He received his S.B. and Ph.D. degrees in mathematics from MIT in 1968 and 1973 respectively. He has been involved in artificial intelligence research at MIT since 1964.", "Danny Hillis William Daniel \"Danny\" Hillis (born September 25, 1956) is an American inventor, engineer, mathematician, entrepreneur, and author. He co-founded Thinking Machines Corporation, a company that developed the Connection Machine, a parallel supercomputer designed by Hillis at MIT. He is also co-founder of the Long Now Foundation, Applied Minds, Metaweb Technologies, Applied Proteomics, and author of The Pattern on the Stone: The Simple Ideas That Make Computers Work.", "Program in Mathematics for Young Scientists The Program in Mathematics for Young Scientists (PROMYS) (pronounced \"promise\") is a six-week residential summer math program for high school students. The program is directed by Glenn H. Stevens Professor of Mathematics at Boston University, who founded PROMYS in 1989. PROMYS is an intensive and immersive math experience for math-loving students who want to tackle fundamental mathematical problems in a deeply rigorous way.", "Samson Abramsky Samson Abramsky FRS (born 12 March 1953), FRSE is a computer scientist who holds the Christopher Strachey Professorship at the Department of Computer Science (formerly the Computing Laboratory), University of Oxford. He has made contributions to the areas of domain theory, the lazy lambda calculus, strictness analysis, concurrency theory, interaction categories, geometry of interaction, game semantics and quantum computer science.", "MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) is a research laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology formed by the 2003 merger of the Laboratory for Computer Science and the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Housed within the Stata Center, CSAIL is the largest on-campus laboratory as measured by research scope and membership.", "Selmer Bringsjord Selmer Bringsjord (born November 24, 1958) is the chair of the Department of Cognitive Science at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and a professor of Computer Science and Cognitive Science. He also holds an appointment in the Lally School of Management & Technology and teaches artificial Intelligence (AI), formal logic, human and machine reasoning, and philosophy of AI.Bringsjord's education includes a B.A. in Philosophy from the University of Pennsylvania and a Ph.D.", "Ron Rivest Ronald Linn Rivest (/ˈrɪvəst/; born May 6, 1947) is a cryptographer and an Institute Professor at MIT. He is a member of MIT's Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) and a member of MIT's Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL).", "Michael Fourman Michael Paul Fourman FBCS (born 12 September 1950) is Professor of Computer Systems at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, UK, and was Head of the School of Informatics from 2001–2009.Fourman is interested in applications of logic in computer science, artificial intelligence, and cognitive science – more specifically, formal models of digital systems, system design tools, proof assistants, categorical semantics and propositional planning.", "Center for Advanced Visual Studies The Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was an arts and research center founded in 1967 by artist and teacher György Kepes. In 2009, CAVS merged with the MIT Visual Arts Program, to become the MIT Program in Art, Culture and Technology (ACT).", "Michael Dertouzos Michael Leonidas Dertouzos (Greek: Μιχαήλ Λεωνίδας Δερτούζος) (November 5, 1936 - August 27, 2001) was a Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Director of the M.I.T. Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS) from 1974 to 2001.During Dertouzos's term, LCS innovated in a variety of areas, including RSA encryption, the spreadsheet, the NuBus, the X Window System, and the Internet. Dertouzos was instrumental in defining the World Wide Web Consortium and bringing it to MIT.", "Srinidhi Varadarajan Srinidhi Varadarajan is the director of the Terascale Computing Facility and an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science at Virginia Tech. He joined the Department of Computer Science in August 1999. His research interests are in the area of high performance computer systems. In particular, fault tolerance in large-scale distributed systems, network emulation, network routing algorithms, compiler directed frameworks and parallel simulation algorithms.", "Jack Dennis Jack Bonnell Dennis is a computer scientist and Emeritus Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at MIT.", "Dana Randall Dana Randall is a professor of theoretical computer science at Georgia Tech. Her primary research interest is analyzing algorithms for counting problems (e.g. counting matchings in a graph) using Markov chains. One of her important contributions to this area is a decomposition theorem for analyzing Markov chains. Randall was born in Queens in New York City.", "IJCAI Award for Research Excellence The IJCAI Award for Research Excellence is a biannual award given at the IJCAI conference to researcher in artificial intelligence as a recognition of excellence of their career. The recipients of this award have been: John McCarthy (1985) Allen Newell (1989) Marvin Minsky (1991) Raymond Reiter (1993) Herbert A. Simon (1995) Aravind Joshi (1997) Judea Pearl (1999) Donald Michie (2001) Nils Nilsson (2003) Geoffrey E.", "John Guttag John Vogel Guttag (born 1949) is an American computer scientist, professor, and former Head of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT.", "Michael Freedman Michael Hartley Freedman (born 21 April 1951) is an American mathematician, at Microsoft Station Q, a research group at the University of California, Santa Barbara. In 1986, he was awarded a Fields Medal for his work on the Poincaré conjecture. Freedman and Robion Kirby showed that an exotic R4 manifold exists.", "William Kahan William Morton Kahan (born June 5, 1933) is a mathematician and computer scientist who received the Turing Award in 1989 for \"his fundamental contributions to numerical analysis\", was named an ACM Fellow in 1994, and inducted into the National Academy of Engineering in 2005.He attended the University of Toronto, where he received his Bachelor's degree in 1954, his Master's degree in 1956, and his Ph.D. in 1958, all in the field of mathematics.", "Silvio Micali Silvio Micali (born October 13, 1954) is an Italian-born computer scientist at MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and a professor of computer science in MIT's Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science since 1983. His research centers on the theory of cryptography and information security.", "Rosalind Picard Rosalind Wright Picard (born May 17, 1962 in Massachusetts) is Professor of Media Arts and Sciences at MIT, director and also the founder of the Affective Computing Research Group at the MIT Media Lab, co-director of the Things That Think Consortium, and co-founder of startups Affectiva and Empatica.", "Daniel Sleator Daniel Dominic Kaplan Sleator (born 10 December 1953 in St. Louis) is a Professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States. In 1999, he won the ACM Paris Kanellakis Award (jointly with Robert Tarjan) for the splay tree data structure.He was one of the pioneers in amortized analysis of algorithms, early examples of which were the analyses of the move-to-front heuristic, and splay trees.", "Madhu Sudan Madhu Sudan (born September 12, 1966) is an Indian-American computer scientist. He was professor of computer science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and a member of MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory until 2009.", "Daniel Kleitman Daniel J. Kleitman (born October 4, 1934) is a professor of applied mathematics at MIT. His research interests include combinatorics, graph theory, genomics, and operations research.", "Michael Sipser Michael Fredric Sipser (born September 17, 1954) is a theoretical computer scientist who has made early contributions to computational complexity theory. He is a professor of Applied Mathematics and Dean of Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.", "Richard M. Dudley Richard Mansfield Dudley (born 1938) is Professor of Mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He received his PhD at Princeton University in 1962 under the supervision of Edward Nelson and Gilbert Hunt. He was a Putnam Fellow in 1958.He has published over a hundred papers in peer-reviewed journals and has written several books.", "Michael Langston Michael A. Langston is a Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at The University of Tennessee. He conducts research in the analysis of algorithms, computational biology, discrete optimization, graph theory, parallel computing and several related subjects. He has authored over 350 refereed journal articles, conference papers, book chapters and other reports.", "Nancy Kanwisher Nancy Kanwisher (born 1958 or 1959) is a professor in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and an investigator at the McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT. She studies the neural and cognitive mechanisms underlying human visual perception and cognition." ]	2
most famous civic-military airports	[ "Toncontín International Airport\nToncontín International Airport (IATA: TGU, ICAO: MHTG) or Teniente Coronel Hernán Acosta Mejía Airport is a civil and military airport located 6 km (4 mi) from the centre of Tegucigalpa, Honduras.The History Channel programme Most Extreme Airports ranks it as the second most dangerous airport in the world. The approach to the airport is considered to be one of the most difficult in the world to all aircraft, especially in inclement weather conditions.", "Kandahar International Airport\nKandahar International Airport (referred to by ISAF as Kandahar Airfield, KAF) (IATA: KDH, ICAO: OAKN) is located 10 miles (16 kilometers) south-east of Kandahar City in Afghanistan. It serves as the nation's second main international airport and as one of the largest military bases, capable of housing up to 250 aircraft of all type.The airport was built in the 1960s by the Afghan government. It was occupied by the Soviets during the 1980s Soviet war in Afghanistan.", "Grant County International Airport\nGrant County International Airport (IATA: MWH, ICAO: KMWH, FAA LID: MWH) is a public use airport located 6 mi (9.7 km) northwest of the central business district of Moses Lake, a city in Grant County, Washington, United States. The airport is owned by the Port of Moses Lake.", "Yibin Wuliangye Airport\nYibin Wuliangye Airport (Chinese: 宜宾五粮液机场) is an airport scheduled for construction to serve the city of Yibin in southern Sichuan Province, China. When completed the airport will replace the existing Yibin Caiba Airport, which is a dual-use military and civil airport. The airport is named after Wuliangye, a locally made liquor that is one of the most famous baijiu brands in China.", "United States Air Force Plant 42\nUnited States Air Force Plant 42 (Plant 42) (IATA: PMD, ICAO: KPMD, FAA LID: PMD) is a United States Government aircraft manufacturing plant, used by the United States Air Force. It is also used by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).Plant 42 and Palmdale Regional Airport (PMD) are separate facilities that share a common runway at the site. The facility is located in the Antelope Valley, approximately 60 miles from downtown Los Angeles.", "List of airports in the Ottawa area\nThe following active airports serve the area around Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, lying under or adjacent to Ottawa's terminal control area:Macdonald-Cartier handles most of the scheduled passenger service for Ottawa, in addition to a large amount of general aviation and some military traffic. Gatineau has some scheduled commuter flights to other Quebec cities, while the remaining airports serve almost exclusively general aviation.", "Charleston International Airport\nCharleston International Airport (IATA: CHS, ICAO: KCHS, FAA LID: CHS) is a joint civil-military airport located in North Charleston, South Carolina. It has two runways and is operated by the Charleston County Aviation Authority under a joint-use agreement with Charleston Field, a facility of Joint Base Charleston. It is South Carolina's largest and busiest airport; in 2014 the airport served 3,131,072 passengers in its busiest year on record.", "Cheyenne Regional Airport\nCheyenne Regional Airport (IATA: CYS, ICAO: KCYS, FAA LID: CYS) (Jerry Olson Field) is a civil-military airport a mile north of downtown Cheyenne, in Laramie County, Wyoming. The Cheyenne Regional Airport Board owns it; it is a focus city for Great Lakes Airlines.Cheyenne Regional Airport is the home of Cheyenne Air National Guard Base, the main operating base for the Wyoming Air National Guard (WyANG) and the Wyoming Army National Guard (WARNG).", "Pardubice Airport\nPardubice Airport (Czech: Letiště Pardubice) is a military airport permitted to handle international civil air traffic in the city of Pardubice, Czech Republic. It is mainly used for charter flights to Southern Europe during the summer season, to transport Russian tourists into the Czech Republic and for cargo flights.", "Pisa International Airport\nPisa International Airport (Italian: Aeroporto Internazionale di Pisa) (IATA: PSA, ICAO: LIRP), also named Galileo Galilei Airport is an airport located in Pisa, Italy. It is the main airport in Tuscany. Its name is after Galileo Galilei, the famous scientist and native of Pisa. The airport was first developed for the military in the 1930 and 1940s.The airport was used by 4,683,811 passengers in 2014. It serves as a focus city of Alitalia and Ryanair." ]	[ "Presidente Carlos Ibáñez del Campo International Airport Presidente Carlos Ibáñez International Airport (Spanish: Aeropuerto Internacional Presidente Carlos Ibáñez) (IATA: PUQ, ICAO: SCCI) is an airport serving the city of Punta Arenas in southern Chile in the Patagonia region of South America. Because of high amounts of tourism, it handles a large number of passengers per year.", "Juhu Aerodrome Juhu Aerodrome (ICAO: VAJJ) is located in Juhu, an upmarket residential suburb of Mumbai, India. It is used by small General Aviation aircraft and helicopters. Founded in 1928 as India's first civil aviation airport, Juhu served as the city's primary airport during and up to World War II. In 1948, commercial operations were moved to the much larger RAF Santacruz which was built 2 km east of Juhu aerodrome during the war.", "Cochin International Airport Cochin International Airport (IATA: COK, ICAO: VOCI) is an international airport situated in the city of Kochi, in the state of Kerala, India. Located at Nedumbassery, about 30 km (19 mi) northeast of Kochi, it is the busiest and largest airport in the state of Kerala.", "L.F. Wade International Airport L.F. Wade International Airport (IATA: BDA, ICAO: TXKF), formerly named Bermuda International Airport, is the sole airport serving the British overseas territory of Bermuda in the North Atlantic Ocean. It is located in the parish of St. George's and is 6 NM (11 km; 6.9 mi) northeast of Bermuda's capital city of Hamilton. In 2006, L.F. Wade International Airport handled about 900,000 passengers, up 7% from 2005.", "Tan Son Nhat International Airport Tân Sơn Nhất International Airport (IATA: SGN, ICAO: VVTS) (Vietnamese: Sân bay quốc tế Tân Sơn Nhất, Vietnamese: Cảng hàng không quốc tế Tân Sơn Nhất) is Vietnam's largest international airport in terms of area (850 ha or 2,100 acres compared with 650 ha or 1,606 acres of Ha Noi's Nội Bài International Airport and Đà Nẵng's Đà Nẵng International Airport).", "Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport (IATA: YTZ, ICAO: CYTZ), commonly known as the Toronto Island Airport, is a small airport located on the Toronto Islands in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is named after Air Marshal Billy Bishop, a Canadian World War I flying ace. The airport used to be known as Toronto City Centre Airport and before that as Port George VI Island Airport. The airport is used by civil aviation, air ambulances, and regional airlines using turboprop planes.", "List of airports in the Greater Toronto Area There are ten airports in the Greater Toronto Area. Pearson, Waterloo, Billy Bishop and Hamilton have scheduled passenger service; however, the vast majority of passenger traffic goes through Toronto's Pearson International Airport, which is Canada's busiest airport and the country's major hub. Waterloo is a growing passenger service airport with a very active GA and training population. Billy Bishop is used for civil aviation, air ambulance traffic and regional scheduled airlines.", "Goa International Airport Goa International Airport (IATA: GOI, ICAO: VOGO), more commonly known as Dabolim Airport, is an international airport located in the city of Dabolim in Goa, India. It is the only airport in the state and operates as a civil enclave in a military airbase named INS Hansa. It is 4 km from the nearest city Vasco da Gama, 23 km from the South Goa district headquarters of Margao, and 30 km from the capital city Panjim.", "Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport (Spanish: Aeropuerto Internacional Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez) (IATA: SCL, ICAO: SCEL), also known as Santiago International Airport and Pudahuel Airport, located in Pudahuel, 15 km (9.3 mi) north-west of downtown Santiago, is Chile's largest aviation facility and the busiest international air passenger gateway to the country.Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport has domestic and international services to destinations in Europe, Oceania and The Americas.", "Baltimore–Washington International Airport Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport (IATA: BWI, ICAO: KBWI, FAA LID: BWI) is, as of calendar year 2014, the largest, by passenger count, of three major airports serving the Baltimore–Washington Metropolitan Area in the United States, the other two being Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport and Washington Dulles International Airport. It is commonly referred to as BWI or BWI Marshall.", "McClellan–Palomar Airport McClellan–Palomar Airport (Palomar Airport) (IATA: CLD, ICAO: KCRQ, FAA LID: CRQ) is a public airport three miles (5 km) southeast of Carlsbad in San Diego County, California. It is owned by the County of San Diego. The airport is used for general aviation. In March 2013 the airport was the fourth-busiest single runway airport in the United States.Most U.S.", "Cape Town International Airport Cape Town International Airport (IATA: CPT, ICAO: FACT) is the primary airport serving the city of Cape Town, and is the second busiest airport in South Africa and third busiest in Africa. Located approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the city centre, the airport was opened in 1954 to replace Cape Town's previous airport, Wingfield Aerodrome. Cape Town International Airport is the only airport in the Cape Town metropolitan area that offers scheduled passenger services.", "Ben Gurion Airport Ben Gurion Airport (Hebrew: נמל התעופה בן גוריון‎) (IATA: TLV, ICAO: LLBG) is the largest international airport of Israel. Named after Israel's first prime minister David Ben-Gurion, the airport serves as a hub for El Al, Israir Airlines, Arkia Israel Airlines and Sun D'Or Airlines. In 2014 it handled approximately 15 million passengers.Ben Gurion Airport is located 19 km (12 mi) to the southeast of Tel Aviv.", "Douglas–Charles Airport Douglas–Charles Airport (IATA: DOM, ICAO: TDPD), formerly known as Melville Hall Airport, is an airport located on the northeast coast of Dominica, 2 mi (3.2 km) northwest of Marigot, it is about one hour away from the second largest city Portsmouth. It is one of only two airports in the island nation of Dominica, the other being Canefield Airport located three miles (5 km) northeast of Roseau.", "Ibrahim Nasir International Airport Ibrahim Nasir International Airport (IATA: MLE, ICAO: VRMM) (Maldivian: އިބްރާހިމް ނާސިރު ބައިނަލްއަޤުވާމީ ވައިގެ ބަނދަރު), also known as Malé International Airport, previously known as Hulhulé Airport, is the main international airport in the Maldives. It is located on Hulhulé Island in the North Malé Atoll, nearby the capital island Malé. Today, the airport is well connected with major airports around the world, mostly serving as the main gateway into the Maldives for tourists.", "General Lucius D. Clay National Guard Center General Lucius D. Clay National Guard Center (formerly Naval Air Station Atlanta) is a military facility located 1-mile (1.6 km) south of Marietta, Georgia, United States. It is located immediately south of Dobbins Air Reserve Base and shares its runways.Before 1959, Naval Air Station Atlanta was located at what is now the Peachtree-DeKalb Airport (PDK), located northeast of Atlanta in DeKalb County. It operated until 26 SEP 2009 when the base closed its doors.", "Chandler Municipal Airport Chandler Municipal Airport (ICAO: KCHD, FAA LID: CHD) is in Maricopa County, Arizona three miles southeast of Chandler, which owns it. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized it as a general aviation reliever airport.Chandler Municipal is one of the nation’s 50 busiest general aviation airports. It adds to Arizona’s economy by bringing in more than $53 million annually. No airlines operate out of Chandler and none plans to in the near future.Most U.S.", "George F. L. Charles Airport George F. L. Charles Airport (formerly Vigie Airport) (IATA: SLU, ICAO: TLPC) is the smaller of two airports in Saint Lucia, the other being Hewanorra International Airport. It is located 2 km (1.2 mi) north of Castries, the capital city. George F. L. Charles Airport is managed by the Saint Lucia Air and Seaports Authority (SLASPA). Its runway runs parallel to a pristine beach, Vigie Beach, which is a popular tourist attraction.", "Tucson International Airport Tucson International Airport (IATA: TUS, ICAO: KTUS, FAA LID: TUS) is a public joint civil-military airport owned by the City of Tucson 8 mi south of downtown Tucson, in Pima County, Arizona. It is the second busiest airport in Arizona, after Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport.The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized it as a primary commercial service airport since it has over 10,000 passenger boardings per year.", "McEntire Joint National Guard Base McEntire Joint National Guard Base or McEntire JNGB (IATA: MMT, ICAO: KMMT, FAA LID: MMT) is a military airport located in Richland County, South Carolina, United States, 10 miles (16 km) west of the town of Eastover and approximately 15 miles southeast of the city of Columbia. It is owned by the U.S. Air Force affiliated with the South Carolina Air National Guard (SCANG).The base is named for the late Brigadier General Barnie B.", "Istanbul Atatürk Airport Istanbul Atatürk Airport (IATA: IST, ICAO: LTBA) (Turkish: İstanbul Atatürk Havalimanı) is the main international airport serving Istanbul, Turkey (followed by Sabiha Gökçen International Airport) and the biggest airport in Turkey by total number of passengers, destinations served and aircraft movements.", "Rickenbacker International Airport Rickenbacker International Airport (IATA: LCK, ICAO: KLCK, FAA LID: LCK) is a civil-military public airport 10 miles (16 km) south of downtown Columbus, near Lockbourne in southern Franklin County, Ohio, United States. The south end of the airport extends into Pickaway County. The base was named for flying ace and Columbus native Eddie Rickenbacker. It is managed by the Columbus Regional Airport Authority, which also operates Port Columbus International Airport and Bolton Field.", "HAL Bangalore Airport HAL Bangalore Airport (ICAO: VOBG), also known as HAL Airport or Hindustan Airport, is an airport used as a business hub for general aviation, a testing facility by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and the Indian Armed Forces. It served as the city's domestic and international airport until 2008, and was replaced by the Bengaluru International Airport on 24 May 2008. Since the airport is located at the heart of the city, it is the preferred destination for general and business aviation.", "General Guadalupe Victoria International Airport Guadalupe Victoria Durango International Airport or Durango International Airport (IATA: DGO, ICAO: MMDO) is located northeast of Durango, Durango, Mexico and is named after the first President of Mexico, Guadalupe Victoria.In 2013, the airport handled 235,952 passengers, and in 2014 it handled 255,937 passengers", "Licenciado Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport Licenciado Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport (sometimes abbreviated as Lic. Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport) (IATA: PVR, ICAO: MMPR) is an international airport located at Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco in Mexico. The airport is named after President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz. It handled 2,670,800 passengers in 2013 and 3,127,200 passengers in 2014.", "Bagram Airfield Bagram Airfield, also known as Bagram Air Base, (IATA: OAI, ICAO: OAIX) is the largest U.S. military base in Afghanistan. It is located next to the ancient city of Bagram, 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) southeast of Charikar in the Parwan Province of Afghanistan. The airfield features a dual runway capable of handling any size military aircraft, including Lockheed Martin C-5 Galaxy and Antonov An-225.", "Terre Haute International Airport Terre Haute International Airport (IATA: HUF, ICAO: KHUF, FAA LID: HUF) is a civil-military public airport six miles east of Terre Haute, in Vigo County, Indiana. The FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized it as a general aviation facility. It is also the location of Hulman Field Air National Guard Base of the Indiana Air National Guard", "El Dorado International Airport El Dorado International Airport (IATA: BOG, ICAO: SKBO) is an international airport located in Bogotá, Colombia. It is ranked among the world's 50 busiest airports in terms of: passenger traffic (ranked third in Latin America with 25,009,483 passengers in 2013), cargo traffic (ranked first in Latin America (33rd worldwide) with 622,145 metric tons in 2013) and traffic movements (ranked second in Latin America (45th worldwide) with 304,330 aircraft movements in 2011).", "Ireland West Airport Knock Ireland West Airport Knock (Irish: Aerfort Iarthar Éireann Chnoc Mhuire) is a regional airport located 5.6km (3.5 miles) south-west of Charlestown, County Mayo, Ireland. The village of Knock is 20km (12.5 miles) away. In 2014, 703,318 passengers used the airport, making it 4th busiest in the Republic of Ireland after Dublin, Cork and Shannon Airport. It was previously known as Knock International Airport, Connaught Regional Airport, and Horan International Airport.", "Kirtland Air Force Base Kirtland Air Force Base (IATA: ABQ, ICAO: KABQ) is a United States Air Force base located in the southeast quadrant of the Albuquerque, New Mexico urban area, adjacent to the Albuquerque International Sunport. The base was named for the early Army aviator Col. Roy C. Kirtland. The military and the international airport share the same runways, making ABQ a joint civil-military airport.Kirtland AFB is the third largest installation in Air Force Materiel Command and sixth largest in the Air Force.", "Los Alamitos Army Airfield Los Alamitos Army Airfield (ICAO: KSLI, FAA LID: SLI) is a military airport located one mile (2 km) southeast of central Los Alamitos, and within its city limits, in Orange County, California, USA. Formerly operated by the U.S. Navy as \"Naval Air Station Los Alamitos,\" it was transferred to the U.S. Army in 1977.", "Bishop International Airport Bishop International Airport (IATA: FNT, ICAO: KFNT) is a commercial and general aviation airport located in Flint, Michigan. It is named after banker and General Motors board member Arthur Giles Bishop (April 12, 1851 – January 22, 1944), who donated 220 acres of his farmland for the airport in 1928. The third busiest airport in Michigan, it surpassed competitor MBS International Airport in terms of airline operations in 2002.", "José Martí International Airport José Martí International Airport (IATA: HAV, ICAO: MUHA), sometimes known by its former name Rancho-Boyeros Airport, is an international airport located 15 km (9 mi) southwest of Havana, Cuba, and is a hub for Cubana de Aviación, Aerogaviota and Aero Caribbean, and former Latin American hub for Aeroflot Soviet Airlines.", "Constitution Beach Constitution Beach is a man-made crescent-shaped, sandy beach located in the Orient Heights section of East Boston, a neighborhood in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Opened in 1952 and known to locals as \"Shays Beach,\" its most distinctive feature is that looks directly onto the runways of Logan International Airport, so that airplanes taking off and landing on Runways 22L and 22R are about 2,000 feet (610 m) away, making them prominent both visibly and audibly.", "General Francisco Javier Mina International Airport General Francisco Javier Mina International Airport or Tampico International Airport (IATA: TAM, ICAO: MMTM) is an international airport located at Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico. It is named after General Francisco Javier Mina, a leader in Mexico's War of Independence. It handles national and international air traffic of the metropolitan area of Tampico, Ciudad Madero and Altamira.It handled 608,813 passengers in 2013, and 688,893 passengers in 2014.", "Biggs Army Airfield Biggs Army Airfield, Biggs AAF, Biggs Field, or simply \"Biggs\" (IATA: BIF, ICAO: KBIF, FAA LID: BIF) is a military airport located at Fort Bliss in El Paso, El Paso County, Texas, in the United States. The airfield was previously Biggs Air Force Base, a Strategic Air Command installation, between 1947 and 1966. The United States Army began operations supporting Fort Bliss and its mission in 1973.Biggs Field is now the home of the United States Army 1st Armored Division.", "Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport (IATA: CVG, ICAO: KCVG), is a public international airport located in Hebron, Kentucky, United States, and serves the Greater Cincinnati metropolitan area. Despite being located in Boone County, the airport operations are governed by the neighboring Kenton County Airport Board. The airport's code, CVG, is most widely thought to come from the nearest major city at the time of its opening, Covington, Kentucky.", "Hamid Karzai International Airport Hamid Karzai International Airport (Persian: میدان هوائی بین المللی حامدکرزی‎‎, Pashto: د حامدکرزی نړيوال هوائي ډګر‎, IATA: KBL, ICAO: OAKB), also known as Kabul International Airport, is located 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) from the city center of Kabul in Afghanistan. It serves as one of the nation's main international airports and as one of the largest military bases, capable of housing over one hundred aircraft. It was given the new name in October 2014 in honor of former President Hamid Karzai.", "Ciudad Obregón International Airport Ciudad Obregón International Airport (IATA: CEN, ICAO: MMCN) is an international airport located in Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico. It has one terminal with three gates and two jetways and two additional commercial aircraft parking spaces. The airport is operated by Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares, a federal government-owned corporation.In 2013, the airport handled 191,242 passengers, and in 2014 it handled 214,992 passengers.", "Burlington Air Park Burlington Air Park (Burlington Executive Airport) (ICAO: CZBA), is a small, privately operated general aviation registered aerodrome in rural Burlington, Ontario west of Toronto. The possible closure of Buttonville Municipal Airport is expected to lead to an increase in traffic.", "General Pedro J. Méndez International Airport General Pedro J. Méndez International Airport (IATA: CVM, ICAO: MMCV) is an international airport located in Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico. It handles air traffic of the city of Ciudad Victoria. It's operated by Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares, a federal government-owned corporation.In 2013, the airport handled 79,765 passengers, and in 2014 it handled 86,928 passengers.", "Floyd Bennett Field Floyd Bennett Field was New York City's first municipal airport, later a naval air station, and is now a park. While no longer used as an operational commercial, military or general aviation airfield, a section is still used as a helicopter base by the New York City Police Department (NYPD).", "Mayor General FAP Armando Revoredo Iglesias Airport Mayor General FAP Armando Revoredo Iglesias Airport (IATA: CJA, ICAO: SPJR), known in Spanish as Aeropuerto Mayor General FAP Armando Revoredo Iglesias (with Mayor General often abbreviated as My. Gral.), is an airport serving Cajamarca, Peru. It is run by CORPAC S.A. (Corporación Peruana de Aeropuertos y Aviación Comercial S.A.), a government-run organization that oversees the management of Peruvian airports.", "Juan Santamaría International Airport Juan Santamaría International Airport (Spanish: Aeropuerto Internacional Juan Santamaría) (IATA: SJO, ICAO: MROC) is the primary airport serving San José, the capital of Costa Rica. The airport is located near the city of Alajuela, 20 km (12 miles) west of downtown San José.", "Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport (IATA: DCA, ICAO: KDCA, FAA LID: DCA) is a major airport 3 miles (5 km) south of downtown Washington, D.C., in Arlington County, Virginia, United States (though with a Washington mailing address). It is the nearest commercial airport to the capital and serves the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area. For decades it was called Washington National Airport; it was renamed in 1998 to honor President Ronald Reagan.", "Aden Adde International Airport Aden Adde International Airport (Somali: Garoonka Caalamiga Ee Aadan Cadde, Arabic: مطار آدم عدي الدولي‎) (IATA: MGQ, ICAO: HCMM), Aden Abdulle International Airport, formerly known as Mogadishu International Airport, is an international airport serving Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia.", "Playa de Oro International Airport Playa de Oro International Airport (IATA: ZLO, ICAO: MMZO) is located in Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico. It is the most important international airport in Colima, and an important tourist airport.It handled 193,300 passengers in 2013, and 211,300 passengers in 2014.", "Washington Dulles International Airport Washington Dulles International Airport (IATA: IAD, ICAO: KIAD, FAA LID: IAD) is an international airport in Loudoun and Fairfax counties in Virginia, United States, 26 miles (42 km) west of downtown Washington, D.C. The airport serves the Baltimore–Washington Metropolitan Area, centered on the District of Columbia. The airport is named after John Foster Dulles, the 52nd Secretary of State who served under President Dwight D. Eisenhower.", "Rockwell Field Rockwell Field is a former United States Army Air Corps military airfield, located 1.1 miles (1.8 km) northwest of Coronado, California on North Island, San Diego.This airfield played a fundamental role in the development of United States military aviation in the period before and during World War I. Originally The Curtiss School of Aviation, founded by Glenn Curtiss. In November 1912, the Army established a permanent flying school on the island.", "Abraham Lincoln Capital Airport Abraham Lincoln Capital Airport (IATA: SPI, ICAO: KSPI, FAA LID: SPI) is a civil-military public airport in Sangamon County, Illinois. It is three miles (6 km) northwest of downtown Springfield, the capital of Illinois. The airport is owned by the Springfield Airport Authority (SAA).", "General Francisco J. Mujica International Airport General Francisco Mujica International Airport, or simply Morelia International Airport, (IATA: MLM, ICAO: MMMM) is an international airport in Álvaro Obregón, Michoacán, Mexico, near Morelia. The airport handles national and international air traffic of the city of Morelia. Named after former governor of Michoacán Francisco J. Mújica. General Francisco J. Mujica International Airport it is the largest in the state of Michoacan.", "Quonset State Airport Quonset State Airport (IATA: NCO, ICAO: KOQU, FAA LID: OQU) is a joint civil-military public airport located on Quonset Point, in northeastern North Kingstown, Rhode Island, adjacent to Narragansett Bay. It is a general aviation airport and there is no scheduled airline service available.It was the site of the Naval Air Station Quonset Point from 1941 until the early 1970s, when the military presence in Rhode Island was drastically scaled down.", "José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport (Spanish: Aeropuerto Internacional José Joaquín de Olmedo; IATA: GYE, ICAO: SEGU) is an airport serving Guayaquil, a city in the province of Guayas in Ecuador. The airport was named after José Joaquín de Olmedo, a notable Ecuadorian poet, first mayor of the city of Guayaquil and former president of Ecuador.", "Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport (IATA: ADZ, ICAO: SKSP) is the main airport in the archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina, which is able to receive large aircraft, to accommodate a number of seasonal and charter flights to and from different parts of the Americas and Europe.", "Ing. Alberto Acuña Ongay International Airport Ing. Alberto Acuña Ongay International Airport (IATA: CPE, ICAO: MMCP), also known as Campeche International Airport, is an international airport located in Campeche, Campeche, Mexico. It handles national and international air traffic of the city of Campeche. It's operated by Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares, a federal government-owned corporation.In 2013, the airport handled 166,271 passengers, and in 2014 it handled 190,535 passengers.", "Westover Metropolitan Airport Westover Metropolitan Airport (IATA: CEF, ICAO: KCEF, FAA LID: CEF) is a civilian airport located in the Massachusetts communities of Chicopee, Granby, and Ludlow, near the cities of Springfield and Holyoke, Massachusetts. The complex is considered intermodal because it borders the Massachusetts Turnpike and is accessible by several industrial rail spurs. It was named for General Oscar Westover, commanding officer of the Army Air Corps in the 1930s.", "Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport (IATA: ICT, ICAO: KICT) is a commercial airport in Wichita, Kansas, United States. The airport is located approximately 7 miles (11 km) west of downtown Wichita. It is the largest and busiest airport in the state of Kansas. The airport is most commonly referred to as Eisenhower National Airport although most locals refer to it in conversation as Wichita Airport, a generic description.The airport was previously Wichita Mid-Continent Airport.", "Sarajevo International Airport Sarajevo International Airport (IATA: SJJ, ICAO: LQSA), also known as Butmir Airport, is the main international airport in Bosnia and Herzegovina, serving Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located 3.3 NM (6.1 km; 3.8 mi) southwest of the Sarajevo railway station in the Ilidža municipality, suburb of Butmir. In 2014, 709,901 passengers traveled through the airport, compared to 25,000 in 1996.", "Charlotte Douglas International Airport Charlotte Douglas International Airport (IATA: CLT, ICAO: KCLT, FAA LID: CLT) is a joint civil-military public international airport located in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States. Established in 1935 as Charlotte Municipal Airport, in 1954 the airport was renamed Douglas Municipal Airport after former Charlotte mayor Ben Elbert Douglas, Sr.", "Jorge Chávez International Airport Jorge Chávez International Airport (IATA: LIM, ICAO: SPIM), known as Aeropuerto Internacional Jorge Chávez in Spanish, is Peru's main international and domestic airport. It is located in Callao, 11 kilometers (7 mi) from the Historic Centre of Lima and 17 km (11 mi) from Miraflores. Callao is the port city now fully integrated with Lima, the nation's capital. In 2008, the airport handled 8,288,506 passengers and 98,733 aircraft movements.", "Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport The Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport (IATA: SJU, ICAO: TJSJ, FAA LID: SJU) (Spanish: Aeropuerto Internacional Luis Muñoz Marín, unofficially known as Isla Verde International Airport/Aeropuerto Internacional de Isla Verde) is a joint civil-military international airport named for Puerto Rico's first democratically elected governor and located in Carolina, Puerto Rico, three miles (five kilometres) southeast of San Juan.", "FAP Captain José Abelardo Quiñones Gonzáles International Airport Capitán FAP José A. Quiñones González International Airport (IATA: CIX, ICAO: SPHI) is an airport serving Chiclayo, Peru and the surrounding metropolitan area. It is run by ADP a private airport operator that operates various airports in northem Peru. It is the main airport of the Lambayeque Region, one of the most populous of the country.", "Benjamín Rivera Noriega Airport Benjamín Rivera Noriega Airport (IATA: CPX, ICAO: TJCP, FAA LID: CPX) is a public use airport located on the island of Culebra in Puerto Rico. The airport is owned by the Puerto Rico Ports Authority. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation airport. However, the airport does offer scheduled passenger service via four commercial airlines.", "College Park Airport College Park Airport (IATA: CGS, ICAO: KCGS) is a public airport located in the City of College Park, in Prince George's County, Maryland, USA. It is the world's oldest continuously operated airport.", "Chūbu Centrair International Airport Chūbu Centrair International Airport (中部国際空港, Chūbu Kokusai Kūkō) (IATA: NGO, ICAO: RJGG) is an airport on an artificial island in Ise Bay, Tokoname City in Aichi Prefecture, 35 km (22 mi) south of Nagoya in central Japan.Centrair is classified as a first class airport and is the main international gateway for the Chūbu \"\\central\") region of Japan.", "Biju Patnaik International Airport Biju Patnaik International Airport (IATA: BBI, ICAO: VEBS), also known as Bhubaneswar Airport, is situated in the city of Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. It is the sole international airport in the state. It is named after the former Chief Minister of Odisha, Biju Patnaik, who was also a famed aviator and freedom fighter. As of 2013, Bhubaneswar was ranked the 17th busiest airport in India by the Airports Authority of India (AAI) registering a 1.82% traffic growth over the previous year.", "Old Mariscal Sucre International Airport Mariscal Sucre International Airport (Spanish: Aeropuerto Internacional Mariscal Sucre) (IATA: JTC, ICAO: SEQQ) was the main international airport serving Quito, Pichincha Province, Ecuador. It was the busiest airport in Ecuador by passenger traffic, by aircraft movement and by cargo movement, and one of the busiest airports in South America. It was named after Venezuelan-born Antonio José de Sucre, a hero of Ecuadorian and Latin American independence.", "Ciudad Real Central Airport Ciudad Real Central Airport (IATA: CQM, ICAO: LERL), previously known as Don Quijote Airport and South Madrid Airport, is an international airport south of Ciudad Real in Spain. Located over 200 km (120 mi) from the centre of Madrid and next to the A-41 motorway, it was planned to be connected to the Madrid–Seville high-speed rail line, making it the first Spanish airport to be linked to the AVE network.", "Morava Airport Morava Airport (Serbian: Аеродром Mopaвa / Aerodrom Morava), is a part public and part military airport near Kraljevo, Serbia.Upon construction of the new civilian terminal, the airport has been divided into two distinct parts.", "Moffett Federal Airfield Moffett Federal Airfield (IATA: NUQ, ICAO: KNUQ, FAA LID: NUQ), also known as Moffett Field, is a joint civil-military airport located between southern Mountain View and northern Sunnyvale, California, USA. On November 10, 2014, NASA announced that it would be leasing the airfield to Google for 60 years.The airport is near the south end of San Francisco Bay, northwest of San Jose.", "Brown Field Municipal Airport Brown Field Municipal Airport (IATA: SDM, ICAO: KSDM, FAA LID: SDM) is in the Otay Mesa neighborhood of San Diego, California, 13 miles (21 km) southeast of Downtown San Diego and named in honor of Commander Melville S. Brown, USN, who was killed in an airplane crash in 1936. Its main runway is 7,972 feet (2,430 m) long.Its FAA/IATA airport code is SDM. Formerly Naval Auxiliary Air Station Brown Field, it is now a civilian reliever airport and a port of entry from Mexico.", "Grissom Air Reserve Base Grissom Air Reserve Base is a United States Air Force base, located about 12 miles (19 km) north of Kokomo in Cass County, Indiana and Miami County, Indiana. The facility was established as Naval Air Station Bunker Hill in 1942 and an active Air Force installation from 1954 to 1994. Since then it is a joint-use civil airport/military base with the Grissom Aeroplex providing general aviation and charter service. The base is named in memory of astronaut and Indiana native Virgil I.", "José María Córdova International Airport José María Córdova International Airport (IATA: MDE, ICAO: SKRG) is the second largest airport in Colombia after El Dorado International Airport of Bogotá in terms of infrastructure and passenger service. It is located in the city of Rionegro, 45 minutes away from the city of Medellín.It is the most important airport in the department of Antioquia, and in terms of infrastructure, it is the most important in western Colombia. It's also the main hub for low cost airline Viva Colombia.", "Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (CSIA) (IATA: BOM, ICAO: VABB), formerly Sahar International Airport, is the primary international airport serving the Mumbai Metropolitan Area, India. It is the second busiest airport in the country in terms of passenger traffic and international traffic after Delhi, and was the 47th busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic in 2014 according to Airports Council International.", "Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport (IATA: ABV, ICAO: DNAA) is an international airport located in Abuja, FCT, Nigeria, and is the main airport serving the Nigerian capital city. It was named after Nigeria's first President, Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe. It consists of an international and a domestic terminal. Both terminals share the same runway.", "Tobías Bolaños International Airport Tobías Bolaños International Airport (Spanish: Aeropuerto Internacional Tobías Bolaños) (IATA: SYQ, ICAO: MRPV) is one of the four international airports in Costa Rica and the secondary airport serving the city capital of San José after Juan Santamaría International Airport. The airport is named after the Costa Rican pilot Tobias Bolaños Palma (1892-1953), first pilot graduated and who laid the foundation of aviation in Costa Rica.", "Tancredo Neves International Airport Tancredo Neves/Confins International Airport (IATA: CNF, ICAO: SBCF), formerly called Confins International Airport, is the main airport serving Belo Horizonte and Metropolitan Area, Brazil, located in the adjoining municipality of Confins. Since 2 September 1986 the airport is named after Tancredo de Almeida Neves (1910–1985), President-elect of Brazil.It is operated by BH Airport S.A..", "Cyril E. King Airport Cyril E. King Airport (IATA: STT, ICAO: TIST, FAA LID: STT) is a public airport located two miles (3 km) west of the central business district of Charlotte Amalie on the island of St. Thomas in the United States Virgin Islands. It is currently the busiest airport in the United States Virgin Islands, and one of the busiest in the eastern Caribbean, servicing 1,215,000 passengers from March 2011 until February 2012. The airport also serves nearby St.", "Murtala Muhammed International Airport Murtala Muhammed International Airport (MMIA) (IATA: LOS, ICAO: DNMM) is an international airport located in Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria, and is the major airport serving the city of Lagos.", "Charles de Gaulle Airport Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport (French: Aéroport de Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle, IATA: CDG, ICAO: LFPG), also known as Roissy Airport (or just Roissy in French), is one of the world's principal aviation centres, as well as France's largest international airport. It is named after Charles de Gaulle (1890–1970), leader of the Free French Forces and founder of the French Fifth Republic, as well as the President of France from 1959 to 1969.", "Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport (IATA: CCU, ICAO: VECC) is an international airport located in Kolkata, West Bengal, India, serving the Kolkata metropolitan area. It is located approximately 17 km (11 mi) from the city center. The airport was earlier known as Dum Dum Airport before being renamed after Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, a prominent leader of Indian independence movement.", "Bandaranaike International Airport Bandaranaike International Airport (also known as Colombo International Airport and Katunayake International Airport) (IATA: CMB, ICAO: VCBI) is the main international airport serving Sri Lanka, and a hub for SriLankan Airlines. It is named after former Prime Minister SWRD Bandaranaike and is one of the busiest hub airports in South Asia.Bandaranaike International Airport is located in a suburb of Negombo, 22 miles (35 km) north of Colombo.", "Veer Savarkar International Airport Veer Savarkar International Airport also known as Port Blair Airport (IATA: IXZ, ICAO: VOPB), is a customs airport located 2 km (1.2 mi) south of Port Blair and is the main airport of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India. It is named after the Indian freedom fighter Vinayak Damodar Savarkar. It operates as a civil enclave, sharing airside facilities with INS Utkrosh of the Indian Navy.", "Abraham González International Airport Abraham González International Airport (IATA: CJS, ICAO: MMCS) is an international airport located in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico, near the U.S.-Mexico border opposite with El Paso, Texas. It accommodates national and international air traffic of the city of Ciudad Juárez. In 2013, Abraham González International Airport handled 716,626 passengers, and in 2014 it handled 769,029 passengers.In 2013, Volaris initiated over 25 weekly flights departing Ciudad Juarez.", "Begumpet Airport Begumpet Airport (IATA: BPM, ICAO: VOHY) at Hyderabad, also known as Hyderabad Old Airport, is a civil enclave located in Begumpet. The airport is home to the Rajiv Gandhi Aviation Academy (RGAA) and the Begumpet Air Force Station of the Indian Air Force. The Navigation Training School of the Training Command, Indian Air Force, formerly known as the Navigation and Signals School (N&SS), is based here.", "Lic. Miguel de la Madrid Airport Licenciado Miguel de la Madrid Airport or Colima Airport (IATA: CLQ, ICAO: MMIA) is an airport in Colima City, Mexico operated by Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares, a federal government-owned corporation.In 2013, the airport handled 108,265 passengers, and in 2014 it handled 112,477 passengers.", "Kalaeloa Airport Kalaeloa Airport (IATA: JRF, ICAO: PHJR, FAA LID: JRF), also called John Rodgers Field (the original name of Honolulu International Airport) and formerly Naval Air Station Barbers Point, is a joint civil-military regional airport of the State of Hawaiʻi established on July 1, 1999 to replace the Ford Island NALF facilities which closed on June 30 of the same year.", "General José María Yáñez International Airport General José María Yáñez International airport (IATA: GYM, ICAO: MMGM) is an international airport located in Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico. It handles national and international air traffic for the city of Guaymas. It was named after General José María Yáñez who defended Guaymas against an army of 400 French, German and Chilean filibusters in the 19th century.", "Jomo Kenyatta International Airport Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (IATA: NBO, ICAO: HKJK) is an international airport in Nairobi, the capital of and largest city in Kenya. Located in the Embakasi suburb 15 kilometres (9 mi) southeast of Nairobi's central business district, the airport has scheduled flights to destinations in over 50 countries. The airport is named after Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya's first president and prime minister.", "Presidente Nicolau Lobato International Airport Presidente Nicolau Lobato International Airport (IATA: DIL, ICAO: WPDL), formerly known as Comoro International Airport, is an airport located in Dili, the capital of East Timor. The airport was renamed after Nicolau dos Reis Lobato, an East Timorese politician and national hero.", "Kempegowda International Airport Kempegowda International Airport (IATA: BLR, ICAO: VOBL) is an international airport serving the Indian city of Bangalore. It is located at Devanahalli about 30 kilometres (19 mi) from the Bangalore City Railway Station and covers 4,700 acres (1,900 ha). In 2008, it replaced the old HAL airport as the main commercial airport serving Bangalore. The airport earlier known as Bangalore International Airport was renamed after Kempe Gowda I, the founder of Bangalore in 2013.", "Indira Gandhi International Airport Indira Gandhi International Airport (IATA: DEL, ICAO: VIDP) serves as the primary civilian aviation hub for the National Capital Region of Delhi, India. The airport, spread over an area of 5,106 acres (2,066 ha), is situated in Palam, 15 km (9.3 mi) south-west of the New Delhi railway station and 16 km (9.9 mi) from New Delhi city centre. Named after Indira Gandhi, a former Prime Minister of India.", "Mihail Kogălniceanu International Airport Mihail Kogălniceanu Airport (IATA: CND, ICAO: LRCK) is situated in south-east Romania, in the commune of Mihail Kogălniceanu, 26 kilometres (16 mi) north-northwest of Constanţa. It is the main airport of Dobrogea region and it provides access to Constanţa County, the port of Constanţa and Black Sea Romanian resorts.Since 1999 it has occasionally been used by the United States Air Force. It has been alleged that the airport was used for clandestine CIA interrogations.", "General Mitchell International Airport General Mitchell International Airport (IATA: MKE, ICAO: KMKE, FAA LID: MKE) is a civil-military airport five miles (8 km) south of downtown Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States.It is named after United States Army Air Service General Billy Mitchell, who was raised in Milwaukee and is often regarded as the father of the United States Air Force.", "Colorado Springs Airport City of Colorado Springs Municipal Airport (IATA: COS, ICAO: KCOS, FAA LID: COS) (also known as Colorado Springs Airport) is a city-owned public civil-military airport 6 miles (10 km) southeast of Colorado Springs, in El Paso County, Colorado. It is the second busiest airport in the state. The airport is co-located with Peterson Air Force Base which is on the north side of runway 12/30.", "Ramón Villeda Morales International Airport Ramón Villeda Morales International Airport Aeropuerto Internacional Ramón Villeda Morales (IATA: SAP, ICAO: MHLM), also known as La Mesa International Airport, is located 11 km (6.8 mi) from the city of San Pedro Sula, in the Cortés Department in Honduras. The airport is named after Ramón Villeda Morales, who served as President of Honduras from 1957 to 1963.It is the major and busiest airport in Honduras, handling about 742,000 passengers in 2010.", "Carrasco International Airport Carrasco/General Cesáreo L. Berisso International Airport (IATA: MVD, ICAO: SUMU) is the international airport of Montevideo, the capital city of Uruguay. It also is the country's largest airport and is located in the namegiving Carrasco neighborhood located in the adjoining department of Canelones." ]	8
most beautiful railway stations world cities located	[ "Rohri-Chaman railway line\nThe Rohri-Chaman railway line is the second most important railway line in Pakistan. Its connect the Balochistan province with other provinces of the Pakistan. This railway line start from Rohri and end on Chaman passing through Quetta city. Its pass through historic Bolan pass. The total length of this railway line is 523 kilometers (325 mi).", "Khanpur railway station\nKhanpur railway station (Urdu: خان پور ریلوے اسٹیشن‎) is located in Khanpur city, Rahim Yar Khan district of Punjab province of the Pakistan. It is a major railway station of Pakistan Railways on Karachi-Peshawar main line. Khanpur has the potential to be a financial powerhouse for the future of pakistan, as the city has mega projects like peer syed anwar shah colony and others.The station is staffed and has advance and current reservation offices. Food stalls are also located on it platforms.", "Nørreport Station\nNørreport Station is a S-train, Copenhagen Metro and station located in Copenhagen, Denmark. It is the busiest railway station in the country, serving 165,000 people daily. The entire station is underground, with three pairs of platforms: one for S-trains, one for intercity trains and one for the Metro.", "Hua Hin Railway Station\nHua Hin Railway Station is a railway station located in Hua Hin Subdistrict, Hua Hin District, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, and is located 212.99 kilometres (132.3 mi) from Thon Buri Railway Station. It is a class 1 railway station on the Southern Line.On the premises, there is an old 305 Unit Baldwin steam locomotive on display. Hua Hin Station has been considered to be the most beautiful station in Thailand.", "Disused railway stations (Cornish Main Line)\nThere are seventeen disused railway stations between Plymouth in Devon and Penzance in Cornwall, England. The remains of nine of these can be seen from passing trains. While a number of these were closed following the so-called \"Beeching Axe\" in the 1960s, many of them had been closed much earlier, the traffic for which they had been built failing to materialise.", "Kanente Station\nKanente Station (金手駅 Kanente-eki) is a railway station on the Minobu Line of Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central) located in the city of Kōfu, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan. The station is located 87.2 rail kilometers from the southern terminus of the Minobu Line at Fuji Station.", "Prokop railway station\nThe Prokop railway station or Belgrade [Centre] railway station (Serbian Cyrillic: Железничка станица Београд Центар) is the new railway station as the core of the massive reconstruction of the Belgrade railway junction in Belgrade, the capital of Serbia that officially started 1974. Prokop is located in Belgrade's municipality of Savski Venac.", "Auckland Railway Station\nAuckland Railway Station is the former main railway station of Auckland, New Zealand, and is located on the eastern edge of the Auckland CBD near Mechanics Bay. It was a city landmark from the time it was opened in 1930, and is a grand architectural statement in beaux-arts brick and mortar, having been called \"one of the most self-consciously monumental public buildings erected in early twentieth-century New Zealand\".", "Leeds railway station\nLeeds railway station (also known as Leeds City railway station) is the mainline railway station serving the city centre of Leeds in West Yorkshire, England. It is the second busiest railway station in England outside of London. It is located on New Station Street to the south of City Square, at the bottom of Park Row, behind the landmark Queens Hotel; it is one of 19 stations managed by Network Rail.Leeds is an important hub on the British rail network.", "Adapazarı Central railway station\nAdapazarı Central Station is the main terminal railway station in the city of Adapazarı. It is the eastern terminus of the Haydarpaşa-Adapazarı Regional, the most heavily used rail service line in Turkey and second most in service frequency. The station is located directly in the city center. The other two stations serving Adapazarı are Mithatpaşa railway station, located in southwestern Adapazarı and Arifye railway station, located in Adapazarı's southern suburb.", "Nationaltheatret Station\nNationaltheatret Station (Norwegian: Nationaltheatret stasjon) is an underground railway station on the Drammen Line serving Vika and the central business district of Oslo, Norway. It is the second-busiest railway station in Norway, behind Oslo Central Station (Oslo S), from which Nationaltheatret is 1.4 kilometers (0.9 mi) away.", "Kajaani railway station\nThe Kajaani railway station was built from 1904 to 1905, when the railway from Iisalmi to Kajaani was completed as an extension to the Savonia railroad. The station building was designed by Gustaf Nyström. This Jugend building has been called the most beautiful station building in Finland.", "Sandhills railway station\nSandhills railway station is a railway station in Kirkdale, Liverpool, England, located to the north of the city centre on the Northern Line of the Merseyrail network.It was built by the Liverpool, Crosby and Southport Railway Company and now stands at the junction between the branch to Southport and the branch to Ormskirk and Kirkby.The two platforms form a single island, overlooking the River Mersey on one side, and the former industrial area of Commercial Road on the other.", "Indian Railways\nIndian Railways (reporting mark IR / भा. रे) is an Indian state-owned enterprise, owned and operated by the Government of India through the Ministry of Railways. It is one of the world's largest railway networks comprising 115,000 km (71,000 mi) of track over a route of 65,436 km (40,660 mi) and 7,172 stations.", "Yiwu Railway Station\nYiwu Railway Station (simplified Chinese: 义乌站; traditional Chinese: 義烏站; pinyin: Yìwū Zhàn) (IATA: YIU) is a railway station of the Hukun Railway and the Hangchangkun Passenger Railway located in Yiwu in Zhejiang province, People's Republic of China. It is an important site on the Zhejiang-Jiangxi express railway line and under the administration of Shanghai Railway Bureau. Now it is a first-class station.", "Zhangzhou Railway Station\nZhangzhou Railway Station is the main train station of the Zhangzhou metropolitan area in China's Fujian Province. The station is located in Hongtang Village (洪塘村) of Longhai City, about 10 km south of downtown Zhangzhou.", "Rice Lane railway station\nRice Lane railway station is a railway station in Liverpool, England, located to the north of the city centre in the Walton district. It is on the Kirkby branch of the Merseyrail network's Northern Line. The station was opened on 20 November 1848, and was known as Preston Road until 14 May 1984.", "Frankfurt Stadion station\nFrankfurt am Main Stadion station (German: Bahnhof Frankfurt am Main Stadion) is a junction railway station in Frankfurt, Germany.Stadion station is close to Frankfurt's main football stadium, the Commerzbank-Arena. Prior to 1937 it was called Frankfurt-Goldstein and from then until 24 December 2005 it was called Frankfurt-Sportfeld \"\\Sport field\"). According to Deutsche Bahn it is used by 570 trains a day and is the busiest railway junction in Germany.", "Warrington Central railway station\nWarrington Central railway station is one of two main railway stations serving the town of Warrington in the north-west of England. It is located on the southern route of the Liverpool to Manchester Line (the former Cheshire Lines Committee route between Liverpool and Manchester), and is situated around halfway between the two cities.", "Kaliningrad Railway station\nKaliningrad-Passazhirsky is the largest railway station on the Russian Kaliningrad Railway. It is located in the most western point of Russia — the city of Kaliningrad.", "Helsinki Central railway station\nHelsinki Central railway station (Finnish: Helsingin päärautatieasema, Swedish: Helsingfors centralstation) (IATA: HEC) is a widely recognised landmark in Kluuvi, part of central Helsinki, Finland, and the focal point of public transport in the Greater Helsinki area. The station is used by approximately 200,000 passengers per day, making it Finland's most-visited building.", "Sugar Loaf railway station\nSugar Loaf railway station is a railway station in Powys, Wales, and is the most remote station on the Heart of Wales Line. It is located one mile to the north-east of a small but prominent knoll known as Sugar Loaf, around which the A483 road loops.", "Amsterdam Zuid railway station\nAmsterdam Zuid is a railway station situated in the borough of Amsterdam-Zuid in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The station opened in 1978. For a number of years it was named Amsterdam Zuid WTC, referring to the nearby World Trade Center Amsterdam. In 2006, with the area surrounding the station rapidly developing, the station was enlarged and the reference to the WTC was dropped.", "Birmingham New Street railway station\nBirmingham New Street is the largest and busiest of the three main railway stations serving Birmingham, England. It is in the city centre and is a central hub of the British railway system. It is a major destination for Virgin Trains services from London Euston, Glasgow Central and Edinburgh Waverley via the West Coast Main Line, and the national hub of the CrossCountry network – the most extensive in Britain, with long-distance trains serving destinations from Aberdeen to Penzance.", "Liverpool Exchange railway station\nLiverpool Exchange railway station was a railway station located in the city centre of Liverpool, England. Of the four terminal stations in Liverpool's city centre, Exchange station was the only station not accessed via a tunnel.Author and First World War poet Siegfried Sassoon frequently lodged in the hotel adjoining Exchange station.", "Railway stations in the Netherlands\nThere are 404 railway stations in the Netherlands, including five railway stations which are only served during events, one of those only to facilitate pilgrimage to a nearby site and another one only to facilitate the Railway Museum.NS Stations is managing 381 stations.", "Kanchanaburi Railway Station\nKanchanaburi Railway Station is a railway station located in Ban Nuea Subdistrict, Kanchanaburi City, Kanchanaburi. It is a class 1 railway station located 117.046 km (72.7 mi) from Thon Buri Railway Station. The line opened in 1942 by the Imperial Japanese Army, during the Second World War. After the war, the State Railway of Thailand bought the line from the Allied powers, and the station reopened in June 1949, from Nong Pladuk Junction.", "Union Station (Toronto)\nUnion Station is the primary railway station and intercity transportation facility in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located on Front Street West, on the south side of the block bounded by Bay Street and York Street in downtown Toronto. The station building is owned by the City of Toronto, while the train shed and trackage is owned by the commuter rail operator GO Transit.", "Ancona railway station\nAncona railway station, sometimes named Ancona Centrale, is the main railway station of the Italian city of Ancona, in the Marches. It is the most important station of its region and is owned by the Ferrovie dello Stato, the national rail company of Italy.", "Huế Railway Station\nHuế Railway Station is a railway station in the city of Huế, Vietnam on the main North–South Railway. The street address is 2 Bui Thi Xuan Street, Huế, Thừa Thiên–Huế Province, Vietnam.The station was built by the French colonial authorities during the French Indochina period. The station is influenced by French architecture and is today considered one of the most beautiful railway stations in Vietnam.", "Stockholm City Station\nStockholm City Station is a railway station which is under construction in downtown Stockholm, Sweden. Scheduled to open in 2017, the station is located on the Stockholm City Line and will be located directly below T-Centralen, the central station of the Stockholm Metro, and with interchange with Stockholm Central Station. The station will serve all Stockholm Commuter Rail trains.", "Aldwych tube station\nAldwych is a closed station on the London Underground, located in the City of Westminster in Central London. It was opened in 1907 with the name Strand, after the street on which it is located, and was the terminus of the short Piccadilly line branch from Holborn that was a relic of the merger of two railway schemes. The station building is close to the Strand's junction with Surrey Street, near Aldwych.", "Zidani Most railway station\nZidani Most railway station (Slovene: Železniška postaja Zidani Most) is an important railway station and junction in Zidani Most, which is located within the municipality of Laško, Slovenia. The station lies close to the confluence of the rivers Sava and Savinja. Its importance is because most non-direct train services linking the east with Ljubljana connect here.", "List of railway stations in Tajikistan\nRailway stations in Tajikistan include:The railroad system totals only 480 kilometers of track, all of it broad gauge. The system connects the main urban centers of western Tajikistan with points in neighboring Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. In 2000 a new line connected the southern cities of Qurghonteppa and Kulob. Passenger transit through Tajikistan has been hindered by periodic failures of Tajik Railways to pay transit tariffs and by safety issues.", "Crewe railway station\nCrewe railway station is a railway station in Crewe, Cheshire, England.The station was completed in 1837 and is one of the most historic railway stations in the world. Crewe was chosen after Winsford, seven miles to the north, had rejected an earlier proposal, as had local landowners in neighbouring Nantwich, four miles away.Crewe is a major junction on the West Coast Main Line and serves as a rail gateway for North West England.", "Lod Railway Station\nLod Railway Station is an Israel Railways station in Lod, Israel, served by most railway lines of Israel Railways. The station is located in the HaRakevet district of south Lod. In December 2006, Lod Station served a daily average of 7,786 passengers.Lod station is the 11th most used station of Israel Railways and is home to a major railway depot.", "Vukov Spomenik railway station\nVukov Spomenik is the rail station in Vračar, Serbia. Located in the urban neighborhood Vukov Spomenik, in the municipality Vračar. Continued to Karađorđe's Park one, and the Pančevo Bridge in the other direction. Vukov Spomenik railway station consists of 2 railway tracks.", "Broad Green railway station\nBroad Green railway station is a railway station serving the Broadgreen district of Liverpool, England.Along with some other stations on the same line, it is the joint oldest used railway station site in the world being a part of the original 1830 Liverpool and Manchester passenger railway. However, the current station buildings date from the 1970s.The station is located very close to junction 4 of the M62 motorway but is not a \"parkway\" or \"interchange\" station.", "Loimaa railway station\nLoimaa railway station (Finnish Loimaan asema; Swedish Loimaa station) is located in the town of Loimaa, Finland. The station is located almost exactly halfway between the Turku Central and Toijala railway stations, making it an important place along the track.The station was taken into use when the track was completed in 1876. The station building was probably designed by Knut Nylander, who was the building designer of the VR Group at that time.", "Warszawa Wschodnia railway station\nWarszawa Wschodnia (English: Warsaw East Station) is one of the most important railway stations in Warsaw, Poland. Its more official name is Warszawa Wschodnia Osobowa (literally translated as Warsaw East Passenger). It is located on the eastern side of the Vistula river, on the border of the Praga Północ and Praga Południe district, on the Warsaw Cross-City Line.", "Wrocław Główny railway station\nWrocław Główny (Polish for Wrocław main station) is the largest and most important passenger station of the southwestern Polish city of Wrocław. Built in the mid-19th century near the centre of the city, until 1945 it was known as Breslau Hauptbahnhof \"\\Breslau Main station\"). It also is the largest railway station of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, located at the junction of several important routes.", "Allerton railway station\nAllerton railway station was a railway station on the City Line of the Merseyrail network, located in the suburbs of Liverpool, England. It opened on 15 February 1864 with the opening of the St Helens Railway's extension to Edge Hill.Despite the name, it was not located in the suburb of Allerton, but in neighbouring Garston.", "Rail transport in Great Britain\nThe railway system in Great Britain is the oldest in the world: the world's first locomotive-hauled public railway opened in 1825. Most of the railway track is managed by Network Rail, which in 2014 had a network of 15,753 kilometres (9,788 mi) of standard-gauge lines, of which 5,268 kilometres (3,273 mi) were electrified. These lines range from single to quadruple track or more.", "Oksu Station\nOksu Station is a station on the Line 3 and Gyeongwon Line. It is located near the confluence of the Han River and Jungnang River.The Line 3 part of Oksu Station is one of the four stations on Line 3 not underground (Such other stations are Jichuk, Wondang, and Daegok). Yongsan-Deokso Line part was recently renovated with glass covered top using natural sunlight during the day. Because of its beautiful view of the Han River, it is often seen in movies and advertisements.", "Michigan Central Station\nMichigan Central Station (also known as Michigan Central Depot or MCS) was the main intercity passenger rail depot for Detroit, Michigan. Built for the Michigan Central Railroad, it replaced the original depot in downtown Detroit, which was shuttered after a major fire on December 26, 1913, forcing the still unfinished station into early service. Formally dedicated on January 4, 1914, the station remained open for business until the cessation of Amtrak service on January 6, 1988.", "List of railway stations in Luxembourg\nThis is a list of railway stations in Luxembourg. Luxembourg has a well-developed railway network, due in part to its heavily-industrialised iron- and steel-producing Red Lands, which are particularly well served. As a result, most towns with over a thousand inhabitants are served by at least one station (and, in the case of Luxembourg City and Dudelange, four)." ]	[ "Bucharest North railway station Bucharest North railway station (Romanian: București Gara de Nord) is the main railway station in Bucharest and the largest railway station in Romania. The vast majority of mainline trains to and from Bucharest originate from Gara de Nord.", "Parasnath railway station Parasnath railway station is on the Asansol-Gaya section of the Grand Chord and serves the town of Isri in Giridih district in the Indian state of Jharkhand. The Parasnath Hill or Shikharji, located nearby, with a height of 1,350 metres (4,430 ft) is the highest mountain in the state of Jharkhand.", "Success Hill railway station Success Hill Railway Station is a Transperth railway station 11.6 km from Perth railway station, in Western Australia, on the Midland Line.", "Buenos Aires Belgrano Sur Line railway station Buenos Aires (Spanish: Estación Buenos Aires) is a passenger railway station in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The station is terminus of the Belgrano Sur line that runs trains along Greater Buenos Aires region. The station is located a short distance north of the Riachuelo River, on the boundaries between the barrios of Parque Patricios and Barracas, two outlying neighbourhoods in the southern part of the city.", "Chennai Central railway station Chennai Central, erstwhile Madras Central, is the main railway terminus in the city of Chennai, formerly known as Madras. It lies adjacent to the current headquarters of the Southern Railway, as well as the Ripon Building, and is one of the most important railway hubs in South India. The other major railway hub stations in the city are Chennai Egmore and Tambaram.", "Sunnyvale Railway Station Sunnyvale railway station is located on the Western Line of the Auckland railway network.In 2006/2007, the station was closed over summer to be upgraded, and lengthened for 6-car trains.Sunnyvale railway station was seen during the fourth episode of Outrageous Fortune's fifth season.", "West India Docks railway station West India Docks was a railway station in Limehouse, east London, that was opened by the Commercial Railway (later the London and Blackwall Railway) in 1840. It was situated between Limehouse and Millwall Junction stations, 2 miles 35 chains (3.9 km) down-line from Fenchurch Street.", "Gare de Nice-Ville Nice-Ville (French: Gare de Nice-Ville) is the main railway station in Nice, France.", "Gare de Châtelet – Les Halles Châtelet – Les Halles is the major commuter train hub in Paris and the largest underground station in the world. It is directly connected with the Paris Métro stations Châtelet and Les Halles. Taken together they host 750,000 travellers per weekday (including interchanges), 493,000 for the RER only. It is named after the Châtelet monument and the former market of Les Halles.", "Gare du Palais Gare du Palais (‘Palace Station’) is a train and bus station in Quebec City, Canada. Its name comes from its proximity to the Palace of the Intendant of New France. It is served by Via Rail, Canada’s national passenger railway, and by the private coach company Orléans Express.Built in 1915 by the Canadian Pacific Railway, the two-storey châteauesque station is similar in design to the Château Frontenac.", "Mahalaxmi railway station Mahalaxmi (Marathi: महालक्ष्मी), also spelled Mahalakshmi, is a railway station on the Western Line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway in Mahalaxmi, Mumbai. Trains starting from Churchgate pass through Mahalaxmi. Major landmarks in the area are the Mahalaxmi Temple, Haji Ali Dargah, Nehru Planetarium and Mahalaxmi Racecourse. Worli Seaface is also close from here. Byculla station of the Central Railway is the closest station.", "West Rail Line The West Rail Line (Chinese: 西鐵綫) is one of the MTR lines in Hong Kong, indicated by the colour dark magenta. It was formerly known as the KCR West Rail (九廣西鐵). The line connects Hung Hom Station in Yau Tsim Mong District and Tuen Mun Station in Tuen Mun, 35.4 km away, in 37 minutes.Currently the West Rail Line only provides a local service at three-minute peak headway, resembling a metro more than a commuter railway.", "Haydarpaşa Terminal Istanbul Haydarpaşa Terminal or Haydarpaşa Terminus (Turkish: Haydarpaşa Garı) is a railway terminal in Istanbul. Until 2012 the station was a major intercity, regional and commuter rail hub as well as the busiest railway station in Turkey. Haydarpaşa, along with Sirkeci Terminal (on the other side of the Bosphorus), are Istanbul's two intercity and commuter railway terminals.", "Williamstown railway line The Williamstown railway line is a suburban railway in Melbourne, Australia. It has 10 stations, all in Myki ticketing Zone 1.", "Wellingborough railway station Wellingborough railway station is located the market town of Wellingborough in Northamptonshire, England. It lies on the Midland Main Line, it is 65 miles (104 km) from London St. Pancras.", "White City railway station White City is a former railway station that was located on the Sunbury railway line (then the St Albans line) of the Melbourne suburban rail system in Melbourne, Australia. It is located approximately 700 metres west of Tottenham railway station. The next station down the line is the Sunshine railway station.", "Ulaanbaatar railway station Ulaanbaatar (Mongolian: Улаанбаатар өртөө) is the main railway station of Ulaanbaatar (or Ulan Bator), the capital of Mongolia.The station is the center of regional and international traffic in Mongolia. The Trans-Mongolian Railway passes through the station. It is the largest station in the country.", "Ilmala railway station Ilmala railway station (Finnish: Ilmalan rautatieasema, Swedish: Ilmala järnvägsstation) is a railway station on the VR commuter rail network located in northern Helsinki, Finland. It is approximately 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) north of Helsinki Central railway station. The VR Group maintains a depot north of the station.", "Pennsylvania Station (New York City) Pennsylvania Station, also known as New York Penn Station or Penn Station, is the main intercity railroad station in New York City. Serving more than 600,000 commuter rail and Amtrak passengers a day — up to one thousand every ninety seconds— it is the busiest passenger transportation facility in the United States and in North America.Penn Station is in the midtown area of Manhattan, close to Herald Square, the Empire State Building, Koreatown, and the Macy's department store.", "Huopalahti railway station Huopalahti railway station (Finnish: Huopalahden rautatieasema, Swedish: Hoplax järnvägsstation) is a railway station on the VR commuter rail network located in northern Helsinki, Finland. It is located about 6 kilometres (4 mi) to the north/northwest of Helsinki Central railway station.Huopalahti station is now situated in the district of Etelä-Haaga, but it was named for the municipality of Huopalahti, which was annexed to the city of Helsinki in 1946.", "Railway Technical Centre The Railway Technical Centre (RTC) in London Road, Derby, UK, was built by the British Railways Board in the early 1960s to be its technical headquarters. British Rail was able to announce that \"The Railway Technical Centre at Derby is the largest railway research complex in the world.\"The RTC centralised the technical services provided by the regional Chief Mechanical & Electrical Engineers (CM&EE) to form the Department of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering (DM&EE).", "TAZARA Railway The TAZARA Railway, also called the Uhuru Railway or the Tanzam Railway, is a railroad in East Africa linking the port of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania with the town of Kapiri Mposhi in Zambia's Central Province. The single-track railway is 1,860 km (1,160 mi) long and was built by the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority (TAZARA) from 1970 to 1975 as a turnkey project financed and supported by China.", "Central Station (Montreal) Central Station (French: Gare Centrale) (IATA: YMY) is the major inter-city rail station and a major commuter rail hub in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. 18 million rail passengers use the station every year.The main concourse occupies almost the entire block bounded by rue de La Gauchetière, Robert-Bourassa Boulevard, René Lévesque Boulevard and Mansfield Street.", "North–South connection The North–South connection (French: Jonction Nord-Midi, Dutch: Noord-Zuidverbinding) is a railway link of national and international importance through the centre of Brussels, Belgium, that connects the major railway stations in the city. It is line 0 (zero) of the Belgian rail network. With 1200 trains a day it is the busiest railway line in Belgium and the busiest railway tunnel in the world. It has six tracks and is used principally for passenger trains.", "Hamburger Bahnhof Hamburger Bahnhof is the former terminus of the Berlin–Hamburg Railway in Berlin, Germany, on Invalidenstraße in the Moabit district opposite the Charité hospital. Today it serves as the Museum für Gegenwart (Museum for the Present), a contemporary art museum which is part of the Berlin National Gallery.", "Modern Transportation Museum The Modern Transportation Museum (交通科学博物館, Kōtsū Kagaku Hakubutsukan) is the corporate museum operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR West) in Minato-ku, Osaka, Japan. It opened on 21 January 1962, next to Bentencho Station on the Osaka Loop Line.", "Bangkok Railway Station Bangkok Railway Station (Thai: สถานีรถไฟกรุงเทพ), unofficially known as Hua Lamphong Station (หัวลำโพง), is the main railway station in Bangkok, Thailand. It is in the center of the city in the Pathum Wan District, and is operated by the State Railway of Thailand.", "Dullstroom Dullstroom, also known as Emnotweni is a small town in Mpumalanga province, South Africa, and along with Underberg, it is one of South Africa's premier flyfishing destinations. The town features the highest railway station in South Africa at 2,077 m above sea level as well as at the foot of De Berg, the highest point in the province at 2,332 m high. The town lies 35km north of Belfast and some 53km south-west of Lydenburg.", "München Hauptbahnhof München Hauptbahnhof (German for Munich main railway station) is the main railway station in the city of Munich, Germany. It is one of the three long distance stations in Munich, the others being München-Pasing and München Ost. München Hauptbahnhof sees about 450,000 passengers a day, which puts it on par with other large stations in Germany, such as Hamburg Hauptbahnhof and Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof. It is one of 21 stations classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 1 station.", "Brussels-South railway station Brussels-South (Dutch: Brussel-Zuid, French: Bruxelles-Midi, IATA code: ZYR) is the biggest railway station in Brussels, capital of Belgium. As Brussels is a bilingual entity, both the French and Dutch names are official. This often leads to the usage of combined shorthands outside Belgium: for example in the Thomas Cook European Rail Timetable, Brussels-South is designated as \"Brussels Midi/Zuid\"; Dutch Railways announce the station as \"Brussel Zuid/Midi\".", "Museum railway station Museum' is located on the City Circle at the southern end of Hyde Park in the Sydney central business district. It is served by Sydney Trains T2 Airport, Inner West & South and T3 Bankstown line services. It is named after the nearby Australian Museum.", "Trans-Siberian Railway The Trans-Siberian Railway (TSR, Russian: Транссиби́рская магистра́ль, tr. Transsibirskaya Magistral; IPA: [trənsʲsʲɪˈbʲirskəjə məgʲɪˈstralʲ]) is a network of railways connecting Moscow with the Russian Far East and the Sea of Japan. With a length of 9,289 km (5,772 mi), it is the longest railway line in the world. There are connecting branch lines into Mongolia, China and North Korea.", "Cosmopolitan Railway The Cosmopolitan Railway was a proposed global railroad network advocated by William Gilpin, formerly the first territorial governor of Colorado (1861–62), in his 1890 treatise Cosmopolitan Railway: Compacting and Fusing Together All the World's Continents. Gilpin named his capital city of Denver as the world's administrative centre.", "Rigi Railways Rigi Railways (German: Rigi-Bahnen) is a group of railways on Mount Rigi, located between two of the arms of Lake Lucerne, in Switzerland. They include two standard gauge rack railways, the Vitznau-Rigi Bahn (VRB) and the Arth-Rigi Bahn (ARB), along with the Luftseilbahn Weggis-Rigi Kaltbad (LWRK) cable car.Reaching a height of 1,752 metres (5,748 ft) above sea level, the Rigi Railways are the highest standard gauge railway in Europe.", "Exhibition railway line The Exhibition railway line is a special-purpose railway line in Brisbane, the state capital of Queensland, Australia. It conveys QR Citytrain passengers during the Royal Queensland Show (locally known as \"the Ekka\") in August and rare other special events held in the showgrounds.", "Bahnhofsviertel The Bahnhofsviertel (literally: train station quarter) is a city district of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. It is part of the Ortsbezirk Innenstadt I.The Bahnhofsviertel was developed between 1891 and 1915. Along with the Westend, the Nordend and the Ostend, it is part of Frankfurt's dense inner city districts.", "Canadian Museum of Rail Travel The Canadian Museum of Rail Travel, or its brand name \"Trains Deluxe\", is located in Cranbrook, British Columbia, Canada, a city of about 25,000 on the west side of the Rocky Mountains. The city was developed by the arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) in 1898, as the administrative centre for the railway's \"Crowsnest Pass\" route. It is still a busy railway center with Canadian and international freight traffic.", "Tiger Hill, Darjeeling Tiger Hill is located in Darjeeling, in the Indian State of West Bengal, and is the summit of Ghoom, the highest railway station in the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway – a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is famous for its panoramic view of Mount Everest and Mt.", "Federico Lacroze railway station Federico Lacroze railway station (Estación Federico Lacroze in Spanish)) is a passenger railway station in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The station is located in the city's outlying barrio (neighbourhood) of Chacarita in a predominantly residential area. It is just a short distance north of the Cementerio de la Chacarita, the city's largest cemetery.", "Grand Central Terminal Grand Central Terminal (GCT) is a commuter (and former intercity) railroad terminal at 42nd Street and Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, United States.Built by and named for the New York Central Railroad in the heyday of American long-distance passenger rail travel, it covers 48 acres (19 ha) and has 44 platforms, more than any other railroad station in the world.", "La Estacion Theme Park La Estacion Theme Park (The Railway Station) is a historic and recreational complex located in the city of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, in the Mexican state of Aguascalientes.The State of Aguascalientes was at some point a major railway hub for Mexico, due to its central location between important cities. It was home to some of the largest workshops and warehouses in Latin America. When the workshops ceased its work, the calderas, machinery and old workshops remained abandoned.", "Wien Westbahnhof railway station Wien Westbahnhof (Vienna West station) is a major Austrian railway station, the starting point of the West railway (Westbahn) and used by trains to Salzburg, Munich, Frankfurt, Zürich, Moscow, Budapest, Bucharest, and Belgrade. As well as long-distance routes, Wien Westbahnhof is served by local trains on S-Bahn-line S50 and underground (U-Bahn) lines U3 and U6. Six tram lines converge on Europaplatz in front of the station, although none go into the city centre.", "Baltiysky Railway station St. Petersburg-Baltiysky (Russian: Балти́йский вокза́л) is a railway station in St. Petersburg, one of the busiest railway stations in Russia by volume of suburban traffic.The station was modelled by architect Alexander Krakau after Gare de l'Est in Paris. Construction started in 1854. The station was opened on 21 July 1857 as the Peterhof Railway Station.", "Turku Central railway station The Turku Central railway station (Finnish: Turun päärautatieasema, Swedish: Åbo centralstation) is a railway station in the VII District of Turku, Finland. It has VR services to Helsinki and towards Joensuu (most terminate in Tampere or Pieksämäki). The station serves approximately a million passengers annually.The railway station was opened in 1876, together with the newly built railway between Turku and Tampere, in a celebration attended by the future Tsar Alexander III of Russia.", "Manchester Piccadilly station Manchester Piccadilly is the principal railway station in Manchester, England. Opened as Store Street in 1842 and renamed Manchester London Road in 1847, it serves intercity destinations such as London, Birmingham, Bristol, Southampton, South Wales, Glasgow as well as other destinations throughout Northern England including Liverpool, Leeds, Sheffield, Newcastle and York.", "Den Haag Centraal railway station Den Haag Centraal [dɛn ɦaːx sɛnˈtraːɫ] (in English: The Hague Central) (IATA: ZYH) is the largest railway station in the Dutch city of The Hague and, with twelve tracks, the largest terminal station in the Netherlands. The station was completed in 1973, next to the older station Den Haag Staatsspoor. It is the western terminus of the Gouda–Den Haag railway.", "Pardubice hlavní nádraží Pardubice main railway station (Czech Pardubice hlavní nádraží) is one of the largest railway stations in the Czech Republic, located about 1.8 kilometres (1.1 mi) WSW from city centre of Pardubice, an important railway network hub.", "Madrid Atocha railway station Madrid Atocha (Spanish: Estación de Madrid Atocha, also named Madrid Puerta de Atocha) is the largest railway station in Madrid. It is the primary station serving commuter trains (Cercanías), intercity and regional trains from the south, and the AVE high speed trains from Barcelona (Catalonia), Zaragoza (Aragon), Seville (Andalusia) and Valencia (Levante Region). These train services are run by the Spanish national rail company, Renfe.", "Blue Train (South Africa) The Blue Train travels an approximately 1,600-kilometer (990 mi) journey in South Africa between Pretoria and Cape Town. It is one of the most luxurious train journeys in the world. It boasts butler service, two lounge cars (smoking and non-smoking), an observation car, and carriages with gold-tinted picture windows, in soundproofed, fully carpeted compartments, each featuring its own en-suite (many of which are equipped with a full-sized bathtub).", "Old Railway Station Museum The Old Train Station and Railway Museum is located in the city of Aguascalientes, in the state of Aguascalientes, in Mexico.Aguascalientes was once the largest hub in Mexico's rail system, and it held the largest workshop and warehouse complex in all Latin America.The museum consists of two buildings (old station and old loading warehouse) and wagons.", "Rautatientori Rautatientori (Finnish for \"Railway Square\", Swedish: Järnvägstorget) is an open square in central Helsinki, immediately to the east of the Helsinki Central railway station. The square mostly serves as Helsinki's secondary bus station (the primary one being at the Kamppi Center).", "Jungfrau railway The Jungfrau railway (German: Jungfraubahn, JB) is a metre gauge (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in gauge) rack railway which runs 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) from Kleine Scheidegg to the highest railway station in Europe at Jungfraujoch (3,454 m), between the Bernese Oberland and Valais in Switzerland.", "Crown Street railway station Crown Street Station was located on Crown Street, Liverpool, England. The station opened on 15 September 1830 as the Liverpool passenger terminus of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, the world's first public passenger line. This gave it the station the distinction of being the world's first dedicated intercity passenger railway station as the first train ran from Liverpool.", "Praha hlavní nádraží Praha hlavní nádraží (English: Prague main railway station, abbreviated Praha hl.n) is the largest and most important railway station in Prague in the Czech Republic. It was originally opened in 1871 and named Franz Josef Station after Franz Joseph I of Austria. During the First Republic and from 1945 to 1953 the station was called Wilson Station (Czech: 'Wilsonovo nádraží') after former President of the United States, Woodrow Wilson.", "Pasila railway station Pasila railway station (Finnish: Pasilan rautatieasema, Swedish: Böle järnvägstation) is a railway station in Helsinki, Finland, approximately 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) north of Helsinki Central railway station. It is the second busiest railway station in Finland, after Helsinki Central, and takes up a large part of the district of Pasila. The station was first opened in 1862.", "St Pancras railway station St Pancras railway station (/seɪnt ˈpæŋkrəs/ or /sənt ˈpæŋkrəs/), also known as London St Pancras and since 2007 as St Pancras International, is a central London railway terminus and Grade I listed building located on Euston Road in the London Borough of Camden.Widely known for its Victorian architecture, the station stands between the British Library, King's Cross station and the Regent's Canal.", "Miskolc Tiszai railway station The Tiszai Railway Station, operated by Hungarian State Railways, is the largest of two railway stations of the city of Miskolc, Hungary. Despite its name, the station is not close to the river Tisza; it was named after the company that built it.", "Dunedin Railway Station Dunedin Railway Station in Dunedin on New Zealand's South Island, designed by George Troup, is the city's fourth station. It earned its architect the nickname of \"Gingerbread George\".", "Kyiv-Passazhyrskiy Railway station Kyiv-Passazhyrsky (Ukrainian: Київ-Пасажирський) is a railway station in the capital of Ukraine, Kiyv. Serving more than 170,000 passengers per day (as of 2005). Southern Station is a misnomer in virtually universal usage in Kiev, referring to a large entrance with ticket booths on the other side of the tracks from the Central Station building.", "Cartesian circle The Cartesian circle is a potential mistake in reasoning attributed to René Descartes.Descartes argues – for example, in the third of his Meditations on First Philosophy – that whatever one clearly and distinctly perceives is true: \"I now seem to be able to lay it down as a general rule that whatever I perceive very clearly and distinctly is true.\" (AT VII 35) He goes on in the same Meditation to argue for the existence of a benevolent God, in order to defeat his skeptical argument in the first Meditation from the possibility that God be a deceiver. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_circle?oldid=678919970> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Chennai_Egmore_railway_station> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Chennai Egmore (formerly known as Madras Egmore) is a railway station in Egmore, Chennai (Madras), South India. The station acts as the arrival and departure point for trains connecting Chennai and southern, central Tamil Nadu and Kerala. This is one of the two main railway terminals in the city along with Chennai Central (Madras Central), which serves the north and west bound trains from the city.", "Great Rail Journeys Great Rail Journeys, based in York, United Kingdom, is a tour operator that offers escorted worldwide rail tour holidays. The company is Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA) and Air Travel Organisers' Licensing (ATOL)-bonded and is a member of the Association of Independent Tour Operators (AITO).", "Pleasant Point Museum and Railway The Pleasant Point Museum and Railway is a narrow gauge heritage railway located in the small country town of Pleasant Point in southern Canterbury, New Zealand, inland from Timaru. Its main terminal is located at Pleasant Point station, which was an important stop on the Fairlie Branch.", "Pilatus railway The Pilatus railway (German: Pilatusbahn, PB) is a mountain railway in Switzerland and is the steepest rack railway in the world, with a maximum gradient of 48% and an average gradient of 35%. The line runs from Alpnachstad, on Lake Lucerne, to a terminus near the Esel summit of Mount Pilatus at an altitude of 2,073 m (6,801 ft), which makes it the highest railway in Obwalden and the second highest in Central Switzerland after the Furka line.", "Amsterdam Centraal railway station Station Amsterdam Centraal (code: Asd) Dutch pronunciation: [stɑ(t)ʃɔn ʔɑmstər'dɑm sɛntraːl] is the largest railway station of Amsterdam, Netherlands, and a major national railway hub. Used by 260,000 passengers a day, it is the second-busiest railway station in the country after Utrecht Centraal and the most visited national heritage site of the Netherlands.National and international railway services at Amsterdam Centraal are provided by NS, the principal rail operator in the Netherlands.", "Cape Town railway station Cape Town railway station is the main railway station of the city of Cape Town, South Africa. It is located along Adderley and Strand Streets in the city's central business district.", "Zürich Hauptbahnhof Zürich Hauptbahnhof (often shortened to Zürich HB; English: Zürich Main Station or Zürich Central Station) is the largest railway station in Switzerland. Zürich is a major railway hub, with services to and from across Switzerland and neighbouring European countries such as Germany, Italy, Austria and France. Constructed as the terminus of the Spanisch Brötli Bahn, the first railway built completely within Switzerland, it is the second oldest railway station in Switzerland.", "Tokyo Station Tokyo Station (東京駅, Tōkyō-eki) is a railway station in the Marunouchi business district of Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan, near the Imperial Palace grounds and the Ginza commercial district.Served by Shinkansen high-speed rail lines, Tokyo Station is the main intercity rail terminal in Tokyo. It is the busiest station in Japan in terms of number of trains per day (over 3,000), and the fifth-busiest in Eastern Japan in terms of passenger throughput.", "Nagoya Station Nagoya Station (名古屋駅, Nagoya-eki) is a major railway station in Nakamura-ku, Nagoya, Japan. It is one of the world's largest train stations by floor area (410,000 m²), and houses the headquarters of the Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central). Much of this space is located in the JR Central Towers atop the station, as well as in underground concourses. The current station complex was completed on December 20, 1999.", "Constitución railway station Constitución railway station (Spanish: Estación Constitución) is a large railway station Barrio Constitución in central Buenos Aires, Argentina. The full official name of the station is Estación Plaza Constitución (in English: Constitution Square Station) reflecting the fact that the station is located opposite Constitution Square, two kilometers to the south of the Obelisco landmark.", "Budapest-Déli Railway Terminal Budapest-Déli station (Hungarian: Budapest-Déli pályaudvar, Budapest south station) known to locals and foreigners alike simply as the Déli is one of the three main railway stations in Budapest, Hungary.Located in the 1st District (Várkerület) of Budapest, the station is located in Buda, and primarily serves towns and cities in Transdanubia. The station was first opened in 1861 on the line towards Rijeka (then known as Fiume and part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire) on the Adriatic Sea.", "Iver railway station Iver railway station is a railway station situated in the village of Richings Park, near Iver, Buckinghamshire, England. It is the first station on the Great Western Main Line located outside Greater London.", "Once railway station Once railway station (Spanish: formally Estación Once de Septiembre (11th of September Station), informally estación Once (Eleven Station)), IPA: [ˈonse]) is a large railway terminus in central Buenos Aires, Argentina in the barrio of Balvanera.The station, inaugurated on December 20, 1882, is located in the barrio of Balvanera immediately north of Plaza Miserere, a large public square.", "Manchester Victoria station Manchester Victoria railway station in Manchester, England is the city's second largest mainline railway station and one of eight Metrolink tram stations within the city zone. It lies to the north of the city centre on Hunts Bank, close to Manchester Cathedral. Victoria is the second busiest station (after Piccadilly) in the Manchester station group and the busiest station managed by Northern Rail. Its management will be transferred to Network Rail in 2016.", "Tanggula Railway Station The Tanggula (Dangla) railway station (Chinese: 唐古拉站; pinyin: Tánggǔlā zhàn) is a railway station located in Amdo County, Tibet Autonomous Region, China, near the border with the Tanggula Town, Qinghai. The railway station has three tracks, one of them served by a platform, and another one served by a very short sub-platform. Since its construction, Tanggula Station has been the highest railway station in the world.", "Sealdah railway station Sealdah railway station is one of the major railway stations serving Kolkata in India, the others being Howrah Station, Shalimar Station, Santragachi Junction and Kolkata Railway Station. Sealdah is one of the busiest railway stations in India and an important suburban rail terminal. After completion, Kolkata Metro Line 2 will pass through Sealdah.", "Lahore Junction railway station The Lahore Junction railway station (Urdu: لاہور جنکشن ریلوے اسٹیشن ‎), (Punjabi: لہور جنکشن ریلوے اسٹیشن ) is the main Pakistan Railways terminus serving Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Built during the British Raj between 1859-1860 at the cost of half a million Rupees (approximately $30 million in 2015 US Dollars). Located in the heart of the city, it is the busiest railway station in the country, as well as the location for the headquarters of Pakistan Railways.", "Galera railway station Galera is the third highest railway station in the Western Hemisphere with an elevation of 4,777 m (15,681 ft).", "Budapest-Nyugati Railway Terminal Budapest-Nyugati pályaudvar (Hungarian for Budapest Western railway station), is one of the three main railway terminals in Budapest, Hungary. Known to locals and foreigners alike simply as the Nyugati it lies at the intersection of Grand Boulevard and Váci Avenue.The station was planned by August de Serres and was built by the Eiffel Company. It was opened on 28 October 1877.", "Shinjuku Station Shinjuku Station (新宿駅, Shinjuku-eki) is a major railway station in Shinjuku and Shibuya wards in Tokyo, Japan.Serving as the main connecting hub for rail traffic between Tokyo's special wards and Western Tokyo on inter-city rail, commuter rail, and metro lines, the station was used by an average of 3.64 million people per day in 2007, making it, by far, the world's busiest transport hub (and registered as such with Guinness World Records).", "Bonaventure Station Bonaventure Station is the name of several railway stations located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.", "Katoomba Scenic World Katoomba Scenic World is a privately owned tourist attraction located in Katoomba in the world heritage-listed Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia, about 100 kilometres west of Sydney. Scenic World is home to 4 attractions, of which the most famous is the Katoomba Scenic Railway. The site also includes the Katoomba Scenic Skyway, the Cableway and Katoomba Scenic Walkway a 2.4 km elevated boardwalk through ancient rainforest.", "Ramses Station Ramses Railway Station (Arabic: محطة رمسيس‎ Maḥaṭṭat Ramsīs), also called Misr Station (Arabic: محطة مصر‎ Maḥaṭṭat Miṣr) is the main railway station of Cairo, Egypt. The name is derived from the Ancient Egyptian pharaoh Ramses II whose statue was erected by Nasser on the square there in 1955.", "Kamalapur railway station Kamalapur Railway Station is the central railway station in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The station is the largest in the country and the most important terminal for transportation between Dhaka and the rest of Bangladesh. It is also one of the most modern and striking buildings in Dhaka designed by American architect Robert Boughey. The railway station situated in the north-east side of Motijheel, was established in the early 1960s and started its operation from 1969.", "Shanghai Railway Station Shanghai Railway Station (simplified Chinese: 上海火车站; traditional Chinese: 上海火車站; pinyin: Shànghǎi Huǒchē Zhàn) is one of the four major railway stations in Shanghai, China, the others being Shanghai South Railway Station, Shanghai Hongqiao Railway Station and Shanghai West Railway Station.The station is located on Moling Road, Zhabei District, to the North of the city centre. It is governed by Shanghai Railway Bureau and is one of the most important hubs of the railway network in China.", "Beijing West Railway Station Beijing West (Beijingxi) Railway Station (Chinese: 北京西站; pinyin: Běijīng Xī Zhàn; colloquially referred to as West Station 西客站) is located in western Beijing's Fengtai District. Opened in early 1996 after three years of construction, it is the largest railway station in Asia with 510,000m². The station serves in average 150,000–180,000 passengers per day with a maximum of 400,000 people per day.", "Royapuram Royapuram is a locality in the Northern part of Chennai City, Tamil Nadu, most known for the Royapuram Railway Station, the first railway station of south India opened in 1856, and is today the oldest surviving railway station of the Indian subcontinent", "Howrah Junction railway station Howrah railway station is the oldest station and largest railway complex in India. It is one of the four intercity railway stations serving the city of Kolkata, the others being Sealdah Station, Shalimar Station and Kolkata railway station. The terminal station is located on the west bank of the Hooghly River, linked to Kolkata by Howrah Bridge.", "Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and an historic railway station in Mumbai Maharashtra, India which serves as the headquarters of the Central Railways. Designed by Frederick William Stevens with influences from Victorian Italianate Gothic Revival architecture and traditional Mughal buildings, the station was built in 1887 in the Bori Bunder area of Mumbai to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria.", "Ikebukuro Station Ikebukuro Station (池袋駅, Ikebukuro-eki) is a major railway station located in the Ikebukuro district of Toshima, Tokyo, Japan, shared by East Japan Railway Company (JR East), Tokyo subway operator Tokyo Metro, and the two private railway operators Seibu Railway and Tobu Railway. With 2.71 million passengers on an average daily in 2007, it is the second-busiest railway station in the world (after Shinjuku Station), and the busiest station in the Tobu, Seibu, and Tokyo Metro networks.", "Budapest Keleti railway station Budapest Keleti railway station (Hungarian: Budapest Keleti pályaudvar) is the main international and inter-city railway terminal in Budapest, Hungary.The station stands where Rákóczi Avenue splits to become Kerepesi Avenue and Thököly Avenue. It is named for its position as the most eastern (keleti) of the city's rail stations, nearest Transylvania and the Balkans.", "Cité du Train The Cité du Train (English: City of the Train or Train City), situated in Mulhouse, France, is the biggest railway museum in the world. It is the successor to the musée français du chemin de fer (trans. French national railway museum), the organisation responsible for the conservation of major historical SNCF railway equipment." ]	8
famous historical battlefields opponents fought	[ "Battle of Cedar Creek\nThe Battle of Cedar Creek, or Battle of Belle Grove, fought October 19, 1864, was the culminating battle of the Valley Campaigns of 1864 during the American Civil War. Confederate Lt. Gen. Jubal Early launched a surprise attack against the encamped army of Union Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan, across Cedar Creek, northeast of Strasburg, Virginia. During the morning fighting, seven Union infantry divisions were forced to fall back and lost numerous prisoners and cannons.", "Newtown Battlefield State Park\nNewtown Battlefield State Park, formerly known as Newtown Battlefield Reservation, was the site of the Battle of Newtown fought in August 1779, during the American Revolutionary War. It was the only major battle of the Sullivan Expedition, an armed offensive led by General John Sullivan that was ordered by the Continental Congress to end the threat of the Iroquois who had sided with the British in the American Revolutionary War.", "Battle of Red Cliffs\nThe Battle of Red Cliffs, otherwise known as the Battle of Chibi, was a decisive battle fought at the end of the Han dynasty, about 12 years prior to the beginning of the Three Kingdoms period in Chinese history. It was fought in the winter of 208/9 CE between the allied forces of the southern warlords Liu Bei and Sun Quan and the numerically superior forces of the northern warlord Cao Cao.", "Battle of Ancrum Moor\nThe Battle of Ancrum Moor was fought during the War of the Rough Wooing in 1545. The Scottish victory put a temporary end to English depredations in the Scottish border and lowlands. The battlefield has been included in the Inventory of Historic Battlefields in Scotland and protected by Historic Scotland under the Historic Environment (Amendment) Act 2011.", "Battle of White Bird Canyon\nThe Battle of White Bird Canyon was fought on June 17, 1877 in Idaho Territory. White Bird Canyon was the opening battle of the Nez Perce War between the Nez Perce Indians and the United States. The battle was a significant defeat of the U.S. Army. It took place in the western part of present-day Idaho County, southwest of the city of Grangeville.", "Battle of the Rosebud\nThe Battle of the Rosebud (also known as the Battle of Rosebud Creek) occurred June 17, 1876, in the Montana Territory between the United States Army and its Crow and Shoshoni allies against a force consisting mostly of Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne Indians during the Great Sioux War of 1876. The Cheyenne called it the Battle Where the Girl Saved Her Brother, because of an incident during the fight involving Buffalo Calf Road Woman.", "Bushy Run Battlefield\nBushy Run Battlefield Park is a historical park that was operated by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, on 218 acres (0.88 km2), in Penn Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania in the United States. It was the site of the Battle of Bushy Run fought on August 5–6, 1763 during the Pontiac's Rebellion. The battle was a major victory for the British and enabled them to secure their control of the Ohio River Valley and what was to become the Northwest Territory.", "Mine Creek Battlefield State Historic Site\nThe Mine Creek Battlefield State Historic Site, located 2.5 miles (4.0 km) southwest of Pleasanton in eastern Kansas, United States, commemorates the Battle of Mine Creek in the American Civil War. On October 25, 1864, approximately 2,800 Union troops attacked and defeated about 8,000 Confederates along the banks of Mine Creek. It was one of the largest cavalry battles in the Civil War, and the only major battle fought in Kansas. The Union brigades were commanded by Colonels Frederick W.", "Wounded Knee Massacre\nThe Wounded Knee Massacre occurred on December 29, 1890, near Wounded Knee Creek (Lakota: Čhaŋkpé Ópi Wakpála) on the Lakota Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in the U.S. state of South Dakota. On the day before, a detachment of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment commanded by Major Samuel M.", "Battle of Olustee\nThe Battle of Olustee or Battle of Ocean Pond was fought in Baker County, Florida on February 20, 1864, during the American Civil War. It was the largest battle fought in Florida during the war.", "Battle of Tippecanoe\nThe Battle of Tippecanoe (/ˌtɪpikəˈnuː/ TIP-ee-kə-NOO) was fought on November 7, 1811, near present-day Lafayette, Indiana between United States forces led by Governor William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory and Native American warriors associated with the Shawnee leader Tecumseh. Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa (commonly known as \"The Prophet\") were leaders of a confederacy of Native Americans from various tribes that opposed US expansion into Native territory.", "New Market Battlefield State Historical Park\nNew Market Battlefield State Historical Park is a historic American Civil War battlefield and national historic district located near New Market, Shenandoah County, Virginia. The district encompasses the site of the Battle of New Market, a battle fought on May 15, 1864, during Valley Campaigns of 1864.", "San Pasqual Battlefield State Historic Park\nSan Pasqual Battlefield State Historic Park honors the soldiers who fought in the 1846 Battle of San Pasqual, the bloodiest battle in California during the Mexican-American War.", "Wilson's Creek National Battlefield\nWilson's Creek National Battlefield at 6424 West Farm Road 182 near Republic, Missouri, preserves the site of the Battle of Wilson's Creek. Fought on August 10, 1861, it was the first major American Civil War engagement west of the Mississippi River. The Confederate's failure to exploit their victory here resulted in keeping Missouri in the Union. Major features include a 5-mile automobile tour loop, the restored 1852 Ray House, and \"Bloody Hill,\" the scene of the major battle.", "Battle of Frenchtown\nThe Battle of Frenchtown, also known as the Battle of the River Raisin or the River Raisin Massacre, was a series of conflicts that took place from January 18–23, 1813 during the War of 1812. It was fought between the United States and a British and Native American alliance near the River Raisin in Frenchtown, Michigan Territory (present-day Monroe, Michigan).", "Birch Coulee Battlefield\nBirch Coulee Battlefield in Renville County, Minnesota, United States, was the site of the Battle of Birch Coulee, the costliest military engagement for U.S. forces during the Dakota War of 1862. It is now a historic site with self-guided trails and markers interpreting the battle from both sides. Birch Coulee was nominated to the National Register of Historic Places for having state-level significance in military history, and was listed in 1973.", "Battle of Philiphaugh\nThe Battle of Philiphaugh was fought on 13 September 1645 during the Civil War near Selkirk in the Scottish Borders. The Royalist army of the Marquis of Montrose was destroyed by the Covenanter army of Sir David Leslie, restoring the power of the Committee of Estates.", "Gettysburg Battlefield\nThe Gettysburg Battlefield is the area of the July 1–3, 1863, military engagements of the Battle of Gettysburg within and around the borough of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Locations of military engagements extend from the 4-acre (1.6 ha) site of the first shot at Knoxlyn Ridge on the west of the borough, to East Cavalry Field on the east. A military engagement prior to the battle was conducted at the Gettysburg Railroad trestle over Rock Creek, which was burned on June 27.", "Battle of Bothwell Bridge\nThe Battle of Bothwell Bridge, or Bothwell Brig, took place on 22 June 1679. It was fought between government troops and militant Presbyterian Covenanters, and signalled the end of their brief rebellion. The battle took place at the bridge over the River Clyde in Hamilton, South Lanarkshire near Bothwell in Lanarkshire, Scotland.", "Sayler's Creek Battlefield\nSayler's Creek Battlefield near Farmville, Virginia was the site of the Battle of Sayler's Creek of the American Civil War. Robert E. Lee's army was retreating from the Richmond to Petersburg line. Here, on April 6, 1865, Union General Philip Sheridan cut off and beat back about a quarter of Lee's army. Eight Confederate generals surrendered, and 7,700 men were lost. This was the last major engagement of the war in Virginia; Lee's surrender at Appomattox occurred three days later.", "Battle of Killiecrankie\nThe Battle of Killiecrankie (Gaelic: Cath Raon Ruairidh) was fought between Highland Scottish clans supporting King James II and VII and troops supporting King William of Orange on 27 July 1689, during the first Jacobite uprising. Although it was a stunning victory for the Jacobites, it had little overall effect on the outcome of the war and left their leader dead.", "Battle of Towton\nThe Battle of Towton was fought during the English Wars of the Roses on 29 March 1461, near the village of Towton in Yorkshire.", "Battle of Shrewsbury\nThe Battle of Shrewsbury was a battle fought on 21 July 1403, waged between an army led by the Lancastrian King, Henry IV, and a rebel army led by Henry \"Harry Hotspur\" Percy from Northumberland.", "Battle of Lake Erie\nThe Battle of Lake Erie, sometimes called the Battle of Put-in-Bay, was fought on 10 September 1813, in Lake Erie off the coast of Ohio during the War of 1812. Nine vessels of the United States Navy defeated and captured six vessels of British Royal Navy. This ensured American control of the lake for the rest of the war, which in turn allowed the Americans to recover Detroit and win the Battle of the Thames to break the Indian confederation of Tecumseh.", "Ox Hill Battlefield Park\nOx Hill Battlefield Park is a site in Fairfax, Virginia, where the Battle of Ox Hill (Union name Battle of Chantilly) was fought during the American Civil War. It was the only major battle of the war fought in Fairfax County.", "Inventory of Historic Battlefields in Scotland\nThe Inventory of Historic Battlefields is a heritage register listing nationally significant battlefields in Scotland. The inventory was published for consultation in December 2010 by Historic Scotland, an agency of the Scottish Government.", "Cleveland Civil War Roundtable\nThe Cleveland Civil War Roundtable is a nonprofit historical society and social group dedicated to the study and discussion of the American Civil War (1861–1865).The men and women of the Cleveland Civil War Roundtable reflect the ethnic, racial and religious diversity of Greater Cleveland. Its approximately one hundred and twenty members range in age from 17 to 94 years old, at every level of interest and historical expertise.", "Legacy of the Battle of the Alamo\nThe Battle of the Alamo left a substantial legacy and influence within American culture and is one of the few times in history that an event is told from the perspective of the vanquished.", "Fort Wagner\nFort Wagner (also called Battery Wagner) was a beachhead fortification on Morris Island, South Carolina, that covered the southern approach to Charleston Harbor. It was the site of two American Civil War battles in the campaign known as Operations Against the Defenses of Charleston in 1863, and it is considered one of the toughest beachhead defenses constructed by the Confederate States Army.", "Battle of Pickett's Mill\nThe Battle of Pickett's Mill was fought on May 27, 1864, in Paulding County, Georgia, during the American Civil War between Union and Confederate forces. Union Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman attempted an attack on the right flank of Confederate Gen. Joseph E. Johnston. After the Union defeat at New Hope Church, Sherman ordered Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard to attack Johnston's seemingly exposed right flank.", "Battlefield Heritage Park\nBattlefield Heritage Park is a country park situated north of Shrewsbury in Shropshire, in the area known as Battlefield. It marks the supposed site of the 1403 Battle of Shrewsbury fought between King Henry IV and English rebel nobleman Henry Percy.", "Battle of Perryville\nThe Battle of Perryville, also known as the Battle of Chaplin Hills, was fought on October 8, 1862, in the Chaplin Hills west of Perryville, Kentucky, as the culmination of the Confederate Heartland Offensive (Kentucky Campaign) during the American Civil War. Confederate Gen. Braxton Bragg's Army of Mississippi won a tactical victory against primarily a single corps of Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell's Union Army of the Ohio.", "Registered Battlefields (UK)\nBattlefields are the final resting place for thousands of unknown soldiers, both nobles and commoners, whose lives were sacrificed in making of the history of their country. These historic assets are an intrinsic part of a nation’s identity and consciousness. They inspire strong emotions and live on in stories, poetry and music.", "Battle of Maldon\nThe Battle of Maldon took place three weeks before Whitsun on 10 (possibly 11) August 991 AD near Maldon beside the River Blackwater in Essex, England, during the reign of Aethelred the Unready. Earl Byrhtnoth and his thegns led the English against a Viking invasion. The battle ended in an Anglo-Saxon defeat. After the battle Archbishop Sigeric of Canterbury and the aldermen of the south-western provinces advised King Aethelred to buy off the Vikings rather than continue the armed struggle.", "River Raisin National Battlefield Park\nThe River Raisin National Battlefield Park was established as the 393rd unit of the United States National Park Service under Title VII of the Omnibus Public Land Management Act, which was signed into law on March 30, 2009. The park is located in the city of Monroe in Monroe County, Michigan. It was designated as a Michigan Historic Site on February 18, 1956 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 10, 1982.", "Guilford Courthouse National Military Park\nGuilford Courthouse National Military Park, at 2332 New Garden Road in Greensboro, Guilford County, North Carolina, commemorates the Battle of Guilford Court House, fought on March 15, 1781. This battle opened the campaign that led to American victory in the Revolutionary War. The losses by the British in this battle contributed to their surrender at Yorktown seven months later. The battlefield is preserved as a National Military Park and operated by the National Park Service (NPS).", "Battle of Kumegawa\nThe Battle of Kumegawa (久米川の戦い, Kumegawa no tatakai) was part of the decisive Kōzuke-Musashi Campaign during the Genkō War in Japan that ultimately ended the Kamakura Shogunate. Fought in present day Higashimurayama at the foot of the Hachikokuyama ridge on May 12, 1333, it pitted the anti-shogunate imperial forces led by Nitta Yoshisada against the forces of the Hōjō Shogun. The battle was an immediate follow on from the previous day's nearby Battle of Kotesashi.", "Cool Spring Battlefield\nCool Spring Battlefield is a historic American Civil War battlefield and national historic district located near Berryville, Clarke County, Virginia. It encompasses 17 contributing buildings, 26 contributing sites, and 11 contributing structures. The district includes the terrain and hydrography over which the Battle of Cool Spring, July 16–20, 1864, was fought and which served to shape the tactical progress of the engagement in time and space.", "Battle of Tebbs Bend\nThe Battle of Tebbs' Bend (or Tebbs Bend or Green River) was fought on July 4, 1863, near the Green River in Taylor County, Kentucky during Morgan's Raid in the American Civil War. Despite being badly outnumbered, elements of the Union army thwarted repeated attacks by Confederate Brig. Gen. John Hunt Morgan's dismounted cavalry.", "Battle of Braddock Down\nThe Battle of Braddock Down was a battle of the south-western campaign of the First English Civil War. It was fought on open ground in Cornwall, on 19 January 1643. An apparently easy victory for the Royalists under Sir Ralph Hopton secured Cornwall for King Charles and confirmed Hopton's reputation as a commander. Hopton also gained respect for the mercy shown to his foe, of whom 1,500 were captured during and after the battle.", "Battle of Mill Springs\nThe Battle of Mill Springs, also known as the Battle of Fishing Creek in Confederate terminology, and the Battle of Logan's Cross Roads in Union terminology, was fought in Wayne and Pulaski counties, near current Nancy, Kentucky, on January 19, 1862, as part of the American Civil War. The Union victory concluded an early Confederate offensive campaign in eastern Kentucky. In late 1861, Confederate Brig. Gen.", "Petersburg Breakthrough Battlefield\nPetersburg Breakthrough Battlefield is a historic district in Petersburg, Virginia. It was the location of the Union army breakthrough of the Petersburg to Richmond trenches and fortifications on April 2, 1865. The success of the breakthrough led to abandonment of Richmond by the General Robert E.", "Mill Springs Battlefield\nThe Mill Springs Battlefield was the location of the Battle of Mill Springs in January, 1862. It was declared to be a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1993.Several separated areas related to the battle have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places: the Confederate Mass Grave Monument in Somerset, Gen. Felix K. Zollicoffer Monument, and the Mill Springs National Cemetery. Alternative names for the areas include: WN-2;WN-24;WN-73;PU-131.", "Battle of Cabin Creek\nTwo American Civil War military engagements were fought at the Cabin Creek Battlefield in the Cherokee Nation within Indian Territory. The location was where the Texas Road crossed Cabin Creek, near the present-day town of Big Cabin, Oklahoma. Both the First and Second Battles of Cabin Creek were launched by the Confederate Army to disrupt Union Army supply trains.The first was a raid by a Confederate Army detachment on a Union Army supply train bound for Fort Gibson in July, 1863.", "Battle of Linlithgow Bridge\nThe Battle of Linlithgow Bridge is a battle that took place on 4 September 1526 in the village of Linlithgow Bridge, outside the Scottish town of Linlithgow. It was fought between a force of 10,000 men led by the Earl of Lennox and a force of 2,500 led by James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran. The battle was part of a power struggle in Scotland for control of the young Scottish king, James V.", "Manassas National Battlefield Park\nManassas National Battlefield Park, located north of Manassas, in Prince William County, Virginia, preserves the site of two major American Civil War battles: the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, 1861, and the Second Battle of Bull Run which was fought between August 28 and August 30, 1862 (also known as the First Battle of Manassas and the Second Battle of Manassas, respectively).", "Tippecanoe Battlefield Park\nThe Tippecanoe Battlefield Park preserves the location of the Battle of Tippecanoe fought on November 7, 1811.The 16-acre (6.5 ha) site of the battle was deeded to the State of Indiana by John Tipton, a veteran of the fight, on November 7, 1836, the twenty-fifth anniversary of the battle.", "Battle of Tours\nThe Battle of Tours (October 732), also called the Battle of Poitiers and in Arabic: معركة بلاط الشهداء‎ (ma'arakat Balâṭ ash-Shuhadâ – Battle of the Palace of Martyrs) was fought in an area between the cities of Poitiers and Tours, in north-central France, near the village of Moussais-la-Bataille, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Poitiers. The location of the battle was close to the border between the Frankish realm and then-independent Aquitaine.", "Battle of Prestonpans\nThe Battle of Prestonpans was the first significant conflict in the Jacobite Rising of 1745. The battle took place at 4 am on 21 September 1745. The Jacobite army loyal to James Francis Edward Stuart and led by his son Charles Edward Stuart defeated the government army loyal to the Hanoverian George II led by Sir John Cope. The inexperienced government troops were outflanked and broke in the face of a highland charge.", "Cane Hill Battlefield\nThe Cane Hill Battlefield is a historic district encompassing the battlefield of the Battle of Cane Hill, fought during the American Civil War on November 28, 1862, in and around the site of present-day Cane Hill, Arkansas. Because the battle was a running battle that extended over many hours and 12 miles (19 km) of roads, the battlefield is more than 5,700 acres (2,300 ha) in size, extending in all directions around Cane Hill.", "Battle of Harlaw\nThe Battle of Harlaw (Scottish Gaelic: Cath Gairbheach) was a Scottish clan battle fought on 24 July 1411 just north of Inverurie in Aberdeenshire. It was one of a series of battles fought during the Middle Ages between the barons of northeast Scotland against those from the west coast.The battle was fought to resolve competing claims to the Earldom of Ross, a large region of northern Scotland.", "Sackets Harbor Battlefield State Historic Site\nSackets Harbor Battlefield State Historic Site is a historically important location in Jefferson County, New York, USA. The historic site is south of the Village of Sackets Harbor in the Town of Hounsfield. Two battles were fought near this location during the War of 1812.The site includes exhibits, a restored 1850s Navy Yard and Commandant's House, outdoor signs, and guided and self-guided tours.", "New Bern Battlefield Site\nNew Bern Battlefield Site is a historic site of the American Civil War Battle of New Bern located near New Bern, Craven County, North Carolina. The battle was fought on 14 March 1862. The New Bern Battlefield Site consists of two discontiguous sites.It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.The New Bern Historical Society owns about 27 acres of the battlefield site and protects it as New Bern Battlefield Park, which includes a visitor center and monument.", "Battle of Flodden\nThe Battle of Flodden or Flodden Field or occasionally Battle of Branxton (Brainston Moor) was a conflict between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland. The battle was fought in the county of Northumberland in northern England on 9 September 1513, between an invading Scots army under King James IV and an English army commanded by the Earl of Surrey. It was a decisive English victory. In terms of troop numbers, it was the largest battle fought between the two Kingdoms." ]	[ "Battle of White Plains The Battle of White Plains was a battle in the New York and New Jersey campaign of the American Revolutionary War fought on October 28, 1776, near White Plains, New York. Following the retreat of George Washington's Continental Army northward from New York City, British General William Howe landed troops in Westchester County, intending to cut off Washington's escape route.", "Battle of Foulksmills The Battle of Foulksmills, known locally as the Battle of Horetown and also known as the Battle of Goff's Bridge, was a battle on 20 June 1798 between advancing British forces seeking to stamp out the rebellion in County Wexford during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and a rebel army assembled to oppose them.", "Wars of Alexander the Great The wars of Alexander the Great were fought by King Alexander III of Macedon \"\\The Great\"), first against the Achaemenid Persian Empire under Darius III, and then against local chieftains and warlords as far east as Punjab, India. Alexander the Great was the most successful military commander of all time. He was undefeated in battle. By the time of his death, he had conquered most of the world known to the ancient Greeks.", "Battle of Chaffin's Farm The Battle of Chaffin's Farm and New Market Heights, also known as Laurel Hill and combats at Forts Harrison, Johnson, and Gilmer, was fought in Virginia on September 29–30, 1864, as part of the Siege of Petersburg in the American Civil War.", "Battle of Chiset The Battle of Chiset also known as the Battle of Chizai was fought in 1373 between English and French forces. The French laid siege to the town of Chiset, and the English sent a relief force. The French met this relief force and defeated it.", "Battle of Fort Bisland The Battle of Fort Bisland was fought in the American Civil War between Union Major General Nathaniel P. Banks against Confederate Major General Richard Taylor during Banks' operations against the Bayou Teche region in southern Louisiana.", "Battle on the Ice The Battle on the Ice (Russian: Ледовое побоище, Ledovoye poboish'ye; German: Schlacht auf dem Eise; Estonian: Jäälahing; German: Schlacht auf dem Peipussee; Russian: битва на Чудском озере, bitva na Chudskom ozere) was fought between the Republic of Novgorod led by prince Alexander Nevsky and the crusader army led by the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Knights on April 5, 1242, at Lake Peipus.", "Battle of Fort Ligonier The Battle of Fort Ligonier (also known as the Battle of Loyalhanna or the Battle of Loyal Hannon) was a battle of the French and Indian War. On 12 October 1758, French and Indian forces directed from nearby Fort Duquesne were repulsed in an attack on the British outpost of Fort Ligonier, then still under construction.", "Battle of Long Island The Battle of Long Island, also known as the Battle of Brooklyn or the Battle of Brooklyn Heights, fought on August 27, 1776, was a defeat for the Continental Army under General George Washington and the beginning of a successful campaign that gave the British control of the strategically important city of New York. In the American Revolutionary War it was the first major battle to take place after the United States declared independence in July 4, 1776.", "Battle of Landskrona The Battle of Landskrona was fought on the Ylleshed moor, outside the town of Landskrona, in southern Sweden on July 14, 1677, between Sweden and Denmark.", "Big Hole National Battlefield Big Hole National Battlefield preserves a Nez Perce War battlefield located in Montana, United States. The Nez Percé fought a delaying action against the 7th Infantry Regiment (United States) here on August 9 and 10, 1877, during their failed attempt to escape to Canada. This action, the Battle of the Big Hole, was the largest battle fought between the Nez Percé and U.S. Government forces in the five-month conflict known as the Nez Perce War.", "Battles of Khalkhin Gol The Battles of Khalkhyn Gol (Mongolian: Халхын голын дайн; Japanese: ノモンハン事件; Japanese Romaji Nomon-Han Jiken; Russian: бои на реке Халхин-Гол; Chinese: 诺门坎事件; pinyin: Nuò mén kǎn shìjiàn) were the decisive engagement of the undeclared Soviet–Japanese border conflicts fought among the Soviet Union, Mongolia and the Empire of Japan in 1939. The conflict was named after the river Khalkhyn Gol, which passes through the battlefield.", "Battle of the Cosmin Forest The Battle of the Cosmin Forest (1497) (Romanian: bătălia de la Codrii Cosminului; Polish: bitwa pod Koźminem) was fought between the Moldavian Prince, Ștefan cel Mare (Stephen the Great), and King John I of Poland (John Albert) of the Kingdom of Poland.", "Battle of the Somme The Battle of the Somme (French: Bataille de la Somme, German: Schlacht an der Somme), also known as the Somme Offensive, was a battle of the First World War fought by the armies of the British and French empires against the German Empire. It took place between 1 July and 18 November 1916 on both sides of the River Somme in France. It was one of the largest battles of World War I, in which more than 1,000,000 men were wounded or killed, making it one of the bloodiest battles in human history.", "Grass Fight The Grass Fight was a small battle during the Texas Revolution, fought between the Mexican Army and the Texian Army. The battle took place on November 26, 1835, just south of San Antonio de Béxar in the Mexican region of Texas. The Texas Revolution had officially begun on October 2 and by the end of the month the Texians had initiated a siege of Béxar, home of the largest Mexican garrison in the province.", "Battle of Chotusitz The Battle of Chotusitz, or Chotusice, sometimes called the Battle of Czaslau, was fought on May 17, 1742, in Bohemia between the Austrians under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine and the Prussians under Frederick the Great. The battle was a part of the War of the Austrian Succession sometimes referred to as the First Silesian War. The armies were about equal at 28,000 to 30,000 each, with the Prussians having about 2,000 more infantry and the Austrians some 2,000 more cavalry.", "Tuscarora War The Tuscarora War was fought in North Carolina during the autumn of 1711 until 11 February 1715 between the British, Dutch, and German settlers and the Tuscarora Native Americans. The Europeans enlisted the Yamasee and Cherokee as Indian allies against the Tuscarora, who had amassed several allies themselves. This was considered the bloodiest colonial war in North Carolina.", "Battle of Lake Vadimo (283 BC) The Battle of Lake Vadimo was fought in 283 BC between Rome and the combined forces of the Etruscans and the Gallic tribe the Boii. The Roman army was led by consul Publius Cornelius Dolabella.", "Battle of Dry Lake The Battle of Dry Lake, also known as Sorass Lake, was the first decisive victory of the United States over the Modoc Indians in northern California in 1873. The battle led to the splintering of the Modoc bands, and was the last major battle of the Modoc War.", "Battle of Héricourt The Battle of Héricourt, fought in November 1474, was part of the Burgundian Wars, and resulted in a defeat for Burgundy and its allies.", "Battle of Alexandropol The Battle of Alexandropol was a conflict between the First Republic of Armenia and Turkish Revolutionaries of the Turkish National Movement which was on November 7, 1920 at Alexandropol.", "Battle of Malplaquet The Battle of Malplaquet, fought on 11 September 1709, was one of the main battles of the War of the Spanish Succession, which opposed the Bourbons of France and Spain against an alliance whose major members were the Habsburg Monarchy, Great Britain, the United Provinces and the Kingdom of Prussia.", "Chuchle battle Chuchle battle was a student brawl fought in a Chuchle restaurant on June 29, 1881, resulting in several wounds and a general hangover, a swatch of Czech and German chauvinism in the late 19th century, just before the Charles-Ferdinand University was divided into Czech Charles-Ferdinand University and German Charles-Ferdinand University part in 1882.", "Battle of Shirimni Battle of Shirimni (Georgian: შირიმნის ბრძოლა) also known as the Battle of Palakazio was fought between the Byzantine and Georgian armies at the place of Shirimni at the Palakazio Lake (now Çildir, Turkey; then part of Georgia) on September 11, 1021.", "Battle of Bicocca The Battle of Bicocca or La Bicocca (Italian: Battaglia della Bicocca) was fought on 27 April 1522, during the Italian War of 1521–26. A combined French and Venetian force under Odet de Foix, Vicomte de Lautrec, was decisively defeated by a Spanish-Imperial and Papal army under the overall command of Prospero Colonna.", "Battle of the Square The Battle of the Square (Norwegian: Torvslaget) was a skirmish between Norwegian demonstrators and forces of the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway that that took place in Christiania (now Oslo, Norway) in the evening of 17 May 1829.The demonstrators were participating in the annual celebration of the Constitution of Norway, which was outlawed by Charles XIV John of Sweden, King of Sweden and Norway, the previous year.", "Battle of Rossbach The Battle of Rossbach (November 5, 1757) took place during the Seven Years' War (1756–1763) near the village of Roßbach, in the Electorate of Saxony. Frederick the Great defeated an allied army mainly composed of French forces supported by a Holy Roman/Austrian Empire contingent. This battle is considered one of his greatest masterpieces due to his use of rapid movement to achieve complete surprise, crippling an enemy army while suffering negligible casualties.", "Battle of Great Bridge The Battle of Great Bridge was fought December 9, 1775, in the area of Great Bridge, Virginia, early in the American Revolutionary War.", "Battle of Cingoli The Battle of Cingoli was fought in 1250 between the forces of the Holy Roman Empire and the armies of the Guelphs and the Papal States, the area being so notable due to its nickname as \"The Balcony of Marche\". The Imperial forces inflicted a crushing defeat on the Pope's factions. After the battle the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was smitten with leprosy, the Pope declaring it an act of God.", "Battle of Burgos The Battle of Burgos, also known as Battle of Gamonal, was fought on November 10, 1808, during the Peninsular War in the village of Gamonal, near Burgos, Spain. A powerful French army under Marshal Bessières overwhelmed and destroyed the outnumbered Spanish troops under General Belveder, opening central Spain to invasion.Spanish history remembers this battle for the vain gallantry of the Guard and Walloon regiments under Vicente Genaro de Quesada.", "List of American Civil War battles The Battles of the American Civil War were fought between April 12, 1861 and May 12–13, 1865 in 23 states (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia) and the District of Columbia, as well as the following territories (Arizona Territory, Colorado Territory, Dakota Territory, Indian Territory, New Mexico Territory, and Washington Territory) and naval engagements.For lists of battles organized by campaign and theater, see: Eastern Theater of the American Civil War Western Theater of the American Civil War Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War Pacific Coast Theater of the American Civil War Lower Seaboard Theater of the American Civil War Category:Battles of the American Civil WarSome battles have more than one name; e.g., the battles known in the North as Battle of Antietam and Second Battle of Bull Run were referred to as the battles of Sharpsburg and Manassas by the South.", "Battle of Bomarsund The Battle of Bomarsund was fought by an Anglo-French task force against Russian defenses at Bomarsund during the Crimean War.", "Battle of Burnt Corn The Battle of Burnt Corn, also known as the Battle of Burnt Corn Creek, was an encounter between United States armed forces and Creek Indians that took place July 27, 1813 in present-day southern Alabama. The battle was part of the Creek War.", "Battle of Friedland The Battle of Friedland (June 14, 1807) was a major confrontation of the Napoleonic Wars between the armies of the French Empire commanded by Napoleon and the armies of the Russian Empire led by Count von Bennigsen. The battlefield is located in modern Kaliningrad, near the town of Pravdinsk.", "Battle of Old Fort Wayne The Battle of Old Fort Wayne (also known as Maysville, Beattie's Prairie, or Beaty’s Prairie) was an American Civil War battle on October 22, 1862 in Delaware County in what is now eastern Oklahoma, a part of the Trans-Mississippi Theater.Confederate Major General Thomas C. Hindman, commander of the Trans-Mississippi Department, had ordered his troops to put down bushwhackers in southwest Missouri and northwest Arkansas. At the time, Colonel Douglas H.", "Battle of the Monongahela The Battle of the Monongahela, also known as the Battle of the Wilderness, took place on 9 July 1755, at the beginning of the French and Indian War, at Braddock's Field in what is now Braddock, Pennsylvania, 10 miles (16 km) east of Pittsburgh.", "Battle of Bremule The Battle of Brémule was fought on 20 August 1119 between Henry I of England and Louis VI the Fat of France. Henry I had to defend his holdings in Normandy several times and defeated a French invasion at the Battle of Brémule in 1119.The defeat at Brémule effectively crippled the baron's rebellion and led to King Louis having to accept William Adelin as Duke of Normandy.", "First Battle of Adobe Walls The First Battle of Adobe Walls, was a battle between the United States Army and American Indians. The Kiowa, Comanche and Plains Apache (Kiowa Apache) tribes drove from the battlefield a United States Expeditionary Force that was reacting to attacks on white settlers moving into the Southwest. The battle, November 25, 1864, resulted in light casualties on both sides but was one of the largest engagements fought on the Great Plains.", "Battle of the Frontiers The Battle of the Frontiers was a series of battles fought along the eastern frontier of France and in southern Belgium shortly after the outbreak of World War I. The battles resolved the military strategies of the French Chief of Staff General Joseph Joffre with Plan XVII and an offensive interpretation of the German Aufmarsch II deployment plan by Helmuth von Moltke the Younger.", "Battle of Mardia The Battle of Mardia, also known as Battle of Campus Mardiensis or Battle of Campus Ardiensis, was fought, probably at modern Harmanli (Bulgaria) in Thrace, in late 316/early 317 between the forces of Roman Emperors Constantine I and Licinius.", "Battle of Ozawahara The 1530 battle of Ozawahara was the first battle for Hōjō Ujiyasu, then fifteen years old. He faced Uesugi Tomooki. The battle was part of a seventeen-year struggle, which began with the 1524 siege of Edo, between the Hōjō clan and the Uesugi for control of the Kantō region.", "Battle of the Granicus The Battle of the Granicus River in May 334 BC was the first of three major battles fought between Alexander the Great and the Persian Empire.", "Battle of Sacile The Battle of Sacile (also known as the Battle of Fontana Fredda) on 16 April 1809 and its companion Clash at Pordenone on 15 April saw an Austrian army commanded by Archduke John of Austria defeat a Franco-Italian army led by Eugène de Beauharnais and force it to retreat. Sacile proved to be the most notable victory of John's career.", "Battle of the Thousand Islands The Battle of the Thousand Islands during the French and Indian war (also known as the Siege of Montreal) was fought 16–24 August 1760, in the upper St. Lawrence River, among the Thousand Islands, along the present day Canada–United States border, by British and French forces during the closing phases of the Seven Years' War, as it is called in Canada and Europe, or the French and Indian War as it is referred to in the United States.", "Battle of the Upper Baetis The Battle of the Upper Baetis was a double battle, comprising the battles of Castulo and Ilorca, fought in 211 BC between a Carthaginian force led by Hasdrubal Barca (Hannibal's brother) and a Roman force led by Publius Cornelius Scipio and his brother Gnaeus. The immediate result was a Carthaginian victory in which both Roman brothers were killed.", "Battle of the Plains of Abraham The Battle of the Plains of Abraham, also known as the Battle of Quebec, (Bataille des Plaines d'Abraham or Première bataille de Québec in French) was a pivotal battle in the Seven Years' War (referred to as the French and Indian War in the United States).", "Battle of Brouwershaven The Battle of Brouwershaven was fought on January 13, 1426 in Brouwershaven, Zeeland. The battle was part of the Hook and Cod wars waged over control of the Low Countries and resulted in a significant victory for Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy.", "Battle of Cibalae The Battle of Cibalae was fought on October 8, 314 (or perhaps as late as 316, the chronology is uncertain), between the two Roman emperors Constantine I and Licinius. The site of the battle was approximately 350 kilometers within the territory of Licinius. Constantine won a resounding victory, despite being outnumbered.", "Burgundian Wars The Burgundian Wars (1474–1477) were a conflict between the Dukes of Burgundy and the Old Swiss Confederacy and its allies. Open war broke out in 1474, and in the following years the Duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, was defeated three times on the battlefield and killed in the Battle of Nancy in 1477.", "Battle of Boldon Hill The Battle of Boldon Hill was a skirmish fought during the English Civil War in March 1644, between a Royalist army attempting to bring the army of the Scottish Covenanters to battle.The Scots, having unsuccessfully attacked Newcastle, crossed the River Tyne higher upstream and attempted an attack against the defences on the southern end of the bridge over the river, which led directly into the walled fortification.", "Battle of the Rice Boats The Battle of the Rice Boats, also called the Battle of Yamacraw Bluff, was a land and naval battle of the American Revolutionary War that took place in and around the Savannah River on the border between the Province of Georgia and the Province of South Carolina on March 2 and 3, 1776. The battle pitted the Patriot militia from Georgia and South Carolina against a small fleet of the Royal Navy.In December 1775, the British Army was besieged in Boston.", "Battle of Highbury The \"Battle of Highbury\" was the name given to the football match between England and Italy that took place on 14 November 1934 at Arsenal Stadium, Highbury, London. England won 3–2 in a hotly contested and frequently violent match.", "Battle of Champion Hill The Battle of Champion Hill, fought May 16, 1863, was the pivotal battle in the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. Union commander Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and the Army of the Tennessee pursued the retreating Confederate Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton and defeated his army twenty miles to the east of Vicksburg, Mississippi, leading inevitably to the Siege of Vicksburg and surrender. The battle is also known as Bakers Creek.", "Battles of Lexington and Concord The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. They were fought on April 19, 1775, in Middlesex County, Province of Massachusetts Bay, within the towns of Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Menotomy (present-day Arlington), and Cambridge, near Boston.", "First Battle of Panipat The First Battle of Panipat, on 21 April 1526, was fought between the invading forces of Babur and the Lodi Empire. It took place in north India and marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire. This was one of the earliest battles involving gunpowder firearms and field artillery.", "Battles of Trenton and Princeton The battles of Trenton and Princeton were two related engagements of the American Revolutionary War. Battle of Trenton, 1776-12-26. Battle of Princeton, 1777-01-03.They are noted as the first successes won by Washington in the open field. They put new life into the American cause, and established Washington in the confidence of his troops and the country at large.", "Battle of Cecora (1620) The Battle of Cecora (also known as the Battle of Ţuţora) was a battle between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (aided by rebel Moldavian troops) and Ottoman forces (backed by Nogais), fought from 17 September to 7 October 1620 in Moldavia, near the Prut River.", "Battle of Edgehill The Battle of Edgehill (or Edge Hill) was the first pitched battle of the First English Civil War. It was fought near Edge Hill and Kineton in southern Warwickshire on Sunday, 23 October 1642.All attempts at constitutional compromise between King Charles and Parliament broke down early in 1642. Both King and Parliament raised large armies to gain their way by force of arms.", "Battle of Antietam The Battle of Antietam /ænˈtiːtəm/, also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg, particularly in the South, fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, and Antietam Creek as part of the Maryland Campaign, was the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Union soil. It is the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with a combined tally of dead, wounded, and missing at 22,717.After pursuing Confederate General Robert E. Lee into Maryland, Union Army Maj.", "Battle of Bordeaux (1938 FIFA World Cup) The Battle of Bordeaux is an informal name for the World Cup football match between Brazil and Czechoslovakia on June 12, 1938 in the Parc Lescure in Bordeaux, France, one of the quarter-finals of the 1938 World Cup finals. The match had a series of brutal fouls by both sides, due to the lax officiating of Hungarian referee Paul von Hertzka.", "Battle on the Planta The Battle on the Planta, fought in November 1475, was part of the Burgundian Wars.", "Civil War (college football game) The Civil War is the colloquial name for an American college football rivalry game played annually in Oregon, between the Ducks of the University of Oregon in Eugene and the Beavers of Oregon State University in Corvallis. First played 121 years ago in 1894, it is the fifth most played college football rivalry game in the United States. Both universities are members of the North Division of the Pac-12 Conference.", "Pyrrhic War The Pyrrhic War (280–275 BC) was a complex series of battles and shifting political alliances among the Greeks (specifically Epirus, Macedonia, and the city states of Magna Graecia), the Italian peoples (primarily the Roman Republic, Samnites and the Etruscans), and the Carthaginians. Most historical treatments of the conflict concentrate on the conflicts between Pyrrhus of Epirus and Rome. Carthage and Rome were allies in this conflict.", "Battle of Yatay In the Paraguayan war, the Battle of Yatai was fought on August 17, 1865 between the troops of the Triple Alliance (Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay) and the soldiers of Paraguay near Paso de los Libres, Corrientes, Argentina.The Battle of Yatai was the first major land battle of the Paraguayan war, and most important of the war's second phase.", "Battle of Sphacteria The Battle of Sphacteria was a land battle of the Peloponnesian War, fought in 425 BC between Athens and Sparta. Following the Battle of Pylos and subsequent peace negotiations, which failed, a number of Spartans were stranded on the island of Sphacteria. An Athenian force under Cleon and Demosthenes attacked and forced them to surrender.", "Paraguayan War The Paraguayan War, also known as the War of the Triple Alliance, was an international military conflict in South America fought from 1864 to 1870 between Paraguay and the Triple Alliance of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. It caused approximately 400,000 deaths, one of the highest ratios of fatalities to combatants of any war in South America in modern history. It was the longest and bloodiest inter-state war in the Latin American history.", "Battle of Poitiers The Battle of Poitiers was a major battle of the Hundred Years' War between England and France. The battle occurred on 19 September 1356 near Poitiers, France. Preceded by the Battle of Crécy in 1346, and followed by the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, it was the second of the three great English victories of the war.", "Battle of Millesimo The Battle of Millesimo, fought on 13 and 14 April 1796, was the name that Napoleon Bonaparte gave in his correspondence to one of a series of small battles that were fought in Liguria, Northern Italy between the armies of France and the allied armies of Austria and of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont.", "Battle of Old Byland The Battle of Old Byland (also known as the Battle of Byland Moor and Battle of Byland Abbey) was a significant encounter between Scots and English troops in Yorkshire in October 1322, forming part of the Wars of Scottish Independence. It was a victory for the Scots, the most significant since Bannockburn, though on a far smaller scale.", "Battle of San Matteo The Battle of San Matteo took place in the late summer of 1918 on the Punta San Matteo (3678 m) during World War I. It was regarded as the highest battle in history until it was surpassed in 1999 by the Kargil Conflict at 5600m.At the beginning of 1918 Austro-Hungarian troops set up a fortified position with small artillery pieces on the top of the San Matteo Peak, from which they were able to shell the road to the Gavia Pass and thus harass the Italian supply convoys to the front line.", "Battle of Vouillé The Battle of Vouillé or Vouglé (from Latin Campus Vogladensis) was fought in the northern marches of Visigothic territory, at Vouillé, Vienne near Poitiers (Gaul), in the spring of 507 between the Franks commanded by Clovis and the Visigoths commanded by Alaric II.", "Battle of Hürtgen Forest The Battle of Hürtgen Forest (German: Schlacht im Hürtgenwald) was a series of fierce battles fought from 19 September to 16 December 1944 between U.S. and German forces during World War II in the Hürtgen Forest about 50 sq mi (130 km2) east of the Belgian–German border. It was the longest battle on German ground during World War II, and is the longest single battle the U.S. Army has ever fought.The U.S.", "Battle of Ctesiphon (1915) The Battle of Ctesiphon (Turkish: Selman-ı Pak Muharebesi) was fought in November 1915 by the British Empire and British India, against the Ottoman Empire, within the Mesopotamian Campaign of World War I.Indian Expeditionary Force D, mostly made up of Indian units and under the command of Gen.", "Battle of Paraitakene The Battle of Paraitakene (also called Paraetacene; Greek: Παραιτακηνή) was a battle in the wars of the successors of Alexander the Great (see Diadochi) between Antigonus I Monophthalmus and Eumenes. It was fought in 317 BC.", "Kosovo Field Kosovo Field is a former battlefield northwest from Priština that was the site of the Battle of Kosovo (1389) between the Serbian and Ottoman armies. After this field, entire Kosovo was named, and in turn the entire Kosovo Vilayet and modern Kosovo. The modern city of Kosovo Polje is also named after the field.Serbian ruler Stefan Lazarević (1389–1427) erected a marble column with inscriptions on the field, in memory of his father.", "Battle of Zappolino The Battle of Zappolino (also known as the War of the Oaken Bucket) was fought in November 1325 between forces representing the Italian towns of Bologna and Modena, an incident in the series of raids and reprisals between the two cities that were part of the larger conflicts of Guelphs and Ghibellines. The Modenese were victorious.", "Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC) The Battle of Lake Vadimo was fought in 310 BC between Rome and the Etruscans, and ended up being the largest battle between these nations. The Romans were victorious, gaining land and influence in the region. The Etruscans sustained heavy losses in the battle and would never again reclaim their previous glory.", "Social War (357–355 BC) The Social War, also known as the War of the Allies, was fought from 357 BC to 355 BC between Athens with its Second Athenian Empire and between the allies of Chios, Rhodes, Cos and Byzantion.", "Mixtón War The Mixtón War was fought from 1540 until 1542 between Spanish invaders and their Aztec and Tlaxcalan allies against the Caxcanes and other semi-nomadic Indians of the area of north western Mexico. The war was named after Mixtón, a hill in the southern part of Zacatecas state in Mexico which served as an Indigenous stronghold.", "Battle of the Catalaunian Plains The Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (or Fields), also called the Battle of Châlons or the Battle of Maurica, took place in AD 451 between a coalition led by the Roman general Flavius Aetius and the Visigothic king Theodoric I against the Huns and their allies commanded by their leader Attila. It was one of the last major military operations of the Western Roman Empire, although Germanic federates composed the majority of the allied Roman army.", "Battle of Doberdò The Battle of Doberdò was one of the bloodiest battlefields of World War I, fought in August 1916 between the Italian and Austro-Hungarian Armies, composed mostly of Hungarian and Slovenian regiments.The battle, which was part of the Sixth Battle of the Isonzo, took place on a strategic area the westernmost edge of the Kras plateau.", "Battle of Slankamen The Battle of Slankamen (also Battle of Szlankamen in some sources) was fought near Slankamen in the Ottoman Sanjak of Syrmia (modern-day Vojvodina region, Serbia) on August 19, 1691, between the Ottoman Empire, and the forces of Austria and states of the Holy Roman Empire as part of the Great Turkish War.", "Battle of Inkerman The Battle of Inkerman was fought during the Crimean War on 5 November 1854 between the allied armies of Britain, France and Ottoman Empire against the Imperial Russian Army. The battle broke the will of the Russian Army to defeat the allies in the field, and was followed by the Siege of Sevastopol. The role of troops fighting mostly on their own initiative due to the foggy conditions during the battle has earned the engagement the name \"The Soldier's Battle\".", "Battle of Old Church The Battle of Old Church, also known as Matadequin Creek, was fought on May 30, 1864, as part of Union Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's Overland Campaign against Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia during the American Civil War.As the opposing armies faced each other across Totopotomoy Creek, a Union cavalry division under Brig. Gen. Alfred T. A. Torbert collided with a cavalry brigade under Brig. Gen. Matthew C. Butler at Matadequin Creek, near the Old Church crossroads.", "Battle of Mukden The Battle of Mukden (奉天会戦 , Hōten kaisen), one of the largest land battles to be fought before World War I and the last and the most decisive major land battle of the Russo-Japanese War, was fought from 20 February to 10 March 1905 between Japan and Russia near Mukden in Manchuria.", "Battle of Vesuvius The Battle of Vesuvius (also known as the battle of the Veseris) was the first recorded battle of the Latin War. The battle was fought near Mount Vesuvius in 340 BC between the Romans, and their allies the Samnites, and a coalition of several peoples, Latins, Campanians, Volsci, Sidicini, and Aurunci.", "Tiguex War The Tiguex War was the first named war between Europeans and Native Americans in what is now the United States. It was fought in the winter of 1540-41 by the expedition of Francisco Vázquez de Coronado against the twelve or thirteen pueblos of Tiwa Indians as well as other Puebloan tribes along both sides of the Rio Grande, north and south of present-day Bernalillo, New Mexico, in what was called the Tiguex Province.", "Battle of Oudenarde The Battle of Oudenarde (or Oudenaarde) was a key battle in the War of the Spanish Succession fought on 11 July 1708 between the forces of Great Britain, the Dutch Republic and the Holy Roman Empire on the one side and those of France on the other. It took place at Oudenaarde (now in Belgium) and was a decisive victory for the allies.", "Battle of Brandywine The Battle of Brandywine, also known as the Battle of Brandywine Creek, was fought between the American army of General George Washington and the British army of General Sir William Howe on September 11, 1777. The British defeated the Americans and forced them to withdraw toward the American capital of Philadelphia. The engagement occurred near Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania during Howe's campaign to take Philadelphia, part of the American Revolutionary War.", "Battle of the Hydaspes The Battle of the Hydaspes was fought by Alexander the Great in 326 BC against King Porus of the Paurava kingdom on the banks of the river Hydaspes (now known as the Jhelum) in the Punjab near Bhera.", "Great Battles The Great Battles is a UK television show that tells the stories of various decisive battles throughout history. It is hosted by Crispin Swayne. Episodes include the Battle of Hastings, the Battle of Bannockburn and the Battle of Bosworth Field.", "Civil War (college rivalry) The Civil War is a college rivalry between Oregon State University and the University of Oregon. The rivalry is one of the oldest in the nation, dating back to 1894 when the two universities' football teams first met. Although the college football game is the most popular rivalry, the two universities have Civil War games in every sport that both sponsor.", "Stony Point Battlefield Stony Point Battlefield is the location of the 1779 Battle of Stony Point during the American Revolutionary War. It is a National Historic Landmark.", "Battle of Hard The Battle of Hard was the first large-scale battle in the Swabian War, waged between the Imperials under the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and the Swiss Confederates.", "Battle of Jena–Auerstedt The twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt (older name: Auerstädt) were fought on 14 October 1806 on the plateau west of the river Saale in today's Germany, between the forces of Napoleon I of France and Frederick William III of Prussia." ]	8
allegedly caused World War I	[ "Aftermath of World War I\nThe aftermath of World War I saw drastic political, cultural, and social change across Europe, Asia, Africa, and even in areas outside those that were directly involved.", "German strategic bombing during World War I\nThe best-known German strategic bombing campaign during World War I was the campaign against England, although strategic bombing raids were carried out or attempted on other fronts. The main campaign against England started in January 1915 using airships. From then until the end of World War I the German Navy and Army Air Services mounted over 50 bombing raids on the United Kingdom.", "Ireland and World War I\nDuring World War I (or the Great War) (1914–1918), Ireland was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, which entered the war in August 1914 as one of the Entente Powers, along with France and the Russian Empire.", "Military operations in North Africa during World War I\nConflicts took place in North Africa during World War I (1914–1918), between the Entente and the Central powers. The Senussi of Libya sided with the Ottoman Empire against the British Empire and the Kingdom of Italy. On 14 November 1914, the Ottoman Sultan proclaimed Jihad and sought to create a diversion to draw British troops from the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. The Italian state wished to preserve the gains made in the Italo-Turkish War.", "Allies of World War I\nThe Allies of World War I, also known as the Entente Powers, were the countries that opposed the Central Powers during the First World War.The members of the original Entente Alliance of 1907 were the French Republic, the British Empire and the Russian Empire; Italy ended its alliance with the Central Powers and entered the war on the side of the Entente in 1915. Japan was another important member.", "Outline of World War I\nThe following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to World War I:World War I – major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred around the Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy).", "Balkan Wars\nThe Balkan Wars were two conflicts that took place in the Balkan Peninsula in south-eastern Europe in 1912 and 1913. Four Balkan states defeated the Ottoman Empire in the first war; one of the four, Bulgaria, was defeated in the second war. The Ottoman Empire lost nearly all of its holdings in Europe. Austria-Hungary, although not a combatant, was weakened as a much enlarged Serbia pushed for union of the South Slavic peoples.", "Causes of World War I\nThe underlying causes of World War I, which began in The Balkans in late July 1914, are several. Among these causes were political, territorial, and economic conflicts among the great European powers in the four decades leading up to the war. Additional causes were militarism, a complex web of alliances, imperialism, and nationalism.", "World War I\nWorld War I (WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war centered in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. More than 9 million combatants and 7 million civilians died as a result of the war, a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents' technological and industrial sophistication, and tactical stalemate.", "Lists of World War I topics\nThis is a list of World War I-related topics: List of Australian corps in World War I List of Australian divisions in WWI List of British armies in WWI List of British corps in WWI List of British divisions in WWI List of Canadian soldiers executed during World War I List of German weapons of World War I List of Indian divisions in World War I List of Irish people in World War I List of Medal of Honor recipients: World War I List of New Zealand soldiers executed during World War I List of Polish divisions in World War I List of Welsh Victoria Cross recipients of World War I List of World War I books List of World War I flying aces List of World War I video games List of ambulance drivers during World War I List of armoured fighting vehicles of World War I List of books on military executions in World War I List of military engagements of World War I List of national border changes since the twentieth century List of people associated with World War I List of last surviving World War I veterans by country" ]	[ "Robert Lansing Robert Lansing (October 17, 1864 – October 30, 1928) was an American lawyer and Conservative Democratic politician who served as Legal Advisor to the State Department at the outbreak of World War I, and then as United States Secretary of State under President Woodrow Wilson from 1915 to 1920. Before U.S. involvement in the war, Lansing vigorously advocated in favor of the principles of freedom of the seas and the rights of neutral nations. He later advocated U.S.", "1914 in New Zealand New Zealand showed no hesitation in emulating Britain's declaration of war on Germany and entering World War I. New Zealand troops became the first to occupy German territory when they took over Samoa in November.", "Fiction based on World War I World War I was never quite so fertile a topic as World War II for American fiction, but there were nevertheless a large number of fictional works created about it in Europe, Canada, and Australia. Many war novels, however, have fallen out of print since their original publications.", "Avian influenza Avian influenza — known informally as avian flu or bird flu — refers to \"influenza caused by viruses adapted to birds.\" The type with the greatest risk is highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI).\"Bird flu\" is a phrase similar to \"swine flu,\" \"dog flu,\" \"horse flu,\" or \"human flu\" in that it refers to an illness caused by any of many different strains of influenza viruses that have adapted to a specific host.", "Wolfram syndrome Wolfram syndrome, also called DIDMOAD (diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness), is a rare genetic disorder, causing diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness as well as various other possible disorders.It was first described in four siblings in 1938 by Dr. Don J. Wolfram, M.D. The disease affects the central nervous system (especially the brainstem).", "Abyssinia Crisis The Abyssinia Crisis was a crisis during the interwar period originating from the Walwal incident. This incident resulted from the ongoing conflict between the Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia) and the Empire of Ethiopia (then commonly known as \"Abyssinia\" in Europe). Its effects were to undermine the credibility of the League of Nations and to encourage Fascist Italy to ally itself with Nazi Germany.", "Military history of Canada during World War I The military history of Canada during World War I began on August 4, 1914, when Britain entered the First World War (1914–1918) by declaring war on Germany. The British declaration of war automatically brought Canada into the war, because of Canada's legal status as a British dominion which left foreign policy decisions in the hands of the UK parliament. However, the Canadian government had the freedom to determine the country's level of involvement in the war.", "Tirpitz Plan The Tirpitz Plan, formulated by Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, was Germany's pre-World War I strategic aim to build the second largest navy in the world after the United Kingdom, thereby advancing itself as a world power. The British saw it not only as a challenge to its naval supremacy, but as a threat to its national survival (since the island of Britain was far from self-sufficient in food, and dependent on colonial resources); they responded in kind, sparking off an arms race.", "Interwar period In the context of the history of the twentieth century, the interwar period or interbellum (Latin: inter-, \"between\" + bellum, \"war\") was the period between the end of World War I and the beginning of World War II—the period beginning with the Armistice with Germany that concluded World War I in 1918 and the following Paris Peace Conference in 1919, and ending in 1939 with the invasion of Poland and the start of World War II.", "Events preceding World War II in Europe The events preceding World War II in Europe are closely tied to the rise of fascism, especially in Nazi Germany.", "Duesberg hypothesis The Duesberg hypothesis is the claim, associated with University of California, Berkeley professor Peter Duesberg, that various noninfectious factors such as recreational and pharmaceutical drug use are the cause of AIDS, and that HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is merely a harmless passenger virus. The most prominent supporters of this hypothesis are Duesberg himself, biochemist and vitamin proponent David Rasnick, and journalist Celia Farber.", "Westfront 1918 Westfront 1918 (German: Vier von der Infanterie) is a German film, set mostly in the trenches of the Western Front during World War I. It was directed in 1930 by Georg Wilhelm Pabst, from the novel Vier von der Infanterie by Ernst Johannsen, and deals with the impact of the war on a group of infantrymen.", "Corynebacterium diphtheriae Corynebacterium diphtheriae is the pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria. It is also known as the Klebs-Löffler bacillus, because it was discovered in 1884 by German bacteriologists Edwin Klebs (1834 – 1912) and Friedrich Löffler (1852 – 1915).", "German nuclear weapon project The German nuclear weapon project (German: Uranprojekt; informally known as the Uranverein; English: Uranium Society or Uranium Club), was a clandestine scientific effort led by Germany to develop and produce nuclear weapons during World War II.", "Balkans Campaign (World War I) The Balkans Campaign of World War I was fought between the Central Powers, represented by Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany and the Ottoman Empire on one side and the Allies, represented by France, Montenegro, Russia, Serbia, and the United Kingdom (and later Romania and Greece, who sided with the Allied Powers) on the other side.", "Fascism Fascism (/fæʃɪzəm/) is a form of radical authoritarian nationalism that came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. Influenced by national syndicalism, fascism originated in Italy during World War I, in opposition to liberalism, Marxism, and Anarchism. Fascism is usually placed on the far-right within the traditional left–right spectrum.Fascists saw World War I as a revolution. It brought revolutionary changes in the nature of war, society, the state, and technology.", "World War I casualties The total number of military and civilian casualties in World War I was over 37 million: over 17 million deaths and 20 million wounded, ranking it among the deadliest conflicts in human history.The total number of deaths includes about 10 million military personnel and about 7 million civilians. The Triple Entente (also known as the Allies) lost about 6 million military personnel while the Central Powers lost about 4 million.", "Chemical weapons in World War I Chemical weapons in World War I were primarily used to demoralize, injure, and kill entrenched defenders, against whom the indiscriminate and generally slow-moving or static nature of gas clouds would be most effective. The types of weapons employed ranged from disabling chemicals, such as tear gas and the severe mustard gas, to lethal agents like phosgene and chlorine. This chemical warfare was a major component of the first global war and first total war of the 20th century.", "Mukden Incident The Mukden Incident, or Manchurian Incident, was a staged event engineered by rogue Japanese military personnel as a pretext for the Japanese invasion in 1931 of northeastern China, known as Manchuria.On September 18, 1931, Lt. Suemori Kawamoto detonated a small quantity of dynamite close to a railway line owned by Japan's South Manchuria Railway near Mukden (now Shenyang).", "Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918 The Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918 is a 12-volume series covering Australian involvement in the First World War. The series was edited by C.E.W. Bean, who also wrote six of the volumes and was published between 1920 and 1942.", "Bornholm disease Bornholm disease or epidemic pleurodynia or epidemic myalgia is a disease caused by the Coxsackie B virus or other viruses.It is named after the Danish island of Bornholm where early cases occurred.", "Henry Wentworth Monk Henry Wentworth Monk (April 6, 1827 – August 24, 1896) was a Canadian Christian Zionist, mystic, Messianist, and millenarian. Some have credited him with predicting the formation of the United Nations and both World Wars, although these claims are of questionable scholarly merit. To this day, Monk remains a very obscure historical figure, something which is unlikely to change.", "Alleged British use of chemical weapons in Mesopotamia in 1920 It has been alleged that the British used chemical weapons in Mesopotamia in 1920, during the Iraqi revolt (Ath Thawra al Iraqiyya al Kubra), in the period of the British Mandate. The use of tear gas, and not \"only the most deadly gases\", was considered; as shown in a War Office minute of 12 May 1919 in which Winston Churchill argued \"I do not understand this squeamishness about the use of gas.", "Wolff–Chaikoff effect The Wolff–Chaikoff effect (pronounced \"woolf' cha'kof\"), discovered by Drs. Jan Wolff and Israel Lyon Chaikoff at the University of California, is a reduction in thyroid hormone levels caused by ingestion of a large amount of iodine. In 1948, Wolff and Chaikoff reported that injection of iodine in rats almost completely inhibited organification (thyroglobulin iodination) in the thyroid gland.", "Theodor Boveri Theodor Heinrich Boveri (12 October 1862 – 15 October 1915) was a German biologist. He was notable for first hypothesising the cellular processes that cause cancer.Boveri was married to the American biologist Marcella O'Grady (1863–1950). Their daughter Margret Boveri (1900–1975) became one of the best-known post-war German journalists.", "Hugh Macdonald Sinclair Hugh Macdonald Sinclair, FRCP (4 February 1910 – 22 June 1990) was a doctor, medical researcher, and expert in human nutrition. He is most widely known for claiming that what he called \"diseases of civilization\" such as coronary heart disease, cancer, diabetes, inflammation, strokes and skin disease are worsened by \"bad fats\".", "János Hadik János Count Hadik de Futak (23 November 1863, Pálóc – 10 December 1933, Budapest) was a Hungarian politician who served as prime minister for 17 hours starting 30 October 1918, at the end of World War I.", "Georges Clemenceau Georges Benjamin Clemenceau (French pronunciation: [ʒɔʁʒ bɛ̃ʒamɛ̃ klemɑ̃so]; 28 September 1841 – 24 November 1929) was a French statesman who led the nation in the First World War. A leader of the Radical Party, he played a central role in politics during the Third Republic. Clemenceau served as the Prime Minister of France from 1906 to 1909, and again from 1917 to 1920. In favour of a total victory over the German Empire, he militated for the restitution of Alsace-Lorraine to France.", "Infectious mononucleosis Infectious mononucleosis (IM; also known as mono, glandular fever, Pfeiffer's disease, Filatov's disease, and sometimes colloquially as the kissing disease from its transmission by saliva) is an infectious, widespread viral disease most commonly caused by the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), one type of herpes virus, against which over 90% of adults are likely to have acquired immunity by the age of 40. Occasionally, the symptoms can reoccur at a later period.", "Monaco succession crisis of 1918 The Monaco succession crisis of 1918 arose because France objected to the prospect of a German national inheriting the throne of Monaco. Albert I, Sovereign Prince of Monaco had only one legitimate child, the Hereditary Prince Louis, then heir apparent to the principality. As World War I drew to a close, Prince Louis, at the age of forty-eight, remained (legally) childless, unmarried, and unbetrothed.", "René Viviani Jean Raphaël Adrien René Viviani (French pronunciation: [ʁəne vivjaˈni]; 8 November 1863 – 7 September 1925) was a French politician of the Third Republic, who served as Prime Minister for the first year of World War I. He was born in Sidi Bel Abbès, in French Algeria. In France he sought to protect the rights of socialists and trade union workers.", "Archduke Franz Karl of Austria Archduke Franz Karl Joseph of Austria (17 December 1802 – 8 March 1878) from the House of Habsburg was father of two emperors (Franz Joseph I of Austria and Maximilian I of Mexico) as well as the grandfather of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, whose assassination sparked the hostilities that led to the outbreak of World War I, and the great-grandfather of the last Habsburg emperor Karl I.", "Sykes–Picot Agreement The Sykes–Picot Agreement, officially known as the Asia Minor Agreement, was a secret agreement between the governments of the United Kingdom and France, with the assent of Russia, defining their proposed spheres of influence and control in the Middle East should the Triple Entente succeed in defeating the Ottoman Empire during World War I. The negotiation of the treaty occurred between November 1915 and March 1916.", "SARS conspiracy theory The SARS conspiracy theory began to emerge during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in China in the spring of 2003, when Sergei Kolesnikov, a Russian scientist and a member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, first publicized his claim that the SARS coronavirus is a synthesis of measles and mumps. According to him, this combination cannot be formed in the natural world and thus the SARS virus must have been produced under laboratory conditions.", "Japan during World War I Japan participated in World War I from 1914 to 1918 in an alliance with Entente Powers and played an important role in securing the sea lanes in the West Pacific and Indian Oceans against the Imperial German Navy. Politically, Japan seized the opportunity to expand its sphere of influence in China, and to gain recognition as a great power in postwar geopolitics.Japan's military seized German possessions in the Pacific and East Asia, but there was no large-scale mobilization of the economy.", "Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles (French: Traité de Versailles) was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I were dealt with in separate treaties.", "Ivan Goremykin Ivan Logginovitch Goremykin (Russian: Ива́н Лóггинович Горемы́кин, Ivan Logginovič Goremykin) (8 November 1839 – 24 December 1917) was a Russian prime minister during World War I and politician with archconservative political views.", "Participants in World War I This is a list of countries that participated in World War I, sorted by alphabetical order.", "Nesta Helen Webster Nesta Helen Webster (Mrs. Arthur Webster), (24 August 1876 – 16 May 1960) was a controversial author who revived conspiracy theories about the Illuminati. She argued that the secret society's members were occultists, plotting communist world domination, using the idea of a Jewish cabal, the Masons and Jesuits as a smokescreen.", "Triple Alliance (1882) The Triple Alliance was a military alliance among Germany, Austria–Hungary, and Italy. It lasted from 20 May 1882 until World War I in 1914. Each member promised mutual support in the event of an attack by any other great power, or, in the case of Germany and Italy, an attack by France alone. In a supplementary declaration, Italy specified that its undertakings could not be regarded as being directed against Great Britain.", "Trial and conviction of Alfred Dreyfus The trial and conviction of Alfred Dreyfus was the event that instigated the Dreyfus Affair, a political scandal which divided France during the 1890s and early 1900s. It involved the wrongful conviction for treason of Alfred Dreyfus, a French artillery officer of Alsatian Jewish background. Dreyfus was sentenced to life in prison on Devil's Island.The report of Major Bexon d'Ormescheville, handed in on December 3, was prejudiced and illogical.", "History of the United Kingdom during World War I See also: Timeline of the United Kingdom home front during World War IThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland—then consisting of England, Scotland, Wales, and the whole of Ireland—was one of the Allied Powers during the First World War of 1914–1918, fighting against the Central Powers (the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Bulgaria).", "Others look into the Dreyfus Affair After Major Georges Picquart's exile to Tunisia others took up the cause of the Alfred Dreyfus.", "Teófilo Marxuach Lieutenant Colonel Teófilo Marxuach, (July 28, 1877 – November 8, 1939), was the person who ordered the first shots fired in World War I on behalf of the United States on an armed German supply ship trying to force its way out of the San Juan Bay.", "Operation Himmler Operation Himmler (less often known as Operation Konserve or Operation Canned Goods) was a 1939 false flag project planned by Nazi Germany to create the appearance of Polish aggression against Germany, which was subsequently used by Nazi propaganda to justify the invasion of Poland. Operation Himmler was arguably the first act of the Second World War in Europe.", "Blomberg–Fritsch Affair The Blomberg–Fritsch Affair, also known as the Blomberg–Fritsch crisis (German: Blomberg–Fritsch–Krise), was two related scandals in early 1938 which resulted in the subjugation of the German Armed Forces (Wehrmacht) to dictator Adolf Hitler. As documented in the Hossbach Memorandum, Hitler had been dissatisfied with the two high-ranking military officials concerned, Werner von Blomberg and Werner von Fritsch, and regarded them as too hesitant towards the war preparations he was demanding.", "War Precautions Act 1914 The War Precautions Act 1914 was an Act of the Parliament of Australia which gave the Government of Australia special powers for the duration of World War I and for six months afterwards. The Act was made pursuant to the defence power in Section 51(vi) of the Australian Constitution which empowers the federal Parliament to make laws with respect to the naval and military defence of the Commonwealth.", "Western Front (World War I) Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the German Army opened the Western Front by first invading Luxembourg and Belgium, then gaining military control of important industrial regions in France. The tide of the advance was dramatically turned with the Battle of the Marne. Following the race to the sea, both sides dug in along a meandering line of fortified trenches, stretching from the North Sea to the Swiss frontier with France.", "Technology during World War I Technology during World War I reflected a trend toward industrialism and the application of mass production methods to weapons and to the technology of warfare in general. This trend began fifty years prior to World War I during the U.S. Civil War, and continued through many smaller conflicts in which new weapons were tested.August 1914 marked the end of a relatively peaceful century in Europe with unprecedented invention and new science.", "Dawes Plan The Dawes Plan was an attempt following World War I for the Triple Entente to compromise and collect war reparations debt from Germany. The Dawes Plan (as proposed by the Dawes Committee, chaired by Charles G. Dawes) was an attempt in 1924 to solve the reparations problem, which had bedeviled international politics following World War I and the Treaty of Versailles.", "1918 flu pandemic The 1918 flu pandemic (January 1918 – December 1920) was an unusually deadlyinfluenza pandemic, the first of the two pandemics involving H1N1 influenza virus.", "Alphonse Dochez Alphonse Raymond Dochez (April 21, 1882 – June 1964) was an American physician and disease researcher. He developed an antitoxin for scarlet fever [1], and definitively established that viruses cause the common cold[2]. He was also the lifelong roommate of Oswald Avery, the physician credited, after his death, with discovering the importance of DNA. Dochez was also a labmate of Martin Henry Dawson, the first person in history to inject penicillin in a human.", "To my peoples To my peoples! - in German An meine Völker!, in Hungarian Népeimhez!, in Czech Mým národům! - was a manifesto signed by Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria-Hungary in Bad Ischl on July 28, 1914. The text announced the declaration of war on Serbia, starting World War \".\\To my people\" was a typical headline of war manifestoes; it was used in the declaration of war on Prussia in 1866 and in the announcement of the Italian entry into World War I (against Austria-Hungary) in 1915.", "Attaque à outrance Attaque à outrance (French: Attack to excess) was the expression of a military philosophy common to many armies in the period before and during the earlier parts of World War I.This philosophy was a response to the increasing weight of defensive firepower that accrued to armies in the nineteenth century, as a result of several technological innovations, notably breech-loading rifled guns, machine guns, and light field artillery firing high-explosive shells.", "Fourteen Points Fourteen Points is a blueprint for world peace that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I, elucidated in a January 8, 1918, speech on war aims and peace terms by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson. Europeans generally welcomed Wilson's points but his main Allied colleagues (Georges Clemenceau of France, David Lloyd George of the United Kingdom, and Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy) were skeptical of the applicability of Wilsonian idealism.The U.S.", "History of Germany during World War I During World War I, the German Empire was one of the Central Powers that lost the war. It began participation with the conflict after the declaration of war against Serbia by its ally, Austria-Hungary. German forces fought the Allies on both the eastern and western fronts, although German territory itself remained relatively safe from widespread invasion for most of the war, except for a brief period in 1914 when East Prussia was invaded.", "History of the United States (1918–45) The history of the United States from 1918 through 1945 covers the post-World War I era, the Great Depression, and World War II. After World War I, the U.S. rejected the Treaty of Versailles and did not join the League of Nations.In 1920, the manufacture, sale, import and export of alcohol was prohibited by an amendment to the United States Constitution. Possession of liquor, and drinking it, was never illegal.", "Oligodynamic effect The oligodynamic effect (Greek: oligos = few, Greek: dynamis = force) was discovered in 1893 by the Swiss Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli as a toxic effect of metal ions on viruses and living cells e.g. algae, moulds, spores, fungi, prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms, even in relatively low concentrations. This antimicrobial effect is shown by ions of mercury, silver, copper, iron, lead, zinc, bismuth, gold, aluminium, and other metals.", "Act of 5th November The Act of 5th November of 1916 was a declaration of Emperors Wilhelm II of Germany and Franz Joseph of Austria. This act promised the creation of the Kingdom of Poland out of territory of Congress Poland, envisioned by its authors as a puppet state controlled by the Central Powers. The origin of that document was the dire need to draft new recruits from German-occupied Poland for the war with Russia.", "Central Powers The Central Powers (German: Mittelmächte; Hungarian: Központi hatalmak‍; Turkish: İttifak Devletleri or Bağlaşma Devletleri; Bulgarian: Централни сили Tsentralni sili), consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria – hence also known as the Quadruple Alliance (German: Vierbund) – was one of the two main factions during World War I (1914–18).", "Spirit of 1914 The Spirit of 1914 (German: Augusterlebnis) refers to the alleged jubilation in Germany at the outbreak of World War I. Many individuals remembered that euphoria erupted on 4 August 1914 after all the political parties in the Reichstag, including the previously antimilitarist Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), supported the war credits in a unanimous vote, later referred to as the Burgfrieden (literally \"castle peace\", but more accurately party truce).", "The public scandal of the Dreyfus Affair The debate over falsely accused Alfred Dreyfus grew into a public scandal of unprecedented scale, and caused most of the French nation to become divided between Dreyfusards and anti-Dreyfusards.", "Conscription Crisis of 1917 The Conscription Crisis of 1917 (French: Crise de la conscription de 1917) was a political and military crisis in Canada during World War I. It was mainly caused by disagreement on whether men should be conscripted to fight in WWI. It also brought out many issues regarding relations between French Canadians and English Canadians and motivated many revolutionary acts.", "World War I reparations World War I reparations were compensation imposed during the Paris Peace Conference upon the Central Powers following their defeat in the First World War by the Allied and Associate Powers. Each of the defeated powers was required to make payments in either cash or kind. Because of the financial situation Austria, Hungary, and Turkey found themselves in after the war, few to no reparations were paid and the requirements for reparations were cancelled.", "Naval warfare of World War I Naval Warfare in World War I was mainly characterized by the efforts of the Allied Powers, with their larger fleets and surrounding position, to blockade the Central Powers by sea, and the efforts of the Central Powers to break that blockade or to establish an effective blockade of the United Kingdom and France with submarines and raiders.", "Arnold Zweig Arnold Zweig (10 November 1887 – 26 November 1968) was a German writer and anti-war and antifascist activist. He is best known for his six-part cycle on World War I.", "The Hoax of the Twentieth Century The Hoax of the Twentieth Century: The Case Against the Presumed Extermination of European Jewry is a book by electrical engineering professor Arthur Butz. First published in 1976 by Historical Review Press, it attempts to refute the idea that Nazi Germany tried to exterminate millions of Jews during the Holocaust, and is influential in the Holocaust denial movement.", "1915 in New Zealand World War I and New Zealand's participation in it dominate the year.", "Karl Adolph von Basedow Carl Adolph von Basedow (March 28, 1799 – April 11, 1854) was a German physician most famous for reporting the symptoms of what could later be dubbed Graves-Basedow disease, now technically known as exophthalmic goiter.", "Day of Deceit Day of Deceit: The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor is a book by Robert Stinnett alleging that the Roosevelt administration deliberately provoked and allowed the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in order to bring the United States into World War II.", "Zimmermann Telegram The Zimmermann Telegram (or Zimmermann Note) was an internal diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January, 1917 that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico in the event of the United States entering World War I against Germany. The proposal was intercepted and decoded by British intelligence.", "Nicholas Hartwig Baron Nicholas Genrikhovich Hartwig (Russian: Николай Генрихович Гартвиг) (December 16, 1857 – July 10, 1914) was a Russian ambassador to Persia (1906–1908) and Serbia (1909–1914). An ardent Pan-Slavist, he was said to be \"more Serbian than the Serbs\" and in the period prior to World War I was thought by many to practically control the policy of the Serbian government. He encouraged Serbia to stand up to Austria-Hungary and may therefore be seen as one of the causes of the war.", "Addison Bain Addison Bain is a retired NASA scientist and founding member of the National Hydrogen Association who is credited with postulating the Incendiary Paint Theory (IPT), which posits that the Hindenburg disaster was caused by the electrical ignition of lacquer- and metal-based paints used on the outer hull of the airship. Thus Bain believes that the hydrogen in the airship had no part to play in the initiation of the disaster.", "Trench fever Trench fever (also known as \"five-day fever\", \"quintan fever\" (febris quintana in Latin), and \"urban trench fever\") is a moderately serious disease transmitted by body lice. It infected armies in Flanders, France, Poland, Galicia, Italy, Salonika, Macedonia, Mesopotamia, and Egypt in World War I (three noted sufferers being the authors J.R.R. Tolkien, A. A. Milne, and C.S. Lewis), and the German army in Russia during World War I.", "Asle Gronna Asle Jorgenson Gronna (December 10, 1858 – May 4, 1922) was an American Senator from North Dakota, and one of the six to vote against the United States declaration of war leading to the First World War. Gronna was a Republican who reflected the attitudes of his region - progressive and isolationist. He blamed munition makers for the preparedness movement and World War I and was part of the \"little group of willful men,\" so labeled by President Woodrow Wilson.", "Oath crisis The Oath crisis (Polish: Kryzys przysięgowy) was a World War I political conflict between the Imperial German Army command and the Józef Piłsudski-led Polish Legions.Initially supporting the Central Powers against Imperial Russia, Piłsudski wanted to defeat one of the partitioning powers with the hands of the two remaining states, the Austria-Hungary and Germany.", "Arthur Zimmermann Arthur Zimmermann (October 5, 1864 – June 6, 1940) was State Secretary for Foreign Affairs of the German Empire from November 22, 1916, until his resignation on August 6, 1917. His name is associated with the Zimmermann Telegram during World War I. However, he was also closely involved in plans to support an Irish rebellion, an Indian rebellion, and to help the Communists undermine Tsarist Russia.", "The Neutral Ally Norway is at times referred to as \"The Neutral Ally\". During World War I, while theoretically a neutral country, British pressure and anti-German sentiment in the population enabled the government to highly favour Britain in matters concerning the large Norwegian shipping fleet and vast fish supplies.", "Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria Archduke Karl Ludwig Joseph Maria of Austria (30 July 1833 – 19 May 1896) was the younger brother of Franz Joseph I of Austria (1830–1916), the father of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria (1863–1914), whose assassination ignited the start of World War I, and grandfather of the last emperor, Charles I.", "Icebreaker (Suvorov) Icebreaker: Who Started the Second World War?, by Viktor Suvorov (Russian title: Ledokol, Ледокол) is a book which alleges that Stalin used Nazi Germany as an \"icebreaker\" to start a war in Europe which would allow for the Soviet Union to come in, clean up, and take control of all of Europe.", "Shell Crisis of 1915 The Shell Crisis of 1915 was a shortage of artillery shells on the front lines of World War I that led to a political crisis in Britain. Military historian Hew Strachan argues that strategic plans caused an over-reliance on shrapnel to attack infantry in the open, which caused a shortage of high explosive shells in most major armies. At the start of the war there was a revolution in doctrine.", "Henning von Holtzendorff Henning von Holtzendorff (January 9, 1853 – June 7, 1919) was a German admiral during World War I who became famous for his December 1916 memo to Kaiser Wilhelm II about unrestricted submarine warfare against the United Kingdom. He received the Pour le Mérite in 1917 and was made a Grand Admiral in 1918.Admiral Holtzendorff claimed that unrestricted submarine warfare would starve the British into submission within five months, well before the Americans could act.", "Portugal during World War I Portugal did not initially form part of the system of alliances involved in World War I and thus initially kept its neutrality. However, tensions between Germany and Portugal arose due to German U-boat warfare which sought to blockade the United Kingdom — at the time the most important market for Portuguese products.", "Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles Article 231, often known as the War Guilt Clause, was the opening article of the reparations section of the Treaty of Versailles, which ended the First World War between the German Empire and the Allied and Associated Powers. The article did not use the word \"guilt\" but it served as a legal basis to compel Germany to pay reparations.Article 231 was one of the most controversial points of the treaty.", "Miasma theory The miasma theory (also called the miasmatic theory) held that diseases such as cholera, chlamydia or the Black Death were caused by a miasma (Μίασμα, ancient Greek: \"pollution\"), a noxious form of \"bad air\", also known as \"night air\". The theory held that the origin of epidemics was due to a miasma, emanating from rotting organic matter.The miasma theory was accepted from ancient times in Europe, India, and China. The theory was eventually given up by scientists and physicians after 1880.", "Stab-in-the-back myth The stab-in-the-back myth (German: Dolchstoßlegende, pronounced [ˈdɔlçʃtoːsleˌɡɛndə]) was the notion, widely believed in right-wing circles in Germany after 1918, that the German Army did not lose World War I but was instead betrayed by the civilians on the home front, especially the republicans who overthrew the monarchy.", "Investigation and arrest of Alfred Dreyfus The Dreyfus Affair began when a bordereau (detailed memorandum) offering to procure French military secrets was recovered by French agents from the waste paper basket of Maximilian Von Schwartzkoppen, the military attaché at the German Embassy in Paris. Blame was quickly pinned upon Alfred Dreyfus, a young French artillery officer who was in training within the French Army's general staff.", "Spanish flu research Spanish flu research concerns scientific research regarding the causes and characteristics of the \"Spanish flu\", a variety of influenza that in 1918 was responsible for the worst influenza pandemic in modern history. Many theories about the origins and progress of the Spanish flu persisted in literature, but it was not until 2005, when various samples were recovered from American World War I soldiers and an Inuit woman buried in the Alaskan tundra, that significant research was made possible.", "Benevolent neutrality \"Benevolent neutrality\" is a term used by Ernest May to describe United States foreign policy regarding involvement in World War I. Examples of it were seen shortly before World War I though due to the League of the Three Emperors, an agreement between the powers of Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary. It is distinct from strict neutrality because America had some favorable policies towards the Allies; for example, generally favorable trade decisions.", "Causes of World War II Among the main long-term causes of World War II were Italian fascism in the 1920s, Japanese militarism and invasions of China in the 1930s, and especially the political takeover in 1933 of Germany by Hitler and his Nazi Party and its aggressive foreign policy.", "Karl Max, Prince Lichnowsky Karl Max, Prince Lichnowsky (German: Karl Max Fürst von Lichnowsky) (Kreuzenort, Upper Silesia (now Krzyżanowice, Poland), 8 March 1860 – Kuchelna, 27 February 1928) was a German diplomat who served as Ambassador to Britain during the July Crisis and who was the author of a noted pamphlet of 1916 that deplored German diplomacy in mid-1914 that, he argued, directly caused the outbreak of the First World War.", "Radiosomaggismo Radiosomaggismo (Italian for the \"Radiant days of May\") refers to the May 1915 crisis in Italy when crowds mobilized in Rome when it seemed Giovanni Giolitti, Prime Minister of Italy five times between 1892 and 1921, might return to the government. This has been argued as a possible reason for Italy's entry into World War I, which occurred on May 24, 1915. It is also argued as an event that lead to the creation of Fascism, and the rise of Benito Mussolini.", "Fritz Fischer Fritz Fischer (5 March 1908 – 1 December 1999) was a German historian best known for his analysis of the causes of World War I. In the early 1960s Fischer put forward the controversial thesis that responsibility for the outbreak of the war rested solely on Imperial Germany. He has been described by The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing as the most important German historian of the 20th century.", "July Crisis The July Crisis was a diplomatic crisis among the major powers of Europe in the summer of 1914 that led to World War I." ]	8
movie directors directed a block buster	[ "William Beaudine\nWilliam Beaudine (January 15, 1892 – March 18, 1970) was an American film actor and director. He was one of Hollywood's most prolific directors, turning out films in remarkable numbers and in a wide variety of genres.", "Steven Spielberg\nSteven Allan Spielberg (born December 18, 1946) is an American director, producer and screenwriter. Spielberg is considered as one of the founding pioneers of the New Hollywood era, as well as being viewed as one of the most popular and influential directors and producers in film history. In a career spanning more than four decades, Spielberg's films have covered many themes and genres.", "Edgar Wright\nEdgar Howard Wright (born 18 April 1974) is an English director, screenwriter, producer, and actor. He is best known for his comedic Three Flavours Cornetto film trilogy consisting of Shaun of the Dead (2004), Hot Fuzz (2007), and The World's End (2013), made with recurrent collaborators Simon Pegg, Nira Park and Nick Frost. He also collaborated with them as the director of the television series Spaced.He also co-wrote, produced and directed the 2010 film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World.", "Block Busters\nBlock Busters is a 1944 American film directed by Wallace Fox.", "Kaakki Sattai\nKaakki Sattai is a 1985 Tamil-language Indian feature film directed by Rajasekhar, starring Kamal Haasan, Ambika, Madhavi, Sathyaraj, Rajeev and Thengai Srinivasan. The film was panned by critics and block buster hit at the box office." ]	[ "Richard Brooks Richard Brooks (May 18, 1912 – March 11, 1992) was an American screenwriter, film director, novelist and occasional film producer. His outstanding works as director are Blackboard Jungle (1955), Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958), Elmer Gantry (1960) – for which he won an Academy Award for Best Writing (Adapted Screenplay), In Cold Blood (1967), and Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977).", "Terry Gilliam Terrence Vance \"Terry\" Gilliam (/ˈɡɪliəm/; born 22 November 1940) is an American-born British screenwriter, film director, animator, actor, comedian and member of the Monty Python comedy troupe.Gilliam has directed 12 feature films, including Time Bandits (1981), Brazil (1985), The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1988), The Fisher King (1991), 12 Monkeys (1995), Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998), The Brothers Grimm (2005) and The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus (2009).", "Armageddon (1998 film) Armageddon is a 1998 American science fiction disaster thriller film directed by Michael Bay, produced by Jerry Bruckheimer, and released by Touchstone Pictures. The film follows a group of blue-collar deep-core drillers sent by NASA to stop a gigantic asteroid on a collision course with Earth.", "Thicker than Water (1935 film) Thicker than Water was the final short film starring Laurel and Hardy. Directed by James W.Horne, produced by Hal Roach, and released in 1935 by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, the short also features James Finlayson and Daphne Pollard in supporting roles.", "David DeFalco David DeFalco is a former professional wrestler turned movie director. DeFalco directed The Backlot Murders (2002) and the 2005 movie Chaos. An account of a screening of the movie Chaos, attended by DeFalco, was posted on Roger Ebert's website, detailing DeFalco's shouting of, \"I'm a demon\" and, \"I'm the king of violence\".DeFalco also produced and starred in Gangland (2000) and Redemption (2002).In addition, DeFalco wrote, directed, produced, and starred in Wrong Side of Town (2010).", "Blockout Blockout is a puzzle video game, published in 1989 by California Dreams, developed in Poland by Aleksander Ustaszewski and Mirosław Zabłocki.The game is the logical extension of Tetris into the third dimension. In regular Tetris, the player manipulates a set of tetrominoes which fall into a two-dimensional pit (seen from the side). The aim is to solve a real-time packing problem by forming complete rows, which then disappear and score points.", "Block Communications Block Communications (also known as Blade Communications) is a privately held holding company of various assets, mainly in the print and broadcast media, based in Toledo, Ohio. The company was founded in 1900 in New York City when Paul Block, a German-Jewish immigrant who came to the United States fifteen years prior, formed an ad representation firm for newspapers.", "Bryan Forbes Bryan Forbes, CBE (/fɔrbz/; 22 July 1926 – 8 May 2013) was an English film director, screenwriter, film producer, actor and novelist, described as a \"Renaissance man\" and \"one of the most important figures in the British film industry\". Best known as the director of the film The Stepford Wives (1975), he wrote and directed several other critically acclaimed films, including Whistle Down the Wind (1961), Séance on a Wet Afternoon (1964), and King Rat (1965).", "The Music Box The Music Box is a Laurel and Hardy short film comedy released in 1932. It was directed by James Parrott, produced by Hal Roach and distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The film, which depicts the pair attempting to move a piano up a large flight of steps, won the first Academy Award for Live Action Short Film (Comedy) in 1932.", "Ford Beebe Ford Beebe (November 26, 1888 – November 26, 1978) was a screenwriter and director. He entered the film business as a writer around 1916 and over the next 60 years wrote and/or directed almost 200 films.He specialized in B-movies – mostly Westerns – and action serials, working on the \"Buck Rogers\" and \"Flash Gordon\" serials for Universal Pictures.", "Freeway (1996 film) Freeway is a 1996 crime film written and directed by Matthew Bright, starring Kiefer Sutherland, Reese Witherspoon and Brooke Shields. The plot of this film resembles the fairy tale Little Red Riding Hood. Despite being a commercial failure and having censorship problems due to graphic language and violent content, it received mostly positive reviews from critics and has developed a cult following.", "The Mollycoddle The Mollycoddle is a 1920 American film starring Douglas Fairbanks and Wallace Beery, and directed by Victor Fleming. Beery plays an ice-cold villain brawling with Fairbanks' character all the way down the side of a steep mountain in one sequence. A copy of the film is in the Museum of Modern Art and in other film collections.", "Troy Duffy Troy Duffy (born June 8, 1971 in Hartford, Connecticut) is an American director, screenwriter, and musician. He has directed two films, The Boondock Saints, and its sequel, The Boondock Saints II: All Saints Day.", "David Bradley (director) David Shedd Bradley (6 April 1920 – 19 December 1997) was an American motion picture director, actor, film collector, and university instructor. David Shedd Bradley was a grandson of Charles Banks Shedd, a prominent Chicago real estate investor, banker, and financier, and civic leader who also served as an executive officer of the Knickerbocker Ice Company of Chicago, which had been founded principally by Edward Avery Shedd, younger brother of Charles Banks Shedd.", "Live Free or Die Hard Live Free or Die Hard (released as Die Hard 4.0 outside North America) is a 2007 American action film, and the fourth installment in the Die Hard film series. The film was directed by Len Wiseman and stars Bruce Willis as John McClane. The film's name was adapted from New Hampshire's state motto, \"Live Free or Die\".McClane is attempting to stop cyber terrorists who hack into government and commercial computers across the United States with the goal to start a \"fire sale\" of financial assets.", "John Glen (director) John Glen (born 15 May 1932) is an English film director, film editor, and author. He is best known for his directorial and editing work on eight James Bond films from the 1960s to the 1980s.", "Masterminds (1997 film) Masterminds is a 1997 comedy action film starring Patrick Stewart.Hindi movie Andaaz starring Anil kapoor,juhi chawla and karishma kapoor is loosely based on this movie.", "Michael Tucker (director) Michael Tucker, an American documentary film director, was born in Honolulu, Hawaii. He is best known for his recent documentary The Prisoner or: How I Planned to Kill Tony Blair. He also directed a documentary in Iraq during the 2003 Iraqi War entitled Gunner Palace.", "Robert Hambling Robert Hambling is an Australian film director/editor, currently based in Sydney. Hambling worked as an assistant editor on numerous feature films including Pink Floyd's The Wall (1982), Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes (1984), King David (1985), Steaming (1985), Link (1986) and Aliens (1986).More recently Hambling has worked in the popular music business.", "Andrew Davis (director) Andrew Davis (born November 21, 1946) is an American film director, producer, writer and cinematographer who is known for directing a number of successful action thrillers including Code of Silence, Above the Law, Under Siege and The Fugitive.", "The Big Fix The Big Fix is a 1978 film directed by Jeremy Kagan and based on the novel by Roger L. Simon, who also wrote the screenplay. It starred Richard Dreyfuss as private detective Moses Wine and co-starred Susan Anspach and John Lithgow. The Big Fix had no relationship to the 1947 film or the 2012 film of the same name.", "Barry Sonnenfeld Barry Sonnenfeld (born April 1, 1953) is an American filmmaker and television director. He worked as cinematographer for the Coen brothers, then later he directed films such as The Addams Family and its sequel, Addams Family Values along with the Men in Black trilogy, and the critically acclaimed Get Shorty. Sonnenfeld has also had four collaborations with actor and comedian Will Smith.", "Perry Henzell Perry Henzell (7 March 1936 – 30 November 2006) was most famous for being the director of the first Jamaican feature film, The Harder They Come (1972) co-written by Trevor D. Rhone, starring Jimmy Cliff.", "Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris Jonathan Dayton (born July 7, 1957) and Valerie Faris (born October 20, 1958) are a team of American film directors and music video directors, also husband and wife, that received critical acclaim for their feature film directorial debut, Little Miss Sunshine. Later the couple went on to direct the 2012 romantic comedy-drama Ruby Sparks, which was also met with a positive critical consensus.", "Antitrust (film) Antitrust (also titled Conspiracy.com and Startup) is a 2001 thriller film written by Howard Franklin and directed by Peter Howitt.Antitrust portrays young idealistic programmers and a large corporation (NURV) that offers significant money, a low-key working environment, and creative opportunities for those talented programmers willing to work for them.", "The Chain Gang The Chain Gang is a Mickey Mouse animated film produced in 1930 by Walt Disney for Columbia Pictures. It is one of a group of shorts of strikingly uneven quality produced by Disney immediately after Ub Iwerks left the studio. The cartoon was primarily drawn by Norm Ferguson, and featured a pair of bloodhounds, who helped to track down Mickey after his escape from prison.", "Forbidden Zone Forbidden Zone is a 1980 musical comedy film based upon the stage performances of the Mystic Knights of the Oingo Boingo. Originally shot on black-and-white film, the story of Forbidden Zone involves an alternate universe accessed through a door in the house of the Hercules family. Directed and produced by Richard Elfman, who co-wrote the film with fellow Mystic Knights member Matthew Bright, it was the first film scored by his brother Danny Elfman.", "Henry Selick Henry Selick (born November 30, 1952) is an American stop motion director, producer and writer who is best known for directing The Nightmare Before Christmas, James and the Giant Peach and Coraline. He studied at the Program in Experimental Animation at California Institute of the Arts, under the guidance of Jules Engel.", "Blocking (stage) In theatre, blocking is the precise staging of actors in order to facilitate the performance of a play, ballet, film or opera. The term derives from the practice of 19th-century theatre directors such as Sir W. S. Gilbert who worked out the staging of a scene on a miniature stage using blocks to represent each of the actors.", "Fast, Cheap & Out of Control Fast, Cheap & Out of Control is a 1997 film by documentary filmmaker Errol Morris. It profiles four subjects with extraordinary careers: Dave Hoover, who is a lion tamer; George Mendonça, who created topiaries at Green Animals Topiary Garden in Portsmouth, Rhode Island, including giraffes made out of boxwood; Ray Mendez, a hairless mole-rats expert; and Rodney Brooks, an M.I.T.", "Jail Bait (1954 film) Jail Bait (also known as Hidden Face) is a 1954 American Film Noir crime film directed by Ed Wood, with a screenplay by Wood and Alex Gordon. The film stars Clancy Malone as the delinquent son of a famous doctor, and his involvement with a dangerous criminal. Famed bodybuilder Steve Reeves made his first screen appearance in the film.", "The Glass Shield The Glass Shield is a 1995 crime drama film starring Ice Cube, Michael Boatman and Lori Petty, directed by Charles Burnett.", "Charles Avery Charles Avery (May 28, 1873 – July 23, 1926) was an American silent-film actor, film director, and screenwriter.One of the original seven Keystone Kops, Avery directed Roscoe \"Fatty\" Arbuckle in thirty-one comedies while at Keystone Studios.", "William Castle William Castle (April 24, 1914 – May 31, 1977) was an American film director, producer, screenwriter, and actor.Orphaned at 11, Castle dropped out of high school at 15 to work in the theater. He came to the attention of Columbia Pictures for his talent for promotion, and was hired. He learned the trade of filmmaking and became a director, acquiring a reputation for the ability to churn out competent B-movies quickly and on budget.", "Death Dimension Death Dimension (also known as Death Dimensions, Freeze Bomb, Icy Death, The Kill Factor, and Black Eliminator) is a 1978 American B-list action and martial arts film by Al Adamson starring Jim Kelly, Harold Sakata, George Lazenby, Terry Moore, and Aldo Ray.", "Peter Hyams Peter Hyams (born July 26, 1943) is an American director, screenwriter and cinematographer, probably best known for directing the 1981 science fiction thriller Outland, Capricorn One, 2010 (the sequel to Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey), the action/comedy Running Scared, the comic book adaptation Timecop, the action film Sudden Death (both starring Jean-Claude Van Damme), and the horror films The Relic and End of Days.", "Richard D. Zanuck Richard Darryl Zanuck (December 13, 1934 – July 13, 2012) was an American film producer. His 1989 film Driving Miss Daisy won the Academy Award for Best Picture. Zanuck was also instrumental in launching the careers of directors Tim Burton and Steven Spielberg, who described Zanuck as a \"director's producer\" and \"one of the most honorable and loyal men of our profession.\"", "Masters of Menace Masters of Menace is a 1990 comedy film about a motorcycle gang.", "Three the Hard Way (film) Three the Hard Way is a 1974 action blaxploitation film starring Fred Williamson, Jim Brown, and Jim Kelly, written by Eric Bercovici and Jerrold L. Ludwig and directed by Gordon Parks, Jr. Featuring the three biggest black action stars of the 1970s, in their first movie together, the film chronicled the group's adventures in foiling the plot of white supremacists plotting to kill the black population of the United States by poisoning the water supply.", "Jonathan Demme Robert Jonathan Demme (/ˈdɛmi/; born February 22, 1944) is an American filmmaker, producer and screenwriter. Demme rose to prominence in the 1980s with his comedy films Melvin and Howard (1980), Swing Shift (1984), Something Wild (1986) and Married to the Mob (1988). He became best known for directing The Silence of the Lambs (1991), for which he won the Academy Award for Best Director. He later directed the acclaimed films Philadelphia (1993) and Rachel Getting Married (2008).", "Directors Label Directors Label is a series of DVDs devoted to notable music video directors.First released in 2003 by Palm Pictures, the series was created by Spike Jonze, Chris Cunningham, and Michel Gondry, the subjects of the first three volumes. Four new volumes were released in 2005, this time featuring Mark Romanek, Jonathan Glazer, Anton Corbijn and Stéphane Sednaoui.", "Splitting maul A splitting maul also known as a block buster, block splitter, \"slegax\", or \"go-devil\", is a heavy, long-handled axe used for splitting a piece of wood along its grain. One side of its head is like a sledgehammer, and the other side is like an axe.", "No Holds Barred (1989 film) No Holds Barred is a 1989 action film produced by Michael Rachmil, directed by Thomas J. Wright, written by Dennis Hackin and starring professional wrestler Hulk Hogan (who is billed as executive producer alongside Vince McMahon). The film is produced by the World Wrestling Federation under a \"Shane Distribution Company\" copyright and was released by New Line Cinema on June 2, 1989. It was launched as an attempt to boost Hulk Hogan's acting career several years after his appearance in Rocky III.", "Deconstructing Harry Deconstructing Harry is a comedy film written and directed by Woody Allen and released in 1997. This film tells the story of a successful writer named Harry Block, played by Allen, who draws inspiration from people he knows in real life, and from events that happened to him, sometimes causing these people to become alienated from him as a result.The central plot features Block driving to a university from which he was once thrown out, in order to receive an honorary degree.", "Chris Columbus (filmmaker) Chris Joseph Columbus (born September 10, 1958) is an American filmmaker. Columbus is known for directing such movies as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (2001), Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002), Mrs. Doubtfire (1993), Home Alone (1990) and Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992) and for writing movies such as Gremlins (1984) and The Goonies (1985).Home Alone received a British Comedy Award for Best Comedy Film.", "Clarence G. Badger Clarence G. Badger (June 9, 1880 – June 17, 1964) was an American film director of feature films in the 1910s, 1920s and 1930s. His most noteworthy films include It, starring Clara Bow, more than a dozen features and shorts starring Will Rogers, and two features starring Raymond Griffith, Paths to Paradise and Hands Up!He moved to Australia to direct Rangle River (1936) and decided to retire there, only making one more feature, That Certain Something (1941).", "Robert Stevenson (director) Robert Stevenson (31 March 1905 – 30 April 1986) was an English film writer and director. He was educated at Cambridge University where he became the president of both the Liberal Club and the Cambridge Union Society.After directing a number of British films, including King Solomon's Mines (1937), he was given a contract by David O. Selznick and moved to Hollywood in the 1940s. He ended up directing 19 films for the Walt Disney Company in the 1960s and 1970s.", "Reza Badiyi Reza Sayed Badiyi (Persian: رضا بدیعی; April 17, 1930 – August 20, 2011) was an Iranian-American film director. Badiyi also directed episodes of many popular television series. His credits also include developing the opening montages for Hawaii Five-O, Get Smart, and The Mary Tyler Moore Show.", "Bare Knuckles See also bare-knuckle for other usesBare Knuckles is a 1977 blaxploitation film, starring Robert Viharo, Sherry Jackson and Gloria Hendry. The film was written and directed by Don Edmonds.The plot follows L.A. bounty hunter Zachary Kane (Viharo), on the hunt for a masked serial killer on the loose.", "Eliminators (film) Eliminators is a 1986 science fiction action film directed by directed by Peter Manoogian, starring Andrew Prine, Denise Crosby and Patrick Reynolds. The plot centers around a \"Mandroid\" constructed by an evil scientist from the body of a downed pilot, who teams up with the scientist responsible for android technology, her pet robot Spot, a riverboat guide, and a martial arts warrior.", "Air Raid Wardens Air Raid Wardens is a 1943 Laurel and Hardy comedy film. This was their first of two films made at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.", "Bert I. Gordon Bert Ira Gordon (born September 24, 1922) is an American film director most famous for such science fiction and horror B-movies as The Amazing Colossal Man and Village of the Giants. Most of Gordon's work is in the idiom of giant monster films, for which he used rear-projection to create the special effects. His nickname \"Mister B.I.G.\" is a reference both to his initials and to his preferred technique for making super-sized creatures.", "Verbena Tragica Verbena Trágica (Tragic Festival, also known as Block Party) is a 1939 film directed by Charles Lamont. The film was made in 1938 in both the English and Spanish languages.In 1996 the film has been deemed \"culturally significant\" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.", "The Dam Busters (film) The Dam Busters (1955) is a British Second World War war film starring Michael Redgrave and Richard Todd. It was directed by Michael Anderson. The film recreates the true story of Operation Chastise when in 1943 the RAF's 617 Squadron attacked the Möhne, Eder and Sorpe dams in Germany with Barnes Wallis's \"bouncing bomb\".The film was based on the books The Dam Busters (1951) by Paul Brickhill and Enemy Coast Ahead (1946) by Guy Gibson.", "Bruce Beresford Bruce Beresford (born 16 August 1940) is an Australian film director who has made more than 30 feature films over a 50-year career. Notable films he has directed include Breaker Morant (1980), Tender Mercies (1983), Crimes of the Heart (1986) and Driving Miss Daisy (1989).", "Gridlock'd Gridlock'd is a 1997 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Vondie Curtis-Hall and starring Tupac Shakur, Tim Roth and Thandie Newton. It was the directorial debut of Curtis-Hall, who also has a small part in the film. The film's opening was relatively low, despite critical acclaim; its opening weekend netted only $2,678,372 and it finished with a little over $5.5 million. The film paid tribute to star Tupac Shakur, who had been murdered four months prior to the film's release.", "Marshall Herskovitz Marshall Schreiber Herskovitz (born February 23, 1952) is an American film director, writer and producer, and currently the President Emeritus of the Producers Guild of America. Among his productions are Traffic, The Last Samurai, Blood Diamond, and I Am Sam. Herskovitz has directed two feature films, Jack the Bear and Dangerous Beauty.", "The Flintstones (film) The Flintstones is a 1994 American buddy comedy film directed by Brian Levant and written by Tom S. Parker, Jim Jennewein and Steven E. de Souza.", "James Ivory (director) James Francis Ivory (born June 7, 1928) is an American film director. For many years he worked extensively with Indian-born film producer Ismail Merchant, his personal as well as professional partner, and with screenwriter Ruth Prawer Jhabvala. All three were principals in Merchant Ivory Productions whose films won six Academy Awards.", "Frank Tuttle Frank Tuttle (6 August 1892 – 6 January 1963) was a Hollywood film director and writer who directed films from 1922 (The Cradle Buster) to 1959 (Island of Lost Women). He was educated at Yale University, where he edited campus humor magazine The Yale Record.After graduation, he worked in New York City in the advertising department of the Metropolitan Music Bureau. He later moved to Hollywood, where he became a film director for Paramount.", "Michael Toshiyuki Uno Michael Toshiyuki Uno is an American film and television director, credited with directing television programs such as Alfred Hitchcock Presents (the remake series that began in 1985), China Beach, The Outsiders, Early Edition, and Dawson's Creek.Uno has also directed the films The Silence, The Wash, and Dangerous Intentions.Uno was nominated with Joseph Benson for an Academy Award for Live Action Short Film in 1982 for The Silence.In January 2008 Michael Uno played a Kung-Fu master in a William Shatner Priceline commercial.", "John G. Avildsen John Guilbert Avildsen (born December 21, 1935) is an American film director. He won the Academy Award for Best Director in 1977 for Rocky. Other films he directed include Joe, Save the Tiger, Fore Play, The Formula, Neighbors, For Keeps, Lean on Me, The Power of One, 8 Seconds, Inferno, Rocky V and the first three Karate Kid movies.", "Beat the Devil (film) Beat the Devil is a 1953 film directed by John Huston. The screenplay was by Huston and Truman Capote, loosely based upon a novel of the same name by British journalist Claud Cockburn, writing under the pseudonym James Helvick.", "Blockleiter Blockleiter (English: Block Leader, derived from city block) from 1933 was the title of a lower Nazi Party political rank responsible for the political supervision of a neighborhood. Referred to in common parlance as Blockwart (Block Warden), the officials were in charge to form the link between the Nazi authorities and the general population. Up to today, the derogatory term Blockwart \"\\snoop\") has survived in German colloquial language.", "Blockbusting Blockbusting was a business process of U.S. real estate agents and building developers to convince white property owners to sell their house at low prices out of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood. The agents then sold the houses at much higher prices to black families desperate to escape the overcrowded ghettos.", "Terence Young (director) Shaun Terence Young (20 June 1915 – 7 September 1994) was a British film director and screenwriter best known for directing three James Bond films, Dr. No (1962), From Russia with Love (1963), and Thunderball (1965).", "Melvin Van Peebles Melvin \"Block\" Van Peebles (born August 21, 1932) is an American actor, director, screenwriter, playwright, novelist and composer.He is most famous for creating the acclaimed film Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song, which heralded a new era of African-American focused films. He is the father of actor and director Mario Van Peebles.", "Running Scared (1986 film) Running Scared is a 1986 action/comedy film released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, directed by Peter Hyams, written by Gary Devore and Jimmy Huston, and starring Gregory Hines, Billy Crystal, and Jimmy Smits. Hines and Crystal play Chicago police officers who, after nearly being killed on the job, decide to retire and open a bar in Key West, only to get caught up in making one last arrest before they go.", "Dave Chappelle's Block Party Dave Chappelle's Block Party, also known as Block Party, is a 2005 documentary film hosted and written by comedian Dave Chappelle, and directed by Michel Gondry. Its format is inspired by the documentary Wattstax.The film and its soundtrack are dedicated to the memory of music producer J Dilla who died from lupus one month before the film's release. The film was officially released at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival.", "Die Hard with a Vengeance Die Hard with a Vengeance is a 1995 American action film and the third in the Die Hard film series. It was produced and directed by John McTiernan (who directed Die Hard), written by Jonathan Hensleigh, and stars Bruce Willis as New York City Police Department Lieutenant John McClane, Samuel L. Jackson as McClane's reluctant partner Zeus Carver, and Jeremy Irons as Simon Peter Gruber.", "The Musketeers of Pig Alley The Musketeers of Pig Alley is a 1912 American short drama film credited as the first gangster film in history. It is directed by D. W. Griffith and written by Griffith and Anita Loos. It is also credited for its early use of follow focus, a fundamental tool in cinematography.The film was released on October 31, 1912 and re-released on November 5, 1915 in the United States.", "Targets Targets is a 1968 American thriller, written and directed by Peter Bogdanovich and filmed in color by László Kovács.", "The Killer Elite The Killer Elite is a 1975 American action thriller film starring James Caan and Robert Duvall and directed by Sam Peckinpah.The screenplay was written by Marc Norman and Stirling Silliphant adapted from the Robert Syd Hopkins novel, Monkey in the Middle. The novel was written under Hopkins' pseudonym of Robert Rostand. The film represents the last collaboration between Peckinpah and soundtrack composer Jerry Fielding.", "Hughes brothers Albert Hughes and Allen Hughes (born April 1, 1972), known together professionally as the Hughes brothers, are American film directors and producers. The pair, who are twins, are known for co-directing such visceral, and often violent, movies as Menace II Society, Dead Presidents, From Hell and The Book of Eli.", "Brick (film) Brick is a 2005 American neo-noir thriller film written and directed by Rian Johnson in his directorial debut, starring Joseph Gordon-Levitt. Brick was distributed by Focus Features, opening in New York and Los Angeles on April 7, 2006.The film's narrative centers on a hardboiled detective story that takes place in a Californian suburb. Most of the main characters are high school students.", "Jeff Kanew Jeffrey Roger Kanew (born December 16, 1944) is an American film director, writer and editor who early in his career made trailers for many films of the 1970s and is probably best known for directing the film Revenge of the Nerds (1984) and for editing Ordinary People.Kanew directed Gotcha! (1985) and Tough Guys (1986), the final film pairing actors Kirk Douglas and Burt Lancaster, having initially directed Douglas in 1983's Eddie Macon's Run.", "Timebomb (1991 film) Timebomb is a 1991 sci-fi action film written and directed by Avi Nesher and starring Michael Biehn and Patsy Kensit.", "Weapons of Mass Distraction Weapons of Mass Distraction is a 1997 film starring Gabriel Byrne, Ben Kingsley and Wooski Hart, Mimi Rogers, Jeffrey Tambor, and other stars in an ensemble cast, about two media moguls and their fight over ownership of a professional football team. It was written by Larry Gelbart and directed by Stephen Surjik.This film was nominated for four Primetime Emmy awards.", "Brain Blockers Brain Blockers is a 2007 horror film directed by Lincoln Kupchak. Edwin Craig plays a professor who experiments on his college students and turns them into zombies.", "John O'Shea (director) John Dempsey O'Shea, OBE (20 June 1920 – 8 July 2001) was a New Zealand independent filmmaker; he was a director, producer, writer and actor.He was active from 1940 to 1970, and in 1952 set up Pacific Films in Wellington with Roger Mirams. He produced numerous short films and the three New Zealand feature films made in that period: Broken Barrier (1952) with Roger Mirams, Runaway (1964), and Don't Let It Get You (1966) for which he is most remembered.", "Lewis Milestone Lewis Milestone (born Leib Milstein; September 30, 1895 – September 25, 1980) was a Moldovan-born American motion picture director. He is known for directing Two Arabian Knights (1927) and All Quiet on the Western Front (1930), both of which received Academy Awards for Best Director.", "Lawrence Block Lawrence Block (born June 24, 1938) is an American crime writer best known for two long-running New York–set series about the recovering alcoholic P.I. Matthew Scudder and the gentleman burglar Bernie Rhodenbarr. Block was named a Grand Master by the Mystery Writers of America in 1994.", "Dwight H. Little Dwight Hubbard Little (born January 13, 1956 in Cleveland, Ohio) is an American film director, known for directing the films Marked for Death, Rapid Fire, Free Willy 2: The Adventure Home, Murder at 1600 and Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers. He has also directed several episodes of acclaimed television series such as 24, Prison Break, Dollhouse, Bones and Nikita.", "Matthew Vaughn Matthew de Vere Drummond (born Matthew Allard Robert Vaughn; 7 March 1971) is an English film producer, director, and screenwriter. He is best known for producing such films as Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels (1998) and Snatch (2000) and directing the films Layer Cake (2004), Stardust (2007), Kick-Ass (2010), X-Men: First Class (2011), and Kingsman: The Secret Service (2015).", "Charles Stone III Charles Stone III (born 1966) is an American film director, known for films such as Drumline, starring Nick Cannon; Mr. 3000, starring Bernie Mac; and Paid in Full.Stone directed the video to What They Do by The Roots, featuring the group running through many rap video clichés.Stone is the creator of the popular United States advertising campaign \"Whassup?\" for Budweiser.", "Buster (film) Buster is a 1988 British romantic comedy-drama crime film based on characters and events from the Great Train Robbery (1963). It stars musician Phil Collins, Julie Walters, Larry Lamb and Sheila Hancock. The soundtrack featured two Phil Collins singles which topped the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart.", "Roadblock (film) Roadblock is a 1951 American film noir starring Charles McGraw and Joan Dixon. The 73-minute crime thriller was shot on location in Los Angeles, California. The film was directed by Harold Daniels and the cinematography is by Nicholas Musuraca.", "Chain of Fools (film) Chain of Fools (also known by its production title Shiny New Enemies) is a 2000 heist comedy film about a hapless barber named Kresk (Steve Zahn).", "Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood (or simply Don't Be a Menace) is a 1996 American comedy film directed by Paris Barclay, and produced by Keenen Ivory Wayans, and also written by Wayans brothers Shawn and Marlon Wayans, who also both starred in the lead roles.", "CB4 CB4 is a 1993 American comedy film directed by Tamra Davis, and starring Chris Rock. The film follows a fictional rap group named 'CB4', named after the prison block in which the group was allegedly formed (Cell Block 4). The movie primarily parodies the rap group N.W.A among other gangsta rap aspects, and contains short segments featuring celebrities and musicians such as Halle Berry, Eazy-E, the Butthole Surfers, Ice-T, Ice Cube, Flavor Flav, and Shaquille O'Neal.", "The Blockhouse The Blockhouse is a 1973 film, based on a novel by Jean-Paul Clébert. It was directed by Clive Rees and starred Peter Sellers and Charles Aznavour. It was filmed entirely in Guernsey in the Channel Islands and was entered into the 23rd Berlin International Film Festival.", "Firewall (film) Firewall is a 2006 American-Australian thriller film directed by Richard Loncraine and written by Joe Forte. The film stars Harrison Ford as a banker who is forced by criminals, led by Paul Bettany, to help them steal $100 million.", "Stanley Kramer Stanley Earl Kramer (September 29, 1913 – February 19, 2001) was an American film director and producer, responsible for making many of Hollywood's most famous \"message films\". As an independent producer and director, he brought attention to topical social issues that most studios avoided. Among the subjects covered in his films were racism (in The Defiant Ones and Guess Who's Coming to Dinner), nuclear war (in On the Beach), greed (in It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World), creationism vs.", "Michael Anderson (director) Michael Joseph Anderson, Sr. (born 30 January 1920) is an English film director, best known for directing the WW II film The Dam Busters (1955), the epic Around the World in 80 Days (1956) and the dystopian sci-fi film Logan's Run (Filmed in Dallas, Texas) (1976). His son is actor Michael Anderson Jr.. His stepdaughter is actress Laurie Holden.", "Ralph Block Ralph J. Block (June 21, 1889, Cherokee – January 2, 1974, Wheaton) was an American film producer in the 1920s and became a full-time screenwriter in 1930. He is most famous, however, for being President of the Screen Writers Guild from 1934 to 1935. He received an Honorary Academy Award in 1940 for his dedicated work for the Motion Picture Relief Fund.", "16 Blocks 16 Blocks is a 2006 American crime thriller film directed by Richard Donner. It stars Bruce Willis, Mos Def, and David Morse. The film unfolds in the real time narration method.", "Block-Heads Block-Heads is a 1938 comedy film starring Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy, produced by Hal Roach Studios for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The film, a reworking of elements from the Laurel and Hardy shorts We Faw Down (1928) and Unaccustomed As We Are (1929), was Roach's final film for MGM, and is remembered as one of Laurel and Hardy's most successful films.", "Block Buster! \"Block Buster!\" (also sometimes listed as \"Blockbuster!\") is a 1973 single by The Sweet. Written by Nicky Chinn and Mike Chapman, and produced by Phil Wainman, \"Block Buster!\" was the band's sole UK No. 1 hit. Released in January 1973, it spent five weeks at the top of the UK Singles Chart, and also made #1 in the Netherlands, Germany, New Zealand, Austria and Ireland, and #3 in Finland, Switzerland, Denmark and Norway." ]	4
famous computer scientists disappeared at sea	[ "Jim Gray (computer scientist)\nJames Nicholas \"Jim\" Gray (born January 12, 1944; lost at sea January 28, 2007; declared deceased May 16, 2012) was an American computer scientist who received the Turing Award in 1998 \"for seminal contributions to database and transaction processing research and technical leadership in system implementation.\"" ]	[ "Robert Fano Robert Mario Fano (born 11 November 1917 in Turin, Italy, as Roberto Mario Fano) is an Italian-American computer scientist, currently professor emeritus of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Fano is known principally for his work on information theory, inventing (with Claude Shannon) Shannon-Fano coding and deriving the Fano inequality.", "Disappearance of Amy Lynn Bradley Amy Lynn Bradley (born May 12, 1974) is an American citizen who went missing during a Caribbean cruise on the Royal Caribbean International cruise ship Rhapsody of the Seas.", "Thomas E. Kurtz Thomas Eugene Kurtz (born February 22, 1928) is a retired Dartmouth professor of mathematics and computer scientist, who along with his colleague John G. Kemeny set in motion the then revolutionary concept of making computers as freely available to college students as library books were, by implementing the concept of Time-Sharing at Dartmouth College.", "Philippe Flajolet Philippe Flajolet (French: [flaʒɔlɛ]; 1 December 1948 – 22 March 2011) was a French computer scientist.", "Corwin Hansch Corwin Herman Hansch (October 6, 1918 – May 8, 2011) was a Professor of Chemistry at Pomona College in California. He became known as the 'father of computer-assisted molecule design.'", "Robert F. Christy Robert Frederick Christy (May 14, 1916 – October 3, 2012) was a Canadian-American theoretical physicist and later astrophysicist who was one of the last surviving people to have worked on the Manhattan Project during World War II.", "Robert H. Rines Robert Harvey Rines (August 30, 1922 – November 1, 2009) was an American lawyer, inventor, musician, and composer. He is perhaps best known for his efforts to find and identify the Loch Ness Monster.", "Irwin Allen Irwin Allen (June 12, 1916 – November 2, 1991) was an American television, documentary and film director and producer with a varied career who became known as the \"Master of Disaster\" for his work in the disaster film genre. His most successful productions were The Poseidon Adventure (1972) and The Towering Inferno (1974). He also created several popular 1960s science fiction television series, such as Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, Lost in Space, and Land of the Giants.", "Henry Stommel Henry Melson Stommel (September 27, 1920 – January 17, 1992) was a major contributor to the field of physical oceanography. Beginning in the 1940s, he advanced theories about global ocean circulation patterns and the behavior of the Gulf Stream that form the basis of physical oceanography today. Widely recognized as one of the most influential and productive oceanographers of his time, Stommel was both a groundbreaking theoretician and an astute, seagoing observer.", "William Bourne (mathematician) William Bourne (c. 1535–1582) was an English mathematician, innkeeper and former Royal Navy gunner who presented the first design for a navigable submarine and wrote important navigational manuals. He is often called William Bourne of Gravesend.In 1574, he produced a popular version of the Martín Cortés de Albacar's Arte de Navegar, entitled A Regiment for the Sea. Bourne was critical of some aspects of the original and produced a manual of more practical use to the seaman.", "Peter Mosses Peter David Mosses (born 1948) is a British computer scientist.Peter Mosses studied mathematics as an undergraduate at Trinity College, Oxford, and went on to undertake a DPhil supervised by Christopher Strachey in the Programming Research Group while at Wolfson College, Oxford in the early 1970s. He was the last student to submit his thesis under Strachey before the latter's untimely death.Mosses has spent most of his career at BRICS in Denmark.", "Joseph Weizenbaum Joseph Weizenbaum (8 January 1923 – 5 March 2008) was a German and American computer scientist and a professor emeritus at MIT. The Weizenbaum Award is named after him.", "Richard M. Karp Not to be confused with Richard A. Karp, one of the developers of TCP.Richard Manning Karp (born January 3, 1935) is an American computer scientist and computational theorist at the University of California, Berkeley. He is most notable for his research in the theory of algorithms, for which he received a Turing Award in 1985, The Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science in 2004, and the Kyoto Prize in 2008.", "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea is an American science fiction film, produced and directed by Irwin Allen, released by 20th Century Fox in 1961. The story was written by Irwin Allen and Charles Bennett. Walter Pidgeon starred as Admiral Harriman Nelson, with Robert Sterling as Captain Lee Crane. The supporting cast included Joan Fontaine, Barbara Eden, Michael Ansara, and Peter Lorre. The theme song was sung by Frankie Avalon, who also appeared in the film.", "John Bardeen John Bardeen (May 23, 1908 – January 30, 1991) was an American physicist and electrical engineer, the only person to have won the Nobel Prize in Physics twice: first in 1956 with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for the invention of the transistor; and again in 1972 with Leon N Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for a fundamental theory of conventional superconductivity known as the BCS theory.The transistor revolutionized the electronics industry, allowing the Information Age to occur, and made possible the development of almost every modern electronic device, from telephones to computers to missiles.", "Mau Piailug Pius \"Mau\" Piailug (pronounced /ˈpaɪəs ˈmaʊ piːˈaɪləɡ/; 1932 – July 12, 2010) was a Micronesian navigator from the Carolinian island of Satawal, best known as a teacher of traditional, non-instrument wayfinding methods for deep-sea voyaging. Mau's Carolinian navigation system—which relies on navigational clues using the sun and stars, winds and clouds, seas and swells, and birds and fish—was acquired through rote learning passed down through teachings in the oral tradition.", "Michael Heath (computer scientist) Michael Thomas Heath (born December 11, 1946) is a retired computer scientist who specializes in scientific computing. He is the director of the Center for the Simulation of Advanced Rockets, a Department of Energy-sponsored computing center at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, and the former Fulton Watson Copp Professor of Computer Science at UIUC.", "Victor Prather Lieutenant Commander Victor A. Prather Jr. (June 4, 1926 – May 4, 1961) was an American flight surgeon famous for taking part in \"Project RAM\", a government project to develop the space suit. On May 4, 1961, Prather drowned during the helicopter transfer after the landing of the Strato-Lab V balloon flight, which set an altitude record for manned balloon flight which stood until 2012.", "Miguel Corte-Real Miguel Corte-Real (Portuguese pronunciation: [miˈɡɛɫ ˈkoɾtɨ ʁiˈaɫ]; c. 1448 – 1502?) was a Portuguese explorer who charted about 600 miles of the coast of Labrador. In 1501, he disappeared while on an expedition and was believed to be lost at sea.", "Alonzo Church Alonzo Church (June 14, 1903 – August 11, 1995) was an American mathematician and logician who made major contributions to mathematical logic and the foundations of theoretical computer science. He is best known for the lambda calculus, Church–Turing thesis, proving the undecidability of the Entscheidungsproblem, Frege–Church ontology, and the Church–Rosser theorem.", "Maurice Hill (geophysicist) Maurice Neville Hill FRS (29 May 1919 – 11 January 1966) was a British marine geophysicist.", "Valentin Turchin Valentin Fyodorovich Turchin (Russian: Валенти́н Фёдорович Турчи́н, 1931 – 7 April 2010) was a Soviet and American cybernetician and computer scientist. He developed the Refal programming language, the theory of metasystem transitions and the notion of supercompilation. He was as a pioneer in Artificial Intelligence and a proponent of the global brain hypothesis.", "Maurice Wilkes Sir Maurice Vincent Wilkes FRS, FREng, DFBCS (26 June 1913 – 29 November 2010) was a British computer scientist credited with several important developments in computing. At the time of his death, Wilkes was an Emeritus Professor of the University of Cambridge. He received a number of distinctions: he was a knight bachelor, Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society, a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering and a Fellow of the Royal Society.", "John Couch Adams John Couch Adams FRS (5 June 1819 – 21 January 1892) was a British mathematician and astronomer.Adams was born in Laneast, near Launceston, Cornwall, and died in Cambridge. The Cornish name Couch is pronounced \"cooch\".His most famous achievement was predicting the existence and position of Neptune, using only mathematics. The calculations were made to explain discrepancies with Uranus's orbit and the laws of Kepler and Newton.", "Chris Wallace (computer scientist) Christopher Stewart \"Chris\" Wallace (26 October 1933 – 7 August 2004) was an Australian computer scientist (and physicist, who also contributed to a variety of other areas)notable for having devised: The minimum message length principle (Wallace and Boulton, 1968, WB1968) — an information-theoretic principle in statistics, econometrics, machine learning, inductive inference and knowledge discovery which can be seen both as a mathematical formalisation of Occam's Razor and as an invariant Bayesian method of model selection and point estimation, The Wallace tree multiplier (1964) (see multiplication ALU), a variety of random number generators, a theory in physics and philosophy that entropy is not the arrow of time, a refrigeration system (from the 1950s, whose design is still in use in 2010), hardware for detecting and counting cosmic rays, design of computer operating systems, the notion of universality probability in mathematical logic, and a vast range of other works - see, e.g., and its ``Foreword re C. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Wallace_(computer_scientist)?oldid=677758694> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Glenavy,_New_Zealand> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Glenavy is a locality in the South Island of New Zealand. It is located at the southern extreme of the Canterbury region on the alluvial fan of the Waitaki River, three kilometres from the river's outflow into the Pacific Ocean.Glenavy was named for Glenavy, Northern Ireland, the birthplace of former New Zealand Premier John Ballance.", "Gordon Pask Andrew Gordon Speedie Pask (28 June 1928 – 29 March 1996) was an English cybernetician and psychologist who made significant contributions to cybernetics, instructional psychology, experimental epistemology and educational technology.", "Marie Tharp Marie Tharp (July 30, 1920 - August 23, 2006) was an American geologist and oceanographic cartographer who, in partnership with Bruce Heezen, created the first scientific map of the entire ocean floor. Tharp's work revealed the presence of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, causing a paradigm shift in earth science that led to acceptance of the theories of plate tectonics and continental drift.", "Peter Grünberg Peter Andreas Grünberg (born 18 May 1939) is a German physicist, and Nobel Prize in Physics laureate for his discovery with Albert Fert of giant magnetoresistance which brought about a breakthrough in gigabyte hard disk drives.", "John R. Pierce John Robinson Pierce (March 27, 1910 – April 2, 2002), was an American engineer and author. He worked extensively in the fields of radio communication, microwave technology, computer music, psychoacoustics, and science fiction. Born in Des Moines, Iowa, he earned his PhD from Caltech, and died in Palo Alto, California from complications of Parkinson's Disease.", "William Thurston William Paul Thurston (October 30, 1946 – August 21, 2012) was an American mathematician. He was a pioneer in the field of low-dimensional topology. In 1982, he was awarded the Fields Medal for his contributions to the study of 3-manifolds. From 2003 until his death he was a professor of mathematics and computer science at Cornell University.", "Edward Bullard Sir Edward \"Teddy\" Crisp Bullard FRS (21 September 1907 - 3 April 1980) was a geophysicist who is considered, along with Maurice Ewing, to have founded the discipline of marine geophysics. He developed the theory of the geodynamo, pioneered the use of seismology to study the sea floor, measured geothermal heat flow through the ocean crust, and was one of the first to find new evidence for the theory of continental drift.", "John C. Reynolds John Charles Reynolds (June 1, 1935 – April 28, 2013) was an American computer scientist.", "Gameel Al-Batouti Gameel Al-Batouti (Arabic: جميل البطوطي‎; also rendered \"Gamil El Batouti\" or \"El Batouty\" in U.S. official reports; 2 February 1940 – 31 October 1999) was a pilot for EgyptAir and a former officer for the Egyptian Air Force. On 31 October 1999, all 217 people aboard EgyptAir Flight 990 were killed when it crashed into the Atlantic Ocean about 60 miles (100 km) southeast of Nantucket Island, Massachusetts.", "John McCarthy (computer scientist) John McCarthy (September 4, 1927 – October 24, 2011) was an American computer scientist and cognitive scientist. McCarthy was one of the founders of the discipline of artificial intelligence.", "Heinz Pagels Heinz Rudolf Pagels (February 19, 1939 – July 23, 1988) was an American physicist, an adjunct professor of physics at Rockefeller University, the executive director and chief executive officer of the New York Academy of Sciences, and president of the International League for Human Rights. He is best known to the general public for his popular science books The Cosmic Code (1982), Perfect Symmetry (1985), and The Dreams of Reason: The Computer and the Rise of the Sciences of Complexity (1988).", "Edsger W. Dijkstra Edsger Wybe Dijkstra (Dutch: [ˈɛtsxər ˈʋibə ˈdɛikstra]; 11 May 1930 – 6 August 2002) was a Dutch computer scientist and mathematical scientist. Dijkstra was an early theoretical pioneer in many areas of computing science including algorithm design, programming methodology, and software architecture.", "Zoltán Lajos Bay Zoltán Lajos Bay (July 24, 1900 in Gyulavári – October 4, 1992 in Washington, D.C.) was a Hungarian physicist, professor, and engineer who developed microwave technology, including tungsten lamps. He was the second person to observe radar echoes from the Moon. From 1930, he worked at the University of Szeged as a professor of theoretical physics.In 1923 at Tungsram Ltd., a research laboratory was established for improving light sources, mainly electric bulbs.", "Harold von Braunhut Harold Nathan Braunhut (March 31, 1926 – November 28, 2003), also known as Harold von Braunhut, was an American mail-order marketer and inventor, most famous as the creator and seller of both the Amazing Sea-Monkeys and the X-Ray Specs. His grandfather Tobias Cohn was head of the T.Cohn Toy Company until the early 1940s.", "Felix Moncla First Lieutenant Felix Eugene Moncla, Jr. (October 21, 1926 – presumably died November 23, 1953) was a United States Air Force pilot who mysteriously disappeared while performing an air defense intercept over Lake Superior in 1953. This is sometimes known as The Kinross Incident, after Kinross Air Force Base, where Moncla was on temporary assignment when he disappeared.The U.S.", "Ettore Majorana Ettore Majorana (Italian: [ˈɛttore majoˈraːna]; born on 5 August 1906 – probably dead after 1959) was an Italian theoretical physicist who worked on neutrino masses. He disappeared suddenly under mysterious circumstances while going by ship from Palermo to Naples. The Majorana equation and Majorana fermions are named after him.In 2006, the Majorana Prize was established in his memory.", "Adriaan van Wijngaarden Adriaan van Wijngaarden (2 November 1916 – 7 February 1987) was a Dutch mathematician and computer scientist, who is considered by many to have been the founding father of informatica (computer science) in the Netherlands. Even though he was trained as an engineer, van Wijngaarden would emphasize and promote the mathematical aspects of computing, first in numerical analysis, then in programming languages and finally in design principles of programming languages.", "Robert FitzRoy Vice-Admiral Robert FitzRoy RN (5 July 1805 – 30 April 1865) was an English officer of the Royal Navy and a scientist. He achieved lasting fame as the captain of HMS Beagle during Charles Darwin's famous voyage, FitzRoy's second expedition to Tierra del Fuego and the Southern Cone.FitzRoy was a pioneering meteorologist who made accurate daily weather predictions, which he called by a new name of his own invention: \\forecasts\\\".\"", "Tom Kilburn Tom Kilburn CBE, FRS (11 August 1921 – 17 January 2001) was an English engineer. With Freddie Williams he worked on the Williams-Kilburn Tube and the world's first stored-program computer, the Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM), while working at the University of Manchester.", "Stephen Cole Kleene Stephen Cole Kleene /ˈkliːniː/ KLEE-nee (January 5, 1909 – January 25, 1994) was an American mathematician. One of the students of Alonzo Church, Kleene, along with Alan Turing, Emil Post, and others, is best known as a founder of the branch of mathematical logic known as recursion theory, which subsequently helped to provide the foundations of theoretical computer science. Kleene's work grounds the study of which functions are computable.", "Amir Pnueli Amir Pnueli (Hebrew: אמיר פנואלי‎; April 22, 1941 – November 2, 2009) was an Israeli computer scientist and the 1996 Turing Award recipient.", "James Cooke Brown Dr. James Cooke Brown (July 21, 1921 – February 13, 2000) was a sociologist and science fiction author. He is notable for creating the artificial language Loglan and for designing the Parker Brothers board game Careers.Brown's novel The Troika Incident (Doubleday, 1970) describes a worldwide free knowledge base similar to the Internet.", "Manuel Sadosky Manuel Sadosky (April 13, 1914 – June 18, 2005) was an Argentine mathematician, born in Buenos Aires to Jewish Russian immigrants fleeing the pogroms. He is widely considered the father of computer science studies in Argentina.Son of a shoemaker, Sadosky studied at the Mariano Acosta teachers school. Noted novelist Julio Cortázar was his classmate there, and remained a longtime friend.", "Philip Taylor Kramer Philip Taylor Kramer (July 12, 1952 – February 12, 1995) was a bass guitar player for the rock group Iron Butterfly during the 1970s. After this he obtained a night school degree in aerospace engineering, he worked on the MX missile guidance system for a contractor of the US Department of Defense and later in the computer industry on fractal compression, facial recognition systems, and advanced communications. His disappearance on February 12, 1995 caused a mystery lasting for years.", "Larry Kusche Lawrence David 'Larry' Kusche (born November 1, 1940) is an American author and pilot. He had been a commercial pilot, flight instructor, instrument-rated pilot, instrument instructor and librarian by the time he wrote The Bermuda Triangle Mystery - Solved (ISBN 0879759712) (1975) and The Disappearance of Flight 19 (1980).Larry Kusche was born in Racine, Wisconsin, but grew up in Phoenix, Arizona.", "J. Presper Eckert John Adam Presper \"Pres\" Eckert, Jr. (April 9, 1919 – June 3, 1995) was an American electrical engineer and computer pioneer. With John Mauchly he invented the first general-purpose electronic digital computer (ENIAC), presented the first course in computing topics (the Moore School Lectures), founded the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation, and designed the first commercial computer in the U.S., the UNIVAC, which incorporated Eckert's invention of the mercury delay line memory.", "Marvin Creamer Marvin Creamer (born January 24, 1916) is a former college professor and amateur American sailor noted for having sailed around the globe without the aid of navigational instruments. Between 21 December 1982 and 17 May 1984, Creamer and the crew of his 36-foot boat, Globe Star, circumnavigated the globe without a compass, sextant, watch, or other instruments. The ship spent 510 days at sea.", "Godfrey Hounsfield Sir Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield, CBE, FRS, (28 August 1919 – 12 August 2004) was an English electrical engineer who shared the 1979 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Allan McLeod Cormack for his part in developing the diagnostic technique of X-ray computed tomography (CT).His name is immortalised in the Hounsfield scale, a quantitative measure of radiodensity used in evaluating CT scans.", "Per Brinch Hansen Per Brinch Hansen (November 13, 1938 – July 31, 2007) was a Danish-American computer scientist known for concurrent programming theory.", "Peter Naur Peter Naur (born 25 October 1928) is a Danish pioneer in computer science and Turing award winner. His last name is the N in the BNF notation (Backus-Naur form), used in the description of the syntax for most programming languages. He contributed to the creation of the ALGOL 60 programming language.He began his career as an astronomer for which he received his PhD degree in 1957, but his encounter with computers led to a change of profession.", "Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse Jean François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse (French: [ʒɑ̃ fʁɑ̃swa də ɡalop kɔ̃t də lapeʁuːz]; variant spelling of his name comte \"de La Pérouse\"; 23 August 1741 – 1788?) was a French Naval officer and explorer whose expedition vanished in Oceania.", "David Wheeler (British computer scientist) David John Wheeler FRS (9 February 1927 – 13 December 2004) was a computer scientist at the University of Cambridge.", "Christopher Evans (computer scientist) Christopher Riche Evans (29 May 1931 – 10 October 1979) was a British psychologist, computer scientist, and author.", "Edmund Berkeley Edmund Callis Berkeley (February 22, 1909 – March 7, 1988) was an American computer scientist who co-founded the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) in 1947. His 1949 book Giant Brains, or Machines That Think popularized cognitive images of early computers. He was also a social activist who worked to achieve conditions that might minimize the threat of nuclear war.", "Robin Milner Arthur John Robin Gorell Milner FRS FRSE (13 January 1934 – 20 March 2010), known as Robin Milner or A. J. R. G. Milner, was a prominent British computer scientist.", "Alexander Selkirk Alexander Selkirk (1676 – 13 December 1721), also known as Alexander Selcraig, was a Scottish sailor who spent more than four years as a castaway after being marooned on an uninhabited island in the South Pacific Ocean (also known as the South Sea).An unruly youth, Selkirk joined buccaneering expeditions to the South Sea, including one commanded by William Dampier, which called in for provisions at the Juan Fernández Islands off Chile.", "Tom and Eileen Lonergan Thomas Joseph Lonergan and Eileen Cassidy (née Hains) Lonergan, born 1964 and 1969, respectively, were a married couple from Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States, who were mistakenly stranded in the Coral Sea on January 25, 1998. The Lonergans were scuba diving with a group at St. Crispin's reef in Australia's Great Barrier Reef. The boat that had transported the group to the dive site departed before the Lonergans returned from the water.", "Alan Perlis Alan Jay Perlis (April 1, 1922 – February 7, 1990) was an American computer scientist known for his pioneering work in programming languages and the first recipient of the Turing Award.", "Joseph Goguen Joseph Amadee Goguen (28 June 1941 – 3 July 2006) was an American computer scientist. He was professor of Computer Science at the University of California and Oxford University and held research positions at IBM and SRI International.Goguen's work was one of the earliest approaches to the algebraic characterization of abstract data types and he originated and helped develop the OBJ family of programming languages.", "John Pasta John R. Pasta (1918–1984) was an American computational physicist and computer scientist who is remembered today for the Fermi–Pasta–Ulam experiment, the result of which was much discussed among physicists and researchers in the fields of dynamical systems and chaos theory, and as the head of the department of Computer Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign from 1964 to 1970.", "Kenneth G. Wilson Kenneth Geddes Wilson (June 8, 1936 – June 15, 2013) was an American theoretical physicist and a pioneer in leveraging computers for studying particle physics. He was awarded the 1982 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on phase transitions—illuminating the subtle essence of phenomena like melting ice and emerging magnetism. It was embodied in his fundamental work on the renormalization group.", "Jacques Futrelle Jacques Heath Futrelle (April 9, 1875 – April 15, 1912) was an American journalist and mystery writer. He is best known for writing short detective stories featuring Professor Augustus S. F. X. Van Dusen, also known as \"The Thinking Machine\" for his application of logic to any and all situations. Futrelle died in the sinking of the RMS Titanic.", "USS PC-815 USS PC-815 was a PC-461-class submarine chaser built for the United States Navy during World War II. It was commanded for about eighty days in 1943 by L. Ron Hubbard, who later became the founder of Scientology. After Hubbard was removed from command for inadvertently shelling Mexican territory, the PC-815 served as a shore patrol vessel off San Diego, California. She was lost with one of her crew in September 1945 after being hit by the destroyer USS Laffey.", "Alan Kotok Alan Kotok (November 9, 1941 – May 26, 2006) was an American computer scientist known for his work at Digital Equipment Corporation (Digital, or DEC) and at the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Steven Levy, in his book Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution, describes Kotok and his classmates at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) as the first true hackers.Kotok was a precocious child who skipped two grades before college.", "Arnold Lynch Arnold Lynch (3 June 1914 – 13 November 2004) was an English engineer, known for his work on an optical tape reader which was used in the construction of the Colossus, the first electronic computer. By 1944 ten Colossus computers were installed at Bletchley Park and used to read high-level (fish or tunny) German ciphers.Lynch joined the Post Office Research Station in 1936, specialising in the measurement of the electrical and magnetic properties of materials.", "Matthew Fontaine Maury Matthew Fontaine Maury (January 14, 1806 – February 1, 1873), United States Navy, was an American astronomer, historian, oceanographer, meteorologist, cartographer, author, geologist, and educator.He was nicknamed \"Pathfinder of the Seas\" and \"Father of Modern Oceanography and Naval Meteorology\" and later, \"Scientist of the Seas,\" due to the publication of his extensive works in his books, especially The Physical Geography of the Sea (1855), the first extensive and comprehensive book on oceanography to be published. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury?oldid=679680676> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/25_(number)> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> 25 (twenty-five) is the natural number following 24 and preceding 26.", "Richard Basehart John Richard Basehart (August 31, 1914 – September 17, 1984) was an American actor. He starred in the 1960s television science fiction drama Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, in the role of Admiral Harriman Nelson.", "Paris Kanellakis Paris Christos Kanellakis (Greek: Πάρις Χρήστος Κανελλάκης; December 3, 1953 – December 20, 1995) was a computer scientist.", "I. J. Good Irving John \"\\I. J.\"; \"Jack\") Good (9 December 1916 – 5 April 2009)was a British mathematician who worked as a cryptologist at Bletchley Park with Alan Turing. After World War II, Good continued to work with Turing on the design of computers and Bayesian statistics at the University of Manchester. Good moved to the United States where he was professor at Virginia Tech.He was born Isadore Jacob Gudak to a Polish Jewish family in London.", "Desmostylia Desmostylia (from Greek δεσμά desma, \"bundle\", and στῦλος stylos, \"pillar\") is an extinct order of aquatic mammals that existed from the late Oligocene (Arikareean) to the late Miocene (Tortonian) (30.8 to 7.25 million years ago).Desmostylians are the only extinct order of marine mammals.Desmostylia, together with Sirenia and Proboscidea (and possibly Embrithopoda), have traditionally been assigned to the afrotherian clade Tethytheria, a group named after the paleoocean Tethys around which they originally evolved. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmostylia?oldid=680846433> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Julius_and_Ethel_Rosenberg> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Julius Rosenberg (May 12, 1918 – June 19, 1953) and Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg (September 28, 1915 – June 19, 1953) were American citizens executed for conspiracy to commit espionage, relating to passing information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.The other atomic spies who were caught by the FBI offered confessions and were not executed, including Ethel's brother, David Greenglass, who supplied documents to Julius from Los Alamos and served 10 years of his 15-year sentence; Harry Gold, who identified Greenglass and served 15 years in Federal prison as the courier for Greenglass; and a German scientist, Klaus Fuchs, who served nine years and four months.In 1995, the United States government released a series of decoded Soviet cables, codenamed VENONA, which confirmed that Julius acted as a courier and recruiter for the Soviets, but did not provide definitive evidence for Ethel's involvement. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_and_Ethel_Rosenberg?oldid=683523962> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Schlei> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> The Schlei (Danish: Slien) is a narrow inlet of the Baltic Sea in Schleswig-Holstein in northern Germany. It stretches for approximately 20 miles from the Baltic near Kappeln and Arnis to the city of Schleswig. Along the Schlei are many small bays and swamps. It separates the Angeln peninsula to the north from the Schwansen peninsula to the south.The important Viking settlement of Hedeby was located at the head of the firth (fjord), but was later abandoned in favor of the city of Schleswig.", "Jan L. A. van de Snepscheut Johannes Lambertus Adriana van de Snepscheut (Dutch: [ˈsnɛpsxøːt]; 12 September 1953 – 23 February 1994) was a computer scientist and educator. He was a student of Martin Rem and Edsger Dijkstra.", "Benjamin Briggs Benjamin Spooner Briggs (April 24, 1835 – probably November 1872) was an experienced United States seaman and master mariner. He is famous today for being the Captain of the merchant ship Mary Celeste when she was discovered unmanned and drifting in the Atlantic Ocean near the Straits of Gibraltar, on December 4, 1872. The lifeboat was missing, yet the Mary Celeste herself was still under sail and there were signs of a sudden and unexplained abandonment.", "Kurt Carlsen (Henrik) Kurt Carlsen (20 February 1914 - 7 October 1989) was a Danish-born sea-captain who became world-famous in January 1952 when he stayed on his sinking freighter, the Flying Enterprise, for 13 days. It eventually sank less than 60 kilometres (37 mi) from safe harbour at Falmouth, Cornwall in England, minutes after the Captain was forced to abandon ship. The endeavour was reported around the world, and Carlsen received a ticker-tape parade in New York City on January 17, 1952.", "John G. Kemeny John George Kemeny (Hungarian: Kemény János György; May 31, 1926 – December 26, 1992) was a Jewish-Hungarian American mathematician, computer scientist, and educator best known for co-developing the BASIC programming language in 1964 with Thomas E. Kurtz. Kemeny served as the 13th President of Dartmouth College from 1970 to 1981 and pioneered the use of computers in college education. Kemeny chaired the presidential commission that investigated the Three Mile Island accident in 1979.", "Bernard M. Oliver Bernard M. Oliver (1916–1995), also known as Barney Oliver, was a scientist who made contributions in many fields, including radar, television, and computers. He was the founder and director of Hewlett Packard (HP) laboratories until his retirement in 1981. He is also a recognized pioneer in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI). Oliver was president of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in 1965.", "Townsend Cromwell Townsend Cromwell (November 3, 1922 – June 2, 1958) was an oceanographer who discovered the Cromwell current whilst researching drifting in the equatorial region of the Pacific Ocean. He died in 1958 when his plane crashed while he was en route to an oceanography expedition.The prominent oceanographer of the equatorial Pacific, Townsend Cromwell, was killed in an airplane crash on 2 June 1958. The accident, also fatal to B.", "Calvin Mooers Calvin Northrup Mooers (1919 – December 1, 1994), was an American computer scientist known for his work in information retrieval and for the programming language TRAC.", "Flight 19 Flight 19 was the designation of five TBM Avenger torpedo bombers that disappeared over the Bermuda Triangle on December 5, 1945 during a United States Navy overwater navigation training flight from Naval Air Station Fort Lauderdale, Florida. All 14 airmen on the flight were lost, as were all 13 crew members of a PBM Mariner flying boat assumed by professional investigators to have exploded in mid-air while searching for the flight.", "Poon Lim Poon Lim or Lim Poon BEM (March 8, 1918 – January 4, 1991) was a Chinese sailor who survived 133 days alone in the South Atlantic.Lim was working as second steward on the British merchant ship SS Benlomond when it was sunk by a German U-boat on November 23, 1942. After a few hours in the water, Lim found an 8-foot square wooden raft which contained some food and water. When the supplies ran low, he resorted to fishing, catching seabirds and collecting rainwater.", "Willem Barentsz Willem Barentsz (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈʋɪləm ˈbaːrənts]; anglicized as William Barents or Barentz) (c. 1550 – 20 June 1597) was a Dutch navigator, cartographer, and Arctic explorer. He went on three expeditions to the far north in search for a Northeast passage. During his third expedition, the crew was stranded on Nova Zembla for almost a year. Barentsz died on the return voyage in 1597. In the 19th century, the Barents Sea was named after him.", "Paul A. D. de Maine Paul Alexander Desmond DeMaine (October 11, 1924 - May 13, 1999) was a leading figure in the early development of computer based automatic indexing and information retrieval and one of the founders of academic computer science in the 1960s.", "Richard Colvin Cox Richard Colvin Cox (25 July 1928 – last seen 14 January 1950) was a second-year military cadet whose disappearance from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, in 1950 is still unsolved. He is the only West Point cadet who ever disappeared without being found dead or alive.", "Anita Borg Anita Borg (January 17, 1949 – April 6, 2003) was an American computer scientist. She founded the Institute for Women and Technology (now the Anita Borg Institute for Women and Technology) and the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing. She was born Anita Borg Naffz in Chicago, Illinois. She grew up in Palatine, Illinois; Kaneohe, Hawaii; and Mukilteo, Washington.", "Grace Hopper Grace Brewster Murray Hopper (December 9, 1906 – January 1, 1992), née Grace Brewster Murray, was an American computer scientist and United States Navy Rear Admiral. She was one of the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I computer in 1944, invented the first compiler for a computer programming language, and was one of those who popularized the idea of machine-independent programming languages which led to the development of COBOL, one of the first high-level programming languages.", "Jack Dennis Jack Bonnell Dennis is a computer scientist and Emeritus Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at MIT.", "Alan Turing Memorial The Alan Turing Memorial, situated in the Sackville Park in Manchester, England, is in memory of Alan Turing, a pioneer of modern computing. Turing committed suicide in 1954 two years after being convicted of gross indecency (i.e. homosexual acts). As such he is as much a gay icon as an icon of computing, and it is no coincidence that this memorial is situated near Canal Street, Manchester's gay village.He is sitting on a bench situated in a central position in the park.", "Michael Dertouzos Michael Leonidas Dertouzos (Greek: Μιχαήλ Λεωνίδας Δερτούζος) (November 5, 1936 - August 27, 2001) was a Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Director of the M.I.T. Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS) from 1974 to 2001.During Dertouzos's term, LCS innovated in a variety of areas, including RSA encryption, the spreadsheet, the NuBus, the X Window System, and the Internet. Dertouzos was instrumental in defining the World Wide Web Consortium and bringing it to MIT.", "Eelco van Asperen Eelco van Asperen (April 11, 1965 - June 1, 2013) was a Dutch computer scientist. and associate professor at the Erasmus University Rotterdam, at the School of Economics.On the first webpages created by Tim Berners-Lee, Van Asperen was credited as having contributed to the \"WWW project\".", "Thomas A. Mutch Thomas A. (Tim) Mutch (August 26, 1931 – October 6, 1980) was an American geologist and planetary scientist. He was a professor at Brown University from 1960 until his death. He was presumed killed when he disappeared during descent from Mount Nun in the Kashmir Himalayas.He published two books about the geology of the Moon and of Mars \"\\The Geology of Mars\", published 1977).", "Boris Weisfeiler Boris Weisfeiler (born 1942 – disappeared 1985) is a Russian-born mathematician who lived in the United States before going missing in Chile in 1985, aged 43. The Chilean military dictatorship claimed that he drowned, but his family believes he was forced to disappear near Colonia Dignidad, an enclave led by ex-Nazi Paul Schäfer.", "Christopher and Cosmas Christopher and Cosmas were two Japanese men, only known by their Christian names, who are recorded to have travelled across the Pacific on a Spanish galleon in 1587, and were later forced to accompany the English navigator Thomas Cavendish to England, Brazil and the Southern Atlantic, where they disappeared with the sinking of his ship in 1592.", "Fred Noonan Frederick Joseph \"Fred\" Noonan (April 4, 1893 – missing July 2, 1937, declared dead June 20, 1938) was an American flight navigator, sea captain and aviation pioneer who first charted many commercial airline routes across the Pacific Ocean during the 1930s. He was last seen in Lae, New Guinea, on July 2, 1937, and disappeared with Amelia Earhart somewhere over the Central Pacific Ocean during one of the last legs of their attempted round-the-world flight.", "John P. Craven John Piña Craven (October 30, 1924 – February 12, 2015) was an American scientist who was known for his involvement with Bayesian search theory and the recovery of lost objects at sea. He was Chief Scientist of the Special Projects Office of the United States Navy." ]	2
famous river confluence dam constructed	[ "Irrawaddy River\nThe Irrawaddy River or Ayeyarwady River (Burmese: ဧရာဝတီမြစ်; MLCTS: erawa.ti mrac, pronounced: [ʔèjàwədì mjɪʔ], also spelt Ayeyarwaddy) is a river that flows from north to south through Myanmar. It is the country's largest river and most important commercial waterway. Originating from the confluence of the N'mai and Mali rivers, it flows relatively straight North-South before emptying through the Irrawaddy Delta into the Andaman Sea.", "Çetin Dam\nThe Çetin Dam is a rock-fill dam with an asphalt-concrete core, currently being constructed on the Botan River in Siirt Province, Turkey. The dam will be located directly downstream of the Botan and Büyük River confluence and have a height of 145 m (476 ft). The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation. The dam's power plant will house three 135 MW Francis turbine-generators. Also part of the Çetin project is a smaller dam 6 km (4 mi) downstream with 45 m (148 ft) in height.", "Pak Mun Dam\nThe Pak Mun Dam (Thai: เขื่อนปากมูล) is a gravity dam located 5.5 km west of the confluence of the Mun and Mekong rivers in Ubon Ratchathani province, Thailand.", "Auburn Dam\nAuburn Dam was a proposed dam on the North Fork of the American River east of the town of Auburn, California in the United States, on the border of Placer and El Dorado Counties. Slated to be completed in the 1970s by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, at a height of 685 feet (209 m) the concrete arch-gravity dam was to be the largest three-centered thin arch dam in the world.", "Chickamauga Dam\nChickamauga Dam is a hydroelectric dam on the Tennessee River in Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States. The dam is owned and operated by the Tennessee Valley Authority, which built the dam in the late 1930s as part of a New Deal era initiative to improve navigation and bring flood control and economic development to the Tennessee Valley.", "Garrison Dam\nGarrison Dam is an earth-fill embankment dam on the Missouri River in central North Dakota, constructed 1947-1953. The Three Affiliated Tribes owned the land needed to flood. Short of confiscation by eminent domain the tribes protested and achieved remuneration, but lost 94% of their agricultural land. constructed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers from 1947-53 at over two miles (3 km) in length, the dam is the fifth-largest earthen dam in the world.", "Rifle Gap Dam\nRifle Gap Dam (National ID # CO01692) is a dam in Garfield County, Colorado, about five and a half miles north of Rifle.The earthen dam was constructed between 1964 and 1967 by the United States Bureau of Reclamation, with a height of 157 feet and 1450 feet long at its crest. It impounds East Rifle Creek and West Rifle Creek about 400 feet upstream from their previous point of confluence.", "Tuolumne River\nThe Tuolumne River (/tuːˈɒləmiː/; Yokutsan: Tawalimnu) is a California river that flows for 149 miles (240 km) from the central Sierra Nevada to the San Joaquin River in the Central Valley. The river is formed by the confluence of the Lyell and Dana Forks in Yosemite National Park; from there it flows generally westward through the foothills of the Sierra Nevada where it is dammed by the New Don Pedro Dam, through farmland in the Central Valley, to its mouth near Modesto.", "Myitsone Dam\nThe Myitsone Dam (Burmese: မြစ်ဆုံ တာတမံ [mjɪʔsʰòʊɴ tàtəmàɴ]; lit. the Confluence Dam) is a large dam and hydroelectric power development project at the confluence of the Mali and N’mai rivers and the source of the Irawaddy River (Ayeyawady River) in Burma (Myanmar). If completed as planned in 2017, it will be the fifteenth largest hydroelectric power station in the world.", "Coosawattee River\nThe Coosawattee River is a 49.3-mile-long (79.3 km) river located in the northwest part of the U.S. state of Georgia.The river begins at the confluence of the Ellijay River and Cartecay River in the city of Ellijay in Gilmer County. The river flows west through the foothills of the north Georgia mountains.In Murray County, the river is impounded by Carters Dam, forming Carters Lake.", "Colorado River\nThe Colorado River is one of the principal rivers of the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico (the other being the Rio Grande). The 1,450-mile (2,330 km) Colorado River drains an expansive, arid watershed that encompasses parts of seven U.S. and two Mexican states.", "Lower Sre Pok 2 Dam\nThe Lower Se San/Sre Pok 2 scheme is a proposed hydroelectric dam to be located in Stung Treng Province, Cambodia on the Tonle Sre Pok some 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) upstream of its confluence with the Se San, and about 37 kilometres (23 mi) upstream of the confluence of the combined Sre Pok, Se San and Se Kong rivers with the Mekong mainstream.Prefeasibility Study, the project aims to construct and operate an installed capacity 222 megawatts (298,000 hp) low head hydroelectric generating facility on the Sre Pok River, generating annually 1,060 GWh (3,800 TJ), run-of-river dam, reservoir 120 square kilometres (46 sq mi) Main components include construction of a concrete gravity dam, the powerhouse and generating equipment, environmental and social mitigation measures, and the 220-kV transmission line to Stung Treng and onwards to the Vietnamese border to interconnect with the Vietnamese grid backbone.The scheme has a much smaller reservoir area (120 square kilometres (46 sq mi)) than the Lower Se San 2 site (355 square kilometres (137 sq mi)) and consequently a lesser environmental impact.", "Tallowa Dam\nTallowa Dam, completed in 1976, is a concrete gravity dam with central overflow spillway, located of the Shoalhaven River, downstream from the river's confluence with the Kangaroo River. The dam wall of 325 cubic metres (11,500 cu ft) is 43 metres (141 ft) high and 528 metres (1,732 ft) in length.", "Keowee River\nThe Keowee River is created by the confluence of the Toxaway River and the Whitewater River in northern Oconee County, South Carolina. The confluence is today submerged beneath the waters of Lake Jocassee, a reservoir created by Lake Jocassee Dam.The Keowee River flows out of Lake Jocassee Dam and into Lake Keowee, a reservoir created by Keowee Dam and Little River Dam.", "Flaming Gorge Dam\nThe Flaming Gorge Dam is a concrete thin-arch dam on the Green River, a major tributary of the Colorado River, in northern Utah in the United States. Flaming Gorge Dam forms the Flaming Gorge Reservoir, which extends 91 miles (146 km) into southern Wyoming, submerging four distinct gorges of the Green River.", "Kaligandaki A Hydroelectric Power Station\nKaligandaki A Hydroelectric Power Station is situated near Mirmi of Syangja District about 300 km to the west of Kathmandu and 100 km from Pokhara in the same direction in Nepal. The dam and headworks are situated on the Gandaki River at the confluence of the Andhikhola whereas the power house is located downstream, around a bend in the river, in Beltari (About 7 km towards the South-East of Mirmi).", "Dibis Dam\nThe Dibis (Dibbis) Dam or Dibis Regulator is a gravel-alluvial fill embankment dam located on Lesser Zab River approximately 130 km upstream from its confluence with the Tigris River. The dam is located directly north of the town of Dibis in Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq.", "Conant Brook Dam\nThe Conant Brook Dam is located on Conant Brook in Monson, Massachusetts, about 7.4 miles (11.9 km) upstream from the confluence of Conant Brook and the Quaboag River. It is approximately 15 miles (24 km) east of Springfield, Massachusetts.Designed and constructed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, this dam substantially reduces flooding along the Quaboag, Chicopee, and Connecticut rivers." ]	[ "Pothundi Dam Pothundi Dam is an irrigation dam near Pothundi village in the Palakkad district of Kerala state, India. Constructed in the 19th century, it is considered one of the oldest dams in India. It provides irrigation to an area of 5,470 hectares (13,500 acres) in the Palakkad district and drinking water supply to the Neamara, Aylur, Melarcode Panchayat.", "Eschbach Dam The Eschbach Dam (German: Eschbachtalsperre) was the first dam to be built in Germany for drinking water supply. It is located in Remscheid, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. With its opening in 1891, this pioneer work of hydraulic engineering was a milestone in the economic development of the city of Remscheid.", "Palisades Dam Palisades Dam (National ID # ID00273) is an earth-fill dam on the Snake River in Bonneville County in the U.S. state of Idaho. The dam was completed in 1957 and provides irrigation water, flood control, and recreation; it features a four-turbine hydroelectric power plant. The dam can potentially generate 176.5 MW of electricity. The resulting water impoundment, Palisades Reservoir, has a storage capacity of 1.2 million acre-feet.The dam was constructed as the principal feature of the U.S.", "Bagnell Dam Bagnell Dam impounds the Osage River in the U.S. state of Missouri, creating the Lake of the Ozarks. The 148-foot (45 m) tall concrete gravity dam was built by the Union Electric Company (now AmerenUE) for the purpose of hydroelectric power generation as its Osage Powerplant. It is 2,543 feet (775 m) long, including a 520-foot (160 m) long spillway and a 511-foot (156 m) long power station. The facility with eight generators has a maximum capacity of 215 megawatts.", "Norris Dam Norris Dam is a hydroelectric and flood control structure located on the Clinch River in Anderson County and Campbell County, Tennessee, United States. Its construction in the mid-1930s was the first major project for the Tennessee Valley Authority, which had been created in 1933 to bring economic development to the region and control the rampant flooding that had long plagued the Tennessee Valley.", "Baglihar Dam Baglihar Dam (Hindi: बगलिहार बाँध Baglihār Bāndh), also known as Baglihar Hydroelectric Power Project, is a run-of-the-river power project on the Chenab River in the southern Doda district of the Indian controlled state of Jammu and Kashmir. This project was conceived in 1992, approved in 1996 and construction began in 1999. The project is estimated to cost USD $1 billion. The first phase of the Baglihar Dam was completed in 2004.", "Mulungushi Dam The Mulungushi Dam located 50 km south-east of Kabwe, Zambia was constructed by the Broken Hill Development Company on the Mulungushi River and opened in 1925 by the then Prince of Wales (the future Edward VIII) to provide hydroelectric power to the Broken Hill Mine in Kabwe (known as Broken Hill at that time). It is a sister facility to the Mita Hills Dam 60 km to its north-east.", "Usoi Dam The Usoi Dam is a natural landslide dam along the Murghab River in Tajikistan. At 567 metres (1,860 ft) high, it is the tallest dam in the world, either natural or man-made.", "Hub Dam Wildlife Sanctuary Hab Dam Wildlife Sanctuary is located around Hub Dam in Balochistan and Sindh Provinces of Pakistan.Hub Dam is the Pakistan's third largest dam. It is situated in the north of Karachi bordering the Kirthar National Park. The dam was constructed in 1981 on the Hub River, in a region of arid plains and low stony hills. Much of the shoreline is steeply shelving and stony, and there are many shallow bays and small islands.", "Toker Dam Toker Dam is the largest dam in Eritrea. Construction was begun in 1997 and completed in 2001, despite having to be halted for a few months in 1998 when Ethiopia and Eritrea were at war. Its primary designer was Natural Resources Consulting Engineers from Colorado, USA. Furthermore, NRCE Inc., was the primary consultant on the project.", "Cushman Dam No. 2 Cushman Dam No. 2 is a hydroelectric dam on the North Fork of the Skokomish River in Mason County, Washington, United States, forming Lake Kokanee. Built in 1930, its three 27,000 kilowatt generators provide 233 million kilowatt-hours annually to the Tacoma Power system. Along with Cushman Dam No. 1, it is part of Tacoma Power's Cushman Project.Construction began in 1929 and power production began in December 1930.", "Basava Sagar Dam Basava Sagar Dam is a dam constructed across Krishna River, located at Narayanapur in Yadgir district, India. It is a single purpose project only meant for Irrigation.", "Itaipu Dam The Itaipu Dam (Guarani: Presa Itaipu, Portuguese: Barragem de Itaipu, Spanish: Represa de Itaipú; Portuguese pronunciation: [itɐjˈpu], locally: [ita.iˈpu], Spanish pronunciation: [itaiˈpu]) is a hydroelectric dam on the Paraná River located on the border between Brazil and Paraguay. The name \"Itaipu\" was taken from an isle that existed near the construction site.", "Charles River Dam Bridge Not to be confused with the 1786 Charles River Bridge at the site of the current Charlestown Bridge, nor the current Charles River Dam built in 1978 at the site of the 1828 Warren Bridge.The Charles River Dam Bridge, officially the Craigie Bridge, also called Craigie's Bridge or the Canal Bridge, is a six-lane bascule bridge across the Charles River, connecting Leverett Circle in downtown Boston, to Monsignor O'Brien Highway in East Cambridge, Massachusetts.", "Ohakuri Dam Ohakuri is a dam and hydroelectric power station on the Waikato River, central North Island, New Zealand, midway between Taupo, Rotorua and Hamilton. Its dam is about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) upstream of the Atiamuri Dam.It was commissioned in 1961 and construction was organised from the 'hydro town' of Mangakino.", "Longtan Dam Longtan Dam (simplified Chinese: 龙滩大坝; traditional Chinese: 龍灘大壩; pinyin: Lóngtān Dàbà) is a large roller-compacted concrete (RCC) gravity dam on the Hongshui River in Tian'e County of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, a tributary of the Xi River and the Pearl River. The dam is 216.2 m (709.3 ft) high and 849 m (2,785 ft) long; it is the tallest of its type in the world. The dam is intended for hydroelectric power production, flood control and navigation.", "Bargi Dam Bargi Dam is one of the first completed dams out of the chain of 30 major dams to be constructed on Narmada River in Madhya Pradesh, India. Two major irrigation projects, named Bargi Diversion Project and Rani Avantibai Lodhi Sagar Project, have been developed by Bargi Dam. The Narmada is the largest river in Madhya Pradesh, flowing towards the west and falling in the Arabian Sea.", "Dartmouth Dam Dartmouth Dam is a large rock-fill embankment dam with an uncontrolled chute spillway across the Mitta Mitta, Gibbo, and Dart rivers, the Morass Creek and a number of small tributaries. The dam is located near Mount Bogong in the north-east of the Australian state of Victoria. The dam's purpose includes irrigation, the generation of hydro-electric power, water supply and conservation. The impounded reservoir is called Dartmouth Reservoir, sometimes called Lake Dartmouth.", "Akosombo Dam The Akosombo Dam, also known as the Akosombo Hydroelectric Project, is a hydroelectric dam on the Volta River in southeastern Ghana in the Akosombo gorge and part of the Volta River Authority. The construction of the dam flooded part of the Volta River Basin, and led to the subsequent creation of Lake Volta. Lake Volta is the largest man-made lake in the world by surface area. It covers 8,502 square kilometres (3,283 sq mi), which is 3.6% of Ghana's land area.", "Capanda Dam The Capanda Dam is a hydroelectric dam on the Kwanza River in Malanje Province, Angola. Built in 1987–2007 years the Russian company Tekhnopromexport, general designer - the institute Hydroproject (Chief Engineer - Ph.D Fedosov V.E.) The facility generates power by utilizing four turbines and 130 megawatts (170,000 hp) each, totalling the installed capacity to 520 megawatts (700,000 hp) . Total cost of US$4 billion.", "Malampuzha River Malampuzha River is one of the tributaries of the river Kalpathipuzha. Malampuzha Dam is built across the river at Malampuzha about 8 km from the Palakkad town in the Indian state of Kerala. The reservoir formed by the Malampuzha Dam is 23.13 square kilometres in area and is the second largest reservoir in Kerala after the Idukki reservoir. The construction of Malampuzha dam started in the year 1949 and was completed in the year 1955. The project is estimated to have cost around Rs.", "That Dam That Dam (Lao ທາດດຳ, meaning Black Stupa) is a large stupa located in Vientiane, the capital of Laos. Many Laotians believe it is inhabited by a seven-headed nāga who tried to protect them from an invasion by the Siamese army in 1827.", "Fort Randall Dam The Fort Randall Dam is an earth embankment dam impounding the Missouri River in South Dakota, United States and forming Lake Francis Case. It is one of six Missouri River dams, four being located in South Dakota.The dam was authorized by the Flood Control Act of 1944 and plays a key role in the Pick-Sloan Plan for development of water resources in the Missouri River basin.", "Indirasagar Dam The Indirasagar Dam is a multipurpose project of Madhya Pradesh on the Narmada River at Narmadanagar, Mundi in the Khandwa district of Madhya Pradesh in India. The foundation stone of the project was laid by late Smt Indira Gandhi, former Prime Minister of India on 23 October 1984. The construction of main dam started in 1992.", "Karkamış Dam Karkamış Dam is one of the 21 dams of the Southeastern Anatolia Project of Turkey. It is on the Euphrates River. The foundation of the dam was laid in 1996, and is 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) from the Syria border. The hydroelectric power plant has a total installed power capacity of 189 megawatts (253,000 hp).", "Aswan Dam The Aswan Dam is an embankment dam built across the Nile at Aswan, Egypt between 1898 and 1902. Since the 1960s, the name commonly refers to the Aswan High Dam. Construction of the High Dam became a key objective of the Egyptian Government following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, as the ability to control floods, provide water for irrigation, and generate hydroelectricity were seen as pivotal to Egypt's industrialization.", "Saluda Dam The Saluda Dam (officially the Dreher Shoals Dam, commonly referred to as the Lake Murray Dam) is an earthen embankment dam located approximately 10 miles (15 km) west of Columbia, South Carolina on the Saluda River. Construction on the dam began in 1927 and was completed in 1930. The purpose of the dam is flood control, hydroelectricity, recreation and water supply.", "Tansa River The Tansa River is a small river near Mumbai, India and is one of Mumbai's water sources via Tansa Lake. It is embanked by one of the largest masonry dams in the world, built in 1892. The embankment is nearly 2 miles long, 118 ft (36 m) high, and 30 metres thick at the base. The dam has 1.31 cubic kilometres capacity of water retention. The dam has about 38 spillway gates.12px This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:", "Hirakud Dam Hirakud Dam (Odia: ହୀରାକୁଦ ବନ୍ଧ) is built across the Mahanadi River, about 15 km from Sambalpur in the state of Odisha in India.Behind the dam extends a lake, Hirakud Reservoir, 55 km long. It is one of the first major multipurpose river valley projects started after India's independence.", "Hoover Dam Hoover Dam, once known as Boulder Dam, is a concrete arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on the border between the U.S. states of Arizona and Nevada. It was constructed between 1931 and 1936 during the Great Depression and was dedicated on September 30, 1935, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Its construction was the result of a massive effort involving thousands of workers, and cost over one hundred lives.", "Ashfork-Bainbridge Steel Dam The Ashfork Bainbridge Steel Dam, the first large steel dam in the world, and one of only three ever built in the United States, was constructed in 1898 by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (ATSF) to supply water for railway operations near Ash Fork, Arizona. It is named for the town of Ash Fork, and for Francis H. Bainbridge, a civil engineer and graduate of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), who was an engineer for ATSF.", "Morrow Point Dam Morrow Point Dam is a 468-foot-tall (143 m) concrete double-arch dam on the Gunnison River located in Colorado, the first dam of its type built by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Located in the upper Black Canyon of the Gunnison, it creates Morrow Point Reservoir, and is within the National Park Service-operated Curecanti National Recreation Area. The dam is between the Blue Mesa Dam (upstream) and the Crystal Dam (downstream).", "Big Bend Dam Big Bend Dam is a major rolled earth dam along the Missouri River in central South Dakota.The dam, 95 feet (29 m) high and 10,570 feet (3,220 m) in length, was constructed as part of the Pick-Sloan Plan for Missouri watershed development authorized by the Flood Control Act of 1944. Construction began in 1959 and the embankment was completed in July 1963. Power generation began at the facility in 1964 and the entire complex was completed in 1966 at a total cost of $107 million.", "Confluence In geography, a confluence is the meeting of two or more bodies of water. Also known as a conflux, it refers either to the point where a tributary joins a larger river, called the main stem, or where two streams meet to become the source of a river of a new name, such as the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania creating the Ohio River.", "Parker Dam Parker Dam is a concrete arch-gravity dam that crosses the Colorado River 155 miles (249 km) downstream of Hoover Dam. Built between 1934 and 1938 by the Bureau of Reclamation, it is 320 feet (98 m) high, 235 feet (72 m) of which are below the riverbed, making it \"the deepest dam in the world\". The dam's primary functions are to create a reservoir, and to generate hydroelectric power.", "Crystal Dam Crystal Dam is a 323-foot-tall (98 m) double curvature, concrete thin arch dam located six miles downstream from Morrow Point Dam on the Gunnison River in Colorado, USA. Crystal Dam is the newest of the three dams in Curecanti National Recreation Area; construction on the dam was finished in 1976. The dam impounds Crystal Reservoir. Crystal Dam and reservoir are part of the Bureau of Reclamation's Wayne N.", "Clyde Dam The Clyde Dam, New Zealand's third largest hydroelectric dam, is built on the Clutha River near the town of Clyde. It is owned and operated by Contact Energy.", "Coronation Bridge The Coronation Bridge, also known as the Sevoke Bridge, in Darjeeling district of West Bengal, India, spans across the Teesta River, connecting the districts of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri. National Highway 31 runs across it.It was named to commemorate the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in 1937 and was completed in 1941 at a cost of Rs 4 lakhs.", "Davis Dam Davis Dam is a dam on the Colorado River about 70 miles (110 km) downstream from Hoover Dam. It stretches across the border between Arizona and Nevada. Originally called Bullhead Dam, Davis Dam was renamed after Arthur Powell Davis, who was the director of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation from 1914 to 1923. The United States Bureau of Reclamation owns and operates the dam, which was completed in 1951.Davis Dam impounds the Colorado River and forms Lake Mohave.", "Gavins Point Dam Gavins Point Dam is a hydroelectric dam on the Missouri River in the U.S. states of Nebraska and South Dakota. Built from 1952 to 1957, it impounds Lewis and Clark Lake. The dam is on the Nebraska-South Dakota border, west of Yankton, South Dakota. During the 2011 Missouri River Flood the dam was damaged by debris and a significant portion of rocks were dislodged from its upstream side. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers soon began repairs the dam and its spillway gates.", "Macombs Dam Bridge The Macombs Dam Bridge (mə-KOOMZ) spans the Harlem River in New York City, connecting the boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx near Yankee Stadium. It is the third-oldest bridge in New York City and, along with the 155th Street Viaduct, was designated a New York City Landmark in January 1992. The bridge is operated and maintained by the New York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT).", "Guddu Barrage Guddu Barrage is a barrage on the Indus River near Kashmore in the Sindh province of Pakistan. President Iskander Mirza laid the foundation-stone of Guddu Barrage on 2 February 1957. The barrage was completed in 1962 at a cost of 474.8 million rupees and inaugurated by Field Marshal Ayub Khan.Guddu Barrage is used to control water flow in the River Indus for irrigation and flood control purposes.It has a discharge capacity of 1.2 million cubic feet per second (34,000 m³/s).", "Elephant Butte Dam Elephant Butte Dam or Elephant Butte Dike is a concrete gravity dam on the Rio Grande river near Truth or Consequences, New Mexico. The dam impounds Elephant Butte Reservoir, which is used for both recreation and agriculture.", "Theodore Roosevelt Dam Theodore Roosevelt Dam is a dam on the Salt River located northeast of Phoenix, Arizona. The dam is 357 feet (109 m) high and forms Theodore Roosevelt Lake as it impounds the Salt River. Originally built between 1905 and 1911, the dam was renovated and expanded in 1989-1996. The dam is named after then-President Theodore Roosevelt. Serving mainly for irrigation water supply and flood control, the dam also has a hydroelectric generating capacity of 36 megawatts.", "Nam Theun 2 Dam The Nam Theun 2 Hydropower Project, or simply NT2, is a hydroelectric dam located on the Nam Theun River in Laos. Commercial operation of the plant began in March 2010.", "Sardar Sarovar Dam The Sardar Sarovar Dam is a gravity dam on the Narmada river near Navagam, Gujarat in India. It is the largest dam and part of the Narmada Valley Project, a large hydraulic engineering project involving the construction of a series of large irrigation and hydroelectric multi-purpose dams on the Narmada river.", "Hub Dam Hub Dam (Urdu: حب ڈیم ‎) is a reservoir on the Hub River. It is situated 56 km from Karachi city in Karachi and Lasbela Districts on Sindh and Balochistan provinces border. The dam is extended to 24300 acres with gross storage capacity of 857000 acre feet. It is the Pakistan's third largest dam. It is an important source that provides the drinking water to the metropolitan city Karachi.In 1974, the government of Sindh declared the area around dam as a wildlife sanctuary.", "Diamer-Bhasha Dam Diamer-Bhasha Dam is a gravity dam, in the preliminary stages of construction, on the River Indus in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Its foundation stone was laid by Prime Minister Yusuf Raza Gilani of Pakistan on 18 October 2011, Majority funding being provided by Aga Khan Development Network. Upon completion, Diamer-Bhasha Dam would be the highest roller compacted concrete (RCC) dam in the world.", "Salto Grande Dam The Salto Grande Dam is a large hydroelectric dam on the Uruguay River, located between Concordia, Argentina, and Salto, Uruguay; thus is shared between the two countries.The construction of the dam began in 1974 and was completed in 1979. Power is generated by fourteen Kaplan turbines, totaling the installed capacity to 1,890 MW (2,530,000 hp).", "Mansfield Dam Mansfield Dam (formerly Marshall Ford Dam) is a dam located across a canyon at Marshall Ford on the Colorado River, 13 miles (21 km) northwest of Austin, Texas. The groundbreaking ceremony occurred on February 19, 1937, with United States Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes attending. The dam was a joint project by the Lower Colorado River Authority (LCRA) and the United States Bureau of Reclamation, with the company Brown and Root the prime contractor. The dam was completed in 1941.", "Jones-Confluence Point State Park Edward \"Ted\" and Pat Jones-Confluence Point State Park is a Missouri state park located on the north side of the Missouri River at its confluence with the Mississippi River, approximately 8 miles north of the St. Louis Arch. The park was opened May 9, 2004, and includes 1,121 acres (454 ha) of shoreline and bottomland. The park is part of the Confluence Greenway.", "Whittenton Pond Dam Whittenton Pond Dam or Whittenton Street Dam is a private earthen dam across the Mill River in Taunton, Massachusetts. Built in 1832, the original dam was a half-mile upstream from downtown Taunton. It was 12 feet high and constructed of timber.", "Wilson Dam Wilson Dam is a dam spanning the Tennessee River between Lauderdale County and Colbert County in the U.S. state of Alabama. It impounds Wilson Lake. It is one of nine Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) dams on the Tennessee River. The dam was declared a National Historic Landmark on November 13, 1966.Construction on Wilson Dam began in 1918 and was completed in 1924 under supervision of Hugh L. Cooper. The Wilson Dam actually predates the TVA, but was later placed under the authority of the TVA.", "Bridge of the Gods (land bridge) The Bridge of the Gods was a natural dam created by the Bonneville Slide, a major landslide that dammed the Columbia River near present-day Cascade Locks, Oregon in the Pacific Northwest of the United States.", "Semenyih Dam Semenyih Dam is one of the Klang Valley major dams in Malaysia. Built in 1985, the dam, with the lovely lake surrounded by green forested hills, provides one of the most breathtaking sights in the country. It also supplies a major portion of drinking water to the Klang Valley population. Semenyih Dam also has become popular with angling enthusiasts, especially on weekends.On a clear day, visitors can see the reflection of the lovely hills and sunset in the still waters of the dam.", "Lower Monumental Dam Lower Monumental Lock and Dam is a hydroelectric, concrete, run-of-the-river dam on the Snake River, and bridges Franklin County and Walla Walla County, in the state of Washington. The dam is located six miles (10 km) south of the town of Kahlotus, and 43 miles (69 km) north of the town of Walla Walla.Construction began in June 1961. The main structure and three generators were completed in 1969, with an additional three generators finished in 1981.", "Three Gorges Dam The Three Gorges Dam is a hydroelectric dam that spans the Yangtze River by the town of Sandouping, located in Yiling District, Yichang, Hubei province, China. The Three Gorges Dam is the world's largest power station in terms of installed capacity (22,500 MW).", "Hartwell Dam Hartwell Dam is a concrete and embankment dam located on the Savannah River at the border of South Carolina and Georgia, creating Lake Hartwell. The dam was built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers between 1955 and 1962 for the purposes of flood control, hydropower and navigation. The concrete and earthen structure spans 15,840 feet (4,828 m). The concrete section is 1,900 feet (579 m) long and rises 204 feet (62 m) above the riverbed at its apex.", "Chief Joseph Dam The Chief Joseph Dam is a concrete gravity dam on the Columbia River, 2.4 km (1.5 mi) upriver from Bridgeport, Washington. The dam is 877 km (545 mi) upriver from the mouth of the Columbia at Astoria, Oregon. It is operated by the USACE Chief Joseph Dam Project Office, and the electricity is marketed by the Bonneville Power Administration.", "Karun-3 Dam The Karun-3 dam is a hydroelectric dam on the Karun river in the province of Khuzestan, Iran. It was built to help meet Iran's energy demands as well as to provide flood control. The Karun has the highest discharge of Iran's rivers.The purpose of the dam is for power generation and flood control. The Karun III power generators are connected to the national power network as the peak power generation.", "Dowleswaram Barrage The Dowleswaram Barrage is an irrigation structure which is built on the lower stretch of the Godavari River before it empties into the Bay of Bengal. It was built by a British irrigation engineer, Sir Arthur Thomas Cotton. His many projects averted famines and stimulated the economy of southern India. Before this barrage was constructed many hectares of land has been flooded with water and was unused.", "Condit Hydroelectric Project Condit Hydroelectric Project was a development on the White Salmon River in the U.S. state of Washington. It was completed in 1913 to provide electrical power for local industry and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as an engineering and architecture landmark. PacifiCorp decommissioned the project due to rising environmental costs, and the dam was intentionally breached on October 26, 2011.", "Grand Coulee Dam Grand Coulee Dam is a gravity dam on the Columbia River in the U.S. state of Washington built to produce hydroelectric power and provide irrigation water. It was constructed between 1933 and 1942, originally with two power plants. A third power station was completed in 1974 to increase its energy production. It is the largest electric power-producing facility in the United States.The proposal to build the dam was the focus of a bitter debate during the 1920s between two groups.", "Flaming Gorge Reservoir Flaming Gorge Reservoir is a reservoir in Wyoming, on the Green River, created by Flaming Gorge Dam. Construction on the dam began in 1958 and was completed in 1964. The reservoir stores 3,788,900 acre feet (4.6735×109 m3) of water when measured at an elevation of 6,040 feet (1,840 m) above sea-level (maximum).", "Geheyan Dam The Geheyan Dam (simplified Chinese: 隔河岩大坝; traditional Chinese: 隔河岩大壩; pinyin: Géhéyán Dàbà) is an arch-gravity dam on the Qingjiang River, a tributary of the Yangtze River, in Hubei, China.The dam is located in Changyang Tujia Autonomous County (which is part of the prefecture-level city of Yichang), just a few kilometers to the west (upstream) from the county seat, Longzhouping Town (龙舟坪镇).The dam was designed in 1987, and is equipped with a ship lift capable of lifting vessels of 300,000 kg (660,000 lb) displacement.", "Wachusett Dam The Wachusett Dam in Clinton, Massachusetts impounds the Nashua River creating the Wachusett Reservoir. Construction started in 1897 and was completed in 1905. It is part of the Nashua River Watershed.This dam is part of greater Boston's water system, maintained and controlled by the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA). Its discharge is into the Nashua River. When it was completed in 1905, the Wachusett Reservoir was the largest public water supply reservoir in the world.", "Minidoka Dam The Minidoka Dam is an earthfill dam on the Snake River in south central Idaho. The dam, originally completed in 1906, is east of Rupert on county highway 400; it is 86 feet (26 m) high and nearly a mile (1.6 km) in length, with a 2,400-foot (730 m) wide overflow spillway section. The dam and power plant were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. Walcott Park, close to the dam, is a popular summertime picnic area.", "Laguna Diversion Dam The Laguna Diversion Dam is a rock-filled diversion dam on the Colorado River. It is located 13 miles northeast of Winterhaven, CA–Yuma, AZ on Imperial County route S24. Constructed between 1903 and 1905, the dam was the first dam built on the Colorado River and subsequently ended boat travel to the north.", "Columbia River Treaty The Columbia River Treaty is a 1964 agreement between Canada and the United States on the development and operation of dams in the upper Columbia River basin for power and flood control benefits in both countries. Four dams were constructed under this treaty: three in Canada (Duncan Dam, Mica Dam, Keenleyside Dam) and one in the United States (Libby Dam). The treaty provided for the sharing with Canada of one-half of the downstream U.S.", "Pathfinder Dam Pathfinder Dam is a cyclopean masonry dam, located on the North Platte River, approximately 47 miles (76 km) southwest of Casper, Wyoming. It was originally constructed between 1905 and 1909 as part of the North Platte Project and has been modified several times since then. It is included on the National Register of Historic Places. Construction of the dam created Pathfinder Reservoir which provides water storage for 226,000 acres (910 km2) of irrigation in Wyoming and Nebraska.", "Gandhi Sagar Dam The Gandhi Sagar Dam is one of the four major dams built on India's Chambal River. The dam is located in the Mandsaur district of the state of Madhya Pradesh. It is a masonry gravity dam, standing 62.17 metres (204.0 ft) high, with a gross storage capacity of 7.322 billion cubic metres from a catchment area of 22,584 km2 (8,720 sq mi). The dam's foundation stone was laid by Prime Minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru on 7 March 1954, and construction of the main dam was completed in 1960.", "Keenleyside Dam Hugh Keenleyside Dam (originally known as the High Arrow Dam is a hydroelectric dam spanning the Columbia River, 12 km (6.5 miles) upstream of the city of Castlegar, British Columbia, Canada.The reservoirs behind the dam is named Arrow Lakes extending 232 km (144 mi) north to Revelstoke Dam, and contain 8.76 km3 (7.1 MAF) of reservoir volume.", "Sartell Dam The Sartell Dam is a dam across the Mississippi River in Sartell, Minnesota in the United States. The dam generates hydroelectric power for the adjoining Sartell Paper Mill. The dam is referred to as the Champion Dam in official documentation.Construction of the structure was begun by the Watab Pulp and Paper Company in 1907 and finished in 1911. Seven workers died during construction, most from drowning as a result of washouts on the site's cofferdam.", "Krasnoyarsk Dam The Krasnoyarsk Dam is a 124-metre (407 ft) high concrete gravity dam located on the Yenisey River about 30 kilometres (19 mi) upstream from Krasnoyarsk in Divnogorsk, Russia. It was constructed from 1956 to 1972 and supplies 6,000 MW of power, mostly used to supply the KrAZ (Krasnoyarsky Aluminievyy Zavod, Krasnoyarsk Aluminum Plant). Both power and aluminum plants are controlled by the RUSAL company.As a result of the damming, the Krasnoyarsk Reservoir was created.", "Devegeçidi Dam Devegeçidi Dam is one of the 22 dams of the Southeastern Anatolia Project of Turkey, Diyarbakır. It is near Diyarbakır on a branch of the Tigris river. It was constructed for irrigation purposes between 1965 and 1972.", "Kainji Dam Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of western Nigeria. Construction of the dam was carried out by Impregilo (a consortium of Italian Civil Engineering Contractors) to designs by Joint Consultants, Balfour Beatty and Nedeco, and began in 1964 to be completed in 1968. The total cost was estimated at US$209 million, with one-quarter of this amount used to resettle people displaced by the construction of the dam and its reservoir, Kainji Lake.", "Mettur Dam The Mettur Dam is one of the largest dams in India built in 1934. It was constructed in a gorge, where the Kaveri River enters the plains. It provides irrigation facilities to parts of Salem, the length of Erode, Namakkal, Karur, Tiruchirappali and Thanjavur district for 271,000 acres (110,000 ha) of farm land.The total length of the dam is 1,700 m (5,600 ft). The dam creates Stanley Reservoir. The Mettur Hydro Electrical power project is also quite large.", "Melton Hill Dam Melton Hill Dam is a hydroelectric dam on the Clinch River just south of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States. The dam is operated by the Tennessee Valley Authority, which built the dam in the early 1960s to extend the Tennessee Valley's continuous navigation channel up the Clinch as far as Clinton and to increase TVA's overall power-generating capacity.", "Gezhouba Dam The Gezhouba Dam or Gezhouba Water Control Project (Chinese: 长江葛洲坝水利枢纽工程 pinyin: chángjiāng gězhōubà shuǐlì shūniǔ gōngchéng) on the Yangtze River is located in the western suburbs of Yichang City in central China's Hubei province. The dam sits a few kilometers upstream from downtown Yichang, just downstream of the fall of the Huangbo River into the Yangtze. Construction started on December 30, 1970 and ended on December 10, 1988.", "Kallanai Dam Kallanai (also known as the Grand Anicut) is an ancient dam built across the Kaveri River in Tiruchirapalli District in the state of Tamil Nadu in South India. Located at a distance of 15 km from Tiruchirapalli, the dam was originally constructed by the Chola king Karikalan around the 2nd Century AD. and is considered to be one of the oldest water-diversion or water-regulator structures in the world which is still in use.", "Qu'Appelle River Dam The Qu'appelle River Dam is the smaller of two embankment dams: which created Lake Diefenbaker in Saskatchewan, Canada. The larger dam is Gardiner Dam, the biggest embankment dam in Canada and one of the biggest in the world. Construction of both dams began in the 1959 and was completed in 1967.", "New Croton Dam The New Croton Dam (also known as Cornell Dam), part of the New York City water supply system, stretches across the Croton River near Croton-on-Hudson, New York, about 22 miles (35 km) north of New York City. Construction began in 1892 and was completed in 1906. Designed by Alphonse Fteley (1837–1903), this masonry dam is 266 feet (81 m) broad at its base and 297 feet (91 m) high from base to crest.", "Narrows Dam Narrows Dam is a dam located 6 miles north of Murfreesboro, Arkansas, that impounds the water of the Little Missouri River (Arkansas) to create Lake Greeson. Narrows Dam was authorized as a flood control and hydroelectric power project by the Flood Control Act of 1941. The dam is a feature of the comprehensive plan for the Ouachita River Basin. Lake Greeson is operated for hydroelectric power, recreation, and flood control.", "Marina Barrage The Marina Barrage (Chinese:滨海堤坝) is a dam in Singapore built at the confluence of five rivers, across the Marina Channel between Marina East and Marina South. It was officially opened on 1 November 2008. It was Singapore's fifteenth reservoir. It provides water storage, flood control and recreation. It won a 2009 AAEE award.", "Tarbela Dam Tarbela Dam (Urdu: تربیلا بند‎) on the Indus River in Pakistan is the largest earth filled dam in the world and second largest by structural volume. It is name after town Tarbela located in Haripur District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, about 50 kilometres (31 mi) northwest of Islamabad, near Topi. The dam is 485 feet (148 m) high above the riverbed. The dam forms the Tarbela Reservoir, with a surface area of approximately 250-square-kilometre (97 sq mi).", "Terzaghi Dam Terzaghi Dam, located about 30 km up the Bridge River from its confluence with the Fraser, is the key diversion dam in the Bridge River Power Project. It forms the project's largest reservoir, Carpenter Lake west of Lillooet.", "Nam Ngum Dam The Nam Ngum Dam is a hydroelectric dam on the Nam Ngum river, a major tributary of the Mekong in Laos. It was the first hydropower dam built in Lao PDR. It was constructed in three stages, beginning in with stage I in 1968 and ending with the completion of stage III in 1984. The Mekong Commission first implemented the dam project as part of the national development plan.", "Karakaya Dam The Karakaya Dam in kurdish Bendava Qereqeyayê, is one of the 21 dams of the Southeastern Anatolia Project of Turkey, built on the Euphrates River and completed in 1987. The hydroelectric dam generates power with six units of 300 MW, totalling the installed capacity to 1,800 MW.", "Link River Dam The Link River Dam is a concrete dam on the Link River in the city of Klamath Falls, Oregon. It was built in 1921 by the California Oregon Power Co. The dam was built to control the water level of Klamath Lake in order to maximize power production. Water stored behind the dam also supplies most of the water used for irrigation in the Klamath Reclamation Project.The Link River Dam diverts water to two hydroelectric power plants located downstream.", "Nagarjuna Sagar Dam Nagarjuna Sagar Dam was built across the Krishna River at Nagarjuna Sagar where the river is forming boundary between Nalgonda district of Telangana state and Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh state in India. The construction duration of the dam was between the years of 1955 and 1967. The dam created a water reservoir whose gross storage capacity is 11,472,000,000 cubic metres (4.051×1011 cu ft).", "Itezhi-Tezhi Dam The Itezhi-Tezhi Dam on the Kafue River in west-central Zambia was built between 1974 and 1977 at the Itezhi-Tezhi Gap, in a range of hills through which the river had eroded a narrow valley, leading to the broad expanse of the wetlands known as the Kafue Flats. The town of Itezhi-Tezhi rests to the north side of the dam.", "Confluence Project See Degree Confluence Project for the quest to find the intersections of whole number latitude and longitude.The Confluence Project is a series of outdoor installations and interpretive artworks located in public parks along the Columbia River and its tributaries in the U.S. states of Washington and Oregon. Each art installation explores the confluence of history, culture and ecology of the Columbia River system.", "Atatürk Dam The Atatürk Dam (Turkish: Atatürk Barajı), originally the Karababa Dam, is a zoned rock-fill dam with a central core on the Euphrates River on the border of Adıyaman Province and Şanlıurfa Province in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Built both to generate electricity and to irrigate the plains in the region, it was renamed in honour of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938), the founder of the Turkish Republic. The construction began in 1983 and was completed in 1990.", "Confluence Park Confluence Park is an urban park encompassing the confluence of Cherry Creek and the South Platte River in Denver's Lower Downtown (LoDo), a bustling district of 19th-century brick warehouses and storefronts that has been redeveloped since the late 1980s.", "W. A. C. Bennett Dam The W. A. C. Bennett Dam is a large hydroelectric dam on the Peace River in northern British Columbia, Canada. At 183 m (660 ft) high, it is one of the world’s highest earth fill dams. Construction of the dam began in 1961 and culminated in 1968. At the dam, the Finlay, the Parsnip and the Peace Rivers feed into Williston Lake, also referred to as Williston Reservoir.", "Peace Dam The Peace Dam (평화의 댐) is a South Korean dam on the Bukhan River. It was built to stave off possible catastrophic flooding should the upstream Imnam Dam in North Korea collapse, either intentionally or by accident. The dam was completed in 2005. As it stands, the dam has no reservoir, and is merely preventive. Daelim industrial Co,.Ltd, leading contractor for the Peace Dam construction project, began the construction in 2012 and will end the project in 2014." ]	8
frequently visited sharks gulf Indian Ocean	[ "Silvertip shark\nThe silvertip shark (Carcharhinus albimarginatus) is a large species of requiem shark, in the family Carcharhinidae, with a fragmented distribution throughout the tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans. This species is often encountered around offshore islands and coral reefs, and has been known to dive to a depth of 800 m (2,600 ft). The silvertip shark resembles a larger, bulkier grey reef shark (C. amblyrhynchos), and can be easily identified by the prominent white margins on its fins.", "Gulf of Aden\nThe Gulf of Aden (Arabic: خليج عدن‎ Ḫalīǧ ʻAdan, Somali: Gacanka Cadmeed) is a gulf located in the Arabian Sea between Yemen, on the south coast of the Arabian Peninsula, and Somalia in the Horn of Africa. In the northwest, it connects with the Red Sea through the Bab-el-Mandeb strait, which is more than 20 miles wide. It shares its name with the port city of Aden in Yemen, which forms the northern shore of the gulf.", "Balloon shark\nThe balloon shark (Cephaloscyllium sufflans) is a species of catshark, and part of the family Scyliorhinidae, endemic to the southwestern Indian Ocean off South Africa and Mozambique. Benthic in nature, it is found over sandy and muddy flats at depths of 40–600 m (130–1,970 ft).", "Orectolobus\nOrectolobus is a genus of carpet sharks in the family Orectolobidae. They are commonly known as wobbegongs, although this name also applies to the other members of the family. They are found in shallow temperate and tropical waters of the western Pacific Ocean and eastern Indian Ocean, chiefly around Australia and Indonesia, although one species (the Japanese wobbegong, O.", "Milk shark\nThe milk shark (Rhizoprionodon acutus) is a species of requiem shark, and part of the family Carcharhinidae, whose common name comes from an Indian belief that consumption of its meat promotes lactation. The largest and most widely distributed member of its genus, the milk shark typically measures 1.1 m (3.6 ft) long, and can be found in coastal tropical waters throughout the eastern Atlantic and the Indo-Pacific regions.", "Whale shark\nThe whale shark (Rhincodon typus) is a slow-moving filter feeding shark and the largest known extant fish species. The largest confirmed individual had a length of 12.65 m (41.50 ft) and a weight of approximately 21.5 metric tons (47,000 lb), and unconfirmed reports of considerably larger whale sharks exist. Claims of individuals over 14 m (46 ft) long and weighing at least 30 metric tons (66,000 lb) are not uncommon.", "Smooth hammerhead\nThe smooth hammerhead (Sphyrna zygaena) is a species of hammerhead shark, and part of the family Sphyrnidae. This species is named \"smooth hammerhead\" because of the distinctive shape of the head, which is flattened and laterally extended into a hammer shape (called the \"cephalofoil\"), without an indentation in the middle of the front margin (hence \"smooth\"). Unlike other hammerheads, this species prefers temperate waters and occurs worldwide at medium latitudes.", "Wobbegong\nWobbegong is the common name given to the 12 species of carpet sharks in the family Orectolobidae. They are found in shallow temperate and tropical waters of the western Pacific Ocean and eastern Indian Ocean, chiefly around Australia and Indonesia, although one species (the Japanese wobbegong, Orectolobus japonicus) occurs as far north as Japan.", "Mustelus mangalorensis\nMustelus mangalorensis also known as the Mangalore houndshark is a species of houndshark in the Triakidae family, found in Indian waters.", "Silky shark\nThe Silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis), also known by numerous names such as Blackspot shark, Grey whaler shark, Olive shark, Ridgeback shark, Sickle shark, Sickle-shaped shark, and Sickle silk shark, is a species of requiem shark, in the family Carcharhinidae, named for the smooth texture of its skin. It is one of the most abundant sharks in the pelagic zone, and can be found around the world in tropical waters.", "Gulf of Mannar\nThe Gulf of Mannar is a large shallow bay forming part of the Laccadive Sea in the Indian Ocean. It lies between the southeastern tip of India and the west coast of Sri Lanka, in the Coromandel Coast Region.A chain of low islands and reefs known as Ramsethu, also called Adam's Bridge, which includes Mannar Island, separates the Gulf of Mannar from Palk Bay, which lies to the north between India and Sri Lanka." ]	[ "Gulf Coast waterdog The Gulf Coast waterdog, speckled waterdog or Beyer’s waterdog (Necturus beyeri) is a species of aquatic salamanders native to Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas in the United States.", "White-margin fin smooth-hound The white-margin fin smooth-hound (Mustelus albipinnis) is a smooth-hound from the Gulf of California, off the coast of Mexico. The white-margin fin smooth-hound shark is slender, dark grey-brown in color, and grows up to 1.2 m (4 ft) long.", "Cyrtodactylus rubidus Cyrtodactylus rubidus, or the red bow-fingered gecko, is a species of gecko found in the Andaman Islands (India) and the Coco Islands (Myanmar). The type locality is Port Blair, Andaman Islands.", "Frilled shark The frilled shark (Chlamydoselachus anguineus) is one of two extant species of shark in the family Chlamydoselachidae, with a wide but patchy distribution in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. This species is found over the outer continental shelf and upper continental slope, generally near the bottom, though there is evidence of substantial upward movements. It has been caught as deep as 1,570 m (5,150 ft), although it is uncommon below 1,200 m (3,900 ft).", "Gulf of Tadjoura The Gulf of Tadjoura (Arabic: خليج تدجورا‎), (Somali: Badda Tajuura) is a gulf or basin of the Indian Ocean in the Horn of Africa. It lies south of the straits of Bab-el-Mandeb, or the entrance to the Red Sea, at 11.7°N 43.0°E / 11.7; 43.0. Most of its coastline is the territory of Djibouti, except for a short stretch on the southern shore, which is part of the territory of Somalia.At the entrance of the Gulf is the group of small islands of Moucha and Maskali.", "Rough longnose dogfish The rough longnose shark, Deania hystricosa, is a little-known deepwater dogfish.Rough longnose dogfish have an extremely long snout, no anal fin, small grooved dorsal spines, and rough pitchfork-shaped dermal denticles. The first dorsal fin is long and narrow. Maximum length is 109 cm.Found in the Eastern Atlantic around Madeira and in the western Pacific around southern Japan. This shark is rarely seen but lives between 600 and 1,000 m.", "Morwong Morwongs (also called butterfish, fingerfins, jackassfish, snappers, and moki) are perciform fishes comprising the family Cheilodactylidae. Most of the about 27 species are found in temperate and subtropical oceans in the Southern Hemisphere, but three (Cheilodactylus quadricornis, C. zebra and C. zonatus) are restricted to northwest Pacific off Japan and China, and C.", "Cobelodus Cobelodus is an extinct genus of shark that lived in the Middle to Late Carboniferous period in what is today Illinois and Iowa. Cobelodus was a 2 metres (6.6 ft) long predator. Although it was a shark, Cobelodus had a number of differences from modern forms. It had a bulbous head, large eyes, a high-arched back, and a dorsal fin placed far to the rear, above the pelvic fins.", "Deania Deania is a genus of long-snouted, deepwater dogfish sharks in the family Centrophoridae.", "Indian cobra The Indian cobra (Naja naja) also known as the Spectacled cobra, Asian cobra or Binocellate cobra is a species of the genus Naja found in the Indian subcontinent (Pakistan, India) and a member of the \"big four\" species that inflict the most snakebites on humans in India. This snake is revered in Indian mythology and culture, and is often seen with snake charmers. It is now protected in India under the Indian Wildlife Protection Act (1972).", "Barreleye Barreleyes, also known as spook fish (a name also applied to several species of chimaera), are small deep-sea argentiniform fish comprising the family Opisthoproctidae found in tropical-to-temperate waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.These fish are named for their barrel-shaped, tubular eyes, which are generally directed upwards to detect the silhouettes of available prey; however, according to Robison and Reisenbichler, these fish are capable of directing their eyes forward, as well.", "Disteira walli Wall's sea snake Disteira walli is a species of sea snake found in the North Indian Ocean; Malay Archipelago.", "Opisthoproctus grimaldii Opisthoproctus grimaldii (the mirrorbelly, barreleye, flatiron fish, or Grimaldi's barreleye) is a barreleye of the genus Opisthoproctus, is found in most deep tropical and subtropical oceans and seas, from depths of 200 to 4,750 metres (660 to 15,580 ft). It grows to a length of 8 centimetres (3.1 in) SL.", "Lemon shark The lemon shark (Negaprion brevirostris) is a stocky and powerful shark. A member of the family Carcharhinidae, lemon sharks can grow to 10 feet (3.0 m) in length. They are often found in shallow subtropical waters and are known to inhabit and return to specific nursery sites for breeding. Often feeding at night, these sharks use electroreceptors to find their main source of prey, fish.", "Acestrorhynchus Acestrorhynchus \"\\needle jaw\" ) is a genus of 14 species of characiform fish found only in fresh water in South America, the sole genus in the family Acestrorhynchidae. Their greatest diversity is in the Orinoco and Amazon basins.These fish have elongated pike-like bodies and large conical teeth, adapted for predation on other types of fish. They are sometimes referred to as freshwater barracudas in the aquarium trade, although the name is used of other characins, as well.", "Bigeye scad The bigeye scad (Selar crumenophthalmus) is an oceanic fish found in tropical regions around the globe. Other common names include purse-eyed scad, goggle-eyed scad, akule, chicharro, charrito ojón, and coulirou. The bigeye scad is fished commercially, both for human consumption and for bait.", "Squaliformes Squaliformes is an order of sharks that includes about 126 species in seven families.Members of the order have two dorsal fins, which usually possess spines, no anal fin or nictitating membrane, and five gill slits. In most other respects, however, they are quite variable in form and size. They are found worldwide, from polar to tropical waters, and from shallow coastal seas to the open ocean.", "Indo-Pacific king mackerel Indo-Pacific king mackerel or popularly (spotted) seer fish (Scomberomorus guttatus) is a sea fish among the mackerel variety of fishes. It is found in around the Indian Ocean and adjoining seas. It is a popular game fish, growing up to 45 kg (100 lbs), and is a strong fighter that has on occasion been seen to leap out of the water when hooked.", "A Naturalist in Indian Seas A Naturalist in Indian Seas, or, Four Years with the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator is a 1902 publication by Alfred William Alcock, a British naturalist and carcinologist. The book is mostly a narrative describing the Investigator's journey through areas of the Indian Ocean, such as the Laccadive Sea, the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea.", "Seri Gumum Dragon Seri Gumum Dragon (Malay: Naga Seri Gumum), thought of as the Malaysian Loch Ness monster, is believed to live in the waters of the Chini Lake, a formation of twelve lakes in Pahang, Malaysia. It is, like other lake monsters, a legend, and there is no solid evidence of its being. This certain monster is believed to be a dragon and \"proof\" of its being is only presented by locals and tourists. No scientific study shows this lake monster to be real.", "Cladoselache Cladoselache is a genus of extinct shark. It appeared in the Devonian period.This primitive shark grew to be up to 6 feet (1.8 m) long and roamed the oceans of North America. It is known to have been a fast moving and fairly agile predator due to its streamlined body and deep forked tail. Cladoselache is one of the best known of the early sharks in part due to the well preserved fossils that were discovered on the 'Cleveland Shale' on the south shore of Lake Erie.", "Catshark Catsharks are ground sharks of the family Scyliorhinidae, with over 150 known species. Although they are generally known as catsharks, many species are commonly called dogfish. Catsharks are found in temperate and tropical seas worldwide, ranging from very shallow intertidal waters to depths of 2,000 m (6,600 ft) or more, depending on species.", "Hydrophis mamillaris Bombay sea snake (Hydrophis mamillaris) is a species of venomous sea snake.Distribution: Indian Ocean (Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Arabian peninsula).", "Thalassophis anomalus Anomalous Sea Snake (Thalassophis anomalus) is a species of sea snake.Its distribution includes the South Chinese Sea (Malaysia, Gulf of Thailand), and the Indian Ocean (Sumatra, Java, Borneo).", "Exxon Valdez Oriental Nicety, formerly Exxon Valdez, Exxon Mediterranean, SeaRiver Mediterranean, S/R Mediterranean, Mediterranean, and Dong Fang Ocean, was an oil tanker that gained notoriety after running aground in Prince William Sound spilling hundreds of thousands of barrels of crude oil in Alaska.", "Polypterus senegalus The Senegal bichir (Polypterus senegalus) also known as the gray bichir and Cuvier's bichir, is sometimes called the \"dinosaur eel\" (a misnomer, as the creature is not an eel nor a dinosaur) or \"dragon fish\" in the pet trade. It is a prototypical species of fish in the Polypterus genus, meaning most of its features are held across the genus. Commonly kept in captivity by hobbyists. They are native from Africa where they are the most widespread species of the genus.", "Danaus affinis Danaus affinis, the Malay tiger, Mangrove tiger or swamp tiger, is a butterfly found in tropical Asia. It belongs to the \"crows and tigers\", the danaine group of the brush-footed butterflies family.This is a highly variable species. In its range, which stretches from Thailand to the Philippines and southwards through Indonesia to Melanesia and northeastern Australia, it has at least around 30, possibly many more subspecies. Its closest relative is the white tiger, Danaus melanippus.", "Hexanchus The sixgill sharks, Hexanchus, are a genus of deepwater sharks in the family Hexanchidae. These sharks are characterized by broad pointed heads, six pairs of gill slits, comb-like, yellow lower teeth, and a long tail. It can grow up to 5 m (18 ft) long and weigh over 600 kg (1320 lb). They are abyssal plain scavengers with a keen sense of smell and are among the first to arrive at carrion, together with hagfish and rattails. They show a characteristic rolling motion of the head when feeding.", "Great white shark The great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), also known as the great white, white pointer, white shark, or white death, is a species of large lamniform shark which can be found in the coastal surface waters of all the major oceans. The great white shark is mainly known for its size, with mature individuals growing up to 6.4 m (21 ft) in length (although reports have been published of great white sharks measuring over 8 m (26 ft), and 3,324 kg (7,328 lb) in weight).", "Bramble shark The bramble shark (Echinorhinus brucus) is one of the two species of sharks in the family Echinorhinidae. Aside from the eastern Pacific Ocean, it is found in tropical and temperate waters worldwide. This rarely encountered shark swims close to the bottom of the seafloor, typically at depths of 400–900 m (1,300–3,000 ft), though it may enter much shallower water. The bramble shark has a stout body with two small dorsal fins positioned far back and no anal fin.", "Al-mi'raj Al-mi'raj (Arabic: المعراج al-mi'raj) is a mythical beast from Islamic poetry said to live on a mysterious island called Jezîrat al-Tennyn within the confines of the Indian Ocean. Its name can be broken up several different ways, though is generally seen truncated as Mi'raj, Mir'aj or just Miraj.", "Longnose spurdog The longnose spurdog, Squalus blainville, is a dogfish shark of the genus Squalus, found over continental shelves in all oceans, at depths of between 15 and 800 metres. They reach one metre in length.", "Shark Shield Shark Shield (originally known as \"Protective Oceanic Device\" or simply \"POD\") is a portable electronic device that emits an electromagnetic field and is used by scuba divers, spearfishing, ocean kayak fishing and surfers to repel sharks. The electrical wave-form used in the Shark Shield is based on a technology originally invented by the KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board of South Africa in the 1990s.", "Gulf saratoga The Gulf saratoga or Northern saratoga, Scleropages jardinii, is a freshwater bony fish native to Australia and New Guinea, one of two species of fishes sometimes known as Australian arowanas, the other being the saratoga (S. leichardti). It has numerous other common names, including northern saratoga, Australian bonytongue, toga and barramundi (not to be confused with the barramundi perch, Lates calcarifer). It is a member of the subfamily Osteoglossinae, a (basal) teleost group.", "Requiem shark Requiem sharks are sharks of the family Carcharhinidae in the order Carcharhiniformes, containing migratory, live-bearing sharks of warm seas (sometimes of brackish or fresh water) such as the spinner shark, the blacknose shark, the blacktip shark, the blacktail reef shark, and the blacktip reef shark.The name may be related to the French word for shark, requin, which is itself of disputed etymology.", "Carcharhiniformes The ground sharks, order Carcharhiniformes, are the largest order of sharks.", "Bigeye thresher The bigeye thresher (Alopias superciliosus) is a species of thresher shark, family Alopiidae, found in temperate and tropical oceans worldwide. Like other thresher sharks, nearly half its total length consists of the elongated upper lobe of the tail fin. Its common name comes from its enormous eyes, which are placed in keyhole-shaped sockets that allow them to be rotated upward.", "Common thresher The Common thresher (Alopias vulpinus), also known by many names such as Atlantic thresher, Big-eye thresher, Fox shark, Green thresher, Swingletail, Slasher, Swiveltail, Thintail thresher, Whip-tailed shark and Zorro thresher shark, is the largest species of thresher shark, family Alopiidae, reaching some 6 m (20 ft) in length. About half of its length consists of the elongated upper lobe of its caudal fin.", "Prickly shark The prickly shark (Echinorhinus cookei) is one of the two species of sharks in the family Echinorhinidae (the other one is the bramble shark), found in the Pacific Ocean over continental and insular shelves and slopes, and in submarine canyons. Bottom-dwelling in nature, it generally inhabits cool waters 100–650 m (330–2,130 ft) deep, but it also frequently enters shallower water in areas such as Monterey Bay off California.", "Gulper shark The gulper shark (Centrophorus granulosus) is a long and slender dogfish usually about three feet in length generally found in deep, murky waters all around the world. It is a light grayish brown, paler ventrally, with a long snout and large greenish eyes. This deep water shark has two dorsal fins with long, grooved spines and the second dorsal fin smaller than the first. Its upper teeth are blade-like and lower have finely serrated edges.", "Bathyclupea The deepsea scaly-fins are perciform fishes belonging to a small family (Bathyclupeidae).They are marine fishes found in tropical waters of the Gulf of Mexico, Indian Ocean, and western Pacific Ocean. They grow up to about 20 cm long.", "Cerberus rynchops The New Guinea bockadam or dog-faced water snake, Cerberus rynchops, is a species of a colubrid snake found in coastal waters of Asia and Australia.C. rynchops is commonly found in mangroves, mudflats, streams, ponds, tidal pools, on algae patches, and has even been found burrowing into the mud. C. rynchops is rear-fanged and is mildly venomous.", "Abalistes stellatus Abalistes stellatus is a member of the triggerfish family that occurs along the coasts of the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, and along the western edge of the Pacific Ocean.", "Thresher shark Thresher sharks are large lamniform sharks of the family Alopiidae found in all temperate and tropical oceans of the world; the family contains four species, all within the genus Alopias.", "Zebra shark This species is sometimes called the leopard shark, a name otherwise used for Triakis semifasciata.The zebra shark (Stegostoma fasciatum) is a species of carpet shark and the sole member of the family Stegostomatidae. It is found throughout the tropical Indo-Pacific, frequenting coral reefs and sandy flats to a depth of 62 m (203 ft).", "Etmopteridae Etmopteridae is a family of sharks in the order Squaliformes, commonly known as lantern sharks. Their name comes from the presence of light-producing photophores on their bodies. The members of this family are small, under 90 cm (35 in) long, and are found in deep waters worldwide. There are 45 species in five genera. Three-quarters of the species are in the genus Etmopterus.", "Longsnout dogfish The Longsnout dogfish Deania quadrispinosa is a little-known deepwater dogfish, found in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans from Namibia to Mozambique and in the south Pacific off southern Australia.Longsnout dogfish have an extremely long angular snout, no anal fin, dorsal fins of similar size with the first placed high on the back and the second having a longer rear free tip, and pitchfork shaped dermal denticles.", "Gummy shark The gummy shark (Mustelus antarcticus) also known as the Australian Smooth Hound, Flake and Smooth Dog-shark, is a shark in the family Triakidae. It is a slender, grey shark with white spots along the body and flat, plate-like teeth for crushing its prey. It has a maximum length of between 157 cm (male) and 175 cm (female). It feeds on crustaceans, marine worms, small fish, and cephalopods.", "Barracuda The barracuda is a ray-finned fish known for its large size and fearsome appearance. Its body is long, fairly compressed, and covered with small, smooth scales. Some species can reach up to 2.1 m (6.9 ft) in length and 30 cm (12 in) in width. The barracuda is a saltwater fish of the genus Sphyraena, the only genus in the family Sphyraenidae, and is found in tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide ranging from the Eastern border of the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea and Caribbean Sea.", "Spiny dogfish The spiny dogfish, spurdog, mud shark, or piked dogfish, Squalus acanthias, is one of the best known species of the Squalidae (dogfish) family of sharks, which is part of the Squaliformes order. While these common names may apply to several species, Squalus acanthias is distinguished by having two spines (one anterior to each dorsal fin) and lacks an anal fin. It is found mostly in shallow waters and further offshore in most parts of the world, especially in temperate waters.", "Chessie (sea monster) Chessie is a legendary sea monster said to live in the midst of the Chesapeake Bay. Over the years there have been many alleged sightings of a serpent-like creature with flippers as part of its body. Most sighting reports describe it as a long, snake-like creature, from 25 feet (7.6 m) to 40 feet (12 m) long. It is said to swim using its body as a sine curve moving through the water. There were a rash of sightings in 1977 and more in the mid-1980s.", "Chain catshark The chain catshark or chain dogfish (Scyliorhinus retifer) is a small, reticulated shark that has a characteristic biofluorescent activity. The species is common from George’s Bank in Massachusetts, to Nicaragua. The species is considered harmless and is rarely encountered by humans. It has very similar reproductive traits to Scyliorhinus canicula.", "Freshwater shark True freshwater sharks are sharks able to live in freshwater lakes and rivers, including: the bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas, which swims up tropical rivers around the world the river sharks, Glyphis, found in fresh and brackish water in Asia and AustraliaA number of freshwater cyprinids (which are bony fish and thus quite unrelated to sharks) are also commonly called \"freshwater sharks\", \"sharkminnows\" or simply \"sharks\", particularly in the aquarium fish trade: Balantiocheilos melanopterus – Bala Shark, Tricolor Shark, Silver Shark Epalzeorhynchos – typical freshwater \"sharks\" Labeo – labeos Puntius denisonii – Roseline Shark the Mully Catfish", "Angel shark Angel sharks are sharks in the genus Squatina, which are unusual in having flattened bodies and broad pectoral fins that give them a strong resemblance to rays. Twenty-three species are known to exist in the genus, which is the only one in its family, Squatinidae, and order Squatiniformes. They occur worldwide in temperate and tropical seas. Most species inhabit shallow temperate or tropical seas, but one species inhabits deeper water, down to 1,300 m (4,300 ft).", "Cookiecutter shark For other species of cookiecutter sharks, see Isistius.Cookiecutter shark (Isistius brasiliensis), also called the cigar shark, is a species of small dogfish shark in the family Dalatiidae. This shark occurs in warm, oceanic waters worldwide, particularly near islands, and has been recorded as deep as 3.7 km (2.3 mi). It migrates vertically up to 3 km (1.9 mi) every day, approaching the surface at dusk and descending with the dawn.", "Centrophorus Centrophorus is a genus of squaliform sharks. These deep-water sharks, found in temperate and tropical oceans throughout the world, are characterized by grey or brown bodies, large green eyes, and spines on both dorsal fins. These spines give them their name, from Greek κεντρον, kentron meaning \"thorn\" and φέρειν, pherein meaning \"to bear\".The genus is present in the fossil record from the Paleocene (C. squamosus) onwards.", "School shark Galeorhinus galeus is a houndshark of the family Triakidae, and the only member of the genus Galeorhinus. Common names include school shark, tope shark, soupfin shark, and snapper shark. It is found worldwide in temperate seas at depths down to about 800 metres (2,600 ft). It can grow to a length nearly 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) long. It feeds both in mid-water and near the seabed, and its reproduction is ovoviviparous.", "PNS Hangor (S131) PNS Hangor (nickname \"The Shark\") was a Daphné-class submarine that served in the Pakistan Navy from 1970 to 2006. She was built by France and was a diesel-electric submarine. She earned renown when, in the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War, she sank the Indian Navy's anti-submarine frigate INS Khukri with two homing torpedoes.", "Cretoxyrhina Cretoxyrhina mantelli was a large shark that lived about 100 to 82 million years ago, during the mid-Cretaceous period. It is nicknamed the Ginsu shark in reference to the Ginsu knife, since it fed by slicing into its victims with its knife-sharp teeth. It had no common name in the early literature, although over 30 synonyms were assigned to it. Its genus name is creto- (for \"Cretaceous\") prefixed to Oxyrhina (\"sharp-nosed\"), its original name.", "Goblin shark The goblin shark (Mitsukurina owstoni) is a rare species of deep-sea shark. Sometimes called a \"living fossil\", it is the only extant representative of the family Mitsukurinidae, a lineage some 125 million years old. This pink-skinned animal has a distinctive profile with an elongated, flattened snout, and highly protrusible jaws containing prominent nail-like teeth. It is usually between 3 and 4 m (10 and 13 ft) long when mature, though it can grow considerably larger.", "Hybodus Hybodus \"\\humped tooth\") is an extinct genus of widespread and long lived sharks, first appearing towards the end of the Permian period, and disappearing during the Late Cretaceous. During the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods the hybodonts were especially successful and could be found in shallow seas across the world. For reasons that are not fully understood, the hybodonts became extinct near the end of the Late Cretaceous period.", "Grey reef shark The grey reef shark (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos, sometimes misspelled amblyrhynchus or amblyrhinchos) is a species of requiem shark, in the family Carcharhinidae. One of the most common reef sharks in the Indo-Pacific, it is found as far east as Easter Island and as far west as South Africa. This species is most often seen in shallow water near the drop-offs of coral reefs. The grey reef shark has the typical \"reef shark\" shape, with a broad, round snout and large eyes.", "Dharavandhoo Dharavandhoo (Dhivehi: ދަރަވަންދޫ) is one of the inhabited islands of Baa Atoll.This island is surrounded by clear waters known as 'Dharavandhoo Thila' & Hanifaru Bay; which are famous amongst divers around the world, for it is a sanctuary for a variety of marine life, including manta rays and whale sharks. This globally renowned eco-life zone is now strictly protected by law.", "Great hammerhead The great hammerhead (Sphyrna mokarran) is the largest species of hammerhead shark, belonging to the family Sphyrnidae, attaining a maximum length of 6.1 m (20 ft). It is found in tropical and warm temperate waters worldwide, inhabiting coastal areas and the continental shelf.", "Sloane's viperfish Sloane's viperfish, Chauliodus sloani, is a dragonfish of the genus Chauliodus, found in all tropical and subtropical oceans, at depths down to 2,500 m. Their length is between 20 and 35 cm.As a species, Sloane's viperfish holds the world record for largest teeth relative to head size in a fish. It has teeth so large that it must open its mouth to make the jaws vertical before it can swallow prey. When the mouth is closed, the teeth overlap the jaws.", "Pangasianodon Pangasianodon is a genus of large to very large shark catfishes native to the Mekong and Chao Phraya Rivers in Southeast Asia and adjacent China.", "Iridescent shark The iridescent shark (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) is a species of shark catfish (family Pangasiidae) native to the rivers of Southeast Asia. It is not a shark. It is found in the Mekong basin as well as the Chao Phraya River, and is heavily cultivated for food there. The meat is often marketed under the common name swai. It has also been introduced into other river basins as a food source, and its striking appearance and iridescence have made it popular with fishkeeping hobbyists.", "Kitefin shark The kitefin shark or seal shark (Dalatias licha) is a species of dogfish shark in the family Dalatiidae, and the only species in its genus. It is found sporadically around the world, usually close to the sea floor at depths of 200–600 m (660–1,970 ft). With a sizable oil-filled liver to maintain neutral buoyancy, this shark is able to cruise slowly through the water while expending little energy. The kitefin shark has a slender body with a very short, blunt snout, large eyes, and thick lips.", "Port Jackson shark The Port Jackson shark (Heterodontus portusjacksoni) is a nocturnal, oviparous (egg laying) type of bullhead shark of the family Heterodontidae, found in the coastal region of southern Australia, including the waters off Port Jackson.", "Neptune Islands The Neptune Islands consist of two groups of islands located close to the entrance to Spencer Gulf in South Australia. They are well known as a venue for great white shark tourism.", "Bahamas sawshark The Bahamas sawshark, Pristiophorus schroederi, is a sawshark of the family Pristiophoridae, found in the western Central Atlantic Ocean from the Bahamas and Cuba at depths of between 400 and 1,000 m. These sharks are at least 80 cm long.The Bahamas sawshark is found on continental and insular slopes. Its reproduction is ovoviviparous.P. schroederi is the first member of the Sawsharks (family Pristiophoridae) described from the western hemisphere.", "Tiger shark The tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) is a species of requiem shark and the only extant member of the genus Galeocerdo. Commonly known as the \"Sea Tiger\", the tiger shark is a relatively large macropredator, capable of attaining a length over 5 m (16 ft). It is found in many tropical and temperate waters, and it is especially common around central Pacific islands.", "Sphyrna Sphyrna (from the Greek word σφυρί \"hammer\") is a genus of hammerhead sharks with a cosmopolitan distribution in the world's oceans. Members of Sphyrna have a tendency to inhabit coastal waters along the intertidal zone rather than the open ocean, as their prey items such as invertebrates, fish, rays, small crustaceans and other benthic organisms hide in the sands and sediment along these zones.", "Oceanic whitetip shark The Oceanic whitetip shark (Carcharhinus longimanus), also known as Brown Milbert's sand bar shark, Brown shark, Nigano shark, Oceanic white-tipped whaler, and Silvertip shark, is a large pelagic requiem shark inhabiting tropical and warm temperate seas. Its stocky body is most notable for its long, white-tipped, rounded fins.This aggressive but slow-moving fish dominates feeding frenzies, and is a danger to shipwreck or air crash survivors.", "Sand shark Sand sharks, also known as sand tiger sharks, grey nurse sharks or ragged tooth sharks, are mackerel sharks of the family Odontaspididae. They are found worldwide in temperate and tropical waters. The three species are in two genera.", "Blue shark The blue shark (Prionace glauca) is a species of requiem shark, in the family Carcharhinidae, that inhabits deep waters in the world's temperate and tropical oceans. Preferring cooler waters, blue sharks migrate long distances, such as from New England to South America.Although generally lethargic, they can move very quickly. Blue sharks are viviparous and are noted for large litters of 25 to over 100 pups. They feed primarily on small fish and squid, although they can take larger prey.", "Gulf hagfish The gulf hagfish (Eptatretus springeri) is the only known species with the ability to enter brine pools, or pools of extremely high salt content, unharmed. These pools resemble lakes on the ocean floor. They exist in both the Gulf of Mexico and the Mediterranean Sea. The high salt content, approximately 200 ppt compared to 35 ppt for standard seawater, creates a buoyant surface which renders oceanic submersibles unable to descend into the pool.", "Carpet shark Carpet sharks are sharks classified in the order Orectolobiformes. Sometimes the common name \"carpet shark\" (named so because many species resemble ornately patterned carpets) is used interchangeably with \"wobbegong,\" which is the common name of sharks in the family Orectolobidae. Carpet sharks have five gill slits, two spineless dorsal fins, and a small mouth that does not extend past the eyes. Many species have barbels.", "Shark catfish The shark catfishes form the family Pangasiidae. They are found in fresh and brackish waters across southern Asia, from Pakistan to Borneo. Among the 30-odd members of this family is the plant-eating, endangered Mekong giant catfish Pangasianodon gigas, one of the largest known freshwater fish. Several species are the basis of productive aquaculture industries in Vietnam's Mekong Delta.", "River shark The river sharks are five rare species of shark in the genus Glyphis, although, due to their secretive habits, other species could easily remain undiscovered. Their precise geographic range is uncertain, but the known species are documented in parts of South and Southeast Asia and Australia. The river sharks are members of the family Carcharhinidae, and thus share the basic characteristics of the group.", "The Red Sea Sharks The Red Sea Sharks (French: Coke en stock) is the nineteenth volume of The Adventures of Tintin, the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé.", "The Headington Shark The Headington Shark (proper name Untitled 1986) is a rooftop sculpture at 2 New High Street, Headington, Oxford, England, depicting an oversized shark embedded head-first in the roof of a house.", "Hydrophis cantoris Hydrophis cantoris is a species of venomous sea snake found in the Indian Ocean and its seas, bays and gulfs.", "Shark Arm case The Shark Arm case refers to a series of incidents that began in Sydney, Australia on 25 April 1935 when a human arm was regurgitated by a captive 3.5-metre tiger shark. The tiger shark had been caught 3 kilometres from the beach suburb of Coogee in mid-April and transferred to the Coogee Aquarium Baths, where it was put on public display. Within a week the fish became ill and vomited in front of a small crowd, leaving the left forearm of a man bearing a distinctive tattoo floating in the pool.", "Megamouth shark The megamouth shark (Megachasma pelagios) is an extremely rare species of deepwater shark, and the smallest of the three planktivorous sharks, besides the whale shark and basking shark. Since its discovery in 1976, few megamouth sharks have been seen, with 60 specimens known to have been caught or sighted as of January 2015, including three recordings on film. Like the other two filter-feeders, it swims with its enormous mouth wide open, filtering water for plankton and jellyfish.", "Basking shark The basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) is the second largest living fish, after the whale shark, and one of three plankton-eating sharks besides the whale shark and megamouth shark. It is a cosmopolitan migratory species, found in all the world's temperate oceans. It is a slow-moving filter feeder and has anatomical adaptations for filter feeding, such as a greatly enlarged mouth and highly developed gill rakers.", "St. Paul's fingerfin St. Paul's fingerfin, Nemadactylus monodactylus, is a species of morwong native to the waters around Île Saint-Paul and Île Amsterdam in the Indian Ocean. It has also been reported from Tristan da Cunha, Vima Mount on the west coast of South Africa, and off Australia and New Zealand.This species reaches a size of approximately 60 cm, and is benthopelagic, feeding on both bottom-dwelling and open-water organisms.", "Ginglymostomatidae The Ginglymostomatidae are a cosmopolitan family of carpet sharks, containing two monotypic genera of nurse sharks. Common in shallow, tropical and subtropical waters, these sharks are sluggish and docile bottom-dwellers. Nurse sharks typically attack humans only if directly threatened.The name nurse shark is thought to be a corruption of nusse, a name which once referred to the catsharks of the family Scyliorhinidae.", "Sibynophis bistrigatus Sibynophis bistrigatus, commonly known as Günther's many-toothed snake, is a nonvenomous species of colubrid snake found in Myanmar (formerly called Burma) and India (Nicobar Islands), but snakes collected in Myanmar and the Nicobar Islands might actually not refer to the same species. This rare snake is known from tropical dry forests.", "Greenland shark The Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus), also known as the gurry shark or grey shark, or by the Inuit name eqalussuaq, is a large shark of the family Somniosidae \"\\sleeper sharks\") that is native to the waters of the North Atlantic Ocean around Canada, Greenland, Norway and Iceland. These sharks live farther north than any other shark species. Many of the species' adaptations are due to it being the only truly sub-Arctic species of shark.", "Sawshark The sawsharks or saw sharks are an order (Pristiophoriformes) of sharks bearing long, blade-like snouts edged with teeth, which they use to slash and disable their prey. Most occur in waters from South Africa to Australia and Japan, at depths of 40 m (130 ft) and below; in 1960, the Bahamas sawshark was discovered in the deeper waters (640 m to 915 m) of the northwestern Caribbean.", "Sand tiger shark The sand tiger shark (Carcharias taurus), grey nurse shark, spotted ragged-tooth shark, or blue-nurse sand tiger is a species of shark that inhabits subtropical and temperate waters worldwide. It inhabits the continental shelf, from sandy shorelines (hence the name sand tiger shark) and submerged reefs to a depth of around 191 m (627 ft). They dwell in the waters of Japan, Australia, South Africa, the Mediterranean and the east coasts of North and South America.", "Bull shark The bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas), also known as the Zambezi shark or, unofficially, as Zambi in Africa and Nicaragua shark in Nicaragua, is a requiem shark commonly found worldwide in warm, shallow waters along coasts and in rivers. The bull shark is known for its aggressive nature, predilection for warm shallow water, and presence in brackish and freshwater systems including estuaries and rivers.Bull sharks can thrive in both saltwater and freshwater and can travel far up rivers.", "Sahyadria denisonii Sahyadria denisonii (Denison barb, red-line torpedo barb, or roseline shark) is a species of cyprinid fish endemic to the fast-flowing hill streams and rivers of the Western Ghats in India. It is commonly seen in the aquarium trade.", "Ganges shark The Ganges shark (Glyphis gangeticus) is a critically endangered species of requiem shark found in the Ganges River and the Brahmaputra River of India. It is often confused with the more common bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas), which also inhabits the Ganges River and is sometimes incorrectly referred to as the Ganges shark. Unlike bull sharks, which need to migrate to salt water to reproduce, species in the genus Glyphis are true river sharks." ]	8
baseball player most homeruns national league	[ "Dolph Camilli\nAdolph Louis Camilli (April 23, 1907 – October 21, 1997) was an American first baseman in Major League Baseball who spent most of his career with the Philadelphia Phillies and Brooklyn Dodgers. He was named the National League's Most Valuable Player in 1941 after leading the league in home runs and runs batted in as the Dodgers won the pennant for the first time since 1920.", "Jimmy Rollins\nJames Calvin \"Jimmy\" Rollins (born November 27, 1978), nicknamed \"J-Roll\", is an American professional baseball shortstop for the Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball (MLB).", "Barry Bonds\nBarry Lamar Bonds (born July 24, 1964) is an American former professional baseball left fielder who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the Pittsburgh Pirates and San Francisco Giants. Bonds received seven NL MVP awards and 14 All-Star selections, and is considered to be one of the greatest baseball players of all time.Bonds was regarded as an exceptional hitter, and finished his regular season career with a very high on-base percentage (.444) and isolated power (.309).", "B. J. Surhoff\nWilliam James \"B. J.\" Surhoff (born August 4, 1964 in the Bronx, New York City) is a former catcher, outfielder, first baseman, third baseman, and designated hitter in Major League Baseball. Over his 18-year major league career, he played every position except pitcher. After playing for the Orioles from 1996 to 2000, he rejoined the team in 2003 and played through the 2005 season. He started his career with the Milwaukee Brewers (1987–1995) and also played for the Atlanta Braves (2000–2002).", "Alex Rodriguez\nAlexander Emmanuel \"Alex\" Rodriguez (born July 27, 1975), nicknamed \"A-Rod\", is an American professional baseball infielder for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB). He previously played for the Seattle Mariners and the Texas Rangers. Rodriguez was one of the sport's most highly touted prospects and is considered one of the greatest baseball players of all time.", "List of Major League Baseball record breakers by season\nThe following is a list of records for a game, season, or career that were broken in each Major League Baseball season by players, teams, or others. This does not include dates when additional stats were recorded by the same player above one's own record set (unless broken by someone else in between) or records by a team that do not lead the majors. Some of the records were subsequently broken by others:", "Ernie Banks\nErnest \"Ernie\" Banks (January 31, 1931 – January 23, 2015) nicknamed \"Mr. Cub\" and \"Mr. Sunshine\", was an American professional baseball player who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a shortstop and first baseman for the Chicago Cubs between 1953 and 1971. He was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1977, and was named to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team in 1999.Banks is regarded by some as one of the greatest players of all time.", "Joe Medwick\nJoseph Michael Medwick (November 24, 1911 – March 21, 1975), nicknamed \"Ducky\", was an American Major League Baseball player. A left fielder for the St. Louis Cardinals during the \"Gashouse Gang\" era of the 1930s, he also played for the Brooklyn Dodgers (1940–1943, 1946), New York Giants (1943–1945), and Boston Braves (1945).", "Juan Uribe\nJuan Cespedes Uribe Tena (born March 22, 1979) is a Dominican professional baseball infielder for the New York Mets of Major League Baseball (MLB). He stands 6 feet (1.8 m) tall and weighs 235 pounds (107 kg). He previously played in MLB for the Colorado Rockies, the Chicago White Sox, the San Francisco Giants, the Los Angeles Dodgers, and the Atlanta Braves. He bats and throws right-handed.Uribe began his professional career in 1997 when he was signed by the Colorado Rockies.", "Orlando Cepeda\nOrlando Manuel \"Peruchin\" Cepeda Pennes (Spanish pronunciation: [orˈlando seˈpeða]; born September 17, 1937) is a Puerto Rican former Major League Baseball first baseman and a member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York. The 1958 National League Rookie of the Year, Cepeda was voted the National League Most Valuable Player in 1967, the year his team, the St. Louis Cardinals, won the World Series.", "Dai-Kang Yang\nDai-Kang Yang (Chinese: 陽岱鋼; pinyin: Yáng Dàigāng;born January 17, 1987; previously known as Yang Chung-shou or Chung-Shou Yang 陽仲壽) is a Taiwanese professional baseball player.Yang played for the Chinese Taipei national baseball team in the 2006 World Baseball Classic. He went 0 for 3 with two strikeouts as the backup SS to Chin-Lung Hu.", "Roger Clemens\nWilliam Roger Clemens (born August 4, 1962), nicknamed \"Rocket\", is a retired American baseball pitcher who played 24 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for four teams. Clemens was one of the most dominant pitchers in major league history, tallying 354 wins, a 3.12 earned run average (ERA), and 4,672 strikeouts, the third-most all time. An 11-time All-Star and two-time World Series champion, he won seven Cy Young Awards during his career, the most of any pitcher in history.", "Dick Allen\nRichard Anthony Allen (born March 8, 1942) is a former American Major League Baseball (MLB) player and Rhythm and Blues (R&B) singer. He played 15 seasons in the major leagues as a first baseman, third baseman, and outfielder most notably for the Philadelphia Phillies and Chicago White Sox, and is ranked among his sport's top offensive producers of the 1960s and early 1970s.Allen was an All-Star for seven seasons.", "Frank Robinson\nFrank Robinson (born August 31, 1935) is an American former Major League Baseball outfielder and manager. He played for five teams from 1956 to 1976, and became the only player to win league MVP honors in both the National and American Leagues. He won the Triple crown, was a member of two teams that won the World Series (the 1966 and 1970 Baltimore Orioles), and amassed the fourth-most career home runs at the time of his retirement (he is currently ninth).", "Bob Gibson\nRobert \"Bob\" Gibson (born November 9, 1935) is a retired American baseball pitcher who played 17 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the St. Louis Cardinals (1959–75). Nicknamed \"Gibby\" and \"Hoot\", Gibson tallied 251 wins, 3,117 strikeouts, and a 2.91 earned run average (ERA) during his career. A nine-time All-Star and two-time World Series champion, he won two Cy Young Awards and the 1968 National League (NL) Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award.", "List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders\nIn baseball, a home run is scored when the ball is hit in such a way that the batter is able to circle all the bases ending at home plate, scoring himself and each runner who was already on base, with no errors by the defensive team on the play. The feat is typically achieved by hitting the ball over the outfield fence in fair territory without it first touching the ground, which results in an automatic home run.", "Mike Schmidt\nMichael Jack Schmidt (born September 27, 1949) is an American baseball third baseman who played 18 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies. Schmidt was a twelve-time All-Star and a three-time winner of the National League (NL) Most Valuable Player award (MVP), and he was known for his combination of power hitting and strong defense: as a hitter, he compiled 548 home runs and 1,595 runs batted in (RBIs), and led the NL in home runs eight times and in RBIs four times.", "Andrew McCutchen\nAndrew Stefan McCutchen (born October 10, 1986), nicknamed \"Cutch\" is an American professional baseball center fielder for the Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball (MLB).McCutchen was drafted by the Pirates in the first round (11th overall) of the 2005 MLB Draft. He made his MLB debut in 2009. He has been selected for the All-Star Game the past five seasons (2011-15), and was the NL Most Valuable Player in 2013.", "Willie Stargell\nWilver Dornell \"Willie\" Stargell (March 6, 1940 – April 9, 2001), nicknamed \"Pops\" in the later years of his career, was an American professional baseball player. He played his entire Major League Baseball (MLB) career (1962–1982) as the left fielder and first baseman for the Pittsburgh Pirates of the National League (NL).", "Steve Garvey\nSteven Patrick Garvey (born December 22, 1948), nicknamed \"Mr. Clean\" because of the squeaky clean image he held throughout his career in baseball, is an American former Major League Baseball first baseman and current Southern California businessman. Garvey was the 1974 NL MVP, ten-time All-Star, and holds the National League record for consecutive games played (1,207).", "George Foster (baseball)\nGeorge Arthur Foster (born December 1, 1948) is an American former professional baseball outfielder, who played in Major League Baseball from 1969 to 1986. One of the most feared right-handed sluggers of his era, he was a key piece of the Cincinnati Reds' \"Big Red Machine\" that won consecutive World Series in 1975 and 1976.Foster led the National League in home runs in 1977 and 1978, and in RBIs in 1976, 1977, and 1978." ]	[ "Tony Gwynn Anthony Keith \"Tony\" Gwynn, Sr. (May 9, 1960 – June 16, 2014), nicknamed \"Mr. Padre\", was an American professional baseball right fielder who played 20 seasons (1982–2001) in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres. The left-handed hitting Gwynn won eight batting titles in his career, tied for the most in National League (NL) history. He is considered one of the best and most consistent hitters in baseball history.", "Shawn Green Shawn David Green (born November 10, 1972) is a former Major League Baseball right-fielder. Green was a 1st round draft pick and a two-time major league All-Star. He drove in 100 runs four times and scored 100 runs four times, hit 40 or more home runs three times, led the league in doubles, extra base hits, and total bases, won both a Gold Glove Award and a Silver Slugger Award, and set the Dodgers single-season record in home runs.", "Joe Morgan Joe Leonard Morgan (born September 19, 1943) is a former Major League Baseball second baseman who played for the Houston Astros, Cincinnati Reds, San Francisco Giants, Philadelphia Phillies, and Oakland Athletics from 1963 to 1984. He won two World Series championships with the Reds in 1975 and 1976 and was also named the National League Most Valuable Player in those years. Considered one of the greatest second basemen of all-time, Morgan was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1990.", "Brady Anderson Brady Kevin Anderson (born January 18, 1964) currently serves as Vice President of Baseball Operations for the Baltimore Orioles. He is a former outfielder with the Baltimore Orioles, Boston Red Sox and Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball. In 1996, as a member of the Orioles, Anderson hit 50 home runs, setting a record for the team, although that number has since been surpassed by Chris Davis in 2013.", "Stan Musial Stanley Frank Musial (/ˈmjuːziəl/ or /ˈmjuːʒəl/; born Stanisław Franciszek Musiał; November 21, 1920 – January 19, 2013), nicknamed \"Stan the Man\", was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) outfielder and first baseman. He spent 22 seasons playing for the St. Louis Cardinals, from 1941 to 1945 and in 1946–63. Musial is widely considered to be one of the greatest and most consistent hitters in baseball history, Musial was a first-ballot inductee into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1969.", "Major League Baseball Triple Crown In Major League Baseball, a player earns the Triple Crown when he leads a league in three specific statistical categories. When used without a modifier, the Triple Crown generally refers to a batter who leads either the National or American leagues in batting average, home runs, and runs batted in (RBI) over a full regular season. The Triple Crown epitomizes three separate attributes of a good hitter: hitting for average, hitting for power, and producing runs.", "Geoff Jenkins Geoff Jenkins (born July 21, 1974) is a former outfielder in Major League Baseball. He previously played for the Milwaukee Brewers from 1998 until 2007 and the Philadelphia Phillies in 2008. Jenkins is fourth on the Brewers all-time career home run list trailing only Hall-of-Famer Robin Yount, former MVP Ryan Braun, and former first baseman Prince Fielder. He is currently on the coaching staff of the Peoria Explorers in the Freedom Pro Baseball League.", "Richie Sexson Richmond Lockwood \"Richie\" Sexson (born December 29, 1974 in Portland, Oregon) is a former Major League Baseball first baseman who played for five teams from 1997 to 2008. At 6'8\", Sexson is the tallest position player in MLB history.", "Billy Hamilton (baseball, born 1866) William Robert \"Sliding Billy\" Hamilton (February 16, 1866 – December 16, 1940) was a 19th-century Major League Baseball (MLB) player who holds a number of baseball records. He played for the Kansas City Cowboys, Philadelphia Phillies and Boston Beaneaters between 1888 and 1901. He was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in 1961. As of 2014, he is third on the all-time list of career stolen bases leaders.", "George Case George Washington Case (November 11, 1915 – January 23, 1989) was an American left and right fielder in Major League Baseball who played most of his career for the Washington Senators. Possibly the sport's fastest player between the 1920s and 1950s, he is the only player to lead the major leagues in stolen bases five consecutive times (from 1939 to 1943), and his six overall league titles tied Ty Cobb's American League record; that mark was later broken by Luis Aparicio.", "Barry Larkin Barry Louis Larkin (born April 28, 1964) is a retired Major League Baseball (MLB) player. Larkin played shortstop for the Cincinnati Reds from 1986 to 2004 and was one of the pivotal players on the 1990 Reds' World Series championship team. Larkin was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in January 2012 and was inducted on July 22, 2012.Born and raised in Cincinnati, Larkin attended the University of Michigan, where he played college baseball.", "Pete Rose, Jr. Peter Edward \"PJ\" Rose, Jr. (born November 16, 1969 in Cincinnati, Ohio) is a minor league coach in the Chicago White Sox system and former professional baseball player. The son of Major League Baseball's all-time hits leader Pete Rose, Pete Jr. played in the minor leagues most of his career except for a brief stint in 1997 for the Cincinnati Reds. He was released September 14, 2009, by the York Revolution of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball.", "Big Red Machine The Big Red Machine is the nickname given to the Cincinnati Reds baseball team which dominated the National League from 1970 to 1976. The team is widely recognized as being among the best teams in baseball history. Over that span, the team won five National League West Division titles, four National League pennants, and two World Series titles. The team's combined record from 1970-1976 was 683 wins and 443 losses, an average of nearly 98 wins per season.", "Carl Crawford Carl Demonte Crawford (born August 5, 1981), nicknamed \"The Perfect Storm\", is an American professional baseball left fielder with the Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball (MLB). He bats and throws left-handed.Crawford was drafted by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in the second round (52nd overall) of the 1999 Major League Baseball Draft. He made his major league debut in 2002. Crawford has more triples (121) than any other active baseball player.", "Troy O'Leary Troy Franklin O'Leary (born August 4, 1969) is an American former professional baseball outfielder who played with the Milwaukee Brewers (1993-1994), Boston Red Sox (1995-2001), Montreal Expos (2002) and Chicago Cubs (2003). He batted and threw left-handed.In an 11-season career, O'Leary posted a .274 batting average with 127 home runs and 591 runs batted in in 1198 games.", "Wilfredo Rodríguez Wilfredo José Rodríguez (born March 20, 1979 in Bolívar State, Venezuela) is a former Major League Baseball relief pitcher. He appeared in two games for the Houston Astros in the 2001 season. He bats and throws left-handed.With Houston, Rodríguez posted a 0–0 record with three strikeouts and a 15.00 ERA in three innings. He is most widely known for yielding Barry Bonds' record-tying 70th home run on October 4, 2001.", "George Kelly (baseball) George Lange Kelly (September 10, 1895 – October 13, 1984), nicknamed \"Long George\" and \"High Pockets\", was a Major League Baseball (MLB) first baseman. He played most of his MLB career for the New York Giants (1915–1917, 1919–1926), but also played for the Pittsburgh Pirates (1917), Cincinnati Reds (1927–1930), Chicago Cubs (1930), and Brooklyn Dodgers (1932).Kelly is a two-time World Series champion (1921 and 1922).", "61* 61* is a 2001 American sports drama film written by Hank Steinberg and directed by Billy Crystal. It stars Barry Pepper as Roger Maris and Thomas Jane as Mickey Mantle on their quest to break Babe Ruth's 1927 single-season home run record of 60 during the 1961 season of the New York Yankees. The film first aired on HBO on April 28, 2001.", "Hank Greenberg Henry Benjamin \"Hank\" Greenberg (January 1, 1911 – September 4, 1986), nicknamed \"Hammerin' Hank,\" \"Hankus Pankus\" or \"The Hebrew Hammer,\" was a former American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) primarily for the Detroit Tigers as a first baseman in the 1930s and 1940s. A member of the Baseball Hall of Fame, he was one of the premier power hitters of his generation and is widely considered as one of the greatest sluggers in baseball history.", "Cy Young Denton True \"Cy\" Young (March 29, 1867 – November 4, 1955) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher. During his 21-year baseball career (1890–1911), he pitched for five different teams. Young established numerous pitching records, some of which have stood for a century. Young compiled 511 wins, which is most in Major League history and 94 ahead of Walter Johnson who is second on the list.", "Frank Howard (baseball) Frank Oliver Howard (born August 8, 1936), nicknamed \"Hondo\", \"The Washington Monument\" and \"The Capital Punisher\", is a former All-Star outfielder, coach and manager in Major League Baseball who played most of his career for the Los Angeles Dodgers and Washington Senators/Texas Rangers franchises.One of the most physically intimidating players in the sport, the 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m))/275 lb.", "Ed Delahanty Edward James Delahanty (October 30, 1867 – July 2, 1903), nicknamed \"Big Ed\", was a Major League Baseball player from 1888 to 1903 for the Philadelphia Phillies, Cleveland Infants and Washington Senators. He was known as one of the game's early power hitters. Delahanty won a batting title, batted over .400 three times, and has the fifth-highest batting average in MLB history. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1945.", "National League East The National League East is one of Major League Baseball's six divisions. The Atlanta Braves have the most National League East titles (12).", "Abner Dalrymple Abner Frank Dalrymple (September 9, 1857 – January 25, 1939) was an American left fielder in Major League Baseball who hit 43 home runs (including 22 in 1884, the second-highest total to that date) and batted .288 during his 12-season career spent primarily with the Chicago White Stockings.", "Dave Parker David Gene Parker (born June 9, 1951), nicknamed \"The Cobra\", is an American former player in Major League Baseball. He was the 1978 National League MVP and a two-time batting champion. Parker was the first professional athlete to earn an average of one million dollars per year, having signed a 5-year, $5 million contract in January 1979. Parker's career achievements include 2712 hits, 339 home runs, 1493 runs batted in and a lifetime batting average of .290.", "List of highest paid Major League Baseball players The highest paid player in Major League Baseball (MLB) from the 2013 season is New York Yankees' third baseman Alex Rodriguez with an annual salary of $29,000,000, $4 million higher than the second-highest paid player, Cliff Lee. MLB does not have a hard salary cap, instead employing a luxury tax which applies to teams whose total payroll exceeds certain set thresholds for a given season.", "Ethan Allen (baseball) Ethan Nathan Allen (January 1, 1904 – September 15, 1993) was an American center fielder in Major League Baseball from 1926 to 1938. He played for the Cincinnati Reds (1926–30), New York Giants (1930–32), St. Louis Cardinals (1932–33), Philadelphia Phillies (1934–36), Chicago Cubs (1936), and St.", "Babe Herman Floyd Caves \"Babe\" Herman (June 26, 1903 – November 27, 1987) was an American right fielder in Major League Baseball who was best known for his several seasons with the Brooklyn Robins (later the Brooklyn Dodgers, now the Los Angeles Dodgers).Herman was one of the most noted power hitters of the late 1920s and early 1930s, and hit for the cycle a record three times; his .532 career slugging average ranked fourth among hitters with at least 5000 at bats in the National League when he retired.", "Kent Hrbek Kent Alan Hrbek (/ˈhɜrbɛk/; born May 21, 1960 in Minneapolis, Minnesota), nicknamed Herbie, is a former American Major League Baseball first baseman. He played his entire 14-year baseball career for the Minnesota Twins (1981–1994). Hrbek batted left-handed and threw right-handed. He hit the first home run in the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome on April 3, 1982, in an exhibition game against the Phillies.", "Octavio Dotel Octavio Eduardo Dotel Diaz (born November 25, 1973) is a Dominican former professional baseball pitcher. Dotel played for thirteen major league teams, more than any other player in the history of Major League Baseball (MLB), setting the mark when he pitched for the Detroit Tigers on April 7, 2012, breaking a record previously held by Mike Morgan, Matt Stairs, and Ron Villone.", "Maris–McGwire–Sosa pair In recreational mathematics, Maris–McGwire–Sosa pairs or MMS pairs are two consecutive natural numbers such that adding each number's digits (in base 10) to the digits of its prime factorization gives the same sum.Thus 61 –> 6 + 1 (the sum of its digits) + 6 + 1 (since 61 is its prime factorization)and 62 –> 6 + 2 (the sum of its digits) + 3 + 1 + 2 (since 31 × 2 is its prime factorization).The above two sums are equal (= 14), so 61 and 62 form an MMS pair.MMS pairs are so named because in 1998 the baseball players Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa both hit their 62nd home runs for the season, passing the old record of 61, held by Roger Maris.", "Home run In baseball, a home run (abbreviated HR, also \"homer\", \"dinger\", \"bomb\", \"blast\", \" Big Dog\", or \"four-bagger\") is scored when the ball is hit in such a way that the batter is able to circle the bases and reach home safely in one play without any errors being committed by the defensive team in the process.", "Don Mueller Donald Frederick Mueller (April 14, 1927 – December 28, 2011) was a professional baseball player who played mainly as a right fielder in Major League Baseball for 12 seasons from 1948 until 1959. The first 10 of those years were spent with the New York Giants, for whom he batted over .300 for three consecutive seasons (1953–55) and led the National League in hits (212) in 1954. Mueller, who batted left-handed and threw right-handed, never hit more than 16 home runs in a season.", "Tim Raines Timothy Raines (born September 16, 1959), nicknamed \"Rock\", is an American professional baseball coach and former player. He played as a left fielder in Major League Baseball for six teams from 1979 to 2002 and was best known for his 13 seasons with the Montreal Expos. He is regarded as one of the best leadoff hitters and baserunners in baseball history.", "Norm Cash Norman Dalton Cash (November 10, 1934 – October 11, 1986) was an American first baseman in Major League Baseball who spent almost his entire career with the Detroit Tigers. An outstanding power hitter, his 377 career home runs were the fourth most by an American League left-handed hitter when he retired, behind Babe Ruth, Ted Williams and Lou Gehrig; his 373 home runs with the Tigers rank second in franchise history behind his teammate Al Kaline (399).", "Fred Beck Frederick Thomas Beck (November 17, 1886 – March 12, 1962) was a baseball player. He played in the major leagues from 1909 to 1911 with the Boston Doves, Cincinnati Reds, and Philadelphia Phillies. He then went down the minor leagues. In 1914 & 1915, he played for the Chicago Whales of the Federal League.In 1910, he tied for the major league lead in home runs with 10.", "Cal Ripken, Jr. \"Cal Ripken\" redirects here. For his father, see Cal Ripken, Sr.Calvin Edwin \"Cal\" Ripken, Jr. (born August 24, 1960), nicknamed \"The Iron Man\", is an American former baseball shortstop and third baseman who played 21 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Baltimore Orioles (1981–2001). One of his position's most offensively productive players, Ripken compiled 3,184 hits, 431 home runs, and 1,695 runs batted in during his career, and he won two Gold Glove Awards for his defense.", "George Brett George Howard Brett (born May 15, 1953), is an American retired baseball third baseman and designated hitter who played 21 years in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Kansas City Royals. Brett's 3,154 career hits are the most by any third baseman in major league history and 16th all-time. Brett is one of four players in MLB history to accumulate 3,000 hits, 300 home runs, and a career .300 batting average (the others being Hank Aaron, Willie Mays, and Stan Musial).", "Connie Ryan Cornelius Joseph Ryan (February 27, 1920 – January 3, 1996) was an American second baseman, third baseman, coach and manager in Major League Baseball.A native of New Orleans who attended Louisiana State University, Ryan appeared in 1,184 games over 12 seasons, and compiled a lifetime batting average of .248 with 58 home runs for the New York Giants, Boston Braves, Cincinnati Reds/Redlegs, Philadelphia Phillies and Chicago White Sox.", "Bobby Lowe Robert Lincoln \"Bobby\" Lowe (July 10, 1865 – December 8, 1951), nicknamed \"Link\", was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) player, coach and scout. He played for the Boston Beaneaters (1890–1901), Chicago Cubs (1902–1903), Pittsburgh Pirates (1904), and Detroit Tigers (1904–1907). Lowe was the first player in Major League history to hit four home runs in a game, a feat which he accomplished in May 1894.", "Cap Anson Adrian Constantine Anson (April 17, 1852 – April 14, 1922), nicknamed \"Cap\" (for \"Captain\") and \"Pop\", was a Major League Baseball (MLB) first baseman. Including his time in the National Association (NA), he played a record 27 consecutive seasons. Anson was regarded as one of the greatest players of his era and one of the first superstars of the game.", "List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders This is a list of Major League Baseball (MLB) pitchers with 200 or more career wins. In the sport of baseball, a win is a statistic credited to the pitcher for the winning team who was in the game when his team last took the lead. A starting pitcher must complete five innings to earn a win; if this does not happen, the official scorer awards the win based on guidelines set forth in the official rules.Cy Young holds the MLB win record with 511; Walter Johnson is second with 417.", "Moisés Alou Moisés Rojas Alou (English /ˈmɔɪzɨs əˈluː/; Spanish: [moiˈses aˈlo.u]; born July 3, 1966) is a former Dominican-American outfielder in Major League Baseball who played for 17 seasons in the National League. In 1,942 career games, Alou had a batting average of .303 with 2,134 hits, 421 doubles, 332 home runs, and 1,287 runs batted in.", "Glen Gorbous Glen Edward Gorbous (July 8, 1930 - June 12, 1990) was a Canadian baseball player who holds the current world record for longest throw of a baseball, 135.89m (445 feet, 10 inches). The feat took place on August 1, 1957, while he was playing for the Omaha Cardinals of the American Association.", "List of Major League Baseball career games finished leaders In baseball statistics, a relief pitcher is credited with a game finished (denoted by GF) if he is the last pitcher to pitch for his team in a game. A starting pitcher is not credited with a GF for pitching a complete game. Mariano Rivera is the all-time leader in games finished with 952. Rivera is the only pitcher in MLB history to finish more than 900 career games. Trevor Hoffman and Lee Smith are the only other pitchers to finish more than 800 games in their careers.", "Al Downing (baseball) Alphonso Erwin \"Al\" Downing (born June 28, 1941) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher. He was an All Star in 1967 and the NL Comeback Player of the Year in 1971. Downing is also famous for surrendering Hank Aaron's record breaking 715th home run on April 8, 1974.", "Joe Bauman Joe Willis Bauman (April 16, 1922 – September 20, 2005) was an American first baseman in professional baseball who played primarily in the low minor leagues, including the American Association, the Eastern League, and the Southwestern League. He is best remembered for his time with the Roswell Rockets, for whom in 138 games in 1954, he hit 72 home runs, a record that stood throughout pro ball until it was topped in 2001.", "List of Major League Baseball progressive career home runs leaders The following is a chronology of the top ten leaders in lifetime home runs in Major League Baseball.", "Harry Heilmann Harry Edwin Heilmann (August 3, 1894 – July 9, 1951), nicknamed \"Slug,\" was a Major League Baseball player who played 17 seasons with the Detroit Tigers (1914, 1916–1929) and Cincinnati Reds (1930, 1932). He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1952.Heilmann was a line drive hitter who won four American League batting crowns, in 1921, 1923, 1925 & 1927. He and Ted Williams are the last two American League players to hit .400, Heilmann having accomplished the feat in 1923 at .403.", "Ron Hunt Ronald Kenneth Hunt (born February 23, 1941 in St. Louis, Missouri) is a former Major League Baseball player. A second baseman who also played third base sparingly, Hunt played for the New York Mets (1963–1966), Los Angeles Dodgers (1967), San Francisco Giants (1968–1970), Montreal Expos (1971–1974) and St. Louis Cardinals (1974).In 1971 Hunt set a single-season record for being hit by more pitches (50) than any player since 1900.", "List of Major League Baseball career hit batsmen leaders This is a list of the top 100 Major League Baseball pitchers who have the most hit batsmen of all time. Gus Weyhing (277) holds the dubious record of most hit batsmen in a career. Chick Fraser (219), Pink Hawley (210), and Walter Johnson (205) are the only other pitchers to hit 200 or more batters in their careers.", "Ryan Howard Ryan James Howard (born November 19, 1979) is an American professional baseball first baseman for the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball (MLB). Howard stands 6 feet 4 inches (193 cm) and weighs 240 pounds (110 kg). He bats and throws left-handed. Howard holds numerous MLB and Phillies' franchise records.Howard made his MLB debut in 2004. He won the National League (NL) Rookie of the Year Award in 2005 and the NL Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award in 2006.", "Dead-ball era In baseball, the dead-ball era was the period between around 1900 (though some date it to the beginning of baseball) and the emergence of Babe Ruth as a power hitter in 1919. That year, Ruth hit a then-league record 29 home runs, a spectacular feat at that time.This era was characterized by low-scoring games and a lack of home runs. The lowest league run average in history was in 1908, when teams averaged only 3.4 runs scored per game.", "Matt Stairs Matthew Wade Stairs (born February 27, 1968) is a Canadian former professional baseball outfielder, first baseman, designated hitter, and pinch hitter who holds the record for most pinch-hit home runs in Major League history with 23.", "List of Major League Baseball all-time leaders in home runs by pitchers In baseball, a home run (HR) is typically a fair hit that passes over an outfield fence or into the stands at a distance from home base of 250 feet or more, which entitles the batter to legally touch all bases and score without liability. Atypically, a batter who hits a fair ball and touches each base in succession from 1st to home, without an error being charged to a defensive player, is credited with an inside-the-park home run.", "Fernando Tatís Fernando Tatís, Jr. (born January 1, 1975) is a Dominican former professional baseball player. Over his 11-year Major League Baseball (MLB) career, he played for the Texas Rangers, St. Louis Cardinals, Montreal Expos, Baltimore Orioles, and the New York Mets. Tatis holds the Major League record for RBIs in an inning, a feat that he achieved by hitting two grand slam home runs in one inning during a game on April 23, 1999, becoming the only player in Major League history to do so.", "Jim Barr James Leland Barr (born February 10, 1948) is a former right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the San Francisco Giants (1971–1978, 1982–1983) and California Angels (1979–1980). He is perhaps best known for setting a record for consecutive batters retired (41, later tied by Bobby Jenks in 2007, and then broken by Mark Buehrle on July 28, 2009 and again by Yusmeiro Petit on August 28, 2014).", "Matthew LeCroy Matthew Hanks LeCroy (born December 13, 1975) is a former Major League Baseball catcher, first baseman, and designated hitter and is currently the bullpen coach for the Washington Nationals. During his time in the major leagues, LeCroy had the distinction of being the active player with the most plate appearances without a stolen base in his career.", "Tris Speaker Tristram E. Speaker (April 4, 1888 – December 8, 1958), nicknamed \"The Grey Eagle\", was an American baseball player. Considered one of the best offensive and defensive center fielders in the history of Major League Baseball (MLB), he compiled a career batting average of .345 (sixth all-time). His 792 career doubles represent an MLB career record. His 3,514 hits are fifth in all-time hits list.", "Rickey Henderson Rickey Nelson Henley Henderson (born December 25, 1958) is a retired American baseball left fielder who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for nine teams from 1979 to 2003, including four stints with his original team, the Oakland Athletics. Nicknamed \"The Man of Steal\", he is widely regarded as the sport's greatest leadoff hitter and baserunner. He holds the major league records for career stolen bases, runs, unintentional walks and leadoff home runs.", "Henry Larkin Henry E. Larkin (January 12, 1860 – January 31, 1942) played Major League Baseball for 10 seasons (1883–1893).At age 24, Larkin started his career with the Philadelphia Athletics in 1884. On June 16, 1885 he hit for the cycle. That same year in a single game he recorded four doubles, still a major league record that has been tied many times, but never broken.He played 6 years with the club, usually hitting above .300.", "Dennis Springer Dennis Leroy Springer (born February 12, 1965) is a former right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball who was known for his use of the knuckleball. He played for the Philadelphia Phillies, Anaheim Angels, Tampa Bay Devil Rays, Florida Marlins, New York Mets, and Los Angeles Dodgers.As a member of the Dodgers, Springer surrendered Barry Bonds' Major League record-setting 73rd home run on October 7, 2001.", "Buck Freeman John Frank \"Buck\" Freeman (October 30, 1871 – June 25, 1949) was an American right fielder in Major League Baseball at the turn of the 20th century. Freeman was one of the top sluggers of his era, his most famous feat being the 25 home runs he hit during the 1899 season.A native of Catasauqua, Pennsylvania, Freeman showed talent as a pitcher from a young age.", "Major League Baseball titles leaders At the end of each Major League Baseball season, the league leaders of various statistical categories are announced. Leading either the American League or the National League in a particular category is referred to as a title.The following lists describe which players hold the most titles in a career for a particular category. Listed are players with four or more titles in a category. Active players are highlighted.", "List of Major League Baseball players with a home run in their final major league at bat This is a list of the 45 Major League Baseball (MLB) players who have hit a home run in their final major league at bat (through September 21, 2010).Paul Gillespie and John Miller are the only players in MLB history to hit home runs in their first and last big league at bats.", "3,000 hit club In Major League Baseball (MLB), the 3,000 hit club is the group of batters who have collected 3,000 or more regular-season hits in their careers. Cap Anson was the first to join the club on July 18, 1897, although his precise career hit total is unclear. Two players—Nap Lajoie and Honus Wagner—reached 3,000 hits during the 1914 season.", "List of Major League Baseball career strikeout leaders In baseball, a strikeout occurs when the batter receives three strikes during his time at bat. Strikeouts are associated with dominance on the part of the pitcher and failure on the part of the batter.Nolan Ryan has the most career strikeouts in Major League Baseball. During a record 27-year career, he struck out 5,714 batters.", "Jeff Kent Jeffrey Franklin Kent (born March 7, 1968 in Bellflower, California) is a former Major League Baseball second baseman. Kent won the National League Most Valuable Player award in 2000 with the San Francisco Giants, and he is the all-time leader in home runs among second basemen. He drove in 90 or more runs from 1997 to 2005, a streak of run production for a second baseman which is a position typically known for its defense.", "Hank Aaron Award The Hank Aaron Award is given annually to the Major League Baseball (MLB) players selected as the top hitter in each league, as voted on by baseball fans and members of the media. It was introduced in 1999 to commemorate the 25th anniversary of Hank Aaron's surpassing of Babe Ruth's career home run mark of 714 home runs. The award was the first major award to be introduced by Major League Baseball in 19 years.For the 1999 season, a winner was selected using an objective points system.", "Willard Brown Willard Jessie Brown (26 June 1915 – 4 August 1996), nicknamed \"Home Run\" Brown, was an American baseball player who played outfielder in the Negro leagues and in Major League Baseball (MLB). He is a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame.", "John Reilly (baseball) John Good Reilly [Long John] (October 5, 1858 – May 31, 1937) was an American first baseman in Major League Baseball who hit 69 home runs and batted .289 during his ten-year career. In 1888, he hit 13 home runs with 103 RBI and a .321 batting average.", "Major League Baseball consecutive games played streaks Listed below are the longest consecutive games played in Major League Baseball history. To compile such a streak, a player must appear in every game played by his team. The streak is broken if the team completes a game in which the player neither takes a turn at bat nor plays a half-inning in the field. The record of playing in 2,632 consecutive games over more than 16 years is held by Cal Ripken, Jr. of the Baltimore Orioles.", "Sadaharu Oh Sadaharu Oh (Japanese: 王貞治, Ō Sadaharu; born May 20, 1940), also known as Wang Chen-chih (Chinese: 王貞治; pinyin: Wáng Zhēnzhì) , is a retired Japanese–Chinese baseball player and manager who played 22 seasons for the Yomiuri Giants in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) from 1959 to 1980. Oh holds the world lifetime home run record, having hit 868 home runs during his professional career.", "Jim O'Rourke (baseball) James Henry O'Rourke (September 1, 1850 – January 8, 1919), nicknamed \"Orator Jim\", was an American professional baseball player in the National Association and Major League Baseball who played primarily as a left fielder. For the period 1876–1892, he ranks behind only Cap Anson in career major league games played (1644), hits (2146), at-bats (6884), doubles (392) and total bases (2936), and behind only Harry Stovey in runs scored (1370). (Stovey was a younger player.", "Bill Madlock Bill \"Mad Dog\" Madlock, Jr. (born January 2, 1951) is a former Major League Baseball player. From 1973 to 1987, Madlock was a right-handed hitter who won four National League batting titles. His record of four batting titles as a third baseman would be eclipsed in 1988 by Wade Boggs. Since 1970, only Tony Gwynn has won more National League batting titles (eight).", "Jim Thome James Howard \"Jim\" Thome (/ˈtoʊmi/; born August 27, 1970) is a retired American baseball player who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), from 1991 to 2012. He played for six different teams, most notably the Cleveland Indians during the 1990s and the Philadelphia Phillies in the early 2000s. A prolific power hitter, Thome hit 612 home runs during his career—the seventh most all time—along with 2,328 hits, 1,699 runs batted in (RBIs), and a .276 batting average.", "30–30 club In Major League Baseball (MLB), the 30–30 club is the group of batters who have collected 30 home runs and 30 stolen bases in a single season. Ken Williams was the first to achieve this, doing so in 1922. He remained the sole member of the club for 34 years until Willie Mays achieved consecutive 30–30 seasons in 1956 and 1957.", "Fred McGriff Frederick Stanley McGriff (born October 31, 1963 in Tampa, Florida) is a former Major League Baseball player who played for six teams from 1986 through 2004. A power-hitting first baseman, he became a five-time All-Star and led both leagues in home runs in separate years - the American League in 1989 and the National League in 1992. McGriff finished his career with 493 home runs, tied with Hall of Fame player Lou Gehrig, and only seven homers away from joining the 500 home run club.", "Ned Williamson Edward Nagle \"Ned\" or \"Ed\" Williamson (October 24, 1857 – March 3, 1894) was an American Major League Baseball player for 13 seasons from 1878 until 1890. He played for three different teams: the Indianapolis Blues of the National League (NL) for one season, the Chicago White Stockings (NL) for 11 seasons, and the Chicago Pirates of the Players' League for one season.From 1883 and 1887, Williamson held the single-season record for both doubles and home runs.", "List of Major League Baseball progressive career hits leaders This list displays a chronology of the annual top ten leaders in career base hits in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1876 through 2014.The table assists in identifying the most significant players in each era, and helps to understand the importance of many stars of the past. Before Pete Rose broke Ty Cobb's record for career hits, for example, Tris Speaker, Stan Musial and Hank Aaron had each reached the number two spot in succession.", "Harry Stovey Harry Duffield Stovey (December 20, 1856 – September 20, 1937), born Harry Duffield Stowe, was a 19th-century Major League Baseball player and the first player in major league history to hit 100 home runs.", "Roger Maris Roger Eugene Maris (September 10, 1934 – December 14, 1985) was an American professional baseball player who played four seasons in the minor leagues and twelve seasons in the major leagues. Maris played right field on four Major League Baseball (MLB) teams, from 1957 through 1968.Maris set the MLB record for home runs during the 1961 season with 61, breaking Babe Ruth's single-season record of 60 home runs in 1927.", "Pete Rose Peter Edward \"Pete\" Rose, Sr. (born April 14, 1941), also known by his nickname \"Charlie Hustle\", is a former Major League Baseball player and manager. Rose played from 1963 to 1986, and managed from 1984 to 1989.Rose, a switch hitter, is the all-time Major League leader in hits (4,256), games played (3,562), at-bats (14,053), singles (3,215), and outs (10,328).", "Honus Wagner Johannes Peter \"Honus\" Wagner (/ˈhɒnəs ˈwæɡnər/; February 24, 1874 – December 6, 1955) was an American baseball shortstop who played 21 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1897 to 1917, almost entirely for the Pittsburgh Pirates. Wagner won eight batting titles, tied for the most in National League history with Tony Gwynn. He also led the league in slugging six times, and in stolen bases five times.", "Hank Aaron Henry Louis \"Hank\" Aaron (born February 5, 1934), nicknamed \"Hammer\", or \"Hammerin' Hank\", is a retired American Major League Baseball (MLB) right fielder. He played 21 seasons for the Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves in the National League (NL) and 2 seasons for the Milwaukee Brewers in the American League (AL), from 1954 through 1976. Aaron held the MLB record for career home runs for 33 years, and he still holds several MLB offensive records.", "Roger Connor Roger Connor (July 1, 1857 – January 4, 1931) was a 19th-century Major League Baseball (MLB) player. He played for several teams, but his longest tenure was in New York, where he was responsible for the New York Gothams becoming known as the Giants. He was the player whom Babe Ruth succeeded as the all-time home run champion.", "40–40 club In Major League Baseball (MLB), the 40–40 club is the group of batters who have collected 40 home runs and 40 stolen bases in a single season. Jose Canseco was the first to achieve this, doing so in 1988 after having predicted the feat in April of that year. The most recent player to reach the milestone is Alfonso Soriano, achieving the feat during the 2006 season.In total, only four players have reached the 40–40 club in MLB history and none have done so more than once.", "Home runs allowed In baseball statistics, home runs allowed (HRA) signifies the total number of home runs a pitcher allowed.The record for the most home runs allowed by any pitcher belongs to Jamie Moyer (522). The National League record for most home runs allowed belongs to Warren Spahn with 434 and the American League record is 422 held by Frank Tanana.", "List of Major League Baseball single-game home run leaders Writers of Sporting News described hitting four home runs in a single Major League Baseball (MLB) game as \"baseball's greatest single-game accomplishment\". 16 players have accomplished the feat to date, the most recent being Josh Hamilton of the Texas Rangers on May 8, 2012. No player has done this more than once in his career and no player has ever hit more than four in a game. Bobby Lowe was the first to hit four home runs in a single game, doing so on May 30, 1894.", "List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders Below is the list of the 276 Major League Baseball players who have reached the 2,000 hit milestone during their career in MLB.Pete Rose holds the Major League record with the most career hits, 4,256. Rose and Ty Cobb are the only players with 4,000 career hits. George Davis was the first switch hitter to collect 2,000 hits, doing so during the 1902 season. Alex Rodriguez is the current active leader and Robinson Cano is the club's most recent member.", "500 home run club In Major League Baseball (MLB), the 500 home run club is a group of batters who have hit 500 or more regular-season home runs in their careers. On August 11, 1929, Babe Ruth became the first member of the club. Ruth ended his career with 714 home runs, a record which stood from 1935 until Hank Aaron surpassed it in 1974. Aaron's ultimate career total, 755, remained the record until Barry Bonds set the current mark of 762 during the 2007 season.", "List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders This is a list of the top 300 Major League Baseball leaders in home runs hit. In the sport of baseball, a home run is a hit in which the batter scores by circling all the bases and reaching home plate in one play, without the benefit of a fielding error. This can be accomplished either by hitting the ball out of play while it is still in fair territory (a conventional home run), or by an inside the park home run.Barry Bonds holds the Major League Baseball home run record with 762." ]	2
Alan Moore graphic novels adapted to film	[ "From Hell (film)\nFrom Hell is a 2001 American horror mystery film directed by the Hughes brothers and loosely based on the graphic novel From Hell by Alan Moore and Eddie Campbell about the Jack the Ripper murders.", "Batman: The Killing Joke\nBatman: The Killing Joke is a 1988 one-shot graphic novel featuring the characters Batman and the Joker, written by Alan Moore, illustrated by Brian Bolland and published by DC Comics. Set in the fictional U.S. city of Gotham, Batman: The Killing Joke provides an origin story for the Joker, an established comic book supervillain and nemesis of Batman.", "V for Vendetta\nV for Vendetta is a graphic novel written by Alan Moore and illustrated by David Lloyd (with additional art by Tony Weare), published by Vertigo, an imprint of DC Comics. The story depicts a dystopian and post-apocalyptic near-future history version of the United Kingdom in the 1990s, preceded by a nuclear war in the 1980s, which has left most of the world destroyed. The fascist Norsefire party has exterminated its opponents in concentration camps and rules the country as a police state.", "Watchmen\nWatchmen is an American comic-book limited series published by DC Comics in 1986 and 1987, and collected in 1987. The series was created by writer Alan Moore, artist Dave Gibbons, and colorist John Higgins. Watchmen originated from a story proposal Moore submitted to DC featuring superhero characters that the company had acquired from Charlton Comics.", "V for Vendetta (film)\nV for Vendetta is a 2006 American political thriller film directed by James McTeigue and written by the Wachowski Brothers, based on the 1988 Vertigo graphic novel of the same name by Alan Moore and David Lloyd. Hugo Weaving portrays V, an anarchist freedom fighter who attempts to ignite a revolution against the brutal neo-fascist regime that has subjugated the dystopian United Kingdom and exterminated its opponents in concentration camps.", "Neonomicon\nNeonomicon is a four-issue comic book limited series written by Alan Moore and illustrated by Jacen Burrows, published by Avatar Press in 2010. The story is a sequel to Moore's previous story Alan Moore's The Courtyard and part of HP Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos. On March 2012 it became the first recipient of the newly created \"Graphic Novel\" category at the Bram Stoker Awards.", "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen: Black Dossier\nThe League of Extraordinary Gentlemen: Black Dossier is an original graphic novel in the comic book series The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, written by Alan Moore and illustrated by Kevin O'Neill. It was the last volume of the series to be published by DC Comics. Although the third book to be published, it was not intended to be the third volume in the series.", "The Mindscape of Alan Moore\nThe Mindscape of Alan Moore is a 2003 documentary film which chronicles the life and work of Alan Moore, author of several acclaimed graphic novels, including From Hell, Watchmen and V for Vendetta.The Mindscape of Alan Moore is Shadowsnake’s first completed feature project, part One of the Shamanautical / 5 Elements series. It is the directorial debut of DeZ Vylenz.", "Alan Moore\nAlan Moore (born 18 November 1953) is an English writer primarily known for his work in comic books including Watchmen, V for Vendetta, and From Hell. Frequently described as the best graphic novel writer in history, he has been called \"one of the most important British writers of the last fifty years\".", "A Small Killing\nA Small Killing is a graphic novel by Alan Moore, published in 1991. It was illustrated by Oscar Zarate. The book has been published by a number of companies and in 2003 it was reprinted by Avatar Press.", "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Volume One\nThe League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Volume One is a comic book limited series written by Alan Moore and illustrated by Kevin O'Neill, published under the America's Best Comics imprint of DC Comics in the United States and under Vertigo in the United Kingdom. It is the first story in the larger League of Extraordinary Gentlemen series.", "Doctor Manhattan\nDoctor Manhattan (Jon Osterman) is a fictional character who appears in the graphic novel miniseries Watchmen, published by DC Comics in 1986 and 1987. Doctor Manhattan was created by writer Alan Moore with artist Dave Gibbons.Dr. Jon Osterman is a nuclear physicist, who in 1959 is transformed into a blue-skinned, radiated powerful being after initially being disintegrated in an Intrinsic Field Subtractor and later reconstructing himself.", "Watchmen (film)\nWatchmen is a 2009 American superhero film directed by Zack Snyder, based on the 1986–87 DC Comics limited series of the same name by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons. It stars an ensemble cast of Malin Åkerman, Billy Crudup, Matthew Goode, Jackie Earle Haley, Jeffrey Dean Morgan, Carla Gugino, and Patrick Wilson.", "Production of Watchmen\nWatchmen is a 2009 film based on the twelve-issue graphic novel series of the same name created by writer Alan Moore, artist Dave Gibbons, and colorist John Higgins, published by DC Comics between 1986 and 1987. The graphic novel's film rights were acquired by producer Lawrence Gordon in 1986. Many problems halted the adaptation's development, with four different studios and various directors and screenwriters being attached to the project through twenty years.", "Alan Moore's Magic Words\nAlan Moore's Magic Words (ISBN 1-59291-002-5) is a graphic novel containing some of comic creator Alan Moore's songs, poems and writings turned into comics or with added art. All the adaptations are made by writer Art Brooks. The art was created by various European artists: Fred Torres, Ailantd, Sergio Bleda, Juan Jose Ryp, etc. It was printed by Avatar Press in both hardback and softback in 2002. Reprints the original GN published in Europe as Magical Mystery Moore Vol. 1.", "Alan Moore bibliography\nThis is a bibliography of works by British author and comic book writer Alan Moore.", "From Hell\nFrom Hell is a graphic novel by writer Alan Moore and artist Eddie Campbell, originally published in serial form from 1989 to 1996 and collected in 1999, speculating upon the identity and motives of Jack the Ripper. The title is taken from the first words of the \"From Hell\" letter, which some authorities believe was an authentic message sent from the killer in 1888. The collected edition is 572 pages long. The 2000 and later editions are the most common prints.", "Rorschach (comics)\nRorschach (born Walter Joseph Kovacs) is a fictional character and an antihero of the acclaimed 1986 graphic novel miniseries Watchmen, published by DC Comics. Rorschach was created by writer Alan Moore with artist Dave Gibbons, but as with most of the main characters in the series, he was an analogue for a Charlton Comics character, in this case Steve Ditko's the Question and Mr." ]	[ "Karl May film adaptations Karl May film adaptations are films based on stories and characters by German author Karl May (1842–1912). The characters Old Shatterhand, Winnetou, and Kara Ben Nemsi are very famous in Central Europe. In most of the film versions the novels were reworked to a great extent, some movies using only the names of characters invented by Karl May.", "Signal to Noise (comics) Signal to Noise (ISBN 1-56971-144-5) is a graphic novel written by Neil Gaiman and illustrated by Dave McKean. It was originally serialised in the UK style magazine The Face, beginning in 1989, and collected as a graphic novel in 1992, published by Victor Gollancz Ltd in the UK and by Dark Horse Comics in the US.The story examines the relationship between images of an imagined World Apocalypse and the experience of one man's personal, individual apocalypse.", "Detour (Goldsmith novel) Detour is a 1939 novel by Martin M. Goldsmith. The author adapted his novel into the noted film noir cult film of the same name.The book, subtitled An Extraordinary Tale, was published by the Macaulay Company. Its plot is similar to the movie to which it was later adapted, except that the main character's name was changed from \"Alexander Roth\" to \"Al Roberts,\" and erotic passages were removed.", "Adam Shand (manager) Adam Shand is a visual effects operations manager and advocate of community wireless networks.Shand founded Personal Telco in November 2000 which subsequently grew into one of the largest community wireless projects in the United States.>He is one of the original members of the Shmoo Group and the primary author of the Wireless Commons Manifesto.In 2003 he moved back home to Wellington, New Zealand to work as a senior systems administrator, and later became the operations manager, for Weta Digital.The company produced visual effects for the films: 2011 The Adventures of Tintin (systems manager: Weta Digital) 2009 Avatar (systems manager: Weta Digital) 2009 The Lovely Bones (systems manager: Weta Digital) 2009 District 9 (systems manager: Weta Digital – uncredited) 2008 The Day the Earth Stood Still (lead systems engineer: Weta Digital) 2008 The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian (code operations manager: Weta Digital) 2008 Jumper (code operations manager: Weta Digital) 2007 The Water Horse (digital operations manager: weta digital) 2007 30 Days of Night (code operations manager) 2007 Fantastic 4: Rise of the Silver Surfer (code operations manager) 2007 Bridge to Terabithia (digital operations manager: weta digital) 2006 Eragon (digital operations manager: weta digital) 2006 X-Men: The Last Stand (digital operations manager: weta digital) 2005 King Kong (digital operations manager) 2004 I, Robot (systems administrator: Weta Digital) 2004 Van Helsing (senior systems administrator: Weta Digital – uncredited) 2003 The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (systems administrator: Weta Digital)↑ 1.0 1.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑", "Peter David Peter Allen David (born September 23, 1956) often abbreviated PAD, is an American writer of comic books, novels, television, movies and video games. His notable comic book work includes an award-winning 12-year run on The Incredible Hulk, as well as runs on Aquaman, Young Justice, Supergirl, X-Factor and Fallen Angel.His Star Trek work includes both comic books and novels such as Imzadi, and co-creating the New Frontier series.", "Judge Dredd (film) Judge Dredd is a 1995 American science fiction action film directed by Danny Cannon, and starring Sylvester Stallone, Diane Lane, Rob Schneider, Armand Assante, and Max von Sydow. The film is based on the strip of the same name in the British comic 2000 AD. It was a critical and commercial disappointment.", "The Da Vinci Code in the Philippines The Da Vinci Code is a 2006 American mystery-thriller film directed by Ron Howard. The screenplay was written by Akiva Goldsman and based on Dan Brown's worldwide bestselling 2003 novel, The Da Vinci Code.", "Cully Hamner Cully Hamner is an American comic book artist and writer, known for his work on such books as Green Lantern: Mosaic, Blue Beetle, Black Lightning: Year One, Detective Comics. He is also the co-creator and illustrator of the 2003 graphic novel Red, which was adapted into a 2010 feature film of the same name starring Bruce Willis.", "Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption is a novella by Stephen King, from his 1982 collection Different Seasons, subtitled Hope Springs Eternal. It was adapted for the screen in 1994 as The Shawshank Redemption, which was nominated for seven Academy Awards in 1994, including Best Picture. In 2009, it was adapted for the stage as the play The Shawshank Redemption.", "David Lloyd (comics) David Lloyd (born 1950) is a British comics artist best known as the illustrator of the story V for Vendetta, written by Alan Moore.", "Big Fish: A Novel of Mythic Proportions Big Fish: A Novel of Mythic Proportions is a 1998 novel by Daniel Wallace. It was adapted into a film, Big Fish, in 2003 by Tim Burton. A musical adaptation starring Norbert Leo Butz premiered in Chicago in April 2013.", "The Books of Magic The Books of Magic is a four-issue English-language comic book mini-series written by Neil Gaiman, published by DC Comics, and later an ongoing series under the imprint Vertigo. Since its original publication, the mini-series has also been published in a single-volume collection under the Vertigo imprint with an introduction by author Roger Zelazny. It tells the story of a young boy who has the potential to become the world's greatest magician.", "The Green Mile (novel) The Green Mile is a 1996 serial novel written by Stephen King. It tells the story of death row supervisor Paul Edgecombe's encounter with John Coffey, an unusual inmate who displays inexplicable healing and empathetic abilities. The serial novel was originally released in six volumes before being republished as a single volume work.", "The Funhouse (novel) The Funhouse is a 1980 novelization, by best-selling author Dean Koontz, of a Larry Block screenplay, which was made into the 1981 film The Funhouse, directed by Tobe Hooper. As the film production took longer than expected, the book was released before the film.Koontz originally published the novel under the pseudonym Owen West.", "The Ballad of Halo Jones The Ballad of Halo Jones is a science fiction comic strip written by Alan Moore and drawn by Ian Gibson, with lettering by Steve Potter (Books 1 & 2) and Richard Starkings (Book 3).Halo Jones first appeared July 1984 in five-page instalments in the pages of the weekly British comic 2000 AD and is regarded as one of the high points of 2000 AD. The eponymous heroine is a highly sympathetic 50th-century everywoman, and the tone of the strip runs from the comic to the poignant.", "Road to Perdition Road to Perdition is a 2002 American crime thriller film directed by Sam Mendes. The screenplay was adapted by David Self, from the graphic novel of the same name by Max Allan Collins. The film stars Tom Hanks, Paul Newman (in his final live-action film role), Jude Law, and Daniel Craig.", "Blackmark Blackmark is a paperback (Bantam S5871), published by the American company Bantam Books in January 1971. It is one of the first American graphic novels, predating works such as Richard Corben's Bloodstar (1976), Jim Steranko's Chandler: Red Tide (1976), Don McGregor & Paul Gulacy's Sabre (Sept. 1978), and Will Eisner's A Contract with God (Oct. 1978).", "Tintin and the Lake of Sharks Tintin and the Lake of Sharks (French: Tintin et le lac aux requins) is an animated film based on The Adventures of Tintin, directed by Raymond Leblanc (1972). It was not written by Hergé (who merely supervised), but by the Belgian comics creator Greg (Michel Regnier), a friend of Hergé. It was later adapted into a comic book with still images from the film used as illustrations.", "Cabal (novella) Cabal is a 1988 horror novel by the British author Clive Barker. It was originally published in the United States as part of a collection comprising a novel and several short stories from Barker's sixth and final volume of the Books of Blood.The book was adapted into the film Nightbreed in 1990, written and directed by Barker himself, starring Craig Sheffer and David Cronenberg.", "Brian Lynch (writer) Brian Michael Lynch (born June 21, 1973) is an American film and comic book writer. Lynch was the initial writer and co-creator with Joss Whedon of Angel: After the Fall for IDW Publishing, and is best known for writing the screenplays for the films Puss in Boots and Minions. He has also written an unproduced film adaptation of The Sims.", "The Scarlet Letter (1995 film) The Scarlet Letter is a 1995 American film adaptation of the Nathaniel Hawthorne novel of the same name. It was directed by Roland Joffé and stars Demi Moore, Gary Oldman, and Robert Duvall. This version was \"freely adapted\" from Hawthorne and deviated from the original story. It was nominated for seven Golden Raspberry Awards at the 1995 ceremony, winning \"Worst Remake or Sequel.\"", "Memoirs of a Survivor The Memoirs of a Survivor is a dystopian novel by Nobel Prize-winner Doris Lessing. It was first published in 1974 by Octagon Press. It was made into a film in 1981, starring Julie Christie and Nigel Hawthorne, and directed by David Gladwell.", "Steve Moore (comics) Steve Moore (11 June 1949 – 16 March 2014) was a British comics writer.Moore was credited with showing acclaimed writer Alan Moore (no relation), then a struggling cartoonist, how to write comic scripts.", "The Halo Graphic Novel The Halo Graphic Novel is the first graphic novel adaptation of the military science fiction video game Halo, published by Marvel Comics in partnership with Bungie. The Halo series began with the award-winning popular video game Halo: Combat Evolved, which spawned several books as well as video game sequels, and is focused on the story of future humanity fighting against a powerful collective of races called the Covenant.", "Tuesdays with Morrie Tuesdays with Morrie is a memoir by American writer Mitch Albom. The story was later recreated by Thomas Rickman into a TV movie of the same name directed by Mick Jackson, which aired on December 17, 1999 and starred Jack Lemmon and Hank Azaria.The book topped the New York Times Non-Fiction Bestsellers of 2000. An unabridged audiobook was also published, narrated by Albom himself.", "The Talented Mr. Ripley (film) The Talented Mr. Ripley is a 1999 American psychological thriller written for the screen and directed by Anthony Minghella. An adaptation of the 1955 Patricia Highsmith novel of the same name, the film stars Matt Damon as Tom Ripley, Jude Law as Dickie Greenleaf, Gwyneth Paltrow as Marge Sherwood and Cate Blanchett as Meredith Logue.The novel was previously filmed as Plein Soleil in 1960.", "For the Man Who Has Everything \"For the Man Who Has Everything\" is a comic book story by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons, first published in Superman Annual #11 (1985) and later adapted into a Justice League Unlimited episode in 2004. It aired on Cartoon Network on August 7, 2004.", "The Hard Goodbye \"The Hard Goodbye\" is the first Sin City story. It was serialised, as \"Sin City,\" in the comics anthology Dark Horse Presents by Dark Horse Comics and named \"The Hard Goodbye\" in the trade paperbacks. It was created by Frank Miller, and led to a metaseries that has been adapted into a movie.", "The Hellbound Heart The Hellbound Heart is a horror novella by Clive Barker, first published in November 1986 by Dark Harvest in the third volume of their Night Visions anthology series, and notable for becoming the basis for the 1987 movie Hellraiser and its franchise. It was re-released as a stand-alone title by HarperCollins in 1988, after the success of the movie, along with an audiobook recorded by Clive Barker and published by Simon & Schuster Audioworks.", "Terra Obscura Terra Obscura is a 2003 comic book miniseries spin off from Alan Moore's Tom Strong series. The stories are written by Peter Hogan, and drawn by Yanick Paquette and Karl Story with additional flashback sequences drawn by Eric Theriault. Each story is co-plotted by Alan Moore and Peter Hogan. It was published under Moore's America's Best Comics imprint through Wildstorm Comics, which is owned by DC Comics.", "Albion (comics) Albion is a six-issue comic book limited series plotted by Alan Moore, written by his daughter Leah Moore and her husband John Reppion, with covers by Dave Gibbons and art by Shane Oakley and George Freeman. As a result of a deal forged by Vice-President Bob Wayne of DC Comics and Publishing Director Andrew Sumner of IPC Media, it was published through DC Comics' WildStorm imprint.", "The Barrytown Trilogy The Barrytown Trilogy consists of the first three novels by Irish writer Roddy Doyle and is first published as a trilogy in 1992. All of the three novels have been adapted into successful movies.The three novels are: The Commitments (1987, film 1991), The Snapper (1990, film 1993), The Van (1991, shortlisted for the 1991 Booker Prize, film 1996). All three novels are focused on the Rabbittes, a working class family from Dublin.", "A Marvel Comics Super Special: Blade Runner Marvel Comics Super Special: Blade Runner is the comic book adaptation of the film Blade Runner, published by Marvel Comics in 1982. It was written by Archie Goodwin with art by Al Williamson, Carlos Garzon with Dan Green and Ralph Reese.The Jim Steranko cover leads into a 45-page adaptation which includes one possible explanation of the title's significance in story context: the narrative line, \"Blade runner.", "The Surrogates The Surrogates is a five-issue comic book limited series written by Robert Venditti, drawn by Brett Weldele, and published by Top Shelf Productions from 2005 to 2006. In 2009 it was followed by a prequel graphic novel, The Surrogates: Flesh and Bone.It has been made into a film, Surrogates, starring Bruce Willis.", "List of No Starch Press books Books published by No Starch Press.Absolute OpenBSDApple Confidential 2.0The Art of Assembly LanguageThe Art of Interactive DesignThe Art of RAW ConversionAstronomer's Computer CompanionBlender BookBook of FileMaker 6Book of IRCBook of JavaScriptThe Book of JavaScriptBook of MaxDBBook of Nero 6The Book of Nero 7Book of OverclockingBook of PostfixThe Book of PythonBook of SCSI 2/EBook of VB .NETThe Book of Visual Basic 2005Book of Visual Studio .NETBook of VMwareBook of WebminBook of Wi-FiBook of WinZipThe Book of XenBook of ZopeCisco Routers for the DesperateColor Printer Idea BookCrackproof Your SoftwareCreative Computer CraftsCult of iPodCult of MacDebian SystemThe eBay Price GuideThe eBay Survival GuideEnding SpamFlash: The FutureGardener's Computer CompanionGetting Started with Lego TrainsHacking: The Art of ExploitationHacking OpenOffice.orgHacking the Cable ModemHacking the XboxHow Linux WorksHow Not to Program in C++How Wikipedia WorksInside the MachineInternet for CatsIt's Never Done That BeforeJin Sato's LEGO MINDSTORMSJoe Nagata's Lego Mindstorms Idea BookJust Say No To MicrosoftLand of LispLinux CookbookLinux Enterprise ClusterLinux for Non-GeeksLinux Made EasyLinux Music & SoundLinux Problem SolverNagios (No Starch Press)Needlecrafter's Computer CompanionObject Oriented PHPOfficial Blender 2.3 GuideOfficial Blender GameKitOfficial GNOME 2 Developer's GuidePGP & GPGProgramming Linux GamesPython for KidsQuilter's Computer CompanionShell Script PearlsSilence on the WireSound Blaster Live! BookSpam LettersSteal This Computer Book 3Steal This Computer Book 4.0Steal This File Sharing BookTCP/IP GuideUncle Eli's Passover HaggadahThe Unofficial LEGO Builder's GuideThe Manga Guide 10-book set (The Manga Guide to Statistics, The Manga Guide to Databases, The Manga Guide to Electricity, The Manga Guide to Physics, The Manga Guide to Calculus, The Manga Guide to Molecular Biology, The Manga Guide to Relativity, The Manga Guide to the Universe, The Manga Guide to Biochemistry, The Manga Guide to Linear Algebra)The Manga Guide to BiochemistryThe Manga Guide to CalculusThe Manga Guide to DatabasesThe Manga Guide to ElectricityThe Manga Guide to Linear AlgebraThe Manga Guide to Molecular BiologyThe Manga Guide to PhysicsThe Manga Guide to Regression AnalysisThe Manga Guide to RelativityThe Manga Guide to StatisticsThe Manga Guide to the UniverseThe Linux Programming Interface: A Linux and UNIX System Programming HandbookVirtual LEGOVisual Basic 2005 ExpressWeb Programmer's Desk ReferenceWebbots, Spiders, and Screen ScrapersWicked Cool JavaWicked Cool Perl ScriptsWicked Cool PHPWicked Cool Shell ScriptsWrite Great CodeWrite Great Code, Volume 2Write Portable Code↑", "High Fidelity (novel) High Fidelity is a novel by British author Nick Hornby first published in 1995. It has sold over a million copies and was later adapted into a feature film in 2000 and a Broadway musical in 2006. In 2003, the novel was listed on the BBC's survey The Big Read.", "Terry Gilliam Terrence Vance \"Terry\" Gilliam (/ˈɡɪliəm/; born 22 November 1940) is an American-born British screenwriter, film director, animator, actor, comedian and member of the Monty Python comedy troupe.Gilliam has directed 12 feature films, including Time Bandits (1981), Brazil (1985), The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1988), The Fisher King (1991), 12 Monkeys (1995), Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998), The Brothers Grimm (2005) and The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus (2009).", "Metropolis (manga) Metropolis (メトロポリス, Metoroporisu), also known as Osamu Tezuka's Metropolis or Robotic Angel (in Germany, due to an objection by the Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau Foundation) is a Japanese manga by Osamu Tezuka published in 1949. It has been adapted into a feature-length anime, released in 2001. It has some parallels to the 1927 film of the same name, though Tezuka stated that he had only seen a single still image of the movie in a magazine at the time of creating his manga.", "Everything Is Illuminated Everything Is Illuminated is the first novel by the American writer Jonathan Safran Foer, published in 2002. It was adapted into a film by the same name starring Elijah Wood and Eugene Hütz in 2005.The book's writing and structure received critical acclaim for the manner in which it switches between two stories, both of which are autobiographical.", "Imitation of Life (novel) Imitation of Life is a popular 1933 novel by Fannie Hurst that was adapted into two successful films for Universal Pictures: a 1934 film, and a 1959 remake. It dealt with issues of race, class, and gender.From the turn of the 20th century until the Supreme Court ruled in Loving v. Virginia (1967), numerous Southern states passed laws enforcing a \"one-drop rule\", requiring that persons of any known African ancestry had to be classified in records as black.", "List of Top 10 characters This is a list of Top 10 characters. Top 10 is a comic book series published by Wildstorm Comics under their America's Best Comics imprint. All characters were created by Alan Moore unless otherwise stated.The following list includes characters from the original twelve issue series that ran from 2000–2001, the five issue Smax mini-series (2003), and the five issue mini-series Top 10: Beyond The Farthest Precinct (2005).", "Violent Cases Violent Cases is a short graphic novel written by Neil Gaiman and illustrated by Dave McKean. It was McKean's first published work in comics. Though drawn by McKean in shades of blue, brown, and grey, when it was first published by Escape Books in 1987, it was printed in black-and-white.", "Allan Quatermain and the Lost City of Gold Allan Quatermain and the Lost City of Gold is an adventure comedy film directed by Gary Nelson and released on January 30, 1987 in the United States. It is loosely based on the novel Allan Quatermain by H. Rider Haggard. It is the sequel to King Solomon's Mines.The role of Allan Quatermain is reprised by Richard Chamberlain as is that of Jesse Huston by Sharon Stone, who was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Awards for \"Worst Actress\" for this role.", "Alan Grant (writer) Alan Grant (born 1949) is a Scottish comic book writer known for writing Judge Dredd in 2000 AD as well as various Batman titles during the late 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s. He is also the creator of the characters Anarky and the Ventriloquist.", "The Fountainhead (film) The Fountainhead is a 1949 American film directed by King Vidor, based on the best-selling book of the same name by Ayn Rand, who wrote the screenplay adaptation.The film and novel are concerned with the life of Howard Roark, an individualistic young architect who chooses to struggle in obscurity rather than compromise his artistic and personal vision, following his battle to practice what the public sees as modern architecture, which he believes to be superior, despite resistance from a traditionally minded architectural establishment.", "H.P. Lovecraft's: Necronomicon H.P. Lovecraft's: Necronomicon, original title Necronomicon, also called Necronomicon: Book of the Dead or Necronomicon: To Hell and Back is an American anthology horror film released in 1993. It was directed by Brian Yuzna, Christophe Gans and Shusuke Kaneko and was written by Brent V. Friedman, Christophe Gans, Kazunori Itō and Brian Yuzna. The film stars Bruce Payne as Edward De Lapoer, Richard Lynch as Jethro De Lapoer, Jeffrey Combs as H. P.", "The Remains of the Day The Remains of the Day (1989) is Kazuo Ishiguro's third published novel. The work was awarded the Man Booker Prize for Fiction in 1989. A film adaptation of the novel, made in 1993 and starring Anthony Hopkins and Emma Thompson, was nominated for eight Academy Awards.As in Ishiguro's two previous novels, the story is told from a first person point of view. The narrator, Stevens, a butler, recalls his life in the form of a diary while the action progresses through the present.", "The Medusa Touch The Medusa Touch is a 1973 novel by Peter Van Greenaway, which was adapted fairly faithfully into a feature film in 1978.The novel tells the story of a radically disenchanted novelist with highly destructive telekinetic powers. Its dialogue was described in Kim Newman's book Nightmare Movies (1988) as \"incredibly misanthropic\".", "The Image (novel) The Image (or in French \"L'Image\") is a classic 1956 sadomasochistic erotic novel, written by Catherine Robbe-Grillet and published under the pseudonym of Jean de Berg by éditions de Minuit in 1956.It was made into a 1973 film, The Image, also known as The Punishment of Anne.", "Damnation Alley Damnation Alley is a 1967 science fiction novella by Roger Zelazny, which he expanded into a novel in 1969. A film adaptation of the novel was released in 1977.", "A Contract with God A Contract with God and Other Tenement Stories is a 1978 graphic novel by American cartoonist Will Eisner. It is a short story cycle that revolves around poor Jewish characters who live in a tenement in New York City. Eisner produced two sequels set in the same tenement: A Life Force in 1988, and Dropsie Avenue in 1995.", "Dave Gibbons David Chester \"Dave\" Gibbons (born 14 April 1949) is an English comic book artist, writer and sometimes letterer. He is best known for his collaborations with writer Alan Moore, which include the miniseries Watchmen and the Superman story \"For the Man Who Has Everything\". He was an artist for the UK anthology 2000 AD, for which he contributed a large body of work from its first issue in 1977.", "Tales from the Leather Nun Tales from the Leather Nun was an American underground comic published by Last Gasp in 1973. It was a one-shot anthology of bizarre, violent and perverted stories featuring nuns by Dave Sheridan, Robert Crumb, Spain Rodriguez, Jaxon, Roger Brand, and Pat Ryan.Deborah Harry is seen reading the comic in the 1992 movie Intimate Stranger.", "Lust for Life (novel) Lust for Life (1934) is a biographical novel written by Irving Stone based on the life of the famous Dutch painter, Vincent van Gogh, and his hardships.It was adapted into a film of the same name starring Kirk Douglas, which was nominated for four Academy Awards, winning one.It is Stone's first major publication and is largely based on the collection of letters between Vincent van Gogh and his younger brother, art dealer Theo van Gogh.", "Warrior (comics) Warrior was a British comics anthology that ran for 26 issues between March 1982 and January 1985. It was edited by Dez Skinn and published by his company Quality Communications. It featured early work by comics writer Alan Moore, including V for Vendetta and Marvelman.Rivalling 2000 AD, Warrior won 17 Eagle Awards during its short run.", "Fahrenheit 451 (film) Fahrenheit 451 is a 1966 British Dystopian science fiction drama film directed by François Truffaut and starring Oskar Werner, Julie Christie, and Cyril Cusack. Based on the 1953 novel of the same name by Ray Bradbury, the film takes place in a controlled society in an oppressive future in which a fireman, whose duty it is to burn all literature, becomes a fugitive for reading. This was Truffaut's first colour film as well as his only English-language film.", "2001: A Space Odyssey (comics) 2001: A Space Odyssey was the name of an American oversized comic book adaptation of the 1968 film of the same name as well as a monthly series, lasting ten issues, which expanded upon the concepts presented in the Stanley Kubrick film and the novel by Arthur C. Clarke. Jack Kirby wrote and pencilled both the adaptation and the series, which were published by Marvel Comics beginning in 1976. The adaptation was part of the agreement of Kirby's return to Marvel.", "Tony Moore (artist) Michael Anthony \"Tony\" Moore is an American comic book artist, whose work consists mainly of genre pieces, most notably in horror and science fiction, with titles such as Fear Agent, The Exterminators, and the first six issues of The Walking Dead.", "The Da Vinci Code (film) The Da Vinci Code is a 2006 American mystery-thriller film produced by John Calley and Brian Grazer and directed by Ron Howard. The screenplay was written by Akiva Goldsman and adapted from Dan Brown's 2003 best-selling novel of the same name.", "69 (film) 69 is a 2004 film adaptation of Ryu Murakami's novel 69.", "Adaptation (film) Adaptation (stylized as Adaptation.) is a 2002 American comedy-drama metafilm directed by Spike Jonze and written by Charlie Kaufman. The film is based on Susan Orlean's non-fiction book The Orchid Thief, with numerous self-referential events added.", "Bill Oakley (comics) William Douglas Oakley (April 1, 1964 – February 16, 2004) was a letterer for numerous comic books from Marvel, DC, and other companies. His most prominent works include the first two volumes of Alan Moore and Kevin O'Neill's The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen and Batman: Gotham Knights #1-11, #15-37.", "Torso (Image Comics) Torso is an winning true crime limited series graphic novel written by Brian Michael Bendis and Marc Andreyko, with art and lettering by Brian Michael Bendis. It is based on the true story of the Cleveland Torso Murderer, and the efforts of the famous lawman Eliot Ness and his band of the \"Unknowns\" to capture him.Bendis' was initially inspired to write the novel after reading the files about the murders. As a Cleveland native, Bendis wrote the novel to pay homage to his hometown.", "Sprawl trilogy The Sprawl trilogy (also known as the Neuromancer, Cyberspace, or Matrix trilogy) is William Gibson's first set of novels, composed of Neuromancer (1984), Count Zero (1986), and Mona Lisa Overdrive (1988).The novels are all set in the same fictional future, and are subtly interlinked by shared characters and themes (which are not always readily apparent).", "The Big One (film) The Big One is a movie filmed in 1996—and released in 1998 by Miramax Films—by Michael Moore during his promotion tour around the United States for his book Downsize This!. Through the 47 towns he visits, Moore discovers and describes American economic failings and the fear of unemployment of the American workers.", "Twilight of the Superheroes Twilight of the Superheroes is the title of a proposed comic book crossover that writer Alan Moore submitted to DC Comics in 1987 before his split with the company. Although various elements suggested by Moore later occurred in various comics, Twilight was never published and is considered a \"lost work\".", "Darkside Blues Darkside Blues (ダークサイド・ブルース, Dākusaido Burūsu) is a manga series by Hideyuki Kikuchi. The story has been adapted into an anime film directed by Yoshimichi Furukawa. The film was originally licensed by Central Park Media and then later licensed by ADV Films.", "Tomorrow Stories Tomorrow Stories was an American comic book series created by Alan Moore for his America's Best Comics (ABC) line, published by Wildstorm (now a subsidiary of DC Comics).", "John Moore (designer) John Moore is a costume designer, set decorator, and production designer for films. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction for El Cid. Additional credits include A Farewell to Arms, 55 Days at Peking, The Fall of the Roman Empire, and A Matter of Time.During the 1960s and 1970s he also worked for the Salzburg Festivals where he designed the settings for Il rappresentazione die anima e di corpo, Der Rosenkavalier and Jedermann in cooperation with Veniero Colasanti.", "Frantic Magazine Frantic Magazine is a comic book series published by Marvel UK from 1979 to 1980. Part of Dez Skinn's revamp of the company, the title was a thinly disguised copy of Mad Magazine. It is notable for containing the first published work of Alan Davis, as well as early scripts by Alan Moore.Individual issues contained a collection of parodies of popular culture - movies, TV series and printed adverts.", "Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth (often shortened to Batman: Arkham Asylum) is a Batman graphic novel written by Grant Morrison and illustrated by Dave McKean. It was originally published in the United States in both hardcover and softcover editions by DC Comics in 1989. The subtitle is taken from Philip Larkin's poem \"Church Going.\"The graphic novel was the first Batman story to be written by Morrison before becoming a regular writer in future Batman titles.", "Village Roadshow Pictures Village Roadshow Pictures is a leading Australian co-producer and co-financier of major Hollywood motion pictures, having released over 85 films since its establishment in 1986 including, as co-productions with Warner Bros., The Great Gatsby, The Matrix Trilogy, The Sherlock Holmes franchise, I Am Legend, the Ocean’s series, The Happy Feet franchise, Mystic River, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Get Smart, Sex and the City 2, Gran Torino, The Lego Movie and American Sniper.Village Roadshow Pictures self-distributes its filmed entertainment through affiliates in several territories around the world, including Australia, New Zealand and Singapore.The films in their library have achieved 24 number one U.S.", "The Beguiled The Beguiled is a 1971 American drama film directed by Don Siegel, starring Clint Eastwood and Geraldine Page. The script was written by Albert Maltz and is based on the 1966 Southern Gothic novel written by Thomas P. Cullinan, originally titled A Painted Devil. The film marks the third of five collaborations between Siegel and Eastwood, following Coogan's Bluff (1968) and Two Mules for Sister Sara (1970), and continuing with Dirty Harry (1971) and Escape from Alcatraz (1979).", "Alan Moore's Hypothetical Lizard Alan Moore's Hypothetical Lizard is a comic book adaptation of the World Fantasy Award-winning short story \"A Hypothetical Lizard\", written in 1988 by Alan Moore for the third volume of the Liavek shared world fantasy series. The story was later reprinted in \"Words Without Pictures\", a 1990 book of prose stories by comics writers edited by Steve Niles, but then went out of print.", "Big Numbers (comics) Big Numbers is an unfinished graphic novel by writer Alan Moore and artist Bill Sienkiewicz.", "Comic Book: The Movie Comic Book: The Movie is a 2004 direct-to-DVD mockumentary starring and directed by Mark Hamill.", "Brought to Light Brought to Light: Thirty Years of Drug Smuggling, Arms Deals, and Covert Action is an anthology of two political graphic novels, published originally by Eclipse Comics in 1988.Both are based on material from lawsuits filed by the Christic Institute against the US Government. The two stories are Shadowplay: The Secret Team by Alan Moore and Bill Sienkiewicz, and Flashpoint: The LA Penca Bombing documented by Martha Honey and Tony Avirgan and adapted by Joyce Brabner and Tom Yeates.", "Voice of the Fire Voice of the Fire is the first novel from Alan Moore, acclaimed comic book writer. The twelve-chapter book was initially published in the United Kingdom c. 1996. The narratives take place around Moore’s hometown of Northampton, England during the month of November, and span several millennia – from 4000 B.C. to the present day. The 2004 edition from Top Shelf Productions features an introduction from Neil Gaiman and colour plates by artist José Villarrubia.", "The IPCRESS File The IPCRESS File is Len Deighton's first spy novel, published in 1962. It was made into a film in 1965 produced by Harry Saltzman, directed by Sidney J. Furie and starring Michael Caine. The novel, which involves Cold War brainwashing, includes scenes in Lebanon and on an atoll for a United States atomic weapon test, as well as information about Joe One, the Soviet Union's first atomic bomb, although these elements did not appear in the film version.", "America's Best Comics America's Best Comics (ABC) is a comic book publishing brand. It was set up by Alan Moore in 1999 as an imprint of WildStorm, an idea proposed to Moore by Wildstorm founder Jim Lee when it was still under Image Comics.", "The Anderson Tapes The Anderson Tapes is a Technicolor 1971 American crime film in Panavision directed by Sidney Lumet, starring Sean Connery and featuring Dyan Cannon, Martin Balsam, and comedian Alan King. The screenplay was written by Frank Pierson, based upon a best-selling 1970 novel of the same name by Lawrence Sanders.", "Top 10: The Forty-Niners Top 10: The Forty-Niners, a graphic novel published by America's Best Comics in 2005, is a prequel to the ABC series Top 10, a police procedural set in the city of Neopolis, where superpowers, robots, monsters, and other comic fodder are the norm for all citizens. It was written by Alan Moore, drawn by Gene Ha, and colored by Art Lyon, with lettering, logos, and design by Todd Klein.", "A History of Violence (comics) A History of Violence is a graphic novel written by John Wagner and illustrated by Vince Locke, originally published in 1997 by Paradox Press and later by Vertigo, both imprints of DC Comics.It is also the source for the film of the same name directed by David Cronenberg, the first cinematic adaption of a work by John Wagner since 1995's Judge Dredd. The film was the last major Hollywood film to be released on the VHS format.", "Alan Moore's Yuggoth Cultures and Other Growths Alan Moore's Yuggoth Cultures and Other Growths is a three-issue comic book miniseries presenting work written by Alan Moore. It was published by Avatar Press in 2003.", "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen is a comic book series co-created by writer Alan Moore and artist Kevin O'Neill which began in 1999. The series spans two six-issue limited series, Volume I, Volume II, and an original graphic novel Black Dossier from the America's Best Comics imprint of Wildstorm/DC Comics, and a third volume and spin-off trilogy Nemo published by Top Shelf and Knockabout Comics.", "1963 (comics) 1963 is an American six-issue comic book limited series written by Alan Moore in 1993, with art by his frequent collaborators Steve Bissette, John Totleben, and Rick Veitch. Dave Gibbons, Don Simpson, and Jim Valentino also contributed art.", "Alan Moore's The Courtyard Alan Moore's The Courtyard is a 2-issue comic book mini-series adaptation of a 1994 prose story written by Alan Moore, published in 2003 by Avatar Press. It was adapted for comics by Antony Johnston, with artwork by Jacen Burrows, and Alan Moore as \"consulting editor\".", "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (film) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, also promoted as LXG, is a 2003 superhero film loosely based on the first volume of the comic book series The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen by Alan Moore and Kevin O'Neill. It was released on July 11, 2003, in the United States, and distributed by 20th Century Fox." ]	4
Works by Charles Rennie Mackintosh	[ "Willow Tearooms\nThe Willow Tearooms are tearooms at 119 - 121 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, Scotland, designed by internationally renowned architect Charles Rennie Mackintosh, which opened for business in October 1903. They quickly gained enormous popularity, and are the most famous of the many Glasgow tearooms that opened in the late 19th and early 20th century.", "Architecture in Glasgow\nThe city of Glasgow, Scotland, has a distinct architecture, and is particularly noted for its 19th-century Victorian architecture, and the early-20th-century \"Glasgow Style\", as developed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh.Very little of medieval Glasgow remains, the two main landmarks from this period being the 15th-century Provand's Lordship and 13th-century St. Mungo's Cathedral. The vast majority of the city as seen today dates from the 19th century.", "Queen's Cross Church, Glasgow\nQueen's Cross Church is a former Church of Scotland parish church in Glasgow, Scotland. It is the only church designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh to have been built, hence it is also known as The Mackintosh Church.", "78 Derngate\n78 Derngate is a Grade II* listed Georgian house in the Cultural Quarter of Northampton, England, originally built in 1815. It is noted for its interior, which was extensively remodelled in 1916 and 1917 by noted architect Charles Rennie Mackintosh for businessman Wenman Joseph Bassett-Lowke as his first marital home.The rear elevation also features a striking extension with two elevated balconies which, in 1916, overlooked meadowland to the edge of Northampton.", "Scotland Street School Museum\nScotland Street School Museum is a museum of school education in Glasgow, Scotland, in the district of Tradeston. It is located in a former School designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh between 1903 and 1906. The building is one of Glasgow's foremost architectural attractions. It is located next to the Shields Road subway station.During the building's construction, Mackintosh frequently battled the school board about the design (the board wanted a less expensive design).", "Honeyman and Keppie\nHoneyman and Keppie were a major architects firm based in Glasgow, created by John Honeyman and John Keppie in 1888 following the death of James Sellars in whose architectural practice Keppie had worked. Their most famous employee was Charles Rennie MacKintosh who started as a draughtsman in April 1889 and rose to partner level.", "Glasgow School of Art\nThe Glasgow School of Art (GSA) is Scotland's only public self-governing art school offering university-level programmes and research in architecture, fine art and design. The school is housed in one of Glasgow's most famous buildings, often considered the masterpiece of Charles Rennie Mackintosh and built between 1897 and 1909. The building was severely damaged by fire in May 2014.", "Charles Rennie Mackintosh\nCharles Rennie Mackintosh (7 June 1868 – 10 December 1928) was a Scottish architect, designer, water colourist and artist. He was a designer in the Post-Impressionist movement and also the main representative of Art Nouveau in the United Kingdom. He had considerable influence on European design. He was born in Glasgow and died in London.", "Martyrs' Public School\nThe Martyrs’ Public School, in Parson Street in the Townhead area of Glasgow, Scotland, is one of the earlier works of architect Charles Rennie Mackintosh. Until recently, an arts centre run by Glasgow Museums, it is now home to Glasgow City Council's Social Work Leaving Care Services. It is protected as a category A listed building. Stranded above the main road it was once set in the middle of a densely populated area of tenement buildings.", "House for an Art Lover\nThe House for an Art Lover is a building constructed in 1989-96, based on a design of 1901 by Charles Rennie Mackintosh with his wife, Margaret MacDonald. The building is situated in Bellahouston Park in Glasgow, Scotland. The idea to actually construct the house from the Mackintoshs' designs came from Graham Roxburgh, a civil engineer in Glasgow who had done refurbishment work on the Mackintosh interiors in Craigie Hall.", "The Artist's Cottage project\nThe Artist's Cottage project is the realisation of three unexecuted designs by Scottish architect Charles Rennie Mackintosh (CRM). In 1901, Mackintosh produced two speculative drawings, An Artist's Cottage and Studio and A Town House for an Artist." ]	[ "Scott Hayden Scott Hayden (March 31, 1882 — September 16, 1915) was an African-American composer of ragtime music.Born in Sedalia, Missouri, he was the son of Marion and Julia Hayden. Hayden is remembered today for the four rags he composed in collaboration with Scott Joplin, \"Sunflower Slow Drag,\" \"Something Doing,\" \"Felicity Rag,\" \"Kismet Rag\" and also for another composition he wrote himself, \"Pear Blossoms\".", "Hamish MacCunn Hamish MacCunn (22 March 1868 – 2 August 1916) was a Scottish Romantic composer, conductor and teacher. His opera Diarmid (libretto by the Marquis of Lome), was produced at Covent Garden on 23 October 1897. His other music includes cantatas, concert overtures, part-songs, instrumental pieces and songs, all markedly Scottish in type. He had a genuine love of Scottish folksong, and although he lived in London he was a lifelong champion of Scottish music and of the country’s musical life.", "Caledonian Railway 60 Class The Caledonian Railway 60 Class were 4-6-0 passenger engines designed by William Pickersgill and introduced in 1916. Six were built by the Caledonian Railway at its own St Rollox works in 1916-17, and all of them passed into LMS ownership in 1923.", "Ruthven Todd Ruthven Campbell Todd (pronounced 'riven') (14 June 1914 – 11 October 1978) was a Scottish poet, artist and novelist, best known as an editor of the works of William Blake, and as a writer of children's books. He wrote detective fiction also under the pseudonym R. T. Campbell.", "Helen Cruickshank Helen Burness Cruickshank (15 May 1886 - 2 March 1975) was a minor Scottish poet and suffragette, better known for being a focal point of the Scottish Renaissance. At her home in Corstorphine, various Scottish writers of note would meet.Born in Hillside, near Montrose, Angus, of local parents, she went to school in Montrose. Summer holidays were spent in Glenesk and the landscapes and people of Angus and its glens appear in her poetry.", "Robert Rowand Anderson Sir Robert Rowand Anderson FRSE RSA (5 April 1834 – 1 June 1921) was a Scottish Victorian architect. Anderson trained in the office of George Gilbert Scott in London before setting up his own practice in Edinburgh in 1860. During the 1860s his main work was small churches in the 'First Pointed' (or Early English) style that is characteristic of Scott's former assistants.", "Donald Creighton Donald Grant Creighton, CC (July 15, 1902 – December 19, 1979) was a noted Canadian historian whose major works include The Commercial Empire of the St-Lawrence: 1760-1850 (first published in 1937) a detailed study on the growth of the English merchant class in relation to the St-Lawrence River in Canada. His biography of John A.", "Pacchiarotto, and How He Worked in Distemper Pacchiarotto, and How He Worked in Distemper is a short collection of English poems by Robert Browning, published in 1876. The collection marked Browning's first collection of short pieces for more than twelve years, and was well received. The title poem, which ostensibly discusses the life and works of 15th Century Italian painter Giacomo Pacchiarotti, is actually a thinly veiled attack on Browning's own critics, and many other pieces in the collection take the same tone.", "A. G. Macdonell Archibald Gordon Macdonell (3 November 1895 – 16 January 1941) was a Scottish writer, journalist and broadcaster, whose most famous work is the gently satirical novel England, Their England (1933).", "Brice Mack Brice Harvey Mack (June 2, 1917 – January 2, 2008) was a background painter and director, known for his extensive work at Disney in the 1940s and 1950s as a background painter. He was hired for story writing at Disney in the 1950s, and worked on illustrating children's books based on the studio's films.His first credited appearance was as the background artist for the Rite of Spring sequence in Fantasia. He worked on Song of the South, Alice in Wonderland, Peter Pan, and Lady and the Tramp.", "Denis Mackail Denis George Mackail (3 June 1892 – 4 August 1971) was an English novelist and short-story writer, publishing between the two world-wars. Although his work is now largely forgotten, 'Greenery Street', a novel of early married life in upper-middle class London, was republished by Persephone Books in 2002.", "Robert Loftin Newman Robert Loftin Newman (November 10, 1827 - March 31, 1912). was an American painter and stained-glass designer. He specialized in oil on canvas as his medium. He is sometimes associated with Albert Pinkham Ryder as a painter of mood. His works include Good Samaritan, painted in 1886, Flight into Egypt, Harvest Time, Sailboat Manned by Two Men, and The Bather.", "William Beckwith McInnes William Beckwith McInnes (18 May 1889 – 9 November 1939) was an Australian portrait painter, winner of the Archibald Prize seven times for his traditional style paintings.", "Charles Eastlake Charles Locke Eastlake (March 11, 1836 in Plymouth – November 20, 1906 at Leinster Square, Bayswater, and buried at Kensal Green) was a British architect and furniture designer. Trained by the architect Philip Hardwick (1792–1870), he popularized William Morris's notions of decorative arts in the Arts and Crafts style, becoming one of the principal exponents of the revived Early English or Modern Gothic style popular during the nineteenth century.", "Charles Murray (poet) Charles Murray (27 September 1864 – 12 April 1941) was a poet who wrote in the Doric dialect of Scots. He was one of three rural poets from the northeast, the others being Flora Garry and John C. Milne, who did much to validate the literary use of the Doric dialect of Scots.", "Francis Cadell (artist) Francis Campbell Boileau Cadell RSA (12 April 1883 – 6 December 1937) was a Scottish Colourist painter, renowned for his depictions of the elegant New Town interiors of his native Edinburgh, and for his work on Iona.From October 2011 - March 2012 the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art held a major solo retrospective of Cadell's work, the first since that held at the National Gallery of Scotland in 1942.", "Cassius Marcellus Coolidge Cassius Marcellus Coolidge (September 18, 1844 – January 13, 1934) was an American artist, mainly known for his paintings of dogs playing poker. Known as \"Cash\" or \"Kash\" in his family, he often signed his work in the 19th century with the latter spelling, sometimes spelling out his entire name, for comic effect, as \"Kash Koolidge\".", "Charles Napier Hemy Charles Napier Hemy RA (Newcastle-on-Tyne 24 May 1841 – 30 September 1917 Falmouth) was a British painter best known for his marine paintings and his paintings in the Tate collections. He was born to a musical family in Newcastle-on-Tyne and his two brothers, Thomas and Bernard, were also painters. He trained in the Government School of Design, Newcastle, followed by the Antwerp Academy and the studio of Baron Leys.", "Chummy MacGregor John Chalmers MacGregor (March 28, 1903 – March 9, 1973), better known as Chummy MacGregor, a pianist and composer, was Glenn Miller’s pianist from 1936-1942. He composed the songs \"Moon Dreams\", \"It Must Be Jelly ('Cause Jam Don't Shake Like That)\", and \"Slumber Song\".", "Charles L. Johnson Charles Leslie Johnson (December 3, 1876 - December 28, 1950) was an American composer of ragtime and popular music. He was born in Kansas City, Kansas, died in Kansas City, Missouri, and lived his entire life in those two cities. He published over 300 songs in his life, nearly 40 of them ragtime compositions such as \"Doc Brown’s Cakewalk\", \"Dill Pickles\", \"Apple Jack (Some Rag)\", and \"Snookums Rag\".", "Charles Avison Charles Avison (/ˈeɪvɨsən/; 16 February 1709 (baptised) – 9 or 10 May 1770) was an English composer during the Baroque and Classical periods. He was a church organist at St John The Baptist Church in Newcastle and at St. Nicholas's Church (later Newcastle Cathedral). He is most known for his 12 Concerti Grossi after Scarlatti and his Essay on Musical Expression, the first music criticism published in English.", "Jules Renard Pierre-Jules Renard or Jules Renard (February 22, 1864 – May 22, 1910) was a French author and member of the Académie Goncourt, most famous for the works Poil de carotte (Carrot Top) (1894) and Les Histoires Naturelles (Nature Stories) (1896). Among his other works are Le Plaisir de rompre (The Pleasure of Breaking) (1898) and Huit jours à la campagne (A Week in the Country) (1906).", "MV Empire MacKendrick MV Empire MacKendrick was a grain ship converted to become a Merchant Aircraft Carrier or MAC ship.The Burntisland Shipbuilding Company Ltd, Fife, Scotland, built her under order from the Ministry of War Transport and was delivered on 12 December 1943. As a MAC ship, only her air crew and the necessary maintenance staff were naval personnel. She was operated by William Thomson & Co (the Ben Line).After the war the ship was converted to a grain carrier.", "List of Picasso artworks 1931–40 Artworks by Pablo Picasso from 1931 to 1940: Still Life on Pedestal Table - 1931 Figures by the Sea - 1931 Woman with yellow Hair - 1931 Girl before a Mirror - 1932 [1] Woman with Book - 1932 La Lecture - 1932 Le Reve (The Dream) - 1932 Nude, Green Leaves and Bust – 1932 The Red Armchair - 1933 The Rooster - 1933 Woman with a vase - 1933 Seated Midel & Sculptor Studying Sculptured Head - 1933 Minotaur Kneeling over Sleeping Girl - 1933 Bullfight - 1934 Dying Bull - 1934 Girl Reading at a Table - 1934 The Studio - 1934 (oil and enamel on canvas, 5' \"/3\\ x 4' 1/4\", collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art) The Muse - 1935 Minotauromachy - 1935 Minotaur Moving - 1936 The Vollard Suite of 100 etchings was completed in 1937. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Picasso_artworks_1931–40?oldid=650282070> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/William_John_House> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> William John House VC (7 October 1879 – 28 February 1912) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.", "J. I. M. Stewart John Innes Mackintosh Stewart (30 September 1906 – 12 November 1994) was a Scottish novelist and academic. He is equally well known for the works of literary criticism and contemporary novels published under his real name and for the crime fiction published under the pseudonym of Michael Innes. Many devotees of the Innes books were unaware of his other \"identity\", and vice versa.", "Charles Tournemire Charles Arnould Tournemire (22 January 1870 – 3 or 4 November 1939) was a French composer and organist, notable partly for his improvisations, which were often rooted in the music of Gregorian chant. His compositions include eight symphonies (one of them choral), four operas, twelve chamber works and eighteen piano solos; but today he is remembered largely for his organ music, and by far the best known piece from his pen is L'Orgue Mystique.", "Rennie Pilgrem Rennie Pilgrem is an electronic music producer from England who is often considered responsible for the creation of the nu skool breaks genre. Before moving into breaks Rennie produced techno and acid house and was part of the influential rave group Rhythm Section along with Ellis Dee. Rennie is also the boss of Thursday Club Recordings aka TCR a label which he founded in 1993. TCR records is major force in the nu skool breaks scene.", "Charles Maturin Charles Robert Maturin, also known as C. R. Maturin (25 September 1782 – 30 October 1824), was an Irish Protestant clergyman (ordained in the Church of Ireland) and a writer of Gothic plays and novels. His best known work is the novel Melmoth the Wanderer.", "Brian Easdale Brian Easdale (10 August 1909 – 30 October 1995) was a British composer.Easdale was born in Manchester, England. He was educated at Westminster Abbey School and the Royal College of Music.For the opera house and the concert hall, his works include the operas Rapunzel (1927), The Corn King (1935, not performed until November 1950) and The Sleeping Children (1951). His orchestral works included Five pieces for orchestra, Six Poems, and Tone Poem.", "Adolphe Adam Adolphe Charles Adam (French: [adolf adɑ̃]; 24 July 1803 – 3 May 1856) was a French composer and music critic. A prolific composer of operas and ballets, he is best known today for his ballets Giselle (1841) and Le corsaire (1856, his last work), his operas Le postillon de Lonjumeau (1836), Le toréador (1849) and Si j'étais roi (1852) and his Christmas carol Minuit, chrétiens! (1844), later set to different English lyrics and widely sung as \"O Holy Night\" (1847).", "Constantine Samuel Rafinesque Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz, as he is known in Europe (October 22, 1783 – September 18, 1840), was a nineteenth-century polymath born near Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire and self-educated in France. He traveled as a young man in the United States, ultimately settling in Ohio in 1815, where he made notable contributions to botany, zoology, and the study of prehistoric earthworks in North America.", "Ken McGoogan Ken McGoogan is the Canadian author of eleven books, including 50 Canadians Who Changed the World, How the Scots Invented Canada, and four biographical narratives focusing on northern exploration and published internationally: Fatal Passage (John Rae), Ancient Mariner (Samuel Hearne), Lady Franklin's Revenge (Jane Franklin), and Race to the Polar Sea (Elisha Kent Kane).Born in Montreal (1947) and raised in a francophone town, McGoogan has traveled widely, both in Canada and abroad.", "Quality Street (confectionery) Quality Street is a popular selection of individual sweets, usually contained in tins or boxes. They were first produced by Mackintosh's in Halifax, West Yorkshire, England in 1936, and were named after a play by J. M. Barrie.", "Charles M. Inglis Charles McFarlane Inglis FEZ, FZS (1870–1954) was a naturalist and curator of the Darjeeling museum in India from 1926 to 1948. The museum was run by the Bengal Natural History Society and many of his writings were published in that society's journal which he started and edited.He was born 8 November 1870 in Elgin, Scotland, the son of Archibald Inglis, a retired planter in India, who went to India at the age of 18.", "The Skating Minister The Reverend Robert Walker Skating on Duddingston Loch, better known by its shorter title The Skating Minister, is an oil painting allegedly by Sir Henry Raeburn in the National Gallery of Scotland in Edinburgh. It was practically unknown until about 1949, but has since become one of Scotland's best-known paintings. It is considered an icon of Scottish culture, painted during one of the most remarkable periods in the country's history, the Scottish Enlightenment.", "Frederick William MacMonnies Frederick William MacMonnies (September 28, 1863 – March 22, 1937) was the best known expatriate American sculptor of the Beaux-Arts school, as successful and lauded in France as he was in the United States. He was also a highly accomplished painter and portraitist.He was born in Brooklyn Heights, Brooklyn, New York and died in New York City.Three of MacMonnies' best-known sculptures are Nathan Hale, Bacchante and Infant Faun, and Diana.", "Stanhope Forbes Stanhope Alexander Forbes RA (18 November 1857 – 2 March 1947), was an artist and a founding member of the influential Newlyn school of painters. He was often called 'the father of the Newlyn School'.", "Josephine Tey Josephine Tey was a pseudonym used by Elizabeth Mackintosh (25 July 1896 – 13 February 1952), a Scottish author best known for her mystery novels. She also wrote as Gordon Daviot, under which name she wrote plays with an historical theme.", "Roger Hargreaves Charles Roger Hargreaves (9 May 1935 – 11 September 1988) was an English author and illustrator of children's books, best remembered for the Mr. Men and Little Miss series, intended for very young readers. The simple and humorous stories, with brightly coloured, boldly drawn illustrations, have been part of popular culture since 1971, with sales of over 85 million copies worldwide in 20 languages.", "John Drew Mackenzie John Drew MacKenzie (1861–1918) was a master craftsman and instructor of the Newlyn Copper school in Cornwall, UK. His style is described as arts and crafts/art nouveau.Mackenzie was educated at Clifton College. He is credited with being the instigator of the Newlyn Copper Industry.[1]He arrived in Cornwall in 1888 as a painter and illustrator and in 1890 founded the Newlyn Industrial Class, instructing local people in metalwork; enamelling and embroidery.", "The Moon and Sixpence The Moon and Sixpence is a novel by W Somerset Maugham, told in episodic form by a first-person narrator, in a series of glimpses into the mind and soul of the central character Charles Strickland, a middle-aged English stockbroker, who abandons his wife and children abruptly to pursue his desire to become an artist.The story is said to be loosely based on the life of the painter Paul Gauguin.", "Charles Mackay (author) Charles Mackay (27 March 1814 – 24 December 1889) was a Scottish poet, journalist, author, anthologist, novelist, and songwriter, remembered mainly for his book Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds.", "Raymond Harold Sawkins Raymond Harold Sawkins (born in Hampstead, London 14 July 1923, died 23 August 2006) was a British novelist, who mainly published under the pseudonym Colin Forbes, but also as Richard Raine, Jay Bernard and Harold English. He only published three of his first books under his own name.Sawkins wrote over 40 books, mostly as Colin Forbes. He was most famous for his long-running series of thriller novels in which the principal character is Tweed, Deputy Director of the Secret Intelligence Service.", "Robert Murray M'Cheyne Robert Murray M'Cheyne (pronounced \"Mak-shayn\", occasionally spelled as \"McCheyne\"; 21 May 1813 – 25 March 1843) was a minister in the Church of Scotland from 1835 to 1843.", "Donald McMorran Donald Hanks McMorran RA (3 March 1904 – 6 August 1965) was an English architect who is known today for his sensitive continuation of the neo-Georgian and classical tradition in the period after the Second World War. His buildings include halls of residence at Nottingham University, Wood Street Police Station in the City of London, public housing schemes around London, the South Block extension to the Old Bailey and civic buildings in Exeter and Bury St Edmunds.", "John Stanyan Bigg John Stanyan Bigg (1828–1865) was an English poet of the Spasmodic School.His major works are The Sea-King; A metrical romance, in six cantos (1848), Night and the soul. A dramatic poem (1854), Shifting Scenes and Other Poems (1862).In 1858 Stanyan Bigg submitted an entry to the 'Burns Centenary Poetry Competition', organised by the directors of the Crytsal Palace Company (London) to mark the centenary of the birth of Robert Burns.", "James Key Caird Sir James Key Caird, 1st Baronet (7 January 1837 – 9 March 1916) was a Scottish jute baron and mathematician. He was one of Dundee's most successful entrepreneurs, who used the latest technology in his Ashton and Craigie Mills.Caird was noted for his interest in providing financial aid for scientific research. He was one of the sponsors of Sir Ernest Shackleton's ill-fated Antarctic expedition of 1914 to 1916.", "Ulric Nisbet Hugh Ulric Swinscow Nisbet (May 19, 1897 - 1987) was a British writer and the author of Thoughts on the purpose of art (1934), Spread no wings (1937) and Old school tie: recollections of Marlborough before the First World War (1964). Under the pseudonym Hugh Callaway he published The onlie begetter(1936), Bridge to world man (1960), Super-sense: a beginning (1967) and The new consciousness (alternative to chaos) (1971). He also published under the name Pierre Saint Vaast.", "Alistair MacLean Alistair Stuart MacLean (Scottish Gaelic: Alasdair MacGill-Eain; 21 April 1922 – 2 February 1987) was a Scottish novelist who wrote popular thrillers and adventure stories. His works include The Guns of Navarone, Ice Station Zebra and Where Eagles Dare – all three were made into popular films. He also wrote two novels under the pseudonym Ian Stuart.", "Colin McCahon Colin John McCahon (1 August 1919 – 27 May 1987) was a prominent artist in New Zealand. Along with Toss Woollaston and Rita Angus, McCahon is credited for introducing modernism to New Zealand in the early twentieth century. He is regarded as New Zealand's most important modern artist, particularly in his landscape work.", "Harold Fraser-Simson Harold Fraser-Simson (15 August 1872 – 19 January 1944), was an English composer of light music, including songs and the scores to musical comedies. His most famous musical was the World War I hit, The Maid of the Mountains, and he later set numerous children's poems to music, especially those of A. A. Milne.", "William MacIntyre William MacIntyre (c. 1791/1792–March 4, 1857) was a British physician known for publishing the first case report of multiple myeloma in 1850.MacIntyre graduated from the University of Edinburgh in 1811.He then established a successful practice, eventually in Harley Street, London. He was also a consultant to the Western General Dispensary and Metropolitan Convalescent Institution. He became a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1851.", "Charles Voysey (architect) Charles Francis Annesley Voysey (1857–1941) was an English architect and furniture and textile designer. Voysey's early work was as a designer of wallpapers, fabrics and furnishings in a simple Arts and Crafts style, but he is renowned as the architect of a number of notable country houses. He was one of the first people to understand and appreciate the significance of industrial design. He has been considered one of the pioneers of Modern Architecture, a notion which he rejected.", "Viscount Mackintosh of Halifax Viscount Mackintosh of Halifax, of Hethersett in the County of Norfolk, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1957 for the businessman and public servant Harold Mackintosh, 1st Baron Mackintosh of Halifax. He was the owner of the confectionery business of John Mackintosh & Sons Ltd and for many years Chairman of the National Savings Committee.", "Charles Spain Verral Charles Spain Verral (November 7, 1904 – April 1, 1990) was an author and illustrator born in Ontario, Canada. He wrote Street & Smith's Bill Barnes pulp series novels, among others. Among the most widely read of his books are the Brains Benton Mysteries, a six book series published from 1959 to 1961. He also published many other children's works, including Lassie, Rin Tin Tin, and Popeye.", "Louis MacNeice Frederick Louis MacNeice CBE (12 September 1907 – 3 September 1963) was a British poet and playwright. He was part of the generation of the Auden Group, also sometimes known as the \"Thirties poets\", that included W. H. Auden, Stephen Spender and Cecil Day-Lewis, nicknamed collectively \"MacSpaunday\" – a term coined by Roy Campbell, in his Talking Bronco (1946).", "John Macintyre For the fictional character, see Trapper John McIntyre. For the American actor, see John McIntire.John Macintyre (2 October 1857 – 29 October 1928) was a Scottish doctor who set up the world's first radiology department at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary, in Glasgow.Macintyre was born in High Street, Glasgow in a family of a tailor. His mother was related to the missionary and explorer David Livingstone.", "Charles Douglas Richardson Charles Douglas Richardson (7 July 1853 – 15 October 1932) was one of the most gifted sculptors working in Australia at c. 1900. His contemporary Bertram Mackennal was a highly enterprising sculptor, who had a more business-like approach to promoting his work. Richardson's career was based in Australia from 1889 onwards, whereas Mackennal spent most of his working life outside of Australia.", "James Pittendrigh Macgillivray Dr. James Pittendrigh MacGillivray (1856 - 29 April 1938) was a prominent Scottish sculptor. He was also a keen amateur poet, musician and artist. He was born in Inverurie, Aberdeenshire, the son of a sculptor, and studied under William Brodie and John Mossman. His works include public statues of Robert Burns in Irvine, Lord Byron in Aberdeen, the 3rd Marquess of Bute in Cardiff, John Knox in Edinburgh's St Giles Cathedral, and William Ewart Gladstone in Coates Crescent Gardens, Edinburgh.", "David Hamilton (architect) David Hamilton (11 May 1768 – 5 December 1843) was a Scottish architect based in Glasgow. He has been called the \"father of the profession\" in Glasgow. Notable works include Hutchesons' Hall, Nelson Monument in Glasgow Green and Lennox Castle. The Royal Exchange in Queen Street is David Hamilton's best known building in Glasgow.", "Arthur Heygate Mackmurdo Arthur Heygate Mackmurdo (12 December 1851 – 15 March 1942) was a progressive English architect and designer, who influenced the Arts and Crafts Movement, notably through the Century Guild of Artists, which he set up in partnership with Selwyn Image in 1882.Mackmurdo was the son of a wealthy chemical manufacturer. He was educated at Felsted School, and was first trained under the architect T. Chatfield Clarke, from whom he claimed to have learnt nothing.", "MV Empire MacAndrew MV Empire MacAndrew was a grain ship converted to become a Merchant Aircraft Carrier or MAC ship.MV Empire MacKendrick was built at William Denny and Brothers Dumbarton Scotland under order from the Ministry of War Transport. As a MAC ship, only her air crew and the necessary maintenance staff were naval personnel and she was operated by Hain SS Co, St.Ives.After the war, the ship was converted to a grain carrier, and eventually scrapped in China in 1970.", "George Rennie (sculptor and politician) George Rennie (1801 or 1802 – 22 March 1860) was a Scottish sculptor and politician. He entered politics to support the arts in Britain and helped achieve free access to public art and museums. He was an Member of Parliament (MP) for Ipswich, 1842-1847. That year he was appointed as governor of the Falkland Islands, off the coast of Argentina.", "A Scots Quair A Scots Quair is a trilogy by the Scottish writer Lewis Grassic Gibbon, describing the life of Chris Guthrie, a woman from the north east of Scotland during the early 20th century.It consists of three novels: Sunset Song (1932), Cloud Howe (1933), and Grey Granite (1934). The first is widely regarded as an important classic (voted Scotland's favourite book in a 2005 poll supported by the Scottish Book Trust and other organisations) but opinions are more varied about the other two.", "Hugh MacDiarmid Christopher Murray Grieve (11 August 1892 – 9 September 1978), known by his pen name Hugh MacDiarmid, was a Scottish poet, journalist, essayist and political figure. He is best known for his works written in 'synthetic Scots', or Lallans, a literary version of the Scots language that MacDiarmid himself developed.The son of a postman, MacDiarmid was born in the Scottish borders town of Langholm.", "Robert Carver (composer) Robert Carver CRSA (also Carvor, Arnot; c. 1485 – c. 1570) was a Scottish Canon regular and composer of Christian sacred music during the Renaissance. Carver is regarded as Scotland's greatest composer of the 16th-century. He is best known for his polyphonic choral music, of which there are five surviving masses and two surviving motets.", "R. M. Ballantyne Robert Michael Ballantyne (24 April 1825 – 8 February 1894) was a Scottish author of juvenile fiction who wrote more than 100 books. He was also an accomplished artist, and exhibited some of his water-colours at the Royal Scottish Academy.", "John Rennie the Elder John Rennie FRSE FRS (7 June 1761 – 4 October 1821) was a Scottish civil engineer who designed many bridges, canals, and docks.", "Apple Computer Inc v Mackintosh Computers Ltd Apple Computer Inc v Mackintosh Computers Ltd [1990] 2 S.C.R. 209, is a Supreme Court of Canada case on copyright law regarding the copyrightability of software. The Court found that programs within ROM silicon chips (in this case, the Autostart ROM and Applesoft in Apple II+ systems) are protected under the Copyright Act, and that the conversion from the source code into object code was a reproduction that did not alter the copyright protection of the original work.", "Charles Kenneth Scott Moncrieff Charles Kenneth Scott Moncrieff, MC (25 September 1889 – 28 February 1930) was a Scottish writer, most famous for his English translation of most of Proust's À la recherche du temps perdu, which he published under the Shakespearean title Remembrance of Things Past.", "William McIlvanney William McIlvanney (born 25 November 1936) is a Scottish writer of novels, short stories, and poetry. McIlvanney is a champion of gritty yet poetic literature; his works Laidlaw, The Papers of Tony Veitch, and Walking Wounded are all known for their portrayal of Glasgow in the 1970s. He is regarded as \"the father of 'Tartan Noir’\" and Scotland's Camus.", "Alexander Mackenzie (composer) Sir Alexander Campbell Mackenzie KCVO (22 August 1847 – 28 April 1935) was a Scottish composer, conductor and teacher best known for his oratorios, violin and piano pieces, Scottish folk music and works for the stage.Mackenzie was a member of a musical family and was sent for his musical education to Germany. He had many successes as a composer, producing over 90 compositions, but from 1888 to 1924, he devoted a great part of his energies to running the Royal Academy of Music.", "John Mackintosh Howie John Mackintosh Howie, CBE, FRSE (23 May 1936 – 26 December 2011), was a Scottish mathematician and prominent semigroup theorist.Howie was educated at Robert Gordon's College, Aberdeen, the University of Aberdeenand Balliol College, Oxford.He won the Keith Prize of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1979-81. He was Regius Professor of Mathematics at the University of St Andrews from 1970-1997. No successor to this chair was named until 2015 when Igor Rivin was appointed.", "Charles Macklin Charles Macklin (26 September 1699 – 11 July 1797), [Gaelic: Cathal MacLochlainn] (Charles McLaughlin in English), was an Irish actor and dramatist who performed extensively at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. Macklin revolutionised theatre in the 18th century by introducing a \"natural style\" of acting.", "Noel Irwin Lieutenant General Noel Mackintosh Stuart Irwin CB, DSO & Two Bars, MC (24 December 1892 – 21 December 1972) was a British soldier, who played a prominent role in the British Army after the Dunkirk evacuation, and in the Burma Campaign. He was also instrumental in some reforms to the training and equipment of British soldiers after the defeat in France in 1940, intended to meet the demands of modern warfare.", "Herbert MacNair James Herbert MacNair (December 23, 1868 - April 22, 1955), was a Scottish artist, designer and teacher whose work contributed to the development of the \"Glasgow Style\" during the 1890s. Born in Glasgow into a military family, MacNair trained as an architect with the Glasgow firm of Honeyman and Keppie from 1888 to 1895, and it was there that he first met Charles Rennie Mackintosh.", "James Mackintosh Sir James Mackintosh (24 October 1765 – 30 May 1832) was a Scottish jurist, Whig politician and historian. His studies and sympathies embraced many interests. He was trained as a doctor and barrister, and worked also as a journalist, judge, administrator, professor, philosopher and politician.", "Donald MacKintosh Donald MacKintosh VC (7 February 1896 – 11 April 1917) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.", "Sir William Mackinnon, 1st Baronet Sir William Mackinnon, 1st Baronet (13 March 1823 – 22 June 1893) was a Scottish ship-owner and businessman who built up substantial commercial interests in India and East Africa. He established the British-India Steam Navigation Company and the Imperial British East Africa Company.", "Ruchill Church Hall Ruchill Church Hall, designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh, was built as a mission for the Free Church of Scotland and completed in 1899. It is located at 15/17 Shakespeare Street, a side road off Maryhill Road, Glasgow, Scotland, close to the bridge which takes Ruchill Street across the Forth and Clyde Canal to the Ruchill area, and near a shopping centre on the main road.", "Mackintosh's Toffee Mackintosh's Toffee is a sweet created by John Mackintosh. Mackintosh opened up his sweets shop in Halifax, Yorkshire, England in 1890, and the idea for Mackintosh's Toffee, not too hard and not too soft, came soon after. In 1969, Mackintosh's merged with rival Rowntree to form Rowntree Mackintosh, which merged with Nestlé in 1988.The product is often credited with being over 100 years old.The toffee is sold in bags containing a random assortment of individual wrapped flavoured toffees.", "Cameron Mackintosh Sir Cameron Anthony Mackintosh (born 17 October 1946) is a British theatrical producer notable for his association with many commercially successful musicals. At the height of his success in 1990, he was described as being \"the most successful, influential and powerful theatrical producer in the world\" by the New York Times.", "Hugh Mackintosh Prof Hugh Ross Mackintosh (1870-1936) was a Scottish theologian, and parish minister. He was born in Paisley, where his father held the Free Church Gaelic charge. He attended Edinburgh University, before proceeding to New College, Edinburgh to study divinity. He also took sessions at Freiburg, Halle and Marburg, where he became a particular friend of Wilhelm Herrmann.His major theological work was his major study addressing the Person of Christ.", "Ray Mackintosh Ray Mackintosh is an emeritus professor of nuclear physics based at the UK's Open University in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire. He is co-author of Nucleus, A Trip Into The Heart of Matter (Canopus Publishing Limited, 2001).Mackintosh is active in nuclear theory research, has more than 100 publications, and has been involved in publicity activities for the nuclear physics community.", "Ian Mackintosh Ian Mackintosh, MBE, (born 26 July 1940; disappeared and presumed dead July 1979) was a Scottish naval officer, a writer of thriller novels, and a screenwriter for British television.His first novel, A Slaying in September, was published in 1967.", "Mackintosh The Mackintosh or raincoat (abbreviated as mac or mack) is a form of waterproof raincoat, first sold in 1824, made out of rubberised fabric. The Mackintosh is named after its Scottish inventor Charles Macintosh, though many writers add a letter k (this variant spelling \"Mackintosh\" is now standard ).Although the Mackintosh style of coat has become generic, a genuine Mackintosh coat should be made from rubberised or rubber laminated material.", "William Archibald Mackintosh William Archibald Mackintosh, CC FRSC (May 21, 1895 – December 29, 1970) was a Canadian academic, economist, political scientist, writer, and was the twelfth Principal of Queen's University from 1951 until 1961.Born in Madoc, Ontario, he received his BA and MA from Queen's in 1916. He received his PhD from Harvard University.From 1922 to 1939 he was a professor of economics at Queen's.", "Charles Macintosh Charles Macintosh FRS (29 December 1766 – 25 July 1843) was a Scottish chemist and inventor of waterproof fabrics. The Mackintosh raincoat (the variant spelling is now standard) is named for him.", "Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh (5 November 1864 – 7 January 1933) was a Scottish artist whose design work became one of the defining features of the \"Glasgow Style\" during the 1890s.", "Charles Herbert Mackintosh Charles Herbert Mackintosh (May 13, 1843 – December 22, 1931) was a journalist, mayor of Ottawa from 1879–1881, represented Ottawa City as a Liberal-Conservative in the Canadian House of Commons from 1882 to 1887, and from 1890 to 1893, and served as Lieutenant Governor of the Northwest Territories from 1893 to 1898.", "Robert James Mackintosh Robert James Mackintosh (1806-1864), son of Sir James Mackintosh and his second wife, was a British colonial governor. As Governor of Antigua, he was the viceroy in the Leeward Islands colony between 1850 and 1855.He married Mary \"Molly\" Appleton, daughter of the American merchant Nathan Appleton and had a son Ronald.", "Hill House, Helensburgh Hill House in Helensburgh, Scotland is one of Charles Rennie Mackintosh's most famous works, probably second only to Glasgow School of Art. It was designed and built for the publisher Walter Blackie in 1902 – 1904.In addition to the house itself, Mackintosh also designed most of the interior rooms, furniture and other fixings." ]	2
List of countries in World War Two	[ "Thailand\nThailand (/ˈtaɪlænd/ TY-land or /ˈtaɪlənd/ TY-lənd; Thai: ประเทศไทย, rtgs: Prathet Thai), officially the Kingdom of Thailand (Thai: ราชอาณาจักรไทย, rtgs: Ratcha-anachak Thai; IPA: [râːt.tɕʰá.ʔāː.nāː.tɕàk tʰāj]), formerly known as Siam (Thai: สยาม; rtgs: Sayam), is a country at the centre of the Indochinese peninsula in Mainland Southeast Asia.", "Empire of Japan\nThe Empire of Japan (大日本帝国/大日本帝國, Dai Nippon Teikoku, literally \"Greater Japanese Empire\") was the historical Japanese nation-state that existed from the Meiji Restoration on January 3, 1868 to the enactment of the 1947 constitution of modern Japan.Imperial Japan's rapid industrialization and militarization under the slogan Fukoku Kyōhei (富国強兵, \"Enrich the Country, Strengthen the Armed forces\") led to its emergence as a world power and the establishment of a colonial empire.", "United Kingdom–United States relations\nBritish–American relations, also referred to as Anglo-American relations, encompass many complex relations ranging from two early wars to competition for world markets.", "Ethiopia\nEthiopia (/ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/; Amharic: ኢትዮጵያ?, ʾĪtyōṗṗyā, About this sound listen ), officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea to the north and northeast, Djibouti and Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the west, and Kenya to the south.", "New Zealand\nNew Zealand (/njuːˈzilənd/ new-ZEE-lənd, Māori: Aotearoa [aɔˈtɛaɾɔa]) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses – that of the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu – and numerous smaller islands.", "Norway\nNorway (/ˈnɔrweɪ/ NAWR-way; Norwegian: About this sound Norge (Bokmål) or About this sound Noreg (Nynorsk)), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a sovereign and unitary monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula plus Jan Mayen and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard. The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom.", "Samoa\nSamoa (/səˈmoʊ.ə/; Samoan: Sāmoa, IPA: [ˌsaːˈmoa]), officially the Independent State of Samoa (Samoan: Malo Sa'oloto Tuto'atasi o Sāmoa), formerly known as Western Samoa, is an Oceanian country encompassing the western part of the Samoan Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. It became independent from New Zealand in 1962. The two main islands of Samoa are Upolu and Savai'i, one of the biggest islands in Polynesia.", "Division of Korea\nThe division of Korea into South Korea and North Korea was the result of the 1945 Allied victory in World War II, ending the Empire of Japan's 35-year colonial rule of Korea by General Order No. 1. The United States and the Soviet Union agreed to temporarily occupy the country as a trusteeship with the zone of control along the 38th parallel.", "Colombia\nColombia (/kəˈlʌmbiə/ kə-LUM-biə or /kəˈlɒmbiə/ kə-LOM-biə; Spanish: [koˈlombja]), officially the Republic of Colombia (Spanish: About this sound República de Colombia ), is a country situated in the northwest of South America, bordered to the northwest by Panama; to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; and it shares maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, Dominican Republic and Haiti.", "Luxembourg\nLuxembourg /ˈlʌksəmbɜrɡ/ (Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg; German: Luxemburg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in western Europe. It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east, and France to the south. It comprises two principal regions: the Oesling in the north as part of the Ardennes massif, and the Gutland \"\\good country\") in the south. With an area of 2,586 square kilometres (998 sq mi), it is one of the smallest sovereign states in Europe.", "Austria\nAustria (/ˈɒːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç]), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich, About this sound listen ), is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.5 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,879 square kilometres (32,386 sq mi).", "Finland\nFinland (/ˈfɪnlənd/; Finnish: Suomi [suomi]; Swedish: Finland [ˈfɪnland]), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe bordered by Sweden to the west, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east; Estonia lies to the south across the Gulf of Finland. Finland is part of the geographic region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia and parts of Russia.In 2013, Finland's population was around 5.5 million, with the majority living in its southern regions.", "United States\nThe United States of America (USA), commonly referred to as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major territories and various possessions. The 48 contiguous states and Washington, D.C., are in central North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is located in the northwestern part of North America and the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific.", "Czechoslovakia\nCzechoslovakia or Czecho-Slovakia /ˌtʃɛkɵslɵˈvaːkiə/ (Czech and Slovak: Československo, Česko-Slovensko, pronounced [ˈt͡ʃɛskoslovɛnsko] in both of those languages) was a sovereign state in Central Europe that existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until its peaceful dissolution into the Czech Republic and Slovakia on 1 January 1993.From 1939 to 1945, following its forced division and partial incorporation into Nazi Germany, the state did not de facto exist but its government-in-exile continued to operate.", "Military history of Canada during World War II\nThe Second World War officially began on 1 September 1939, with the German invasion of Poland. Britain and France declared war on the Third Reich, two days later, on 3 September 1939. One week later, on 10 September 1939, Canada likewise declared war on Germany, the country's first independent declaration of war and the beginning of Canada's participation in the largest combined national effort in its history.", "Slovak Republic (1939–45)\nThe (First) Slovak Republic (Slovak: [prvá] Slovenská republika) otherwise known as the Slovak State (Slovak: Slovenský štát) was a client state of Nazi Germany which existed between 14 March 1939 and 4 April 1945. It controlled the majority of the territory of present-day Slovakia, but without its current southern and eastern parts, which then formed part of Hungary.", "Mexico\nMexico (/ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/; Spanish: México [ˈmexiko]), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos, About this sound listen ), is a federal republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico.", "Estonia\nEstonia (/ɛˈstoʊniə/; Estonian: Eesti [ˈeːsti]), officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia (338.6 km). Across the Baltic Sea lies Sweden in the west and Finland in the north.", "Greece\nGreece (/ɡriːs/ GREESS; Greek: Ελλάδα, Elláda [eˈlaða]), officially the Hellenic Republic (Greek: Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Ellīnikī́ Dīmokratía [eliniˈci ðimokraˈti.a]) and known since ancient times as Hellas (/ˈhɛləs/; Greek: Ελλάς, Ellás), is a country located in southeastern Europe. According to the 2011 census, Greece's population is around 10.8 million.", "Haiti\nHaiti (/ˈheɪti/; French: Haïti [a.iti]; Haitian Creole: Ayiti [ajiti]), officially the Republic of Haiti (French: République d'Haïti; Haitian Creole: Repiblik Ayiti), is a country in the western hemisphere, and is located on the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean. It occupies the smaller western three-eighths of the island which it shares with the Dominican Republic.", "Poland\nPoland (Polish: Polska [ˈpɔlska]), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska, About this sound listen ), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine and Belarus to the east; and the Baltic Sea, Kaliningrad Oblast (a Russian exclave) and Lithuania to the north.", "Sweden during World War II\nSweden maintained its policy of neutrality during World War II. When the war began on September 1, 1939, the fate of Sweden was unclear.", "Egypt\nEgypt (/ˈiːdʒɪpt/; Arabic: مِصر‎ Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: مَصر Maṣr), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia, via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is the world's only contiguous Eurafrasian nation and most of Egypt's territory of 1,010,408 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi) lies within the Nile Valley.", "Outline of Algeria\nThe following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Algeria:Algeria – former French colony and the largest country in Africa, located in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa with Algiers as its capital.", "List of World War II aces from Spain\nThis is a list of fighter aces in World War II from Spain who fought with the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. For other countries see List of World War II aces by country", "Venezuela\nVenezuela (/ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə/ VEN-ə-ZWAYL-ə; Spanish: [beneˈswela]), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a federal republic located on the northern coast of South America. It is bordered by Colombia on the west, Brazil on the south, and Guyana on the east. Venezuela's territory covers around 916,445 km2 (353,841 sq mi) with an estimated population around 33,221,865.", "Chile\nChile (/ˈtʃɪli/; Spanish: [ˈtʃile]), officially the Republic of Chile (Spanish: About this sound República de Chile ), is a South American country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island in Oceania.", "World War II\nWorld War II (WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, though related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries.", "Italy\nItaly (/ˈɪtəli/; Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica Italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and has a largely temperate climate; due to its shape, it is often referred to in Italy as lo Stivale (the Boot). With 61 million inhabitants, it is the 4th most populous EU member state.", "Military history of Finland during World War II\nThe military history of Finland during World War II encompasses three major conflicts. The first two of these – the defensive Winter War in 1939–1940, and the Continuation War alongside the Axis Powers in 1941–1944 – were waged against the Soviet Union.", "Bulgaria\nBulgaria (/bʌlˈɡɛəriə/, /bʊlˈ-/; Bulgarian: България, tr. Bǎlgarija, IPA: [bɐɫˈɡarijɐ]), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (Bulgarian: Република България, tr. Republika Bǎlgarija), is a country in southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, and the Black Sea to the east.", "Vatican City in World War II\nVatican City pursued a policy of neutrality during World War II, under the leadership of Pope Pius XII. Although the city of Rome was occupied by Germany from 1943 and the Allies from 1944, Vatican City itself was not occupied. The Vatican organised extensive humanitarian aid throughout the duration of the conflict.", "Slovakia\nSlovakia (/slɵˈvaːkiə/; Slovak: Slovensko Slovak pronunciation: [ˈslovɛnsko]), officially the Slovak Republic (Slovak: Slovenská republika, About this sound listen ), is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. Slovakia's territory spans about 49,000 square kilometres (19,000 sq mi) and is mostly mountainous.", "Hungary\nHungary (/ˈhʌŋɡəri/; Hungarian: Magyarország [ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ]) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Romania to the east, Serbia to the south, Croatia to the southwest, Slovenia to the west, Austria to the northwest, and Ukraine to the northeast. The country's capital and largest city is Budapest. Hungary is a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the Visegrád Group, and the Schengen Area.", "Peru\nPeru (/pəˈruː/; Spanish: Perú [peˈɾu]; Quechua: Piruw [pɪɾʊw]; Aymara: Piruw [pɪɾʊw]), officially the Republic of Peru (Spanish: About this sound República del Perú ), is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the west by the Pacific Ocean.", "Brazil\nBrazil (/brəˈzɪl/; Portuguese: Brasil [bɾaˈziw] ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, About this sound listen ), is the largest country in both South America and the Latin American region. It is the world's fifth-largest country, both by geographical area and by population.", "List of World War II aces by country\nThis is a list of fighter aces in World War II, ordered by national origin. For a shorter list with rank and kill count see List of top World War II aces.By nationality:", "Romania\nRomania (/roʊˈmeɪniə/ roh-MAY-nee-ə; Romanian: România [romɨˈni.a]) is a unitary semi-presidential republic located in Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine. It also borders Hungary, Serbia, and Moldova. It covers 238,391 square kilometres (92,043 sq mi) and has a temperate-continental climate. With its 19.94 million inhabitants, it is the seventh most populous member state of the European Union.", "Iraq\nIraq (/ɪˈræk/, /ɪˈrɑːk/, or /aɪˈræk/; Arabic: العراق‎ al-‘Irāq, Kurdish: Êraq), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic: About this sound جمهورية العراق Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq; Kurdish: كۆماری عێراق‎ Komar-i ‘Êraq), is a country in Western Asia. The country borders Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest, and Syria to the west. The southern part of Iraq is within the Arabian Peninsula.", "Soviet Union\nThe Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲɛtskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪsˈtʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪˈspublʲɪk]) abbreviated to USSR (Russian: СССР, tr. SSSR) or shortened to the Soviet Union (Russian: Сове́тский Сою́з, tr. Sovetskij Soyuz; IPA: [sɐ'vʲetskʲɪj sɐˈjʉs]), was a Marxist–Leninist state on the Eurasian continent that existed between 1922 and 1991.", "Germany\nGermany (/ˈdʒɜrməni/; German: Deutschland [ˈdɔʏtʃlant]), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, About this sound listen ), is a federal parliamentary republic in western-central Europe. It includes 16 constituent states and covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres (137,847 sq mi) with a largely temperate seasonal climate. Its capital and largest city is Berlin.", "Yugoslavia\n'Yugoslavia' (Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian, Slovene: Jugoslavija, Југославија), once spelled and called \"Jugoslavia\", was a country in Southeast Europe during most of the 20th century. It came into existence after World War I in 1918 under the name of Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes by the merger of the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (itself formed from territories of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire) with the formerly independent Kingdom of Serbia.", "Allies of World War II\nThe Allies of World War II, called the United Nations from the 1 January 1942 declaration, were the countries that opposed the Axis powers together during the Second World War (1939–1945). The Allies promoted the alliance as seeking to stop German, Japanese and Italian aggression.The anti-German coalition at the start of the war (1 September 1939) consisted of France, Poland and Great Britain, soon to be joined by the British Commonwealth (Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa).", "Netherlands\nThe Netherlands (/ˈnɛðərləndz/; Dutch: Nederland [ˈneːdərˌlɑnt]) is the main \"constituent country\" (Dutch: land) of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a small, densely populated country located in Western Europe with three island territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing maritime borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom and Germany.", "Nauru\nNauru (/nɑːˈuːruː/ nah-OO-roo or /ˈnaʊəruː/ NOW-roo), officially the Republic of Nauru and formerly known as Pleasant Island, is an island country in Micronesia in the Central Pacific. Its nearest neighbour is Banaba Island in Kiribati, 300 kilometres (186 mi) to the east.", "World War II by country\nNearly every country in the world participated in World War II, with the exception of a few states that remained neutral. The Second World War pitted two alliances against each other, the Axis powers and the Allied powers.", "French Third Republic\nThe French Third Republic (French: La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) governed France from 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed, to 1940, when France's defeat by Nazi Germany led to the Vichy France government. Vichy was replaced by the French Fourth Republic.The early days of the Third Republic were dominated by the Franco-Prussian War, which the Republic continued to wage after the fall of Emperor Napoleon III.", "India\nIndia, officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. India is a federal constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system consisting of 29 states and 7 union territories.", "United Kingdom\nThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a sovereign state in Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the country includes the island of Great Britain—a term also applied loosely to refer to the whole country—the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands.", "Italian Social Republic\nThe Italian Social Republic (Italian: Repubblica Sociale Italiana, RSI), informally known as the Republic of Salò (Italian: Repubblica di Salò), was a puppet state of Nazi Germany during the later part of World War II (from 1943 until 1945). It was the second and last incarnation of the Fascist Italian state and it was led by Duce Benito Mussolini and his reformed Republican Fascist Party.", "Korea\nKorea, called Hanguk (Korean: 한국; Hanja: 韓國) or Daehan (Korean: 대한; Hanja: 大韓) in South Korea and Chosŏn (Korean: 조선; Hanja: 朝鮮) in North Korea and elsewhere, is an East Asian territory that is divided into two distinct sovereign states, North Korea (also known as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, or DPRK) and South Korea (also known as the Republic of Korea, or ROK). Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by China to the northwest and Russia to the northeast.", "Nepal\nNepal (/nəˈpɔːl/; Nepali: नेपाल [neˈpal]), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked country located in South Asia. With an area of 147,181 square kilometres (56,827 sq mi) and a population of approximately 27 million, Nepal is the world's 93rd largest country by area and the 41st most populous country. It is located in the Himalayas and bordered to the north by China and to the south, east, and west by India.", "List of World War II aces from Croatia\nThis is a list of fighter aces in World War II from the Independent State of Croatia. For other countries see List of World War II aces by country", "Lithuania\nLithuania (/ˌlɪθjuːˈeɪniə/; Lithuanian: Lietuva [ˈlʲɪɛtʊvaː]), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in Northern Europe. One of the three Baltic states, it is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, to the east of Sweden and Denmark. It is bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and Kaliningrad Oblast (a Russian exclave) to the southwest.", "China\nChina, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a sovereign state in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population of over 1.35 billion. The PRC is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China, with its seat of government in the capital city of Beijing.", "Australia\nAustralia (/əˈstreɪliə/, /ɒ-/, /-ljə/), officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east. Australia's capital is Canberra, its largest urban area is Sydney.", "Outline of Russia\nThe following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Russia.The Russian Federation, commonly known as Russia, is the most extensive country in the world, covering 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), more than an eighth of the Earth’s land area. Russia is a transcontinental country extending across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe; it spans 11 time zones and incorporates a great range of environments and landforms.", "Denmark\nDenmark (/ˈdɛnmɑrk/; Danish: Danmark [ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊]) is a country in Northern Europe. The southernmost of the Nordic countries, it is located southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark forms part of the cultural region called Scandinavia, together with Sweden and Norway. The Kingdom of Denmark is a sovereign state that comprises Denmark and two autonomous constituent countries in the North Atlantic Ocean: the Faroe Islands and Greenland.", "Iceland\nIceland (/ˈaɪslænd/; Icelandic: Ísland [ˈistlant]) is a Nordic island country between the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean. It has a population of 329,100 and an area of 103,000 km2 (40,000 sq mi), making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe. The capital and largest city is Reykjavík. Reykjavík and the surrounding areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active.", "Andorra\nAndorra (/ænˈdɔːrə/; Catalan: [ənˈdorə], locally: [anˈdɔra]), officially the Principality of Andorra (Catalan: Principat d'Andorra), also called the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra (Catalan: Principat de les Valls d'Andorra), is a sovereign landlocked microstate in Southwestern Europe, located in the eastern Pyrenees mountains and bordered by Spain and France. Created under a charter in A.D. 988, the present Principality was formed in A.D. 1278.", "List of World War II aces from Hungary\nThis is a list of fighter aces in World War II from Hungary. For other countries see List of World War II aces by country.", "German war crimes\nThe government of Germany ordered, organized and condoned a substantial number of war crimes in both World War I and World War II. The most notable of these is the Holocaust in which millions of people were murdered or died from abuse and neglect, between 50 and 60% of them (approximately 6 million out of 11 million) Jews. However, millions also died as a result of other German actions in those two conflicts.", "Canada\nCanada (/ˈkænədə/) is a country, consisting of ten provinces and three territories, in the northern part of the continent of North America. It extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering 9.98 million square kilometres (3.85 million square miles) in total, making it the world's second-largest country by total area and the fourth-largest country by land area.", "Latvia\nLatvia (/ˈlætviə/; Latvian: Latvija [ˈlatvija]), officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvian: Latvijas Republika), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe, one of the three Baltic states. It is bordered by Estonia, Lithuania, Russia, and Belarus, as well as a maritime border to the west with Sweden. Latvia has 2,070,371 inhabitants and a territory of 64,589 km2 (24,938 sq mi).", "France\nFrance, officially the French Republic (French: République française), is a sovereign state comprising territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories.", "Nordic countries in World War II\nGiven their strategic locations regarding Britain and Russia, the Nordic countries in World War II were the targets of German conquest or control, along with the nearby islands, while the British tried to stop them. Finland fought two wars against the Soviet Union and one against Germany, while Denmark and Norway were invaded and occupied by Germany. Iceland and the other islands were under British or American occupation, as was Greenland. Only Sweden remained neutral.", "Switzerland during the World Wars\nDuring both World War I and World War II, Switzerland managed to keep a stance of armed neutrality, and was not involved militarily. However, precisely because of its neutral status, Switzerland was of considerable interest to all parties involved, as the scene for diplomacy, espionage, commerce, and as a safe haven for refugees.", "German Empire\nThe German Empire (German: Deutsches Kaiserreich), variously referred to as the German Reich or Realm, or Imperial Germany, was the historical German nation state that existed from the unification of Germany in 1871 to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II in November 1918, when Germany became a federal republic.The German Empire consisted of 27 constituent territories, with most of them being ruled by royal families.", "List of World War II aces from Czechoslovakia\nThis is a list of fighter aces in World War II from Czechoslovakia. For other countries see List of World War II aces by country", "Liberia\nLiberia /laɪˈbɪəriə/, Cape Mesurado, Grain Coast, Pepper Coast, (Little America) or (LIB), commonly and officially referred to as the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. Liberia means \"Land of the Free.\" It is bordered by Sierra Leone to its west, Guinea to its north and Ivory Coast to its east. It covers an area of 111,369 square kilometres (43,000 sq mi) and is home to 4,503,000 people.", "Belgium\nBelgium (/ˈbɛldʒəm/; Dutch: België About this sound [ˈbɛlɣijə]; French: Belgique About this sound [bɛlʒik]; German: Belgien About this sound [ˈbɛlɡiən]), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a sovereign state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts several of the EU's official seats and as well as the headquarters of many major international organizations such as NATO.", "Axis powers\nThe Axis powers (German: Achsenmächte, Japanese: 枢軸国 Sūjikukoku, Italian: Potenze dell'Asse), also known as the Axis, were the nations that fought in the Second World War against the Allied forces. The Axis powers agreed on their opposition to the Allies, but did not coordinate their activity.The Axis grew out of the diplomatic efforts of Germany, Italy and Japan to secure their own specific expansionist interests in the mid-1930s.", "Lists of World War II topics\nThis is a list of World War II-related topic lists:", "Singapore\nSingapore (/ˈsɪŋəpɔr/ or /ˈsɪŋɡəpɔr/), officially the Republic of Singapore, and often referred to as the Lion City, the Garden City, and the Red Dot, is a leading global city-state and island country in Southeast Asia. It lies at the southernmost tip of continental Asia, one degree (137 km; 85 mi) north of the equator, and is separated from Peninsular Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to the north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the Singapore Strait to the south.", "Independent State of Croatia\nThe Independent State of Croatia (Serbo-Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, Независна Држава Хрватска, NDH; German: Unabhängiger Staat Kroatien; Italian: Stato Indipendente di Croazia), often referred to simply by the abbreviation NDH, was a World War II puppet state of Germany and Italy, which was established in parts of Axis-occupied Yugoslavia. The NDH was founded on 10 April 1941, after the invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers.", "Outline of World War II\nThe following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to World War II:World War II, or the Second World War – global military conflict from 1939 to 1945, which was fought between the Allied powers of the United States, United Kingdom, and Soviet Union against the Axis powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan, with their respective allies. Over 60 million people, the majority of them civilians, were killed, making it the deadliest conflict in human history.", "Japan\nJapan (/dʒəˈpæn/; Japanese: 日本 Nippon [nip̚põ̞ɴ] or Nihon [nihõ̞ɴ]; formally 日本国 About this sound Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, \"State of Japan\") is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, the East China Sea, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south." ]	[ "Italian war crimes Italian war crimes have been associated mainly with Fascist Italy in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War and World War II.", "Home front during World War II The home front covers the activities of the civilians in a nation at war. World War II was a total war; homeland production became even more invaluable to both the Allied and Axis powers. Life on the home front during World War II was a significant part of the war effort for all participants and had a major impact on the outcome of the war.", "History of the United Kingdom during World War I See also: Timeline of the United Kingdom home front during World War IThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland—then consisting of England, Scotland, Wales, and the whole of Ireland—was one of the Allied Powers during the First World War of 1914–1918, fighting against the Central Powers (the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Bulgaria).", "Potsdam Declaration The Potsdam Declaration or the Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender is a statement that called for the surrender of all Japanese armed forces during World War II. On July 26, 1945, United States President Harry S. Truman, United Kingdom Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Chairman of the Nationalist Government of China Chiang Kai-shek issued the document, which outlined the terms of surrender for the Empire of Japan as agreed upon at the Potsdam Conference.", "Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic This is a timeline for the Battle of the Atlantic (1939–1945) in World War II.", "Battle of the Netherlands The Battle of the Netherlands (Dutch: Slag om Nederland) was part of Case Yellow (German: Fall Gelb), the German invasion of the Low Countries (Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands) and France during World War II.The battle lasted from 10 May 1940 until the main Dutch forces surrendered on the 14th.", "1939 1939 (MCMXXXIX)was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (dominical letter A), the 1939th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 939th year of the 2nd millennium, the 39th year of the 20th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1930s decade. This year also marks the start of the Second World War, the deadliest human conflict in history.", "List of common World War II infantry weapons This is a list of infantry weapons which were in mainstream use during World War II (1939-1945).", "Great Patriotic War (term) The term Great Patriotic War (Russian: Вели́кая Оте́чественная война́, Velíkaya Otéchestvennaya voyná) is used in Russia and some other former republics of the Soviet Union to describe the conflict fought during the period from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945 along the many fronts of the Eastern Front of World War II between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany with its allies.The Great Patriotic War is commemerated on 11 May 1945 so as to also include the end of the Prague Offensive.", "Allied-occupied Germany The Allied powers who defeated Nazi Germany in World War II asserted governmental authority over all territory of the German Reich which lay west of the Oder–Neisse line, having formally abolished the German government of Adolf Hitler. (See 1945 Berlin Declaration.) The four powers divided Germany into four occupation zones for administrative purposes. This division was ratified at the Potsdam Conference (17 July to 2 August 1945).", "American Theater (World War II) The American Theater describes a series of mostly minor areas of operations during World War II. This was mainly due to both North and South America's geographical separation from the central theaters of conflict in Europe and Asia.", "Military history of Greece during World War II Greece entered World War II on 28 October 1940, when the Italian army invaded from Albania, beginning the Greco-Italian War. The Greek army was able to halt the invasion temporarily and was able to push the Italians back into Albania. The Greek successes forced Nazi Germany to intervene. The Germans invaded Greece and Yugoslavia on 6 April 1941, and overran both countries within a month, despite British aid to Greece in the form of an expeditionary corps.", "Cold War The Cold War was a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others) and powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its allies in the Warsaw Pact).Historians have not fully agreed on the dates, but 1947–1991 is common.", "South-East Asian theatre of World War II The South-East Asian Theatre of World War II was the name given to the campaigns of the Pacific War in Burma, Ceylon, India, Thailand, Indochina, Malaya and Singapore. Purposes of the conquest of these countries included the securing of natural resources such as rubber and petroleum from the European colonies in the region.", "Greco-Italian War The Greco-Italian War, also known as the Italo-Greek War, was a conflict between Italy and Greece, which lasted from 28 October 1940 to 23 April 1941. The conflict marked the beginning of the Balkans campaign of World War II and the initial Greek counter-offensive, the first successful land campaign against the Axis powers in the war. The conflict known as the Battle of Greece began with the intervention of Nazi Germany on 6 April 1941.", "List of theaters and campaigns of World War II The List of theaters and campaigns of World War II subdivides military operations of World war II and contemporary wars by war, then by theater and then by campaign.", "Attack on Pearl Harbor The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, in the United States Territory of Hawaii, on the morning of December 7, 1941. The attack led to the United States' entry into World War II.Japan intended the attack as a preventive action to keep the U.S.", "List of World War II military units of Germany The List of World War II military units of Germany contains all military units to serve with the armed forces of Germany during World War II.Major units above corps level are listed here. For smaller units, see List of German corps in World War II and List of German divisions in World War II.", "Second Vienna Award The Second Vienna Award was the second of two territorial disputes arbitrated by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. Rendered on 30 August 1940, it reassigned the territory of Northern Transylvania (including all of Maramureș and part of Crișana) from Romania to Hungary.", "Allies of World War I The Allies of World War I, also known as the Entente Powers, were the countries that opposed the Central Powers during the First World War.The members of the original Entente Alliance of 1907 were the French Republic, the British Empire and the Russian Empire; Italy ended its alliance with the Central Powers and entered the war on the side of the Entente in 1915. Japan was another important member.", "1940 in the United Kingdom Events from the year 1940 in the United Kingdom. This year is dominated by Britain's involvement in World War II, which had commenced in September the previous year, as well as the numerous enemy air raids on Britain and thousands of subsequent casualties. Although the war continued, Britain did triumph in the Battle of Britain and foiled the German invansion attempt.", "Invasion of Yugoslavia The invasion of Yugoslavia, also known as the April War (Serbian: Aprilski rat, Croatian: Travanjski rat) or Operation 25, was a German-led attack on the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers which began on 6 April 1941 during World War II. The order for the invasion was put forward in \"Führer Directive No.", "May 1940 War Cabinet Crisis The May 1940 War Cabinet Crisis was a confrontation between Winston Churchill, newly appointed as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and Viscount Halifax, the Foreign Secretary, which took place early in World War II. Halifax believed that in view of the successful German invasion of France and the encirclement of British forces at Dunkirk the United Kingdom should try to negotiate a peace settlement with Adolf Hitler.", "Military history of France during World War II The military history of France during World War II covers the period from 1939 until 1940, which witnessed French military participation under the French Third Republic, and the period from 1940 until 1945, which was marked by mainland and overseas military administration and struggles for the French colonies (under the command of Admiral François Darlan) between Vichy France, the Free French Forces under General Charles de Gaulle (London) and the Army of Africa under General Henri Giraud (French Algeria), with French Resistance and National Council of the Resistance.In August 1943, the de Gaulle and Giraud forces merged in a single chain of command subordinated to Anglo-American leadership, meanwhile opposing French forces on the Eastern Front were subordinated to Soviet or German leaderships.", "List of Italian divisions in World War II This is a list of Italian divisions in World War II.", "Ceylon in World War II After the outbreak of the Second World War, in the British Crown Colony of Ceylon (modern-day Sri Lanka), the government of Sir Don Baron Jayatilaka assured the British king and his majesty's government of its continued support.", "List of World War II weapons of the United States List of various weapons and vehicles used by the United States of America during World War II.", "List of World War II prisoner-of-war camps in the United Kingdom This is a list of Prisoner of War (POW) Camps located in the United Kingdom during World War II.", "History of the Jews during World War II World War II is the most tragic period in Jewish history.", "List of major U.S. Commands of World War II The List of major U.S. Commands of World War II includes major military commands of the United States. These are units above corps level.", "Europe first Europe first, also known as Germany first, was the key element of the grand strategy agreed upon by the United States and the United Kingdom during World War II. According to this policy, the United States and the United Kingdom would use the preponderance of their resources to subdue Nazi Germany in Europe first. Simultaneously, they would fight a holding action against Japan in the Pacific, using fewer resources.", "List of British armies in World War II This page is a list of British Armies in World War II. It is intended to provide a central point to access information about British formations of that size. First Army (1942–43) Second Army (1943–45) Fourth Army (fictitious/military deception) Eighth Army (1941–1945) Ninth Army (1941–45) Tenth Army (1942–1943) Twelfth Army (1945) Fourteenth Army (1943–45)", "Comparative officer ranks of World War II The following table shows comparative officer ranks of major Allied and Axis powers during World War II.KEY:NavyArmyAir ForceWaffen-SS/Allgemeine SSGeneric ranks not specific to any service", "Second Australian Imperial Force The Second Australian Imperial Force (Second, or 2nd, AIF) was the name given to the volunteer personnel of the Australian Army in World War II. Under the Defence Act (1903), neither the part-time Militia nor the full-time Permanent Military Force (PMF) could serve outside Australia or its territories unless they volunteered to do so. The Second AIF fought against Nazi Germany, the Kingdom of Italy, Vichy France and the Empire of Japan.", "Potsdam Agreement The Potsdam Agreement was the agreement between three of the Allies of World War II, United Kingdom, United States, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, for the military occupation and reconstruction of Germany—referring to the German Reich with its pre-war 1937 borders including the former eastern territories—and the entire European theatre of War territory.", "Battle of the Atlantic The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous military campaign in World War II, running from 1939 to the defeat of Germany in 1945. At its core was the Allied naval blockade of Germany, announced the day after the declaration of war, and Germany's subsequent counter-blockade. It was at its height from mid-1940 through to the end of 1943.", "List of British divisions in World War II This page is a list of British Army divisions that existed in World War II.", "United States theaters of operations in World War II During World War II, the United States Army divided its operations around the world into four theaters. Forces from many different Allied nations fought in these theaters. Other Allied countries have different conceptions of the theaters and/or different names for them.", "Burma Campaign The Burma Campaign in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II was fought primarily between the forces of the British Empire and China, with support from the United States, against the forces of the Empire of Japan, Thailand, and the Indian National Army.", "Yalta Conference The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and codenamed the Argonaut Conference, held from February 4 to 11, 1945, was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, represented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Premier Joseph Stalin, respectively, for the purpose of discussing Europe's post-war reorganization.", "War Order No. 154 War Order No. 154 was issued during World War II at the end of November or the beginning of December 1939. It was the first explicit instruction by Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine (navy) to use the tactics of unrestricted submarine warfare.", "Executive Order 9066 Executive Order 9066 is a United States presidential executive order signed and issued during World War II by the United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, authorizing the Secretary of War to prescribe certain areas as military zones. Eventually, EO 9066 cleared the way for the deportation of Japanese Americans, Italian Americans, and German Americans to internment camps.", "War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II Approximately six million Polish citizens, divided nearly equally between Christian and Jewish Poles, perished during World War II. Most were civilians killed by the actions of Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union and their respective allies. At the Nuremberg Tribunal, three categories of wartime criminality were established: waging a war of aggression, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.", "Battle of France The Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries during the Second World War, beginning on 10 May 1940, defeating primarily French forces. The battle consisted of two main operations. In the first, Fall Gelb (Case Yellow), German armoured units pushed through the Ardennes and then along the Somme valley to cut off and surround the Allied units that had advanced into Belgium.", "The Darkest Hour The Darkest Hour is a phrase coined by British prime minister Winston Churchill to describe the period of World War II between the fall of France in 1940 and the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, when the British Empire stood alone against Nazi Germany and the Axis Powers in Europe. The length of time between the fall of France in June 1940 and the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 measured 363 days, or 11 months and 28 days.", "List of World War II conferences This is a list of World War II conferences of the Allies of World War II.", "List of United States divisions during World War II The following is a list of United States Army and United States Marine Corps divisions of World War II.The United States began the war with only a handful of active divisions: five infantry and one cavalry. By the end of the war, the nation had fielded nearly one hundred. This has been called \"the 90-Division Gamble\".", "List of World War II weapons of Germany This is a list of air and land weapons used by Germany during World War II.", "Neutrality Patrol The Nazi invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939, began World War II hostilities in Europe; and the United States Navy Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) established a combined air and ship patrol of the United States Atlantic coast, including the Caribbean Sea, on September 4. President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared the United States’ neutrality on September 5, and declared the naval patrol a Neutrality Patrol.", "Allied Commission Following the termination of hostilities in World War II, the Allied Powers were in control of the defeated Axis countries. Anticipating the defeat of Germany and Japan, they had already set up the European Advisory Commission and a proposed Far Eastern Advisory Commission to make recommendations for the post war period.", "Middle East Theatre of World War II The Middle East Theatre of World War II is defined largely by reference to the British Middle East Command, which controlled Allied forces in both Southwest Asia and eastern North Africa. From 1943, most of the action and forces concerned were in the adjoining Mediterranean Theatre.The region was quiet for the first few months of the war, until Fascist Italy declared war against France and Britain on June 10, 1940.", "Neville Chamberlain Arthur Neville Chamberlain FRS (18 March 1869 – 9 November 1940) was a British Conservative politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1937 to May 1940. Chamberlain is best known for his appeasement foreign policy, and in particular for his signing of the Munich Agreement in 1938, conceding the German-speaking Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia to Germany.", "List of Polish divisions in World War II This is a list of Polish divisions in World War II. In contrast to Wikipedia's reasonably complete descriptions of U.S., British, and German divisions, only some Polish divisions have articles here, mostly because the detailed histories have either not been translated from Polish or have not been fully released from the official archives. (See Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias).", "Pacific War The Pacific War, sometimes called the Asia-Pacific War, was the theatre of World War II that was fought in the Pacific and East Asia.", "Belarus in World War II Belarus was a republic of the Soviet Union when World War II began. The borders of Belarus were greatly expanded in the invasion of Poland of 1939 and finalized after World War II. Following the German military disasters at Stalingrad and Kursk, a collaborationist Belarusian self-government (BCR) was formed by the Germans in order to drum up local support for their anti-Soviet operations.", "List of aircraft of World War II The List of aircraft of World War II includes all the aircraft used by those countries which were at war during World War II from the period between their joining the conflict and the conflict ending for them. Aircraft developed but not used operationally in the war are in the prototypes section at the end. Prototypes for aircraft that entered service under a different design number are ignored in favour of the service version.", "World War II evacuation and expulsion Forced deportation, mass evacuation and displacement of peoples took place in many of the countries involved in World War II. These were caused both by the direct hostilities between Axis and Allied powers, and the border changes enacted in the postwar settlement. The crisis in former Axis-occupied territories after liberation provided the context for much of the new international refugee and human rights architecture that survives today.", "Timeline of the Eastern Front of World War II Below is the timeline of the events of the Eastern Front of World War II, the conflict between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union from 1941 to 1945.", "Chamberlain war ministry Neville Chamberlain formed the Chamberlain War Ministry in the United Kingdom in 1939.", "Military history of the Netherlands during World War II The Netherlands entered World War II on May 10, 1940, when invading German forces quickly overran them. On December 7, 1941, after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Netherlands government in exile also declared war on Japan. Operation Market Garden, which started in 1944, liberated the southern and eastern parts of the country, but full liberation did not come until the surrender of Germany on May 5, 1945.", "Romania in World War II Following the outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939, the Kingdom of Romania under King Carol II officially adopted a position of neutrality. However, the rapidly changing situation in Europe during 1940, as well as domestic political upheaval, undermined this stance. Fascist political forces such as the Iron Guard rose in popularity and power, urging an alliance with Nazi Germany and its allies.", "Phoney War The Phoney War refers to the relatively quiet eight-month period at the start of World War II between the declaration of war by the Western Allies (United Kingdom and France) against Nazi Germany on 3 September 1939 just after the Invasion of Poland and the German Blitzkrieg in May 1940, that was marked by a lack of major military land operations by the Allies on Germany's Western Front.Even though Poland was overrun in about five weeks in the German and Soviet Invasion of Poland beginning on 1 September 1939, the Western Allies did nothing: this was the start of the Phoney War (at least as far as the United Kingdom and France were concerned).", "End of World War II in Asia The end of World War II in Asia occurred on 14 and 15 August 1945, when armed forces of Japan surrendered to the forces of the Allied Powers. The surrender came just over three months after the surrender of the Axis forces in Europe.", "Military history of Italy during World War II The participation of Italy in the Second World War was characterized by a complex framework of ideology, politics and diplomacy, in which its military history took place often heavily influenced by external factors. The imperial ambitions of the Fascist regime, which aspired to restore a \"Roman Empire\" in the Mediterranean (their Mare Nostrum), collapsed due to defeats in Greece and East and North Africa.", "List of military vehicles of World War II List of Second World War military vehicles by country, showing numbers produced in parentheses.", "Events preceding World War II in Europe The events preceding World War II in Europe are closely tied to the rise of fascism, especially in Nazi Germany.", "Military history of the Philippines during World War II The Commonwealth of the Philippines was attacked by the Empire of Japan on December 8, 1941 nine hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor (the Philippines are on the Asian side of the international date line). The United States of America controlled the Philippines at the time and possessed important military bases there. The combined American-Filipino army was defeated in the Battle of Corregidor by April 1942, but guerrilla resistance against the Japanese continued throughout the war.", "Australia in the War of 1939–1945 Australia in the War of 1939–1945 is a 22-volume official history series covering Australia's involvement in the Second World War. The series was published by the Australian War Memorial between 1952 and 1977.", "Expansion operations and planning of the Axis Powers Planning for global territorial expansion of the Axis Powers; Germany, Italy and Japan, progressed before and during the Second World War. This included some special strike plans against the Allied nations (with similar intentions to the James Doolittle raid special Allied Strike).", "Second Sino-Japanese War The Second Sino-Japanese War (July 7, 1937 – September 9, 1945), so named due to the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95, was a military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan from 1937 to 1945. China fought Japan, with some economic help from Germany (see Sino-German cooperation until 1941), the Soviet Union and the United States.", "Spain and World War II The Spanish State under General Franco was officially non-belligerent during World War II. This status was not recognised by international law but in practice amounted to neutrality. In fact, Franco's regime did supply material and military support to the Axis Powers in recognition of the heavy assistance it had received in the Spanish Civil War.", "History of the Second World War The History of the Second World War is the official history of Britain's contribution to the Second World War and was published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO). This immense project was sub-divided into areas to ease publication. Military operations are covered in the United Kingdom Military Series, the United Kingdom Civil Series covers aspects of the civilian war effortand the Foreign Policy series; the Intelligence series and the Medical series are eponymous.", "History of Poland (1939–45) The history of Poland from 1939 to 1945 encompasses primarily the period from the Invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany to the end of World War II. The outbreak of the war followed the period of intense armament by Nazi Germany and other neighbors of Poland, with which Poland was unable to keep up because of the country's fundamental economic weakness.Following the German-Soviet non-aggression treaty, Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany on 1 September 1939 and by the Soviet Union on 17 September.", "Eastern Front (World War II) The Eastern Front of World War II was a theatre of conflict between the European Axis powers and co-belligerent Finland against the Soviet Union, Poland and other allies, which encompassed Northern, Southern and Central and Eastern Europe from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945.", "Military history of New Zealand during World War II New Zealand entered the Second World War by declaring war on Nazi Germany with Britain.", "European theatre of World War II The European Theatre of World War II, also known as the European War, was a huge area of heavy fighting across Europe, from Germany's and the Soviet Union's joint invasion of Poland in September 1939 until the end of the war with the Soviet Union conquering much of Europe along with the German unconditional surrender on May 8, 1945 (V-E Day).", "Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II The Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre was a major theatre of operations during the Second World War. The vast size of the Mediterranean and Middle East theatre saw interconnected naval, land, and air campaigns fought for control of the Mediterranean, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Middle East and Southern Europe. The fighting in this theatre lasted from 10 June 1940, when Italy entered the war on the side of Germany, until 2 May 1945 when all Axis forces in Italy surrendered.", "World War II aircraft production This table lists aircraft production during World War II by country and year.", "Netherlands in World War II The involvement of the Netherlands in World War II began with its invasion by Nazi Germany on 10 May 1940. The Netherlands had proclaimed neutrality when war broke out in September 1939, just as it had in World War I, but Hitler ordered it invaded anyway. On 15 May 1940, one day after the bombing of Rotterdam, the Dutch forces surrendered.", "World War II casualties World War II was the deadliest military conflict in history in absolute terms of total dead. Over 60 million people were killed, which was about 3% of the 1940 world population (est. 2.3 billion). The tables below give a detailed country-by-country count of human losses. World War II fatality statistics vary, with estimates of total dead ranging from 50 million to more than 80 million. The higher figure of over 80 million includes deaths from war-related disease and famine.", "Western Front (World War II) The Western Front of the European theatre of World War II encompassed Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Western Germany. World War II military engagements in Southern Europe and elsewhere are generally considered under separate headings. The Western Front was marked by two phases of large-scale combat operations.", "Invasion of Poland The Invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign, or the 1939 Defensive War in Poland (Polish: Kampania wrześniowa or Wojna obronna 1939 roku), and alternatively the Poland Campaign (German: Polenfeldzug) or Fall Weiß in Germany (Case White), was a joint invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and a small Slovak contingent, that marked the beginning of World War II in Europe.", "Military history of Australia during World War II Australia entered World War II shortly after the invasion of Poland, declaring war on Germany on 3 September 1939. By the end of the war, almost a million Australians had served in the armed forces, whose military units fought primarily in the European theatre, North African campaign, and the South West Pacific theatre. In addition, Australia came under direct attack for the first time in its post-colonial history.", "Polish contribution to World War II The European theatre of World War II opened with the German invasion of Poland on Friday September 1, 1939 and the Soviet invasion of Poland on September 17, 1939. The Polish Army was defeated after more than a month of fighting. After Poland had been overrun, a government-in-exile (headquartered in Britain), armed forces, and an intelligence service were established outside of Poland. These organizations contributed to the Allied effort throughout the war.", "Tripartite Pact The Tripartite Pact, also known as the Berlin Pact, was an agreement between Germany, Italy and Japan signed in Berlin on 27 September 1940 by, respectively, Adolf Hitler, Galeazzo Ciano and Saburō Kurusu. It was a defensive military alliance that was eventually joined by Hungary (20 November 1940), Romania (23 November 1940), Bulgaria (1 March 1941) and Yugoslavia (25 March 1941), as well as by the German client state of Slovakia (24 November 1940).", "Comparison of early World War II tanks This table compare the tanks in use by the belligerent nations of Europe and the Pacific at the start of the Second World War, employed in the Polish Campaign (1939), the Fall of France (1940), Operation Barbarossa (1941), and the Malayan Campain (1942).", "Causes of World War II Among the main long-term causes of World War II were Italian fascism in the 1920s, Japanese militarism and invasions of China in the 1930s, and especially the political takeover in 1933 of Germany by Hitler and his Nazi Party and its aggressive foreign policy.", "List of pro-Axis leaders and governments or direct control in occupied territories This is a list of Native Pro-Axis Leaders and Governments or Direct Control in Occupied Territories, including: territories with some indigenous pro-Axis leaders collaborating local administrations direct administration by occupying pro-Axis forces Albania (until 1945) Bohemia and Moravia (until 1945) Carpatho-Ruthenia (until 1944) Belgium (until 1944) Banat (until 1944) Backa (until 1944) Bosnia (until 1944-45) Herzegovina (until 1944-45) Dalmatia (until 1945) Slovenia (Carniola) (until 1945) Littoral (Küstenland) (until 1945) Sanjak of Novi Pazar (until 1944) Transylvania (Siebenburgen) (until 1944) Kosovo (until 1944) Macedonia (until 1944) Montenegro (until 1944) Serbia (until 1944) Croatia (until 1945) Slavonia (until 1944) Galicia (until 1944) Dobruja (until 1944) Bukovina (until 1944) Bessarabia (until 1944) Transnistria (until 1944) Moldavia (until 1944) Netherlands (until 1944) Luxembourg (until 1944) France (German held area of France) (until 1944) Channel Islands (German held area of British Isles) (until 1945) Greece (until 1944) Denmark (until 1945) Dodecanese (until 1943) Norway (until 1945) Estonia (until 1944) Latvia (until 1944) Lithuania (until 1944) Ukraine (until 1944) Belarus (until 1944) Russia (Occupied areas) (until 1944) Caucasia (north areas) (until 1943) General Government (German administration over occupied Polish areas) Syria (until 1941) Lebanon (until 1941) Morocco (until 1943) Algeria (until 1943) Tunisia (until 1943) Libya (until 1943) Ethiopia (until 1941) Somalia (until 1941) Djibouti (until 1942) Madagascar (until 1942) Hong Kong (Kowloon) (Japanese held British Land) (until 1945) Macau (Japanese Held Portuguese Land) (until 1945) Philippines (until 1945) Burma (until 1945) Malaya (Malacca) (until 1945) Singapore (Syonan) (until 1945) Brunei (until 1945) Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)(until 1945) Christmas Island (Japanese Held British Land) (until 1945) East Timor (Japanese Held Portuguese Land) (until 1945) New Guinea (Japanese Held Australian Land) (until 1945) Andaman & Nicobar Islands (Japanese Held British Land) (until 1945) Attu (Japanese Held American Land) (until 1942) Kiska (Japanese Held American Land) (until 1942) Solomon Islands (until 1943) Gilbert Islands (until 1944) Guam (until 1944) Wake Island (until 1945) Nauru (until 1945)", "Military history of the United States during World War II The military history of the United States' involvement in World War II covers the war against Japan, Germany and Italy starting with the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. During the first two years of the global conflict, the United States had maintained formal neutrality as made officially in the 1937 Quarantine Speech delivered by U.S. President Franklin D.", "India in World War II During the Second World War, India was controlled by Britain, with the British holding territories in India including over five hundred autonomous Princely States; British India officially declared war on Nazi Germany in September 1939. The British Raj, as part of the Allied Nations, sent over two and a half million volunteer soldiers to fight under British command against the Axis powers.", "Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II Britain, along with most of its dominions, Crown colonies, and British India, declared war on Nazi Germany in 1939. War with Japan began in 1941, after it attacked British colonies in Asia. The Axis powers were defeated by the Allies in 1945." ]	8
Nordic authors who are known for children's literature	[ "Auður Jónsdóttir\nAuður Jónsdóttir (born 1973 in Reykjavík) is an Icelandic author, playwright and freelance journalist.Her debut novel, Stjórnlaus Lukka (Bliss), was nominated for the Icelandic literature Prize in 1998.", "Erna Osland\nErna Osland (born 1951) is a Norwegian teacher and author of children's literature. She made her literary debut in 1987 with the youth's book Natteramnen. She received the Norwegian Critics Prize for Best children's book in 1999 for Salamandarryttaren.", "Elsa Beskow\nElsa Beskow (née Maartman) (11 February 1874, Stockholm – 30 June 1953) was a Swedish author and illustrator of children's books. Among her better known books are Tale of the Little Little Old Woman and Aunt Green, Aunt Brown and Aunt Lavender.", "Tormod Haugen\nTormod Haugen (12 May 1945 – 18 October 2008) was a Norwegian writer of children's books and translator. For his \"lasting contribution to children's literature\" he received the international Hans Christian Andersen Medal in 1990.", "Paal-Helge Haugen\nPaal-Helge Haugen (born 26 April 1945) is a Norwegian lyricist, novelist, dramatist and children's writer.Haugen was born in Valle, Setesdal, and studied medicine at the University of Oslo. During the period 1965-67, Haugen was a member of the editorial team of literary magazine Profile. He made his literary debut with Blad frå ein austleg hage in 1965, a translation of Japanese haiku.", "Fredrik Skagen\nFredrik Skagen (born 30 December 1936) is a Norwegian writer.He was born in Trondheim. He is best known for his crime fiction, but is also the author of some children's books and several radio plays. His first book was published in 1968. His works have been translated into German, Danish, Swedish, Dutch and French. Skagen has received several awards, including the Norwegian Booksellers' Prize in 1985 and the Glass Key Award in 1996 for best Nordic crime novel.", "Merethe Lindstrøm\nMerethe Lindstrøm (born 26 May 1963) is a Norwegian author.Lindstrøm was born in Bergen and made her literary debut in 1983 with the publication of the short story collection titled Sexorcisten og andre fortellinger. Since then she has authored several collections of short stories, novels and a children's book.Lindstrøm has also sung with several rock bands, both in Oslo and Berlin.", "Henning Mankell\nHenning Mankell (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈhɛnˈnɪŋ ˈmaŋːkɛl]; born 3 February 1948) is a Swedish crime writer, children's author and dramatist, best known for a series of mystery novels starring his most famous creation, Inspector Kurt Wallander.", "Guus Kuijer\nGuus Kuijer (Dutch pronunciation: [ɣys ˈkœyər]; born 1 August 1942) is a Dutch author. He wrote books for children and adults, and is best known for the Madelief series of children's books. For his career contribution to \"children's and young adult literature in the broadest sense\" he won the Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award from the Swedish Arts Council in 2012, the biggest prize in children's literature.", "Kristín Steinsdóttir\nKristín Steinsdóttir is a well-known children's author and translator in Iceland.Kristín Steinsdóttir was born in Seyðisfjörður (a small village with less than 800 residents, at the end of a 17 kilometer long fjord) on 11 March 1946. After finishing a training to become teacher in 1968, she became a teacher in Reykjavik. In 1972–1978 she lived in Göttingen and studied German and Danish there.", "Helena Dahlbäck\nHelena Dahlbäck (1960–2000) was a Swedish author who wrote several children's books, for example My Sister Lotta and Me.My Sister Lotta and Me was translated into English by Rika Lessar in 1993 and published by Henry Holt & Co. (ISBN 0-8050-2558-8). It was illustrated by Charlotte Ramel, who also illustrated The Cake Book, published by Sprall Publishing, Sweden.", "Tove Jansson\nTove Marika Jansson (Finland Swedish pronunciation: [ˈtuːve ˈjaːnsɔn]; 9 August 1914 – 27 June 2001) was a Swedish-speaking Finnish novelist, painter, illustrator and comic strip author. For her contribution as a children's writer she received the Hans Christian Andersen Medal in 1966.Brought up by artistic parents, Jansson studied art from 1930 to 1938 in Stockholm, Helsinki and then Paris. Her first solo art exhibition was in 1943.", "Tarjei Vesaas\nTarjei Vesaas (20 August 1897, Vinje - 15 March 1970) was a Norwegian poet and novelist. Born in Vinje, Telemark, Vesaas is widely considered to be one of Norway's greatest writers of the twentieth century and perhaps its most important since World War II.Vesaas spent much of his youth in solitude, seeking comfort and solace in nature. He was guilt-ridden by his refusal to take over the family farm, and this guilt permeates much of his authorship.", "Norwegian literature\nNorwegian literature is literature composed in Norway or by Norwegian people. The history of Norwegian literature starts with the pagan Eddaic poems and skaldic verse of the 9th and 10th centuries with poets such as Bragi Boddason and Eyvindr Skáldaspillir. The arrival of Christianity around the year 1000 brought Norway into contact with European medieval learning, hagiography and history writing.", "Thorbjørn Egner\nThorbjørn Egner (12 December 1912 – 24 December 1990) was a Norwegian playwright, songwriter and illustrator known for his books, plays and musicals for children.", "Anne-Cath. Vestly\nAnne-Cath. Vestly (15 February 1920 – 15 December 2008) was a Norwegian author of children’s literature whose stature in Norwegian society can somewhat be compared to Sweden's famous children's book author Astrid Lindgren among Swedish people.", "Peter Pohl\nPeter Pohl (born 5 December 1940) is a Swedish author and former director and screenwriter of short films. He has received prizes for several of his books and films, as well as for his entire work. From 1966 until his retirement in 2005, he was lecturer in Numerical analysis at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden.", "Steingrímur Thorsteinsson\nSteingrímur Thorsteinsson (1831–1913) was an Icelandic poet and writer. He translated many works of literature into Icelandic, including Arabian Nights and the fairy tales of Hans Christian Andersen.", "Alf Prøysen\nAlf Prøysen (23 July 1914 – 23 November 1970), was a writer and musician from Norway. His Mrs. Pepperpot books established him as a children's author. Prøysen was one of the most important Norwegian cultural personalities in the second half of the twentieth century, and he made significant contributions to literature, music, television and radio.", "Arthur Ransome\nArthur Michell Ransome (18 January 1884 – 3 June 1967) was an English author and journalist. He is best known for writing the Swallows and Amazons series of children's books about the school-holiday adventures of children, mostly in the Lake District and the Norfolk Broads. Many of the books involve sailing; fishing and camping are other common subjects.", "Klaus Rifbjerg\nKlaus Rifbjerg (15 December 1931 – 4 April 2015) was a Danish writer. He authored more than 170 novels, books and essays. In 1965 he co-produced the film 4x4 which was entered into the 4th Moscow International Film Festival.", "Vredens barn\nVredens barn (lit. Children of Wrath) is a 1980 novel by Swedish author Sara Lidman. It won the Nordic Council's Literature Prize in 1980.", "Yemima Avidar-Tchernovitz\nYemima Avidar-Tchernovitz (Hebrew: ימימה אבידר-טשרנוביץ‎; October 1909 – March 20, 1998) was an Israeli author whose works became classics of modern Hebrew children’s literature. Born in Vilna, Lithuania in 1909, she arrived in Palestine in 1921, at the age of 12.A teacher and school principal, she also worked in children's radio with Kol Yerushalayim, with the Nursery School Teachers’ Theater and on the editorial board of Dvar HaPo’elet.", "Þórdís Gísladóttir\nÞórdís Gísladóttir, also Thordis Gisladottir, (born 14 July 1965) is an Icelandic children's book author, poet, novelist and school book writer.She is known for her children's stories about Randalin and Mundi and her poetry has also been well received.", "Olof Lagercrantz\nOlof Gustaf Hugo Lagercrantz (10 March 1911 – 23 July 2002) was a Swedish writer, critic, literary scholar (PhD 1951) and publicist (editor-in-chief of Dagens Nyheter 1960-1975). Lagercrantz was born in Stockholm, Sweden, the son of bank director Carl Lagercrantz and Countess Agnes Hamilton. He married Martina Ruin (born 1921), daughter of Professor Hans Ruin and Karin Sievers, in 1939. Lagercrantz is the father of actress Marika Lagercrantz and author David Lagercrantz.", "Ulf Stark\nUlf Gottfrid Stark (born 12 July 1944) is a Swedish author and screenwriter (he has adapted several of his own books for film and wrote the screenplay for the 1999 film Tsatsiki, morsan och polisen).Stark has collaborated with the illustrators Anna Höglund and Mati Lepp.From 1989 to 1998 he was an elected member of the Swedish Academy for Children's Books.In 1998 he received the Nordic Children's Book Prize.", "Johannes Heggland\nJohannes Heggland (29 June 1919 – 24 January 2008) was an award winning Norwegian novelist, short story and children's literature writer, playwright, and politician.", "Barna Hedenhös\nBarna Hedenhös (English: The Hedenhös Children) is the name of a series of Swedish children's books in the 1950s written by Bertil Almqvist. The story is set in the Stone Age and follows the Hedenhös family. Barna Hedenhös is mostly known as a book series, but Almqvist also made an animated television series about the Hedenhös family that was broadcast on SVT in 1972.", "Mauri Kunnas\nMauri Tapio Kunnas (born February 11, 1950 in Vammala) is a Finnish cartoonist and children's author.Kunnas matriculated in 1969 and graduated from the University of Art and Design in Helsinki as a graphic designer in 1975. He has worked as a political cartoonist in many Finnish newspapers.", "William Heinesen\nAndreas William Heinesen (15 January 1900 – 12 March 1991) was a poet, novel writer, short story writer, children's book writer, composer and painter from the Faroe Islands.", "Sólrún Michelsen\nSólrún Michelsen (born Midjord in Tórshavn in 1948), grew up in Argir, is a Faroese writer and poet. She received the Barnamentanarheiðursløn Tórshavnar býráðs (Tórshavn Council's Children's Book Prize) in 2002 and the Faroese Literature Prize in 2008. In 2004 she was nominated for the West Nordic Council's Children and Youth Literature Prize for the poem collection Loppugras. In 2015 she was Nominated the Nordic Literature Prize for the novel \"Hinumegin er mars\".", "Hans Christian Andersen\nHans Christian Andersen (/ˈhɑːnz ˈkrɪstʃən ˈændərsən/; Danish: [hans kʰʁæsd̥jan ˈɑnɐsn̩]; often referred to in Scandinavia as H. C. Andersen; 2 April 1805 – 4 August 1875) was a Danish author. Although a prolific writer of plays, travelogues, novels, and poems, Andersen is best remembered for his fairy tales.", "Byen og verden\nByen og verden (lit. The City and the World) is a 1993 novel by Danish author Peer Hultberg. It won the Nordic Council's Literature Prize in 1993.", "Selma Lagerlöf\nSelma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf (Swedish: [ˈsɛlˈma ˈlɑːɡə(r)ˈløːv]; 20 November 1858 – 16 March 1940) was a Swedish author. She was the first female writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, and most widely known for her children's book Nils Holgerssons underbara resa genom Sverige (The Wonderful Adventures of Nils).", "Bjarne Reuter\nBjarne Reuter (born 29 April 1950) is a Danish writer and screenwriter, best known for children's and young adult books.Many of his works are set in the 1950s and 1960s, the time period of his childhood and adolescence. Many also feature the Copenhagen area, where he was born in Brønshøj. Reuter is the screenwriter of the popular Danish television series and movie Busters verden \"\\Buster's World\"). In 1977 he was awarded with the Danish Ministry of Culture's children book prize.", "Astrid Lindgren\nAstrid Anna Emilia Lindgren (born Ericsson; Swedish: [ˈastrɪd ˈlɪŋɡreːn]; 14 November 1907 – 28 January 2002) was a Swedish writer of fiction and screenplays.", "Kåre Holt\nKåre Holt (10 October 1916, Våle – 15 March 1997) was a Norwegian author.His initial work was published in 1939, a children’s book named Tore Kramkar. As his career progressed, Holt wrote many children’s books, plays, radio plays, biographies, and historical novels. The trilogy Kongen about King Sverre Sigurdsson is considered his principal work.", "Children's literature\nChildren's literature or juvenile literature includes stories, books, magazines, and poems that are enjoyed by children. Modern children's literature is classified in two different ways: genre or the intended age of the reader.Children's literature can be traced to stories and songs, part of a wider oral tradition, that adults shared with children before publishing existed. The development of early children's literature, before printing was invented, is difficult to trace.", "Marjun Syderbø Kjelnæs\nMarjun Syderbø Kjelnæs (born 1974) is a Faroese writer. She has won several short story competitions and in 2008 she was awarded by the City Council of Tórshavn with the Children's Book Prize Barnabókaheiðursløn Tórshavnar býráðs. She writes mostly for children and for the youth. In 2011 her story \"Skriva í sandin\" from 2010 won the Nordic Children's Book Prize from the Nordic School Librarian Association and the German White Raven Prize.", "Louis Jensen\nLouis Jensen (born 19 July 1943) is a Danish author who is an innovator in the international literary trends of flash fiction, metafiction, prose poetry, and magical realism. While he has published more than 70 books for both adults and children, he is best known for his children's books, which include picture books, short stories, flash fiction, creative nonfiction and novels.", "Hans Seland\nHans Seland (5 March 1867 – 30 June 1949) was a Norwegian politician and author.", "Inger and Lasse Sandberg\nInger and Lasse Sandberg are Swedish authors of children's books. They have created many characters, including The Little Ghost Godfrey (Sw: Lilla Spöket Laban).Lasse Sandberg died on 11 November 2008, in Karlstad, after a short illness. He was 84.Lasse Sandberg was also known as a talented artist and, formerly, a cartoonist and comic creator in his home country." ]	[ "Carlsen Verlag Carlsen Verlag is a subsidiary of the homonymous Danish publishing house which in turn belongs to the Swedish media company Bonnier. The branch was founded on 25 April 1953 in Hamburg. The publisher's program focuses on books for children, i.e. Harry Potter, Rugrats', and The Adventures of Tintin.By 2005 Carlsen Comics, the publisher's comic division, had grown to be one of the three biggest comic publishers in Germany. Carlsen is one of the ten biggest publishers of children's books.", "Kenn Nesbitt Kenn Nesbitt is an American children's poet. On June 11, 2013 he was named Children's Poet Laureate by the Poetry Foundation.He is a writer of humorous poetry for children, including the books My Hippo Has the Hiccups and Revenge of the Lunch Ladies. Kenn Nesbitt has collaborated with poet Linda Knaus on one collection of Christmas poems entitled Santa Got Stuck in the Chimney and with children's musician Eric Herman on several CDs.", "Skellig Skellig is a children's novel by the British author David Almond, published by Hodder in 1998. It was the Whitbread Children's Book of the Year and it won the Carnegie Medal from the Library Association, recognising the year's outstanding children's book by a British author. In the U.S. it was a runner up for the Michael L. Printz Award, which recognizes one work of young adult fiction annually.", "Karlsson-on-the-Roof Karlsson-on-the-Roof (Swedish: Karlsson på taket) is a fictional character in a series of children's books created by Swedish author Astrid Lindgren. The cartoon adaptation became popular in the USSR with its release in the 1970s.", "Väinö Linna Väinö Linna (About this sound pronunciation ) (20 December 1920 – 21 April 1992) was a Finnish author. He gained literary fame with his third novel, Tuntematon sotilas (The Unknown Soldier, published in 1954), and consolidated his position with the trilogy Täällä Pohjantähden alla (Under the North Star, published in 1959–1963 and translated into English by Richard Impola).", "Thorvald Steen Thorvald Steen (born 9 January 1954) is a Norwegian writer and government scholar.He made his literary debut in 1983, and has subsequently published a wide range of novels, plays, collections of poems, books of short stories, children’s books and essays. He has distinguished himself as one of Norway’s leading internationally oriented writers.", "Mary Stolz Mary Stolz (born Mary Slattery, March 24, 1920 – December 15, 2006) was an American writer of fiction for children and young adults. Her works received Newbery Honors in 1962 and 1966 and her entire body of work was awarded the George G. Stone Recognition of Merit in 1982.Her literary works range from picture books to young-adult novels. Although most of Stolz's works are fiction books, she has made a few contributions to magazines such as Cosmopolitan, Ladies' Home Journal, and Seventeen.", "Halfdan Rasmussen Halfdan Rasmussen (29 January 1915 in Copenhagen – 2 March 2002) was a Danish poet. He was known for his literary nonsense verse for children and his serious adult writings about social issues and human rights. He was awarded with the Ministry of Culture's children book prize (Kulturministeriets Børnebogspris) in 1965.", "Torfhildur Þorsteinsdóttir Torfhildur Þorsteinsdóttir, also known as Torfhildur Hólm (2 February 1845 – 14 November 1918) was an Icelandic author, who lived for many years in Canada. She was perhaps the first Icelander to make a living as an author, and is frequently cited as the first Icelandic woman novelist.", "Eduard Uspensky Eduard Nikolayevich Uspensky (Russian: Эдуа́рд Никола́евич Успе́нский; born December 22, 1937) is a Russian writer and author of several children's books.", "William Mayne William James Carter Mayne (16 March 1928 – 24 March 2010) was an English writer of children's fiction. The Oxford Companion to Children's Literature calls him one of the outstanding children's authors of the 20th century.", "Gianni Rodari Gianni Rodari (23 October 1920 – 14 April 1980) was an Italian writer and journalist, most famous for his children's books, notably Il romanzo di Cipollino. For his lasting contribution as a children's writer he received the biennial Hans Christian Andersen Medal in 1970 and many consider him Italy's most important twentieth-century children's author. His books have been translated into many languages, though few have been published in English.", "Eno Raud Eno Raud (February 15, 1928 - July 10, 1996) was an Estonian children's literature author. Raud was born in Tartu. He graduated from university as a specialist in Estonian language in 1952. From 1952 to 1956 he worked in the Estonian National Library. From 1956 to 1965 he worked in the Estonian national publishing association. After that he retired and devoted himself to writing.", "Ole Henrik Laub Ole Henrik Laub (born 3 December 1937 in Aarhus) is a Danish novelist and author of short-stories and children books.Laub made his debut in 1967 with Et Sværd Dyppet i Honning, a collection of short stories. He has since written more than fifty books, short stories, novels, books for children. He has also written for the stage and for the radiodrama and plays for TV. He is a powerful artist when telling stories of people in Danish provincetowns, all stories with a dark sinister tone.", "Joan D. Vinge Joan D. Vinge (/ˈvɪndʒi/; born April 2, 1948 as Joan Carol Dennison) is an American science fiction author. She is known for such works as her Hugo Award-winning novel The Snow Queen and its sequels, her series about the telepath named Cat, and her Heaven's Chronicles books.", "Thor Vilhjálmsson Thor Vilhjálmsson (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈtʰouːr ˈvɪlçaulmˌsɔn]; August 12, 1925 – March 2, 2011) was an Icelandic writer. He was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Over the course of his life Vilhjálmsson wrote novels, plays and poetry and also did translations. In 1988 he won the Nordic Council Literature Prize for his novel Justice Undone (Icelandic: Grámosinn glóir). In 1992, he won the Swedish Academy Nordic Prize, known as the 'little Nobel'.", "Helena Zmatlíková Helena Zmatlíková (November 19, 1923, Prague – April 4, 2005) was a Czech illustrator, especially of children's books.Zmatlikova's paintings, which appeared in books published all over the world in more than 20 languages, have been popular with children for decades. The best known of these include:František Hrubín's PalečekBohumil Říha´s Honzíkova cesta a O letadélku KánětiCzech edition of Astrid Lindgren´s The Six Bullerby Children (published by Albatros)those written by Eduard Petiška.", "Thumbelina Thumbelina (Danish: Tommelise) is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen first published by C. A. Reitzel on 16 December 1835 in Copenhagen, Denmark with \"The Naughty Boy\" and \"The Traveling Companion\" in the second installment of Fairy Tales Told for Children. \"Thumbelina\" is about a tiny girl and her adventures with appearance- and marriage-minded toads, moles, and cockchafers.", "René Guillot René Guillot (1900 – 26 March 1969) was a French writer of children's books who lived, worked and travelled in French West Africa.For his lasting contribution as a children's writer Guillot received the biennial Hans Christian Andersen Medal in 1964. The award conferred by the International Board on Books for Young People is the highest recognition available to a writer or illustrator of children's books.", "E. Nesbit Edith Nesbit (married name Edith Bland; 15 August 1858 – 4 May 1924) was an English author and poet; she published her books for children under the name of E. Nesbit.She wrote or collaborated on more than 60 books of fiction for children. She was also a political activist and co-founded the Fabian Society, a socialist organisation later affiliated to the Labour Party.", "Jenny Nimmo Jenny Nimmo (born 15 January 1944) is a British author of children's books including many fantasy and adventure novels, chapter books, and picture books. Born in England, she has lived in Wales for most of forty years.", "Tomi Ungerer Jean-Thomas \"Tomi\" Ungerer (born 28 November 1931) is a French illustrator and a writer in three languages. He has published over 140 books ranging from much loved children's books to controversial adult work and from the fantastic to the autobiographical. He is known for sharp social satire and witty aphorisms.Ungerer received the international Hans Christian Andersen Medal in 1998 for his \"lasting contribution\" as a children's illustrator.", "Jon Fosse Jon Olav Fosse (born 29 September 1959) is a Norwegian author and dramatist.Fosse was born in Haugesund, Norway. He debuted in 1983 with the novel Raudt, svart (Red, black). His first play, Og aldri skal vi skiljast, was performed and published in 1994. Jon Fosse has written novels, short stories, poetry, children's books, essays and plays. His works have been translated into more than forty languages.Fosse was made a chevalier of the Ordre national du Mérite of France in 2007.", "Jan Brett Jan Brett (born December 1, 1949) is an American illustrator and writer of children's picture books. She is known for colorful, detailed depictions of a wide variety of animals and human cultures ranging from Scandinavia to Africa. Her best-known titles include The Mitten, The Hat, and Gingerbread Baby. She has adapted or retold numerous traditional stories such as the Gingerbread Man and Goldilocks and has illustrated some classics such as \"The Owl and the Pussycat\".", "Pupu Tupuna Pupu Tupuna is a series of Finnish children's books by the Finnish author Pirkko Koskimies.The series stars a rabbit named Pupu Tupuna \"\\pupu\" is Finnish for bunny), a cat and a mouse. The books are aimed at very young children and thus have lots of pictures and short, easy to read text. The first book in the series, Mihin menet Pupu Tupuna?, was published in 1972, with more than twenty further books following over the next three decades.", "Ole Lukøje \"Ole Lukøje\" (Danish: Ole Lukøje) is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen based upon a folk tale telling of a mysterious mythic creature of the Sandman who gently takes children to sleep and, depending on how good or bad they were, shows them various dreams.Under each arm he carries an umbrella; one of them, with pictures on the inside, he spreads over the good children, and then they dream the most beautiful stories the whole night.", "Trude Brænne Larssen Trude Brænne Larssen (born January 1, 1967 in Tønsberg) is a Norwegian novelist. She is the author of the series Holmegaard (11 books), \"Ulveøyne\" (25 books) and \"Rimfrost\" (14 books), and has contributed to the series \"Emilies Tid\". Most of her books are published on the Egmont publishing house.", "Erich Kästner Emil Erich Kästner (German: [ˈʔeːʁɪç ˈkɛstnɐ]; 23 February 1899 – 29 July 1974) was a German author, poet, screenwriter and satirist, known primarily for his humorous, socially astute poems and for children's books including Emil and the Detectives. He received the international Hans Christian Andersen Medal in 1960 for his autobiography Als ich ein kleiner Junge war.", "Uri Orlev Uri Orlev (Hebrew: אורי אורלב‎; born 24 February 1931) is an Israeli children's author and translator of Polish-Jewish origin. He received the international Hans Christian Andersen Award in 1996 for his \"lasting contribution to children's literature.\"", "Leela Nambudiripad Leela Nambudiripad under the pen name of Sumangala, is a popular author of children's literature in Malayalam.", "Elísabet Jökulsdóttir Elísabet Jökulsdóttir is a writer born in Reykjavík on 16 April 1958. She lived in Greece for a year in her youth and had a variety of jobs before writing. Her first book of poems came out in 1989. She has written short stories, novels, and plays since then. She is perhaps best known for poetry, freelance journalism, and theatre work. She has three sons.", "Rosemary Sutcliff Rosemary Sutcliff CBE (14 December 1920 – 23 July 1992) was an English novelist best known for children's books, especially historical fiction and retellings of myths and legends. Although she was primarily a children's author, the quality and depth of her writing also appeals to adults.", "Eleanor Farjeon Eleanor Farjeon ((1881-02-13)13 February 1881 – 5 June 1965(1965-06-05)) was an English author of children's stories and plays, poetry, biography, history and satire. Several of her works had illustrations by Edward Ardizzone. Some of her correspondence has also been published. She won many literary awards and the Eleanor Farjeon Award for children's literature is presented annually in her memory by the Children's Book Circle, a society of publishers.", "Cornelia Funke Cornelia Maria Funke (pronounced [ˈfʊŋkə], FOON-ka) is a German author of children's fiction. She was born on December 10, 1958, in Dorsten, North Rhine-Westphalia. Funke is best known for her Inkheart trilogy, published in 2004–2008. Many of her books have now been translated into English. Her work fits mainly into the fantasy and adventure genres. She currently lives in Beverly Hills, California.Funke has sold over 20 million copies of her books worldwide.", "Finn Family Moomintroll Finn Family Moomintroll (original Swedish title Trollkarlens hatt, ‘The Magician's Hat’; US edition The Happy Moomins) is the third in the series of Tove Jansson's Moomins books, published in Swedish in 1948 and translated to English in 1950.", "Mio, My Son Mio, My Son is a children's book by Swedish writer Astrid Lindgren. It was first published in 1954 in Sweden, with the Swedish title Mio, min Mio. The writing is stylised and the story strongly reminiscent of traditional fairy tales and folklore. It received a German Youth Literature Prize (Deutschen Jugendbuchpreis) in 1956. The book is 258 pages long.", "Jostein Gaarder Jostein Gaarder (Norwegian: [ˈjuːstaɪn ˈɡɔːrdər]; born August 8, 1952) is a Norwegian intellectual and author of several novels, short stories and children's books. Gaarder often writes from the perspective of children, exploring their sense of wonder about the world. He often utilizes metafiction in his works and constructs stories within stories. His best known work is the novel Sophie's World: A Novel About the History of Philosophy.", "Christianna Brand Christianna Brand (17 December 1907 – 11 March 1988) was a British crime writer and children's author.", "Alois Carigiet Alois Carigiet (30 August 1902 – 1 August 1985) was a Swiss graphic designer, painter, and illustrator. He may be known best for six children's picture books set in the Alps, A Bell for Ursli and its sequels, written by Selina Chönz, and three that he wrote himself. In 1966 he received the inaugural Hans Christian Andersen Medal for children's illustrators.", "The Adventure Series The Adventure Series by Enid Blyton, a prolific English children's author, is a series of eight children's novels. These books feature the same child characters: Philip, Jack, Dinah, and Lucy-Ann, along with several adult characters. Jack's pet parrot, Kiki, is also a standard feature in each novel.The stories show the four children off on their own, discovering and solving mysteries without much adult assistance.", "Kevin Crossley-Holland Kevin John William Crossley-Holland (born 7 February 1941) is an English translator, children's author and poet. His best known work may now be the Arthur trilogy, published around age sixty (2000–2003), for which he won the Guardian Prize and other recognition.Crossley-Holland and his 1985 novella Storm won the annual Carnegie Medal from the Library Association, recognising the year's outstanding children's book by a British author.", "Böðvar Guðmundsson Böðvar Guðmundsson is an Icelandic writer born January 9, 1939; he grew up in Borgarfjörður, specifically Kirkjuból í Hvítársíðu. He is known for plays, poetry, novels, and children's books. He is said to be best known for the novels Híbýli vindanna (1995; Where the Winds Dwell) and Lífsins tré (1996; Tree of Life) He has done numerous translations of writers such as Roald Dahl and Heinrich Böll. He was a teacher and guest lecturer at the University of Bergen in the 1980s.", "Jenny Lives with Eric and Martin Jenny lives with Eric and Martin, originally Mette bor hos Morten og Erik, is a black-and-white picture book by the Danish author Susanne Bösche, published in 1981 in Danish and in 1983 in English. It was perhaps the first English-language children's book to discuss homosexuality.", "Jón Thoroddsen junior Jón Skúlason Thoroddsen (18 February 1898 – 31 December 1924) was an Icelandic author. He was born in Breiðabólstaður á Skógarströnd. His parents were sýslumaður Skúli Thoroddsen and his wife Theodora Guðmundsdóttir, who was a priest. After high school he studied law. In 1922, he published two books: Maria Magdalena and Flugur. He died in hospital after an accident.", "Frid Ingulstad Frid Ingulstad (born 4 September 1935) is a Norwegian novelist. She has written many series of books, for example Kongsdøtrene (14 books), Ildkorset (12 books), Ingebjørg Olavsdatter (45 books) and Sønnavind (44 books). In 2006 she sold 420,000 books in Norway, making her the biggest selling author in her country.In 2013 she had her 200th book published. A record among living Norwegian authors.", "Just So Stories The Just So Stories for Little Children are a collection written by the British author Rudyard Kipling. Highly fantasised origin stories, especially for differences among animals, they are among Kipling's best known works.For the fallacy named after Kipling's work see Just-so story.", "Birger Sjöberg Birger Sjöberg (1885–1929) was a Swedish poet, novelist and songwriter, whose best-known works include the song collection Fridas Bok (Frida's Book) and the novel Kvartetten Som Sprängdes (The Quartet That Split Up).Originally a journalist, Sjöberg wrote songs in his spare time. His debuted as a serious writer with the 1922 publication of Fridas Bok (Frida's Book), which was both a critical and popular success.", "Jean M. Auel Jean Marie Auel (/ˈdʒiːn məˈriː ˈaʊl/; née Untinen; born February 18, 1936) is an American writer. She is best known for her Earth's Children books, a series of novels set in prehistoric Europe that explores interactions of Cro-Magnon people with Neanderthals. As of 2010 her books have sold more than 45 million copies worldwide.", "Alice and Martin Provensen Alice Provensen (born August 14, 1917 or 1918) and Martin Provensen (July 10, 1916 – March 27, 1987) were an American couple who illustrated more than 40 children's books together, 19 of which they also wrote and edited. According to Alice, \"we were a true collaboration. Martin and I really were one artist.\"Their early lives were remarkably similar. Both were born in Chicago and both moved to California when they were twelve.", "Ana Maria Machado Ana Maria Machado (born 24 December 1941) is a Brazilian writer of children's books, one of the most significant alongside Lygia Bojunga Nunes and Ruth Rocha. She received the international Hans Christian Andersen Medal in 2000 for her \"lasting contribution to children's literature\".", "John Newbery John Newbery (9 July 1713 – 22 December 1767), called \"The Father of Children's Literature\", was an English publisher of books who first made children's literature a sustainable and profitable part of the literary market. He also supported and published the works of Christopher Smart, Oliver Goldsmith and Samuel Johnson. In honor of his achievements in children's publishing, the Newbery Medal was named after him.", "Mary Higgins Clark Mary Theresa Eleanor Higgins Clark Conheeney (née Higgins; born December 24, 1927), known professionally as Mary Higgins Clark, is an American author of suspense novels. Each of her 51 books has been a bestseller in the United States and various European countries, and all of her novels remained in print as of 2015, with her debut suspense novel, Where Are The Children, in its seventy-fifth printing.Higgins Clark began writing at an early age.", "Ann Jonas Ann Jonas (1932 – September 29, 2013) was a writer and illustrator of several picture books for children. Her books often used odd, abstract images in order to stretch children's imaginations.", "Samuil Marshak Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak (alternative spelling: Samuil Yakovlevich Marchak) Russian: Самуи́л Я́ковлевич Марша́к; 3 November [O.S. 22 October] 1887 – 4 July 1964) was a Russian and Soviet writer, translator and children's poet. He translated the sonnets and some other of the works of William Shakespeare, English poetry (including poems for children), and poetry from other languages. Maxim Gorky proclaimed Marshak to be \"the founder of Russia's (Soviet) children's literature.\"", "Norwegian Folktales Norwegian Folktales (Norwegian: Norske Folkeeventyr) is a collection of Norwegian folktales and legends by Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe. It is also known as Asbjørnsen and Moe, after the collectors.", "The Snow Queen \"The Snow Queen\" (Danish: Snedronningen) is an original fairy tale written by Hans Christian Andersen (1805–1875). The tale was first published 21 December 1844 in New Fairy Tales. First Volume. Second Collection. 1845. (Danish: Nye Eventyr. Første Bind. Anden Samling. 1845.) The story centers on the struggle between good and evil as experienced by Gerda and her friend, Kai.The story is one of Andersen's longest and most highly acclaimed stories.", "Anne Holm Anne Holm, born Else Anne Jørgensen (10 September 1922 – 27 December 1998) was a Danish journalist and children's writer. At times she also wrote under the pseudonym Adrien de Chandelle. Her books are typically recommended to age groups 5–19 years, but they include elements even for adult readers.", "Éva Janikovszky Éva Janikovszky (Szeged, April 23, 1926 – Budapest, July 14, 2003) was a Hungarian writer.She wrote novels for both children and adults, but she is primarily known for her children's books, translated into 35 languages. Her first book was published in 1957. Among her most famous picture books are If I Were a Grown-Up and Who Does This Kid Take After?She won the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis in 1973.", "Ben Mikaelsen Ben Mikaelsen (born December 8, 1952) is a Bolivian American writer of children's literature.", "Jón Sveinsson Jón Stefán Sveinsson, better known as \"Nonni\" (16 November 1857 in Möðruvellir in Hörgárdalur – 16 October 1944 in Cologne) was an Icelandic children's writer and member of the Society of Jesus.He left Iceland in 1870 for France, where he converted to Catholicism. His children's stories concerning a character named Nonni are well known in Iceland and parts of Europe. His childhood home in Akureyri is now a museum and he has featured on postage stamps.", "Jan Mark Jan Mark (22 June 1943 – 16 January 2006) was a British writer best known for children's books. In all she wrote over fifty novels and plays and many anthologised short stories. She won the annual Carnegie Medal from the Library Association, recognising the year's best children's book by a British subject, both for Thunder and Lightnings (1976) and for Handles (1983). She was also a \"Highly Commended\" runner up for Nothing To Be Afraid Of (1980).", "Gerður Kristný Gerður Kristný (born 1970) is an Icelandic poet; she has also written short stories, novels and books for children.", "Leila Berg Leila Berg (12 November 1917 – 17 April 2012) was a British children's author, known also as a journalist and writer on education and children's rights.", "Edgar Valter Edgar Valter (21 September 1929 Tallinn – 4 March 2006 Tartu) was an Estonian writer and illustrator of children's books, with over 250 books to his name, through 55 years of activity (1950–2005). His most famous creation is the Pokuraamat (the book of pokus).", "Quentin Blake Sir Quentin Saxby Blake, CBE, FCSD, FRSL, RDI (born 16 December 1932) is an English cartoonist, illustrator and children's writer. He may be known best for illustrating books written by Roald Dahl. For his lasting contribution as a children's illustrator he won the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award in 2002, the highest recognition available to creators of children's books. From 1999 to 2001 he was the inaugural British Children's Laureate.", "Eva Ibbotson Eva Ibbotson, born Eva Maria Charlotte Michelle Wiesner (21 January 1925 – 20 October 2010), was an Austrian-born British novelist, known for her children's books.", "Jacqueline Wilson Dame Jacqueline Wilson, DBE, FRSL (born 17 December 1945) is an English writer known for her vast and diverse work in children's literature. Her novels commonly deal with such challenging themes as adoption, divorce and mental illness. Addressing such issues has made her controversial because her readers are young. For her lifetime contribution as a children's writer, Wilson was a U.K. nominee for the international Hans Christian Andersen Award in 2014.Wilson is the author of many book series .", "The Six Bullerby Children Books by Astrid Lindgren featuring the Six Bullerby Children (In the US released as The Children of Noisy Village): All About the Bullerby Children Cherry Time at Bullerby Six Bullerby Children Springtime at BullerbyIt was originally published in 1947 in Sweden.", "Karius and Bactus Karius and Bactus (ISBN 0961539410) (original Norwegian title: Karius og Baktus) is a Norwegian children's novel written and illustrated by Thorbjørn Egner. The book was first published in 1949 and produced as a 15-minute puppet animation film by Ivo Caprino in 1954. An English translation by Mike Sevig and Turi Olderheim was published in the United States in 1986.The main characters are Karius (black haired) and Bactus (red haired).", "Helena Pielichaty Helena Pielichaty (pronounced Pierre-li-hatty), author of children's books, was born in Stockholm, Sweden in 1955, but most of her childhood was spent in Yorkshire. As a result, she became a supporter of Huddersfield Town F.C.. Pielichaty lives in Nottinghamshire with her husband and two children.Pielichaty began her career as a teacher and did not start writing until she was 32.", "Dennis Jürgensen Dennis Jürgensen (born 3 February 1961) is one of the most popular Danish writers for kids and young adults. A study among Danish kids from 11 to 18 years showed that 90% knew who he was and his fan club has almost 1000 members. In Denmark, a country of only about five and a half million inhabitants, that is a very significant size for a fanclub.Jürgensen is mostly a writer for the youth but as he has said himself some of his books should be considered to be for adults.", "David Almond David Almond FRSL (born 15 May 1951) is a British author who has written several novels for children and young adults from 1998, each one to critical acclaim.He is one of thirty children's writers, and one of three from the U.K., to win the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award, \"the world's most prestigious prize in children's literature\".For the 70th anniversary of the British Carnegie Medal in 2007, his debut novel Skellig (1998) was named one of the top ten Medal-winning works, selected by a panel to compose the ballot for a public election of the all-time favourite. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Almond?oldid=683489363> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Michelle_DaRosa> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Michelle DaRosa (née Nolan) is an American musician, formerly of the band Straylight Run, for whom she was a vocalist, guitarist, and pianist.", "Anne Fine Anne Fine, OBE FRSL (born 7 December 1947) is a British writer, best known for children's books although she also writes for adults. She is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature and she was awarded an OBE in 2003.Fine has written more than fifty children's books including two winners of the annual Carnegie Medal and three highly commended runners-up.", "Verna Aardema Verna Norberg Aardema Vugteveen (June 6, 1911 – May 11, 2000), best known by the name Verna Aardema, was an American writer of children's books. Verna Norberg was born in New Era, Michigan. She graduated from Michigan State University with a B.A. of Journalism in 1934. She worked as a grade school teacher from 1934 to 1973 and became a correspondent for the Muskegon Chronicle in 1951, a job that lasted until 1972, the year before she retired from teaching.", "Roald Dahl Roald Dahl (/ˈroʊ.ɑːl ˈdɑːl/; Norwegian: [ˈɾuːɑl dɑl]; 13 September 1916 – 23 November 1990) was a British novelist, short story writer, poet, screenwriter, and fighter pilot.Born in Wales to Norwegian parents, Dahl served in the Royal Air Force during World War II, in which he became a flying ace and intelligence officer, rising to the rank of acting wing commander. He rose to prominence in the 1940s with works for both children and adults and became one of the world's best-selling authors.", "Jutta Bauer Jutta Bauer (born 9 January 1955) is a German writer and illustrator of children's books. For her \"lasting contribution\" as a children's illustrator she received the Hans Christian Andersen Medal in 2010.", "Margit Sandemo Margit Sandemo (née Underdal, born 23 April 1924) is a Norwegian-Swedish historical fantasy author. She has been the best-selling author in the Nordic Countries since the 1980s, when her novel series of 47 books, The Legend of the Ice People, was published. She has also written many other book series such as Häxmästaren and Legenden om Ljusets rike.Typical features for works of Margit Sandemo are among other things history, fantasy, romance, suspense and supernatural phenomena.", "Nienke van Hichtum Sjoukje Maria Diderika Troelstra-Bokma de Boer (13 February 1860 – 9 January 1939), better known under her pseudonym Nienke van Hichtum, was a well-known Frisian Dutch children's author. From 1888 to 1904, she was married to famous politician Pieter Jelles Troelstra.Van Hichtum wrote books and stories in both West Frisian, her native language, and Dutch. She has an award named after her, the Nienke van Hichtum Award.", "Jennifer L. Holm Jennifer L. Holm is an American children's writer, and recipient of three Newbery Honors and the Eisner Award.", "Else Holmelund Minarik Else Holmelund Minarik (September 13, 1920 – July 12, 2012) was the author of the Little Bear series of children's books, which sold more than 6 million copies worldwide and were adapted for television.Minarik was also the author of another well-known book, No Fighting, No Biting!Born in Denmark, Minarik and her family immigrated to the United States at the age of four.", "Enid Blyton Enid Mary Blyton (11 August 1897 – 28 November 1968) was an English children's writer whose books have been among the world's best-sellers since the 1930s, selling more than 600 million copies. Blyton's books are still enormously popular, and have been translated into almost 90 languages; her first book, Child Whispers, a 24-page collection of poems, was published in 1922.", "James Krüss James Krüss (31 May 1926 – 2 August 1997) was a German writer of children's and picture books, illustrator, poet, dramatist, scriptwriter, translator, and collector of children's poems and folk songs. For his contribution as a children's writer he received the Hans Christian Andersen Medal in 1968.", "Kirsi Kunnas Kirsi Marjatta Kunnas (born December 14, 1924 in Helsinki) is a Finnish poet, children's literature author and translator into Finnish. Her extensive oeuvre consists of poems, fairy tale books, drama, translations (e.g. Lewis Carroll, Federico García Lorca) and non-fiction. Her books have been translated into Swedish, English, German, French, Hungarian, and Estonian. She has received several prizes and awards in Finland for her life's work.Kunnas is married to author Jaakko Syrjä.", "Ole Lund Kirkegaard Ole Lund Kirkegaard (29 July 1940, Aarhus — 24 March 1979) was a Danish writer of children's literature and youth literature and a teacher. He mainly wrote about the interaction between adult and child. The main character in his books is usually an anti-hero.", "Pippi Longstocking Pippi Longstocking (Swedish Pippi Långstrump) is the protagonist in the Pippi Longstocking series of children's books by Swedish author Astrid Lindgren. Pippi was named by Lindgren's then nine-year-old daughter, Karin, who requested a get-well story from her mother one day when she was home sick from school.Nine-year-old Pippi is unconventional, assertive, and has superhuman strength, being able to lift her horse one-handed. She is playful and unpredictable.", "Maria Gripe Maria Gripe, born Maja Stina Walter (25 July 1923 – 5 April 2007), was a Swedish author of books for children and young adults, often written in a magical and mystical tone. For her lasting contribution to children's literature she received the Hans Christian Andersen Medal for Writing in 1974.", "Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award The Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award (Swedish: Litteraturpriset till Astrid Lindgrens minne) is an international children's literary award established by the Swedish government in 2002 to honour the Swedish children's author Astrid Lindgren (1907–2002).", "Guðrún Helgadóttir Guðrún Helgadóttir is a prominent writer of children's literature in Iceland. She was born in Hafnarfjörður on 7 September 1935. Her first book, Jón Oddur og Jón Bjarni, appeared in 1974 when she worked at the National Health and Insurance Office. It concerned scheming twins and several more books in this series came out. In 1981 they became the basis for a film. By the late 1980s she won several awards and in 1988 she was nominated for the Hans Christian Andersen Award.", "Christine Nöstlinger Christine Nöstlinger (born 13 October 1936) is an Austrian writer best known for children's books. For her career contribution to \"children's and young adult literature in the broadest sense\", she received one of two inaugural Astrid Lindgren Memorial Awards from the Swedish Arts Council in 2003, the biggest prize in children's literature." ]	2
Hybrid cars sold in Europe	[ "Dodge Intrepid\nThe Dodge Intrepid is a full-size automobile available as a front-wheel drive four-door sedan that was produced by Dodge for model years 1993 to 2004. It was related to the Chrysler Concorde, Chrysler LHS, Chrysler New Yorker, Eagle Vision, and also the 300M sedans. The Intrepid, Concorde, and Vision were collectively designated the LH, Chrysler's codename for the platform which underpinned them. The Intrepid was sold in Canada as the Chrysler Intrepid.", "Saturn Vue\nThe Saturn VUE is a compact crossover SUV that was sold by Saturn, and at one time was Saturn's best-selling model. It was the first vehicle to use the GM Theta platform when it was introduced in 2002. A second generation model was launched in 2007 for the 2008 model year as a rebadged Opel Antara model. VUE production in North America ended as GM wound down the Saturn brand during its 2009 reorganization.", "Honda Civic Hybrid\nThe Honda Civic Hybrid is a variation of the Honda Civic with a hybrid electric powertrain. Honda introduced the Civic Hybrid in Japan in December 2001. In the United States, it was the first hybrid automobile to be certified as an Advanced Technology Partial Zero-Emissions Vehicle (AT-PZEV) from the California Air Resources Board.The Civic Hybrid uses an Integrated Motor Assist hybrid system similar to that of the Honda Insight.", "Ford Evos\nThe Ford Evos is a coupe style plug-in hybrid grand tourer concept car unveiled to the public at the September 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show by Ford Europe.The exterior design, referred to as Kinetic 2.0, was carried out by Stefan Lamm under the leadership of Ford of Europe’s executive design director Martin Smith. The car features four gull-wing doors and is not intended for production.", "BMW i3\nThe BMW i3, previously Mega City Vehicle (MCV), is a five-door urban electric car developed by the German manufacturer BMW. The i3 is part of BMW's \"Project i\" and was launched as a new brand, BMW i.", "Renault Kangoo\nThe Renault Kangoo and the Kangoo Express are a range of leisure activity vehicles and light commercial vehicles respectively, produced by the French manufacturer Renault since 1997. The Kangoo is manufactured at the MCA plant in Maubeuge, France, and in Santa Isabel, Argentina and Casablanca, Morocco. The version for the ASEAN markets was assembled by the Malaysian Tan Chong Euro Cars (TCEC) in its Segambut plant.", "Volkswagen Golf Mk6\nThe Volkswagen Golf Mk6 (or VW Typ 5K) is a compact car, the sixth generation of the Volkswagen Golf and the successor to the Volkswagen Golf Mk5. It was unveiled at the Paris Auto Show in October 2008. Volkswagen released pictures and information on 6 August 2008, prior to the official unveiling. The vehicle was released to the European market in the winter of 2008.", "Toyota Prius\nThe Toyota Prius (/ˈpriːəs/) is a full hybrid electric mid-size hatchback, formerly a compact sedan developed and manufactured by Toyota. The United States Environmental Protection Agency and California Air Resources Board (CARB) rate the Prius as among the cleanest vehicles sold in the United States based on smog-forming emissions.The Prius first went on sale in Japan in 1997, and was available at all four Toyota Japan dealerships, making it the first mass-produced hybrid vehicle.", "Ford Escape\nThe Ford Escape is a compact crossover vehicle sold by Ford since 2000 over three generations. Ford released the original model in 2000 for the 2001 model year—a model jointly developed and released with Mazda of Japan—who took a lead in the engineering of the two models and sold their version as the Mazda Tribute.", "Volvo C30\nThe Volvo C30 is a compact four-seater manufactured and marketed by Volvo for model years 2006-2013, available across its single generation as a three-door hatchback. Powered by inline-four and straight-five engines, the C30 is variant of the Volvo S40/V50/C70 range, sharing the same Ford C1/Volvo P1 platform. Volvo marketed the C30 as a premium hatchback or a sports coupe. The C30's rear styling and frameless glass rear hatch recall Volvo's earlier P1800 ES and Volvo 480.", "Hybrid vehicle\nA hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to move the vehicle for example a conventional internal combustion engine and also a high voltage electric motor. The term most commonly refers to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), which combine an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors.", "Volkswagen Golf\nThe Volkswagen Golf is a small family car produced by the German manufacturer Volkswagen since 1974, marketed worldwide across seven generations, in various body configurations and under various nameplates – as the Volkswagen Rabbit in the United States and Canada (Mk1 and Mk5), and as the Volkswagen Caribe in Mexico (Mk1).The original Golf Mk1 was a front-wheel drive, front-engined replacement for the air-cooled, rear-engined, rear-wheel drive Volkswagen Beetle.", "Honda Civic (seventh generation)\nThe seventh generation of the Honda Civic was released in September 2000 as 2001 model. Compared to its predecessor, it retained similar exterior dimensions, but increased significantly in interior space thus bumping up Civic to a compact car size segment. There was a flat rear floor, giving better comfort to the rear seat passengers.", "Chevrolet Volt\nThe Chevrolet Volt is a plug-in hybrid manufactured by General Motors, also marketed in rebadged variants as the Holden Volt in Australia and New Zealand, and with a different fascia as the Vauxhall Ampera in the United Kingdom and as the Opel Ampera in the remainder of Europe.Sales of the 2011 Volt began in the U.S. in mid-December 2010 followed by various European countries and other international markets in 2011.", "Lexus LS\nThe Lexus LS (Japanese: レクサス・LS, Rekusasu LS) is a full-size luxury car serving as the flagship model of Lexus, the luxury division of Toyota. Now in its fourth generation, all LS models have featured V8 engines and rear-wheel drive, with Lexus also offering all-wheel drive, hybrid, and long-wheelbase variants. As the first model developed by Lexus, the LS 400 debuted in January 1989 with the second generation debuting in November 1994.", "Mercedes-Benz Sprinter\nThe Sprinter is a vehicle built by Daimler AG of Stuttgart, Germany as a van, chassis cab, minibus, and pickup truck. In the past the Sprinter has been sold under the Mercedes-Benz, Dodge, Freightliner, and Volkswagen nameplates. In the United States it is built from complete knock down (CKD) kits by Freightliner. They are now primarily marketed by Mercedes-Benz. Rebadged and re-engined Sprinters are also sold by Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles as the Volkswagen LT and the Volkswagen Crafter.", "Comparison of Toyota hybrids\nBy the end of 2006 there were about 15 hybrid vehicles from various car makers available in the U.S. By May 2007 Toyota sold its first million hybrids and had sold a total of two million hybrids at the end of August 2009.Below is a comparison of the Toyota hybrid models. Note: Miles per gallon estimates are those provided by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and are the 2008 revision of the original numbers. Hybrid access to US HOV lanes varies by US state.", "Volkswagen Golf Mk5\nThe Volkswagen Golf Mk5 (also known as the VW Typ 1K) is a compact car, the fifth generation of the Volkswagen Golf and the successor to the Volkswagen Golf Mk4. Built on the Volkswagen Group A5 (PQ35) platform, it was unveiled at the Frankfurt Motor Show in October 2003 and went on sale in Europe one month later. .The Golf Mk5 was replaced in 2009 by the Mk6.", "Renault 5\nThe Renault 5 is a supermini produced by French automaker Renault. It was produced in two generations 1972–1985 (also called R5) and 1984–1996 (also called Super 5 or Supercinq). The R5 was sold in the US as Le Car, from 1976 to 1983. Nearly 5.5 million were built.The Renault 5 achieved, like the original Mini, a cult status.", "Mitsubishi i-MiEV\nThe Mitsubishi i-MiEV (MiEV is an acronym for Mitsubishi innovative Electric Vehicle) is a five-door hatchback electric car produced by Mitsubishi Motors, and is the electric version of the Mitsubishi i. Rebadged variants of the i-MiEV are also sold in Europe by PSA Peugeot Citroën (PSA) as the Peugeot iOn and Citroën C-Zero.", "Toyota Auris\nThe Toyota Auris is a compact hatchback derived from the Toyota Corolla. Introduced in 2006, the first generation shared the E150 platform with the Corolla, while the second generation compact five-door hatchback and station wagon called the Touring Sports uses the E180 platform. The name \"Auris\" is based on the Latin word for \"gold\", aurum.In Europe, Toyota positioned the Auris as the replacement for the Corolla hatchback, while the notchback sedan continued with the Corolla nameplate.", "Nissan Leaf\nThe Nissan Leaf (also formatted \"LEAF\" as a backronym for leading environmentally-friendly affordable family car) is a compact five-door hatchback electric car manufactured by Nissan and introduced in Japan and the United States in December 2010. The US Environmental Protection Agency official range for the 2013 model year Leaf is 121 km (75 miles) on a full battery charge and rated the Leaf's combined economy at 115 mpg-e (30 kW-hrs/100 mi; 18.6 kW·h/100 km) equivalent to around 2.0 L/100 km.", "Electric car use by country\nThis article describes the use, market penetration and market share of new car sales of electric cars by country. It also provides historical background, fleet size, existing government incentives, and deployment details by country. The article encompasses both low-speed neighborhood electric vehicle (NEVs) and highway-capable all-electric cars (BEVs).", "Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid\nThe Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid (or Prius PHV) is a mid-size plug-in hybrid manufactured by Toyota. The Prius PHV is based on a third generation Toyota Prius (model ZVW30) outfitted with 4.4 kWh lithium-ion batteries co-developed with Panasonic, which enable all-electric operation at higher speeds and longer distances than the conventional Prius hybrid.", "Lexus RX\nThe Lexus RX is a mid-size luxury crossover SUV sold since 1998 by Lexus, the luxury division of Toyota. Originally released in its home market of Japan in late 1997 as the Toyota Harrier, export sales began in March 1998 as the Lexus RX. Three generations of the Lexus RX have been produced to date, the first being compact in size, and the latter two classified as mid-size.", "Lexus GS\nThe Lexus GS is a mid-size luxury car sold by Lexus, the luxury division of Toyota. It was sold as the Toyota Aristo in Japan from 1991 until the release of the third generation in 2005.", "Citroën C4 Cactus\nThe Citroën C4 Cactus is a C-segment small family car produced by French automaker Citroën in Spain. The C4 Cactus is considered a C-segment car although it is based on the PSA PF1 platform that underpins the smaller Citroën C3 and DS3. A distinctive design feature is the “Airbump” panels on the car's sides, designed to protect the vehicle from damage in car parks. The Citroën C-Cactus concept presented at the 2007 Frankfurt Motor Show previewed the production version.", "XR-3 Hybrid\nThe XR-3 Hybrid is a plug-in hybrid kit vehicle from Robert Q. Riley Enterprises.The top speed is 80 mph (130 km/h) and fuel economy is 125 mpg-US (1.88 L/100 km; 150 mpg-imp) on diesel power only and 225 mpg-US (1.05 L/100 km; 270 mpg-imp) on combined diesel and electric power.The vehicle body is FRP/foam composite.The vehicle is built from plans, with parts sourced by the builder, although a kit with pre-assembled parts may be sold sometime in the future.", "History of plug-in hybrids\nThe history of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) spans a little more than a century, but most of the significant commercial developments have taken place after 2002.", "Hyundai Accent\nThe Hyundai Accent (Korean: 현대 엑센트), or Hyundai Verna (현대 베르나) in South Korea, is a subcompact car produced by Hyundai. In Australia, the first generation models carried over the Hyundai Excel name used by the Accent's predecessor.", "Audi hybrid vehicles\nAudi hybrid vehicles are hybrid electric vehicles created by the German carmaker, Audi. Some vehicles listed were concept vehicles, which utilised an internal combustion engine and an electric motor, and were used for research and development (R&D) for potential future use of the technology into possible series production. Audi launched its first hybrid concept car in 1989 called the Audi Duo, and was the first European company to sell a hybrid in 1997, though only in very small numbers.", "Honda Insight\nThe Honda Insight is a hybrid electric vehicle manufactured and marketed by Honda in its first generation as a three-door, two passenger hatchback (1999–2006) and in its second generation as a five-door, five passenger hatchback (2009–2014). The Insight was the first production vehicle to feature Honda's Integrated Motor Assist system.Honda introduced the second-generation Insight in Japan in February 2009 and in the United States on March 24, 2009.", "Citroën C2\nThe Citroën C2 was a supermini produced by the French manufacturer Citroën, with production starting August 2003. It replaced the Citroën Saxo, and was built at the Aulnay plant, on the outskirts of Paris. A different design of the C2, based on that of the Peugeot 206, is sold in China. The Citroën C2 was discontinued in October 2009, and replaced by the Citroën DS3 in January 2010.Along with the Citroën C3, the C2 successfully replaced the popular, but ageing Citroën Saxo.", "Toyota Camry\nThe Toyota Camry (/ˈkæmri/; Japanese: トヨタ・カムリ) is an automobile sold internationally by the Japanese manufacturer Toyota since 1982, spanning multiple generations. Originally compact in size (narrow-body), later Camry models have grown to fit the mid-size classification (wide-body)—although the two sizes co-existed in the 1990s. Since the release of the wide-bodied versions, Camry has been extolled by Toyota as the firm's second \"world car\" after the Corolla.", "Volvo V60\nThe Volvo V60 is a five-door wagon produced by Volvo. This vehicle was released in 2011 and redesigned for the 2014 model year. This vehicle was only sold in the European market until 2014, when it was released into the North American market. For 2014, a raised variant of the vehicle was released, known as the V60 Cross Country. This new car is meant to compete with the newly redesigned Audi allroad quattro. The V60 is offered in both regular design and R-Design.", "Mercedes-Benz S-Class\nThe Mercedes-Benz S-Class, formerly known as Sonderklasse (German for \"special class\"), is a series of flagship vehicles produced by the German automaker Mercedes-Benz, a division of German company Daimler AG. The classification was officially introduced in 1972 with the W116 S-Class, which succeeded previous Mercedes-Benz models dating to the mid-1950s. The S-Class has served as the top model for Mercedes for over fifty years in its various incarnations.", "Fisker Karma\nThe Fisker Karma is a plug-in hybrid, with on-board range extender, luxury sports sedan that was produced by Fisker Automotive between 2011 and 2012. The cars were manufactured at Valmet Automotive in Finland. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rated the Karma's combined city/highway fuel economy at 52 mpg-US (4.5 L/100 km; 62 mpg-imp) equivalent (MPG-e) in all-electric mode, and at 20 mpg-US (12 L/100 km; 24 mpg-imp) in gasoline-only mode.", "Toyota Alphard\nThe Toyota Alphard (Japanese: トヨタ・アルファード Toyota Arufādo) is a full-size luxury MPV (minivan) produced by the Japanese automaker Toyota since 2002. It is available as a seven- or eight-seater with a 2.4 and 3.5 litre gasoline engine in 3 different model lines - Alphard G, Alphard V, and the Alphard Hybrid, which uses the 2.4 litre engine along with an electrical motor and batteries.", "Elect'road\nThe Elect'Road is a plug-in series hybrid version of Renault's popular Kangoo. Sales began in Europe in 2003, mainly in France, Norway and a few in the UK. The Elect'Road was sold alongside Renault's Electri'cité electric-drive Kangoo battery electric van.", "Ford Fusion (Americas)\nThe Ford Fusion is a mid-size car produced by Ford. Introduced in the 2006 model year, it placed second in a Car and Driver ranking of top-selling mid-size cars, which described it as \"Not your father's Taurus\" The 2010 model was awarded the Motor Trend Car of the Year and its hybrid version won the 2010 North American Car of the Year Award.", "Lexus CT\nThe Lexus CT 200h is a hybrid electric automobile introduced by Lexus as a premium sport compact hatchback. It is the first production model in Lexus's family to introduce the \"Spindle Grill\" design as seen in its fascia.", "Plug-in electric vehicle\nA plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) is any motor vehicle that can be recharged from an external source of electricity, such as wall sockets, and the electricity stored in the rechargeable battery packs drives or contributes to drive the wheels.", "Porsche 918\nThe Porsche 918 Spyder is a mid-engined plug-in hybrid sports car designed by Porsche. The Spyder is powered by a naturally-aspirated 4.6 litre V8 engine, developing 608 horsepower (453 kW), with two electric motors delivering an additional 279 horsepower (208 kW) for a combined output of 887 horsepower (661 kW). The 918 Spyder's 6.8 kWh lithium-ion battery pack delivers an all-electric range of 19 km (12 mi) under EPA's five-cycle tests.", "Toyota Prius (XW20)\nThe Toyota Prius is a full series-parallel hybrid electric mid-size car developed and manufactured by the Toyota Motor Corporation. The second generation Prius had been completely redesigned as a midsize hatchback. The XW20 series represented the second generation of the Toyota Prius, replacing its XW10 predecessor.", "Toyota Prius v\nThe Toyota Prius v, also named Prius α in Japan, and Prius+ in Europe, is a full hybrid gasoline-electric compact MPV/station wagon produced by Toyota Motor Corporation introduced in Japan in May 2011, in the U.S. in October 2011, and released in Europe in June 2012. The Prius v was unveiled at the January 2011 North American International Auto Show alongside the Prius c Concept, and it is the first Prius variant to be spun off from the Prius platform.", "BMW i\nThe BMW i is a sub-brand of BMW founded in 2011 to design and manufacture plug-in electric vehicles. The company's initial plans call for the release of two vehicles; the i3 all-electric car and the i8 plug-in hybrid. Concept versions of both these vehicles were shown at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show.Series production of the BMW i3 destined for retail customers began in September 2013, and the European market launch took place in November 2013 with the first retail deliveries in Germany.", "Hyundai Elantra\nThe Hyundai Elantra (Korean: 현대 엘란트라), or Hyundai Avante (현대 아반떼) in South Korea, is a compact car produced by the South Korean manufacturer Hyundai since 1990. It is now in its fifth generation.", "Dodge Durango\nThe Dodge Durango is a sport utility vehicle (SUV) produced by Dodge. The first two generations were very similar in that both were based on the Dodge Dakota, both featured a body-on-frame construction and both were produced at the Newark Assembly plant in Newark, Delaware. However, they did differ in that the first generation was classified as a mid-sized SUV, while the second generation was classified as a full-sized SUV." ]	[ "Citroën H Van The Citroën H Van, Type H, H-Type or HY is a light truck (or delivery van) produced by the French car maker Citroën between 1947 and 1981. It was developed as a simple front wheel driven van after World War II. A total of 473,289 were produced in 34 years in factories in France and Belgium. Most of them were sold in France, Belgium and the Netherlands. They were not sold in the UK in right hand drive.", "Bertone Blitz The Bertone Blitz is an electric sports car produced in 1992 by the company Bertone, which worked under Ferrari. It is propelled from 0 to 60 mph (0 to 100 km/h) in six seconds via two 36 horsepower (27 kW) (continuous output) DC motors applying a combined total of 95 Nm (70 ft·lbf) of torque. It has a weight of 650 kg (1433 lb), 260 kg (572 lb) of that weight is in lead acid batteries.", "Fiat Zero The Fiat Zero, known also as the Fiat 12/15 hp, was a car produced by FIAT from 1912 to 1915. (The letters 'hp' defined its fiscal horse power rather than its bhp.) At launch it sold for 8,000 lire, which later was reduced to 6,900 lire, the equivalent of 23,250 € in 2003. It was equipped with a 1.8-liter, 18 hp (13 kW) engine that achieved about 19.6 miles per gallon and could reach about 50 mph (80 km/h).", "Citroën BX The Citroën BX is a large family car that was produced by the French manufacturer Citroën from 1982 to 1994. In total, 2,315,739 BXs were built during its 12-year history. The hatchback was discontinued in 1993 with the arrival of the Xantia, but the estate continued for another year.", "Bolloré Bluecar The Bolloré Bluecar is a small four-seat, three-door electric car supplied by Bolloré, designed by Pininfarina and manufactured by Cecomp in Bairo, Italy, under a joint venture owned by Bolloré and Pininfarina called Vehicule Électriques Pininfarina Bolloré (VEPB).", "European Union energy label EU Directive 92/75/EC established an energy consumption labelling scheme. The directive was implemented by several other directives thus most white goods, light bulb packaging and cars must have an EU Energy Label clearly displayed when offered for sale or rent. The energy efficiency of the appliance is rated in terms of a set of energy efficiency classes from A to G on the label, A being the most energy efficient, G the least efficient.", "Peugeot 605 The Peugeot 605 is an executive car produced by the French manufacturer Peugeot between 1989 and 1999, with a facelift in 1995.", "Honda EV Plus The Honda EV Plus was the first battery electric vehicle from a major automaker with non-lead acid batteries. Roughly 340 EV Plus models were produced and released. The EV Plus was taken out of production in 1999 when Honda announced the release of its first hybrid electric vehicle, the Honda Insight. The EV Plus was made to meet California Air Resources Board requirements for zero-emission vehicles, the same as the new General Motors EV1.", "Renault 21 The Renault 21 is a large family car produced by French automaker Renault between 1986 and 1994. It was also sold in North America initially through American Motors dealers as the Renault Medallion and later through Jeep-Eagle dealers the Eagle Medallion.", "Porsche Panamera The Porsche Panamera (type number 970) is a luxury four-door sedan. It is front-engined with two-wheel drive, with all-wheel drive versions also available.The Porsche Panamera production model was unveiled at the 13th Auto Shanghai International Automobile Show in Shanghai, China, on April 2009. In 2011, hybrid and diesel versions were launched. In April 2013, a facelift to the Panamera was announced, launching again at the Auto Shanghai show.", "Cadillac BLS The Cadillac BLS is a compact executive car marketed in Europe by Cadillac. Based on General Motors' Epsilon architecture, the BLS was a heavily restyled version of the Saab 9-3. The development was done by Saab and the car cost more than one billion kronor (approximately $140 million) to design. It was manufactured in Trollhättan, Sweden, alongside the Saab 9-3 and the Saab 9-5. Sales of the sedan began in March 2006, with a station wagon joining the line for 2007.", "Think Global Think Global was an electric car company located in Oslo, Norway, which manufactured cars under the TH!NK brand. Production of the Th!nk City was stopped in March 2011 and the company filed for bankruptcy on June 22, 2011, for the fourth time in 20 years. The company was bought soon after by Electric Mobility Solutions AS and production ceased in August 2012 with no more announcements regarding future production.", "BMW 3 Series Compact The BMW 3 Series Compact was a compact executive car, basically a truncated liftback version of the BMW 3 Series, produced by the German automaker BMW between 1993 and 2004. Initially based on the BMW E36 platform, it switched to the BMW E46 platform in 2001. Production of the 3 Series Compact ceased in 2004 when it was succeeded by the 1 Series.The car was available in 316i, 316g (compressed natural gas), 318ti, 318tds (diesel) and later as a 323ti.", "Plug-in hybrid A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHV), or plug-in hybrid is a hybrid electric vehicle that utilizes rechargeable batteries, or another energy storage device, that can be restored to full charge by connecting a plug to an external electric power source (usually a normal electric wall socket).", "Citicar The CitiCar was produced between 1974 and 1977 by a U.S. company called Sebring-Vanguard, Inc., based in Sebring, Florida. The CitiCar and variants were the most produced American electric car until surpassed by the Tesla Roadster in 2011. Sebring-Vanguard was sold to Commuter Vehicles, Inc., which produced similar vehicles (the Comuta-Car and Comuta-Van) from 1979 to 1982. Its outer design lives on in the Norwegian Kewet.", "Global Electric Motorcars Global Electric Motorcars (GEM), a wholly owned subsidiary of Polaris Industries, is a U.S. manufacturer in the low-speed vehicle category, producing neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs) since 1998 and has sold more than 50,000 GEM battery-electric vehicles worldwide as of mid 2014. Until June 2011, GEM was owned by Chrysler Group.", "Rolls-Royce BR700 The Rolls-Royce BR700 family of engines was developed by BMW and Rolls-Royce plc through the joint venture company BMW Rolls-Royce AeroEngines GmbH to power regional jets and corporate jets. Rolls-Royce took full control of the company in 2000, which is now known as Rolls-Royce Deutschland.The company was established in 1990 and the first engine run (BR710) took place in September 1994.The engine is manufactured in Dahlewitz, Germany.", "Henney Kilowatt The Henney Kilowatt was an electric car introduced in the United States for the 1959 model year. The car used some body parts as made for the Renault Dauphine. An improved model was introduced in 1960 with a top speed of 60 miles an hour and a range of 60 miles. Only 47 cars were sold over the two model years, mostly to electrical utility companies. Only a few still exist.", "Trans-Europe Express (album) Trans-Europe Express (German: Trans Europa Express) is the sixth studio album by German electronic music band Kraftwerk. Recorded in mid-1976 in Düsseldorf, Germany, the album was released in March 1977 on Kling Klang Records. The album's themes were influenced by friends who suggested writing songs about the Trans Europ Express to reflect Kraftwerk's electronic music style.", "Honda ST1100 The Honda ST1100, also known as the Pan-European, is a sport touring motorcycle that was manufactured by Honda until 2002.", "ZF 4HP18 transmission The ZF 4HP18 is a four-speed automatic transmission for passenger cars from ZF Friedrichshafen AG. Introduced in 1987, and produced through 1998, it was used in a variety of cars from Alfa Romeo, Audi, Citroën, Dodge, Eagle, Fiat, Lancia, and Saab.", "Opel Speedster The Opel Speedster is a British-built mid-engined, targa-topped, 2-seater sports car sold by the German automaker Opel, introduced in July 2000.It was built in both RHD & LHD versions, at the Lotus Cars plant in Hethel, Norfolk, England. It was sold as the Vauxhall VX220 in the United Kingdom and the Daewoo Speedster in the Asian market.The car shared much in common with the Lotus Elise, although Opel claimed few parts were interchangeable.", "Renault Modus The Renault Modus is a mini multi-purpose vehicle (MPV) produced by the French manufacturer Renault from September 2004 to 2012, in Valladolid, Spain. The production version is very similar to the concept car of the same name, which was presented at the 2004 Geneva Motor Show.", "DRG Class ET 91 The Baureihe ET 91 was a series of electric multiple units built for the Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft of Germany. The units colloquially known as Gläserner Zug (Glass Train) were equipped with large panorama windows, providing an excellent outside view to the passengers. The vehicles were used for recreational trips only, especially in southern Germany and Austria.", "Ferdinand Porsche Ferdinand Porsche (3 September 1875 – 30 January 1951) was an automotive engineer and founder of the Porsche car company. He is best known for creating the first gasoline-electric hybrid vehicle (Lohner-Porsche), the Volkswagen Beetle, the Mercedes-Benz SS/SSK, several other important developments and Porsche automobiles.", "PSA XU engine The PSA XU is a family of internal combustion engines used in Citroën and Peugeot automobiles. It became the dominant mid-size engine in Peugeot and Citroën products through the 1980s and 1990s.The XU design was introduced in 1981 with the Peugeot 305. It was a SOHC or DOHC straight-4 design with two or four valves per cylinder, using petrol as fuel. It was applied transversely in front wheel drive vehicles only, tilted by 30°.", "Donkervoort Donkervoort Automobielen BV is a manufacturer of authentic hand-built and ultra light weight sports cars based in Lelystad, Netherlands. The car brand was founded in 1978 by Joop Donkervoort.In 1996, Donkervoort's Ford engines were replaced by Audi engines. Donkervoort's motto - \"No Compromise\" - means driving without any electronic aids such as ABS (Anti-lock braking system), Electronic stability program (ESP) or power steering.", "Lotus Europa The Lotus Europa is a two door mid-engined GT coupé built by Lotus Cars from 1966 to 1975. In 2006, Lotus began production of a totally new, Lotus Elise-derived design, a mid-engined GT coupé named Europa S.The original Europa used Lotus founder Colin Chapman's minimalist steel backbone chassis that was first used in the Lotus Elan, while also relying on its fibreglass moulded body for structural strength.", "SEAT 600 The SEAT 600 is a city car made in Spain by SEAT from May 1957 to August 1973 under licence by Fiat. It helped to start the economic boom, the Spanish miracle (1959–1973), that came at the end of the slow recovery from the Spanish Civil War. It was a relatively inexpensive vehicle (then 60,000 Spanish pesetas) and was the first car that came within the modest but rapidly growing economic means of most Spanish families from the mid-1960s to the early 1970s.", "Ford S-Max The Ford S-Max (stylized as Ford S-MAX) is an MPV produced by Ford Europe for the European market. Ford also describes the S-Max as an SAV. Introduced at the 2006 Geneva Motor Show, the S-Max went on sale alongside the new generation Galaxy in June 2006. It is intended to be sporty like a saloon and spacious like an MPV. It shows inspiration from the seven-seater large MPV Galaxy and compact MPV Ford C-Max.", "Europcar Europcar is a French car rental company founded in 1949 in Paris.The head office of the holding company, Europcar Group S.A., is in the business park of Val Saint-Quentin at Voisins-le-Bretonneux (Saint Quentin en Yvelines), France.Today Europcar operates in 140 different countries covering Europe, North America, The Middle East, Africa, Latin America, the Indian Ocean, the Caribbean and Asia Pacific and is the owner of InterRent®, its low cost brand.Since May 2006, Europcar has been owned by Eurazeo, one of the top listed investment companies in Europe.", "Bugatti Type 52 The Bugatti Type 52 was a half-scale Bugatti Type 35 electric racing car for children. About 90 examples were produced at the Molsheim factory between 1927 and 1936, and the cars were frequently used both as playthings and for more serious racing among the children of the European elite. The number 52 was probably given by the late Hugh Conway andwas never used by the factory.", "Lancia Thesis The Lancia Thesis (Type 841) is an executive car produced by Italian automaker Lancia between 2001 and 2009. It was available with naturally aspirated and turbocharged engines ranging between 2.0 and 3.2 litres, in both straight-5 or V6 configurations. Its appearance was based on the 1998 Diàlogos concept car. The production car premiered at the Geneva Motorshow in March 2001 and its interior was displayed for first time at the Frankfurt Motor Show.", "Eurotunnel Class 9 The Eurotunnel Class 9 or Class 9000 are six-axle high-power Bo'Bo'Bo' single-ended electric locomotive built by the Euroshuttle Locomotive Consortium (ESCL) of Brush Traction and ABB. The class was designed for and is used exclusively to haul the Le Shuttle road vehicle services through the Channel Tunnel.", "Ford CX The Ford CX is a car that was produced by Ford Europe from 1935 to 1937. During that period 96,553 cars were produced. It was powered by an 1172 cc Ford Sidevalve engine.", "Simca 1307 The Simca 1307 was the name under which Simca launched its new large family car in July 1975.A modern, front-wheel drive hatchback, it was one of the first such cars in that class, along with the Volkswagen Passat, and became the 1976 European Car of the Year.", "BMW 3 Series The BMW 3 Series is a compact executive car manufactured by the German automaker BMW since May 1975. Successor to the BMW New Class, it has been produced in six different generations and in five different body styles. It is BMW's best-selling model, accounting for around 30% of the BMW brand's annual total sales (excluding motorbikes). The BMW 3 Series has won numerous awards throughout its history.", "Renault Scénic The Renault Scénic is a compact multi-purpose vehicle (MPV) produced by French automaker Renault, the first to be labelled as such in Europe. It is based on the chassis of the Mégane small family car. It became the 1997 European Car of the Year on its launch in late 1996. The second and third generations have a model called Grand Scénic, which has 7 seats rather than 5.", "PSA ES engine The PSA ES engine is a V6 engine used in automotive applications. It was co-developed by the PSA Group (Peugeot and Citroën) and Renault to replace the outdated PRV engine. It was introduced in 1997 with the Peugeot 406 Coupé. It is designed and manufactured by the company \"Française de Mécanique\" for PSA and Renault.", "European Automotive Design European Automotive Design was a British magazine, which was closed in January 2009 because the publishing company behind it -- Findlay Publications Ltd -- was taken into Administration by its major shareholder, Robert Findlay. When he re-invented the company as Findlay Media Ltd, he 'left behind' European Automotive Design and its sister publications (European Truck & Bus Technology and Automotive Design Asia) along with its founding editor and publisher.", "Peugeot Quark Peugeot Quark is a concept car from Peugeot, rather like a four wheeled motorcycle/quad-bike. The Quark was first displayed at the 2004 Paris Motor Show.It utilises hydrogen fuel cells and has an electric motor on each of the four wheels. All four motors combined give the Quark 30kW or 40hp. It can drive approximately 130 kilometres (81 mi) before it requires refueling. The Quark is 2.38 metres (94 in) long and 1.50 metres (59 in) wide.", "Edscha Edscha Cabrio-Dachsysteme is an oem manufacturer of automobile convertible roof systems. The company is headquartered in Hengersberg, in Lower-Bavaria in Germany. Other locations include Pontiac near Detroit in the USA; Niagara Falls in Canada; Toluca in Mexico; Coventry in England; Les Ulis near Paris in France; Cantabria in Spain; Velky Meder in Slovakia; Regensburg in Germany; Shanghai in China and Yokohama in Japan.", "SEAT Alhambra The SEAT Alhambra is a large multi-purpose vehicle (MPV) designed to compete with the Renault Espace, the Citroën C8 and the Peugeot 807. It is manufactured under the SEAT brand since 1996, at the Volkswagen Group's AutoEuropa plant in Palmela, Portugal. It shares the same platform with the Volkswagen Sharan, and the first generation was also related to the Ford Galaxy. The vehicle is named after the Alhambra of Granada, a famous monument in Spain.", "Toyota Aygo The Toyota Aygo /ˈaɪɡoʊ/ is a city car sold by Toyota in Europe since 2005. All Aygos are built with the related Citroën C1 and the Peugeot 107/108 at the new factory of the Toyota Peugeot Citroën Automobile Czech (TPCA) joint venture in Kolín, Czech Republic. The Aygo was first displayed at the 2005 Salon de l'Automobile de Genève. The name \"Aygo\" comes from \"i-go\", symbolising freedom and mobility.", "Ford EUCD platform The Ford EUCD platform (for \"European D-class\") is Ford's global midsize car automobile platform launched in 2006. It is loosely based on Ford's compact Ford C1 platform. EUCD and C1 share many suspension, brake, and electrical systems.Originally known as \"C1-Plus\" due to its similarity, EUCD was chosen by Ford's European operations instead of the Ford CD3 platform due to the large number of components shared with the smaller C1.", "Volkswagen 181 The Volkswagen Type 181 was a two-wheel drive, four-door, convertible, off-road, manufactured by Volkswagen from 1968 to 1983. Originally developed for the West German Army, the Type 181 was also sold to the public, as the Kurierwagen in West Germany, the Trekker (RHD Type 182) in the United Kingdom, the Thing in the United States (1973–74), the Safari in Mexico and South America, and Pescaccia in Italy.", "Alfa Romeo 147 The Alfa Romeo 147 (Type 937) is a small family car produced by the Italian automaker Alfa Romeo from 2000 to 2010. The 147 was voted European Car of the Year in 2001, ahead of the Ford Mondeo and the Toyota Prius.The 147 was launched at the 2000 Turin Motor Show as a replacement for the Alfa Romeo 145 and 146 hatchbacks, and is based on the running gear of the larger 156 saloon. It was available with 1.6, 2.0, and 3.2-litre petrol engines and a 1.9-litre diesel engine.", "Venturi Automobiles Venturi Automobiles is a French-founded Monegasque-based multinational automotive manufacturer that designs, manufactures, and sells luxury electric vehicles. Founded in 1984 by engineers Claude Poiraud and Gérard Godfroy as MVS (Manufacture de Voitures de Sport), the company's sole purpose was to compete in the \"Grand Tourisme\" market.", "Suzuki Twin The Suzuki Twin was a kei car built by Suzuki and sold in Japan from January 22, 2003, until October 2005. It was available in both hybrid and non-hybrid versions, making it the first hybrid kei car available in Japan. Under the Japanese test cycle, the standard model was capable of 4.54L/100 km whereas the hybrid variant was capable of 2.93L/100 km.Designed primarily for young females, the Suzuki Twin is slightly longer than the Smart Fortwo.", "PSA HDi engine The PSA Group sells a variety of diesel automobile engines with the HDi (high-pressure direct injection) designation. Earlier versions were exclusive to Peugeot and Citroën. In 1998, PSA entered into a joint venture with the Ford Motor Company to produce a range of new diesel engines. The joint venture makes identical engines which are fitted to a variety of vehicles from a range of car manufacturers.", "BMW 5 Series The BMW 5-Series is an executive luxury car manufactured by German automaker BMW since 1972. The car is in its sixth generation and sold in sedan and touring body styles. It is BMW's second best-selling model after the 3-Series and in 2010 produced about 50% of the BMW's profits.On January 29, 2008, the 5 millionth 5-Series was manufactured, a 530d Saloon in Carbon Black Metallic.", "SEAT 124 The SEAT 124 is a mid-sized family car produced by the Spanish manufacturer SEAT in its Barcelona Zona Franca and Landaben Pamplona plants between 1968 and 1980. The car was very successful in Spain having sold 896,136 units, and was produced in both the 4-door and station wagon (Familiar) versions under various engines and trim levels.", "Peugeot 407 The Peugeot 407 is a large family car produced by the French automaker Peugeot from 2004 to 2010. It is available in saloon, coupé and estate variants, with both diesel and petrol engines. The petrol engines range from 1.8 to 3.0-litres displacement, whereas the diesels range from 1.6 to 3.0-litre engines.The 407, along with the larger 607, was succeeded by the 508 in January 2011. According to the European Car of the Year website, the 407 was one of the runner-ups in the 2005 award.", "Renault Dauphine Renault Dauphine (pronounced: [dɔfin]) is a rear-engined economy car manufactured by Renault in a single body style – a three-box, four-door sedan – as the successor to the Renault 4CV; more than two million units were sold worldwide during its production run from 1956 until 1967.Along with such cars as the Volkswagen Beetle, Morris Minor, Mini and Fiat 500, the Dauphine pioneered the modern European economy car.Renault marketed variants of the Dauphine, including a sport model, the Gordini, a luxury version, the Ondine, the 1093 factory racing model, and the Caravelle/Floride, a Dauphine-based two-door convertible.", "Mild hybrid Mild hybrids are generally internal combustion engines equipped with an electric machine (one motor/generator in a parallel configuration) allowing the engine to be turned off whenever the car is coasting, braking, or stopped, yet restart quickly. Mild hybrids may employ regenerative brake and some level of power assist to the internal combustion engine (ICE), but mild hybrids do not have an exclusive electric-only mode of propulsion.", "Tramontana (sports car) The Tramontana is a Spanish single or twin seat sports car with styling inspired by open wheel racing cars. It is built by Advanced Design Tramontana in Palau de Santa Eulalia, Girona, Catalonia (Spain), and costs €500,000 or more. It was launched as a concept at the 2005 Geneva Motor Show, and subsequently modified for production.It features a mid-mounted twin turbocharged Mercedes-Benz 5.5 litre, double overhead cam V12 engine producing 720 PS (530 kW; 710 hp).", "Isetta The Isetta is an Italian-designed microcar built under license in a number of different countries, including Spain, Belgium, France, Brazil, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Because of its egg shape and bubble-like windows, it became known as a bubble car, a name later given to other similar vehicles.In 1955, the BMW Isetta became the world's first mass-production car to achieve a fuel consumption of 3 L/100 km (94 mpg-imp; 78 mpg-US).", "CTS Fahrzeug-Dachsysteme CTS Fahrzeug-Dachsysteme \"\\CTS Car Top Systems\" in Germany) is a supplier of convertible tops. Long a subsidiary of Porsche AG, that company agreed to sell it to Magna International in late 2005 for roughly $470,000,000.", "Peugeot 607 The Peugeot 607 is an executive car produced by the French automaker Peugeot from September 1999 to June 2012.The 607, along with the smaller 407, were superseded by the 508 in March 2011.", "Peugeot 307 The Peugeot 307 is a small family car produced by the French manufacturer Peugeot since 2001, following the Peugeot 306 which ceased production in 2002. It was awarded the European Car of the Year title for 2002, and continues to be offered in China and certain South American markets through 2014, despite the French launch of the 308 (its intended successor) in September 2007.", "Audi 50 The Audi 50 (known internally as the Typ 86) is a supermini economy car produced by German automaker Audi from 1974 to 1978 and sold only in Europe. Introduced two or three years after the Italian Fiat 127 and the French Renault 5, the model was seen at the time as Germany's first home grown entrant in Europe's emerging \"supermini\" class.The Audi 50 was built by Audi NSU Auto Union AG at the former NSU factory in Neckarsulm, Germany and at the giant Wolfsburg plant by Volkswagen.", "Nissan Almera Tino The Nissan Almera Tino is a compact MPV which was produced by the Japanese automaker Nissan its Spanish factory from 2000 to 2006.The Almera Tino was based on floorpan of the Almera small family car, which had been launched in early 2000, and launched in Europe in the autumn of that year and sold until late 2006, ceasing production in the November of that year - the same time that the Almera hatchback and saloon were axed.In the Tino range there are three engines available: 1.8 L petrol 2.0 L petrol 2.2 L dieselLike most Nissan's the Tino was credited for its equipment levels and even basic models get climate control, electric sunroof and front electric windows.", "Peugeot 505 The Peugeot 505 is a large family car produced by the French manufacturer Peugeot from 1979 to 1992 in Sochaux, France. The 505 was Peugeot's last rear-wheel drive car. It was also manufactured outside France, for example in Argentina by Sevel from 1981 to 1995, China, Indonesia and Nigeria.According to the manufacturer 1,351,254 Peugeot 505s were produced between 1978 and 1999: of these 1,116,868 were saloons/sedans.", "Landwind X6 The Landwind X6 is a Chinese-built SUV developed by Jiangling Motors and manufactured by the Landwind joint venture between it and Changan Auto. It was sold in some European markets, being the first vehicle from the People's Republic of China that has ever been exported to Europe. The first 200 European market Landwinds reached the Belgian port of Antwerp on July 4, 2005.", "Volkswagen Transporter (T4) The Volkswagen Transporter (T4), marketed in North America as the Volkswagen Eurovan, is a van produced by the German manufacturer Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles between 1990 and 2003, succeeding the Volkswagen Type 2 (T3) and superseded by the Volkswagen Transporter (T5).", "PRV engine The PRV engine is an automobile petrol V6 engine that was developed jointly by Peugeot, Renault and Volvo Cars – and sold from 1974 to 1998. It was gradually replaced after 1994 by another joint PSA-Renault design, known as the ES engine at PSA and the L engine at Renault. It is designed and manufactured by the company \"Française de Mécanique\" for PSA, Renault and Volvo.", "Ford Focus The Ford Focus is a compact car (C-segment in Europe) manufactured by the Ford Motor Company since 1998. Ford began sales of the Focus to Europe in July 1998 and in North America during 1999 for the 2000 model year.In Europe, North and South America, and South Africa, the Focus replaced the various versions of the Ford Escort and Ford Laser sold in those markets. In Asia and Australasia, it replaced the Ford Laser.", "Global Hybrid Cooperation Global Hybrid Cooperation (formerly called Advanced Hybrid System 2 or AHS2) is a set of hybrid vehicle technologies jointly developed by General Motors, Daimler, and Chrysler LLC, with BMW joining in 2005. It uses 2 or 3 planetary gearsets in an automatic transmission: one on the internal combustion engine side (input split) paired with a second (output split), forming the compound split, and possibly one third additional planetary gearset to multiply the number of fixed gear ratios (up to 4).", "Maybach Exelero The Maybach Exelero is a high-performance unique sports car built in 2004. The 700 hp (522 kW) four-seater with a twin turbo V12 engine is a one-off design built by Maybach-Motorenbau GmbH, on request for Fulda Tires, the German division of Goodyear. Fulda is using this car as a reference vehicle to test a new generation of wide tires. The German luxury car manufacturer created the model as a modern interpretation of its legendary streamlined sportscar from the 1930s.", "Chrysler 180 The Chrysler 180 was the base name for a series of large saloon cars produced by Chrysler Europe. Resulting from joining development efforts of Rootes Group and Simca, the car was produced from 1970 to 1975 in Poissy, France, and later in Chrysler's subsidiary Barreiros' factory in Spain.", "Volvo XC60 The Volvo XC60 is a compact crossover SUV produced by Volvo in Ghent, Belgium and is based on Volvo P3 platform. Introduced in 2008, the XC60 has been Volvo's best selling car since 2009.", "Peugeot 405 The Peugeot 405 is a large family car released by the French automaker Peugeot in July 1987, and which continues to be manufactured under licence outside France. It was voted European Car of the Year for 1988 by the largest number of votes in the history of the contest. About 2.5 million vehicles have been sold worldwide, both in LHD & RHD, as a sedan and station wagon.Its appearance is similar to the Alfa Romeo 164, launched the same year and also styled by Pininfarina.", "Opel Senator The Opel Senator is a full-size luxury car produced by the German automaker Opel, two generations of which were sold in Europe from 1978 until 1993.", "Ford Taunus The Ford Taunus is a family car that was sold by Ford Germany throughout Europe. Models from 1970 onward were similar to the Ford Cortina in the United Kingdom. The model line was named after the Taunus mountain range in Germany and was first made in 1939 and continued through several versions until 1994.", "Eurovans The Eurovans are a family of large MPVs from the Citroën, Peugeot, Fiat and Lancia marques that were produced at the jointly-owned Sevel Nord factory in France. It was launched in March 1994, and production ceased in November 2010 for the Fiat and Lancia models, and in June 2014 for the Citroën and Peugeot siblings.The Eurovans differ little technically and visually, being a prime example of badge engineering.", "Eurotram The Eurotram was an electric tramcars designed for the tram system of Compagnie de Transports Strasbourgeois (CTS). Initially produced by Socimi, after the company became bankrupt Eurotrams were manufactured by ABB Group's transportation division, later by Adtranz, and then by Bombardier Transportation, and marketed the tram part of its Flexity Outlook range.Eurotrams have been used on the Strasbourg tramway (France), the Azienda Trasporti Milanesi (Italy), and on the Porto Metro (Portugal).", "Renault Trafic The Renault Trafic is a light commercial vehicle produced by the French automaker Renault since 1981. It is also marketed as the Nissan Primastar and Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro in Europe. Previous versions of the Renault Trafic have been sold by Chevrolet and the original generation is now sold in India by Tata Motors.Vauxhall has confirmed that they will produce the next generation Vivaro at the GM Manufacturing Luton plant in 2013.", "European Hot 100 Singles The European Hot 100 Singles was compiled by Billboard and Music & Media magazine from March 1984 until December 2010. The chart was based on national singles sales charts in 15 European countries: Austria, Belgium (separately for Flanders and Wallonia), Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.By the issue dated/week ending November 13, 2010, the European Hot 100 had accumulated 400 number one hits.", "Jensen-Healey The Jensen-Healey (1972–76) is a British two-seater convertible sports car which was the best selling Jensen of all time. In total 10,503 (10 prototypes, 3,347 Mk.1 and 7,146 Mk.2) were produced by Jensen Motors Ltd. in West Bromwich, England. A related fastback, the Jensen GT, was introduced in 1975.Launched in 1972 as a fast luxurious and competent convertible sports car. It was positioned in the market between the Triumph TR6 and the Jaguar E-Type.", "Citroën XM The Citroën XM is an executive car that was produced by the French automaker Citroën between 1989 and 2000. Citroën sold 333,775 XMs during the model's 11 years of production. The XM was voted 1990 European Car of the Year.", "Opel Sintra The Opel Sintra is a large MPV produced under the German marque Opel for the European market. It was sold in the United Kingdom under the Vauxhall Sintra nameplate) between 1996 and 1999 by Vauxhall.The Sintra is one of the second-generation U-body MPVs (known internally as GMX110s).", "Chrysler Europe Chrysler Europe was a division of the American Chrysler Corporation automotive company. It was formed from the merger of the French Simca, British Rootes and Spanish Barreiros companies. Chrysler Europe operated between 1967 and 1979.", "AL (automobile) AL was a French automobile manufactured by L'Energie Electro-Mécanique based at Suresnes. In 1907 the company manufactured one of the first recorded hybrid cars (The Pieper was earlier, as was the Lohner-Porsche), it was a combination gas-electric vehicle that ran at 24hp.", "EuroPowerPack The EuroPowerPack is the combination of the MTU MT 883 diesel engine delivering over 1100 kW shaft power with the five-speed Renk HSWL 295TM automatic transmission for the use in heavy tracked vehicles like tanks.This very compact power pack delivers as much or more power than the most powerful tank engines currently in service, but offers increased fuel efficiency and needs less space.", "Bizzarrini Europa The Europa was a small GT car produced by Bizzarrini between 1966 and 1969. Originally powered by a 1481 cc Fiat straight-4 engine, the car officially became the Europa with the introduction of an 1897 cc Opel powerplant. About 20 examples were built, with all but five using the Opel engine.", "Citroën CX The Citroën CX is an executive car produced by the French automaker Citroën from 1974 to 1991. Citroën sold nearly 1.2 million CXs during its 16 years of production. The CX was voted European Car of the Year in 1975.", "Hybrid Synergy Drive Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD) is the brand name of Toyota for hybrid car drive train technology. It is used in its Yaris, Auris, Prius, Highlander Hybrid, Camry Hybrid, Estima, Alphard, Lexus RX 400h/RX 450h, Lexus ES 300h, Lexus GS 450h, Lexus LS 600h/LS 600hL, Lexus CT 200h, Lexus IS 300h, Lexus HS 250h and Lexus NX 300h automobiles. Toyota also licenses its HSD technology to Nissan for use in its Nissan Altima Hybrid. Its parts supplier Aisin Seiki Co.", "Jet (brand) Jet is the filling station brand of Phillips 66 used in Europe.Jet filling stations are located in Austria, Germany and the United Kingdom, and formerly in Denmark and Sweden. The owner sold its stations in Belgium, the Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia to its Russian affiliate, Lukoil.The Jet service station network in Ireland was acquired by Statoil in 1996. Maxol acquired 50 Jet/Statoil-branded sites as a condition of the acquisition.", "Volkswagen 1-litre car The Volkswagen XL1 (VW 1-Litre) is a two-person limited production diesel-powered plug-in hybrid produced by Volkswagen. The XL1 car was designed to be able to travel 100 km on 1 litre of diesel fuel (280 mpg-imp; 240 mpg-US), while being both roadworthy and practical. To achieve such economy, it is produced with lightweight materials, a streamlined body and an engine and transmission designed and tuned for economy.", "Ford Fusion Hybrid The Ford Fusion Hybrid is a gasoline-electric hybrid powered version of the mid-size Ford Fusion sedan developed by the Ford, and launched to the U.S. market in March 2009 as a 2010 model year, together with its twin the Mercury Milan Hybrid. The second generation Ford Fusion Hybrid, released as a 2013 model year, went on sale in the U.S. in October 2012. A plug-in hybrid version, the Ford Fusion Energi, was released in the U.S. in February 2013.The U.S.", "Ford Fusion (Europe) The European Ford Fusion is a vertically stretched version of the Ford Fiesta supermini that was produced by Ford Europe from 2002 to 2012.The design includes elements of both estates and multi-purpose vehicles.", "Ford C-Max The Ford C-Max (stylized as Ford C-MAX and often called the Ford Focus C-Max) is a compact MPV produced since 2003 for the European market by Ford Europe in Saarlouis, Germany. Ford introduced the C-Max in the United States as its first hybrid-only line of vehicles, which includes the C-Max Hybrid, released in September 2012, and the C-Max Energi plug-in hybrid, launched in October 2012." ]	12
Tom Hanks movies where he plays a leading role.	[ "Splash (film)\nSplash is a 1984 American fantasy romantic comedy film directed by Ron Howard, written by Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel, and starring Tom Hanks, Daryl Hannah, John Candy, Eugene Levy, and Dody Goodman. The film involves a young man who falls in love with a mysterious woman who is secretly a mermaid. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay.", "Angels & Demons (film)\nAngels & Demons is a 2009 American mystery thriller film directed by Ron Howard and based on Dan Brown's novel of the same name. It is the sequel to the 2006 film, The Da Vinci Code, also directed by Ron Howard. The novel was published first and The Da Vinci Code followed it. Filming of Angels & Demons took place in Rome, Italy, and the Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City, California.Tom Hanks reprises his role as Professor Robert Langdon.", "The 'Burbs\nThe 'Burbs is a 1989 American black comedy film directed by Joe Dante starring Tom Hanks, Bruce Dern, Carrie Fisher, Rick Ducommun, Corey Feldman, Wendy Schaal and Henry Gibson. The film was written by Dana Olsen, who also has a cameo in the movie. The film pokes fun at suburban environments and their eccentric dwellers.", "Saving Private Ryan\nSaving Private Ryan is a 1998 American epic war drama film set during the Invasion of Normandy in World War II. Directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Robert Rodat, the film is notable for its graphic and realistic portrayal of war, and for the intensity of its opening 27 minutes, which includes a depiction of the Omaha Beach assault of June 6, 1944. It follows United States Army Rangers Captain John H.", "The Polar Express (film)\nThe Polar Express is a 2004 American musical christmas fantasy film based on the children's book of the same title by Chris Van Allsburg. Written, produced, and directed by Robert Zemeckis, the film features human characters animated using the live action performance capture technique.The film stars Daryl Sabara, Nona Gaye, Jimmy Bennett, and Eddie Deezen, with Tom Hanks in six distinct roles.", "Magnificent Desolation: Walking on the Moon 3D\nMagnificent Desolation: Walking on the Moon 3D is a 2005 IMAX 3D documentary film about the first humans on the Moon, the twelve astronauts in the Apollo program.It is co-written, produced and directed by Mark Cowen, and co-written, produced by and starring Tom Hanks.", "List of Tom Hanks performances\nTom Hanks is an American actor and producer who has had an extensive career in films, television and on the stage. Hanks made his professional acting debut on the stage playing Grumio, in the Great Lakes Theater production of The Taming of the Shrew (1977). He made his film debut with a minor role in the horror film, He Knows You're Alone (1980). In the same year, Hanks appeared in the television series, Bosom Buddies.", "Captain Phillips (film)\nCaptain Phillips is a 2013 American biographical survival thriller film directed by Paul Greengrass and starring Tom Hanks and Barkhad Abdi.", "Philadelphia (film)\nPhiladelphia is a 1993 American drama film and one of the first mainstream Hollywood films to acknowledge HIV/AIDS, homosexuality, and homophobia. It was written by Ron Nyswaner, directed by Jonathan Demme and stars Tom Hanks and Denzel Washington.Hanks won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Andrew Beckett in the film, while the song \"Streets of Philadelphia\" by Bruce Springsteen won the Academy Award for Best Original Song.", "The Bonfire of the Vanities (film)\nThe Bonfire of the Vanities is a 1990 American comedy-drama film adaptation of the best-selling novel of the same name by Tom Wolfe, originally serialized in Rolling Stone. A critical and commercial flop, the movie was directed by Brian De Palma, and stars Tom Hanks as Sherman McCoy, Bruce Willis as Peter Fallow, Melanie Griffith as Maria Ruskin, and Kim Cattrall as Judy McCoy, Sherman's wife.", "Dragnet (1987 film)\nDragnet is a 1987 American buddy cop comedy film written and directed by Tom Mankiewicz in his directorial debut, and starring Dan Aykroyd and Tom Hanks. The film is based on the television crime drama of the same name starring Jack Webb. The screenplay, both a parody of and homage to the long-running television series, was written by Dan Aykroyd and Alan Zweibel.", "The Da Vinci Code (film)\nThe Da Vinci Code is a 2006 American mystery-thriller film produced by John Calley and Brian Grazer and directed by Ron Howard. The screenplay was written by Akiva Goldsman and adapted from Dan Brown's 2003 best-selling novel of the same name.", "Punchline (film)\nPunchline is a 1988 American comedy film written and directed by David Seltzer and stars Tom Hanks as a talented young comic who helps a housewife, played by Sally Field who wants to break into stand-up comedy.", "The Circle (2016 film)\nThe Circle is an upcoming American science-fiction drama film directed and written by James Ponsoldt, based on the 2013 novel of same name by Dave Eggers. The film stars Tom Hanks, Emma Watson, John Boyega, Karen Gillan, Patton Oswalt, and Bill Paxton. Principal photography began on September 11, 2015 in Los Angeles.", "Apollo 13 (film)\nApollo 13 is a 1995 American historical docudrama film directed by Ron Howard. The film stars Tom Hanks, Kevin Bacon, Bill Paxton, Gary Sinise, and Ed Harris. The screenplay by William Broyles, Jr.", "Turner & Hooch\nTurner & Hooch is a 1989 American comedy-thriller film starring Tom Hanks and Beasley the Dog as the eponymous characters, Turner and Hooch respectively. The film also co-stars Mare Winningham, Craig T. Nelson and Reginald VelJohnson. It was directed by Roger Spottiswoode; the film was originally slated to be directed by Henry Winkler, but he was terminated because of his \"creative differences\".", "Catch Me If You Can\nCatch Me If You Can is a 2002 American biographical crime drama film based on the life of Frank Abagnale, who, before his 19th birthday, successfully performed cons worth millions of dollars by posing as a Pan American World Airways pilot, a Georgia doctor, and a Louisiana parish prosecutor. His primary crime was check fraud; he became so experienced that the FBI eventually turned to him to help in catching other check forgers.", "Cast Away\nCast Away is a 2000 American adventure drama film directed and produced by Robert Zemeckis and starring Tom Hanks as a FedEx employee stranded on an uninhabited island after his plane crashes in the South Pacific. The film depicts his attempts to survive on the island using remnants of his plane's cargo. The film was a critical and commercial success, and Hanks was nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role at the 73rd Academy Awards for his performance.", "Saving Mr. Banks\nSaving Mr. Banks is a 2013 period drama film directed by John Lee Hancock from a screenplay written by Kelly Marcel and Sue Smith. Centered on the development of the 1964 film Mary Poppins, the film stars Emma Thompson as author P. L. Travers and Tom Hanks as filmmaker Walt Disney, with supporting performances from Colin Farrell, Paul Giamatti, Jason Schwartzman, Bradley Whitford, Annie Rose Buckley, Ruth Wilson, B. J. Novak, Rachel Griffiths, and Kathy Baker.", "Sleepless in Seattle\nSleepless in Seattle is a 1993 American romantic comedy-drama film directed and co-written by Nora Ephron. Based on a story by Jeff Arch, it stars Tom Hanks as Sam Baldwin and Meg Ryan as Annie Reed.", "Volunteers (film)\nVolunteers is a 1985 American comedy film directed by Nicholas Meyer and starring Tom Hanks and John Candy in their second film together after Splash (1984).", "Larry Crowne\nLarry Crowne is a 2011 American romantic comedy film starring Tom Hanks and Julia Roberts. The film was produced and directed by Hanks, who co-wrote its screenplay with Nia Vardalos. The story was inspired by Hanks' time studying at Chabot College. The film tells the story of Larry Crowne, a middle aged man who unexpectedly loses his job and returns to education. It was released on July 1, 2011 in the United States and Canada.", "Mazes and Monsters\nMazes and Monsters is a 1982 made-for-TV movie directed by Steven Hilliard Stern about a group of college students and their interest in a fictitious role-playing game (RPG) of the same name.The movie starred a 26-year-old Tom Hanks in his first major leading film role.", "The Money Pit\nThe Money Pit is a 1986 American comedy film, directed by Richard Benjamin, and starring Tom Hanks and Shelley Long as a couple who attempt to renovate a recently purchased house. It was filmed in New York City and Lattingtown, New York and is a remake of the 1948 film Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House, starring Cary Grant and Myrna Loy.", "Forrest Gump (character)\nForrest Gump is a fictional character who first appears in the 1986 novel by Winston Groom. Forrest Gump also appeared on screen in the 1994 film of the same name directed by Robert Zemeckis. Forrest was portrayed as a child by Michael Humphreys and portrayed as an adult by Tom Hanks, who won an Academy Award for the role. The portrayal of Forrest in the novel is notably different from the portrayal in the film.", "Road to Perdition\nRoad to Perdition is a 2002 American crime thriller film directed by Sam Mendes. The screenplay was adapted by David Self, from the graphic novel of the same name by Max Allan Collins. The film stars Tom Hanks, Paul Newman (in his final live-action film role), Jude Law, and Daniel Craig.", "Charlie Wilson's War\nCharlie Wilson's War is a 2007 American comedy-drama film, based on the story of U.S. Congressman Charlie Wilson and CIA operative Gust Avrakotos, whose efforts led to Operation Cyclone, a program to organize and support the Afghan mujahideen during the Soviet–Afghan War.The film was directed by Mike Nichols (his final picture) and written by Aaron Sorkin, who adapted George Crile III's 2003 book Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History.", "The Man with One Red Shoe\nThe Man With One Red Shoe is a 1985 comedy film directed by Stan Dragoti, and starring Tom Hanks and Dabney Coleman. It is a remake of a 1972 French film Le Grand Blond avec une chaussure noire starring Pierre Richard and Mireille Darc.", "Forrest Gump\nForrest Gump is a 1994 American epic romantic-comedy-drama film based on the 1986 novel of the same name by Winston Groom. The film was directed by Robert Zemeckis and stars Tom Hanks, Robin Wright, Gary Sinise, Mykelti Williamson, and Sally Field.", "Joe Versus the Volcano\nJoe Versus the Volcano is a 1990 American romantic comedy film written and directed by John Patrick Shanley and starring Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan. Hanks plays a man who, after being told he is dying of a rare disease, accepts a financial offer to travel to a South Pacific island and throw himself into a volcano on behalf of the superstitious natives.", "Nothing in Common\nNothing in Common is a 1986 comedy-drama film, directed by Garry Marshall. It stars Tom Hanks and Jackie Gleason in what would prove to be Gleason's final film role - he was suffering from colon cancer, liver cancer, and thrombosed hemorrhoids during production.The film, released in 1986, was not a great financial success, but it became more popular as Hanks's fame grew.", "The Green Mile (film)\nThe Green Mile is a 1999 American fantasy crime drama film directed by Frank Darabont and adapted from the 1996 Stephen King novel of the same name. The film is told in a flashback format and stars Tom Hanks as Paul Edgecomb and Michael Clarke Duncan as John Coffey with supporting roles by David Morse, Bonnie Hunt, and James Cromwell. The film also features Dabbs Greer, in his final film, as the old Paul Edgecomb.", "The Terminal\nThe Terminal is a 2004 American romantic comedy film directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Tom Hanks and Catherine Zeta-Jones. It is about a man who becomes trapped in New York City's JFK International Airport terminal when he is denied entry into the United States and at the same time cannot return to his native country due to a revolution.", "Every Time We Say Goodbye (film)\nEvery Time We Say Goodbye is a 1986 drama film starring Tom Hanks and Cristina Marsillach. Hanks plays a gentile American in the Royal Air Force, stationed in mandatory Jerusalem, who falls in love with a girl from a Sephardic Jewish family.The movie has the unusual distinction of being partly in the Ladino language; as of July 2006, there were only five movies in the entire Internet Movie Database that are even partially in the Judeo-Spanish language, Ladino.", "Sheriff Woody\nSheriff Woody Pride, or simply Woody, is a fictional character in the Toy Story franchise. He is voiced by Tom Hanks in both the movies and short films and by Jim Hanks in other media. He is a stuffed cowboy character that leads the other toys in adventures in the movies. His facial features are based on Tone Thyne, an animator for Disney at the time.", "List of awards and nominations received by Tom Hanks\nActor, producer and director Tom Hanks has been honored with numerous awards and nominations, including two Oscars for Best Actor for Philadelphia (1993) and Forrest Gump (1994).", "Tom Hanks\nThomas Jeffrey Hanks (born July 9, 1956) is an American actor and filmmaker. He is known for his roles in Big (1988), Philadelphia (1993), Forrest Gump (1994), Apollo 13 (1995), Saving Private Ryan, You've Got Mail (both 1998), The Green Mile (1999), Cast Away (2000), The Da Vinci Code (2006), Captain Phillips, and Saving Mr.", "You've Got Mail\nYou've Got Mail is a 1998 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Nora Ephron, starring Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan. It was written by Nora and Delia Ephron. The film is about two people in a online romance who are unaware that they are also business rivals. The name of the film is an example of product placement, based on the trademark greeting that AOL users hear when they receive new e-mail." ]	[ "Morgan Freeman Morgan Freeman (born June 1, 1937) is an American actor, film director, and narrator. Freeman has received Academy Award nominations for his performances in Street Smart, Driving Miss Daisy, The Shawshank Redemption and Invictus, and won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar in 2005 for Million Dollar Baby. He has also won a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award.", "Pet Sematary (film) Pet Sematary (sometimes referred to as Stephen King's Pet Sematary) is a 1989 American horror film adaptation of Stephen King's novel of the same name. Directed by Mary Lambert and written by King, the film features Dale Midkiff as Louis Creed, Denise Crosby as Rachel Creed, Blaze Berdahl as Ellie Creed, Miko Hughes as Gage Creed, and Fred Gwynne as Jud Crandall. Andrew Hubatsek was cast for Zelda's role.", "David Moscow David Raphael Moscow (born November 14, 1974) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as the young Josh Baskin in the 1988 film Big, in which his character was magically transformed into an adult played by Tom Hanks.", "1999 in film The year 1999 in film included Stanley Kubrick's final film Eyes Wide Shut, Pedro Almodóvar's first Oscar-winning film All About My Mother, the science-fiction hit The Matrix, the Deep Canvas-pioneering Tarzan and Best Picture-winner American Beauty, as well as critically acclaimed animated works The Iron Giant, Toy Story 2 and South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut. Other noteworthy releases included Spike Jonze's and Charlie Kaufman's breakout film Being John Malkovich and M.", "Mission: Impossible (film) Mission: Impossible is a 1996 American action spy film directed by Brian De Palma, produced by and starring Tom Cruise. Based on the television series of the same name, the plot follows Ethan Hunt (Cruise) and his mission to uncover the mole who has framed him for the murders of his entire IMF team. Work on the script had begun early with filmmaker Sydney Pollack on board, before De Palma, Steven Zaillian, David Koepp, and Robert Towne were brought in.", "Paris, Texas (film) Paris, Texas is a 1984 drama film directed by Wim Wenders and starring Harry Dean Stanton, Dean Stockwell, Nastassja Kinski, and Hunter Carson. The screenplay was written by L.M. Kit Carson and playwright Sam Shepard, and the distinctive musical score was composed by Ry Cooder. The cinematography was by Robby Müller.", "Josh Lucas Joshua Lucas Easy Dent Maurer (born June 20, 1971), better known as Josh Lucas, is an American actor. He has appeared in many films, including Glory Road, Sweet Home Alabama, A Beautiful Mind, Stealth, Poseidon, J. Edgar and Red Dog.", "Brokeback Mountain Brokeback Mountain is a 2005 American romantic drama film directed by Ang Lee. Adapted from the 1997 short story of the same name by Annie Proulx, the screenplay was written by Diana Ossana and Larry McMurtry. The film stars Heath Ledger, Jake Gyllenhaal, Anne Hathaway, Michelle Williams, and Randy Quaid, and depicts the complex emotional and sexual relationship between two men in the American West from 1963 to 1983.Brokeback Mountain was a commercial and critical success.", "1969 (film) 1969 is a 1988 drama film starring Robert Downey, Jr., Kiefer Sutherland, and Winona Ryder. It was written and directed by Ernest Thompson. The original music score is composed by Michael Small. The film deals with the Vietnam War and the resulting social tensions between those who support and oppose the war in small-town America.", "Broken Arrow (1996 film) Broken Arrow is a 1996 American action film directed by John Woo, written by Graham Yost, and starring John Travolta and Christian Slater. It deals with the theft of two American nuclear weapons.", "The Crucible (1996 film) The Crucible is a 1996 drama film written by Arthur Miller adapting his play of the same title, inspired by the Salem witchcraft trials. It was directed by Nicholas Hytner and stars Daniel Day-Lewis as John Proctor, Winona Ryder as Abigail Williams, Paul Scofield as Judge Thomas Danforth, Bruce Davison as Reverend Parris, and Joan Allen as Elizabeth Proctor.", "George Kennedy George Harris Kennedy, Jr. (born February 18, 1925) is an American actor who has appeared in more than two hundred film and television productions. His wide variety of roles include \"Dragline\" in Cool Hand Luke, for which he won an Academy Award; as Joe Patroni in all four of the 1970s Airport disaster films; as Police Captain Ed Hocken in the Naked Gun series of comedy films; and as corrupt oil tycoon Carter McKay on the original Dallas television series.", "The Killer Elite The Killer Elite is a 1975 American action thriller film starring James Caan and Robert Duvall and directed by Sam Peckinpah.The screenplay was written by Marc Norman and Stirling Silliphant adapted from the Robert Syd Hopkins novel, Monkey in the Middle. The novel was written under Hopkins' pseudonym of Robert Rostand. The film represents the last collaboration between Peckinpah and soundtrack composer Jerry Fielding.", "Twilight's Last Gleaming Twilight's Last Gleaming is a 1977 film directed by Robert Aldrich and starring Burt Lancaster and Richard Widmark.", "Roy Scheider Roy Richard Scheider (November 10, 1932 – February 10, 2008) was an American actor and amateur boxer. He gained notoriety for his leading and supporting roles in several iconic films from the 1970s, playing Police Chief Martin C. Brody in Jaws (1975) and its first sequel, NYPD Detective Buddy \"Cloudy\" Russo in The French Connection (1971), NYPD Detective Buddy Manucci in The Seven Ups (1973), Doc in Marathon Man (1976), and choreographer and film director Joe Gideon in All That Jazz (1979).", "Tom Courtenay Sir Thomas Daniel \"Tom\" Courtenay (/ˈkɔrtni/; born 25 February 1937) is an English actor who came to prominence in the early 1960s with a succession of films, including The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner (1962), Billy Liar (1963) and Doctor Zhivago (1965). Since the mid-1960s he has been known primarily for his work in the theatre, although he received an Oscar nomination for Best Actor in the film adaptation of The Dresser (1983), which he had performed on the West End and on Broadway.", "Tom McFadden Tom McFadden is an actor who has starred in film and on television, his first feature movie was in the 1968 movie was Hot Spurs, his other films include Wrong Is Right (1982), A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy's Revenge (1985), 976-EVIL (1989), and Uncle Sam (1997).He has starred on some TV movies, his best-known roles being in the 1983 mini series The Winds of War, and in the 1986 TV movie The Deliberate Stranger.Tom has made guest appearances on many TV shows, some of those shows range from Daniel Boone, Gunsmoke, The Fall Guy, The A-Team, Dukes of Hazzard, and The X-Files.Tom authored the book Acting For Real in 2007.", "Broken Arrow (1950 film) Broken Arrow is a western Technicolor film released in 1950. It was directed by Delmer Daves and starred James Stewart as Tom Jeffords and Jeff Chandler as Cochise. The film is based on these historical figures but fictionalizes their story in dramatized form. It was nominated for three Academy Awards, and won a Golden Globe award for Best Film Promoting International Understanding.", "Thomas Kretschmann Thomas Kretschmann (German pronunciation: [ˈtoːmas ˈkrɛʧman]; born 8 September 1962) is a German actor best known for playing Leutnant Hans von Witzland in the 1993 film Stalingrad, Hauptmann Peter Kahn in the 2013 film Stalingrad, Hauptmann Wilm Hosenfeld in The Pianist, Hermann Fegelein in Downfall, Major Otto Remer in the 2008 film Valkyrie, and Captain Engelhorn in the 2005 remake of King Kong, and for voicing Professor Z in Cars 2.", "Leadbelly (film) Leadbelly is a 1976 film chronicling the life of folk singer Huddie William Ledbetter (better known as \"Lead Belly\"). The film was directed by Gordon Parks, and starred Roger E. Mosley in the title role. The film focuses on the troubles of Lead Belly's youth in the segregated South including his time in prison, and his efforts to use his music to gain release.", "Hook (film) Hook is a 1991 American fantasy adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by James V. Hart and Malia Scotch Marmo. It stars Robin Williams as Peter Pan/Peter Banning, Dustin Hoffman as Captain Hook, Julia Roberts as Tinker Bell, Bob Hoskins as Smee, Maggie Smith as Granny Wendy, Caroline Goodall as Moira Banning, and Charlie Korsmo as Jack Banning. The film acts as a sequel to J. M.", "Richard Benjamin Richard Samuel Benjamin (born May 22, 1938) is an American actor and film director.He has starred in a number of well-known film productions, including Goodbye, Columbus (1969), based on the novella by Philip Roth; Catch-22 (1970), from the Joseph Heller best-seller; Westworld (1973), a science-fiction thriller by Michael Crichton, and The Sunshine Boys (1975), written by Neil Simon.After directing for television, Benjamin's first feature as director was 1982 comedy My Favorite Year, for which star Peter O'Toole was Oscar-nominated.", "I Walk Alone I Walk Alone is a 1948 film noir directed by Byron Haskin, his directorial debut, and starring Burt Lancaster, Lizabeth Scott, and Kirk Douglas.This was the first of several films that Lancaster and Douglas made together over the decades, including Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957), The Devil's Disciple (1959), Seven Days in May (1964), and Tough Guys (1986), establishing the pair as something of a team in the public's imagination.", "Noah Wyle Noah Strausser Speer Wyle (/ˈwaɪli/; born June 4, 1971) is an American film, television, and theatre actor. He is best known for his roles as Dr. John Carter in ER and as Tom Mason in Falling Skies. He has also played Steve Jobs in the docudrama Pirates of Silicon Valley (1999), Dr. Kenneth Monnitoff in Donnie Darko (2001), and Flynn Carsen in The Librarian franchise. Wyle was named one of the 50 Most Beautiful People by People magazine in 2001.", "Orange County (film) Orange County is a 2002 American comedy film starring Colin Hanks and Jack Black. It was released on January 11, 2002. The movie was distributed by Paramount Pictures and produced by MTV Films and Scott Rudin. The movie was directed by Jake Kasdan and written by Mike White.", "1944 in film The year 1944 in film involved some significant events, including the wholesome, award-winning Going My Way plus popular murder mysteries such as Double Indemnity, Gaslight and Laura.", "Tom Hulce Thomas Edward \"Tom\" Hulce (/ˈhʊls/; born December 6, 1953) is an American movie actor and theater producer. As an actor, he is best known for his role as \"Pinto\" in National Lampoon's Animal House (1978), the Oscar-nominated portrayal of Mozart in Amadeus (1984), and the voice of Quasimodo in The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996, Disney). Additional acting awards included four Golden Globe nominations, an Emmy Award, and a Tony Award nomination.", "Sally Field Sally Margaret Field (born November 6, 1946) is an American actress and director. She is known for her film roles in Smokey and the Bandit (1977), Norma Rae (1979), Places in the Heart (1984), Murphy's Romance (1985), Steel Magnolias (1989), Mrs. Doubtfire (1993), Forrest Gump (1994), and Lincoln (2012).Field began her career in the 1960s sitcoms Gidget (1965–66) and The Flying Nun (1967–70).", "Viggo Mortensen Viggo Peter Mortensen, Jr. (Danish: [viɡ̊o ˈmɒːdnsn]; born October 20, 1958) is a Danish American actor, poet, musician, photographer and painter. He made his film debut in Peter Weir's 1985 thriller Witness, and subsequently appeared in many notable films of subsequent years, including The Indian Runner (1991), Carlito's Way (1993), Crimson Tide (1995), Daylight (1996), The Portrait of a Lady (1996), G.I.", "Countdown (1968 film) Countdown is a 1968 film directed by Robert Altman, based on the novel The Pilgrim Project by Hank Searls. It stars James Caan and Robert Duvall as astronauts vying to be the first American to walk on the Moon as part of a crash program to beat the Soviet Union.", "William Katt William Theodore Katt (born February 16, 1950) is an American film and television actor, best known as the star of the television series The Greatest American Hero. He first became known for playing Tommy Ross, the ill-fated prom date of Carrie White in the film version of Carrie (1976) and subsequently starred in films such as First Love (1977), Big Wednesday (1978) and Butch and Sundance: The Early Days (1979).", "The Thomas Crown Affair (1968 film) The Thomas Crown Affair is a 1968 film directed and produced by Norman Jewison starring Steve McQueen and Faye Dunaway. It was nominated for two Academy Awards, winning Best Original Song for Michel Legrand's \"Windmills of Your Mind\". A remake was released in 1999.", "Tyler Hoechlin Tyler Lee Hoechlin (/ˈhɛklɪn/; September 11, 1987) is an American actor who got his big break starring as Tom Hanks' son in the film Road to Perdition (2002). For television he is known for playing the role of Martin Brewer on 7th Heaven and the role of Derek Hale on the MTV series Teen Wolf.", "William Daniels William David Daniels (born March 31, 1927) is an American actor and former president of the Screen Actors Guild (1999 to 2001). He is known for his performance as Dustin Hoffman's character's father in The Graduate (1967), as Howard in Two for the Road, as John Adams in 1776, as Carter Nash in Captain Nice, as Mr. George Feeny in ABC's Boy Meets World and its sequel, Disney Channel's Girl Meets World, as the voice of KITT in Knight Rider, and as Dr. Mark Craig in St.", "King of the Hill (film) King of the Hill is Steven Soderbergh's third feature film, released in 1993, and the second he directed from his own screenplay following his 1989 Palme d'Or-winning film sex, lies, and videotape. It too was nominated for the Palme d'Or, at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival.", "List of accolades received by Brokeback Mountain Brokeback Mountain is a 2005 American epic romantic drama film directed by Ang Lee. Based on the short story of the same name by author Annie Proulx, the story was adapted by Larry McMurtry and Diana Ossana. The film depicts the complex emotional and sexual relationship between two men, Ennis Del Mar and Jack Twist (played by Heath Ledger and Jake Gyllenhaal, respectively) in the American West between 1963 and 1983.", "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958 film) Cat on a Hot Tin Roof is a 1958 American drama film directed by Richard Brooks. It is based on the Pulitzer Prize-winning play of the same name by Tennessee Williams adapted by Richard Brooks and James Poe. One of the top-ten box office hits of 1958, the film stars Elizabeth Taylor, Paul Newman and Burl Ives.", "Field of Dreams Field of Dreams is a 1989 American fantasy-drama film directed by Phil Alden Robinson, who also wrote the screenplay, adapting W. P. Kinsella's novel Shoeless Joe. It stars Kevin Costner, Amy Madigan, James Earl Jones, Ray Liotta and Burt Lancaster in his final role. The film was nominated for three Academy Awards: Best Original Score, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Picture.", "All the Right Moves (film) All the Right Moves is a 1983 drama film directed by Michael Chapman and starring Tom Cruise, Craig T. Nelson, Lea Thompson, Chris Penn, and Gary Graham. It was filmed on location during WPIAL football season in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, and Pittsburgh.", "Tommy Lee Jones Tommy Lee Jones (born September 15, 1946) is an American actor and film director. He has received four Academy Award nominations, winning one as Best Supporting Actor for his performance as U.S. Marshal Samuel Gerard in the 1993 thriller film The Fugitive.His other notable starring roles include former Texas Ranger Woodrow F.", "My Darling Clementine This article is about the John Ford Western. For the song, see Oh My Darling, Clementine. For the 1943 Roy Acuff film, see O, My Darling Clementine.My Darling Clementine, a 1946 film regarded as one of the best Western movies made by director John Ford, stars Henry Fonda as Wyatt Earp during the period leading up to Gunfight at the OK Corral.", "The Great Buck Howard The Great Buck Howard is a 2008 American comedy-drama film directed by Sean McGinly that stars Colin Hanks and John Malkovich. Tom Hanks also appears as the father of his real-life son's character. The character Buck Howard is inspired by the mentalist The Amazing Kreskin, whose popularity was at its height in the 1970s. The film premiered at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival on January 18, 2008. It is the first Walden Media film to be distributed by Magnolia Pictures.", "Truman (film) Truman is a 1995 HBO movie based on David McCullough's Pulitzer Prize-winning book, Truman. Starring Gary Sinise as Harry S. Truman, the film centers on Truman's rise to the presidency from humble beginnings, World War II, and his decision to use the first atomic bomb. The film's tagline is \"It took a farmer's hand to shape a nation.\"", "Bosom Buddies Bosom Buddies is an American sitcom starring Tom Hanks and Peter Scolari created by Robert L. Boyett, Thomas L. Miller and Chris Thompson (Miller/Milkis/Boyett Productions). It ran from 1980 to 1982 on ABC and in reruns in the summer of 1984 on NBC. The show features the misadventures of two single men, working in creative advertising, struggling in their industry while disguising themselves as women in order to live in the one apartment they could afford.", "The Last Picture Show The Last Picture Show is a 1971 American drama film directed by Peter Bogdanovich, adapted from a semi-autobiographical 1966 novel of the same name by Larry McMurtry.Set in a small town in north Texas from November 1951 to October 1952, it is about the coming of age of Sonny Crawford (Timothy Bottoms) and his friend Duane Jackson (Jeff Bridges).", "Patriot Games (film) Patriot Games is a 1992 action-suspense film directed by Phillip Noyce and based on Tom Clancy's novel of the same name. It is a sequel to the 1990 film The Hunt for Red October, but with different actors in the leading roles, Harrison Ford starring as Jack Ryan and Anne Archer as his surgeon-wife. James Earl Jones is the lone holdover, reprising his role as Admiral James Greer. The cast also includes Sean Bean, Patrick Bergin, Thora Birch, Samuel L.", "My Own Private Idaho My Own Private Idaho is a 1991 American independent adventure drama film written and directed by Gus Van Sant, loosely based on Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part 1, Henry IV, Part 2, and Henry V, and starring River Phoenix and Keanu Reeves.", "Collateral (film) Collateral is a 2004 American neo-noir crime thriller directed by Michael Mann and written by Stuart Beattie. It stars Tom Cruise cast against type as a contract killer and Jamie Foxx as a taxi driver who finds himself his hostage during an evening of the hitman's work. The film also features Jada Pinkett Smith and Mark Ruffalo. Foxx and Cruise's performances were widely praised, with Foxx being nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.", "Cliffhanger (film) Cliffhanger is a 1993 American action adventure film directed by Renny Harlin and starring Sylvester Stallone and John Lithgow. Stallone, who co-wrote the screenplay, plays a mountain climber who becomes embroiled in a failed heist set in a U.S. Treasury plane flying through the Rocky Mountains. The film was a critical and box office success, earning more than $250 million worldwide.", "Elvis Presley filmography Elvis Presley (1935–1977) was an American actor and singer who achieved initial success with \"That's All Right\" on Sun Records, and as a performer on the Louisiana Hayride. He came to the attention Hank Snow's former manager Colonel Tom Parker, who convinced RCA Records to sign him. \"Heartbreak Hotel\" was released on the RCA label January 27, 1956, and led to guest appearances on national television shows. Presley appeared in 33 feature films.", "Tin Men Tin Men is a 1987 comedy film written and directed by Barry Levinson, produced by Mark Johnson, and starring Richard Dreyfuss, Danny DeVito, and Barbara Hershey.It is the second of Levinson's four \"Baltimore Films\" set in his hometown during the 1940s, '50s, and '60s: Diner (1982), Tin Men (1987), Avalon (1990), and Liberty Heights (1999).", "Richard Brooks Richard Brooks (May 18, 1912 – March 11, 1992) was an American screenwriter, film director, novelist and occasional film producer. His outstanding works as director are Blackboard Jungle (1955), Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958), Elmer Gantry (1960) – for which he won an Academy Award for Best Writing (Adapted Screenplay), In Cold Blood (1967), and Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977).", "Seven Days in May Seven Days in May is an American political thriller motion picture about a military-political cabal's planned takeover of the United States government in reaction to the president's negotiation of a disarmament treaty with the Soviet Union. Directed by John Frankenheimer, it stars Burt Lancaster, Kirk Douglas, Fredric March, and Ava Gardner, and was released in February 1964. The screenplay was written by Rod Serling based on the novel of the same name by Fletcher Knebel and Charles W.", "Blazing Saddles Blazing Saddles is a 1974 satirical Western comedy film directed by Mel Brooks. Starring Cleavon Little and Gene Wilder, the film was written by Brooks, Andrew Bergman, Richard Pryor, Norman Steinberg, and Al Uger, and was based on Bergman's story and draft. The movie was nominated for three Academy Awards, and is ranked No. 6 on the American Film Institute's 100 Years...100 Laughs list.Brooks appears in two supporting roles, Governor William J.", "Going My Way Going My Way is a 1944 American musical comedy-drama film directed by Leo McCarey and starring Bing Crosby and Barry Fitzgerald. Based on a story by Leo McCarey, the film is about a new young priest taking over a parish from an established old veteran. Crosby sings five songs in the film. Going My Way was followed the next year by a sequel, The Bells of St. Mary's.Going My Way was the highest-grossing picture of 1944, and was nominated for 10 Academy Awards, winning 7, including Best Picture.", "Holes (film) Holes is a 2003 American adventure comedy-drama film directed by Andrew Davis, produced by Lowell D. Blank, Mike Medavoy and Teresa Tucker-Davies with music by Joel McNeely and based on the 1998 eponymous novel by Louis Sachar (who also wrote the screenplay), with Shia LaBeouf as the lead role of Stanley Yelnats IV and also starring Khleo Thomas, Sigourney Weaver, Jon Voight, Tim Blake Nelson, Eartha Kitt, Patricia Arquette, Dulé Hill, Rick Fox, and Henry Winkler.", "Andrew Stanton Andrew Stanton (born December 3, 1965) is an American film director, screenwriter, producer, and voice actor based at Pixar Animation Studios. His film work includes writing and directing Pixar's A Bug's Life (1998) (as co-director), Finding Nemo (2003), and WALL-E (2008), and his first live-action film, John Carter (2012). He also co-wrote all three Toy Story films and Monsters, Inc. (2001)Finding Nemo and WALL-E earned him two Academy Awards for Best Animated Feature.", "Tom Holland (director) Tom Holland (born July 11, 1943) is an American director, writer, and actor. He is best known for directing and writing horror movies like Psycho II (1983), Fright Night (1985), Child's Play (1988), and Thinner (1996).", "Losin' It Losin' It is a 1983 comedy film starring Tom Cruise, Shelley Long, Jackie Earle Haley, and John Stockwell. The film is directed by Curtis Hanson. It was filmed largely in Calexico, California.", "To Kill a Mockingbird (film) To Kill a Mockingbird is a 1962 American drama film directed by Robert Mulligan. The screenplay by Horton Foote was based on the 1960 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same name by Harper Lee. It stars Gregory Peck in the role of Atticus Finch and Mary Badham in the role of Scout.The film, widely considered to be one of the greatest ever made, earned an overwhelmingly positive response from critics. A box office success, it earned more than 10 times its budget.", "1994 in film This is a list of films released in 1994. The top worldwide grosser was Disney's The Lion King, becoming the highest-grossing animated film at the time, although it was slightly overtaken at the North American domestic box office by Forrest Gump, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture and a second consecutive Academy Award for Best Actor for Tom Hanks.Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer celebrated its 70th Anniversary in 1994.", "Bachelor Party (1984 film) Bachelor Party is a 1984 comedy film directed by Neal Israel, written by Israel and Pat Proft, and starring Tom Hanks, Adrian Zmed, William Tepper and Tawny Kitaen.", "That Thing You Do! That Thing You Do! is a 1996 American musical comedy drama film written, directed by, and co-starring Tom Hanks. Set in the summer of 1964, the movie tells the story of the rise and fall of a one-hit wonder pop band. The film also resulted in a musical hit with the song \"That Thing You Do\".", "Tom Sawyer (1973 film) Tom Sawyer is a 1973 American musical film adaptation of the Mark Twain boyhood adventure story, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, starring Johnny Whitaker as Tom, Jodie Foster as Becky Thatcher, and Jeff East as Huckleberry Finn. Ho-Chunk tribesman Kunu Hank portrayed Injun Joe.The movie was produced by Reader's Digest. The film's screenplay and songs were written by Robert B. Sherman and Richard M. Sherman who would go on to provide more award-winning music for the sequel Huckleberry Finn.", "Jesse D. Goins Jesse D. Goins is an American film and television character actor. He is best known for his role in the 1980s television series The Greatest American Hero as Cyler Johnson.Goins' career in the film industry includes a role in the 1984 comedy movie Up the Creek as a soldier named Brown. However, his most famous film role is that of Joe Cox, a member of Clarence Boddicker's gang in the 1987 classic science fiction movie RoboCop.", "Ned Beatty Ned Thomas Beatty (born July 6, 1937) is an American actor who has appeared in more than 100 films and has been nominated for an Academy Award, two Emmy Awards, an MTV Movie Award for Best Villain and a Golden Globe Award; he won a Drama Desk Award.These nominations stemmed from his performances in films and television series such as Network (1976), Friendly Fire (1979), Last Train Home (1990), Hear My Song (1991), the adaptation film Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (2004), and Toy Story 3 (2010).He has had great commercial success in memorable roles such as the executive Bobby Trippe in Deliverance (1972), Tennessee lawyer Delbert Reese in Nashville (1975), general attorney Dardis in All the President's Men (1976), Bob Sweet in Silver Streak (1976), the priest Edwards in Exorcist II: The Heretic (1977), Lex Luthor's henchman Otis in Superman (1978) and Superman II (1980), Bates' right-hand man Sydney Morehouse in The Toy (1982), Borisov and Pavel Petrovic in The Fourth Protocol (1987), TV presenter Ernest Weller in Repossessed (1990), Rudy Ruettiger's father in Rudy (1993), attorney McNair in Just Cause (1995), Dexter Wilkins in Life (1999), the simple sheriff in Where the Red Fern Grows (2003), the corrupt Senator Charles F.", "Tom Cruise Tom Cruise (born Thomas Cruise Mapother IV; July 3, 1962) is an American actor and filmmaker. Cruise has been nominated for three Academy Awards and has won three Golden Globe Awards. He started his career at age 19 in the 1981 film Endless Love. After portraying supporting roles in Taps (1981) and The Outsiders (1983), his first leading role was in the romantic comedy Risky Business, released in August 1983.", "Top Gun Top Gun is a 1986 American action drama film directed by Tony Scott, and produced by Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer, in association with Paramount Pictures. The screenplay was written by Jim Cash and Jack Epps, Jr., and was inspired by the article \"Top Guns\" written by Ehud Yonay for California magazine.The film stars Tom Cruise, Kelly McGillis, Val Kilmer, Anthony Edwards, and Tom Skerritt.", "Jim Hanks James Mathew Hanks (born June 15, 1961 in Shasta, California) is an American actor, voice actor, and filmmaker. He has played numerous minor roles in film and guest appearances on television, and often substitutes doing voice work for his brother Tom Hanks. He has produced, directed, and filmed several short films.", "1998 in film The year 1998 in film involved many significant films including; Shakespeare in Love (which won the Academy Award for Best Picture), Saving Private Ryan, American History X, The Truman Show, Primary Colors, Rushmore, Rush Hour, There's Something About Mary, The Big Lebowski, and Terrence Malick's directorial return in The Thin Red Line. Animated films included A Bug's Life, Antz, Mulan and The Prince of Egypt.Warner Bros. Pictures celebrated its 75th anniversary in 1998.", "Tom Skerritt Thomas Roy \"Tom\" Skerritt (born August 25, 1933) is an American actor who has appeared in more than forty films and more than two hundred television episodes since 1962. He is known for his roles in MASH, Alien, Top Gun, A River Runs Through It, Up in Smoke, and the television series Picket Fences.", "Tom Jones (1963 film) Tom Jones is a 1963 British adventure comedy film, an adaptation of Henry Fielding's classic novel The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749), starring Albert Finney as the titular hero. It was one of the most critically acclaimed and popular comedies of its time, winning four Academy Awards, including Best Picture. The film was directed by Tony Richardson and the screenplay was adapted by playwright John Osborne.", "Sean McGinly Sean McGinly is an American film director and screenwriter. His film Two Days, starring Paul Rudd and Donal Logue, piqued the interest of Tom Hanks, who then agreed to produce McGinly's latest project, The Great Buck Howard, through his Playtone production company. The film stars Hanks himself along with his son Colin Hanks, John Malkovich and Emily Blunt.", "Colin Hanks Colin Hanks (born Colin Lewes Dillingham; November 24, 1977) is an American actor. He is known for starring in the 2002 film Orange County, as well as television roles including Alex Whitman in Roswell, Henry Jones in Band of Brothers, Travis Marshall in Dexter and Officer Gus Grimly in Fargo, as well as co-starring in the 2010 Fox TV series The Good Guys. He is the eldest son of actor Tom Hanks." ]	4
Pure object-oriented programing languages	[ "D (programming language)\nThe D programming language is an object-oriented, imperative, multi-paradigm system programming language created by Walter Bright of Digital Mars and released in 2001. Bright was joined in the design and development effort in 2006 by Andrei Alexandrescu.", "Clascal\nClascal was an object-oriented programming language developed in 1983 by the Personal Office Systems (POS) division (later renamed The Lisa Division, still later The 32-Bit Systems Division) of Apple Computer.It was an extension of Lisa Pascal, which in turn harked back to the UCSD Pascal model originally implemented on the Apple II.", "Scriptol\nScriptol is an object-oriented programming language that allows users to declare an XML document as a class. The language is universal and allows users to create dynamic web pages, as well as create scripts and binary applications.", "Objective-J\nObjective-J is a programming language developed as part of the Cappuccino web development framework. Its syntax is nearly identical to the Objective-C syntax and it shares with JavaScript the same relationship that Objective-C has with the C programming language: that of being a strict, but small, superset; adding traditional inheritance and Smalltalk/Objective-C style dynamic dispatch.", "Object REXX\nThe Object REXX programming language is an object-oriented scripting language initially produced by IBM for OS/2. It is a follow-on to and a significant extension of the \"Classic Rexx\" language originally created for the CMS component of VM/SP and later ported to MVS, OS/2 and PC DOS.", "Cecil (programming language)\nCecilia is a pure object-oriented programming language that was developed by Craig Chambers at the University of Washington in 1992 to be part of the Vortex project there. Cecil has many similarities to other object-oriented languages, most notably Objective-C, Modula-3, and Self. The main goals of the project were extensibility, orthogonality, efficiency, and ease-of-use.The language supports multiple dispatch and multimethods, dynamic inheritance, and optional static type checking.", "Objective-C\nObjective-C is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language that adds Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming language. It is the main programming language used by Apple for the OS X and iOS operating systems, and their respective application programming interfaces (APIs), Cocoa and Cocoa Touch.The programming language Objective-C was originally developed in the early 1980s.", "ROOP (programming language)\nROOP is a multiparadigm programming language targeted at AI applications created at the Chengdu University of China. It combines rule-based, procedural, logical and object-oriented programming techniques.", "List of programming languages by type\nThis is a list of programming languages groups.", "Prograph\nPrograph is a visual, object-oriented, dataflow, multiparadigm programming language that uses iconic symbols to represent actions to be taken on data. Commercial Prograph software development environments such as Prograph Classic and Prograph CPX were available for the Apple Macintosh and Windows platforms for many years but were eventually withdrawn from the market in the late 1990s.", "Modular programming\nModular programming is a software design technique that emphasizes separating the functionality of a program into independent, interchangeable modules, such that each contains everything necessary to execute only one aspect of the desired functionality.A module interface expresses the elements that are provided and required by the module. The elements defined in the interface are detectable by other modules.", "Snit\nSnit is an object-oriented extension to the Tcl programming language. Snit is a recursive acronym that stands for \"Snit's Not Incr Tcl.\" Snit is a pure Tcl object and megawidget system. It is unique among Tcl object systems in that it is based not on inheritance but on delegation. Object systems based on inheritance only allow inheriting from classes defined using the same system, which is limiting.", "Functional programming\nIn computer science, functional programming is a programming paradigm—a style of building the structure and elements of computer programs—that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids changing-state and mutable data. It is a declarative programming paradigm, which means programming is done with expressions.", "Object-oriented programming\nObject-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of \"objects\", which are data structures that contain data, in the form of fields, often known as attributes; and code, in the form of procedures, often known as methods. A distinguishing feature of objects is that an object's procedures can access and often modify the data fields of the object with which they are associated (objects have a notion of \"this\" or \"self\").", "Object database\nAn object database (also object-oriented database management system) is a database management system in which information is represented in the form of objects as used in object-oriented programming. Object databases are different from relational databases which are table-oriented. Object-relational databases are a hybrid of both approaches.Object databases have been considered since the early 1980s.", "Object type (object-oriented programming)\nIn computer science, an object type (a.k.a. wrapping object) is a datatype which is used in object-oriented programming to wrap a non-object type to make it look like a dynamic object.Some object-oriented programming languages make a distinction between reference and value types, often referred to as objects and non-objects on platforms where complex value types don't exist, for reasons such as runtime efficiency and syntax or semantic issues.", "Object-Oriented Turing\nObject-Oriented Turing is an extension of the Turing programming language and a replacement for Turing Plus created by Ric Holt of the University of Toronto, Canada, in 1991. It is imperative, object-oriented, and concurrent. It has modules, classes, single inheritance, processes, exception handling, and optional machine-dependent programming.There is an integrated development environment under the X Window System and a demo version.", "Object Lisp\nObject Lisp was a computer programming language, a dialect of the Lisp language. It was an object-oriented extension for the Lisp dialect Lisp Machine Lisp, designed by Lisp Machines, Inc.", "Smalltalk YX\nSmalltalk YX (Syx) is an open source programming language. It's an implementation of the Smalltalk-80 standard.Syx is written in the C programming language and has the following purposes: Readable code Flexibility through easy creation of plugins Highly portable Optimized Modern Embeddable in C programs Easy to use, powerful and well-structured environment Small", "O:XML\no:XML is an open source, dynamically typed, general-purpose object-oriented programming language based on XML-syntax. It has threads, exception handling, regular expressions and namespaces. Additionally o:XML has an expression language very similar to XPath that allows functions to be invoked on nodes and node sets.", "Groovy (programming language)\nGroovy is an object-oriented programming language for the Java platform. It is a dynamic language with features similar to those of Python, Ruby, Perl, and Smalltalk. It can be used as a scripting language for the Java Platform, is dynamically compiled to Java Virtual Machine (JVM) bytecode, and interoperates with other Java code and libraries. Groovy uses a Java-like curly-bracket syntax.", "Cool (programming language)\nCool, an acronym for Classroom Object Oriented Language, is a computer programming language designed by Alexander Aiken for use in an undergraduate compiler course project. While small enough for a one term project, Cool still has many of the features of modern programming languages, including objects, automatic memory management, strong static typing and simple reflection.The reference Cool compiler is written in C++, built fully on the public domain tools.", "Java (programming language)\nJava is a general-purpose computer programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to let application developers \"write once, run anywhere\" (WORA), meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation.", "List of object-oriented programming languages\nThis is a list of notable object-oriented programming languages, which are also listed in Category:Object-oriented programming languages.", "Dolittle (programming language)\nDolittle (Japanese ドリトル doritoru) is a programing language developed at the Osaka Electro-Communication University . Unlike the majority of programming languages it uses keywords based on Japanese and written in Japanese script. It is named after the character Dr Dolittle. It is easier for learners whose native language is Japanese to make early progress in understanding programming.", "Q (equational programming language)\nQ (short for equational programming language) is an interpreted, interactive functional programming language created by Albert Gräf at the University of Mainz in Germany. Q programs are just collections of equations which are used to evaluate expressions in a symbolic fashion.", "Ruby (programming language)\nRuby is a dynamic, reflective, object-oriented, general-purpose programming language. It was designed and developed in the mid-1990s by Yukihiro \"Matz\" Matsumoto in Japan.According to its authors, Ruby was influenced by Perl, Smalltalk, Eiffel, Ada, and Lisp. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including functional, object-oriented, and imperative. It also has a dynamic type system and automatic memory management.", "Urbiscript\nurbiscript is a programming language for robotics. It features syntactic support for concurrency and event-based programming. It is a prototype-based object-oriented scripting language.", "TOM (object-oriented programming language)\nTOM was an object-oriented programming language developed in the 1990s that built on the lessons learned from Objective-C. The main purpose of TOM was to allow for \"unplanned reuse\" of code via a well-developed extension mechanism.", "Karel (programming language)\nKarel is an educational programming language for beginners, created by Richard E. Pattis in his book Karel The Robot: A Gentle Introduction to the Art of Programming. Pattis used the language in his courses at Stanford University, California. The language is named after Karel Čapek, a Czech writer who introduced the word robot.", "Actor (programming language)\nThe Actor programming language was invented by Charles Duff of The Whitewater Group in 1988. It was an offshoot of some object-oriented extensions to the Forth language he had been working on.Actor would be categorized as a pure object-oriented language in the style of Smalltalk. Like Smalltalk, everything was an object, including small integers.", "Object Oberon\nObject Oberon is a programming language which is based on the Oberon programming language with features for object-oriented programming. Oberon-2 was essentially a redesign of Object Oberon.", "ObjectLOGO\nObjectLOGO is a variant of the programming language Logo with object-oriented programming extensions and lexical scoping. Version 2.7 is sold by Digitool, Inc. It is no longer being developed or supported, and does not run on versions of the Mac operating system after version 7.5.", "Persistor.NET\nPersistor.NET is an object-oriented persistence framework which provides persistence for pure object-oriented development. Persistor .NET saves, retrieves, and deletes pure .NET Framework object graphs within a SQL Server 2005 or SQL Server Express database.", "Io (programming language)\nIo is a pure object-oriented programming language inspired by Smalltalk, Self, Lua, Lisp, Act1, and NewtonScript. Io has a prototype-based object model similar to the ones in Self and NewtonScript, eliminating the distinction between instance and class. Like Smalltalk, everything is an object and it uses dynamic typing. Like Lisp, programs are just data trees. Io uses actors for concurrency.Remarkable features of Io are its minimal size and openness to using external code resources.", "Smalltalk\nSmalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed, reflective programming language.", "Beta (programming language)\nBETA is a pure object-oriented language originating within the \"Scandinavian School\" in object-orientation where the first object-oriented language Simula was developed. Among its notable features, it introduced nested classes, and unified classes with procedures into so called patterns.", "Self (programming language)\nSelf is an object-oriented programming language based on the concept of prototypes. Self was a dialect of Smalltalk, being dynamically typed and using just-in-time compilation (JIT) as well as the prototype-based approach to objects: it was first used as an experimental test system for language design in the 1980s and 1990s. In 2006, Self was still being developed as part of the Klein project, which was a Self virtual machine written fully in Self.", "Comparison of programming languages\nProgramming languages are used for controlling the behavior of a machine (often a computer). Like natural languages, programming languages conform to rules for syntax and semantics.There are thousands of programming languages and new ones are created every year. Few languages ever become sufficiently popular that they are used by more than a few people, but professional programmers may use dozens of languages in a career.", "Logtalk\nLogtalk is an object-oriented logic programming language that extends and leverages the Prolog language with a feature set suitable for programming in the large. It provides support for encapsulation and data hiding, separation of concerns and enhanced code reuse.", "Protocol (object-oriented programming)\nIn object-oriented programming, a protocol or interface is a common means for unrelated objects to communicate with each other. These are definitions of methods and values which the objects agree upon in order to co-operate.For example, in Java (where protocols are termed interfaces), the Comparable interface specifies a method compareTo() which implementing classes should implement.", "Python (programming language)\nPython is a widely used general-purpose, high-level programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability, and its syntax allows programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code than would be possible in languages such as C++ or Java. The language provides constructs intended to enable clear programs on both a small and large scale.Python supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative and functional programming or procedural styles.", "Modula-3\nIn computer science, Modula-3 is a programming language conceived as a successor to an upgraded version of Modula-2 known as Modula-2+. While it has been influential in research circles (influencing the designs of languages such as Java, C#, and Python) it has not been adopted widely in industry.", "Simula\nSimula is a name for two simulation programming languages, Simula I and Simula 67, developed in the 1960s at the Norwegian Computing Center in Oslo, by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard. Syntactically, it is a fairly faithful superset of ALGOL 60.Simula 67 introduced objects, classes, inheritance and subclasses, virtual procedures, coroutines, and discrete event simulation, and features garbage collection.", "Virtual function\nIn object-oriented programming, a virtual function or virtual method is a function or method whose behavior can be overridden within an inheriting class by a function with the same signature. This concept is an important part of the polymorphism portion of object-oriented programming (OOP).", "COBOL\nCOBOL (/ˈkoʊbɒl/, an acronym for common business-oriented language) is a compiled English-like computer programming language designed for business use. It is imperative, procedural and, since 2002, object-oriented. COBOL is primarily used in business, finance, and administrative systems for companies and governments. In 1997, Gartner Group estimated that there were a total of 200 billion lines of COBOL in existence, which ran 80% of all business programs.", "Bistro (programming language)\nBistro is a programming language designed and developed by Nikolas Boyd. It is intended to integrate features of Smalltalk and Java, running as a variant of Smalltalk that runs atop any Java virtual machine conforming to Sun Microsystems' Java specification.", "Extensible ML\nExtensible ML (EML) is an ML-like programming language that adds support for object-oriented idioms in a functional setting.", "Prototype-based programming\nPrototype-based programming is a style of object-oriented programming in which behaviour reuse (known as inheritance) is performed via a process of cloning existing objects that serve as prototypes. This model can also be known as prototypal, prototype-oriented, classless, or instance-based programming. Delegation is the language feature that supports prototype-based programming.A fruit bowl serves as one example.", "CorbaScript\nCorbaScript is an object-oriented scripting language.", "Class (computer programming)\nIn object-oriented programming, a class is an extensible program-code-template for creating objects, providing initial values for state (member variables) and implementations of behavior (member functions or methods).", "LePUS3\nLePUS3 is a language for modelling and visualizing object-oriented (Java, C++, C#) programs and design patterns. It is defined as a formal specification language, formulated as an axiomatized subset of First-order predicate logic. A diagram in LePUS3 is also called a Codechart. LePUS, the name of the first version of the language, is an abbreviation for Language for Pattern Uniform Specification.", "OCaml\nOCaml (/oʊˈkæməl/ oh-KAM-əl), originally known as Objective Caml, is the main implementation of the Caml programming language, created by Xavier Leroy, Jérôme Vouillon, Damien Doligez, Didier Rémy, Ascánder Suárez and others in 1996. OCaml extends the core Caml language with object-oriented constructs.OCaml's toolset includes an interactive top level interpreter, a bytecode compiler, a reversible Debugger, a package manager (OPAM), and an optimizing native code compiler.", "Perl\nPerl is a family of high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming languages. The languages in this family include Perl 5 and Perl 6.Though Perl is not officially an acronym, there are various backronyms in use, the most well-known being \"Practical Extraction and Reporting Language\". Perl was originally developed by Larry Wall in 1987 as a general-purpose Unix scripting language to make report processing easier. Since then, it has undergone many changes and revisions.", "Boo (programming language)\nBoo is an object-oriented, statically typed, general-purpose programming language that seeks to make use of the Common Language Infrastructure's support for Unicode, internationalization, and web applications, while using a Python-inspired syntax and a special focus on language and compiler extensibility. Some features of note include type inference, generators, multimethods, optional duck typing, macros, true closures, currying, and first-class functions.", "Eiffel (programming language)\nEiffel is an ISO-standardized, object-oriented programming language designed by Bertrand Meyer (an object-orientation proponent and author of Object-Oriented Software Construction) and Eiffel Software. The design of the language is closely connected with the Eiffel programming method.", "Squeak\nThe Squeak programming language is a dialect of Smalltalk. It is object-oriented, class-based and reflective.It was derived directly from Smalltalk-80 by a group at Apple Computer that included some of the original Smalltalk-80 developers. Its development was continued by the same group at Walt Disney Imagineering, where it was intended for use in internal Disney projects.Squeak is available for many platforms, and programs produced on one platform run bit-identical on all other platforms.", "Object-based language\nThe term \"object-based language\" may be used in a technical sense to describe any programming language that uses the idea of encapsulating state and operations inside \"objects\". Object-based languages need not support inheritance or subtyping, but those that do are also said to be \"object-oriented\".", "Curl (programming language)\nCurl is a reflective object-oriented programming language for interactive web applications whose goal is to provide a smoother transition between formatting and programming.", "Fortran\nFortran (previously FORTRAN, derived from Formula Translating System) is a general-purpose, imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing.", "Gello Expression Language\nThe GELLO Expression Language was started in 2001 and introduced in 2002; in 2005, GELLO was adopted as an international standard by Health Level Seven International and ANSI for a decision support language. GELLO Release 2 was completed and approved by ANSI in June 2010.The GELLO specifications have been developed in coordination with the HL7 Clinical Decision Support TC (CDSTC)GELLO is a class-based object-oriented programming language and a relative of the Object Constraint Language (OCL).", "Aldor\nAldor is a programming language. It is the successor of A# as the extension language of the Axiom computer algebra system.The Aldor language combines imperative, functional, and object-oriented features. It has an elaborate type system, allowing types to be used as first-class values. Aldor's syntax is heavily influenced by Pascal, but it is optionally indentation-sensitive, like Python.", "Compact Application Solution Language\nCompact Application Solution Language (CASL) is a programming language used to create computer programs for Palm OS, and Microsoft Windows desktops, laptops, and Pocket PCs with Windows Mobile. It is published by WAGWARE Systems, Inc., and Brainyware, LLC.As a language, CASL is similar to Pascal or Visual Basic with object-oriented programming features.", "Mixin\nIn object-oriented programming languages, a mixin is a class that contains a combination of methods from other classes. How such a combination is done depends on the language. If a combination contains all methods of combined classes, it is equivalent to multiple inheritance." ]	[ "ObjectCenter ObjectCenter is the version of CodeCenter for the C++ language. ObjectCenter is an integrated development environment (IDE) offering facilities similar to CodeCenter, plus other features such as class browsing facilities. ObjectCenter was formerly named Saber-C++. CodeCenter and ObjectCenter were created by CenterLine Software (formerly Saber Software), a company located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. CenterLine Software later became CenterLine Systems.", "Joy (programming language) The Joy programming language in computer science is a purely functional programming language that was produced by Manfred von Thun of La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia. Joy is based on composition of functions rather than lambda calculus. It has turned out to have many similarities to Forth, due not to design but to a sort of parallel evolution and convergence. It was also inspired by the function-level programming style of Backus's FP.", "FLOW-MATIC FLOW-MATIC, originally known as B-0 (Business Language version 0), was the first English-like data processing language. It was developed for the UNIVAC I at Remington Rand under Grace Hopper during the period from 1955 until 1959.", "Processing (programming language) Processing is an open source programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) built for the electronic arts, new media art, and visual design communities with the purpose of teaching the fundamentals of computer programming in a visual context, and to serve as the foundation for electronic sketchbooks. The project was initiated in 2001 by Casey Reas and Benjamin Fry, both formerly of the Aesthetics and Computation Group at the MIT Media Lab.", "Object Windows Library The Object Windows Library (OWL) is a Borland C++ object-oriented framework originally designed for Windows API. It was used in Turbo Pascal for Windows, Borland Pascal and their Borland C++ package. It was a competitor to the Microsoft Foundation Class Library (MFC).OWL had incomplete support by the Borland C++ IDE and wasn't always upwardly compatible from release to release.", "PEARL (programming language) PEARL, or Process and experiment automation realtime language, is a computer programming language designed for multitasking and real-time programming. Being a high-level language, it is fairly cross-platform. Since 1977, the language has been going under several standardization steps by the Deutsches Institut für Normung.", "Java syntax The syntax of the Java programming language is the set of rules defining how a Java program is written and interpreted.The syntax is mostly derived from C and C++. Unlike C++, Java is almost exclusively an object-oriented language. There are no global functions or variables, all code belongs to classes and all values are objects.", "Object model reference Object model reference provides detailed definitions (interfaces and classes) and specification of an object in an object-oriented language. Right now, the only rendering is to the Java language. However, the specification has been created with C# in mind. C# rendering is expected to be provided in future.", "HBasic HBasic is an integrated development environment used to create, execute and debug programs with a Basic language. HBasic has object oriented features either in combination with precompiled C++ components (shared libraries) or class definitions (HBasic sourcecode). This also includes a version of inheritance.Hbasic is a mature Basic implementation for the Linux operating system.", "Object-oriented Abstract Type Hierarchy Object-oriented Abstract Type Hierarchy (OATH) is a class library for C++ from Texas Instruments.", "Programming Language for Business Programming Language for Business or PL/B is a business-oriented programming language originally called DATABUS and designed by Datapoint in the early 1970s as an alternative to COBOL because Datapoint's 8-bit computers could not fit COBOL into their limited memory, and because COBOL did not at the time have facilities to deal with Datapoint's built-in keyboard and screen.A version of DATABUS became an ANSI standard, and the name PL/B came about when Datapoint refused to release its trademark on the DATABUS name.", "Object Constraint Language The Object Constraint Language (OCL) is a declarative language for describing rules that apply to Unified Modeling Language (UML) models developed at IBM and now part of the UML standard. Initially, OCL was only a formal specification language extension to UML. OCL may now be used with any Meta-Object Facility (MOF) Object Management Group (OMG) meta-model, including UML.", "CLU (programming language) CLU is a pioneering programming language created at MIT by Barbara Liskov and her students between 1974 and 1975. While it did not find extensive use itself, it introduced many features that are now widely used, and is seen as a step in the development of object-oriented programming (OOP).", "Strict programming language A strict programming language is one in which only strict functions (functions whose parameters must be evaluated completely before they may be called) may be defined by the user. A non-strict programming language allows the user to define non-strict functions, and hence may allow lazy evaluation.", "Mohol programming languages Mohol refers to Machine Oriented High Order Languages in Dijkstra's terminology.", "ABC (programming language) ABC is an imperative general-purpose programming language and programming environment developed at CWI, Netherlands by Leo Geurts, Lambert Meertens, and Steven Pemberton. It is interactive, structured, high-level, and intended to be used instead of BASIC, Pascal, or AWK.", "Secure Operations Language The Secure Operations Language (SOL) was developed jointly by the United States Naval Research Laboratory and Utah State University in the USA. SOL is a domain-specific synchronous programming language for developing distributed applications and is based on software engineering principles developed in the Software Cost Reduction project at the Naval Research Laboratory in the late 1970s and early 1980s. SOL is intended to be a domain-specific language for developing service-based systems.", "PL/0 At least two programming languages are known as PL/0. One is a subset of IBM's general-purpose programming language PL/I.The other PL/0, covered here, is similar to but much simpler than the general-purpose programming language Pascal, intended as an educational programming language. It serves as an example of how to construct a compiler. It was originally introduced in the book, Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs, by Niklaus Wirth in 1975.", "PROMAL PROMAL (PROgrammer's Microapplication Language) is a C-like programming language from Systems Management Associates for MS-DOS, Commodore 64, and Apple II. PROMAL features simple syntax, no line numbers, long variable names, functions and procedures with argument passing, real number type, arrays, strings, pointer, and a built-in I/O library.", "Object code Object code, or sometimes an object module, is what a computer compiler produces. In a general sense object code is a sequence of statements or instructions in a computer language, usually a machine code language (i.e., binary) or an intermediate language such as RTL.Object files can in turn be linked to form an executable file or library file.", "SASL (programming language) SASL (from St. Andrews Static Language, alternatively St. Andrews Standard Language) is a purely functional programming language developed by David Turner at the University of St Andrews in 1972, based on the applicative subset of ISWIM. In 1976 Turner redesigned and reimplemented it as a non-strict (lazy) language. In this form it was the foundation of Turner's later languages KRC and Miranda, but SASL appears to be untyped whereas Miranda has polymorphic types.", "SNOBOL SNOBOL (StriNg Oriented and symBOlic Language) is a series of computer programming languages developed between 1962 and 1967 at AT&T Bell Laboratories by David J. Farber, Ralph E. Griswold and Ivan P. Polonsky, culminating in SNOBOL4. It was one of a number of text-string-oriented languages developed during the 1950s and 1960s; others included COMIT and TRAC.SNOBOL4 stands apart from most programming languages by having patterns as a first-class data type (i.e.", "Class-based programming Class-based programming, or more commonly class-orientation, is a style of object-oriented programming (OOP) in which inheritance is achieved by defining classes of objects, as opposed to the objects themselves (compare prototype-based programming).The most popular and developed model of OOP is a class-based model, as opposed to an object-based model.", "Open Programming Language Open Programming Language (OPL) is an embedded programming language for portable devices that run the Symbian Operating System.", "LPC (programming language) LPC (short for Lars Pensjö C) is an object-oriented programming language derived from C and developed originally by Lars Pensjö to facilitate MUD building on LPMuds. Though designed for game development, its flexibility has led to it being used for a variety of purposes, and to its evolution into the language Pike.LPC syntax places it in the family of C-like languages, with C and C++ its strongest influences.", "Oz (programming language) Oz is a multiparadigm programming language, developed in the Programming Systems Lab at Université catholique de Louvain, for programming language education. It has a canonical textbook: Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming.Oz was first designed by Gert Smolka and his students in 1991. In 1996 the development of Oz continued in cooperation with the research group of Seif Haridi and Peter Van Roy at the Swedish Institute of Computer Science.", "Mary (programming language) Mary was a programming language designed and implemented by RUNIT at Trondheim, Norway in the 1970s. It borrowed many features from ALGOL 68 but was designed for machine-oriented programming.An unusual feature of its syntax was that expressions were constructed using the conventional infix operators, but all of them had the same precedence and evaluation went from left to right unless there were brackets.", "Agora (programming language) Agora is a reflective, prototype-based, object-oriented programming language that is based exclusively on message passing and not delegation. Agora was intended to show that even subject to that limit, it is possible to build a full object-oriented language that features inheritance, cloning and reflective operators.", "Ousterhout's dichotomy Ousterhout's dichotomy is computer scientist John Ousterhout's claim that high-level programming languages tend to fall into two groups, each with distinct properties and uses: system programming languages and scripting languages – compare programming in the large and programming in the small.", "Visual Objects Visual Objects is an object-oriented computer programming language that is used to create software programs that operate primarily under Windows. Although it can be used as a general-purpose programming tool, it is almost exclusively used to create database programs.The original Visual Objects project (code-named Aspen) was started as part of Nantucket's attempts to bring the Clipper language to Windows, and move from the procedural to the object-oriented style.", "Lingo (programming language) Lingo is a verbose object-oriented scripting language developed by John H. Thompson for use in Adobe Director (formerly Macromedia Director). Lingo is used to develop desktop applications, interactive kiosks, CD-ROMs and Adobe Shockwave content.Lingo is the primary programming language on the Adobe Shockwave platform, which dominated the interactive multimedia product space during the 1990s.", "Language-oriented programming Language-oriented programming (LOP) is a style of computer programming in which, rather than solving problems in general-purpose programming languages, the programmer creates one or more domain-specific languages for the problem first, and solves the problem in those languages.", "Grammar-oriented programming Grammar-oriented programming (GOP) and Grammar-oriented Object Design (GOOD) are good for designing and creating a domain-specific programming language (DSL) for a specific business domain.GOOD can be used to drive the execution of the application or it can be used to embed the declarative processing logic of a context-aware component (CAC) or context-aware service (CAS).", "Plain Old Java Object In software engineering, a plain old Java object (POJO) is an ordinary Java object, not bound by any special restriction. The term was coined by Martin Fowler, Rebecca Parsons and Josh MacKenzie in September \"000:\\We wondered why people were so against using regular objects in their systems and concluded that it was because simple objects lacked a fancy name.", "S2 (programming language) S2 (Style System 2) is an object-oriented programming language developed in the late 1990s by Brad Fitzpatrick, Martin \"Mart\" Atkins, and others for the online journaling service LiveJournal in order to allow users full control over the appearance of their pages.", "Charm++ Charm++ is a parallel object-oriented programming language based on C++ and developed in the Parallel Programming Laboratory at the University of Illinois. Charm++ is designed with the goal of enhancing programmer productivity by providing a high-level abstraction of a parallel program while at the same time delivering good performance on a wide variety of underlying hardware platforms. Programs written in Charm++ are decomposed into a number of cooperating message-driven objects called chares.", "Basic object system In computer programming, the basic object system (BOS) is a C-callable library that implements the notion of object and which uses tcl as its interpreter for interpreted methods (you can have \"compiled\" methods in C, and mix compiled and interpreted methods in the same object, plus lots more). You can subclass and mix in existing objects using BOS to extend, among other things, the set of tk widgets.", "Plain Old CLR Object Plain Old CLR Object or POCO is a play on the term POJO, from the Java EE programming world (which was coined by Martin Fowler in 2000 ), and POTS Plain old telephone service, from the analog telephone world, and is used by developers targeting the Common Language Runtime of the .NET Framework. Simply put, a POCO does not have any dependency on an external framework.", "Shlaer–Mellor method The Shlaer–Mellor method, also known as Object-Oriented Systems Analysis (OOSA) or Object-Oriented Analysis (OOA) is an object-oriented software development methodology introduced by Sally Shlaer and Stephen Mellor in 1988. The method makes the documented analysis so precise that it is possible to implement the analysis model directly by translation to the target architecture, rather than by elaborating model changes through a series of more platform-specific models.", "ZZT-oop ZZT-oop was an early in-game scripting programming language, designed by Tim Sweeney, for his computer game ZZT. The name stands for ZZT Object Oriented Programming language.", "Sather Sather is an object-oriented programming language. It originated circa 1990 at the International Computer Science Institute (ICSI) at the University of California, Berkeley, developed by an international team led by Steve Omohundro. It supports garbage collection and generics by subtypes.Originally, it was based on Eiffel, but it has diverged, and now includes several functional programming features.", "Purely functional In computing, algorithms, data structures, or programming languages are called purely functional if they guarantee the (weak) equivalence of call-by-name, call-by-value and call-by-need evaluation strategies, often by excluding destructive modifications (updates) of entities in the program's running environment.", "Object modeling language An Object Modeling Language is a standardized set of symbols used to model a software system using an object-oriented framework. The symbols can be either informal or formal ranging from predefined graphical templates to formal object models defined by grammars and specifications.A modeling language is usually associated with a methodology for object-oriented development. The modeling language defines the elements of the model. E.g., that a model has classes, methods, object properties, etc.", "Flavors (programming language) Flavors, an early object-oriented extension to Lisp developed by Howard Cannon at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory for the Lisp machine and its programming language Lisp Machine Lisp, was the first programming language to include mixins. Symbolics used it for its Lisp machines, and eventually developed it into New Flavors; both the original and new Flavors were message passing OO models.", "OBJ (programming language) OBJ is a programming language family introduced by Joseph Goguen in 1976.A family of declarative \"ultra high-level\" languages. Abstract types, generic modules, subsorts (subtypes with multiple inheritance), pattern-matching modulo equations, E-strategies (user control over laziness), module expressions (for combining modules), theories and views (for describing module interfaces).", "List of reflective programming languages and platforms Programming languages and platforms that typically support reflection include dynamically typed languages such as Smalltalk; scripting languages such as Perl, PHP, Python, VBScript, and JavaScript; and the Maude system of rewriting logic.APLBefungeBlitzMaxColdFusion MXCurlDelphiECMAScript a.k.a.", "XBase++ Xbase++ is an object oriented programming language which has multiple inheritance and polymorphism. It is based on the XBase language dialect and conventions.It is 100% Clipper compatible language supporting multiple inheritance, polymorphism, object oriented programming. It supports the xBase data types, including Codeblocks. With Xbase++ it is possible to generate applications for Windows NT, 95, 98, Me, 2000, XP, VISTA and Windows 7.", "E (programming language) E is an object-oriented programming language for secure distributed computing, created by Mark S. Miller, Dan Bornstein, and others at Electric Communities in 1997. E is mainly descended from the concurrent language Joule and from Original-E, a set of extensions to Java for secure distributed programming. E combines message-based computation with Java-like syntax. A concurrency model based on event loops and promises ensures that deadlock can never occur.", "HOOPLA! HOOPLA! — 'Hooray for Object Oriented Programming Languages!' — was a periodical published by OOPSTAD. It was one of the first publications entirely devoted to object-oriented programming techniques and the Smalltalk programming language.The first issue of HOOPLA! was available at OOPSLA-87; 1000 copies were printed.", "OOPSTAD OOPSTAD was the Object Oriented Programming For Smalltalk Application Developers Association. It published the periodical HOOPLA!", "Perl Object-Oriented Persistence Perl Object-Oriented Persistence (POOP) is the term given to refer to object-relational mapping mechanisms written in the Perl programming language to provide object persistence. Dave Rolsky divides POOP mechanisms into two categories: RDBMS-OO Mappers: These tools attempt to map RDBMS data structures (tables, columns, rows) onto Perl objects. OO-Persistence Tools: These tools attempt to map Perl objects into an arbitrary format, often an RDBMS.", "Blue (programming language) Blue is a system for teaching object-oriented programming, developed at the University of Sydney, Australia. It is an integrated development environment (IDE) and a programming language. Blue has been used for teaching since 1997.", "ZOPL ZOPL is a programming language created by Geac Computer Corporation in the early 1970s for use on their mainframe computer systems used in libraries and banking institutions. It had similarities to C and Pascal.ZOPL stood for \"Version Z, Our Programming Language\".ZOPL is still in use at CGI Group (formerly known as RealTime Datapro), who ported it to VAX/VMS and Unix in the 1980s, and to Windows in 1998. It currently (2010) runs on Windows XP/2000/2003 and Red Hat Linux.", "Polymorphic Programming Language The Polymorphic Programming Language (PPL) was developed in 1969 at Harvard University by Thomas A. Standish. It is an interactive, extensible language with a base language similar to APL.The '<-' (or '←') assignment operator has played an influence in the S programming language.", "Expression-oriented programming language An expression-oriented programming language is a programming language where every (or nearly every) construction is an expression and thus yields a value. The typical exceptions are macro definitions, preprocessor commands, and declarations, which expression-oriented languages often treat as statements rather than expressions.", "Object language An object language is a language which is the \"object\" of study in various fields including logic, linguistics, mathematics, and theoretical computer science. The language being used to talk about an object language is called a metalanguage. An object language may be a formal or natural language.", "Object-Oriented Fortran Object-Oriented Fortran is an object-oriented extension of Fortran, in which data items can be grouped into objects, which can be instantiated and executed in parallel.It was available for Sun, Iris, iPSC, and nCUBE, but is no longer supported.", "Phoenix Object Basic Phoenix Object Basic is an object-oriented rapid application development tool for Linux. It has object-oriented features such as inheritance and polymorphism as found in languages such as Python and Perl. It also features a similar design environment and compatible syntax to Visual Basic reducing the learning curve for those making a transition from that language to Linux programming. Phoenix includes a full implementation of the BASIC programming language.", "Common Lisp Object System The Common Lisp Object System (CLOS) is the facility for object-oriented programming which is part of ANSI Common Lisp. CLOS is a powerful dynamic object system which differs radically from the OOP facilities found in more static languages such as C++ or Java. CLOS was inspired by earlier Lisp object systems such as MIT Flavors and CommonLOOPS, although it is more general than either.", "Object-oriented software engineering Object-oriented software engineering (commonly known by acronym OOSE) is an object modeling language and methodology.OOSE was developed by Ivar Jacobson in 1992 while at Objectory AB. It is the first object-oriented design methodology to employ use cases to drive software design.", "ObjVProlog Logic programming and object-orientation, an adaptation of the ObjVlisp model to \"rolog.[\\ObjVProlog: Metaclasses in Logic\", J. Malenfant, ECOOP '89, Cambridge U Press 1989, pp. 257–269].", "Kaleidoscope (programming language) The Kaleidoscope programming language is a constraint programming language embedding constraints into an imperative object-oriented language. It adds keywords always, once, and assert..during (formerly while..assert) to make statements about relational invariants. Objects have constraint constructors, which are not methods, to enforce the meanings of user-defined datatypes.There are three versions of Kaleidoscope which show an evolution from declarative to an increasingly imperative style.", "Cel (programming language) Cel is an object-oriented prototype-based programming language based on Self which was heavily influenced by Smalltalk. The goal was to create a version of Self that would run under a lot of operating systems without strong ties to the Self GUI for development. For example, one could create a simple command line application in Cel without the high-overhead of the Self-system.The syntax was almost exactly that of Self.", "Etoys (programming language) Etoys is a child-friendly computer environment and object-oriented prototype-based programming language for use in education.Etoys is a media-rich authoring environment with a scripted object model for many different objects that runs on different platforms and is free and open source.", "MOO (programming language) The MOO programming language is a relatively simple programming language used to support the MOO Server. It is dynamically typed and uses a prototype-based object-oriented system, with syntax roughly derived from the Algol school of programming languages.", "BlooP and FlooP BlooP and FlooP are simple programming languages designed by Douglas Hofstadter to illustrate a point in his book Gödel, Escher, Bach. BlooP is a non-Turing-complete programming language whose main control flow structure is a bounded loop (i.e. recursion is not permitted).", "Magik (programming language) Magik is an object-oriented programming language that supports multiple inheritance, polymorphism and is dynamically typed. It was designed implemented in 1989 by Arthur Chance, of Smallworld Systems Ltd, as part of Smallworld Geographical Information System (GIS).", "Object Pascal Object Pascal refers to a branch of object-oriented derivatives of Pascal, mostly known as the primary programming language of Embarcadero Delphi.", "European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming The European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, commonly known as ECOOP, is an annual conference covering topics on object-oriented programming systems, languages and applications. Like other conferences, ECOOP offers various tracks and many simultaneous sessions, and thus has different meaning to different people.The first ECOOP was held in Paris, France in 1986.", "ObjectPAL ObjectPAL is short for Object-Oriented Paradox Application Language, which is the programming language used by the Borland Paradox database application (now owned by Corel). Paradox, now in its 11th version, is a constituent of Corel's Word Perfect X3 office suite, for 32-bit Microsoft Windows. The language is tightly-bound to the application's forms, and provides a very rapid and robust development environment for creating database applications for Windows.", "Nice (programming language) Nice is an object-oriented programming language released under the GNU General Public License.It features a powerful type system which can help eliminate many common bugs, such as null pointer dereferences and invalid casts, by detecting potential runtime errors at compile-time; the goal of the designers was to provide safety features comparable to those found in languages such as ML and Haskell, but using a more conventional syntax.Nice aims to be feature-rich, and as such, in addition to the common features of modern object-oriented programming languages, it implements contracts in the style of Eiffel, class extensibility through multimethods, and many concepts drawn from functional programming such as anonymous functions, tuples, pattern matching (“value dispatch”), and parametric polymorphism.Source programs are compiled to Java bytecode, and can therefore interact with libraries written in Java and other programming languages targeting the Java Virtual Machine.Work on the Nice language appears to have slowed since early 2006.", "PureBasic PureBasic is a commercially distributed procedural computer programming language and integrated development environment based on BASIC and developed by Fantaisie Software for Windows 32/64-bit, Linux 32/64-bit, and Mac OS X. An Amiga version is available, although it has been discontinued and released as open source. The first public release of PureBasic for Windows was on December 17, 2000. It has been continually updated since.PureBasic has a \"lifetime license model\".", "OOPSLA OOPSLA (Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages & Applications) is an annual ACM research conference. OOPSLA mainly takes place in the United States, while the sister conference of OOPSLA, ECOOP, is typically held in Europe. It is operated by the Special Interest Group for Programming Languages (SIGPLAN) group of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM).OOPSLA is an annual conference covering topics related to object-oriented programming systems, languages and applications.", "Pure Data Pure Data (Pd) is a visual programming language developed by Miller Puckette in the 1990s for creating interactive computer music and multimedia works. While Puckette is the main author of the program, Pd is an open source project with a large developer base working on new extensions. It is released under a license similar to the BSD license. It runs on GNU/Linux, Mac OS X, iOS, Android and Windows." ]	2
Makers of lawn tennis rackets	[ "Dunlop Sport\nDunlop Sport is a British sporting goods company that specialises in tennis and golf equipment. Dunlop have manufactured sporting equipment since 1910.In most parts of the world, Dunlop Sports is owned by Sports Direct International. DNA (Housemarks) Limited, a company jointly owned by Sports Direct and SRI Sports, is the owner of the Dunlop brand in the United States.", "Kneissl\nKneissl is a manufacturer of handmade skis, biking and tennis equipment and apparel, based in Kufstein, Tyrol, Austria.", "Slazenger\nSlazenger /ˈslæzɨndʒər/ is a British sporting goods manufacturer which concentrates on racket sports including tennis, golf, cricket and hockey. Founded in 1881, it is today one of the oldest surviving sporting brand names.", "Völkl\nVölkl (German pronunciation: [fœlkl]) is a sports equipment manufacturer based in Germany. It is a subsidiary of the Jarden Corporation. Initially it manufactured skis, but has extended its line to snowboards, outerwear, and tennis gear. The American branch is located in Lebanon, New Hampshire along with its wholly owned binding manufacturer, Marker.", "Babolat\nBabolat /ˈbɑːboʊlɑː/ is a French tennis, badminton, and squash equipment company, best known for its strings and tennis racquets which are used by several top players. The company has made strings since 1875, when Pierre Babolat created the first strings made of natural gut. Babolat continued to focus on strings until 1994, when it became a \"total tennis\" company. That is, Babolat began producing racquet frames and selling them in Europe.", "Dunlop Sport (Australia)\nDunlop Sport is a division of Pacific Brands of Australia. The company is not connected to Sports Direct, which owns rights to the Dunlop brand outside Australia and New Zealand.Dunlop Australia first manufactured sandshoes in 1924. In 1939 the company introduced the Dunlop Volley shoe, which is still manufactured.Dunlop Australia acquired many other shoe businesses, including some in the US.", "Head (company)\nHEAD NV is a sports equipment and clothing company, mainly for their alpine skis and tennis rackets. The company includes parts of several previously independent companies, including Head Ski Company, founded in Delaware in 1950; Tyrolia, an Austria ski-equipment manufacturer; and Mares, an Italian manufacturer of diving equipment. Head Ski Company produced one of the first successful metal-wood composite downhill ski, the Head Standard, and one of the first over-sized metal tennis rackets.", "Prince Sports\nPrince Global Sports, LLC, based in Atlanta, Georgia, is a manufacturer and distributor of racket sports equipment, footwear and apparel for tennis, squash and badminton.", "Walter Clopton Wingfield\nMajor Walter Clopton Wingfield MVO (16 October 1833 – 18 April 1912) was a Welsh inventor and a British Army officer who was one of the pioneers of lawn tennis. Inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1997, as the founder of Modern Lawn Tennis, an example of the original equipment for the sport and a bust of Wingfield himself can be seen at the Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Museum.", "History of tennis\nMost historians believe that tennis originated in the monastic cloisters in northern France in the 12th century, but the ball was then struck with the palm of the hand hence the name jeu de paume \"\\game of the palm\"). It was not until the 16th century that rackets came into use, and the game began to be called \"tennis.\" It was popular in England and France, although the game was only played indoors where the ball could be hit off the wall.", "Racket (sports equipment)\nA racket or racquet is a sports implement consisting of a handled frame with an open hoop across which a network of strings or catgut is stretched tightly. It is used for striking a ball in games such as squash, tennis, racquetball, and badminton. Collectively, these games are known as racquet sports.This predecessor to the modern game of squash, rackets, is played with 30 1⁄2 inches (770 mm) wooden rackets.", "Yonex\nYonex Co., Ltd. (ヨネックス株式会社, Yonekkusu Kabushiki-gaisha) (TYO: 7906) is a Japanese manufacturer of sporting equipment for badminton, golf, and tennis, producing rackets, clubs, shoes, shuttlecocks, tennis balls, and other equipment for those sports.", "Wilson Sporting Goods\nThe Wilson Sporting Goods Company is an American sports equipment manufacturer based in Chicago, Illinois. Since 1989, it has been a foreign subsidiary of the Finnish group Amer Sports.Wilson makes equipment for many sports, among them badminton, baseball, basketball, softball, Canadian football, American football, golf, racquetball, soccer, squash, tennis, and volleyball." ]	[ "Bogner Amplification Bogner Amplification is an American guitar amplifier manufacturing company founded by Reinhold Bogner in 1989 in Los Angeles, California. Bogner began by custom-building boutique amplifiers based on classic (blackface) Fenders, and now offers different models of serially produced amplifiers.", "Mario Tennis Mario Tennis, known in Japan as Mario Tennis 64 (マリオテニス64, Mario Tenisu Rokujūyon), is a 2000 sports video game developed by Camelot Software Planning and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 video game console. The game was released in North America and Japan in the summer of 2000, and released in Europe later in November. It is the first tennis-based game starring Mario since Mario's Tennis, and the second game developed by Camelot on a Nintendo system.", "Line 6 (company) Line 6 is a manufacturer of digital modeling guitars, amplifiers (amplifier modeling) and related electronic equipment. Their product lines include electric and acoustic guitars, basses, guitar and bass amplifiers, effects processors, USB audio interfaces and guitar/bass wireless systems. The company was founded in 1996. Headquartered in Calabasas, California, the company imports its products primarily from China. Since December 2013, it has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Yamaha Corporation.", "List of Wimbledon gentlemen's singles champions The Championships, Wimbledon is an annual British tennis tournament created in 1877 and played on outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club (AELTC) in the Wimbledon suburb of London, United Kingdom. The Gentlemen's Singles was the first event contested in 1877.", "Rockstar Games Presents Table Tennis Rockstar Games Presents Table Tennis is a table tennis simulation video game developed by Rockstar San Diego and published by Rockstar Games. The game was first released for the Xbox 360 on May 23, 2006 in North America, and on May 26, 2006 in Europe. It was later released for the Wii on October 17, 2007 in North America, and on October 19, 2007 in Europe.", "Carleen Hutchins Carleen Maley Hutchins (May 24, 1911 – August 7, 2009) was an American former high school science teacher, violinmaker and researcher, best known for her creation, in the 1950s/60s, of a family of eight proportionally-sized violins now known as the violin octet (e.g., the vertical viola) and for a considerable body of research into the acoustics of violins.", "Rebound Ace Rebound Ace is a cushioned tennis hardcourt composed of polyurethane rubber, fiberglass, and other materials on top of an asphalt or reinforced concrete base. It is manufactured by Rebound Ace Sports Pty Ltd, based in Brisbane, Australia.", "Guild Guitar Company The Guild Guitar Company is a United States-based guitar manufacturer founded in 1952 by Alfred Dronge, a guitarist and music-store owner, and George Mann, a former executive with the Epiphone Guitar Company. The brand name currently exists as a brand under Córdoba Music Group.", "GT Bicycles GT Bicycles designs and manufactures road, mountain, and bmx bicycles — originally in the United States, and now as a division of Canadian conglomerate, Dorel Industries, which also markets Cannondale, Schwinn, Mongoose, IronHorse, Dyno and RoadMaster bicycle brands; all manufactured in Asia.GT was founded in 1972 by Gary Turner and Richard Long in Santa Ana, California and was noted at its inception for spear-heading the prominence of BMX bicycles, later for developing a range of bikes around its \"triple triangle\" design, and at the end of its independent history, winning a commission to manufacture a $30,000, 16lb. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GT_Bicycles?oldid=682389643> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Kristiansand_Stadion> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Kristiansand stadion is a multi-use stadium in Kristiansand, Norway. The stadium holds 16,600 people.It was mostly used for football matches and was the home ground of I.K. Start. In 2007 Sør Arena replaced Kristiansand stadion as home ground.", "Original Musical Instrument Company Original (formerly \"Original Musical Instrument Company\", also known for its acronym \"OMI\") is an American brand currently owned by the Gibson Guitar Corporation. The company uses the brand to produce and commercialize resonator guitars. The company was formed in 1967 by two of the original John Dopyera brothers, Rudy and Emile, to manufacture resonator guitars. They produced their first instruments under the brand \"Hound Dog\".", "Ovation Guitar Company The Ovation Guitar Company is a manufacturer of guitars. Ovation primarily manufactures steel-string acoustic guitars (both 6 and 12-string versions) and nylon-string acoustic guitars, often with pickups for electric amplification. In 2015, it became a subsidiary of Drum Workshop after being acquired from KMCMusicorp.The company's Ovation and Adamas guitars are known for its round back, which gives them a recognizable shape.", "Tonante Tonante, initially called Ao Rei dos Violões Limitada (To the King of Acoustic Guitars in English), was started on April 5 of 1954 by the Portuguese brothers Abel and Samuel Tonante who artisanelly built musical instruments, thirteen years after their arrival in Brazil. Tonante is well known for making highly affordable stringed instruments in Brazil, together with companies such as Giannini, Del Vecchio and Di Giorgio.", "USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center The USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center is an American stadium complex located in the Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, New York City, which has been the home of the US Open Grand Slam tennis tournament played every year in August and September since 1978. It is operated by the United States Tennis Association (USTA). The facility has 22 courts inside its 46.5 acres (0.188 km2; 0.0727 sq mi) and 11 in the adjoining park.", "Racquet and Tennis Club The Racquet and Tennis Club is a private social club and athletic club located at 370 Park Avenue, between East 52nd and 53rd Streets, New York, New York.", "Calcutta South Club Calcutta South Club in Woodburn Park Road, Kolkata, India is a venue for lawn tennis. Davis cup matches are held here. It is in Bhawanipore locality of South Kolkata. There is also tennis training centre. The south club was established in 1920. The club is known as \"the cradle of the game (lawn tennis) in the country (India)\".The first Grass Court National Championship of India was held at South Club in 1946.", "Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies Ransomes, Sims and Jeffries Limited was a major British agricultural machinery maker also producing a wide range of general engineering products in Ipswich, Suffolk including traction engines, trolleybuses, ploughs, lawn mowers, combine harvesters and other tilling equipment. Ransomes also manufactured Direct Current electric motors in a wide range of sizes, and electric forklift trucks and tractors. They manufactured aeroplanes during the First World War.", "J. W. Spear & Sons J. W. Spear and Sons was a significant manufacturer of board games during the 20th century. The company was founded by Jacob Wolf Spier (1832-1893) in Fürth, near Nuremberg, Germany in 1879, producing goods such as table mats, photo frames, and waste-paper baskets.", "George Beauchamp George Delmetia Beauchamp (March 18, 1899 – March 30, 1941) was an American inventor of musical instruments and a founder of National Stringed Instrument Corporation and Rickenbacker guitars.", "Herbert Lawford Herbert Fortescue Lawford (15 May 1851 – 20 April 1925) was a former co-World No. 1 tennis player from Scotland who won the Men's Singles championship at Wimbledon in 1887, and was runner-up five times.", "Fender Musical Instruments Corporation Fender Musical Instruments Corporation (FMIC), commonly referred to simply as Fender, is an American manufacturer of stringed instruments and amplifiers. It is particularly known for solid-body electric guitars and bass guitars, including the Stratocaster (also known as the \"Strat\"), Telecaster (also known as the \"Tele\"), Precision Bass, and the Jazz Bass. It is headquartered in Scottsdale, Arizona.", "National Reso-Phonic Guitars National Reso-Phonic Guitars is a manufacturer of resonator guitars and other resonator instruments including mandolins, ukuleles and 12 string guitars.The company was formed in 1989 by Don Young and McGregor Gaines, in a Californian garage. They measured old resonator instruments of all makes and designs, and produced reproductions under the \"National\" brand name and trade mark, as originally used by the National String Instrument Corporation for the very first resonator instruments.", "Racquetball Racquetball is a racquet sport played with a hollow rubber ball in an indoor or outdoor court. Joseph Sobek is credited with inventing the modern sport of racquetball in 1950, adding a stringed racquet to paddleball in order to increase velocity and control. Unlike most racquet sports, such as tennis and badminton, there is no net to hit the ball over, and, unlike squash, no tin (out of bounds area at the bottom of front wall) to hit the ball above.", "PRS Guitars PRS Guitars (also known as Paul Reed Smith Guitars) is an American guitar manufacturer headquartered in Stevensville, Maryland, founded by guitarist and master luthier Paul Reed Smith in 1985.PRS has a reputation as a manufacturer of high end electric guitars made in the US, and known for their custom shop instruments. However since the 1990s they have expanded production to Asia, where they manufacture the more affordable 'SE' line of instruments.", "United States Court Tennis Association The United States Court Tennis Association is the governing body for the sport of real tennis in the United States. The first association president, William L. Van Alen, convened its initial meeting on January 30, 1955 at New York City's Racquet and Tennis Club. William F. McLaughlin Jr. was president from 2001-2006 and while the USCTA celebrated its 50th Anniversary at the Racquet Club of Philadelphia.", "National Tennis Centre (United Kingdom) The United Kingdom's National Tennis Centre at Roehampton in south-west London is the high-performance training facility of the Lawn Tennis Association (LTA). It was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 29 March 2007.The centre has 16 outdoor courts, covering all the Grand Slam surfaces, six indoor courts, a gymnasium and sports science and medical facilities.", "Aiken Tennis Club The Aiken Tennis Club is a private court tennis club located at 146 Newberry Street, SW in Aiken, South Carolina. It includes the Court Tennis Building. The club was incorporated in 1898 with the sponsorship of financier and founder of the prominent Whitney family, William C. Whitney.", "Acushnet Company The Acushnet Company is an American company and a subsidiary of Fila Korea, Ltd. that makes golf equipment and clothing.Prior to May 2011, it was a subsidiary of the Fortune Brands Corporation. However, Fortune Brands announced on December 8, 2010, that it planned to focus on its liquor business, and would spin off or sell other parts of the company — including home furnishings and hardware, and Acushnet (which includes Titleist, FootJoy, Scotty Cameron, Knight, and other golf product brands).", "Nick Bollettieri Nicholas James Bollettieri (born July 31, 1931), is an American tennis coach. He has participated in the development of many leading players, including Andre Agassi, Jim Courier, Monica Seles, and Mary Pierce.", "Bob Loveless Robert Waldorf Loveless (January 2, 1929 – September 2, 2010), aka Bob Loveless or RW Loveless, was an American knife maker who designed and popularized the hollowground drop point blade and the use of full tapered tangs and screw-type handle scale fasteners within the art of knifemaking. He is cited by other knifemakers and collectors as one of the most innovative custom knife makers in the world.", "Maltron PCD Maltron Ltd., d.b.a. Maltron, is a manufacturer of ergonomic special-needs keyboards, founded by South African-born inventor Lillian Malt, the namesake of the company, and manufacturer Stephen Hobday. Maltron specialises in making keyboards for the prevention and etiological (root cause) treatment of repetitive strain injury.Maltron manufactures several models of keyboards, in varying levels of adaptation.", "Rosmalen Grass Court Championships The Rosmalen Grass Court Championships, currently also known by its sponsored name Topshelf Open, is a professional tennis tournament held in Rosmalen, 's-Hertogenbosch (Den Bosch), the Netherlands. The men's and women's tennis matches are played on outdoors grass courts at the Autotron convention center, and constitute a stage on the ATP Tour and the WTA Tour.In 1989 a two-group round robin invitational tournament with eight players was organized in Rosmalen which was won by Miloslav Mečíř.", "Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Museum Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Museum is the largest tennis museum in the world. The museum was inaugurated at The Championships centenary event in 1977. On the 12 April 2006, HRH The Duke of Kent declared the brand new Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Museum open to the public inside the grounds of the All England Lawn Tennis Club. This museum has exhibits and artefacts dating back to 1555 as well as touch screen computer consoles for visitors to interact with.", "Trek Bicycle Corporation Trek Bicycle Corporation is a major bicycle and cycling product manufacturer and distributor under brand names Trek, Electra Bicycle Company, Gary Fisher, Bontrager, Diamant Bikes, Villiger Bikes and until 2008, LeMond Racing Cycles and Klein. With its headquarters in Waterloo, Wisconsin, Trek bicycles are marketed through 1,700 dealers across North America, subsidiaries in Europe and Asia as well as distributors in 90 countries worldwide.", "Stické Stické (also stické tennis) is an indoor racquet sport invented in the late 19th century merging aspects of real tennis, racquets, and lawn tennis. It derives from sphairistikè (Ancient Greek meaning \"the art of playing ball\"), the term originally given to lawn tennis by Walter Clopton Wingfield.", "Mervin Manufacturing Mervin Manufacturing is an American snowboard manufacturer. Mervin is the parent company of Lib Technologies (aka Lib Tech), GNU Snowboards, Roxy Snowboards, and Bent Metal bindings. In the mid 1990s Mervin was also an OEM supplier for companies such as Canada's Luxury brand and for The Movement Snowboards.Mervin was purchased by Quiksilver in the late 1990s. As of 2014, Mervin was purchased by Altamont Capital.", "Falkland Palace Royal Tennis Club The Falkland Palace Royal Tennis Club (also previously called the Falkland Palace Real Tennis Club) organizes play at the real tennis court in the gardens of Falkland Palace, Fife, Scotland.Built for James V of Scotland, court construction began in April 1539 and ended in late 1541. It is the oldest tennis court in use today, though not continuously used since 1541. The court differs from other real tennis courts in two respects.", "List of Telecaster players Fender is a manufacturer of stringed instruments and amplifiers which was founded by Leo Fender. Among the best-known products made by Fender were the Telecaster, the Broadcaster and the Esquire.", "Mario Power Tennis Mario Power Tennis, known in Japan as Mario Tennis GC (マリオテニスGC, Mario Tenisu Jī Shī), is a sports game developed by Camelot Software Planning and published by Nintendo for the GameCube in 2004. The game is the sequel to the Nintendo 64 title Mario Tennis, and is the fourth game in the Mario Tennis series. Power Tennis was released in Japan on October 28, 2004, in North America on November 8, 2004, and in Australia on February 25, 2005.", "Titleist Titleist (pronounced /ˈtaɪtəlɨst/ \"title-ist\") is an American brand name golf equipment and apparel products produced by the Acushnet subsidiary, which is headquartered in Fairhaven, Massachusetts, United States. It was founded in 1932 by Philip E. Young, and is a subsidiary of the South Korean company Fila.The name Titleist is derived from the word \"titlist\", which means \"title holder\".", "STX (sports manufacturer) STX (a contraction of the word \"sticks\" but commonly called \"S-T-X\") is a global sports equipment manufacturer based in Baltimore, Maryland. It is a subsidiary of Wm. T. Burnett & Co. STX makes lacrosse equipment, field hockey equipment, ice hockey equipment, and golf putters, but its main business is in manufacturing of men's and women's lacrosse sticks and protective gear, including gloves, pads, and women's eyewear. The company was founded in 1970 by Richard B.C. Tucker, Sr. as STX Inc.", "Takamine Guitars Takamine Co., Ltd. (高峰楽器製作所, Takamine Gakki Seisakusho) is a Japanese guitar manufacturer based in Nakatsugawa, Gifu, Japan. Takamine is known for its steel-string acoustic guitars.The company was founded in May 1962; in 1978 they were one of the first companies to introduce acoustic-electric models, where they pioneered the design of the preamplifier-equalizer component.The company name is often pronounced /ˈtækəmaɪn/ in English. Closer to the Japanese would be /tɑːkɑːˈmiːneɪ/.", "William Gilbert (rugby) William Gilbert (1799 – 1877) established Gilbert company, the manufacturer of sports equipment, in 1823. Gilbert had a boot and shoemakers shop in the high street next to Rugby School and started making balls for the school out of hand stitched, four-panel, leather casings and pig bladders. It is the shape of the pig’s bladder that is reputed to have given the rugby ball its distinctive oval shape although balls of those days were more plum shaped than oval.", "Fred Covey Fred Covey (1881-1957), born Geoffrey Frederick Covey, in Woolwich, England, was world champion from 1912 to 1914 and from 1916 until 1928 at real tennis, the original racquet sport from which the modern game of lawn tennis (which has usurped the name \"tennis\"), is descended.Covey was a professional, who, apart from service in the Great War, spent his career at Lady Wentworth's private court at Crabbet Park, in Sussex.Covey won the world championship in 1912 from Cecil Fairs,lost it in 1914 to Jay Gould, in Philadelphia,regained it in 1916 when Gould could not play the promised return match in England because of the war,defended it successfully in 1922 and 1923 against Walter Kinsella and in 1927, by 7 sets to 5, against the great Pierre Etchebaster at Prince's Club.In 1928 he lost at Prince's, 5 sets to 7, to Etchebaster, who then held the title until 1952.", "Pfister (firm) Pfister, called Price Pfister until 2010, is a manufacturer of bathroom and lavatory faucets, shower systems, showerheads, and accessories and kitchen faucets and other plumbing fixtures. Emil Price and William Pfister founded the company in 1910. Today, Price Pfister is owned by Spectrum Brands Holdings Incorporated Hardware and Home Improvement Group.", "Ibanez Ibanez (アイバニーズ, Aibanīzu) is a Japanese guitar brand owned by Hoshino Gakki. Based in Nagoya, Aichi, Japan, Hoshino Gakki were one of the first Japanese musical instrument companies to gain a significant foothold in import guitar sales in the United States and Europe, as well as the first brand of guitars to mass-produce the seven-string guitar and eight-string guitar.", "Craftsman (tools) Craftsman is a line of tools, lawn and garden equipment, and work wear controlled by Sears Holdings. The brand is owned by KCD IP, LLC, a special purpose entity created by Sears Holdings for securitization purposes that also owns Sears house brands Kenmore and DieHard.The tools are sold in Sears, Kmart, as well as US military Army and Air Force Exchange Service stores, Summit Racing Equipment, Menards, W. W.", "Ayres (sports company) Founded in the year of 1810, Edward Ayres manufactured a range of sporting equipment in over 125 years of its existence.Most famous was it quality manufacturing of equipment for archery, in particular the bow (or longbow as it is more commonly known). Before man made fibres were the standard for which bows are made today, Ayres manufactured bows principally from Yew (Taxus baccata) - and made them to the standard measurements of the time - 6 ft for men and 51/2 ft for ladies.", "George Lott George Martin Lott (October 16, 1906 – December 3, 1991) was an American tennis player and tennis coach who was born in Springfield, Illinois, United States. Lott is mostly remembered as being one of the greatest doubles players of all time. He won the U.S. title five times with three different partners: John Hennessey in 1928; John Doeg in 1929 and 1930; and Les Stoefen in 1933 and 1934.", "Rackets (sport) Rackets (American English) or racquets (British English) is an indoor racquet sport played in the United Kingdom, Ireland, United States, and Canada. The sport is infrequently called \"hard rackets,\" possibly to distinguish it from the related sport of squash (formerly called \"squash rackets\").", "ESP Guitars ESP Company, Limited (株式会社イーエスピー, Kabushiki Gaisha Ī Esu Pī) is a Japanese guitar manufacturer, primarily focused on the production of electric guitars and basses. They are based in both Japan and Los Angeles, California, USA, with two distinct product lines for each respective market. ESP Company manufactures instruments under several names, including \"ESP Standard\", \"ESP Custom Shop\", \"LTD Guitars and Basses\", \"Navigator\", \"Edwards Guitar and Basses\" and \"Grassroots\".", "Grasshopper Manufacture Grasshopper Manufacture, Inc. (グラスホッパー・マニファクチュア, Gurasuhoppā Manifakuchua) is a Japanese video game developer founded on March 30, 1998 in Suginami, Japan. Grasshopper gained mainstream attention in 2005 for the Nintendo GameCube and PlayStation 2 game Killer7. In addition to Killer7, they have developed Michigan: Report From Hell (released in Japan, Europe) and a number of Japan-only titles.", "Irwin Industrial Tools Irwin Industrial Tools is an American manufacturer and distributor of hand tools and power tool accessories. It is a subsidiary of Newell Rubbermaid. It is most well known for producing Vise-Grip locking pliers. Additionally, it produces clamps, drill bits, saw blades, pipe wrenches, screwdrivers, snips, and other construction tools.", "Tōkai Gakki Tokai Gakki Company, Ltd. (東海楽器製造株式会社, Tōkai Gakki Seizō Kabushiki-gaisha), often referred to as Tokai Guitars, is a Japanese guitar manufacturer situated in Hamamatsu city, Shizuoka prefecture. Tokai is one of Japan’s leading makers of acoustic guitars, electric guitars, electric basses, autoharps, melodicas and guitar amplifiers. In the past, Tokai also made pianos. Tokai was founded in 1947 by Tadayouki Adachi and remains family-owned.", "Time (bicycles) TIME Sport International is a French manufacturer of bicycles and cycling equipment, including bicycle frames, cycling shoes, clipless bicycle pedals, cranksets, and gloves.", "TaylorMade-Adidas TaylorMade-Adidas Golf Company (TMaG or TMaGC) is a manufacturer of golf clubs, bags and accessories based in Carlsbad, California, United States. It is a subsidiary of the German company Adidas Group. The company is currently the largest golf equipment and apparel company in the world with sales estimated EUR $1.3 billion in 2012.TaylorMade's initial success came with the innovation of metal drivers, which debuted in 1979 and have subsequently dominated the golf market.", "List of racket sports Racket sports are those games where players use rackets (or racquets) to hit a ball or other object. Badminton Ball badminton Basque pelota Frontenis Jai alai Xare Beach tennis Matkot Fives Padel Pitton Pickleball Paleta frontón Pelota mixteca Qianball Racquetball Racquets Racketlon Real tennis Soft tennis Speed-ball Speedminton Squash (Squash racquets) Hardball squash Squash tennis Stické Tennis", "Maxfli Maxfli is a brand of sports equipment, most recognized for its golf balls, currently owned by Dick's Sporting Goods of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Dick's purchased the brand from TaylorMade-adidas Golf on February 11, 2008, however, the Noodle trademark and all golf ball patents remained with TMaG.Maxfli was previously owned by the Dunlop Slazenger group before its acquisition my TMaG in 2003.", "Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation The Milwaukee Tool Corporation is a brand of Techtronic Industries, along with AEG, Ryobi, Hoover, Dirt Devil and Vax. Ownership history: 1924: The Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation was established by A. F. Siebert in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 1975: Sold to Amstar. 1986: Merrill Lynch acquired it. 1995: Sold to Atlas Copco. 2005: sold to Techtronic.↑ ↑ ↑ ↑", "Sturmey-Archer Sturmey-Archer is a manufacturing company originally from Nottingham, England. It primarily produces bicycle hub gears but has also produced motorcycle hubs.The company was founded in 1902 by Henry Sturmey (1857–1930) and James Archer under the guidance of Frank Bowden, the primary owner of the Raleigh Bicycle Company. In 2000, the assets and trademarks of Sturmey-Archer were sold to Sun Race of Taiwan which was renamed Sun Race Sturmey-Archer Inc and production moved to Taiwan.", "Spalding (sports equipment) Spalding is an American sporting goods company founded by Albert Spalding in Chicago, Illinois, in 1876 and now headquartered in Bowling Green, Kentucky. The company specializes in the production of balls for many sports, but is most-known for its basketballs. Spalding also makes a range of products for baseball, soccer, softball, volleyball, and American football.", "Ellsworth Vines Henry Ellsworth Vines, Jr. (September 28, 1911 – March 17, 1994) was an American tennis champion of the 1930s, the World No. 1 player or the co-No. 1 for four years in 1932, 1935, 1936 and 1937, able to win Pro Slam titles on three different surfaces. He later became a professional golfer.", "Toro (company) The Toro Company is an American manufacturer of turf maintenance equipment (lawn mowers), snow removal equipment (snow blowers) and water-saving irrigation systems for golf courses, sports fields, public green spaces, commercial and residential lawns, and agricultural fields. The company is based in the Minneapolis suburb of Bloomington, Minnesota.", "Italian American Motor Engineering Italian American Motor Engineering (IAME) is an Italian company founded in 1968. It is the parent company of the \"Parilla\", \"Komet\" and \"Sirio\" brand names and is the largest kart engines manufacturer.", "Rawlings (company) Rawlings is a sports equipment manufacturing company in the United States. It was founded in 1887. The parent company is Jarden, Inc. Rawlings specializes in baseball equipment, but also manufactures softball, basketball, training equipment and American footballs. They have also recently started making fan gear such as chairs, tents, and bags with team logos on them.Horween Leather Company has provided Rawlings with leather since 1929.", "NCAA Lawn Tennis Championship The National Collegiate Athletic Association Tennis Championship is held every second semester of the academic year. It is divided into the Juniors (high school) and Seniors (college) tournaments.Mapúa Institute of Technology has the most championships both in the Seniors and Juniors division.", "Edwin Beard Budding Edwin Beard Budding (1796–1846), an engineer from Stroud, England, was the English inventor of the lawnmower (1830) and adjustable spanner (1842).", "Wilkinson Sword Wilkinson Sword is a brand name for companies that make gardening tools and razors. Wilkinson Sword's origins are in the manufacture of swords, made in Shotley Bridge, County Durham in England. The company was founded in London in 1772 by Henry Nock and is currently owned by the U.S. company Energizer Holdings. Past product lines have included guns, bayonets, and implements such as typewriters, garden shears, scissors, and motorcycles.", "Lawn-Boy In 1934, the original Lawn-Boy lawn mower was manufactured by the Evinrude Company, becoming the first one-handed reel power mower introduced to the American public. Evinrude purchased Johnson Motor Wheel Company from a New York stock brokerage firm a year later, and in 1936 they merged with the Outboard Marine and Manufacturing Company (OMC), continuing production of Lawn-Boy mowers until 1939, when it was temporarily put on hold to manufacture outboard motors for World War II.", "Comité Français de Courte-Paume The French Real Tennis Committee (Comité Français de Courte-Paume) is the national governing body for the sport of real tennis in France. It is a dependent commission of the French Tennis Federation (Fédération Française de Tennis). The federation was founded on October 30, 1920, and recognized publicly on July 13, 1923, to organize, direct, control, and develop the sports of lawn tennis and real tennis. The federation affiliated various preëxisting tennis associations.", "Mary Ewing Outerbridge Mary Ewing Outerbridge (February 16, 1852 – May 3, 1886) was an American woman who imported the lawn game tennis to the United States from Bermuda.", "International Tennis Federation The International Tennis Federation (ITF) is the governing body of world tennis, made up of 210 national tennis associations or corresponding organizations of independent countries or territories.It was established as the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF) by 12 national associations meeting at a conference in Paris, France on 1 March 1913, and discussions on rules and policy continued through 1923.It was at this time that two compromises were reached: the title 'world championships' would be abolished and wording would be 'for ever in the English language'.", "Dean Guitars Dean Guitars is an American manufacturer of musical instruments. It was founded in 1977 by Dean Zelinsky in Chicago, Illinois and is currently under the ownership of Armadillo Enterprises in Tampa, Florida. The range of products includes electric, acoustic and resonator guitars, basses, banjos, mandolins, ukuleles, amplifiers and pickups.", "Thames Ditton Lawn Tennis Club The Thames Ditton Lawn Tennis Club is a lawn tennis club in Thames Ditton, Surrey, England.It was established in 1882, nine years after the official rules of lawn tennis were laid down. It is the oldest lawn tennis club still on its original site. Long after most clubs have replaced grass with various types of all-weather surface, Thames Ditton retains six outstanding grass courts, which are maintained by the same groundsman who looks after Queen's Club.", "Saga Musical Instruments Saga Musical Instruments is a manufacturer and wholesale distributor of stringed instruments, particularly fretted instruments and members of the violin family, and parts and accessories for them. They currently own twenty-two brands, fifteen are listed below.Their brands include: Blueridge Gitane Gladiator Electric Guitars Valencia Rover Kentucky Anton Brenton Mahalo Regal Durango Trinity College GoldStar Cremona H. Siegler Hamano Fullerton Cigano Italia", "René Lacoste Jean René Lacoste (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ ʁəne laˈkɔst]; 2 July 1904 – 12 October 1996) was a French tennis player and businessman. He was nicknamed \"the Crocodile\" by fans because of his tenacity on the court; he is also known worldwide as the creator of the Lacoste tennis shirt, which he introduced in 1929.Lacoste was one of The Four Musketeers with Jean Borotra, Jacques Brugnon, and Henri Cochet, French tennis stars who dominated the game in the 1920s and early 1930s.", "R7 Quad The R7 Quad is a line of golf clubs manufactured by TaylorMade. Since its introduction in 2004, it has been the most-used driver on the PGA Tour and the best-selling driver in the amateur market.The R7 Quad was one of the first drivers to feature Movable Weight Technology, which enabled the golfer to rearrange four differently weighted screws in the driver's head in order to alter the flight of the ball according to a player's personal preferences.", "Howard Head Howard Head (1914 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – 1991) was an aeronautical engineer who is credited with the invention of laminate skis and the oversized tennis racket. Head founded the ski (and later tennis racquet) making firm Head in 1950. Later he became chairman of Prince Manufacturing Inc. The U.S. patents for the laminate skis and oversized tennis racket are in the name of Howard Head.", "Isaac Spratt Isaac Spratt (1799 – 1876) was a London toy dealer who wrote pamphlets describing the games of croquet and badminton and was influential in the early development of both.It is known he was born in Ibsley, Hampshire and was married with four children. From 1840 he had a toy shop in 1, Brook Street (later no 18) in London's West End.", "Simplicity Outdoor Simplicity Manufacturing Company is a company based in Port Washington, Wisconsin that builds lawn and garden equipment under various brands. The company was originally founded by William J. Niederkorn in 1922, and started building riding garden tractors in 1939.", "MTD Products MTD Products is an American manufacturer of outdoor power equipment for the mass market. Headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio, USA, the company began in 1932 and is a family-owned, private company. It originated as a tool and die maker (Modern Tool and Die Company). MTD's main competitors are Ariens, Snapper Inc, John Deere and Husqvarna.Over the years, MTD acquired the Troy-Bilt, Bolens, Cub Cadet, and Yard man brands and/or companies.", "Grass court A grass court is one of the four different types of court on which the sport of tennis, originally known as \"lawn tennis\", is played. Grass courts are made of grasses in different compositions depending on the tournament. Although grass courts are more traditional than other types of tennis courts, maintenance costs of grass courts are higher than those of hard courts and clay courts.", "Oakley, Inc. Oakley, Inc., based in Foothill Ranch, California, manufactures sports performance equipment and lifestyle pieces including sunglasses, sports visors, ski/snowboard goggles, watches, apparel, backpacks, shoes, optical frames, and other accessories. Most items are designed in house at their head office, but some countries hold exclusive designs relevant to their market. Oakley currently holds more than 600 patents for eyewear, materials, and performance gear.", "Mizuno Corporation Mizuno Corporation (ミズノ株式会社, Mizuno Kabushiki-gaisha) (TYO: 8022) is a Japanese sports equipment and sportswear company, founded in Osaka in 1906 by Rihachi Mizuno. Today, Mizuno is a global corporation which makes a wide variety of sports equipment and sportswear, for golf, tennis, baseball, volleyball, football, running, rugby, skiing, cycling, judo, table tennis, badminton, boxing and athletics.", "Karsten Solheim Karsten Solheim (September 15, 1911 – February 16, 2000) was a Norwegian-born American golf club designer and businessman. He founded Karsten Manufacturing, a leading golf club maker better known by its brand name of PING, and the Solheim Cup, the premier international team competition in women's golf.", "Tennis and Rackets Association The Tennis and Rackets Association is the governing body for the sports of real tennis and rackets in the United Kingdom. Its first meeting was held in 1907.", "Pro Tennis: World Court Pro Tennis: World Court (プロテニスワールドコート, Puro Tenisu: Wārudo Kōto) is a tennis sports arcade game that was released by Namco in 1988 only in Japan; it runs upon Namco System 1 hardware, and was inspired by the 1987 Famicom game Family Tennis.", "Cambridge University Lawn Tennis Club Cambridge University Lawn Tennis Club (CULTC) in England is one of the oldest lawn tennis clubs in the world.", "All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, also known as the All-England Club, based at Church Road, Wimbledon, London, England, is a private members' club. It is best known as the venue for the Wimbledon Championships, the only Grand Slam tennis event still held on grass. Initially an amateur event that occupied club members and their friends for a few days each summer, the championships have become far more prominent than the club itself.", "Lawn Tennis Association The Lawn Tennis Association (LTA) is the national governing body of tennis in Great Britain, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. The organisation was founded in 1888 and seven-time Wimbledon champion William Renshaw was elected as its first president.", "Pierre Etchebaster Pierre Etchebaster (8 December 1893 – 24 March 1980) was a French real tennis player who is widely considered history's greatest player of the game (in France jeu de paume), the original racquet sport from which the modern game of lawn tennis (which has usurped the name \"tennis\"), is descended.Born in Saint-Jean-de-Luz, France, a Basque fishing village, he served in the French Army during World War I before returning home to become the French champion in main nués, pala and chistera, all varieties of Basque pelota.In 1922, Etchebaster was encouraged by tennis player Jacques Worth (a president of a Paris court club) to take up the game of real tennis. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Etchebaster?oldid=667364431> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Jägermeister> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Jägermeister (/ˈjeɪɡərmaɪstər/, YAY-gər-my-stər, German: [ˈjɛːɡɐˌmaɪstɐ]) is a German digestif made with 56 herbs and spices at a strength of 35% alcohol by volume (61 degrees proof, or US 70 proof). It is the flagship product of Mast-Jägermeister SE, headquartered in Wolfenbüttel, south of Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany.", "Carlton Sports Carlton Sports, a leading producer of badminton rackets and shuttlecocks was established in 1946.Carlton Sports became a subsidiary group of Dunlop Slazenger International located in Greenville, South Carolina, which is now owned by Sports Direct. Most of the research is done at the Carlton Research and Development Centre in Camberley, England.Throughout its history the company has introduced a number of advances to the manufacture of badminton equipment." ]	2
Computer systems that have a recursive acronym for the name	[ "GNU\nGNU /ɡnuː/ is an extensive collection of computer software that can be used to build a Unix-like operating system. GNU is composed wholly of free software. GNU is a recursive acronym for \"GNU's Not Unix!\", chosen because GNU's design is Unix-like, but differs from Unix by being free software and containing no Unix code. and was the original focus of the Free Software Foundation (FSF). However, non-GNU kernels, most famously the Linux kernel, can also be used with GNU software.", "GPE\nGPE (a recursive acronym for GPE Palmtop Environment) is a graphical user interface environment for handheld computers, such as palmtops and personal digital assistants (PDAs), running some Linux kernel-based operating system.", "TAC (software)\nTAC is an open source instant messaging and chat client program written by AOL which uses the TOC protocol used by the AOL Instant Messenger system. It is written in Tcl, and is a command line client. It is a command line version of the GUI TiK client which is written in Tcl/Tk. Developing of TAC and TiK began around 1998 or so. The software is no longer developed by AOL since 1999. Several independent developers have released some new versions of the software.", "GiNaC\nGiNaC is a free computer algebra system released under the GNU General Public License. The name is a recursive acronym for \"GiNaC is Not a CAS\" (Computer Algebra System). This is similar to the GNU acronym \"GNU is not Unix\".What distinguishes GiNaC from most other computer algebra systems is that it does not provide a high-level interface for user interaction. Rather, it encourages its users to write symbolic algorithms directly in C++, which is GiNaC's implementation programming language.", "GiFT\ngiFT Internet File Transfer (giFT) is a computer software daemon that allows several file sharing protocols to be used with a simple client having a graphical user interface (GUI). The client dynamically loads plugins implementing the protocols, as they are required.", "PHP\nPHP is a server-side scripting language designed for web development but also used as a general-purpose programming language. As of January 2013, PHP was installed on more than 240 million websites (39% of those sampled) and 2.1 million web servers. Originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994, the reference implementation of PHP (powered by the Zend Engine) is now produced by The PHP Group.", "Xinu\nXinu \"\\Xinu Is Not Unix\", a recursive acronym) is an operating system for embedded systems, originally developed by Douglas Comer for instructional purposes at Purdue University in the 1980s. The name is both recursive, and is \"Unix\" spelled backwards. It has been ported to many hardware platforms, including the DEC PDP-11 and VAX systems, Sun-2 and Sun-3 workstations, Intel x86, PowerPC G3 and MIPS.", "Snit\nSnit is an object-oriented extension to the Tcl programming language. Snit is a recursive acronym that stands for \"Snit's Not Incr Tcl.\" Snit is a pure Tcl object and megawidget system. It is unique among Tcl object systems in that it is based not on inheritance but on delegation. Object systems based on inheritance only allow inheriting from classes defined using the same system, which is limiting.", "GPAC Project on Advanced Content\nGPAC Project on Advanced Content (GPAC, a recursive acronym) is an implementation of the MPEG-4 Systems standard written in ANSI C.", "Microsoft XNA\nMicrosoft XNA (a recursive acronym for XNA's Not Acronymed) is a freeware set of tools with a managed runtime environment provided by Microsoft that facilitates video game development and management. XNA is based on the .NET Framework, with versions that run on Windows NT, Windows Phone and the Xbox 360.", "SPARQL\nSPARQL (pronounced \"sparkle\", a recursive acronym for SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language) is an RDF query language, that is, a semantic query language for databases, able to retrieve and manipulate data stored in Resource Description Framework (RDF) format. It was made a standard by the RDF Data Access Working Group (DAWG) of the World Wide Web Consortium, and is recognized as one of the key technologies of the semantic web.", "LAME\nLAME is a free software codec used to encode/compress audio into the lossy MP3 file format.", "XML\nExtensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format which is both human-readable and machine-readable. It is defined by the W3C's XML 1.0 Specification and by several other related specifications, all of which are free open standards.The design goals of XML emphasize simplicity, generality and usability across the Internet. It is a textual data format with strong support via Unicode for different human languages.", "TRESOR\nTRESOR (recursive acronym for \"TRESOR Runs Encryption Securely Outside RAM\") is a Linux kernel patch which provides CPU-only based encryption to defend against cold boot attacks on computer systems by performing encryption outside usual random-access memory (RAM). It is one of two proposed solutions for general-purpose computers (the other uses CPU cache for the same purpose), was developed from its predecessor AESSE, presented at EuroSec 2010 and presented at USENIX Security 2011.", "Wine (software)\nWine (recursive acronym for Wine Is Not an Emulator) is a free and open source compatibility layer software application that aims to allow applications designed for Microsoft Windows to run on Unix-like operating systems.", "EINE and ZWEI\nEINE and ZWEI were two Emacs-like text editors developed by Daniel Weinreb and Mike McMahon for Lisp machines in the 1970s and 80s.", "Nagios\nNagios /ˈnɑːɡiːoʊs/, an open-source computer-software application, monitors systems, networks and infrastructure. Nagios offers monitoring and alerting services for servers, switches, applications and services. It alerts users when things go wrong and alerts them a second time when the problem has been resolved.Ethan Galstad and a group of developers originally wrote Nagios as NetSaint. As of 2015 they actively maintain both the official and unofficial plugins.", "Recursion (computer science)\nRecursion in computer science is a method where the solution to a problem depends on solutions to smaller instances of the same problem (as opposed to iteration). The approach can be applied to many types of problems, and recursion is one of the central ideas of computer \"cience.\\The power of recursion evidently lies in the possibility of defining an infinite set of objects by a finite statement.", "MiNT\nMiNT (MiNT is Now TOS) is a free software alternative operating system kernel for the Atari ST system and its successors. Together with the free system components fVDI (device drivers), XaAES (GUI widgets), and TeraDesk (a file manager), MiNT provides a free TOS compatible replacement OS that is capable of multitasking.", "Recursive acronym\nA recursive acronym is an acronym that refers to itself in the expression for which it stands. The term was first used in print in 1979 in Douglas Hofstadter's book Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid, in which Hofstadter invents the acronym GOD, meaning \"GOD Over Djinn\", to help explain infinite series, and describes it as a recursive acronym, Other references followed. however the concept was used as early as 1968 in John Brunner's science fiction novel Stand On Zanzibar.", "Zinf\nZinf is a free audio player released under the GNU General Public License. It runs on Unix-like operating systems and Windows.Zinf is a continuation of the FreeAmp project and uses the same source code.", "XNU\nXNU is the computer operating system kernel developed at Apple Inc. since December 1996 for use in the Mac OS X operating system and released as free and open source software as part of the Darwin operating system.", "FAST TCP\nFAST TCP (also written FastTCP) is a TCP congestion avoidance algorithm especially targeted at long-distance, high latency links, developed at the Netlab, California Institute of Technology and now being commercialized by FastSoft. FastSoft was acquired by Akamai Technologies in 2012.FastTCP is compatible with existing TCP algorithms, requiring modification only to the computer which is sending data.", "Qalb (programming language)\nقلب (Levantine Arabic: [ʔalb]), transliterated Qalb, Qlb and Alb, is a functional programming language allowing a programmer to write programs completely in Arabic. Its name means heart and is a recursive acronym in Arabic meaning Qlb: a programming language (قلب: لغة برمجة, Qlb: Lughat Barmajeh).", "AROS Research Operating System\nAROS Research Operating System (AROS - pronounced \"AR-OS\") is a free and open source multi media centric implementation of the AmigaOS 3.1 APIs. Designed to be portable and flexible, ports are currently available for x86-based and PowerPC-based PCs in native and hosted flavors, with other architectures in development. AROS, in a show of full circle, was also ported to the m68k-based Amiga 1200, and the Raspberry Pi series." ]	[ "IAS machine The IAS machine was the first electronic computer built at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), in Princeton, New Jersey, USA. It is sometimes called the von Neumann machine, since the paper describing its design was edited by John von Neumann, a mathematics professor at both Princeton University and IAS. The computer was built from late 1945 until 1951 under his direction.The general organization is called Von Neumann architecture, even though it was both conceived and implemented by others.", "SILLIAC The SILLIAC (Sydney version of the Illinois Automatic Computer, i.e.", "Recursive definition A recursive definition (or inductive definition) in mathematical logic and computer science is used to define the elements in a set in terms of other elements in the set (Aczel 1978:740ff).A recursive definition of a function defines values of the functions for some inputs in terms of the values of the same function for other inputs. For example, the factorial function n! is defined by the rules0! = 1.", "ARCS (computing) ARCS is a firmware bootloader (also known as a PROM console) used in most computers produced by SGI since the beginning of the 1990s.The ARCS system is loosely compliant with the Advanced RISC Computing (ARC) standard, promulgated by the Advanced Computing Environment consortium in the early 1990s.", "Burroughs Medium Systems The Burroughs B2500 through Burroughs B4900 was a series of mainframe computers developed and manufactured by Burroughs Corporation in Pasadena, California, United States, from 1966 to 1991. They were aimed at the business world with an instruction set optimized for the COBOL programming language. They were also known as Burroughs Medium Systems, by contrast with the Burroughs Large Systems and Burroughs Small Systems.", "IBM System/32 The IBM System/32 (IBM 5320) introduced in January 1975 was a low-end business computer. It was used primarily by small to midsize businesses for accounting applications. RPGII was the (main) programming language for the machine.It was the successor to the IBM System/3 model 6 in the IBM midrange computer line.", "Argus - Audit Record Generation and Utilization System Argus – the Audit Record Generation and Utilization System is the first implementation of network flow monitoring, and is an ongoing open source network flow monitor project. Started by Carter Bullard in 1984 at Georgia Tech, and developed for cyber security at Carnegie Mellon University in the early 1990s, Argus has been an important contributor to Internet cyber security technology over its 30 years.", "System 6 System 6 (also referred to as System Software 6) is a graphical user interface-based operating system for Macintosh computers. It was released in 1988 by Apple Computer and was part of the Mac OS line of operating systems. System 6 was shipped with various Macintosh computers until it was succeeded by System 7 in 1991. The boxed version of System 6 cost $49 when introduced. System 6 is classed as a monolithic operating system.", "IBM System i The IBM System i is IBM's previous generation of midrange computer systems for IBM i users, and was subsequently replaced by the IBM Power Systems in April 2008.The platform was first introduced as the AS/400 (Application System/400) on June 21, 1988 and later renamed to the eServer iSeries in 2000. As part of IBM's Systems branding initiative in 2006, it was again renamed to System i.", "Geniac Geniac was an educational toy billed as a \"computer\" designed and marketed by Edmund Berkeley, with Oliver Garfield from 1955 to 1958, but with Garfield continuing without Berkeley through the 1960s. The name stood for \"Genius Almost-automatic Computer\" but suggests a combination of the words genius and ENIAC (the first electronic general-purpose computer).", "ASSIST (computing) ASSIST (the Assembler System for Student Instruction and Systems Teaching) is an IBM System/370-compatible assembler and interpreter developed in the 1970s at Penn State University by Graham Campbell and John Mashey plus student assistants. Originally, ASSIST was available only to universities and was implemented at several hundreds of them, but was occasionally used elsewhere. In 1998, Penn State declared that ASSIST was no longer copyrighted and that the program was freely available.", "SMON Things known by the abbreviation SMON include:Subacute myelo-optic neuropathy — an epidemic in Japan caused by clioquinol.SMON — a set of MIB extensions for RMON that allow the monitoring of switching equipment from a single management workstation in far greater detail than offered by RMON. SMON — (Oracle System MONitor) an Oracle background process created when one starts a database instanceSMon — SMon (abbrev.", "Computer output to laser disc Computer output to laser disc (COLD), now also called enterprise report management (ERM), systems are used to capture, archive, store, and retrieve large-volume data such as accounting reports, loan records, inventories, shipping and receiving documents, and customer bills. These systems are typically implemented to replace paper creation and microfiche solutions.", "RBBS-PC RBBS-PC (acronym for Remote Bulletin Board System for the Personal Computer) was a public domain, open source BBS software program. It was written entirely in BASIC by a large team of people, starting with Russell Lane and then later enhanced by Tom Mack and including Ken Goosens and others.It supported messaging conferences, questionnaires, doors (through the DOORDEF.DAT dropfile), and much more.", "MINC MINC \"\\MINC is not C\") is a data specification language written in the mid-1980s by a Princeton University graduate student named Lars Graf. This kind of naming is known as a \"recursive acronym\". It contains many (though not all) of the syntactical capabilities of the C programming language, and can be used to implement simple procedural programs that can be executed by a runtime parser (that is to say, MINC does not need to be compiled in any way).", "PA-RISC PA-RISC is an instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by Hewlett-Packard. As the name implies, it is a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) architecture, where the PA stands for Precision Architecture.", "Comp.* hierarchy The comp.* hierarchy is a major class of newsgroups in Usenet, containing all newsgroups whose name begins with \"comp.\", organized hierarchically.comp.* groups discuss various computer, technology, and programming issues. Some groups can even offer peer-to-peer technical support.", "Explicitly parallel instruction computing Explicitly parallel instruction computing (EPIC) is a term coined in 1997 by the HP–Intel alliance to describe a computing paradigm that researchers had been investigating since the early 1980s. This paradigm is also called Independence architectures. It was the basis for Intel and HP development of the Intel Itanium architecture, and HP later asserted that \"EPIC\" was merely an old term for the Itanium architecture.", "Colossus computer Colossus was the name of a series of computers developed for British codebreakers in 1943-1945 to help in the cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher. Colossus used thermionic valves (vacuum tubes) and thyratrons to perform Boolean and counting operations. Colossus is thus regarded as the world's first programmable, electronic, digital computer, although it was programmed by plugs and switches and not by a stored program.", "GWB-666 GWB-666, is the acronym for Great Western Beast 666, which is the central computer of the Unistat government in Robert Anton Wilson's Schrödinger's Cat trilogy, and surely has no connection or connotation to George W. Bush (but see gwb43.com), as said trilogy was published in 1985. Simon Moon is director of the GWB-666 project. Information in GWB-666's files was subsequently scanned by the Illuminati.", "DEC Systems Research Center The Systems Research Center (SRC) was a research laboratory created by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in 1984, in Palo Alto, California. DEC SRC was founded by a group of computer scientists, led by Robert Taylor, who left the Computer Science Laboratory (CSL) of Xerox PARC after an internal power struggle. SRC survived the takeover of DEC by Compaq in 1998.", "International Computers and Tabulators International Computers and Tabulators or ICT was formed in 1959 by a merger of the British Tabulating Machine Company (BTM) and Powers-Samas. In 1963 it also added the business computer divisions of Ferranti. It exported computers to many countries around the world and went on to become part of International Computers Limited (ICL).", "WIMP (computing) In human–computer interaction, WIMP stands for \"windows, icons, menus, pointer\", denoting a style of interaction using these elements of the user interface. It was coined by Merzouga Wilberts in 1980. Other expansions are sometimes used, substituting \"mouse\" and \"mice\" or \"pull-down menu\" and \"pointing\", for menus and pointer, respectively.Though the term has fallen into disuse, some use it incorrectly as an approximate synonym for graphical user interface (GUI).", "ANALOG Computing ANALOG Computing (an acronym for Atari Newsletter And Lots Of Games) was an American computer magazine devoted to the Atari 8-bit home computer line, published from 1981 until 1989. ANALOG had a reputation for publishing fast and smooth machine language games, whereas most listings in the other Atari magazines of the time were written in Atari BASIC. Such games were accompanied by the assembly language source code. Originally the title as printed on the cover was A.N.A.L.O.G.", "Plessey System 250 The Plessey System 250 was the first operational computer system to implement capability-based addressing, and the first sold commercially. It was designed as a real-time controller for computerized telephone switching systems. It had a multiprocessing architecture.", "Simplified Instructional Computer The Simplified Instructional Computer (also abbreviated SIC) is a hypothetical computer system introduced in System Software: An Introduction to Systems Programming, by Leland Beck. Due to the fact that most modern microprocessors include subtle, complex functions for the purposes of efficiency, it can be difficult to learn systems programming using a real-world system.", "IBM 305 RAMAC The IBM 305 RAMAC was the first commercial computer that used a moving-head hard disk drive (magnetic disk storage) for secondary storage. The system was publicly announced on September 14, 1958, with test units already installed at the U.S. Navy and at private corporations. RAMAC stood for \"Random Access Method of Accounting and Control\", as its design was motivated by the need for real-time accounting in business.The first RAMAC to be used in the U.S.", "Ultrix Ultrix (officially all-caps ULTRIX) was the brand name of Digital Equipment Corporation's (DEC) native Unix systems. While ultrix is also the Latin word for avenger, the name was chosen solely for its sound.", "IBM System p The System p, formerly known as RS/6000, was IBM's RISC/UNIX-based server and workstation product line.In April 2008, IBM announced a rebranding of the System p and its unification with the System i platform. The resulting product line is called IBM Power Systems.", "Cray Time Sharing System This article is about the operating system distributed by Cray Research. CTSS may also stand for Compatible Time Sharing System, an unrelated operating system developed by the MIT Computation Center.The Cray Time Sharing System, also known in the Cray user community as CTSS, was developed as an operating system for the Cray-1 or Cray X-MP line of supercomputers.", "Large Installation System Administration Conference LISA is the Large Installation System Administration Conference, co-sponsored by the computing professional organizations USENIX and its LISA special interest group (formerly known as SAGE).The word \"large\" was dropped from the title of the 6th conference in 1992 (though retaining the \"LISA\" name). The full acronym was restored in the title of the 2003 conference and remains in use today.", "CDC 6000 series The CDC 6000 series was a family of mainframe computers manufactured by Control Data Corporation in the 1960s. It consisted of CDC 6400, CDC 6500, CDC 6600 and CDC 6700 computers, which all were extremely rapid and efficient for their time.", "Janus (programming language) The name Janus refers to at least two computer programming languages or partial descriptions of possible computer programming languages:", "BESM BESM (БЭСМ) is the name of a series of Soviet mainframe computers built in 1950–60s. The name is an acronym for \"Bolshaya Elektronno-Schetnaya Mashina\" (\"Большая Электронно-Счётная Машина\"), literally \"Large Electronically Computing Machine\". The series began as a successor to MESM (\"Malaya Elektronno-Schetnaya Mashina\", \"Small Electronically Computing Machine\").", "RAS syndrome RAS syndrome (short for \"redundant acronym syndrome syndrome\") refers to the use of one or more of the words that make up an acronym or initialism in conjunction with the abbreviated form, thus in effect repeating one or more words. Two common examples are \"PIN number\" (the \"N\" in PIN stands for \"number\") and \"ATM machine\" (the \"M\" in ATM stands for \"machine\").", "Computability theory Computability theory, also called recursion theory, is a branch of mathematical logic, of computer science, and of the theory of computation that originated in the 1930s with the study of computable functions and Turing degrees.The basic questions addressed by recursion theory are \"What does it mean for a function on the natural numbers to be computable?\" and \"How can noncomputable functions be classified into a hierarchy based on their level of noncomputability?\".", "Reentrancy (computing) In computing, a computer program or subroutine is called reentrant if it can be interrupted in the middle of its execution and then safely called again \"\\re-entered\") before its previous invocations complete execution. The interruption could be caused by an internal action such as a jump or call, or by an external action such as a hardware interrupt or signal.", "List of computer term etymologies This is a list of the origins of computer-related terms or terms used in the computing world (i.e., a list of computer term etymologies). It relates to both computer hardware and computer software.Names of many computer terms, especially computer applications, often relate to the function they perform, e.g., a compiler is an application that compiles (programming language source code into the computer's machine language).", "C.mmp The C.mmp was an early MIMD multiprocessor system developed at Carnegie Mellon University by William Wulf (1971). The notation C.mmp came from the PMS notation of Bell and Newell, where a CPU was designated as C and a variant was noted by the dot notation; mmp stood for Multi-Mini-ProcessorSixteen PDP-11 minicomputers were used as the processing elements (named Compute Modules in the system). Each CM had a local memory of 8K and a local set of peripheral devices.", "Eckert–Mauchly Award The Eckert–Mauchly Award recognizes contributions to digital systems and computer architecture. It is known as the computer architecture community’s most prestigious award. First awarded in 1979, it was named for John Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly, who between 1943 and 1946 collaborated on the design and construction of the first large scale electronic computing machine, known as ENIAC, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.", "Minimal instruction set computer (Not to be confused with multiple instruction set computer, also abbreviated MISC, such as the HLH Orion or the OROCHI VLIW processor.)Minimal Instruction Set Computer (MISC) is a processor architecture with a very small number of basic operations and corresponding opcodes.", "Multics Multics \"\\Multiplexed Information and Computing Service\") was an influential early time-sharing operating system. The project was started in 1964 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The last known running Multics installation was shut down on October 30, 2000, at the Canadian Department of National Defence in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.", "System 4 For the Macintosh OS, see the History of Mac OS'System 4 is the code Rensis Likert gave to the future of organizations moving away from the bureaucratic model of Max Weber, which he referred to as System 1.", "Western Australian Regional Computing Centre WARCC is a five letter acronym that stands for Western Australian Regional Computing Centre. It was part of the University of Western Australia, parts of which were spun off later and renamed Winthrop Technology.WARCC was formed formally on 1-Jan-72, and ceased in 1991. It was formed in order to provide a range of computing services to the University, other universities in Western Australia, government departments, and some private companies.", "ORDVAC The ORDVAC or Ordnance Discrete Variable Automatic Computer, an early computer built by the University of Illinois for the Ballistics Research Laboratory at Aberdeen Proving Ground, was based on the IAS architecture developed by John von Neumann, which came to be known as the von Neumann architecture. The ORDVAC was the first computer to have a compiler. ORDVAC passed its acceptance tests on March 10, 1952 at Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland.", "SystemRescueCD SystemRescueCd is an operating system for the x86 computer platform, though the primary purpose of SystemRescueCD is to repair unbootable or otherwise damaged computer systems after a system crash. SystemRescueCd is not intended to be used as a permanent operating system. It runs from a Live CD, a USB flash drive or any type of hard drive. It was designed by a team led by François Dupoux, and is based on the Gentoo Linux distribution.", "System 7 System 7 (codenamed \"Big Bang\" and sometimes retroactively called Mac OS 7) is a single-user graphical user interface-based operating system for Macintosh computers. It was introduced on May 13, 1991, by Apple Computer. It succeeded System 6, and was the main Macintosh operating system until it was succeeded by Mac OS 8 in 1997.", "Naming scheme In computing, naming schemes are often used for objects connected into computer networks.", "GEORGE (computer) GEORGE was an early computer built in 1957 by Argonne National Laboratory, was based on the IAS architecture developed by John von Neumann. (The name \"GEORGE\" is apparently not an acronym. It may have been derived from the sentence, \"Let George do it,\" which was said when a person didn't want to do something himself.) As with almost all computers of its era, it was a one of a kind machine that could not exchange programs with mother computers (even other IAS machines).", "Engineering Research Associates Engineering Research Associates, commonly known as ERA, was a pioneering computer firm from the 1950s. They became famous for their numerical computers, but as the market expanded they became better known for their drum memory systems. They were eventually purchased by Remington Rand and merged into their UNIVAC department. Many of the company founders later left to form Control Data Corporation.", "UNIVAC LARC The UNIVAC LARC, short for the Livermore Advanced Research Computer, is a mainframe computer designed to a requirement published by Edward Teller in order to run hydrodynamic simulations for nuclear weapon design. It was one of the earliest supercomputers.LARC supported multiprocessing with two CPUs (called Computers) and an Input/output (I/O) Processor (called the Processor).", "General Comprehensive Operating System General Comprehensive Operating System (GCOS, /ˈdʒiːkoʊs/) is a family of operating systems oriented toward mainframe computers.The original version of GCOS was developed by General Electric from 1962; originally called GECOS (the General Electric Comprehensive Operating Supervisor).", "USENIX The USENIX Association is the Advanced Computing Systems Association. It was founded in 1975 under the name \"Unix Users Group,\" focusing primarily on the study and development of Unix and similar systems. In June 1977, a lawyer from AT&T Corporation informed the group that they could not use the word UNIX as it was a trademark of Western Electric (the manufacturing arm of AT&T until 1995), which led to the change of name to USENIX.", "ILLIAC ILLIAC (Illinois Automatic Computer) was a series of supercomputers built at a variety of locations, some at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. In all, five computers were built in this series between 1951 and 1974. Some more modern projects also use the name.", "Named pipe In computing, a named pipe (also known as a FIFO for its behavior) is an extension to the traditional pipe concept on Unix and Unix-like systems, and is one of the methods of inter-process communication (IPC). The concept is also found in OS/2 and Microsoft Windows, although the semantics differ substantially. A traditional pipe is \"unnamed\" because it exists anonymously and persists only for as long as the process is running.", "CODASYL CODASYL is an acronym for \"Conference/Committee on Data Systems Languages\". This was a consortium formed in 1959 to guide the development of a standard programming language that could be used on many computers. This effort led to the development of COBOL and other standards.CODASYL's members were individuals from industry and government involved in data processing activity. Its larger goal was to promote more effective data systems analysis, design, and implementation.", "IBM System/4 Pi The IBM System/4 Pi is a family of radiation hardened avionics computers used, in various versions, on the B-52 Stratofortress bomber, the F-15 Eagle fighter, E-3 Sentry, NASA's Skylab, MOL, and the Space Shuttle, as well as other aircraft. It descends from the System/360 mainframe family of computers.", "LCFG LCFG stands for \"Local ConFiGuration system\". Developed at the University of Edinburgh beginning around 1993, it is \"a system for automatically installing and managing the configuration of large numbers of computer systems. It is particularly suitable for sites with very diverse and rapidly changing configurations\".", "As (Unix) as is a generic name for an assembler on Unix. On many systems the standard or pre-installed assembler is the GNU Assembler, commonly called GAS, whose executable is simply named as. This often causes the generic as to be often mistaken for the GNU Assembler. This problem is infrequent with many other assemblers if they have unique executable names; such as the Netwide Assembler, or NASM, whose executable name is its abbreviation, nasm.", "KERNAL The KERNAL is Commodore's name for the ROM-resident operating system core in its 8-bit home computers; from the original PET of 1977, followed by the extended but strongly related versions used in its successors: the VIC-20, Commodore 64, Plus/4, C16, and C128.", "ETA Systems ETA Systems was a supercomputer company spun off from Control Data Corporation (CDC) in the early 1980s in order to regain a footing in the supercomputer business. They successfully delivered an excellent machine, the ETA-10, but lost money continually while doing so. CDC management eventually gave up and folded the company.", "AT&T Computer Systems AT&T Computer Systems is the generic name for American Telephone & Telegraph's unsuccessful attempt to compete in the computer business.", "EEVIAC Operational Index and Reference Guide, Including Other Modern Computational Devices EEVIAC Operational Index and Reference Guide, Including Other Modern Computational Devices is the sixth full-length studio album by Man or Astroman?. E.E.V.I.A.C. is an acronym and stands for \"Embedded Electronic Variably Integrated Astro Console\" (also known as the \"EEVIAC Mainframe Supercomputer\") and is a play on ENIAC, which is sometimes hailed as the first modern computer.Man or Astroman? actually built a mockup of a supercomputer to have onstage for this album.", "APUS (computer) APUS stands for \"Amiga Power Up System\", and describes a computer comprising an Amiga computer with a Phase5 PowerUP PowerPC accelerator board.", "Recursively enumerable language In mathematics, logic and computer science, a formal language is called recursively enumerable (also recognizable, partially decidable, semidecidable, Turing-acceptable or Turing-recognizable) if it is a recursively enumerable subset in the set of all possible words over the alphabet of the language, i.e., if there exists a Turing machine which will enumerate all valid strings of the language.Recursively enumerable languages are known as type-0 languages in the Chomsky hierarchy of formal languages.", "Recursive grammar In computer science, a grammar is informally called a recursive grammar if it contains production rules that are recursive, meaning that expanding a non-terminal according to these rules can eventually lead to a string that includes the same non-terminal again.", "Sinclair QDOS QDOS (sometimes written as Qdos in official literature; the name is not regarded as an acronym; also see the identically-pronounced word kudos) is the multitasking operating system found on the Sinclair QL personal computer and its clones. It was designed by Tony Tebby whilst working at Sinclair Research, as an in-house alternative to 68K/OS, which was later cancelled by Sinclair, but released by original authors GST Computer Systems.", "Sequent Computer Systems Sequent Computer Systems was a computer company that designed and manufactured multiprocessing computer systems. They were among the pioneers in high-performance symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) open systems, innovating in both hardware (e.g. cache management and interrupt handling) and software (e.g. read-copy-update).Through a partnership with Oracle Corporation, Sequent became a dominant high-end UNIX platform in the late 1980s and early 1990s.", "UNIX System V UNIX System V (pronounced: \"System Five\") is one of the first commercial versions of the Unix operating system. It was originally developed by AT&T and first released in 1983. Four major versions of System V were released, numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4. System V Release 4, or SVR4, was commercially the most successful version, being the result of an effort, marketed as \"Unix System Unification\", which solicited the collaboration of the major Unix vendors.", "Universe (Unix) In some versions of the Unix operating system, the term universe was used to denote some variant of the working environment. During the late 1980s, most commercial Unix variants were derived from either System V or BSD. Most versions provided both BSD and System V universes and allowed the user to switch between them. Each universe, typically implemented by separate directory trees or separate filesystems, usually included different versions of commands, libraries, man pages, and header files.", "IBM i IBM i is an EBCDIC-based operating system that runs on IBM Power Systems and on IBM PureSystems. The name was introduced in 2008, and it is the current evolution of the operating system, previously named i5/OS, and originally named OS/400 when it was introduced with the AS/400 computer system in 1988.It is one of the operating systems supported on IBM Power Systems alongside AIX and Linux as well as on IBM PureSystems alongside AIX, Linux and Windows.", "Field Upgradeable Systems Environment A Field Upgradeable Systems Environment (FUSE) is a reconfigurable computer operating system which provides a consistent and easy to use high-level interface to FPGA-based reconfigurable computing products.Nallatech originally developed FUSE and now licence it out or supply it with FPGA hardware.", "86-DOS 86-DOS was an operating system developed and marketed by Seattle Computer Products (SCP) for its Intel 8086-based computer kit. Initially known as QDOS (Quick and Dirty Operating System) the name was changed to 86-DOS once SCP started licensing the operating system in 1980.86-DOS had a command structure and application programming interface that imitated that of Digital Research's CP/M operating system, which made it easy to port programs from the latter.", "Advanced Computerized Execution System Advanced Computerized Execution System (ACES) - Is an NASDAQ subscription service paid for by market makers that allows order-entry firms trading in Nasdaq Capital Market and Nasdaq global market stocks access to a market maker's internal trading system to route to them using the ACES \\Pass-Through\\\".\"", "Network Computing System The Network Computing System (NCS) was an implementation of the Network Computing Architecture (NCA). It was created at Apollo Computer in the 1980s. It comprised a set of tools for implementing distributed software applications, or distributed computing.The design and implementation of DCE/RPC, the remote procedure call mechanism in the Distributed Computing Environment, is based on NCA/NCS. It also was the first implementation of Universally unique identifiers.", "Compis Compis (Swedish name), Scandis (Norwegian name) was a computer system designed and sold to schools beginning 1984. Since it was intended for educational use, it received the name Compis, which is short for COMPuter In School. The name can also be interpreted as a pun on the Scandinavian word kompis, meaning friend or pal. The development was started by Svenska Datorer in 1982 and was overtaken by TeleNova when the former went bankrupt.", "Alliant Computer Systems Alliant Computer Systems was a computer company that designed and manufactured parallel computing systems. Together with Pyramid Technology and Sequent Computer Systems, Alliant's machines pioneered the symmetric multiprocessing market. One of the more successful companies in the group, over 650 Alliant systems were produced over their lifetime. The company was hit by a series of financial problems and went bankrupt in 1992.", "Alphabet soup (linguistics) Alphabet soup is a metaphor for an abundance of abbreviations or acronyms, named for a common dish made from alphabet pasta. Use dates at least as far back as Franklin D. Roosevelt's alphabet agencies of the New Deal. In the United States, the Federal Government is described as an alphabet soup on account of the multitude of agencies that it has spawned, including the NSA, CIA, FBI, USSS, ATF, DEA, NCIS and INS.", "Burroughs large systems In the 1970s, Burroughs Corporation was organized into three divisions with very different product line architectures for high-end, mid-range, and entry-level business computer systems. Each division's product line grew from a different concept for how to optimize a computer's instruction set for particular programming languages.The Burroughs Large Systems Group designed large mainframes using stack machine instruction sets with dense instruction syllables and 48-bit data words.", "Access Computer Access Computer was the common name for the Access Matrix a luggable computer introduced in 1982 by a United States computer company, 'Access Matrix Corp' (AM CORP on FCC documentation). The company was shortly renamed 'Actrix Computer Corp' due to copyright issues, and the name of the computer-line was changed to Actrix - see Actrix. Actrix appears to mean \"'Access maTrix\".", "IRX IRX is an acronym for Interactive Resource eXecutive, a proprietary operating system used by NCR on its I-series range of mini-computers in the 1980s.", "Advanced RISC Computing Advanced RISC Computing (ARC) is a specification promulgated by a defunct consortium of computer manufacturers (the Advanced Computing Environment project), setting forth a standard MIPS RISC-based computer hardware and firmware environment.Although ACE went defunct, and no computer was ever manufactured which fully complied with the ARC standard, the ARC system still exerts a widespread legacy in that all Windows NT family of operating systems use ARC conventions for naming boot devices.", "IBM System x The IBM System x computers form a sub-brand of International Business Machines (IBM's) System brand servers (the other System sub-brands having the names IBM Power Systems, IBM System z and IBM System Storage). In addition IBM System x is the main component of the IBM System Cluster 1350 solution.The division is in the process of being sold to Lenovo in 2014.", "TRS-DOS TRS-DOS (which stood for the Tandy Radio Shack - Disk Operating System) was the operating system for the Tandy TRS-80 line of 8-bit Zilog Z80 microcomputers that were sold through Radio Shack through the late 1970s and early 1980s. Tandy's manuals recommended that it be pronounced triss-doss.", "ASCI Red ASCI Red (also known as ASCI Option Red or TFLOPS) was the first computer built under the Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI), the supercomputing initiative of the United States government created to help the maintenance of the United States nuclear arsenal after the 1992 moratorium on nuclear testing.ASCI Red was built by Intel and installed at Sandia National Laboratories in late 1996. The design was based on the Intel Paragon computer.", "Hesiod (name service) In computing, the Hesiod name service originated in Project Athena (1983–1991). It uses DNS functionality to provide access to databases of information that change infrequently. In Unix environments it often serves to distribute information kept in the /etc/passwd, /etc/group, and /etc/printcap files, among others.Frequently an LDAP server is used to distribute the same kind of information that Hesiod does.", "SIGSALY In cryptography, SIGSALY (also known as the X System, Project X, Ciphony I, and the Green Hornet) was a secure speech system used in World War II for the highest-level Allied communications.It pioneered a number of digital communications concepts, including the first transmission of speech using pulse-code modulation.The name SIGSALY was not an acronym, but a cover name that resembled an acronym—the SIG part was common in Army Signal Corps names (e.g., SIGABA).", "Recursive self-improvement Recursive self-improvement is the speculative ability of a strong artificial intelligence computer program to program its own software, recursively.This is sometimes also referred to as Seed AI because if an AI were created with engineering capabilities that matched or surpassed those of its human creators, it would have the potential to autonomously improve the design of its constituent software and hardware.", "Acronym Finder Acronym Finder is an online database of abbreviations (acronyms, initialisms, and otherwise) and their meanings. It includes over 900,000 human-edited and verified definitions, many of them related to computers, technology, telecommunications, science, medicine and the military. While the database is not open content, users can help to expand the database by submitting new definitions, which are subject to editorial control.", "BUNCH The BUNCH was the nickname for the group of mainframe computer competitors to IBM in the 1970s. The name is derived from the names of the five companies: Burroughs, UNIVAC, NCR, Control Data Corporation, and Honeywell. These companies were grouped together because the market share of IBM was much higher than all of its competitors put together.During the 1960s, IBM and these five computer manufacturers, along with RCA and General Electric, had been known as \"IBM and the Seven Dwarfs\".", "Multivac Multivac is the name of a fictional supercomputer in many stories by Isaac Asimov. According to his autobiography In Memory Yet Green, Asimov coined the name in imitation of UNIVAC, an early mainframe computer. Asimov had assumed the name \"Univac\" denoted a computer with a single vacuum tube (it actually is an acronym for \"Universal Automatic Computer\"), and on the basis that a computer with many such tubes would be more powerful, called his fictional computer \"Multivac\".", "UNIVAC UNIVAC is the name of a line of electronic digital stored-program computers starting with the products of the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. Later the name was applied to a division of the Remington Rand company and successor organizations. UNIVAC is an acronym for UNIVersal Automatic Computer.The BINAC, built by the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation, was the first general-purpose computer for commercial use.", "LCARS In the Star Trek fictional universe, LCARS (/ˈɛlkɑrz/; an acronym for Library Computer Access/Retrieval System) is a computer operating system. Within Star Trek chronology, the term was first used in Star Trek: The Next Generation and in subsequent shows. In a real-world context, \"LCARS\" is frequently used to describe the style of the computer displays of the LCARS system, especially the screens from The Next Generation and Voyager.", "Classic RISC pipeline In the history of computer hardware, some early reduced instruction set computer central processing units (RISC CPUs) used a very similar architectural solution, now called a classic RISC pipeline. Those CPUs were: MIPS, SPARC, Motorola 88000, and later the notional CPU DLX invented for education.Each of these classic scalar RISC designs fetched and attempted to execute one instruction per cycle. The main common concept of each design was a five-stage execution instruction pipeline.", "List of Soviet computer systems This is the list of Soviet computer systems. The Russian abbreviation EVM (ЭВМ), present in some of the names below, means Russian: электронная вычислительная машина, literally “electronic computing machine.”" ]	2
Noble english person from the Hundred Years' War	[ "Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham\nHumphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham KG (15 August 1402 – 10 July 1460) was an English nobleman. A great-grandson of King Edward III on his mother's side, he was a military commander in the Hundred Years' War and in the Wars of the Roses.", "Richard II of England\nRichard II (6 January 1367 – c. 14 February 1400), also known as Richard of Bordeaux, was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed on 30 September 1399.Richard, a son of Edward, the Black Prince, was born during the reign of his grandfather, Edward III. Richard was the younger brother of Edward of Angoulême; upon the death of this elder brother, Richard—at four years of age—became second in line to the throne after his father.", "Edward III of England\nEdward III (13 November 1312 – 21 June 1377) was King of England from 25 January 1327 until his death; he is noted for his military success and for restoring royal authority after the disastrous reign of his father, Edward II. Edward III transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe.", "Battle of Agincourt\nThe Battle of Agincourt was a major English victory in the Hundred Years' War. The battle took place on Friday, 25 October 1415 (Saint Crispin's Day), near modern-day Azincourt, in northern France.", "John FitzAlan, 2nd Baron Arundel\nJohn FitzAlan, 2nd Baron Arundel, 2nd Baron Maltravers jure matris, also called John de Arundel (30 November 1364 – 14 August 1390), of Buckland, Surrey, was the son of John FitzAlan, 1st Baron Arundel and Eleanor Maltravers.John was with the army in Scotland in 1383 and with the English Fleet in the western coast of France.He married Elizabeth le Despenser, daughter of Edward le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer (Despenser), by Elizabeth Burghersh, daughter and heiress of Bartholomew de Burghersh, 2nd Baron Burghersh.", "Thomas de Ros, 9th Baron de Ros\nThomas de Ros or Roos, 9th Baron de Ros of Helmsley (9 September 1427 – 17 May 1464) was a follower of the House of Lancaster during the Wars of the Roses.", "Edward, the Black Prince\nEdward of Woodstock KG (15 June 1330 – 8 June 1376), called the Black Prince, was the eldest son of King Edward III and Philippa of Hainault, and the father of King Richard II of England. He was the first Duke of Cornwall (from 1337), the Prince of Wales (from 1343) and the Prince of Aquitaine (1362–72).He was called \"Edward of Woodstock\" in his early life, after his birthplace, and since the 16th century has been popularly known as the Black Prince.", "William Neville, 1st Earl of Kent\nWilliam Neville, 1st Earl of Kent KG (c. 1405 – 9 January 1463) and jure uxoris 6th Baron Fauconberg, was an English nobleman and soldier.He fought during the latter part of the Hundred Years War, and during the English dynastic Wars of the Roses.", "Hugh de Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon\nSir Hugh de Courtenay (12 July 1303 – 2 May 1377), 10th (2nd) Earl of Devon, 2nd Baron Courtenay, feudal baron of Okehampton and feudal baron of Plympton, played an important role in the Hundred Years War in the service of King Edward III. His chief seats were Tiverton Castle and Okehampton in Devon.", "Richard Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick\nRichard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick, Count of Aumale, KG (25 or 28 January 1382 – 30 April 1439) was an English medieval nobleman and military commander.", "John Chandos\nSir John Chandos, Viscount of Saint-Sauveur in the Cotentin, Constable of Aquitaine, Seneschal of Poitou, KG (c.1320 — 31 December 1369) was a medieval English knight who hailed from Radbourne Hall, Derbyshire. Chandos was a close friend of Edward, the Black Prince and a founding member and 19th Knight of the Order of the Garter in 1348.", "Oliver Ingham\nOliver Ingham (or De Ingham, d’Ingham) (1287–1344) was an English commander and administrator in Aquitaine during the War of Saint-Sardos and early Hundred Years War.He was born in 1287 at Ellesmere, Shropshire to Oliver de Ingham and Margery.", "John FitzAlan, 14th Earl of Arundel\nJohn FitzAlan, 14th Earl of Arundel, 4th Baron Maltravers KG (14 February 1408 – 12 June 1435) was an English nobleman and military commander during the later phases of the Hundred Years' War.", "Hundred Years' War (1337–60)\nThe Hundred Years' War, 1337 to 1453, was a series of punctuated, separate conflicts waged between the kingdoms of England and France and their various allies for control of the French throne. It was started by Edward III of England's ambition to maintain his sovereignty in Aquitaine and assert his claim as the rightful king of France by unseating his rival Philip VI of France.Edward had inherited the duchy of Aquitaine, and as duke of Aquitaine he was a vassal to Philip VI of France.", "Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence\nThomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, KG (1387 – 22 March 1421), was the second son of King Henry IV of England and his first wife, Mary de Bohun. After the death of his father he participated in the military campaigns of his brother King Henry V. Heir to the thone in the event of his brother's death, he was left in charge of English forces when Henry returned temporarily to England after his marriage to Catherine of Valois.", "Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster\nHenry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster, 4th Earl of Leicester and Lancaster, KG (c. 1310 – 23 March 1361), also Earl of Derby, was a member of the English nobility in the 14th century, and a prominent English diplomat, politician, and soldier. The son and heir of Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster, and Maud Chaworth, he became one of Edward III's most trusted captains in the early phases of the Hundred Years' War and distinguished himself with victory in the Battle of Auberoche.", "James Fiennes, 1st Baron Saye and Sele\nJames Fiennes, 1st Baron Saye and Sele (c. 1395 – 4 July 1450) was an English soldier and politician, son of Sir William Fiennes (Herstmonceux, Sussex, 1 August 1357 – 18 January 1401/1402) and wife Elizabeth Batisford (- bef. 1407).Fiennes fought in the Hundred Years' War and also served as High Sheriff of Kent in 1436 and High Sheriff of Surrey and Sussex in 1438.", "Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick\nThomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick, KG (c. 14 February 1313 – 13 November 1369) was an English nobleman and military commander during the Hundred Years' War. In 1348 he became one of the founders and the third Knight of the Order of the Garter.", "James Audley\nSir James Audley (or Audeley) KG (c. 1318–1369) was one of the original knights, or founders, of the Order of the Garter. He was the eldest son of Sir James Audley of Stratton Audley in Oxfordshire.", "Thomas de Scales, 7th Baron Scales\nLord Thomas de Scales or Thomas Scales de Newselles or Thomas Scalles KG (1397 – 25 July 1460), 7th Baron Scales, Knight of the Garter from 1426 was one of the main English commanders in the last twenty years of the Hundred Years' War. The son of Robert de Scales, 5th Baron Scales (c. 1372–7 December 1402), he succeeded his brother Robert de Scales, 6th Baron Scales (died July 1419) as baron.Thomas distinguished himself in France, against Jack Cade and in many other places.", "Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel\nRichard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel and 8th Earl of Surrey (c. 1306/1313 – 24 January 1376) was an English nobleman and medieval military leader.", "Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel\nRichard FitzAlan, 4th or 11th Earl of Arundel and 9th Earl of Surrey, KG (1346 – 21 September 1397) was an English medieval nobleman and military commander.", "Henry V of England\nHenry V (9 August 1387 – 31 August 1422) was King of England from 1413 until his death at the age of 35 in 1422. He was the second English monarch who came from the House of Lancaster.After military experience fighting the Welsh during the revolt of Owain Glyn Dwr, and against the powerful aristocratic Percys of Northumberland at the Battle of Shrewsbury, Henry came into political conflict with his father, whose health was increasingly precarious from 1405 onward.", "Thomas de Camoys, 1st Baron Camoys\nThomas de Camoys, 1st Baron Camoys of the second creation, KG (c.", "John Fastolf\nSir John Fastolf KG (1380 – 5 November 1459) was an English knight during the Hundred Years War, who has enjoyed a more lasting reputation as the prototype, in some part, of Shakespeare's Sir John Falstaff. Many historians consider, however, that he deserves to be famous in his own right, not only as a soldier, but as a patron of literature, a writer on strategy and perhaps as an early industrialist.", "John Charleton, 2nd Baron Cherleton\nJohn Charleton (or Cherleton or Charlton), 2nd Baron Cherleton, 2nd Lord Charlton of Powys (c. 1300–1360) succeeded his father to the title in 1353. He married Maud Mortimer, daughter of Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March and Joan de Geneville, before 13 April 1319. He fought in the Wars of Gascony in the Hundred Years' War and held the office of Lord Chamberlain of the Household as his father had before him. He died before 30 August 1360. They had one son John who succeeded to the title.", "Hundred Years' War (1369–89)\nThe Caroline War was the second phase of the Hundred Years' War between France and England, following the Edwardian War. It was so-named after Charles V of France, who resumed the war nine years after the Treaty of Brétigny (signed 1360).In May 1369, the Black Prince, son of Edward III of England, received summons from the French king demanding his presence in Paris. The prince refused, and Charles responded by declaring war.", "John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter\nJohn Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter KG (18 March 1395 – 5 August 1447) was an English nobleman and military commander during the Hundred Years' War. He was Admiral of England, Ireland, and Aquitaine.", "Hugh Calveley\nSir Hugh Calveley (died 23 April 1394) was an English knight and commander, who took part in the Hundred Years' War, gaining fame during the War of the Breton Succession and the Castilian Civil War. He held various military posts in Brittany and Normandy. He should not be confused with his nephew, also Sir Hugh Calveley, who died in June 1393 and was Member of Parliament for Rutland.", "John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury\nJohn Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury and 1st Earl of Waterford KG (1384/1387 in Blakemere, Shropshire – 17 July 1453 in Castillon, France), known as \"Old Talbot\" was a noted English military commander during the Hundred Years' War, as well as the only Lancastrian Constable of France.", "Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent\nThomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent, 2nd Baron Holand, KG (c. 1314 – 26 December 1360) was an English nobleman and military commander during the Hundred Years' War.", "Thomas Dagworth\nSir Thomas Dagworth (1276 in Bradwell Juxta Coggeshall in Essex – 1352) was an English knight and soldier, who led English armies in Brittany during the Hundred Years' War.In 1346 he led a small English force in Brittany in support of John de Montfort's claim on the dukedom. De Montfort was backed by the English throne, whereas his rival, Charles of Blois was backed by the French. On 9 June, Dagworth's force was attacked by Charles' much larger army at Saint-Pol-de-Léon.", "Henry VI of England\nHenry VI (6 December 1421 – 21 May 1471) was King of England from 1422 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471, and disputed King of France from 1422 to 1453. Until 1437, his realm was governed by regents.Contemporaneous accounts described him as peaceful and pious, not suited for the dynastic wars, such as the Wars of the Roses, which commenced during his reign.", "John FitzAlan, 1st Baron Arundel\nJohn FitzAlan (D' Arundel), 1st Baron Arundel (c. 1348 – 16 December 1379) was a Lord Marshal or Marshal of England.", "Hundred Years' War\nThe Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the House of Valois, rulers of the Kingdom of France, for control of the latter kingdom. Each side drew many allies into the war. It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages, wherein five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe.", "Jean Bureau\nJean Bureau (c. 1390 – 1463) was a French artillery commander active primarily during the later years of the Hundred Years' War. Along with his brother, Gaspard, he is credited with making French artillery the most effective in the world.", "John de Ros, 7th Baron de Ros\nJohn de Ros, 7th Baron de Ros of Helmsley (c.1397 – 22 March 1421) was an English nobleman.He was the eldest son of William de Ros, 6th Baron de Ros, and Margaret Fitzalan (d. 3 July 1438), the daughter of John FitzAlan, 1st Baron Arundel, by Eleanor Maltravers (d. 3 July 1438), younger daughter and coheir of Sir John Maltravers.He served as a soldier of Henry V of England during the Hundred Years' War. Six years after the Battle of Agincourt, John participated in the Battle of Baugé.", "Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset\nEdmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset, KG (1406 – 22 May 1455), sometimes styled 1st Duke of Somerset, was an English nobleman and an important figure in the Wars of the Roses and in the Hundred Years' War. He also succeeded in the title of 4th Earl of Somerset and was created 1st Earl of Dorset and 1st Marquess of Dorset (previously held by his father and later forfeited), and Count of Mortain. He was known for his deadly rivalry with Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York.", "Walter Manny, 1st Baron Manny\nWalter Manny, (or Mauny), 1st Baron Manny, KG (c.1310 – 8 or 15 January 1372), soldier of fortune and founder of the Charterhouse, was from Masny in Hainault, from whose counts he claimed descent. He was a patron and friend of Froissart, in whose chronicles his exploits have a conspicuous and probably an exaggerated place.", "Andrew Trollope\nSir Andrew Trollope (died 1461) was an English soldier during the later stages of the Hundred Years' War and at the time of the Wars of the Roses.", "John of Gaunt\nJohn of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, KG (6 March 1340 – 3 February 1399) was a member of the House of Plantagenet, the third surviving son of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. He was called \"John of Gaunt\" because he was born in Ghent, then rendered in English as Gaunt. When he became unpopular later in life, scurrilous rumours and lampoons circulated that he was actually the son of a Ghent butcher, perhaps because Edward III was not present at the birth.", "James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley\nJames Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley, 2nd Baron Tuchet (c. 1398–1459) was an English peer.James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley, son of John Tuchet, 4th Baron Audley and his wife Elizabeth, was a distinguished veteran of the Hundred Years' War.", "Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York\nRichard of York, 3rd Duke of York (21 September 1411 – 30 December 1460), was a leading English magnate, a great-grandson of King Edward III through his father, and a great-great-great-grandson of the same king through his mother. He inherited vast estates and served in various offices of state in Ireland, France, and England, a country he ultimately governed as Lord Protector during the madness of King Henry VI.", "Robert de Umfraville\nSir Robert de Umfraville KG, Lord of Redesdale (c. 1363 – 1436) (a.k.a. Robin Mend the Market) was a late medieval English knight who took part in the later stages of the Hundred years war, especially in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "Bernard Brocas\nSir Bernard Brocas, also Barnard Brocas Senior (1330–1395) was a prominent commander in the English army during King Edward III's French campaigns of the Hundred Years War. He was also a close friend of the Black Prince and William of Wykeham.Brocas was the son of Sir John Brocas of Clewer in Berkshire, a Master of the King's Horse. He grew up with the Black Prince at Windsor Castle, at a time of rebuilding by the Royal architect William of Wykeham.", "Robert Knolles\nSir Robert Knolles (c. 1325 – 15 August 1407) was an important English knight of the Hundred Years' War, who, operating with the tacit support of the Crown, succeeded in taking the only two major French cities, other than Calais and Poitiers, to fall to Edward III. His methods, however, earned him infamy as a freebooter and a ravager: the ruined gables of burned buildings came to be known as \"Knolly's mitres\".", "John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset\nJohn Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, KG (1403 – 27 May 1444) was an English nobleman and military commander.", "William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk\nWilliam de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk, KG (16 October 1396 – 2 May 1450), was an English commander in the Hundred Years' War and Lord High Admiral of England from 1447 until 1450. He was nicknamed Jackanapes. He also appears prominently in William Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 1 and Henry VI, Part 2. Already holder of the title Earl of Suffolk, he was granted the additional titles Marquess of Suffolk (1444), Earl of Pembroke (1447) and Duke of Suffolk (1448).", "Jean III de Grailly, captal de Buch\nSir Jean III de Grailly, Captal de Buch KG (d. Paris, 7 September 1376), son of Jean II de Grailly, Captal de Buch, Vicomte de Benauges, and Blanch de Foix, was a cousin of the Counts of Foix and a military leader in the Hundred Years' War who was praised by the chronicler Jean Froissart as an ideal of chivalry.Attached to the English side in the conflict, he was made Count of Bigorre by Edward III of England, and was also a founder and the fourth Knight of the Garter in 1348." ]	[ "John Lexington Sir John Lexington (or Lexinton or Lessington; also de Lexington) (died 1257) was a baron and royal official in 13th century England. He has been described as having been Lord Chancellor, but other scholars believe he merely held the royal seals while the office was vacant or the chancellor was abroad. He served two terms, once from 1247 to 1248, and again from 1249 to 1250.", "Hugh le Despenser, 1st Earl of Winchester Hugh le Despenser (1 March 1261 – 27 October 1326), sometimes referred to as \"the Elder Despenser\", was for a time the chief adviser to King Edward II of England.He was the son of Hugh le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer (or Despenser), and Aline Basset, only daughter and heiress of Philip Basset.", "Mary Bankes Lady Mary Bankes née Hawtry (c. 1598 – 11 April 1661) was a Royalist who defended Corfe Castle from a three-year siege during the English Civil War from 1643 to 1646. She was married to Sir John Bankes, Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas and Attorney-General of King Charles I.", "Bartholomew de Burghersh, 2nd Baron Burghersh Bartholomew de Burghersh, 2nd Baron Burghersh KG (bef. 1329 – 5 April 1369) was an English nobleman and soldier.", "Henry de Ferrers Henry de Ferrers (also known as Henri de Ferrières) was a Norman soldier from a noble family who took part in the conquest of England and is believed to have fought at the Battle of Hastings of 1066 and, in consequence, was rewarded with much land in the subdued nation.His elder brother William (French: Guillaume) fell in the battle. William and Henri were both sons of Vauquelin de Ferrers (d. ca. 1040) Seigneur of Ferrières-Saint-Hilaire, Eure in Upper Normandy.", "Studholme Hodgson Field Marshal Studholme Hodgson (1708 – 20 October 1798) was a British Army officer who served during the 18th century. After serving as an Aide-de-Camp to the Duke of Cumberland at the Battle of Fontenoy during the War of the Austrian Succession and at the Battle of Culloden during the Jacobite Rebellion, he became correspondent to William Barrington, the Secretary at War, during the French and Indian War.", "William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Lincoln and 1st Earl of Arundel (c. 1109 – 12 October 1176), also known as William d'Albini, William de Albini and William de Albini II, was an English nobleman. He was the son of William d'Aubigny \"Pincerna\" of Old Buckenham Castle in Norfolk, and Maud Bigod, daughter of Roger Bigod of Norfolk.", "George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend Field Marshal George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend, PC (28 February 1724 – 14 September 1807), known as The Viscount Townshend from 1764 to 1787, was a British soldier and politician. After serving at the Battle of Dettingen during the War of the Austrian Succession and the Battle of Culloden during the Jacobite Rising, Townshend took command of the British forces for the closing stages of the Battle of the Plains of Abraham during the Seven Years' War.", "Robert Fitzwalter Robert Fitzwalter (died 9 December 1235) was the leader of the baronial opposition against King John, and one of the twenty-five sureties of Magna Carta. He was feudal baron of Little Dunmow, Essex and constable of Baynard's Castle, in London, to which was annexed the hereditary office of castellain and chief banneret of the City of London.", "Hugh Bigod (Justiciar) Hugh Bigod (c. 1211 – 1266) was Justiciar of England from 1258 to 1260. He was a younger son of Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk.In 1258 the Provisions of Oxford established a baronial government of which Hugh's elder brother Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk was a leading member, and Hugh was appointed Chief Justiciar. He also had wardship of the Tower of London, and, briefly, of Dover Castle.", "Henry IV of England Henry IV (15 April 1367 – 20 March 1413) was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 1399 to 1413 and asserted the claim of his grandfather, Edward III, to the Kingdom of France. He was born at Bolingbroke Castle in Lincolnshire, hence his other name, Henry of Bolingbroke /ˈbɒlɪŋbrʊk/. His father, John of Gaunt, was the third son of Edward III, and enjoyed a position of considerable influence during much of the reign of Henry's cousin Richard II, whom Henry eventually deposed.", "Robert Harling (knight) Sir Robert Harling (died 9 September 1435) was an early member of the landed gentry, soldier and political strongman. The Norfolk villages of East Harling, West Harling, Harling Market and Larling were greatly under his control. Harling was a knight of the Shire, a Lord of the Manor and comptroller of the house of Edward IV. He married Jane Gonville, whose father established what was to become Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.", "Thomas Tresham (speaker) Sir Thomas Tresham (died 6 May 1471) was a British politician, soldier and administrator. He was the son of Sir William Tresham and his wife Isabel de Vaux, daughter of Sir William Vaux of Harrowden. Thomas's early advancement was due to his father's influence.", "William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury William Montagu, alias de Montacute, 1st Earl of Salisbury, 3rd Baron Montagu, King of Mann (1301 – 30 January 1344) was an English nobleman and loyal servant of King Edward III.The son of William Montagu, 2nd Baron Montagu, he entered the royal household at an early age and became a close companion of the young Prince Edward. The relationship continued after Edward was crowned king following the deposition of Edward II in 1327.", "Michael de Poynings, 1st Baron Poynings Michael de Poynings, 1st Baron Poynings, Knt. (c.1318 – 7 March 1369), of Bures St. Mary, Suffolk, was an English nobleman and soldier. He was present at the Battle of Crécy.Michael de Poynings was summoned to Parliament by writs direct to Michaeli de Ponynges from 20 November 1348 to 24 February 1368.", "Arthur Grey, 14th Baron Grey de Wilton Arthur Grey, 14th Baron Grey de Wilton (1536–1593) was a baron in the Peerage of England, remembered mainly for his memoir of his father, and for participating in the last defence of Calais.", "John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk, KG, Earl Marshal (c.1425 – 22 August 1485) was an English nobleman and soldier, and the first Howard Duke of Norfolk. He was a close friend and loyal supporter of King Richard III, with whom he was slain at the Battle of Bosworth.", "Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle, KG (died 3 March 1542) was an illegitimate son of King Edward IV, half-brother of Queen Elizabeth of York, and thus an uncle of King Henry VIII, at whose court he was a prominent figure and by whom he was appointed Lord Deputy of Calais (1533–40). The survival of a large collection of his correspondence in the Lisle Letters makes his life one of the best-documented of his era.", "Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg Friedrich Hermann (or Frédéric-Armand), 1st Duke of Schomberg, 1st Count of Mertola (originally von Schönberg), KG (6 December 1615 – 1 July 1690), was a marshal of France and a General in the English and Portuguese Army. He was killed at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690.", "Hugh Despenser the Younger Hugh le Despenser, 1st Lord Despenser (c. 1286 – 24 November 1326), also referred to as \"the younger Despenser\", was the son and heir of Hugh le Despenser, Earl of Winchester (the elder Despenser), and Isabella daughter of William, 9th Earl of Warwick. He rose to national prominence as royal chamberlain and a favourite of Edward II of England. A series of subsequent controversies eventually led to his being hanged, drawn and quartered.", "William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy (c.1478–1534), KG, of Barton Blount, Derbyshire, was an English courtier, scholar and patron of learning. He was one of the wealthiest English nobles of his time.", "William Brandon (standard-bearer) Sir William Brandon (1456 – 22 August 1485) of Soham, Cambridgeshire was Henry Tudor's standard-bearer at the Battle of Bosworth, where he was killed by King Richard III. He was the father of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk.", "John Grey (knight) Sir John Grey KG (c. 1387 – 27 August 1439), English nobleman and soldier, of Ruthin, Denbighshire, Wales, Badmondisfield (in Wickhambrook), Suffolk, Great Gaddesden, Hertfordshire, etc., second but eldest surviving son and heir apparent of Sir Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn by his 1st wife, Margaret Roos. He was also Captain of Gournay.He traveled with the king to France in 1415 and 1417.", "Walchelin de Ferriers Walchelin de Ferrieres (or Walkelin de Ferrers) (died 1201) was a Norman baron and principal captain of King Richard I of England.The Ferriers family hailed from the southern marches of Normandy and had previously protected the duchy from the hostility of the counts of Maine and Anjou. With the union of the domains of Anjou and Normandy in 1144, and the investment of Geoffrey V Plantagenet as duke of Normandy, most of this land lost its strategic importance.", "Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester Humphrey of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Gloucester, 1st Earl of Pembroke, KG (3 October 1390 – 23 February 1447), was \"son, brother and uncle of kings\", being the fourth and youngest son of King Henry IV of England by his first wife, Mary de Bohun, brother to King Henry V of England, and uncle to the latter's son, King Henry VI of England.Humphrey was the exemplar of the romantic chivalric persona. Mettled and courageous, he was a foil for the beautiful Jacqueline of Hainaut, his wife.", "Jean de Wavrin Jehan (or Jean) de Waurin (or Wavrin), lord of Le Forestier (Born near 1398, died near 1474) was a Burgundian soldier, politician, chronicler and compiler, also a bibliophile. He belonged to a noble family of Artois, and witnessed the battle of Agincourt from the French side, but later fought on the Anglo-Burgundian side in the later stages of the Hundred Years' War.", "Henry Hussey, 1st Baron Hussey Henry Hussey, 1st Baron Hussey (1265–1332) was an English soldier and politician. The father of the 2nd Baron Hussey, was described in 1309 as \"the son of the elder sister of Florence, widow of Walter de Insular (de L'Isle) and co-parencer with her, of Pulburough manor, Sussex\".Henry Hussey was married about 1290, to an Isabel. He was summoned to Parliament on 24 June 1295 and was returned for the following 30 years.", "William d'Aubigny, 3rd Earl of Arundel William d'Aubigny, 3rd Earl of Arundel, also called William de Albini IV, (before 1180 – 1 February 1221) was an English nobleman, a favourite of King John, and a participant in the Fifth Crusade.", "William II Longespée Sir William Longespée (c. 1212 – 8 February 1250) was an English knight, the son of William Longespée and Ela, Countess of Salisbury. His death became of significant importance to the English psyche, having died as a martyr due to the purported mistakes of the French at the Battle of Mansurah, near Al-Mansurah in Egypt.", "Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (of the first creation), Lord of Leinster, Justiciar of Ireland (1130 – 20 April 1176) was an English lord notable for his leading role in the Norman invasion of Ireland. Like his father, he was also commonly known by his nickname Strongbow (Norman French: Arc-Fort).", "Hamelin de Warenne, Earl of Surrey Hamelin de Warenne, Earl of Surrey (sometimes Hamelin of Anjou and, anachronistically, Hamelin Plantagenet (c.1129—1202) was an English nobleman who was prominent at the courts of the Angevin kings of England, Henry II, Richard I, and John.", "Jean de Vienne Jean de Vienne (1341 – 25 September 1396) was a French knight, general and Admiral of France during the Hundred Years' War.", "Edmund Bedingfield Sir Edmund Bedingfield or Bedingfeld (1479/1480 – 1553), Knight of the Bath.In 1523 Bedingfield was knighted by Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk for demonstrating bravery in the French Wars. In 1539 he inherited from his brother Robert the great estate of Oxburgh Hall, King's Lynn, Norfolk.He married Grace Marney (d.", "John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley, KG (25 December 1400 – 30 September 1487) was an English nobleman. A diplomat and councillor of Henry VI, he fought in several battles during the Hundred Years War and the Wars of the Roses, and acted as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 1428–1430.", "Roger Williams (soldier) Sir Roger Williams (1539/1540 – 12 December 1595) was a Welsh soldier of fortune and military theorist, who served the Protestant cause, fighting against the Spanish in several theatres of war. Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester said that as a soldier he was \"worth his weight in gold\". He was later a close associate of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, and became a national hero because of his exploits fighting the Catholic League.", "John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester KG (Eversden, 8 May 1427 – 18 October 1470) was an English nobleman and scholar, Lord High Treasurer, Lord High Constable and Deputy Governor of Ireland. He was known as the Butcher of England.", "Edmund Verney (Cavalier) Sir Edmund Verney (1 January 1590 or 7 April 1596 – 23 October 1642) was an English politician, soldier and favourite of King Charles I. At the outbreak of the English Civil War he supported the Royalist cause and was killed at the Battle of Edgehill.", "William Stanley (Battle of Bosworth) Sir William Stanley KG (c. 1435 – 10 February 1495) was an English soldier and the younger brother of Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby. Stanley fought with his troops in several battles of the Wars of the Roses.", "Bartholomew de Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere Bartholomew de Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere (circa 1275 - 14 April 1322), English soldier, diplomat, Member of Parliament, landowner and nobleman, was the son and heir of Gunselm de Badlesmere (died circa 1301). He fought in the English army both in France and Scotland during the later years of the reign of Edward I of England and the earlier part of the reign of Edward II of England. He was executed after participating in an unsuccessful rebellion led by the Earl of Lancaster.", "Robert Molesworth, 1st Viscount Molesworth Robert Molesworth, 1st Viscount Molesworth PC (7 September 1656 – 22 May 1725) came of an old Northamptonshire family. He married Letitia Coote, daughter of Richard Coote, 1st Lord Coote of Coloony and Mary St. George.His father Robert (d. 1656) was a Cromwellian who made a fortune in Dublin, largely by provisioning Cromwell's army; Robert Molesworth the younger supported William of Orange and was made William's ambassador to Denmark.", "François de La Rochefoucauld, Marquis de Montandre Field Marshal François de La Rochefoucauld, Marquis de Montandre, also known as Francis de La Rochefoucauld, (September 1672 - 11 August 1739) was a British soldier, who arrived in England as a Huguenot refugee. After serving as a junior officer during the Williamite War in Ireland, he was given command of Francis du Cambon's Regiment of Foot and led his regiment in the Low Countries during the Nine Years' War .", "William Skelhorn William Skelhorn was a blacksmith who reportedly lived in Mucklestone, Staffordshire, England in the 15th Century. Legend has it that he assisted in the escape of Queen Margaret of Anjou from the Battle of Blore Heath in 1459 by reversing the shoes of her horse. The anvil from the Mucklestone smithy stands in the church yard and has the \"nscription:\\This anvil came from the smithy when it was demolished and is believed to have been used by William Skelhorn in 1459.\"", "Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, 1st Earl of Ormond KG KB (c. 1477 – 12 March 1539) was an English diplomat and politician in the Tudor era. He was born at the family home, Hever Castle, Kent, which had been purchased by his grandfather Geoffrey Boleyn, who was a wealthy mercer. He was buried at St. Peter's parish church in the village of Hever. His parents were Sir William Boleyn (1451 – 10 October 1505) and Lady Margaret Butler (1454–1539).", "William FitzAldelm William FitzAldelm, FitzAdelm, FitzAldhelm, or FitzAudelin was a Norman noble from Suffolk or North Yorkshire. He was the son of Adelm de Burgate. He was an important as a courtier and took part in the Norman invasion of Ireland.", "First Barons' War The First Barons' War (1215–17) was a civil war in the Kingdom of England in which a group of rebellious major landowners (commonly referred to as barons) led by Robert Fitzwalter and supported by a French army under the future Louis VIII of France, made war on King John of England.The war resulted from the king's refusal to accept and abide by the Magna Carta which he had sealed on 15 June 1215, and from the ambitions of the French prince, who dragged the war on after many of the rebels had made peace with John.", "Michael de la Pole, 3rd Earl of Suffolk Michael de la Pole, 3rd Earl of Suffolk (1394 – 25 October 1415) was an English nobleman, the eldest son of Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of Suffolk and Katherine de Stafford.He brought 20 men-at-arms and 60 archers to France in 1415, in company with his father, who died at the Siege of Harfleur. Michael thus succeeded to his title, but enjoyed it only briefly. He was killed at the Battle of Agincourt, one of the few important English casualties of the battle.", "Catherine Woodville, Duchess of Buckingham Catherine Woodville (or Wydeville; c. 1458 – 18 May 1497) was an English medieval noblewoman, best known for her strategic marriages. She was the sister-in-law of King Edward IV of England and gave birth to several illustrious children. Catherine was the daughter of Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers, and Jacquetta of Luxembourg. When her sister Elizabeth married King Edward IV, the King elevated and promoted many members of the Woodville family.", "Joachim Rouault Joachim Rouault (died 1478), French soldier, was a member of an old family of Poitou. He attached himself to the dauphin (afterwards Louis XI) and became his premier squire. He followed Louis in his expedition against the Swiss in 1444, distinguished himself in the war against England in 1448, and received the posts of governor of Blaye and Fronsac and constable of Bordeaux.", "Jean Poton de Xaintrailles Jean Poton de Xaintrailles (1390? – 7 October 1461), a minor noble of Gascon origin, was one of the chief lieutenants of Joan of Arc. He served as master of the royal stables, as royal bailiff in Berry and as seneschal of Limousin. In 1454 he was appointed a Marshal of France. Jean Poton was a leading figure on the French side in the Hundred Years War.He fought at the battle of Verneuil in 1424.", "John Wallop Sir John Wallop (c. 1490 – 13 July 1551) was an English soldier and diplomat who belonged to an old Hampshire family from the town of Farleigh Wallop.", "William Maudit, 8th Earl of Warwick William Maudit (or Mauduit), 8th Earl of Warwick (c. 1220 – 8 January 1267) was an English nobleman and participant in the Barons' War.He was the son of Alice de Beaumont (daughter of the 4th Earl) and William de Maudit, and so was the grandson of Waleran de Beaumont, 4th Earl of Warwick.", "Edward la Zouche, 11th Baron Zouche Edward la Zouche, 11th Baron Zouche of Harringworth, Northamptonshire, 12th Baron St Maur (6 June 1556 – 18 August 1625) was an English diplomat. He is remembered chiefly for his lone vote against the condemnation of Mary, Queen of Scots, and for organising the ill-fated stag-hunt where his guest, the Archbishop of Canterbury, accidentally killed a man.", "John Wenlock, 1st Baron Wenlock John Wenlock, 1st Baron Wenlock KG (c.1400-04 - 1471) was an English diplomat, soldier, courtier and politician. He fought on the sides of both the Yorkists and the Lancastrians in the Wars of the Roses. He has been called \"the prince of turncoats\", although some historians suggest the label may not be fair.", "Treaty of Brétigny The Treaty of Brétigny was a treaty signed on 25 May 1360, between King Edward III of England and King John II (the Good) of France. In retrospect it is seen as having marked the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453)—as well as the height of English hegemony on the Continent.It was signed at Brétigny, a village near Chartres, and later ratified as the Treaty of Calais on 24 October 1360.", "Hugh le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer Hugh le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer (1223 – 4 August 1265) was an important ally of Simon de Montfort during the reign of Henry III. He served briefly as Justiciar of England in 1260 and as Constable of the Tower of London. Hugh Le Despenser, chief justiciar of England, first played an important part in1258, when he was prominent on the baronial side in the Mad Parliament ofOxford.", "Reginald de Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham Reginald de Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham, KG (c.1295–1361) was a medieval English knight and diplomat.", "John de Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk Sir John de Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk KG Earl Marshal (12 September 1415 – 6 November 1461) was an important player in the Wars of the Roses.He was the son of John Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk and Lady Katherine Neville. He succeeded to the hereditary office of Earl Marshal in 1432, on the death of his father.As he was under age at his father's death, he was placed under the protection of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester and in 1436 accompanied Gloucester on an expedition to relieve Calais.", "Falkes de Breauté Sir Falkes de Breauté (died 1226) (also spelled Fulk de Brent) was an Anglo-Norman soldier who earned high office by loyally serving first King John and later King Henry III in First Barons' War. He played a key role in the Battle of Lincoln Fair in 1217. He attempted to rival Hubert de Burgh, and as a result fell from power in 1224.", "Jacquetta of Luxembourg Jacquetta of Luxembourg, Countess Rivers (1415/1416 – 30 May 1472) was the eldest daughter of Peter I of Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol, Conversano and Brienne and his wife Margaret of Baux (Margherita del Balzo of Andria). She was a prominent, though often overlooked, figure in the Wars of the Roses. Through her short-lived first marriage to the Duke of Bedford, brother of King Henry V, she was firmly allied to the House of Lancaster.", "Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery (25 April 1621 – 16 October 1679) was a soldier, dramatist and politician from the British Isles who sat in the House of Commons of England at various times between 1654 and 1679. Lord Broghill, as Boyle was then called, fought in the Irish Confederate Wars (part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms) and subsequently became known for his antagonism towards Irish Catholics and their political aspirations. He was a noted playwright and writer on 17th century warfare.", "William Lockhart of Lee Sir William Lockhart of Lee (1621–1675), after fighting on the side of Charles I in the English Civil War, attached himself to Oliver Cromwell, whose niece he married, and who later appointed Lockhart commissioner for the administration of justice in Scotland in 1652. He was also the English ambassador at the French court in 1656, where he greatly distinguished himself by his successful diplomacy. He also served at the Battle of the Dunes.", "Richard Molesworth, 3rd Viscount Molesworth Field Marshal Richard Molesworth, 3rd Viscount Molesworth, PC (1680 – 12 October 1758), styled The Honourable Richard Molesworth from 1716 to 1726, was an Anglo-Irish military officer, politician and nobleman. He served with his regiment at the Battle of Blenheim before being appointed aide-de-camp to the Duke of Marlborough during the War of the Spanish Succession. During the Battle of Ramillies Molesworth offered Marlborough his own horse after Marlborough fell from the saddle.", "John Norreys Sir John Norreys (ca. 1547 – 3 July 1597), also frequently spelt John Norris, was an English soldier of a Berkshire family, the son of Henry Norris, 1st Baron Norreys a lifelong friend of Queen Elizabeth.The most acclaimed English soldier of his day, Norreys participated in every Elizabethan theatre of war: in the Wars of Religion in France, in Flanders during the Eighty Years' War of Dutch liberation from Spain, in the Anglo-Spanish War, and above all in the Tudor conquest of Ireland.", "Richard Cholmondeley Sir Richard Cholmondeley (or Cholmeley) (c. 1460–1521) was an English farmer and soldier, who served as Lieutenant of the Tower of London from 1513 to 1520 during the reign of Henry VIII. He is remembered because of his tomb at the Tower of London and because he is fictionalized as a character in Gilbert and Sullivan's darkly comic opera, The Yeomen of the Guard.", "William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton, KG (c. 1312 – 16 September 1360) was an English nobleman and military commander.", "Richard fitz Gilbert Richard fitz Gilbert (bef. 1035–c. 1090), was a Norman lord who participated in the Norman conquest of England in 1066, and was styled \"de Bienfaite\", \"de Clare\", and of \"Tonbridge\" from his holdings.", "William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (French:Guillaume) (1190 – 6 April 1231) was a medieval English nobleman and was one of the Magna Carta sureties. He fought during the First Barons' War and was present at the Battle of Lincoln (1217).", "William de Valence, 1st Earl of Pembroke William de Valence (died 18 May 1296), born Guillaume de Lusignan, was a French nobleman and knight who became important in English politics due to his relationship to Henry III. He was heavily involved in the Second Barons' War, supporting the King and Prince Edward against the rebels led by Simon de Montfort.", "Richard Waldegrave (soldier) Sir Richard Waldegrave (died 2 May 1434) was the son of Sir Richard Waldegrave. He had served in the Hundred Years' War and in 1402, was appointed to keep the seas (with the 4th Baron Clinton, the 5th Baron Fauconberg and Sir John Howard - grandfather of the 1st Duke of Norfolk), in which time he landed 10,000 men in Brittany and captured Conquet and the Île de Ré.He married Jane Montchensey and they had one son - Sir William Waldegrave.", "Walter Hungerford, 1st Baron Hungerford Walter Hungerford, 1st Baron Hungerford KG (1378–9 August 1449) was an English knight, landowner, from 1400 to 1414 Member of the House of Commons, of which he became Speaker, then was an Admiral and peer.He won renown in the Hundred Years War, fighting in many engagements, including the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. He was an English envoy at the Council of Constance in 1415. In 1417 he was made admiral of the fleet.", "Owain Lawgoch Owain Lawgoch, (English: Owain of the Red Hand, French: Yvain de Galles), full name Owain ap Thomas ap Rhodri (c. 1330 - July 1378), was a Welsh soldier who served in Spain, France, Alsace, and Switzerland. He led a Free Company fighting for the French against the English in the Hundred Years' War. As the last politically active descendant of Llywelyn the Great in the male line, he was a claimant to the title of Prince of Gwynedd and of Wales.", "Enguerrand VII, Lord of Coucy Enguerrand VII de Coucy, KG (1340 – 18 February 1397, in captivity at Bursa), also known as Ingelram de Coucy, was a 14th-century French nobleman, the last Sieur de Coucy, and the son-in-law of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. Following his marriage to Edward's daughter Isabella of England (1332–1382), Coucy also held the English title of 1st Earl of Bedford, among other English estates granted to the couple by Edward III.", "Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (c. 1275 – 23 June 1324) was a Franco-English nobleman. Though primarily active in England, he also had strong connections with the French royal house. One of the wealthiest and most powerful men of his age, he was a central player in the conflicts between Edward II of England and his nobility, particularly Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster. Pembroke was one of the Lords Ordainers appointed to restrict the power of Edward II and his favourite Piers Gaveston.", "Thomas Erpingham Sir Thomas Erpingham KG (c. 1355–1428) was an English knight who became famous as the commander of King Henry V's longbow wielding archers at the Battle of Agincourt. He was immortalised as a character in the play Henry V by William Shakespeare. It is, however, his lengthy and loyal service to John of Gaunt, Henry IV and Henry V, which contributed significantly to the establishment of the House of Lancaster upon the English throne, that is his true legacy.", "Ralph de Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford Ralph de Stafford, 2nd Baron Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford, KG (24 September 1301 – 31 August 1372) was an English nobleman and notable soldier during the Hundred Years War against France.", "John Beaumont, 4th Baron Beaumont John Beaumont, 4th Baron Beaumont KG (1361–1396) served in the Hundred Years' War against the partisans of Pope Clement VII.", "William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury (c. 1176 – 7 March 1226) \"\\Long Sword\", Latinised to de Longa Spatha) was an English noble, primarily remembered for his command of the English forces at the Battle of Damme and for remaining loyal to his half-brother, King John. His nickname \"Longespée\" is generally taken as a reference to his great size and the outsize weapons he wielded.", "John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford KG KB (8 September 1442 – 10 March 1513), the second son of John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford, and Elizabeth Howard, was one of the principal Lancastrian commanders during the English Wars of the Roses.He was the principal commander of King Henry VII's army at the Battle of Bosworth, and again led Henry's troops to victory at the Battle of Stoke two years later. He became one of the great men of the King's regime.", "Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter Thomas Beaufort, 1st Duke of Exeter KG (c. 1377 – c. 31 December 1426) was an English military commander during the Hundred Years' War, and briefly Chancellor of England. He was the third of the four born to John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, and his mistress Katherine Swynford. To overcome their problematic parentage, his parents were married in 1396, and he and his siblings were legitimated on two separate occasions, in 1390 and again in 1397.", "William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1146 or 1147 – 14 May 1219), also called William the Marshal (Norman French: Williame le Mareschal; Anglo-Norman: Guillaume le Marechal), was an English (or Anglo-Norman) soldier and statesman. Stephen Langton eulogized him as the \"best knight that ever lived.\" He served four kings – Henry II, Richard I, John, and Henry III – and rose from obscurity to become a regent of England for the last of the four, and so one of the most powerful men in Europe." ]	2
State capitals of the United States of America	[ "Columbia, South Carolina\nColumbia is the capital of and largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, with a population of 129,272 as of the 2010 United States Census. As of July 1, 2013, the city's population was estimated to be 133,358 (U.S. Census Bureau, July 2014 release). The city serves as the county seat of Richland County, and a portion of the city extends into neighboring Lexington County.", "List of capitals in the United States\nWashington, D.C. has been the capital of the United States since 1800. Eight other cities have served as the meeting place for the U.S. Congress and are therefore considered to have once been the capital of the United States. In addition, each of the fifty U.S. states and the five principal territories of the United States maintains its own capital.", "Saint Paul, Minnesota\nSaint Paul (/ˌseɪnt ˈpɔːl/; abbreviated St. Paul) is the capital and second-most populous city of the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2014, the city's estimated population was 297,640. Saint Paul is the county seat of Ramsey County, the smallest and most densely populated county in Minnesota. The city lies mostly on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area surrounding its point of confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Minneapolis, the state's largest city.", "Harrisburg, Pennsylvania\nHarrisburg (Pennsylvania German: Harrisbarig) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Dauphin County. With a population of 49,673, it is the ninth-largest city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.", "Pawnee, Kansas\nPawnee is a ghost town in Geary County, Kansas, United States, which served as the first official capital of the Kansas Territory in 1855. Pawnee was the territorial capital for exactly five days – from July 2 to July 6, 1855 – before pro-slavery legislators voted to move the capital to Shawnee Mission, which is located in present-day Fairway. It is believed to be one of the shortest-lived capitals of any U.S.", "Trenton, New Jersey\nTrenton is the capital city of the U.S. state of New Jersey and the county seat of Mercer County, as well as briefly the former capital of the United States of America. The city's metropolitan area is grouped with the New York metropolitan area by the United States Census Bureau, but directly borders the Philadelphia metropolitan area and is part of the Federal Communications Commission's Philadelphia Designated Market Area.", "Montpelier, Vermont\nMontpelier /mɒntˈpiːliər/is a city in the U.S. state of Vermont that serves as the state capital and the shire town (county seat) of Washington County. As the capital of Vermont, Montpelier is the site of the Vermont State House, seat of the legislative branch of Vermont government. The population was 7,855 at the 2010 census. By population, it is the smallest state capital in the United States. The Vermont College of Fine Arts and New England Culinary Institute are located in Montpelier.", "Dover, Delaware\nDover (/ˈdoʊvər/) is the capital and second largest city in the U.S. state of Delaware. It is also the county seat of Kent County, and the principal city of the Dover, DE Metropolitan Statistical Area, which encompasses all of Kent County and is part of the Philadelphia-Reading-Camden, PA-NJ-DE-MD Combined Statistical Area. It is located on the St. Jones River in the Delaware River coastal plain. It was named by William Penn for Dover in Kent, England.", "Jackson, Mississippi\nJackson is the capital of and the largest city in the state of Mississippi. It is located in Hinds County on the Pearl River, which drains into the Gulf of Mexico, and it is part of the Jackson Prairie region of the state.", "Frankfort, Kentucky\nFrankfort is the capital of the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the seat of Franklin County. Based on population it is the fifth-smallest state capital in the United States and a home rule-class city in Kentucky; the population was 25,527 at the 2010 census. Located on the Kentucky River, Frankfort is the principal city of the Frankfort, Kentucky Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Franklin and Anderson counties.", "Salem, Oregon\nSalem /ˈseɪləm/ is the capital of the U.S. state of Oregon, and the county seat of Marion County. It is located in the center of the Willamette Valley alongside the Willamette River, which runs north through the city. The river forms the boundary between Marion and Polk counties, and the city neighborhood of West Salem is in Polk County.", "Springfield, Illinois\nSpringfield is the capital of the U.S. state of Illinois and the county seat of Sangamon County with a population of 116,250, as of the 2010 U.S. Census, making it the sixth most populated city in the state. It is the largest city in central Illinois. As of 2013, the city's population was estimated to have increased to 117,006, with just over 211,700 residents living in the Springfield Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes Sangamon County and the adjacent Menard County.", "List of state capitols in the United States\nThis is a list of U.S. state and territorial capitol buildings in the United States and is not to be confused with a list of state capitals, which are the cities where these buildings are located.Most U.S. states (39 of the 50) have facilities named \"State Capitol\". Indiana and Ohio use the term \"Statehouse\" and eight states use \"State House\": Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Vermont. Delaware has a \"Legislative Hall\".", "Charleston, West Virginia\nCharleston is the capital and largest city of the State of West Virginia. It is located at the confluence of the Elk and Kanawha Rivers in Kanawha County. As of the 2013 Census Estimate, it had a population of 50,821, while its metropolitan area had 224,743. It is a center of government, commerce, and industry.Early industries important to Charleston included salt and the first natural gas well. Later, coal became central to economic prosperity in the city and the surrounding area.", "Boise, Idaho\nBoise (/bɔɪsi/) is the capital of, and most populous city of the U.S. state of Idaho, as well as the county seat of Ada County. Located on the Boise River in southwestern Idaho, the population of Boise at the 2010 Census was 205,671, the 99th largest in the nation. Its estimated population in 2013 was 214,237.The Boise-Nampa metropolitan area, also known as the Treasure Valley, includes five counties with a combined population of 664,422, the most populous metropolitan area in Idaho.", "Lansing, Michigan\nLansing /ˈlænsɪŋ/ is the capital of the U.S. state of Michigan. It is located mostly in Ingham County, although portions of the city extend west into Eaton County and north into Clinton County. The 2010 Census placed the city's population at 114,297, making it the fifth largest city in Michigan. The population of its Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) was 464,036, while the even larger Combined Statistical Area (CSA) population, which includes Shiawassee County, was 534,684.", "Honolulu\nHonolulu (/ˌhɒnəˈluːluː/ or /ˌhoʊnəˈluːluː/; Hawaiian pronunciation: [honoˈlulu]) is the state capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Hawaii. It is the county seat of the City and County of Honolulu. Hawaii is a major tourist destination and Honolulu, situated on the island of Oahu, is the main gateway to Hawaii and a major gateway into the United States.", "Hartford, Connecticut\nHartford is the capital of Connecticut and the historic seat of Hartford County until Connecticut disbanded county government in 1960. As of the 2010 Census, Hartford's population was 124,775, making it Connecticut's fourth-largest city after the coastal cities of Bridgeport, New Haven, and Stamford.Nicknamed the \"Insurance Capital of the World\", Hartford houses many insurance company headquarters, and insurance remains the region's major industry.", "Topeka, Kansas\nTopeka (/tɵˈpiːkə/; Kansa: Tó Pee Kuh) is the capital city of the State of Kansas and the seat of Shawnee County. It is situated along the Kansas River in the central part of Shawnee County, located in northeast Kansas, in the Central United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 127,473.", "Boston\nBoston (pronounced /ˈbɒstən/) is the capital and largest city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston also served as the historic county seat of Suffolk County until Massachusetts disbanded county government in 1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles (124 km2) with an estimated population of 655,884 in 2014, making it the largest city in New England and the 24th largest city in the United States.", "Baton Rouge, Louisiana\nBaton Rouge (/ˌbætən ˈruːʒ/; French for \"Red Stick\", French: Bâton-Rouge [batɔ̃ ʁuːʒ]) is the capital of the U.S. state of Louisiana and its second-largest city. The seat of East Baton Rouge Parish, the city is located on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River.As the \"Capital City\", Baton Rouge is the political hub for Louisiana, and is the second-largest metropolitan city in the state, with a growing population of 228,895 people as of 2014.", "Jefferson City, Missouri\nJefferson City is the capital of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2010 census, its population was 43,079, making it the 15th largest city in the state. It is also the county seat of Cole County, although a small portion of the city extends into Callaway County. It is the principal city of the Jefferson City metropolitan area, which has a population of 149,807 and encompasses both counties.", "Albany, New York\nAlbany (/ˈɔːlbəniː/ AWL-bə-nee) is the capital of the U.S. state of New York and the seat of Albany County. Roughly 135 miles (220 km) north of the City of New York, Albany developed on the west bank of the Hudson River, about 10 miles (16 km) south of its confluence with the Mohawk River. The population of the City of Albany was 97,856 according to the 2010 census.", "Richmond, Virginia\nRichmond (/ˈrɪtʃmənd/ RICH-mənd) is the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia, in the United States. It is the center of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) and the Greater Richmond Region. While it was incorporated in 1742, Richmond has been an independent city since 1871.As of the 2010 census, the population was 204,214; in 2014, the population was estimated to be 217,853, the fourth-most populous city in Virginia.", "Des Moines, Iowa\nDes Moines /dɨˈmɔɪn/ is the capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Iowa. It is also the county seat of Polk County. A small portion of the city extends into Warren County. It was incorporated on September 22, 1851, as Fort Des Moines which was shortened to \"Des Moines\" in 1857. It is named after the Des Moines River, which may have been adapted from the French Rivière des Moines, meaning \"River of the Monks\". The city's population was 203,433 as of the 2010 census.", "Carson City, Nevada\nCarson City, officially the Consolidated Municipality of Carson City, is an independent city and the capital of the state of Nevada, named after the mountain man Kit Carson. As of the 2010 census, the population was 55,274. The majority of the population of the town lives in Eagle Valley, on the eastern edge of the Carson Range, a branch of the Sierra Nevada.", "Denver\nThe City and County of Denver (/ˈdɛnvər/; Arapaho: Niinéniiniicíihéhe') is the capital and most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Colorado. As of 2014, Denver is also the most populous county in Colorado. Denver is located in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains.", "Raleigh, North Carolina\nRaleigh (/ˈrɑːli/; RAH-lee) is the capital of the state of North Carolina as well as the seat of Wake County in the United States. It is the second most populous city in North Carolina, after Charlotte. Raleigh is known as the \"City of Oaks\" for its many oak trees, which line the streets in the heart of the city. The city covers a land area of 142.8 square miles (370 km2). The U.S. Census Bureau estimates the city's population to be 431,746 as of July 1, 2013.", "Tallahassee, Florida\nTallahassee /ˌtæləˈhæsi/ is the capital of the U.S. state of Florida. It is the county seat and only incorporated municipality in Leon County, and is the 126th largest city in the United States. Tallahassee became the capital of Florida, then the Florida Territory, in 1824. In 2010, the population was 181,376, and the Tallahassee metropolitan area is 375,751 as of 2014.", "Austin, Texas\nAustin (About this sound pronunciation ) (/ˈɒːstɨn/ or /ˈɑːstɨn/) is the capital of the US state of Texas and the seat of Travis County. Located in Central Texas, Austin is the 11th-most populous city in the United States and the fourth-most populous city in Texas and in the American South. It was the third-fastest-growing large city in the nation from 2000 to 2006. Austin is also the second largest state capital in the United States, after Phoenix, Arizona.", "Lincoln, Nebraska\nLincoln /ˈlɪŋkən/ is the capital of the State of Nebraska and the second-most populous city in Nebraska. Lincoln is also the county seat of Lancaster County Lincoln is located in the southeastern part of Nebraska and is in the Lincoln metropolitan (statistical) area. Lincoln's population in 2014 was estimated at 272,996.Lincoln was founded as the village of Lancaster on the wild salt flats of what was to become Lancaster County.", "Annapolis, Maryland\nAnnapolis (/əˈnæpəlɨs/) is the capital of the U.S. state of Maryland, as well as the county seat of Anne Arundel County. Situated on the Chesapeake Bay at the mouth of the Severn River, 25 miles (40 km) south of Baltimore and about 30 miles (50 km) east of Washington, DC, Annapolis is part of the Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area.", "Atlanta\nAtlanta (/ætˈlæntə/, locally /ætˈlænə/) is the capital of and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia, with an estimated 2013 population of 447,841. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5,522,942 people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the United States.", "Little Rock, Arkansas\nLittle Rock is the capital and the most populous city of the U.S. state of Arkansas. It is also the county seat of Pulaski County. It was incorporated on November 7, 1831 on the south bank of the Arkansas River very near the geographic center of the state. The city derives its name from a small rock formation along the river, named \"La Petit Roche\" by the French in 1799. The capital of the Arkansas Territory was moved to Little Rock from Arkansas Post in 1821.", "Pierre, South Dakota\nPierre (/ˈpɪər/ PEER) (Lakota: čhúŋkaške; \"fort\") is the capital of the state of South Dakota and the county seat of Hughes County. The population was 13,646 at the 2010 census, making it the second least populous state capital after Montpelier, Vermont. Founded in 1880 on the Missouri River opposite Fort Pierre, Pierre has been the capital since South Dakota gained statehood on November 2, 1889, having been chosen for its location in the geographic center of the state.", "Washington, D.C.\nWashington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as \"Washington\", \"the District\", or simply \"D.C.\", is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16, 1790, approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country's East Coast. The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S.", "Augusta, Maine\nAugusta is the capital of the U.S. state of Maine and the county seat of Kennebec County.The city's population was 19,136 at the 2010 census, making it the third-smallest state capital (after Montpelier, Vermont and Pierre, South Dakota) and the eighth-largest city in Maine. Located on the Kennebec River at the head of tide, Augusta is home to the University of Maine at Augusta. Augusta is also the principal city in the Augusta-Waterville, ME Micropolitan Statistical Area.", "Helena, Montana\nHelena /ˈhɛlɨnə/ is the capital city of the U.S. State of Montana and the county seat of Lewis and Clark County. The 2010 census put the population at 28,190 and the Lewis and Clark County population at 63,395. Helena is the principal city of the Helena Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Lewis and Clark and Jefferson counties; its population is 77,414 according to the 2014 Census Estimate.The local daily newspaper is the Independent Record.", "Montgomery, Alabama\nMontgomery /mɒntˈɡʌməri/ is the capital of the U.S. state of Alabama and is the county seat of Montgomery County. Named for Richard Montgomery, it is located on the Alabama River, in the Gulf Coastal Plain. As of the 2010 Census, Montgomery had a population of 205,764. It is the second-largest city in Alabama, after Birmingham, and the 103rd largest in the United States. The Montgomery Metropolitan Statistical Area had a 2010 estimated population of 374,536.", "Madison, Wisconsin\nMadison is the capital of the State of Wisconsin and the county seat of Dane County. As of July 1, 2013, Madison had an estimated population of 243,344, making it the second largest city in Wisconsin, after Milwaukee, and the 83rd largest in the United States. The city forms the core of the United States Census Bureau's Madison Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Dane County and neighboring Iowa, Green, and Columbia counties.", "Nashville, Tennessee\nNashville is the capital of the U.S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Davidson County. Nashville is the second largest city in Tennessee, after Memphis, and is the fourth largest city in the Southeastern United States. It is located on the Cumberland River in the north-central part of the state. The city is a center for the music, healthcare, publishing, banking and transportation industries, and is home to numerous colleges and universities.", "Santa Fe, New Mexico\nSanta Fe (/ˌsæntəˈfeɪ/; (Tewa: Ogha Po'oge, Navajo: Yootó) is the capital of the state of New Mexico. It is the fourth-largest city in the state and is the seat of Santa Fe County. Santa Fe, founded in 1610, is the oldest capital city in the United States and the oldest city in New Mexico. Santa Fe (meaning \"holy faith\" in Spanish) had a population of 69,204 in 2012.", "Natchez, Mississippi\nNatchez is the county seat and only city of Adams County, Mississippi, United States. Natchez has a total population of 15,792 (as of the 2010 census). Located on the Mississippi River across from Vidalia in Concordia Parish, Louisiana, Natchez is some 90 miles (140 km) southwest of Jackson, the capital of Mississippi, and 85 miles (137 km) north of Baton Rouge, the capital of Louisiana. It is the 25th-largest city in the state.", "Bismarck, North Dakota\nBismarck (/ˈbɪzˌmɑːrk/) is the capital of the U.S. state of North Dakota and the county seat of Burleigh County. It is the second most populous city in North Dakota after Fargo. The city's population was 61,272 at the 2010 census, while its metropolitan population was 129,517. In 2015, Forbes magazine ranked Bismarck as the seventh fastest-growing small city in the United States. Bismarck was founded in 1872 and has been North Dakota's capital city since the state was created from the Dakota Territory and admitted to the Union in 1889.", "Louisville, Georgia\nLouisville is a city in Jefferson County, Georgia, United States. It was an early capital of Georgia and is the county seat of Jefferson County. It is located southwest of Augusta on the Ogeechee River, and its population was 2,712 at the 2000 census. Though the name is of French origin, it is pronounced \"Lewis-ville.\"Louisville was laid out in 1786 as the prospective state capital. Georgia became a state in 1788.", "Concord, New Hampshire\nConcord /ˈkɒŋ.kərd/ is the capital city of the U.S. state of New Hampshire and the county seat of Merrimack County. As of the 2010 census, its population was 42,695.Concord includes the villages of Penacook, East Concord and West Concord. The city is home to the University of New Hampshire School of Law, New Hampshire's only law school; St. Paul's School, a private preparatory school; New Hampshire Technical Institute, a two-year community college; and the Granite State Symphony Orchestra.", "Juneau, Alaska\nThe City and Borough of Juneau (/ˈdʒuːnoʊ/; Tlingit: Dzánti K'ihéeni [ˈtsántʰì kʼìˈhíːnì]) is the capital city of Alaska. It is a unified municipality located on the Gastineau Channel in the Alaskan panhandle, and it is the second largest city in the United States by area. Juneau has been the capital of Alaska since 1906, when the government of what was then the District of Alaska was moved from Sitka as dictated by the U.S. Congress in 1900.", "Charlotte Amalie, U.S. Virgin Islands\nCharlotte Amalie (/ˈʃɑrlət əˈmɑːljə/ or /-ˈæməliː/), located on St. Thomas, is the capital and largest city of the U.S. Virgin Islands, founded in 1666 as Taphus (meaning \"beer houses\" or \"beer halls\"). In 1691, the town was renamed to Amalienborg (in English Charlotte Amalie) after Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel (1650–1714), queen consort to King Christian V of Denmark.", "Cheyenne, Wyoming\nCheyenne (/ʃaɪˈæn/ shy-AN or /ʃaɪˈɛn/) (Arapaho: Hítesííno'óowú' ) is the capital and most populous city of the US state of Wyoming and the county seat of Laramie County. It is the principal city of the Cheyenne, Wyoming, Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses all of Laramie County. The population was 59,466 at the 2010 census.", "Salt Lake City\nSalt Lake City, often shortened to Salt Lake or SLC is the capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Utah. With an estimated population of 191,180 in 2013, the city lies at the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, which has a total population of 1,153,340 (2014 estimate). Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area.", "Indianapolis\nIndianapolis /ˌɪndiəˈnæpɵlɨs/ is the capital of the U.S. state of Indiana and the county seat of Marion County. With an estimated population of 843,393 in 2013, Indianapolis is the largest city in Indiana, second largest in the American Midwest, and 14th largest in the U.S. The Indianapolis metropolitan area is the 33rd largest metropolitan area in the U.S., with nearly 2 million inhabitants.", "Oklahoma City\nOklahoma City is the capital and largest city of the state of Oklahoma. The county seat of Oklahoma County, the city ranks 27th among United States cities in population. The population grew following the 2010 Census, with the population estimated to have increased to 620,602 as of July 2014." ]	[ "Prince Kuhio Federal Building The Prince Kūhiō Federal Building, formally the Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Federal Building and United States Courthouse, is the official seat of the United States federal government and its local branches of various agencies and departments in the state of Hawaiʻi.", "Hawaii State Capitol The Hawaii State Capitol is the official statehouse or capitol building of the U.S. state of Hawaii. From its chambers, the executive and legislative branches perform the duties involved in governing the state. The Hawaii State Legislature—composed of the twenty-five member Hawaii State Senate led by the President of the Senate and the fifty-one member Hawaii State House of Representatives led by the Speaker of the House—convenes in the building.", "Ohio Statehouse The Ohio Statehouse, located in Columbus, Ohio, is the house of government for the state of Ohio. The Greek Revival building houses the Ohio General Assembly and the ceremonial offices of the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Treasurer, and Auditor.", "Demographics of the United States As of September 12, 2015, the United States has a total resident population of 321,729,000, making it the third most populous country in the world. It is very urbanized, with 81% residing in cities and suburbs as of 2014 (the worldwide urban rate is 54%). California and Texas are the most populous states, as the mean center of U.S. population has consistently shifted westward and southward.", "Capitol Hill (Salt Lake City) Capitol Hill in Salt Lake City gets its name from the Utah State Capitol prominently overlooking downtown. In addition, Capitol Hill can be considered a neighborhood of Salt Lake City.", "California California (/ˌkælɨˈfɔrnjə/ KAL-ə-FORN-yə, /ˌkælɨˈfɔrniə/ KAL-ə-FAWR-nee-ə) is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is the most populous U.S. state, with 38 million people, and the third largest state by area (after Alaska and Texas). California is bordered by Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, and the Mexican state of Baja California to the south.", "Geographic centers of the United States This is a list of geographic centers of each U.S. state. Note that the geographical center of the entire U.S. is northeast of Belle Fourche in Butte County, South Dakota 44°58′N 103°46′W, while that of the contiguous 48 is near Lebanon in Smith County, Kansas 39°50′N 98°35′W. The geographic center of North America lies near Rugby, North Dakota 48°22′2″N 99°59′46″W, though this designation has no official status.", "United States Capitol subway system The subway system of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. consists of three underground electric people mover systems that connect the United States Capitol to the House and Senate office buildings.", "List of tallest buildings by U.S. state The following is a list of the tallest buildings by U.S. state. Forty are in their respective state's largest city and 18 are in their state's capital city. The tallest building in the U.S. by architectural height is currently One World Trade Center in New York, which is approximately 1,776 feet —more than the combined heights of the tallest buildings in Wyoming, Vermont, Maine, South Dakota, North Dakota, and Idaho.", "List of cities and census-designated places in Alaska Alaska is a state situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent.", "Sacramento, California Sacramento (/ˌsækrəˈmɛntoʊ/) is the capital city of the U.S. state of California and the seat of government of Sacramento County. It is at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River in the northern portion of California's expansive Central Valley. Its estimated 2014 population of 485,199 made it the sixth-largest city in California.", "Old State House (Boston) The Old State House is a historic building in Boston, Massachusetts, at the intersection of Washington and State Streets. Built in 1713, it was the seat of the Massachusetts General Court until 1798, and is one of the oldest public buildings in the United States. One of the landmarks on Boston's Freedom Trail, it is the oldest surviving public building in Boston, and now serves as a history museum operated by the Bostonian Society. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960.", "Idaho Idaho (/ˈaɪdəhoʊ/) is a state in the northwestern region of the United States. Idaho is the 14th largest, the 39th most populous, and the 7th least densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's largest city and capital is Boise. Residents are called \"Idahoans\". Idaho was admitted to the Union on July 3, 1890, as the 43rd state.Idaho is a mountainous state with an area larger than that of all of New England.", "List of American Civil War battles The Battles of the American Civil War were fought between April 12, 1861 and May 12–13, 1865 in 23 states (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia) and the District of Columbia, as well as the following territories (Arizona Territory, Colorado Territory, Dakota Territory, Indian Territory, New Mexico Territory, and Washington Territory) and naval engagements.For lists of battles organized by campaign and theater, see: Eastern Theater of the American Civil War Western Theater of the American Civil War Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War Pacific Coast Theater of the American Civil War Lower Seaboard Theater of the American Civil War Category:Battles of the American Civil WarSome battles have more than one name; e.g., the battles known in the North as Battle of Antietam and Second Battle of Bull Run were referred to as the battles of Sharpsburg and Manassas by the South.", "New Jersey State House The New Jersey State House is located in Trenton and is the capitol building for the U.S. state of New Jersey. Built in 1790, it is the second-oldest state house in continuous legislative use in the United States; only the Maryland State Capitol in Annapolis is older. The building houses both chambers of the Legislature (the Senate and the General Assembly), as well as offices for the Governor, Lieutenant Governor and several state government departments.", "Utah Territorial Statehouse The Utah Territorial Statehouse in Fillmore, Utah, USA, was built between 1852 and 1855. After becoming a territory in 1850, Utah's leaders chose Fillmore as the territory's capital city, and the statehouse was constructed to be the area's first capitol building. Only the south wing of the proposed building was ever built, and it was soon abandoned, as the capital was moved to Salt Lake City.", "Wyoming State Capitol The Wyoming State Capitol is the state capitol and seat of government of the U.S. state of Wyoming. Built between 1886 and 1890, the capitol is located in Cheyenne and contains the chambers of the Wyoming State Legislature and well as the office of the Governor of Wyoming. It was designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark during 1987.", "Northwest, Washington, D.C. Northwest (NW or N.W.) is the northwestern quadrant of Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, and is located north of the National Mall and west of North Capitol Street.", "King David Kalakaua Building The King David Kalakaua Building in Honolulu, Hawaii is a government building formerly known as the U.S. Post Office, Customhouse, and Courthouse. It was the official seat of administration in the Territory of Hawaii and state of Hawaii for the United States federal government.", "District of Columbia voting rights Voting rights of citizens in the District of Columbia differ from the rights of citizens in each of the 50 U.S. states. The United States Constitution grants each state voting representation in both houses of the United States Congress. As the U.S. capital, the District of Columbia is a special federal district, not a state, and therefore does not have voting representation in the Congress.", "Pennsylvania State Capitol Complex The Pennsylvania State Capitol Complex, located in downtown Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, is the administrative hub of the government of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. At the center of the complex is the State Capitol with its gilt and marble halls, vast rotunda, murals and sculpture, sparkling crystals and gold leaf.", "Palace of the Governors The Palace of the Governors (1610) is an adobe structure located on Palace Avenue on the Plaza of Santa Fe, New Mexico, between Lincoln Avenue and Washington Avenue. It is within the Santa Fe Historic District and it served as the seat of government for the state of New Mexico for centuries. The Palace of the Governors is the oldest continuously occupied public building in the United States.", "Oklahoma State Capitol The Oklahoma State Capitol is the house of government of the U.S. state of Oklahoma. It is the building that houses the Oklahoma Legislature and executive branch offices. It is located along Lincoln Boulevard in Oklahoma City. The present structure includes a dome completed in 2002. The building is a National Historic Landmark.Oklahoma's first capital was Guthrie, Oklahoma, but it moved to Oklahoma City in 1910. Construction began on the Oklahoma State Capitol in 1914 and was completed in 1917.", "Pacific States The Pacific States form one of the nine geographic divisions within the United States that are officially recognized by that country's census bureau. There are five states in this division – Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, Washington – and, as its name suggests, they all have coastlines on the Pacific Ocean (and are the only American states that border that ocean).", "Kentucky State Capitol The Kentucky State Capitol is located in Frankfort and is the house of the three branches (executive, legislative, judicial) of the state government of the Commonwealth of Kentucky. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.", "Massachusetts State House The Massachusetts State House, also known as the Massachusetts Statehouse or the \"New\" State House, is the state capitol and house of government of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, located in the Beacon Hill/Downtown neighborhood of Boston. The building houses the Massachusetts General Court (state legislature) and the offices of the Governor of Massachusetts. The building, designed by noted architect Charles Bulfinch, was completed in 1798, and has repeatedly been enlarged since.", "Illinois State Capitol The Illinois State Capitol, located in Springfield, Illinois, is the building that houses the executive and legislative branches of the government of the U.S. state of Illinois. The current structure is the sixth to serve as capitol since Illinois became a part of the United States in 1818. The capitol is in the architectural style of the French Renaissance and was designed by Cochrane and Garnsey, an architecture and design firm based in Chicago.", "Historical capitals of China The Chinese phrase Four Great Ancient Capitals of China (simplified Chinese: 中国四大古都; traditional Chinese: 中國四大古都; pinyin: Zhōngguó Sì Dà Gǔdū) traditionally refers to Beijing (the current capital of the People's Republic), Nanjing, Luoyang, and Chang'an (Xi'an).Due to additional evidence discovered since the 1930s, other historical capitals have been included in the list.", "Capital districts and territories A capital territory or capital district is normally a specially designated administrative division where a country's seat of government is located. As such, in a federal model of government, no state or territory has any political or economic advantage relative to the others because of the national capital lying within its borders.", "State of the State address The State of the State Address is a speech customarily given once each year by the governors of each of the states of the United States (although the terminology for this speech differs for some states: in Iowa, the speech is called the Condition of the State Address; in Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia it is called the State of the Commonwealth Address.).", "Iowa State Capitol The Iowa State Capitol, seat of the Iowa General Assembly, is located in Iowa's capital city, Des Moines, and houses the Iowa Senate, Iowa House of Representatives, the Office of the Governor, and the Offices of the Attorney General, Auditor, Treasurer, and Secretary of State. The building also includes a chamber for the Iowa Supreme Court, although court activities usually take place in the neighboring Iowa Supreme Court building.", "List of U.S. state partition proposals Article Four of the United States Constitution provides for the creation of new states in the Union, requiring that any such creation be approved by the legislature of the affected state(s), and by the United States Congress. Since the adoption of the U.S. Constitution, four states have been created from parts of an existing state: Maine (from Massachusetts), West Virginia (from Virginia), Kentucky (also from Virginia), and Vermont (from a disputed territory between New York and New Hampshire).", "Ohio Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ.oʊ/ is a state in the Midwestern United States. Ohio is the 34th largest (by area), the 7th most populous, and the 10th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's capital and largest city is Columbus.The state takes its name from the Ohio River. The name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning \"great river\" or \"large creek\".", "California State Capitol The California State Capitol is home to the government of California. The building houses the bicameral state legislature and the office of the governor.Located in Sacramento, the Neoclassical structure was completed between 1861 and 1874 at the west end of Capitol Park, which is framed by L Street to the north, N Street to the south, 10th Street to the west, and 15th Street to the east.", "Coahuila y Tejas Coahuila y Tejas (Coahuila and Texas) was one of the constituent states of the newly established United Mexican States under its 1824 Constitution.It had two capitals: first Saltillo, and then Monclova.", "ISO 3166-2:US ISO 3166-2:US is the entry for the United States in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.Currently for the United States, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for the following subdivisions: 50 states 1 district (i.e., the District of Columbia, the capital of the country, also known as Washington D.C.) 6 outlying areas (including the United States Minor Outlying Islands, a collection of nine islands or groups of islands)Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen.", "West Virginia State Capitol The West Virginia State Capitol is the seat of government for the U.S. state of West Virginia, and houses the West Virginia Legislature and the office of the Governor of West Virginia. Located in Charleston, West Virginia, the building was dedicated in 1932. Along with the West Virginia Executive Mansion it is part of the West Virginia Capitol Complex, a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places.", "Northeast, Washington, D.C. Northeast (NE or N.E.) is the northeastern quadrant of Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States.", "District of Columbia statehood movement The District of Columbia statehood movement is a political movement that advocates making the District of Columbia a U.S. state. As the national capital, the District of Columbia is a federal district under the direct jurisdiction of the United States Congress. Statehood would grant the District voting representation in the Congress and full control over local affairs.", "51st state The \"51st state\", in post-1959 American political discourse, is a phrase that refers to areas or locales that are – seriously or facetiously – considered candidates for U.S. statehood, joining the 50 states that presently compose the United States of America.", "History of Washington, D.C. The history of Washington, D.C., is tied to its role as the capital of the United States. Originally inhabited by an Algonquian-speaking people known as the Nacotchtank, the site of the District of Columbia along the Potomac River was first selected by President George Washington. The city came under attack during the War of 1812 in an episode known as the Burning of Washington.", "List of Australian capital cities There are eight capital cities in Australia, Each of which function as the seat of government for the state or territory in which they are located. Melbourne was the initial capital following the 1901 Federation of Australia. In 1927, the seat of national government was moved to the newly created city of Canberra, which continues to serve as the national capital to this day.Each capital city hosts the judicial, administrative and legislative functions for their jurisdiction.", "Nebraska State Capitol The Nebraska State Capitol, located in Lincoln, Nebraska, houses the primary executive, judicial, and legislative offices of the U.S. State of Nebraska.", "List of state and union territory capitals in India India is a country located in southern Asia. With over 1.2 billion people, India is the most populous democracy in the world. It is a federal constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system consisting of 29 states and 7 union territories. All states, as well as the union territories of Puducherry and the National Capital Territory of Delhi, have elected legislatures and governments, both patterned on the Westminster model.", "The Capital The Capital is a daily newspaper published in Annapolis, Maryland since 1884. Its sister newspaper, The Gazette, is one of the oldest newspapers in America, its origins dating back to the early 18th century. The Capital serves the city of Annapolis, much of Anne Arundel County, and neighboring Kent Island in Queen Anne's County.", "Florida State Capitol On the site of the Capitol Complex, in Tallahassee, Florida, USA, are four very different buildings. The oldest is the nineteenth-century Old Capitol, restored and shrunken to its 1902 state. The other three are the House and Senate chambers and a twenty-two story Executive Office Building, sometimes called the New Capitol.The Old Capitol is an architecturally and historically significant building, having been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.", "Urban redevelopment in Sacramento, California The City of Sacramento, which serves as the state capital of California, was founded in December 1848 by John Sutter. The following year, California's Gold Rush brought an influx of \"forty-niners\" and, shortly thereafter, goods, services, and industry to meet the needs of the booming population.", "Montana State Capitol The Montana State Capitol is the state capitol of the U.S. state of Montana. It houses the Montana State Legislature and is located in the state capital of Helena at 1301 East Sixth Avenue. The building was constructed between 1896 and 1902 with wing-annexes added between 1909 and 1912.", "Old State Capitol State Historic Site (Illinois) The Old State Capitol State Historic Site, in Springfield, Illinois, is the fifth capitol building built for the U.S. state of Illinois. It was built in the Greek Revival style in 1837–1840, and served as the state house from 1840 to 1876. It is the site of candidacy announcements by Abraham Lincoln in 1858 and Barack Obama in 2007.", "Georgia State Capitol The Georgia State Capitol, in Atlanta, Georgia, in the United States, is an architecturally and historically significant building. It has been named a National Historic Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the main office building of Georgia's government. The offices of the governor, lieutenant governor, and secretary of state are on the second floor, while the General Assembly meets on the third floor from January to April.", "Federal government of the United States The government of the United States of America is the federal government of the republic of fifty states that constitute the United States, as well as one capital district, and several other territories. The federal government is composed of three distinct branches: legislative, executive and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U.S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the federal courts, including the Supreme Court, respectively.", "List of current United States governors The following is a list of incumbent governors of the states, and territories of the United States. There are currently 31 Republicans, 18 Democrats, and one independent that hold the office of governor in the states. Additionally, two Republicans, two Independents and two Democrats (one is also a member of the PPD) serve as governors of United States Territories and Mayor of the District of Columbia.", "American Capital of Culture The non-governmental organization American Capital of Culture Organization selects one city in the Americas annually to serve as the American Capital of Culture for a period of one year. The organization claims the initiative is based closely on the European Capital of Culture program; it enjoys the backing of the hemisphere-wide Organization of American States, but the OAS is not involved in the selection process.", "Federal capital A federal capital is a political entity, often a municipality or capital city, that enjoys primary status as a seat of government in a federal state. A federal capital is typically a city that physically encompasses the offices and meeting places of its respective government, where its location and relationship to subnational states are fixed by law or federal constitution.", "United States Capitol The United States Capitol, often called Capitol Hill, is the seat of the United States Congress, the legislative branch of the U.S. federal government. It sits atop Capitol Hill, at the eastern end of the National Mall in Washington, D.C..", "Commonwealth (U.S. state) \"Commonwealth\" is a nomenclature used by four of the constituent states of the United States of America in their official, full state names. These states are Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. The four are among the first 15 states to join the Union.", "Washington State Capitol The Washington State Capitol or Legislative Building in Olympia is the home of the government of the state of Washington. It contains chambers for the Washington State Legislature and offices for the governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state and treasurer and is part of a campus consisting of several buildings. Buildings for the Washington Supreme Court, executive agencies and the Washington Governor's Mansion are part of the capitol campus.", "Geography of the United States The term \"United States\", when used in the geographical sense,is the contiguous United States, the state of Alaska, the island state of Hawaii, the five insular territories of Puerto Rico, Northern Mariana Islands, U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa, and minor outlying possessions. The United States shares land borders with Canada and Mexico and maritime (water) borders with Russia, Cuba, and the Bahamas in addition to Canada and Mexico.", "Geographic center of the contiguous United States The geographic center of the contiguous United States is the center of 48 U.S. states. It has been regarded as such by the U.S. National Geodetic Survey (NGS) since the 1912 additions of New Mexico and Arizona to the United States.", "New Mexico State Capitol The New Mexico State Capitol, located in Santa Fe, New Mexico, is the house of government of the U.S. state of New Mexico. It is the only round state capitol in the United States, and is known informally as \"the Roundhouse\".", "Colorado State Capitol The Colorado State Capitol Building, located at 200 East Colfax Avenue in Denver, Colorado, is the home of the Colorado General Assembly and the offices of the Governor of Colorado and Lieutenant Governor of Colorado. The building is intentionally reminiscent of the United States Capitol. Designed by Elijah E. Myers, it was constructed in the 1890s from Colorado white granite, and opened for use in November 1894.", "Old State House (Little Rock) The Old State House is a historic building in Little Rock, Arkansas, USA. It is the oldest surviving state capitol building west of the Mississippi River. It is known best as the site of President Bill Clinton's election night celebration in 1992.The Old State House was commissioned by Territorial Governor John Pope and was constructed between 1833 and 1842.", "Idaho State Capitol The Idaho State Capitol in Boise is the home of the government of the state of Idaho. Although Lewiston, Idaho, briefly served as Idaho's capital from the formation of Idaho Territory in 1863, the territorial Legislature moved the capital to Boise on December 24, 1864.Construction of the original capitol building began in the summer of 1906, 16 years after Idaho gained statehood. Architects were John E. Tourtellotte and Charles Hummel.", "Capital city A capital city (or simply capital) is the municipality enjoying primary status in a country, state, province, or other region, usually as its seat of government. A capital is typically a city that physically encompasses the offices and meeting places of its respective government; the status as capital is often designated by its law or constitution. In some jurisdictions, including several countries, the different branches of government are located in different settlements.", "Washington National Cathedral The Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul in the City and Diocese of Washington, operated under the more familiar name of Washington National Cathedral, is a cathedral of the Episcopal Church located in Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States.", "North Carolina State Capitol The North Carolina State Capitol is the former seat of the legislature of the U.S. state of North Carolina. Currently housing the offices of the Governor of North Carolina, it is located in the state capital of Raleigh on Union Square at One East Edenton Street. The cornerstone of the Greek Revival building was laid with Masonic honors by the Grand Master of the State Simmons Jones Baker on July 4, 1833. Construction was completed in 1840.", "New York State Capitol The New York State Capitol is the capitol building of the U.S. state of New York. Housing the New York State Legislature, it is located in the state capital city Albany as part of the Empire State Plaza on State Street in Capitol Park. The building, completed in 1899 at a cost of $25 million (worth approximately half a billion current dollars). It was the most expensive government building of its time.", "Tennessee State Capitol The Tennessee State Capitol, located in Nashville, Tennessee, is the home of the Tennessee legislature, the location of the governor's office, and a National Historic Landmark. Designed by architect William Strickland, it is one of Nashville's most prominent examples of Greek Revival architecture. It is one of only twelve state capitols (along with those of Alaska, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Louisiana, Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, and Virginia) that does not have a dome.", "Maryland State House The Maryland State House is located in Annapolis and is the oldest state capitol in continuous legislative use, dating to 1772. It houses the Maryland General Assembly and offices of the Governor and Lieutenant Governor. The capitol has the distinction of being topped by the largest wooden dome in the United States constructed without nails. The current building, which was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960, is the third statehouse on its site.", "Virginia State Capitol The Virginia State Capitol is the seat of state government of the Commonwealth of Virginia, located in Richmond, the third capital city of the U.S. state of Virginia. It houses the oldest legislative body in the Western Hemisphere, the Virginia General Assembly, first established as the House of Burgesses in 1619. The Capitol was conceived of by Thomas Jefferson and Charles-Louis Clérisseau in France.", "Progress of the State Progress of the State is the title of a group of sculptural figures that sits above the south portico, at the main entrance to the Minnesota State Capitol in Saint Paul, the state capital of the U.S. state of Minnesota.The statuary group is in an arrangement known as a quadriga, consisting of a chariot pulled by four horses. Three human figures: two women and a man are included.", "Contiguous United States The contiguous United States consists of the 48 adjoining U.S. states plus Washington, D.C. (federal district), on the continent of North America.", "Minnesota State Capitol The Minnesota State Capitol is located in the U.S. state of Minnesota's capital, Saint Paul, and houses the Minnesota Senate, Minnesota House of Representatives, the office of the Attorney General and the office of the Governor. The building also includes a chamber for the Minnesota Supreme Court, although court activities usually take place in the neighboring Minnesota Judicial Center. The building is set in a landscaped campus. Various monuments are to its sides and front.", "Residence Act The Residence Act of 1790, officially titled An Act for establishing the temporary and permanent seat of the Government of the United States, is the United States federal law that settled the question of locating the capital of the United States, selecting a site along the Potomac River. The federal government was located in New York City at the time the bill was passed and had previously been located in Philadelphia, Annapolis, and several other locations.", "Government of Texas The government of Texas operates under the Constitution of Texas and consists of a unitary democratic state government that uses the Dillon Rule, as well as governments at the county and municipal levels.Austin is the capital of Texas. The State Capitol resembles the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., but is faced in Texas pink granite and is topped by a statue of the \"Goddess of Liberty\" holding aloft a five-point Texas star.", "Indiana State House The Indiana Statehouse is the state capitol building of the U.S. state of Indiana. Housing the Indiana General Assembly, the office of the Governor of Indiana, the Supreme Court of Indiana, and other state officials, it is located in the state capital Indianapolis at 200 West Washington Street. Built in 1888, it is the fifth building to house the state government.The first statehouse, located in Corydon, Indiana, is still standing and is maintained as a state historic site.", "Kansas State Capitol The Kansas State Capitol, known also as the Kansas Statehouse, is the building housing the executive and legislative branches of government for the U.S. state of Kansas. It is located in the city of Topeka, which has served as the capital of Kansas since it became a state in 1861.", "Oregon State Capitol The Oregon State Capitol is the building housing the state legislature and the offices of the governor, secretary of state, and treasurer of the U.S. state of Oregon. It is located in the state capital, Salem. The current building, constructed from 1936 to 1938, and expanded in 1977, is the third to house the Oregon state government in Salem.", "Alaska State Capitol The Alaska State Capitol is located in the state capital of Juneau at the corner of East 4th Street and Main Street. It houses the Alaska Legislature and the offices for the governor of Alaska and lieutenant governor of Alaska.", "Arizona State Capitol The Arizona State Capitol in Phoenix, Arizona, United States, was the last home for Arizona's Territorial government, until Arizona became a state in 1912. Initially all three branches of the new state government occupied the four floors of the statehouse. As the state expanded the branches relocated to adjacent buildings and additions. The 1901 portion of the Capitol is now maintained as the Arizona Capitol Museum with the mission to Connect People to Arizona Government - Past and Present.", "Phoenix, Arizona Phoenix (/ˈfiːnɪks/) is the capital, and largest city, of the state of Arizona. With 1,445,632 people (as of the 2010 U.S. Census), Phoenix is the most populous state capital in the United States, as well as the sixth most populous city nationwide.Phoenix is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area, also known as the Valley of the Sun, which in turn is a part of the Salt River Valley.", "History of New York City (1784–1854) The history of New York City (1784–1854) started with the establishment of the city as the capital of the United States under the Congress of the Confederation from January 11, 1785 to Autumn 1788, and then under the United States Constitution from its ratification in 1789 until moving to Philadelphia in 1790. The city grew as an economic center with the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825; the growth of its railroads would complete its dominance.", "Old Capitol Prison The Old Brick Capitol in Washington, D.C., served as temporary Capitol of the United States from 1815 to 1819, then as a private school, a boarding house and during the American Civil War a prison known as the \"Old Capitol Prison.\" Razed in 1929, its site is now occupied by the U.S. Supreme Court building.", "List of state-named roadways in Washington, D.C. As the capital of the United States, 51 roadways in Washington, D.C. are named after each state and the territory of Puerto Rico. Many of these roadways are major avenues that serve as the city's principal traffic arteries.", "List of U.S. states' largest cities by population This is a list of the five most populous incorporated places in each U.S. state by population, as of the 2010 United States Census. State capitals are designated in italics.Outside of Hawaii and Maryland, census-designated places (CDPs) are excluded.", "United States The United States of America (USA), commonly referred to as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major territories and various possessions. The 48 contiguous states and Washington, D.C., are in central North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is located in the northwestern part of North America and the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific.", "Washington metropolitan area The Washington metropolitan area is the metropolitan area centered on Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. The area includes all of the federal district and parts of the U.S. states of Maryland and Virginia, along with a small portion of West Virginia.The Washington metropolitan area is the most educated and, by some measures, the most affluent metropolitan area in the United States. As of the 2014 U.S.", "Pennsylvania State Capitol The Pennsylvania State Capitol is the seat of government for the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and is in downtown Harrisburg. It was designed in 1902 in a Beaux-Arts style with decorative Renaissance themes throughout." ]	8
National capitals situated on islands	[ "Tórshavn\nTórshavn (IPA: [ˈtʰɔuʂhaun]; Danish: Thorshavn) is the capital and largest city of the Faroe Islands, a country situated between Scotland and Iceland. Tórshavn is located in the southern part on the east coast of Streymoy. To the northwest of the city lies the 347-meter (1,138 ft) high mountain Húsareyn, and to the southwest, the 350-meter (1,150 ft) high Kirkjubøreyn.", "Dublin\nDublin (/ˈdʌblɨn/, Irish: Baile Átha Cliath [blʲa:ˈklʲiəh]) is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Dublin is in the province of Leinster on Ireland's east coast, at the mouth of the River Liffey. The city has an urban area population of 1,273,069. The population of the Greater Dublin Area, however, as of Census 2011 was 1,801,040 persons.Founded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin became Ireland's principal city following the Norman invasion.", "Port Vila\nPort Vila /ˌpɔərt ˈviːlə/ is the capital and largest city of Vanuatu and is located on the island of Efate.Its population in the last census (2009) was 44,040, an increase of 50% on the previous census result (29,356 in 1999). In 2009, the population of Port Vila formed 18.8% of the country's population, and 66.9% of the population of Efate.Situated on the south coast of the island of Efate, in Shefa Province, Port Vila is the economic and commercial centre of Vanuatu.", "Road Town\nRoad Town, located on Tortola, is the capital of the British Virgin Islands. It is situated on the horseshoe-shaped Road Harbour in the centre of the island's south coast. The population was about 9,400 in 2004.The name is derived from the nautical term \"the roads\", a place less sheltered than a harbour but which ships can easily get to.", "Malé\nMalé (/ˈmɑːl.eɪ/, local pronunciation: [ˈmɑːlɛ] Maldivian: މާލެ) is the capital and most populous city in the Republic of Maldives. With a population of 153,379 and an area of 5.8 km2, it is also one of the most densely populated cities in the world. The city is geographically located at the southern edge of North Malé Atoll (Kaafu Atoll).", "Kingston, Jamaica\nKingston (/ˈkɪŋstən/ or US /ˈkɪŋztən/) is the capital and largest city of Jamaica, located on the southeastern coast of the island. It faces a natural harbour protected by the Palisadoes, a long sand spit which connects the town of Port Royal and the Norman Manley International Airport to the rest of the island. In the Americas, Kingston is the largest predominantly English-speaking city south of the United States.The local government bodies of the parishes of Kingston and St.", "Jakarta\nJakarta /dʒəˈkɑrtə/, officially known as the Special Capital Region of Jakarta (Indonesian: Daerah Khusus Ibu Kota Jakarta), is the capital and largest city of Indonesia, (though Jakarta is also a province) and one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world.Located on the northwest coast of Java, Jakarta is the country's economic, cultural and political centre, and with a population of 9,761,407 as of December 2012, it is the most populous city in Indonesia and in Southeast Asia.", "West Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands\nWest Island is the capital of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. The population is roughly 120. It is the less populous of the two inhabited islands (the other is Home Island). It was part of the Clunies-Ross plantation and an airstrip was built here during World War II. As well as all the government buildings, it contains the airport, a general store and tourist accommodation. In November 2013 it was revealed that the Australian Signals Directorate operates a listening station on West Island.", "Palikir\nPalikir (/ˈpælɪˌkɪər/) is a town and the capital of the Federated States of Micronesia in the western Pacific Ocean. It is part of the much larger Sokehs municipality, which had a population of 7000 as of 2009, with 106,487 being the total population of the country. It is situated on the northwest side of Pohnpei island (population 33,000) a high volcanic island surrounded by a fringing coral reef. Nearby to the northeast is the island's largest settlement, the coastal town of Kolonia.", "Auckland\nAuckland (/ˈɔːklənd/ AWK-lənd), in the North Island of New Zealand, is the largest and most populous urban area in the country. Auckland has a population of 1,413,700, which constitutes 31 percent of the country's population. It is part of the wider Auckland Region, which includes the rural areas and towns north and south of the urban area, plus the islands of the Hauraki Gulf, resulting in a total population of 1,527,100 that is governed by the Auckland Council.", "Saipan\nSaipan /saɪˈpæn/ is the largest island of the Northern Mariana Islands, a commonwealth of the United States in the western Pacific Ocean. According to the 2010 United States Census, Saipan's population was 48,220.The Commonwealth's center of government is located in the village of Capitol Hill on the island. As the entire island is organized as a single municipality, most publications term Saipan as the Commonwealth's capital.The current Mayor of Saipan is David M.", "Victoria, Seychelles\nVictoria (sometimes called Port Victoria) is the capital city of the Seychelles and is situated on the north-eastern side of Mahé island, the archipelago's main island. The city was first established as the seat of the British colonial government.", "Jamestown, Saint Helena\nJamestown is the capital and historic chief settlement of the island of Saint Helena, in the South Atlantic Ocean. Located on the island's north-western coast, is the island's port, with facilities for unloading goods delivered to the island, and the centre of the island's road and communications network. It was founded when English colonists settled on the island in 1659; St Helena is the second-oldest remaining British territory, after Bermuda.", "Honiara\nHoniara /ˌhoʊnɪˈɑːrə/ is the capital city of Solomon Islands, administered as a provincial town on the northwestern coast of Guadalcanal Island. As of 2009 it had a population of 64,609 people.", "Pangai\nPangai is the administrative capital village of the Haʻapai Group in Tonga.", "London\nLondon /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1.12-square-mile (2.9 km2) medieval boundaries and in 2011 had a resident population of 7,375, making it the smallest city in England.", "Conakry\nConakry (Sosso: Kɔnakiri) is the capital and largest city of Guinea. Conakry is a port city on the Atlantic Ocean and serves as the economic, financial and cultural centre of Guinea. Its population was estimated in 2009 at 1,667,864. Originally situated on Tombo Island, one of the Îles de Los, it has since spread up the neighboring Kaloum Peninsula.The current population of Conakry is difficult to ascertain, although the U.S. Bureau of African Affairs has estimated it at 2 million.", "Manama\nManama (Arabic: المنامة‎ Al Manāma) is the capital and largest city of Bahrain, with an approximate population of 157,000 people. Long an important trading center in the Persian Gulf, Manama is home to a very diverse population.", "List of national capitals in alphabetical order\nThis is a list of national capitals in alphabetical order, including territories and dependencies, non-sovereign states including associated states and entities whose sovereignty is disputed. Sovereign states are shown in bolded text.", "Wellington\nWellington (/ˈwɛlɪŋtən/) is the capital city and second most populous urban area of New Zealand, with 393,600 residents. It is located at the south-western tip of the North Island, between Cook Strait and the Rimutaka Range. It is the major population centre of the southern North Island, and is the administrative centre of the Wellington Region, which also includes the Kapiti Coast and Wairarapa.", "Kingston, Norfolk Island\nKingston (Norf'k laengwij Daun a'Taun) is the capital of the Australian South Pacific Territory of Norfolk Island. The vice-regal, legislative, administrative and judicial offices are all located in Kingston. The town is the second-oldest in Australia, and is of great historical and cultural significance to all Norfolk Islanders and other Australians.", "Santa Catarina, Cape Verde\nSanta Catarina is a concelho (municipality) of Cape Verde. It is situated in the western part of the island of Santiago. Its seat is the town Assomada. Its population was 44,388 at the 2013 census.", "Honolulu\nHonolulu (/ˌhɒnəˈluːluː/ or /ˌhoʊnəˈluːluː/; Hawaiian pronunciation: [honoˈlulu]) is the state capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Hawaii. It is the county seat of the City and County of Honolulu. Hawaii is a major tourist destination and Honolulu, situated on the island of Oahu, is the main gateway to Hawaii and a major gateway into the United States.", "Ngerulmud\nNgerulmud is the capital of the Republic of Palau, an island nation in the Pacific Ocean. It replaced Koror, Palau's largest city, as capital in 2006. The settlement is located in the state of Melekeok on Babeldaob, the country's largest island, located 20 kilometres (12 miles) northeast of Koror and 2 km (1 mile) northwest of Melekeok village.", "Suva\nSuva is the capital and the second most populated municipality of Fiji, after Nasinu. It is on the southeast coast of the island of Viti Levu, in the Rewa Province, Central Division. In 1877, it was decided to make Suva the capital of Fiji when the geography of former main European settlement at Levuka on the island of Ovalau proved too restrictive. The administration of the colony was moved from Levuka to Suva in 1882.Suva is Fiji's political and administrative capital.", "Georgetown, Ascension Island\nGeorgetown is the capital and chief settlement of Ascension Island, Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha, situated on the west coast of the island.The town is centred on St Mary's Church, part of the Anglican Diocese of St Helena and the former Exiles Club, built as a Royal Marines barracks at the time of Napoleon's exile to Saint Helena in the early 19th century.", "Tokyo\nTokyo (東京, Tōkyō, \"Eastern Capital\") (Japanese: [toːkjoː], English /ˈtoʊki.oʊ/), officially Tokyo Metropolis (東京都, Tōkyō-to), is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan, and is both the capital and largest city of Japan. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous metropolitan area in the world. It is the seat of the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government. Tokyo is in the Kantō region on the southeastern side of the main island Honshu and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands.", "Denpasar\nDenpasar (Indonesian: Kota Denpasar, Indonesian pronunciation: [denˈpasar], Balinese alphabet: ᬤᬾᬦ᭄ᬧᬲᬃ) is the capital of Bali. Situated on the Bali island, it is known worldwide as a major tourist destination, and is the main gateway to Bali.", "Adamstown, Pitcairn Islands\nAdamstown is the only settlement on, and as such, the capital of, the Pitcairn Islands.", "Apia\nApia is the capital and the largest city of Samoa. From 1900 to 1919, it was the capital of the German Samoa. The city is located on the central north coast of Upolu, Samoa's second largest island. Apia is the only \"city\" in Samoa and falls within the political district (itūmālō) of Tuamasaga.The Apia Urban Area has a population of 36,735 (2011 Census) and is generally referred to as the City of Apia.", "São Tomé\nSão Tomé (population 56,166 in 2005) is the capital city of São Tomé and Príncipe and is by far the nation's largest town. Its name is Portuguese for \"Saint Thomas\".", "Majuro\nMajuro /ˈmædʒəroʊ/ (Marshallese: Mājro, [mʲæzʲ(ɛ͡ʌ)rˠɤ͡oo̯]) is a large coral atoll of 64 islands in the Pacific Ocean and forms a legislative district of the Ratak Chain of the Marshall Islands. The atoll has a land area of 9.7 square kilometres (3.7 sq mi) and encloses a lagoon of 295 square kilometres (114 sq mi).", "Okiato\nOkiato or Old Russell is a small holiday spot in the Bay of Islands, New Zealand, seven km south of present-day Russell. It was New Zealand's first national capital, for a short time from 1840 to 1841, before the seat of government was moved to Auckland. The car ferry across the Bay of Islands, the main tourist access to Russell, runs between Okiato and Opua.", "San Juan, Puerto Rico\nSan Juan (/ˌsæn ˈhwɑːn/; Spanish pronunciation: [saŋ ˈxwan], Saint John) is the capital and most populous municipality in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, an unincorporated territory of the United States. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 395,326 making it the 46th-largest city under the jurisdiction of the United States. San Juan was founded by Spanish colonists in 1521, who called it Ciudad de Puerto Rico \"\\Rich Port City\").", "Manila\nManila (Philippine English: /məˈnɪlə/; Filipino: Maynilà) is the capital city of the Philippines.", "Oranjestad, Aruba\nOranjestad (Dutch pronunciation: [oːˈrɑɲəˌstɑt]; literally \"Orange Town\") is the capital and largest city of Aruba. Oranjestad is located on the southern coast near the western end of the island country. In the local language, Papiamento, Oranjestad is often referred to simply as \"Playa\". In 2010 the population of the capital was estimated at just under 30,000.", "Reykjavík\nReykjavík (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈreiːcaˌviːk], English /ˈreɪkjəˌvik/) is the capital and largest city of Iceland. Its latitude, at 64°08' N, makes it the world's northernmost capital of a sovereign state and a popular tourist destination. It is located in southwestern Iceland, on the southern shore of the Faxaflói Bay.", "Cockburn Town\nCockburn Town (/ˈkoʊbərn/ KOH-bərn) is the capital city of the Turks and Caicos Islands.", "South Tarawa\nSouth Tarawa (in Gilbertese Tarawa Teinainano) is the capital and hub of the Republic of Kiribati and home to approximately half of Kiribati's total population.", "Port Moresby\nPort Moresby (/ˌpɔərt ˈmɔərzbi/; Tok Pisin: Pot Mosbi), also referred to as Moresby and Pom Town, is the capital and largest city of Papua New Guinea (PNG). It is located on the shores of the Gulf of Papua, on the southeastern coast of the Papuan Peninsula of the island of New Guinea. The city emerged as a trade centre in second half of the 19th century.", "Belfast\nBelfast (/ˈbɛl.fɑːst/ or /ˈbɛl.fæst/; from Irish: Béal Feirste, meaning \"mouth of the sandbanks\") is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland (United Kingdom). Most of Belfast, including the city centre, is in County Antrim, but parts of East and South Belfast are in County Down. It is on the flood plain of the River Lagan.By population before the 2015 council reform, Belfast was the 17th largest city in the United Kingdom and the second largest on the island of Ireland.", "Dili\nDili (Portuguese: Díli) is the capital, largest city, chief port and commercial centre of East Timor.", "George Town, Cayman Islands\nGeorge Town is a city situated on Grand Cayman island of the Cayman Islands. It serves as the capital of the Cayman Islands, in the British West Indies. As of 2007, the city had a population of 28,836, making it the second largest city (by population) of all the British Overseas Territories.George Town is the heart of the Cayman Islands financial services industry (there are close to 600 Bank and Trust companies in the Cayman Islands). The Caymanian government offices are located in the city.", "Outline of the Marshall Islands\nThe following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the Marshall Islands:The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) is a sovereign Micronesian island nation located in the western North Pacific Ocean, north of Nauru and Kiribati, east of the Federated States of Micronesia, and south of the U.S. territory of Wake Island, to which it lays claim.", "Singapore\nSingapore (/ˈsɪŋəpɔr/ or /ˈsɪŋɡəpɔr/), officially the Republic of Singapore, and often referred to as the Lion City, the Garden City, and the Red Dot, is a leading global city-state and island country in Southeast Asia. It lies at the southernmost tip of continental Asia, one degree (137 km; 85 mi) north of the equator, and is separated from Peninsular Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to the north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the Singapore Strait to the south.", "Copenhagen\nCopenhagen (IPA /ˌkoʊpənˈheɪɡən/; Danish: København [kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn] (About this sound listen)), historically known as the capital of the Denmark-Norway union, is the capital and most populated city of Denmark, with an urban population of 1,263,698 (as of 1 January 2015) and a metropolitan population of 1,992,114 (as of 1 January 2015). It is situated on the eastern coast of Zealand, 164 km (102 mi) east of Odense and 28 km (17 mi) northwest of Malmö, Sweden.", "Avarua\nAvarua (meaning \"Two Harbors\" in Cook Islands Māori) is a town and district in the north of the island of Rarotonga, and is the national capital of the Cook Islands.The town is served by Rarotonga International Airport (IATA Airport Code: RAR) and Avatiu Harbour.The population of Avarua District is 5,445 (census of 2006).", "Port Louis\nPort Louis (French: Port-Louis) is the capital city of Mauritius, located in the Port Louis District, the western part also lies in the Black River District. Port Louis is the country's economic, cultural, political centre and most populous city. It is administered by the Municipal City Council of Port Louis. According to the 2012 census conducted by Statistics Mauritius, the population was 148,001.", "Praia\nPraia (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈpɾajɐ], meaning \"beach\", in both Portuguese and Cape Verdean Creole), is the capital and largest city of Cape Verde, an island nation in the Atlantic Ocean west of Senegal. It lies on the southern coast of Santiago island in the Sotavento Islands group. It is the island's ferry port and is home to one of the nation’s four international airports.", "Stanley, Falkland Islands\nStanley (/ˈstænli/; also known as Port Stanley) is the capital of the Falkland Islands. It is located on the island of East Falkland, on a north-facing slope in one of the wettest parts of the islands." ]	[ "Columbia Island (District of Columbia) Columbia Island is an island located in the Potomac River in Washington, D.C., in the United States. It formed naturally as an extension of Analostan Island in the latter part of the 1800s, and over time erosion and flooding severed it from Analostan. The U.S. federal government deposited material dredged from the Potomac River on the island between 1911 and 1922, and again from 1925 to 1927. The island was also reshaped by the government at this time.", "Saint Anne, Alderney St Anne or Saint Anne is the capital and the main town of Alderney in the Channel Islands, located about 10 miles (15 km) off the coast of Auderville in the Manche department of the Basse-Normandie region of north-western France. As of 2010, it has an estimated population of 2,000, compared to an estimated 2,400 who actually live on the island; they have traditional names such as \"vaques\" (French for cows) and \"lapins\" (French for rabbits, given after the rabbits found in the island).", "Mahibadhoo Mahibadhoo (Dhivehi: މަހިބަދޫ) is the capital of Alif Dhaal Atoll.Mahibadhoo is the capital island of Alif Dhaal Atoll. Situated 42knot South West of Male’, the island measures 1.5 miles in length and 0.75 miles in width. Important places in Mahibadhoo include the Secretriate of A dh.", "Northern Mariana Islands The Northern Mariana Islands, officially the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI; Chamorro: Sankattan Siha Na Islas Mariånas), is one of five inhabited American insular areas. It is one of two territories with \"commonwealth\" status; the other is Puerto Rico. It consists of fifteen islands in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. The CNMI and Guam together comprise the Marianas archipelago. The United States Department of the Interior cites a landmass of 183.5 square miles (475.26 km2).", "Taro Island Taro Island is a small island in the Solomon Islands with 507 inhabitants, capital of Choiseul Province and is located in Choiseul Bay off the northwest coast.Taro Island is home to the Choiseul Bay Airport, served by Solomon Airlines with flights to Gizo and other destinations.In September 2012, groundbreaking for the construction of a police housing project began. The project will be supervised by the Choiseul Province police board, and will strengthen police presence on the island.", "Northwestern Hawaiian Islands The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands or the Leeward Islands are the small islands and atolls in the Hawaiian island chain located northwest (in some cases, far to the northwest) of the islands of Kauai and Niihau. They are part of the U.S. state of Hawaii except Midway Atoll, which is an unorganized, unincorporated United States territory with temporary residential facilities and is administered by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.", "Bonaire Bonaire (/boʊˈnɛər/; Dutch: Bonaire, Papiamentu: Boneiru) is an island in the Leeward Antilles in the Caribbean Sea. Together with Aruba and Curaçao, it forms the group known as the ABC islands, located off the north coast of South America near the western part of Venezuela. Bonaire's capital is Kralendijk.", "Lomaiviti Islands The Lomaiviti (pronounced [lomaiˈβitʃi]) archipelago of Fiji consists of seven main islands and a number of smaller ones. They cover a total area of 411 square kilometers, and had a population of 16,461 at the most recent census in 2007. The largest town, with a population of 3,745 in 1996, is Levuka, which was Fiji's first modern town and served as the capital from 1871 to 1877.", "New Providence New Providence is the most populous island in the Bahamas, containing more than 70% of the total population. It also houses the national capital city, Nassau. The island was originally under Spanish control following Christopher Columbus's discovery of the New World, but the Spanish government showed little interest in developing the island (and the Bahamas as a whole). Nassau, the island's largest city, was formerly known as Charles-town but was burned to the ground by the Spanish in 1684.", "Saint Thomas Middle Island Parish Saint Thomas Middle Island is one of 14 administrative parishes that make up Saint Kitts and Nevis. It is the third largest parish on the island of Saint Kitts, and fourth largest in the federation. The parish capital is Middle Island.", "Islands District The Islands District (Chinese: 離島區) is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong. It is part of the New Territories. It had a population of 137,122 in 2009.Hong Kong consists of a peninsula and 236 islands. The Islands District consists of some twenty large and small islands which lie to the south and southwest of Hong Kong.With an area that is 16% of Hong Kong and a population that is 2% of Hong Kong, the Islands District is the largest in terms of area and also the least populated.", "Governors Island National Monument Governors Island National Monument is located in Manhattan, New York City on 22 acres (89,000 m2) of Governors Island, a 172-acre (0.70 km2) island located a few hundred meters off the southern tip of Manhattan Island at the confluence of the Hudson and East Rivers in New York Harbor.", "Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area The Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area is a National Recreation Area situated among the islands of Boston Harbor of Boston, Massachusetts. The area is made up of a collection of islands, together with a former island and a peninsula, many of which are open for public recreation and some of which are very small and best suited for wildlife. The area is run by the Boston Harbor Islands Partnership.", "Government Buildings Government Buildings (Irish: Tithe an Rialtais) is a large Edwardian building enclosing a quadrangle on Merrion Street in Dublin, Ireland, in which several key offices of the Government of Ireland are located. It was originally shared between the Dublin Castle administration and the Royal College of Science for Ireland.", "ABC islands (Lesser Antilles) The ABC islands are the three western-most islands of the Leeward Antilles in the Caribbean Sea that lie north of Falcón State, Venezuela. From west to east they are, in order Aruba, Curaçao, and Bonaire. All three islands are part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, although they remain outside the European Union. Aruba and Curaçao are autonomous, self-governing constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, while Bonaire is a special municipality of the Netherlands proper.", "Olonkinbyen Olonkinbyen or Olonkin City (Norwegian: Olonkinbyen) is a settlement on the Norwegian island of Jan Mayen, named after explorer Gennady Olonkin.Olonkinbyen houses the staff that operates the weather station and the radio station. Currently there are 18 members stationed in Olonkinbyen who make up the entirety of the island's population, therefore making it the de facto capital of Jan Mayen, though there is no legally defined capital.", "Capitol of Puerto Rico The Capitol of Puerto Rico (Spanish: Capitolio de Puerto Rico) is located on the Islet of San Juan just outside the walls of Old San Juan. The building is home to the bicameral Legislative Assembly, composed of the House of Representatives and Senate. The building is located in the Puerta de Tierra sector of San Juan.The Capitol is also commonly referred to as the Palace of the Laws (Spanish: Palacio de las Leyes).", "Island Park Drive Island Park Drive is a short, but important and scenic, north-south street in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is one of several parkways in Ottawa administered by the National Capital Commission providing scenic routes throughout Canada's capital region. This street is lined with luxury homes and several embassies. The north end links up with the Sir John A. Macdonald Parkway and the Champlain Bridge, which crosses the Ottawa River into Gatineau, Quebec.", "Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands Saint Thomas (Spanish: Santo Tomás; Dutch: Sint-Thomas; Danish: Sankt Thomas) is one of the Virgin Islands in the Caribbean Sea and, together with St. John. St. Croix, and Water Island, forms a county and constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands (USVI), an unincorporated territory of the United States. Located on the island is the territorial capital and port of Charlotte Amalie.", "National Carillon The National Carillon, situated on Aspen Island in central Canberra, Australia is a large carillon managed and maintained by the National Capital Authority on behalf of the Commonwealth of Australia.", "Charlestown, Saint Kitts and Nevis Charlestown is the capital of the island of Nevis, in the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis, Leeward Islands, West Indies. Charlestown is situated on the leeward side of the island of Nevis, near the southern end of Pinneys Beach. Historically, in colonial times, the town of Charlestown was protected by Fort Charles to the south and Fort Black Rocks to the north.", "Grande Île (Strasbourg) Grande Île is the historic centre of the city of Strasbourg in France. Its name means \"Large Island\", and derives from the fact that it is an island surrounded on one side by the main channel of the Ill River and on the other side by the Canal du Faux-Rempart, a canalised arm of that river. Grand Île was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988.", "City Island (Pennsylvania) City Island is a mile-long island in the Susquehanna River between Harrisburg and Wormleysburg, Pennsylvania in the United States. It is used mainly for leisure and sports activities. Its previous names have included Turkey Island, Maclay's Island, Forster's Island and Hargast Island.The island contains archaeological remains of the Susquehannocks and the Iroquois tribes, who at one time established settlements here.", "Loyalty Islands The Loyalty Islands (French: Îles Loyauté) are an archipelago in the Pacific. They are part of the French territory of New Caledonia, whose mainland is 100 km (62 mi) away. They form the Loyalty Islands Province (province des îles Loyauté), one of the three provinces of New Caledonia. It has 17,000 people living on almost 2,000 km2. The native inhabitants are the Kanak people and the Tavu'avua' people.", "Île Royale Île Royale (Royal Island) is the largest and westernmost island of the three Îles du Salut, in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of French Guiana. As the largest island, with an area of 28 hectares, it was used as the centre for administration when the islands were used as a penal settlement. With an elevation of 66 metres, the island is the highest of the group.", "Channel Islands The Channel Islands (Norman: Îles d'la Manche, French: Îles Anglo-Normandes or Îles de la Manche) are an archipelago of British Crown Dependencies in the English Channel, off the French coast of Normandy. They include two separate bailiwicks: the Bailiwick of Jersey and the Bailiwick of Guernsey. They are considered the remnants of the Duchy of Normandy, and are not part of the United Kingdom.", "Puerto Baquerizo Moreno Puerto Baquerizo Moreno is the capital of Galápagos Province, Ecuador. It is located on the southwestern coast of San Cristóbal, the easternmost island in the archipelago, and is the capital of San Cristóbal Canton. It was founded by General Villamil Playas in the mid-19th century, and takes its name from President Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno (1859–1951).", "British Windward Islands The British Windward Islands was a British colony existing between 1833 and 1960 and consisting of the islands of Grenada, St Lucia, Saint Vincent, the Grenadines, Barbados (the seat of the governor until 1885, when it returned to its former status of a completely separate colony), Tobago (until 1889, when it was joined to Trinidad), and (from 1940) Dominica, previously included in the British Leeward Islands.The colony was known as the Federal Colony of the Windward Islands from 1871 to June 1956, and then as the Territory of the Windward Islands until its dissolution in 1960.The capital was Bridgetown on Barbados, from 1871 to 1885, and thereafter Saint George's on Grenada.", "Lilliput and Blefuscu Lilliput and Blefuscu are two fictional island nations that appear in the first part of the 1726 novel Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift. The two islands are neighbours in the South Indian Ocean, separated by a channel eight hundred yards wide. Both are inhabited by tiny people who are about one-twelfth the height of ordinary human beings. Both kingdoms are empires, i.e. realms ruled by a self-styled emperor. The capital of Lilliput is Mildendo.", "Island Number Ten Island Number Ten was an island in the Mississippi River near Tiptonville, Tennessee and the site of a major eponymous battle in the American Civil War.In the mid-19th century the United States Government began to adopt a uniform numbering plan for islands in the Lower Mississippi River (that part of the river below its confluence with the Ohio River near Cairo, Illinois). This system assigned each major island a number, which increased in the downstream direction.", "Caroline Island Caroline Island or Caroline Atoll (also known as Millennium Island and Beccisa Island), is the easternmost of the uninhabited coral atolls which comprise the southern Line Islands in the central Pacific Ocean.First sighted by Europeans in 1606, claimed by the United Kingdom in 1868, and part of the Republic of Kiribati since the island nation's independence in 1979, Caroline Island has remained relatively untouched and is considered one of the world's most pristine tropical islands, despite guano mining, copra harvesting, and human habitation in the 19th and 20th centuries.", "List of state capitols in the United States This is a list of U.S. state and territorial capitol buildings in the United States and is not to be confused with a list of state capitals, which are the cities where these buildings are located.Most U.S. states (39 of the 50) have facilities named \"State Capitol\". Indiana and Ohio use the term \"Statehouse\" and eight states use \"State House\": Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Vermont. Delaware has a \"Legislative Hall\".", "Decatur Island Decatur Island is one of the San Juan Islands in Washington state, USA, located just east of Lopez Island across Lopez Sound and just south of Blakely Island across Thatcher Pass. Named by the Wilkes Expedition in 1841 for naval officer Stephen Decatur, it is 3.524 square miles (9.127 km²) in area.There is no Washington State Ferries service to Decatur; access is by private boat or plane. The airport on Decatur Island is private, for residents of the Decatur Shores community only.", "Kingston and the Islands Kingston and the Islands (French: Kingston et les Îles) is a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the Canadian House of Commons since 1968.It covers part of the city of Kingston, Ontario and the sparsely populated Frontenac Islands in the St. Lawrence River.It has been represented since the 2011 federal election by Ted Hsu, who will not be running for re-election in 2015.", "Capital of the Netherlands According to the Dutch constitution, Amsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands, although the parliament and the Dutch government have been situated in The Hague since 1588, along with the Supreme Court and the Council of State. Article 32 of the Constitution of 2008 specifically mentions that the \"King shall be sworn in and inaugurated as soon as possible in the capital city, Amsterdam\" Only once during its history was Amsterdam both \"capital\" and seat of government.", "Les Trois-Îlets Les Trois-Îlets is a town and commune in the French overseas department of Martinique.It was the birthplace of Joséphine (1763–1814), who married Napoleon Bonaparte and became Empress of the French.", "King David Kalakaua Building The King David Kalakaua Building in Honolulu, Hawaii is a government building formerly known as the U.S. Post Office, Customhouse, and Courthouse. It was the official seat of administration in the Territory of Hawaii and state of Hawaii for the United States federal government.", "British Islands British Islands is a term within the law of the United Kingdom which since 1889 has referred collectively to the following four states: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (formerly the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland); the Bailiwick of Jersey; the Bailiwick of Guernsey (including Alderney, Herm and Sark); and the Isle of Man.The latter three territories are Crown dependencies and are not a part of the United Kingdom.", "Port Island For Port Island in Gdańsk, see Port Island (Gdańsk)For the island in Hong Kong, see Chek ChauPort Island (ポートアイランド, Pōto Airando) is an artificial island in Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan.", "Cabildo insular Cabildos are a Spanish system of government administration that are now only used in the Canary Islands, where they are known as cabildos insulares \"\\island councils\"), each governing one of the seven main islands - Tenerife, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, La Palma, La Gomera and El Hierro. The island of La Graciosa falls under the jurisdiction of the cabildo of Lanzarote. The members of a cabildo are elected by direct universal suffrage by the Spanish citizens of each island.", "Great Island Great Island (Oileán Mór an Barraigh in Irish) is the name of an island in Cork Harbour, just outside Cork city, at the mouth of the River Lee.", "Geography of the Cayman Islands The Cayman Islands are a British dependency and island country. It is a three-island archipelago in the Caribbean Sea, consisting of Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac, and Little Cayman. Georgetown, the capital of the Cayman Islands is 438 km (272 mi) south of Havana, Cuba, and 504 km (313 mi) northwest of Kingston, Jamaica, and are between Cuba and Central America.", "Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina (Spanish: Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina); or colloquially San Andrés y Providencia is one of the departments of Colombia. It consists of two island groups about 775 km (482 mi) northwest of mainland Colombia and 220 km (140 mi) from the coast of Nicaragua, and eight outlying banks and reefs. The largest island of the archipelago is called San Andrés and its capital is San Andrés.", "Canton and Enderbury Islands The Canton and Enderbury Islands consist of the coral atolls of Canton (now Kanton) and Enderbury in the northeastern part of the Phoenix Islands, about 1,850 miles (3,000 km) south of Hawaii in the central Pacific Ocean. The islands were vital naval and air bases on the route between the Americas and the Philippines and Australia and were claimed by both the United Kingdom and the United States.", "Yassıada Democracy and Freedom Island, historically known as Yassıada (meaning \"Flat Island\" in Turkish; Greek: Πλάτη (Plati)) is one of the Princes' Islands in the Sea of Marmara, to the southeast of Istanbul. The island, which has an area of 0.05 km², is officially a neighbourhood in the Adalar (meaning \"Isles\" in Turkish) district of Istanbul Province, Turkey.Yassıada was used by the Byzantines for sending prominent figures into exile.", "Grand Turk Island Grand Turk Island is an island in the Turks and Caicos Islands. It is the largest island in the Turks Islands (the smaller of the two archipelagos that make up the island nation) with 18 km2 (6.9 sq mi). Grand Turk contains the territory's capital, Cockburn Town and the JAGS McCartney International Airport.", "Guam Guam (/ˈɡwɑːm/ or /ˈɡwɒm/; Chamorro: Guåhån) is an organized, unincorporated territory of the United States in the western Pacific Ocean. It is one of five U.S. territories with an established civilian government. The island's capital city is Hagåtña (formerly rendered Agaña). Guam is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands, and the largest island in Micronesia.The Chamorros, Guam's indigenous people, first populated the island approximately 4,000 years ago.", "Crown dependencies The Crown dependencies are the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea and the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey in the English Channel.Being three independently administered jurisdictions, they are not part of the United Kingdom or overseas territories of the United Kingdom. They are self-governing possessions of the Crown (defined uniquely in each jurisdiction). They are not member states of the Commonwealth of Nations, nor, save for a limited extent, a part of the European Union.", "Îles de Los Îles de Los (English: Loose Islands) are an island group lying off Conakry in Guinea. There are three main islands: Tamara (Fortoba), Kassa and Roume, while Coraille, Blanche and Cabris are smaller islands to the south.", "Treasury Islands Treasury Islands (7°23′15″S 155°33′30″E) are a small group of islands a few kilometers to the south of Bougainville and 24 kilometers from the Shortland Islands. They form part of the Western Province of the Solomon Islands. The two largest islands in the Treasuries are Mono Island and the smaller Stirling Island.", "Washington Place Washington Place is a Greek Revival palace in the Hawaii Capital Historic District in Honolulu, Hawaiʻi. It was where Queen Liliʻuokalani was arrested during the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom. Later it became the official residence of the Governor of Hawaiʻi. It is a National Historic Landmark, designated in 2007. The current governor's residence was built in 2008 behind the historic residence, and is located on the same grounds as Washington Place.", "Islands Nationair Islands Nationair is an airline based in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. It operates charter and scheduled passenger services and helicopter charter services. Its main base is Jacksons International Airport, Port Moresby.", "Thousand Islands National Park Thousand Islands National Park (established 1904) is located on the 1000 Islands Parkway in the Thousand Islands Region of the Saint Lawrence River. The islands are actually the worn-down tops of ancient mountains. This region, the Frontenac Axis, connects the Canadian Shield from Algonquin Park in Ontario to the Adirondack Mountains in New York.The park consists of 21 islands plus many smaller islets, 2 mainland properties and a visitor centre at Mallorytown, Ontario on the mainland.", "United States Minor Outlying Islands The United States Minor Outlying Islands, a statistical designation defined by the International Organization for Standardization's ISO 3166-1 code, consist of eight United States insular areas in the Pacific Ocean (Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Palmyra Atoll, and Wake Island) and one in the Caribbean Sea (Navassa Island).", "National Monument (Indonesia) The National Monument (Indonesian: Monumen Nasional, abbreviated Monas) is a 132 m (433ft) tower in the centre of Merdeka Square, Central Jakarta, symbolizing the fight for Indonesia. It is the national monument of the Republic of Indonesia, built to commemorate the struggle for Indonesian independence. Construction began in 1961 under the direction of President Soekarno. Monas was opened to the public in 1975. It is topped by a flame covered with gold foil.", "Îles du Salut The Îles du Salut (in English: Islands of Salvation, so called because the missionaries went there to escape plague on the mainland; sometimes mistakenly called Safety Islands) are a group of small islands of volcanic origin about 11 km off the coast of French Guiana (14 km north of Kourou) in the Atlantic Ocean.", "Ngchesar Ngchesar also known as \"Oldiais\" is one of the sixteen states of the small pacific island nation of Palau. There are about 300 inhabitants, and its capital is Ngchesar. It is the sixth largest state in terms of land, with an area of roughly 40 square kilometers, and it is located on the eastern side of the island of Babeldoab Island, northwest of Airai State, and southeast of Melekeok State, where the Palauan government is situated.", "Island country An island country is a country whose primary territory consists of one or more islands or parts of islands. As of 2011, 47 (approximately 24%) of the 193 UN member states are island countries.", "Government House (Prince Edward Island) Government House of Prince Edward Island, often referred to as Fanningbank, is the official residence of the Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island, as well as that in Charlottetown of the Canadian monarch.", "Pekanbaru Pekanbaru (Jawi: ڤكنبارو) is the capital of Riau, on the Sumatra island.", "Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands Saint John (Spanish: San Juan ; Dutch: Sint Hans; French: Saint-Jean ; Danish: Sankt Jan) is one of the Virgin Islands in the Caribbean Sea and a constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands (USVI), an unincorporated territory of the United States.The smallest of the main US islands besides Water Island, Saint John is located about four miles east of Saint Thomas, the location of the territory's capital, Charlotte Amalie.", "Admiralty Island National Monument Admiralty Island National Monument is located on Admiralty Island in Southeast Alaska. It was created December 1, 1978, and covers 955,747 acres (3,868 km²) of Tongass National Forest in the Panhandle of southeast Alaska. The remoteness of the monument led Congress to pass legislation designating all but 18,351 acres (74 km²) of the monument as the Kootznoowoo Wilderness, ensuring that the vast bulk of this monument is permanently protected from development.", "List of Caribbean islands The Caribbean islands are those islands that border or are surrounded by the Caribbean Sea organized by the political entity to which each island belongs.There are thousands of islands that are part of the island countries of the broadly defined Caribbean region: Anguilla has 21; Antigua-and-Barbuda has 37; Aruba (4); Barbados (2, formerly 3 but Pelican Island is now absorbed into Barbados through land reclamation, 1956–1961); Belize (many); British Virgin Islands (43); Cayman Islands (12); Cuba (23); Dominica (7); Dominican Republic (2); Grenada (39); Guadeloupe (38); Haiti (12); Honduras (6); Jamaica (26); Martinique (50); Montserrat (4); Caribbean Netherlands (20); Puerto Rico (142); Saint Barthélemy (13); Saint Kitts-and-Nevis (20); Saint Lucia (17); Saint Martin (8); Saint Vincent-and-the-Grenadines (39); Trinidad-and-Tobago (21); and United States Virgin Islands (81).Some continental countries also have islands in the Caribbean, including Colombia (which has 10 islands in the Caribbean Sea, known as San Andrés-and-Providencia), Mexico (4 islands), Nicaragua (4), Venezuela (15), Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica and Panama.", "Kanton Island Kanton Island (also known as Canton Island or Abariringa Island), alternatively known as \"Mary Island\", \"Mary Balcout's Island\" or \"Swallow Island\", is the largest, northernmost, and as of 2007, the sole inhabited island of the Phoenix Islands, in the Republic of Kiribati. It is an atoll located in the South Pacific Ocean roughly halfway between Hawaii and Fiji at 2°50′S 171°40′W. The island is a narrow ribbon of land enclosing a lagoon with an area of 40 square kilometers.", "Central Division, Fiji The Central Division of Fiji is one of Fiji's four divisions. It consists of five provinces - Naitasiri, Namosi, Rewa, Serua and Tailevu.The capital of the division is Suva, which is also the capital of Fiji. The division includes the eastern part of the largest island in Fiji, Viti Levu, with a few outlying islands, including Beqa.", "Provinces of the Solomon Islands Solomon Islands is divided into nine provinces. The national capital Honiara on the island of Guadalcanal is separately governed as Capital Territory.", "Viti Levu Viti Levu (pronounced [ˈβitʃi ˈleβu]) is the largest island in the Republic of Fiji, the site of the nation's capital, Suva, and home to a large majority of Fiji's population.", "List of island countries This is a list of island countries. An island is a land mass (smaller than a continent) that is surrounded by water. Many island countries are spread over an archipelago, as is the case with the Federated States of Micronesia and the Philippines (which consists of thousands of islands). Others consist of a single island, such as Nauru, or part of an island, such as Haiti. Although Australia is designated as a continent, it is often referred to as an island, as it has no land borders.", "Isleta de San Juan The Isleta de San Juan is a 3-square-mile (7.8 km2) island off the coast of Puerto Rico, connected to the mainland by bridges and a causeway. It is the site of Old San Juan, the historic quadrant of the territory's capital, San Juan. Its eastern part constitutes the neighborhood of Puerta de Tierra, location of many of Puerto Rico's government buildings.", "The Islands The Islands was a provincial electoral district in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It first appeared on the hustings in the 1890 provincial election and lasted until it was integrated into the new riding Nanaimo and The Islands at the 1941 election.", "Island County, Washington Island County is a county located in the U.S. state of Washington. As of the 2010 census, its population was 78,506. Its county seat is Coupeville, while its largest city is Oak Harbor.Its name reflects the fact that it is composed entirely of islands. It contains two large islands, Whidbey and Camano, and seven smaller islands (Baby, Ben Ure, Deception, Kalamut, Minor, Smith, and Strawberry).", "Southern Islands The Southern Islands are an urban planning area in the Central Region of Singapore, consisting of the eight major islands of Kusu Island, Lazarus Island, Pulau Seringat, Pulau Tekukor, Saint John's Island, Sentosa and the two Sisters' Islands. The islands encompass a total land area of about 5.58 square kilometres (2.15 sq mi). The Sentosa Development Corporation oversees the development and maintenance of these offshore islands south of Singapore.", "Nukulau Nukulau Island is a small islet belonging to Fiji. It is close to Suva, Fiji's capital, which lies about ten kilometers to the west. It is an island rich in history, which has played a pivotal role in Fiji's demographic and political development over the past 160 years.", "Government Island (Oregon) Government Island is a 1,760-acre (7 km2) island in the Columbia River north of Portland, in Multnomah County, in the U.S. state of Oregon. Though Interstate 205 passes over it on the Glenn L. Jackson Memorial Bridge, access to the island is only by boat. (Although there is a city controlled locked gate in the 205 fence.) Government Island is known for its great blue heron colony and the Government Island State Recreation Area (primitive camping, beaches).", "Saint Kitts and Nevis The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis /seɪnt ˌkɪts ænd ˈniːvɪs/, also known as the Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis, is a two-island country in the West Indies. Located in the Leeward Islands chain of the Lesser Antilles, it is the smallest sovereign state in the Americas, in both area and population. The country is a Commonwealth realm, with the British Monarch (currently, Elizabeth II) as its head of state.The capital city is Basseterre on the larger island of Saint Kitts.", "Rasgetheemu (Raa Atoll) Rasgetheemu (Dhivehi: ރަސްގެތީމު) the first capital island in the Republic of Maldives located in the north province in the north edge of Maalhosmadhulu Uthuruburi Raa Atoll.Maldivian legend says that a Sinhalese prince got stranded with his bride - the daughter of the Sri Lankan King in Rasgetheemu, the original 'King's Island'.", "Olmsted Island Olmsted Island is a small island in the middle of the Potomac River in the U.S. state of Maryland, near Great Falls which is a part of C & O Canal National Historical Park, located across the river from Great Falls Park.", "Hundred Islands National Park The Hundred Islands National Park (Pangasinan: Kapulo-puloan or Taytay-Bakes) is a national park in the Philippines. The protected area is located in the city of Alaminos, in the province of Pangasinan in northern Philippines. The islands, totaling 124 at low tide and 123 at high tide, are scattered in Lingayen Gulf covering an area of 16.76 square kilometres (6.47 sq mi). Only three of them have been developed for tourism: Governor Island, Quezon Island, and Children's Island.", "Navy Island Navy Island is a small, uninhabited island in the Niagara River in the province of Ontario, managed by Parks Canada as a National Historic Site of Canada. It is located about 4.5 km (2.8 mi) upstream from Horseshoe Falls, and has an area of roughly 1.2 km2 (0.46 sq mi). It was designated a national historic site in 1921 in recognition of its role in shipbuilding and the location of the short-lived Republic of Canada.", "Babeldaob Babeldaob (also Babelthuap) is the largest island in the island nation of the Republic of Palau. It is in the western Caroline Islands, and the second largest island in the Micronesia region of Oceania. Palau's capital, Ngerulmud, is located on Babeldaob, in Melekeok State.Babeldaob is one of the most undeveloped populated islands in the Pacific Ocean, even though it is the second largest island in Micronesia (only Guam is larger in area).", "Bay Islands Department Islas de la Bahía (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈislas ðe la βaˈi.a], \"Bay Islands\") is one of the 18 departments into which the Central American nation of Honduras is divided. The departmental capital is Roatan, on the island of Roatán.The department covers a total surface area of 250 km2 and, in 2013, had an estimated population of 71,500 people.", "Vingt Cinq Vingt Cinq (French for Twenty five) is the capital of the Agaléga Islands, two islands in the Indian Ocean, governed by Mauritius. It is located on the North Island, near a small airfield. In the town, there is a church, a school, and a hospital.", "Charlotte Amalie, U.S. Virgin Islands Charlotte Amalie (/ˈʃɑrlət əˈmɑːljə/ or /-ˈæməliː/), located on St. Thomas, is the capital and largest city of the U.S. Virgin Islands, founded in 1666 as Taphus (meaning \"beer houses\" or \"beer halls\"). In 1691, the town was renamed to Amalienborg (in English Charlotte Amalie) after Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel (1650–1714), queen consort to King Christian V of Denmark.", "Gunungsitoli Gunungsitoli is the capital city of Nias Regency, North Sumatra province, Indonesia, but is also an independent municipality within the province. It is located at 1°17′N 97°37′E. It is a coastal city located on Nias island. Nias island is located in the Indian Ocean, on the west part of Sumatra.On 28 March, 2005, the 2005 Sumatra earthquake destroyed parts of the city and caused casualties.", "Île d'Orléans Île d'Orléans (translated in English as Island of Orleans) is located in the Saint Lawrence River about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) east of downtown Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. The island was one of the first parts of the province to be colonized by the French, and a large percentage of French Canadians can trace ancestry to early residents of the island.", "Alofi, Niue Alofi is the capital of the Pacific Ocean island nation of Niue. With a population of 1,611 (census of 2011), Alofi has the distinction of being the second smallest national capital city in terms of population (after Ngerulmud, capital of Palau). It consists of the two villages: Alofi North and Alofi South where the government headquarters are located.", "Île Amsterdam Île Amsterdam (French pronunciation: [ilamstɛʁˈdam], also known as Amsterdam Island, New Amsterdam, or Nouvelle Amsterdam, is an island named after the ship Nieuw Amsterdam, in turn named after the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam that later became New York City in the United States. It lies in the southern Indian Ocean.", "List of islands of Japan The four main islands of Japan are: HokkaidoHonshu, the largest island, on which the capital, Tokyo, is situated.ShikokuKyushuJapan also has over 6,000 smaller islands, of which over 430 are inhabited.", "Christiansted National Historic Site Christiansted National Historic Site commemorates urban colonial development of the Virgin Islands. It features 18th and 19th century structures in the heart of Christiansted, the capital of the former Danish West Indies on St.", "Suomenlinna Suomenlinna (Finnish) or Sveaborg (Swedish), until 1918 Viapori (Finnish), is an inhabited sea fortress built on six islands (Kustaanmiekka, Susisaari, Iso-Mustasaari, Pikku-Mustasaari, Länsi-Mustasaari and Långören) and which now forms part of the city of Helsinki, the capital of Finland.Suomenlinna is a UNESCO World Heritage site and popular with tourists and locals, who enjoy it as a picturesque picnic site." ]	8
Nobel Prize in Literature winners who were also poets	[ "Ivan Bunin\nIvan Alekseyevich Bunin (/ˈbuːniːn/ or /ˈbuːnɪn/; Russian: Ива́н Алексе́евич Бу́нин; IPA: [ɪˈvan ɐlʲɪˈksʲejɪvʲɪtɕ ˈbunʲɪn]; 22 October [O.S. 10 October] 1870 – 8 November 1953) was the first Russian writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature. He was noted for the strict artistry with which he carried on the classical Russian traditions in the writing of prose and poetry.", "Harold Pinter\nHarold Pinter, CH, CBE (/ˈpɪntər/; 10 October 1930 – 24 December 2008) was a Nobel Prize-winning English playwright, screenwriter, director and actor. One of the most influential modern British dramatists, his writing career spanned more than 50 years. His best-known plays include The Birthday Party (1957), The Homecoming (1964), and Betrayal (1978), each of which he adapted for the screen.", "T. S. Eliot\nThomas Stearns Eliot OM (26 September 1888 – 4 January 1965), usually known as T. S. Eliot, was an essayist, publisher, playwright, literary and social critic, and \"one of the twentieth century's major poets\". He was born in St. Louis, Missouri, to the old Yankee Eliot family descended from Andrew Eliot, who migrated to Boston, Massachusetts from East Coker, England in the 1660s. He immigrated to England in 1914 (at age 25), settling, working and marrying there.", "Erik Axel Karlfeldt\nErik Axel Karlfeldt (20 July 1864 – 8 April 1931) was a Swedish poet whose highly symbolist poetry masquerading as regionalism was popular and won him the Nobel Prize in Literature posthumously in 1931. It has been rumored that he had been offered, but declined, the award already in 1919.", "Elfriede Jelinek\nElfriede Jelinek (German: [ɛlˈfʀiːdə ˈjɛlinɛk]; born 20 October 1946) is an Austrian playwright and novelist. She was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2004 for her \"musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that, with extraordinary linguistic zeal, reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power.\"", "Carl Spitteler\nCarl Friedrich Georg Spitteler (24 April 1845 – 29 December 1924) was a Swiss poet who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1919 \"in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring\". His work includes both pessimistic and heroic poems.", "Juan Ramón Jiménez\nJuan Ramón Jiménez Mantecón (24 December 1881 – 29 May 1958) was a Spanish poet, a prolific writer who received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1956 \"for his lyrical poetry, which in the Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity\". One of Jiménez's most important contributions to modern poetry was his advocacy of the French concept of \"pure poetry.\"", "Karl Adolph Gjellerup\nKarl Adolph Gjellerup (2 June 1857 – 13 October 1919) was a Danish poet and novelist who together with his compatriot Henrik Pontoppidan won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1917. He belonged to the Modern Break-Through. He occasionally used the pseudonym Epigonos.", "Maurice Maeterlinck\nMaurice Polydore Marie Bernard Maeterlinck (also called Comte (Count) Maeterlinck from 1932; [mo.ʁis ma.tɛʁ.lɛ̃ːk] in Belgium, [mɛ.teʁ.lɛ̃ːk] in France; 29 August 1862 – 6 May 1949) was a Belgian playwright, poet, and essayist who was a Fleming, but wrote in French.", "Johannes V. Jensen\nJohannes Vilhelm Jensen (commonly known as Johannes V. Jensen; 20 January 1873 – 25 November 1950) was a Danish author, often considered the first great Danish writer of the 20th century. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1944. One of his sisters, Thit Jensen, was also a well-known writer and a very vocal, and occasionally controversial, early feminist.", "W. B. Yeats\nWilliam Butler Yeats (/ˈjeɪts/; 13 June 1865 – 28 January 1939) was an Irish poet and one of the foremost figures of 20th century literature. A pillar of both the Irish and British literary establishments, in his later years he served as an Irish Senator for two terms. Yeats was a driving force behind the Irish Literary Revival and, along with Lady Gregory, Edward Martyn, and others, founded the Abbey Theatre, where he served as its chief during its early years.", "Frédéric Mistral\nFrédéric Mistral (French: [mistʁal]; Occitan: Frederic Mistral, 8 September 1830 – 25 March 1914) was a French writer and lexicographer of the Occitan language. Mistral received the 1904 Nobel Prize in Literature \"in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist\".", "Rabindranath Tagore\nRabindranath Tagore (/rəˈbindrəˈnɑːt ˈtɑːɡɔr/; Bengali pronunciation: [robind̪ro nat̪ʰ ʈʰakur]), also written Ravīndranātha Thākura (7 May 1861 – 7 August 1941), sobriquet Gurudev, was a Bengali polymath who reshaped Bengali literature and music, as well as Indian art with Contextual Modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Author of Gitanjali and its \"profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse\", he became the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913.", "Gao Xingjian\nGao Xingjian (Chinese: 高行健; Mandarin: [káu ɕĭŋ tɕiɛ̂n]; born January 4, 1940) is a Chinese émigré novelist, playwright, and critic who in 2000 was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature “for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity.” He is also a noted translator (particularly of Samuel Beckett and Eugène Ionesco), screenwriter, stage director, and a celebrated painter.", "Miguel Ángel Asturias\nMiguel Angel Asturias Rosales (October 19, 1899 – June 9, 1974) was a Nobel Prize-winning Guatemalan poet-diplomat, novelist, playwright and journalist. Asturias helped establish Latin American literature's contribution to mainstream Western culture, and at the same time drew attention to the importance of indigenous cultures, especially those of his native Guatemala.Asturias was born and raised in Guatemala though he lived a significant part of his adult life abroad.", "Octavio Paz\nOctavio Paz Lozano (Spanish pronunciation: [okˈtaβjo pas loˈsano] About this sound audio ; March 31, 1914 – April 19, 1998) was a Mexican poet-diplomat and writer.For his body of work, he was awarded the 1981 Miguel de Cervantes Prize, the 1982 Neustadt International Prize for Literature, and the 1990 Nobel Prize in Literature.", "Wisława Szymborska\nMaria Wisława Anna Szymborska [viˈswava ʂɨmˈbɔrska] (2 July 1923 – 1 February 2012) was a Polish poet, essayist, translator and recipient of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature. Born in Prowent, which has since become part of Kórnik, she later resided in Kraków until the end of her life. She is described as a \"Mozart of Poetry\".", "Sully Prudhomme\nRené François Armand (Sully) Prudhomme (French: [syli pʀydɔm]; 16 March 1839 – 6 September 1907) was a French poet and essayist, and was the first ever winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, in 1901.Born in Paris, Prudhomme originally studied to be an engineer, but turned to philosophy and later to poetry; he declared it as his intent to create scientific poetry for modern times.", "Pär Lagerkvist\nPär Fabian Lagerkvist (23 May 1891 – 11 July 1974) was a Swedish author who received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1951.Lagerkvist wrote poems, plays, novels, stories, and essays of considerable expressive power and influence from his early 20s to his late 70s. One of his central themes was the fundamental question of good and evil, which he examined through such figures as Barabbas, the man who was freed instead of Jesus, and Ahasuerus, the Wandering Jew.", "Ernest Hemingway\nErnest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist. His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works.", "Vicente Aleixandre\nVicente Pío Marcelino Cirilo Aleixandre y Merlo (April 26, 1898 – December 14, 1984) was a Spanish poet who was born in Seville. Aleixandre received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1977 \"for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars\".", "William Golding\nSir William Gerald Golding CBE (19 September 1911 – 19 June 1993) was an English novelist, playwright, and poet. Best known for his novel Lord of the Flies, he won a Nobel Prize in Literature, and was also awarded the Booker Prize for literature in 1980 for his novel Rites of Passage, the first book in what became his sea trilogy, To the Ends of the Earth.Golding was knighted by Elizabeth II in 1988. He was a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.", "Patrick White\nPatrick Victor Martindale White (28 May 1912 – 30 September 1990) was an Australian writer who is widely regarded as one of the most important English-language novelists of the 20th century. From 1935 until his death, he published 12 novels, three short-story collections and eight plays.White's fiction employs humour, florid prose, shifting narrative vantage points and a stream of consciousness technique.", "Joseph Brodsky\nIosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky (/ˈbrɒdski/; Russian: Ио́сиф Алекса́ндрович Бро́дский, IPA: [ɪˈosʲɪf ɐlʲɪˈksandrəvʲɪtɕ ˈbrotskʲɪj]; 24 May 1940 – 28 January 1996) was a Russian poet and essayist.Born in Leningrad in 1940, Brodsky ran afoul of Soviet authorities and was expelled \"\\strongly advised\" to emigrate) from the Soviet Union in 1972, settling in America with the help of W. H. Auden and other supporters.", "Samuel Beckett\nSamuel Barclay Beckett (/ˈbɛkɪt/; 13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish avant-garde novelist, playwright, theatre director, and poet, who lived in Paris for most of his adult life and wrote in both English and French. His work offers a bleak, tragicomic outlook on human existence, often coupled with black comedy and gallows humour.Beckett is widely regarded as among the most influential writers of the 20th century. He is considered one of the last modernists.", "Los versos del capitán\nLos versos del capitán is a book by the Chilean poet Pablo Neruda, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1971. It was published for the first time anonymously in Italy in 1952 by his friend Paolo Ricci. The book with his own name in it was first published in Chile, in 1963, with a note written by Neruda explaining why he used anonymity.", "Isaac Bashevis Singer\nIsaac Bashevis Singer (Yiddish: יצחק באַשעװיס זינגער‎; November 21, 1902 – July 24, 1991) was a Polish-born Jewish author in Yiddish, awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1978. The Polish form of his birth name was Icek Hersz Zynger. He used his mother's first name in an initial literary pseudonym, Izaak Baszewis, which he later expanded to the form under which he is now known. He was a leading figure in the Yiddish literary movement, writing and publishing only in Yiddish.", "Pablo Neruda\nPablo Neruda (/nəˈruːdə/; Spanish: [ˈpaβ̞lo̞ ne̞ˈɾuð̞a]) was the pen name and, later, legal name of the Chilean poet-diplomat and politician Neftalí Ricardo Reyes Basoalto (July 12, 1904 – September 23, 1973). He derived his pen name from the Czech poet Jan Neruda. He won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1971.Neruda became known as a poet when he was 10 years old.", "Anatole France\nAnatole France (French: [anatɔl fʁɑ̃s]; born François-Anatole Thibault, [frɑ̃swa anatɔl tibo]; 16 April 1844 – 12 October 1924) was a French poet, journalist, and novelist. He was born in Paris, and died in Saint-Cyr-sur-Loire. He was a successful novelist, with several best-sellers. Ironic and skeptical, he was considered in his day the ideal French man of letters.", "Herta Müller\nHerta Müller (born 17 August 1953) is a German novelist, poet, essayist and recipient of the 2009 Nobel Prize in Literature. Born in Nițchidorf, Timiș County in Romania, her native language is German.", "Boris Pasternak\nBoris Leonidovich Pasternak (/ˈpæstərˌnæk/; Russian: Бори́с Леони́дович Пастерна́к; IPA: [bɐˈrʲis lʲɪɐˈnʲidəvʲɪtɕ pəstɛrˈnak]) (10 February [O.S. 29 January] 1890 – 30 May 1960) was a Russian poet, novelist, and literary translator. In his native Russian, Pasternak's first book of poems, My Sister, Life (1917), is one of the most influential collections ever published in the Russian language.", "Rudyard Kipling\nJoseph Rudyard Kipling (/ˈrʌdjəd ˈkɪplɪŋ/ RUD-yəd KIP-ling; 30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936) was an English short-story writer, poet, and novelist. He wrote tales and poems of British soldiers in India and stories for children.", "Derek Walcott\nDerek Alton Walcott, OBE OCC (born 23 January 1930) is a Saint Lucian poet and playwright. He received the 1992 Nobel Prize in Literature. He is currently Professor of Poetry at the University of Essex.", "Tomas Tranströmer\nTomas Gösta Tranströmer (Swedish: [ˈtuːmas ˈjøsta ˈtrɑːnˌstrømːər]; 15 April 1931 – 26 March 2015) was a Swedish poet, psychologist and translator. His poems captured the long Swedish winters, the rhythm of the seasons and the palpable, atmospheric beauty of nature. Tranströmer's work is also characterized by a sense of mystery and wonder underlying the routine of everyday life, a quality which often gives his poems a religious dimension.", "André Gide\nAndré Paul Guillaume Gide (French: [ɑ̃dʁe pɔl ɡijom ʒid]; 22 November 1869 – 19 February 1951) was a French author and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1947 \"for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight\".", "Gabriela Mistral\nGabriela Mistral (Spanish: [ɡaˈβɾjela misˈt̪ɾal]; 7 April 1889 – 10 January 1957) was the pseudonym of Lucila Godoy Alcayaga, a Chilean poet-diplomat, educator and feminist. She was the first Latin American (and, so far, the only Ibero-American woman) to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, which she did in 1945 \"for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world\".", "List of female Nobel laureates\nThe Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of Chemistry, Physics, Literature, Peace, Physiology or Medicine and Economics. All but the economics prize were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation.", "Hermann Hesse\nHermann Karl Hesse (German: [ˈhɛɐ̯man ˈhɛsə]; 2 July 1877 – 9 August 1962) was a German-born Swiss poet, novelist, and painter. His best-known works include Steppenwolf, Siddhartha, and The Glass Bead Game, each of which explores an individual's search for authenticity, self-knowledge and spirituality. In 1946, he received the Nobel Prize in Literature.", "Knut Hamsun\nKnut Hamsun (August 4, 1859 – February 19, 1952) was a Norwegian author, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1920. Hamsun's work spans more than 70 years and shows variation with regard to the subject, perspective and environment. He published more than 20 novels, a collection of poetry, some short stories and plays, a travelogue, and some essays.The young Hamsun objected to realism and naturalism.", "Verner von Heidenstam\nCarl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam (6 July 1859 – 20 May 1940) was a Swedish poet, novelist and laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1916. He was a member of the Swedish Academy from 1912. His poems and prose work are filled with a great joy of life, sometimes imbued with a love of Swedish history and scenery, particularly its physical aspects.", "William Faulkner\nWilliam Cuthbert Faulkner (/ˈfɔːlknər/, September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962) was an American writer and Nobel Prize laureate from Oxford, Mississippi. Faulkner wrote novels, short stories, a play, poetry, essays, and screenplays.", "Giorgos Seferis\nGiorgos or George Seferis (Greek: Γιώργος Σεφέρης), the pen name of Georgios Seferiades (Γεώργιος Σεφεριάδης; March 13 [O.S. February 29] 1900 – September 20, 1971), was a Greek poet-diplomat. He was one of the most important Greek poets of the 20th century, and a Nobel laureate. He was a career diplomat in the Greek Foreign Service, culminating in his appointment as Ambassador to the UK, a post which he held from 1957 to 1962.", "Jaroslav Seifert\nJaroslav Seifert (Czech pronunciation: [ˈjaroslaf ˈsajfr̩t]; 23 September 1901 – 10 January 1986) was a Nobel Prize–winning Czechoslovak writer, poet and journalist.Born in Žižkov, a suburb of Prague in what was then part of Austria-Hungary, his first collection of poems was published in 1921.", "Shmuel Yosef Agnon\nShmuel Yosef Agnon (Hebrew: שמואל יוסף עגנון‎) (July 17, 1888 – February 17, 1970) was a Nobel Prize laureate writer and was one of the central figures of modern Hebrew fiction. In Hebrew, he is known by the acronym Shai Agnon \"ש\\י עגנון). In English, his works are published under the name S. Y. Agnon.Agnon was born in Galicia, Austro-Hungarian Empire (today Ukraine).", "Seamus Heaney\nSeamus Justin Heaney, MRIA (/ˈʃeɪməs ˈhiːni/; 13 April 1939 – 30 August 2013) was an Irish poet, playwright, translator and lecturer, and the recipient of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Literature. In the early 1960s, he became a lecturer in Belfast after attending university there and began to publish poetry. He lived in Sandymount, Dublin, from 1976 until his death.", "Günter Grass\nGünter Wilhelm Grass (German: [ˈɡʏntɐ ˈɡʀas]; 16 October 1927 – 13 April 2015) was a German novelist, poet, playwright, illustrator, graphic artist, sculptor, and recipient of the 1999 Nobel Prize in Literature.Grass, who identified as Kashubian, was born in the Free City of Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland). As a teenager, he served as a drafted soldier from late 1944 in the Waffen-SS, and was taken prisoner of war by U.S. forces at the end of the war in May 1945. He was released in April 1946.", "Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn\nAleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn (/ˌsoʊlʒəˈniːtsɪn, ˌsɔːl-/; Russian: Алекса́ндр Иса́евич Солжени́цын, pronounced [ɐlʲɪˈksandr ɪˈsaɪvʲɪtɕ səlʐɨˈnʲitsɨn]; 11 December 1918 – 3 August 2008) (often Romanized to Alexandr or Alexander) was a Russian novelist, historian, and outspoken critic of the Soviet Union, especially its totalitarianism, who helped to raise global awareness of its gulag forced labor camp system.", "Doris Lessing\nDoris May Lessing CH (née Tayler; 22 October 1919 – 17 November 2013) was a British novelist, poet, playwright, librettist, biographer and short story writer. Her novels include The Grass is Singing (1950), the sequence of five novels collectively called Children of Violence (1952–69), The Golden Notebook (1962), The Good Terrorist (1985), and five novels collectively known as Canopus in Argos: Archives (1979–1983).Lessing was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Literature.", "Salvatore Quasimodo\nSalvatore Quasimodo (Italian: [salvaˈtoːre kwaˈziːmodo]; August 20, 1901 – June 14, 1968) was an Italian author and poet. In 1959 he won the Nobel Prize for Literature \"for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times\". Along with Giuseppe Ungaretti and Eugenio Montale, he is one of the foremost Italian poets of the 20th century.", "Eugenio Montale\nEugenio Montale (Italian: [euˈdʒɛnjo monˈtale]; 12 October 1896 – 12 September 1981) was an Italian poet, prose writer, editor and translator, and recipient of the 1975 Nobel Prize in Literature. He is widely considered the greatest Italian lyric poet since Giacomo Leopardi. In 1973 he was awarded the Golden Wreath of the Struga Poetry Evenings in Struga, Macedonia.", "John Galsworthy\nJohn Galsworthy OM (/ˈɡɔːlzwɜrði/; 14 August 1867 – 31 January 1933) was an English novelist and playwright. Notable works include The Forsyte Saga (1906–1921) and its sequels, A Modern Comedy and End of the Chapter. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1932.", "Harry Martinson\nHarry Martinson (6 May 1904 – 11 February 1978) was a Swedish author, poet and former sailor. In 1949 he was elected into the Swedish Academy. He was awarded a joint Nobel Prize in Literature in 1974 together with fellow Swede Eyvind Johnson \"for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos\".", "Nelly Sachs\nNelly Sachs (10 December 1891 – 12 May 1970) was a Jewish German poet and playwright whose experiences resulting from the rise of the Nazis in World War II Europe transformed her into a poignant spokeswoman for the grief and yearnings of her fellow Jews.", "Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson\nBjørnstjerne Martinius Bjørnson (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈbjøːɳˈstjæːɳə ˈbjøːɳˈʂɔn]; 8 December 1832 – 26 April 1910) was a Norwegian writer who received the 1903 Nobel Prize in Literature \"as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit\", becoming the first Norwegian Nobel laureate." ]	[ "Poetry of Mao Zedong Mao Zedong (1893–1976), the first Chairman of the Communist Party of China and leader of the People's Republic of China for nearly 30 years, wrote poetry, starting in the 1920s, during the Red Army's epic retreat during the Long March of 1934-1936, and after coming to power in 1949. Although Mao was radical politically, he wrote in classical Chinese forms.", "Pulitzer Prize for Poetry The Pulitzer Prize for Poetry is one of the six American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It has been presented since 1922 for a distinguished volume of original verse by an American author, published during the preceding calendar year. Finalists have been announced from 1980, ordinarily two others beside the winner.", "Robert Browning Robert Browning (7 May 1812 – 12 December 1889) was an English poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic verse, and in particular the dramatic monologue, made him one of the foremost Victorian poets. His poems are known for their irony, characterization, dark humor, social commentary, historical settings, and challenging vocabulary and syntax.", "Jayanta Mahapatra Jayanta Mahapatra (born 1928) is one of the best known Indian English poets. He is the first ever Indian poet to win Sahitya Akademi award for English poetry. He is the author of such popular poems as Indian Summer and Hunger, which are regarded as classics in modern Indian English literature. He is also a winner of Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian honour in India.", "Grazia Deledda Grazia Deledda (Italian pronunciation: [ˈɡrattsja deˈlɛdda]; 27 September 1871 – 15 August 1936) was an Italian writer who received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1926 \"for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island [i.e. Sardinia] and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general\". She was the first Italian woman to receive this honor.", "Sleep and Poetry \"Sleep and Poetry\" (1816) is a poem by the English Romantic poet John Keats. It was started late one evening while staying the night at Leigh Hunt's cottage. It is often cited as a clear example of Keats's bower-centric poetry, yet it contains lines that make such a simplistic reading problematic, such as: \"First the realm I'll pass/Of Flora, and old Pan ... I must pass them for a nobler life,/Where I may find the agonies, the strife /Of human hearts\" (101-102; 123-125).", "Ivo Andrić Ivan \"Ivo\" Andrić (Serbian Cyrillic: Иван \"Иво\" Андрић, pronounced [ǐʋan ǐːʋɔ ǎːndritɕ]) (9 October 1892 – 13 March 1975) was a Yugoslav novelist, short story writer, and the 1961 winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1961). His writings dealt mainly with life in his native Bosnia during the Ottoman rule.Born in Travnik in central Bosnia, Andrić attended gymnasium in Sarajevo.", "T. S. Eliot Prize The T. S. Eliot Prize for Poetry is awarded by the Poetry Book Society (UK) to \"the best collection of new verse in English first published in the UK or the Republic of Ireland\" in any particular year. The Prize was inaugurated in 1993 in celebration of the Poetry Book Society's 40th birthday and in honour of its founding poet, T. S. Eliot. Since its inception, the prize money has been donated by Eliot's widow, Mrs Valerie Eliot.", "Thomas Mann Paul Thomas Mann ([paʊ̯l toːmas man]; 6 June 1875 – 12 August 1955) was a German novelist, short story writer, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and the 1929 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate. His highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas are noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and the intellectual.", "Paul Muldoon Paul Muldoon (born 20 June 1951) is an Irish poet. He has published over thirty collections and won a Pulitzer Prize for Poetry and the T. S. Eliot Prize. He held the post of Oxford Professor of Poetry from 1999 to 2004. At Princeton University he is both the Howard G. B. Clark '21 Professor in the Humanities and chair of the Lewis Center for the Arts. He is also the president of the Poetry Society (UK) and Poetry Editor at The New Yorker.", "Alfred Austin Alfred Austin DL (30 May 1835 – 2 June 1913) was an English poet who was appointed Poet Laureate in 1896, after an interval following the death of Tennyson, when the other candidates had either caused controversy or refused the honour. It was claimed that he was being rewarded for his support for the Conservative leader Lord Salisbury in the General Election of 1895. Austin’s poems are little-remembered today, his most popular work being prose idylls celebrating nature.", "Odysseas Elytis Odysseas Elytis (Greek: Οδυσσέας Ελύτης, pen name of Odysseas Alepoudellis, Greek: Οδυσσέας Αλεπουδέλλης; 2 November 1911 – 18 March 1996) was regarded as a major exponent of romantic modernism in Greece and the world. In 1979 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.", "Amy Lowell Amy Lawrence Lowell (February 9, 1874 – May 12, 1925) was an American poet of the imagist school from Brookline, Massachusetts, who posthumously won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1926.", "Mona Van Duyn Mona Jane Van Duyn (May 9, 1921 – December 2, 2004) was an American poet. She won every major American award for poetry and was appointed Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1992.", "J. M. G. Le Clézio Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio (French: [ʒɑ̃ maʁi ɡystav lə klezjo]; born 13 April 1940), usually identified as J. M. G. Le Clézio, is a French-Mauritian writer and professor. The author of over forty works, he was awarded the 1963 Prix Renaudot for his novel Le Procès-Verbal, as well as the 2008 Nobel Prize in Literature for his life's work, as an \"author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization\".", "Ted Hughes Edward James \"Ted\" Hughes, OM (17 August 1930 – 28 October 1998) was an English poet and children's writer. Critics routinely rank him as one of the best poets of his generation. Hughes was British Poet Laureate from 1984 until his death.Hughes was married to American poet Sylvia Plath from 1956 until her suicide in 1963 at age 30. His part in the relationship became controversial to some feminists and some American admirers of Plath.", "Orrick Glenday Johns Orrick Glenday Johns (June 2, 1887 – July 8, 1946) was an American poet and playwright and was part of the literary group that included T. S. Eliot, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Ernest Hemingway. He was active in the Communist Party.Johns was born in St. Louis, Missouri, to George Sibley Johns and Minnehaha McDearmon. He lost a leg as a child in St. Louis to a streetcar accident. He won a poetry contest in 1912 hosted by The Lyric Year, despite competing against Edna St.", "Alfred, Lord Tennyson Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson, FRS (6 August 1809 – 6 October 1892) was Poet Laureate of Great Britain and Ireland during much of Queen Victoria's reign and remains one of the most popular British poets.Tennyson excelled at penning short lyrics, such as \"Break, Break, Break\", \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\", \"Tears, Idle Tears\" and \"Crossing the Bar\". Much of his verse was based on classical mythological themes, such as Ulysses, although In Memoriam A.H.H.", "Faiz Ahmad Faiz Faiz Ahmad Faiz (Punjabi, Urdu: فیض احمد فیض ‎, born 13 February 1911 – 20 November 1984) MBE, NI, Lenin Peace Prize was an influential left-wing intellectual, revolutionary poet, and one of the most highly-regarded poets of the Urdu language, having been nominated four times for the Nobel Prize for literature. Faiz also wrote poetry in the Punjabi language.", "W. S. Merwin William Stanley Merwin (born September 30, 1927) is an American poet, credited with over fifty books of poetry, translation and prose. During the 1960s anti-war movement, Merwin's unique craft was thematically characterized by indirect, unpunctuated narration. In the 1980s and 1990s, Merwin's writing influence derived from his interest in Buddhist philosophy and deep ecology.", "Robert Hayden Robert Hayden (4 August 1913 – 25 February 1980) was an American poet, essayist, educator. He served as Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress from 1976–78, a role today known as US Poet Laureate. He was the first African-American writer to hold the office.", "George Oppen George Oppen (April 24, 1908 – July 7, 1984) was an American poet, best known as one of the members of the Objectivist group of poets. He abandoned poetry in the 1930s for political activism and later moved to Mexico to avoid the attentions of the House Un-American Activities Committee. He returned to poetry — and to the United States — in 1958, and received the Pulitzer Prize in 1969.", "Sigrid Undset Sigrid Undset (20 May 1882 – 10 June 1949) was a Norwegian novelist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1928.Undset was born in Kalundborg, Denmark, but her family moved to Norway when she was two years old. In 1924, she converted to Roman Catholicism.", "Carl Sandburg Carl August Sandburg (January 6, 1878 – July 22, 1967) was an American poet, writer, and editor who won three Pulitzer Prizes, two for his poetry and one for his biography of Abraham Lincoln. During his lifetime, Sandburg was widely regarded as \"a major figure in contemporary literature\", especially for volumes of his collected verse, including Chicago Poems (1916), Cornhuskers (1918), and Smoke and Steel (1920).", "Rudolf Christoph Eucken Rudolf Christoph Eucken (German: [ˈɔʏkn̩]; 5 January 1846 – 15 September 1926) was a German philosopher. He received the 1908 Nobel Prize for Literature \"in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life\".", "Ko Un Ko Un (born 1 August 1933) is a South Korean poet whose works have been translated and published in more than fifteen countries. He had been imprisoned many times due to his role in the campaign for Korean democracy. Ko is routinely mentioned in Korea as one of the front runners for the Nobel Prize in Literature,", "Edwin Arlington Robinson Edwin Arlington Robinson (December 22, 1869––April 6, 1935) was an American poet and sonnet writer who won three Pulitzer Prizes for his work.", "Poet laureate A poet laureate (plural: poets laureate) is a poet officially appointed by a government or conferring institution, who is often expected to compose poems for special events and occasions. The Italians Albertino Mussato and Francesco Petrarca were the first to be crowned poets laureate after the classical age, respectively in 1315 and 1342. In Britain, the term dates from the appointment of Bernard André by Henry VII of England.", "Roy Campbell (poet) Ignatius Royston Dunnachie Campbell, better known as Roy Campbell, (2 October 1901 – 23 April 1957) was a South African poet and satirist. He was considered by T. S. Eliot, Dylan Thomas and Edith Sitwell to have been one of the best poets of the period between the First and Second World Wars. Campbell's vocal attacks upon the Marxism and Freudianism popular among the British intelligentsia caused him to be a controversial figure during his own lifetime.", "Alexander Pushkin Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin (/ˈpʊʃkɪn/; Russian: Алекса́ндр Серге́евич Пу́шкин, tr. Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin; IPA: [ɐlʲɪˈksandr sʲɪˈrɡʲejɪvʲɪtɕ ˈpuʂkʲɪn]; 6 June [O.S. 26 May] 1799 – 10 February [O.S. 29 January] 1837) was a Russian poet, playwright, and novelist of the Romantic era who is considered by many to be the greatest Russian poet and the founder of modern Russian literature.Pushkin was born into Russian nobility in Moscow.", "Kim Chunsu Kim Chunsu was one of the leading South Korean poets of the late twentieth century. He won numerous literary awards and was a professor of Korean Literature. His works have been translated into English, German and Spanish.", "Ruth Pitter Emma Thomas \"Ruth\" Pitter, CBE, FRSL (7 November 1897 – 29 February 1992) was a 20th-century British poet.She was the first woman to receive the Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry in 1955, and was appointed a CBE in 1979 to honour her many contributions to English literature.In 1974, she was named a \"Companion of Literature\", the highest honour given by the Royal Society of Literature.", "Luigi Pirandello Luigi Pirandello (Italian: [luˈiːdʒi piranˈdɛllo]; 28 June 1867 – 10 December 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet and short story writer. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature for his \"bold and brilliant renovation of the drama and the stage\".Pirandello's works include novels, hundreds of short stories, and about 40 plays, some of which are written in Sicilian. Pirandello's tragic farces are often seen as forerunners of the Theatre of the Absurd.", "Louise Bogan Louise Bogan (August 11, 1897 – February 4, 1970) was an American poet. She was appointed the fourth Poet Laureate to the Library of Congress in 1945.As poetry editor of The New Yorker magazine for nearly 40 years, Bogan played a major role in shaping mainstream poetic sensibilities of the mid-20th Century.The Poetry Foundation notes that Bogan has been called by some critics the most accomplished woman poet of the twentieth century.", "Algernon Charles Swinburne Algernon Charles Swinburne (5 April 1837 – 10 April 1909) was an English poet, playwright, novelist, and critic. He wrote several novels, and contributed to the famous Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in every year from 1903 to 1907 and again in 1909.", "Robert Hass Robert L. Hass (born March 1, 1941) is an American poet. He served as Poet Laureate of the United States from 1995 to 1997. He won the 2007 National Book Award and shared the 2008 Pulitzer Prize for the collection Time and Materials: Poems 1997-2005.. In 2014 he was awarded the Wallace Stevens Award from the Academy of American Poets.", "Fyodor Tyutchev Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev (Russian: Фёдор Ива́нович Тю́тчев, Pre-Reform orthography: Ѳеодоръ Ивановичъ Тютчевъ; December 5 [O.S. November 23] 1803 – July 27 [O.S. July 15] 1873) is generally considered the last of three great Romantic poets of Russia, following Alexander Pushkin and Mikhail Lermontov.", "Charles Wright (poet) Charles Wright (born August 25, 1935) is an American poet. He shared the National Book Award in 1983 for Country Music: Selected Early Poems and won the Pulitzer Prize in 1998 for Black Zodiac. In June 2014, he was named Poet Laureate of the United States.", "Mikhail Sholokhov Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov (/ˈʃɔːləˌkɔːf, -ˌkɒf/; Russian: Михаи́л Алекса́ндрович Шо́лохов; May 24 [O.S. May 11] 1905 – February 21, 1984) was a Soviet/Russian novelist and winner of the 1965 Nobel Prize in Literature. He is known for writing about life and fate of Don Cossacks during the Russian revolution, the civil war and the period of collectivization, primarily the famous And Quiet Flows the Don.", "Gerhart Hauptmann Gerhart Hauptmann (15 November 1862 – 6 June 1946) was a German dramatist and novelist. He is counted among the most important promoters of literary naturalism, though he integrated other styles into his work as well. He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1912.", "Objectivist poets The Objectivist poets were a loose-knit group of second-generation Modernists who emerged in the 1930s. They were mainly American and were influenced by, amongst others, Ezra Pound and William Carlos Williams. The basic tenets of Objectivist poetics as defined by Louis Zukofsky were to treat the poem as an object, and to emphasise sincerity, intelligence, and the poet's ability to look clearly at the world.", "Robert P. T. Coffin Robert Peter Tristram Coffin (March 18, 1892 – January 20, 1955) was a writer, poet and professor at Wells College (1921–1934) and Bowdoin College (1934–1955). He won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1936.", "1922 in poetry — Opening lines from The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot, first published this yearNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "Mary Oliver Mary Oliver (born September 10, 1935) is an American poet who has won the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize. The New York Times described her as \"far and away, [America's] best-selling poet\".", "Death of a Naturalist Death of a Naturalist (1966) is a collection of poems written by Seamus Heaney, who received the 1995 Nobel Prize in Literature. The collection was Heaney's first major published volume, and includes ideas that he had presented at meetings of The Belfast Group.", "Frans Eemil Sillanpää Sillanpää redirects here. For other meanings, see Sillanpää (disambiguation).Frans Eemil Sillanpää (About this sound pronunciation ) (16 September 1888 – 3 June 1964) was one of the most famous Finnish writers and in 1939 became the first Finnish writer to be awarded the Nobel Prize for literature.", "Paul Valéry Ambroise-Paul-Toussaint-Jules Valéry (/vɑːleɪˈri/; French: [pɔl valeʁi]; 30 October 1871 – 20 July 1945) was a French poet, essayist, and philosopher. In addition to his poetry and fiction (drama and dialogues), his interests included aphorisms on art, history, letters, music, and current events. Valéry was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 12 different years.", "List of Jewish American poets Persons listed with a double asterisks (**) are winners of the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry.", "Naguib Mahfouz Naguib Mahfouz (Arabic: نجيب محفوظ‎ Nagīb Maḥfūẓ, IPA: [næˈɡiːb mɑħˈfuːzˤ]; December 11, 1911 – August 30, 2006) was an Egyptian writer who won the 1988 Nobel Prize for Literature. He is regarded as one of the first contemporary writers of Arabic literature, along with Tawfiq el-Hakim, to explore themes of existentialism. He published 34 novels, over 350 short stories, dozens of movie scripts, and five plays over a 70-year career. Many of his works have been made into Egyptian and foreign films.", "John Ashbery John Lawrence Ashbery (born July 28, 1927) is an American poet. He has published more than twenty volumes of poetry and won nearly every major American award for poetry, including a Pulitzer Prize in 1976 for his collection Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror. Renowned for its postmodern complexity and opacity, Ashbery's work still proves controversial. Ashbery has stated that he wishes his work to be accessible to as many people as possible, and not to be a private dialogue with himself.", "Philip Levine (poet) Philip Levine (January 10, 1928 – February 14, 2015) was a Pulitzer Prize-winning American poet best known for his poems about working-class Detroit. He taught for more than thirty years in the English department of California State University, Fresno and held teaching positions at other universities as well. He served on the Board of Chancellors of the Academy of American Poets from 2000 to 2006, and was appointed Poet Laureate of the United States for 2011–2012.", "Richard Wilbur Richard Purdy Wilbur (born March 1, 1921) is an American poet and literary translator. He was appointed the second Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1987, and twice received the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, in 1957 and again in 1989.", "Henrik Pontoppidan Henrik Pontoppidan (24 July 1857 – 21 August 1943) was a Danish realist writer who shared with Karl Gjellerup the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1917 for \"his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark.\" Pontoppidan's novels and short stories — informed with a desire for social progress but despairing, later in his life, of its realization — present an unusually comprehensive picture of his country and his epoch.", "John Betjeman Sir John Betjeman, CBE (/ˈbɛtʃəmən/; 28 August 1906 – 19 May 1984) was an English poet, writer, and broadcaster who described himself in Who's Who as a \"poet and hack\". He was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom from 1972 until his death.He was a founding member of the Victorian Society and a passionate defender of Victorian architecture. He began his career as a journalist and ended it as one of the most popular British Poets Laureate and a much-loved figure on British television.", "Romain Rolland Romain Rolland (French: [ʁɔlɑ̃]; 29 January 1866 – 30 December 1944) was a French dramatist, novelist, essayist, art historian and mystic who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1915 \"as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings\".", "Gwendolyn Brooks Gwendolyn Elizabeth Brooks (June 7, 1917 – December 2, 2000) was an American poet and teacher. She was the first black person (the term she preferred to African-American) to win a Pulitzer prize when she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1950 for her second collection, Annie Allen.Throughout her career she received many more honors.", "François Mauriac François Charles Mauriac (French: [moʁjak]; 11 October 1885 – 1 September 1970) was a French author, member of the Académie française (from 1933), and laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1952). He was awarded the Grand Cross of the Légion d'honneur in 1958.", "William Carlos Williams William Carlos Williams (September 17, 1883 – March 4, 1963) was an American poet closely associated with modernism and imagism. Williams is often counted as being among a group of four major American poets who were all born in a twelve-year period that began in 1874. The group also consists of Robert Frost, who was born in 1874; Wallace Stevens, who was born in 1879; and Hilda \"H.D.\" Doolittle, who was born in 1886. Of these four, Williams died last, several weeks after Frost.", "Saint-John Perse Saint-John Perse (French: [pɛʁs]; also Saint-Leger Leger; pseudonyms of Alexis Leger) (31 May 1887 – 20 September 1975) was a French poet-diplomat, awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1960 \"for the soaring flight and evocative imagery of his poetry.\" He was a major French diplomat from 1914 to 1940, after which he lived primarily in the United States until 1967.", "James Merrill James Ingram Merrill (March 3, 1926 – February 6, 1995) was an American poet whose awards include the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry (1977) for Divine Comedies (1976). His poetry falls into two distinct bodies of work: the polished and formalist lyric poetry of his early career, and the epic narrative of occult communication with spirits and angels, titled The Changing Light at Sandover (published in three volumes from 1976 to 1980), which dominated his later career.", "Yasunari Kawabata Yasunari Kawabata (川端康成, Kawabata Yasunari, 11 June 1899 – 16 April 1972) was a Japanese novelist and short story writer whose spare, lyrical, subtly-shaded prose works won him the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1968, the first Japanese author to receive the award. His works have enjoyed broad international appeal and are still widely read.", "Eyvind Johnson Eyvind Johnson (29 July 1900 – 25 August 1976) was a Swedish writer and author. He became a member of the Swedish Academy in 1957 and shared the Nobel Prize in Literature with Harry Martinson in 1974 with the citation: for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom.", "Edna St. Vincent Millay Edna St. Vincent Millay (February 22, 1892 – October 19, 1950) was an American lyrical poet and playwright. She received the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1923, the third woman to win the award for poetry, and was also known for her feminist activism. She used the pseudonym Nancy Boyd for her prose work. The poet Richard Wilbur asserted, \"She wrote some of the best sonnets of the century.\"", "Eugene O'Neill Eugene Gladstone O'Neill (October 16, 1888 – November 27, 1953) was an American playwright and Nobel laureate in Literature. His poetically titled plays were among the first to introduce into American drama techniques of realism earlier associated with Russian playwright Anton Chekhov, Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen, and Swedish playwright August Strindberg.", "Sinclair Lewis Harry Sinclair Lewis (/ˈluːɪs/; February 7, 1885 – January 10, 1951) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and playwright. In 1930, he became the first writer from the United States to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, which was awarded \"for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters.\" His works are known for their insightful and critical views of American capitalism and materialism between the wars.", "Halldór Laxness Halldór Kiljan Laxness (Icelandic: [ˈhatlour ˈcʰɪljan ˈlaxsnɛss]; born Halldór Guðjónsson; 23 April 1902 – 8 February 1998) was a twentieth-century Icelandic writer. Throughout his career Laxness wrote poetry, newspaper articles, plays, travelogues, short stories, and novels. Major influences included August Strindberg, Sigmund Freud, Sinclair Lewis, Upton Sinclair, Bertolt Brecht and Ernest Hemingway. He received the 1955 Nobel Prize in Literature; he is the only Icelandic Nobel laureate.", "William Wordsworth William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 – 23 April 1850) was a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their joint publication Lyrical Ballads (1798).Wordsworth's magnum opus is generally considered to be The Prelude, a semiautobiographical poem of his early years that he revised and expanded a number of times. It was posthumously titled and published, before which it was generally known as \"the poem to Coleridge\".", "Wole Soyinka Akinwande Oluwole \"Wole\" Babatunde Soyinka (Yoruba: Akinwándé Oluwo̩lé Babátúndé S̩óyinká, pronounced [wɔlé ʃójĩká]; born 13 July 1934) is a Nigerian playwright and poet. He was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Literature, the first African to be honored in that category.Soyinka was born into a Yoruba family in Abeokuta. After study in Nigeria and the UK, he worked with the Royal Court Theatre in London. He went on to write plays that were produced in both countries, in theatres and on radio.", "List of Polish-language poets List of poets who have written much of their poetry in the Polish language. See also Discussion Page for additional poets not listed here.There have been four Polish Nobel Prize laureates in literature: Henryk Sienkiewicz, Władysław Reymont, Czesław Miłosz, Wisława Szymborska. The last two have been poets." ]	2
Formula 1 drivers that won the Monaco Grand Prix	[ "David Coulthard\nDavid Marshall Coulthard, MBE (/ˈkoʊlθɑrt/; born 27 March 1971), known as DC, is a retired British Formula One racing driver from Twynholm, Scotland. He was runner-up in the 2001 Formula One World Drivers' Championship, driving for McLaren.Coulthard began karting at the age of eleven and achieved early success before progressing to car racing in the British Formula Ford Championship and the Formula 3000 series.", "Jochen Rindt\nKarl Jochen Rindt (18 April 1942 – 5 September 1970) was a German-born racing driver who represented Austria during his career. He is the only driver to posthumously win the Formula One World Drivers' Championship (in 1970), after being killed in practice for the Italian Grand Prix. He competed in 62 Grands Prix, winning six and achieving 13 podium finishes. Away from Formula One, Rindt was highly successful in other single-seater formulae, as well as sports car racing.", "Achille Varzi\nThis article is on the Italian racecar driver. For the Columbia University philosopher see Achille Varzi (philosopher).Achille Varzi (8 August 1904 – 1 July 1948) was an Italian Grand Prix driver.", "William Grover-Williams\nWilliam Charles Frederick Grover-Williams (born William Charles Frederick Grover, 16 January 1903 – February or March 1945), also known as \"W Williams\", was a Grand Prix motor racing driver and special agent who worked for the Special Operations Executive (SOE) inside France. He organized and coordinated the Chestnut network. He was captured and killed by the Nazis.", "Alain Prost\nAlain Marie Pascal Prost, OBE, Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur (born 24 February 1955) is a French former racing driver. A four-time Formula One Drivers' Champion, only Sebastian Vettel (four championships), Juan Manuel Fangio (five championships), and Michael Schumacher (seven championships) have equalled or surpassed his number of titles. From 1987 until 2001 Prost held the record for most Grand Prix victories.", "Stirling Moss\nSir Stirling Craufurd Moss, OBE (born 17 September 1929) is a British former Formula One racing driver. An inductee into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame, he achieved success in several categories of competition and has been described as \"the greatest driver never to win the World Championship\". Moss finished as championship runner-up on four occasions and third a further three times between 1955 and 1961.", "Bruce McLaren\nBruce Leslie McLaren (30 August 1937 – 2 June 1970) was a New Zealand race-car designer, driver, engineer and inventor.His name lives on in the McLaren team which has been one of the most successful in Formula One championship history, with McLaren cars and drivers winning a total of 20 world championships.", "Juan Pablo Montoya\nJuan Pablo Montoya Roldán (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈxwam ˈpaβlo monˈtoʝa]; born September 20, 1975), known professionally as Juan Pablo Montoya, is a Colombian racing driver, who has multiple top ten finishes in the year end standings for Champ Car (including 1999 champion), NASCAR (8th in 2009), IndyCar (including 2nd in 2015) and Formula 1 (including 3rd in 2002 and 2003). He is a two-time and current (2015) winner of the Indianapolis 500.", "1994 Monaco Grand Prix\nThe 1994 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on May 15, 1994 at the Circuit de Monaco, Monte Carlo. The race, which was the fourth round of the 1994 Formula One season, was won by Michael Schumacher and was the first race following the death of Ayrton Senna and Roland Ratzenberger in San Marino.", "Ayrton Senna\nAyrton Senna da Silva (Brazilian Portuguese: [aˈiʁtõ ˈsẽnɐ dɐ ˈsiwvɐ]; 21 March 1960 – 1 May 1994) was a Brazilian racing driver who won three Formula One world championships. He was killed in an accident while leading the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix.", "Michael Schumacher\nMichael Schumacher (German pronunciation: [ˈmɪçaʔɛl ˈʃuːmaxɐ]; born 3 January 1969) is a retired German racing driver. He is a seven-time Formula One World Champion and is widely regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers of all time. He was named Laureus World Sportsman of the Year twice. He won two titles with Benetton in 1994 and 1995. After his second title he moved to Ferrari for which he drove eleven years.", "Mark Webber\nMark Alan Webber (born 27 August 1976) is an Australian professional racing driver, currently competing in the FIA World Endurance Championship as a Porsche works driver in LMP1.After some racing success in Australia driving Formula Ford and Formula Holden, Webber moved to the United Kingdom in 1995 to further his motorsport career.", "Jean-Pierre Beltoise\nJean-Pierre Maurice Georges Beltoise (26 April 1937 – 5 January 2015) was a Grand Prix motorcycle road racer and Formula One driver who raced for the Matra and BRM teams. François Cevert was his brother-in-law (his wife's brother). He competed in 88 Grands Prix achieving one win and eight podium finishes.", "Mika Häkkinen\nMika Pauli Häkkinen (About this sound pronunciation ; born 28 September 1968), nicknamed \"the Flying Finn\", is a retired Finnish professional racing driver. He is the 1998 and 1999 Formula One World Champion, driving for McLaren and has been ranked among the greatest Formula One drivers in various motorsport polls.", "1999 Monaco Grand Prix\nThe 1999 Monaco Grand Prix (formally the LVII Grand Prix Automobile de Monaco) was a Formula One motor race held on 16 May 1999 at the Circuit de Monaco in Monte Carlo, Monaco. It was the fourth race of the 1999 Formula One season. The race, contested over 78 laps, was won by Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher after starting from second position.", "Circuit de Monaco\nCircuit de Monaco is a street circuit laid out on the city streets of Monte Carlo and La Condamine around the harbour of the principality of Monaco. It is commonly referred to as \"Monte Carlo\" because it is largely inside the Monte Carlo neighbourhood of Monaco.The circuit is used on one weekend in the month of May of each year to host the Formula One Monaco Grand Prix.", "Lewis Hamilton\nLewis Carl Davidson Hamilton, MBE (born 7 January 1985) is a British Formula One racing driver from England, currently racing for the Mercedes AMG team. He is the 2008 and 2014 Formula One World Champion.In December 1995, at the age of ten, he approached McLaren team principal Ron Dennis at the Autosport Awards ceremony and told him, \"I want to race for you one day ...", "Manfred von Brauchitsch\nManfred Georg Rudolf von Brauchitsch (15 August 1905 – 5 February 2003) was a German auto racing driver who drove for Mercedes-Benz in the famous \"Silver Arrows\" of Grand Prix motor racing in the 1930s.Although an excellent driver who had reasonable success, he struggled with bad luck, and was overshadowed by his more successful Mercedes-Benz teammates Rudolf Caracciola and Hermann Lang.", "2008 Monaco Grand Prix\nThe 2008 Monaco Grand Prix (formally the LXVI Grand Prix de Monaco) was a Formula One motor race held on May 25, 2008, at the Circuit de Monaco; contested over 76 laps, it was the sixth race of the 2008 Formula One season. The race was won by the season's eventual Drivers' Champion, Lewis Hamilton, for the McLaren team. BMW Sauber driver Robert Kubica finished second, and Felipe Massa, who started from pole position, was third in a Ferrari.Conditions were wet at the start of the race.", "1990 Monaco Grand Prix\nThe 1990 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 27 May 1990 at Monaco. It was the fourth round of the 1990 Formula One season and the 48th Monaco Grand Prix. It was held over 78 laps of the three kilometre circuit for a race distance of 259 kilometres.The race was won by defending race champion Brazilian driver Ayrton Senna who led every lap of the race driving a McLaren MP4/5B. Senna became the first driver in 1990 to win a second race.", "List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions\nThe Formula One World Drivers' Championship (WDC) is awarded by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) to the most successful Formula One racing car driver over a season, as determined by a points system based on Grand Prix results.The Drivers' Championship was first awarded in 1950, to Giuseppe Farina. The first driver to win multiple Championships was Alberto Ascari, in 1952 and 1953.", "René Dreyfus\nRené Dreyfus (May 6, 1905 – August 16, 1993) was a French driver who raced automobiles for 14 years in the 1920s and 1930s, the Golden Era of Grand Prix motor racing.", "Giuseppe Farina\nEmilio Giuseppe Farina (30 October 1906 – 30 June 1966), nicknamed \"Nino\", was an Italian racing driver. He stands out in the history of Grand Prix motor racing for his much-copied \"straight-arm\" driving style and his status as the first ever Formula One World Champion.", "2014 Monaco Grand Prix\nThe 2014 Monaco Grand Prix, formally known as the Grand Prix de Monaco 2014, was a Formula One motor race that was held on 25 May 2014 at the Circuit de Monaco, a street circuit that runs through the principality of Monaco. Mercedes driver Nico Rosberg won the race ahead of his team-mate Lewis Hamilton.", "Ronnie Peterson\nBengt Ronnie Peterson (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈrɔni ˈpɛtɛˈʂon]; 14 February 1944 – 11 September 1978) was a Swedish racing driver. Known by the nickname 'SuperSwede', he was a two-time runner-up in the FIA Formula One World Drivers' Championship.Peterson began his motor racing career in kart racing, traditionally the discipline where the majority of race drivers begin their careers in open-wheel racing.", "Guy Moll\nGuillaume Laurent \"Guy\" Moll (28 May 1910 – 15 August 1934) was a French racing driver. Moll was the son of a French father and Spanish mother who had emigrated to Algeria, then a French colony. He had only started racing in 1930, running a Lorraine-Dietrich in sporadic local events in Algeria.", "Gilles Villeneuve\nJoseph Gilles Henri Villeneuve (French pronunciation: [ʒil vilnœv]; January 18, 1950 – May 8, 1982), known as Gilles Villeneuve, was a Canadian racing driver. Villeneuve spent six years in Grand Prix racing with Ferrari, winning six races and widespread acclaim for his performances.An enthusiast of cars and fast driving from an early age, Villeneuve started his professional career in snowmobile racing in his native province of Quebec.", "1950 Monaco Grand Prix\nThe 1950 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 21 May 1950 at Monaco. This race was the second round of 1950 World Drivers' Championship. The race, contested over 100 laps at an overall distance of 318.1 km (197.1 mi) was won by Juan Manuel Fangio for the Alfa Romeo team after starting from pole position. Alberto Ascari finished 2nd for Ferrari and Louis Chiron finished 3rd for Maserati.", "Luigi Fagioli\nLuigi Cristiano Fagioli (Italian pronunciation: [luˈidʒi faˈdʒɔli]; 9 June 1898 – 20 June 1952), nicknamed \"the Abruzzi robber\", was an Italian motor racing driver. He is currently the oldest driver to win a race in Formula One.", "1997 Monaco Grand Prix\nThe 1997 Monaco Grand Prix (formally the LV Grand Prix de Monaco) was a Formula One race held on May 11, 1997 at the Circuit de Monaco, Monte Carlo, Monaco. It was the fifth round of the 1997 Formula One season. The race, contested over 62 laps, was won by Michael Schumacher for the Scuderia Ferrari team after starting from second position. Rubens Barrichello, who started the Grand Prix from tenth position, finished second in a Stewart car, with Eddie Irvine third in the other Ferrari.", "Maurice Trintignant\nMaurice Bienvenu Jean Paul Trintignant (30 October 1917, Sainte-Cécile-les-Vignes, Vaucluse – 13 February 2005, Nîmes) was a motor racing driver and vintner from France. He competed in the Formula One World Championship for fourteen years, between 1950 and 1964, one of the longest careers in the early years of Formula One. During this time he also competed in sports car racing, including winning the 1954 24 Hours of Le Mans race.", "2015 Monaco Grand Prix\nThe 2015 Monaco Grand Prix, formally known as the Grand Prix de Monaco 2015, was a Formula One motor race that was held on 24 May 2015 at the Circuit de Monaco, a street circuit that runs through the principality of Monaco.", "Niki Lauda\nAndreas Nikolaus \"Niki\" Lauda (born 22 February 1949) is an Austrian former Formula One driver who was three times F1 World Champion, winning in 1975, 1977 and 1984. He is currently the only driver to have been champion for both Ferrari and McLaren, the sport's two most successful constructors. More recently an aviation entrepreneur, he has founded and run two airlines (Lauda Air and Niki). He is also Bombardier Business Aircraft brand ambassador.", "2013 Monaco Grand Prix\nThe 2013 Monaco Grand Prix (formally known as the Grand Prix de Monaco 2013) was a Formula One motor race that took place on 26 May 2013 at the Circuit de Monaco, a street circuit that runs through the principality of Monaco. The race was won by Nico Rosberg for Mercedes AMG Petronas, repeating the feat of his father Keke Rosberg in the 1983 race. The race was the sixth round of the 2013 season, and marked the seventy-second time the Monaco Grand Prix has been held.", "1966 Monaco Grand Prix\nThe 1966 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Circuit de Monaco on May 22, 1966. It was the opening round of the 1966 World Championship of Drivers, the first of a new era for Formula One, the 'return to power' as engine regulations were altered from 1.5 litres of maximum engine displacement to 3.0 litres. It was the 24th Monaco Grand Prix.The race was won by British driver Jackie Stewart driving a BRM P261.", "Keke Rosberg\nKeijo Erik Rosberg (About this sound pronunciation ; born 6 December 1948), known as \"Keke\", is a Finnish former racing driver and winner of the 1982 Formula One World Championship. He was the first Finnish driver to compete regularly in the series. Rosberg grew up in Oulu and Iisalmi, Finland. He is the father of current Mercedes Formula One driver Nico Rosberg.", "Louis Chiron\nLouis Alexandre Chiron (3 August 1899 – 22 June 1979) was a Monegasque Grand Prix driver.", "Jenson Button\nJenson Alexander Lyons Button, MBE (born 19 January 1980), known as JB, is a British Formula One driver from England currently driving for McLaren. He is the 2009 Formula One World Champion, driving for Brawn GP.Button began karting at the age of eight and achieved early success, before progressing to car racing in the British Formula Ford Championship and the British Formula Three Championship. He first drove in Formula One with Williams F1 for the 2000 season.", "Denny Hulme\nDenis Clive \"Denny\" Hulme, OBE (18 June 1936 – 4 October 1992) was a New Zealand racing driver who won the 1967 Formula One World Drivers' Championship for the Brabham team. Between his debut at Monaco in 1965 and his final race in the 1974 US Grand Prix, he started 112 Grand Prix, resulting eight victories and 33 trips to the podium.", "1976 Monaco Grand Prix\nThe 1976 Monaco Grand Prix (formally the XXXIV Grand Prix de Monaco) was a Formula One motor race held at the Monaco street circuit in Monaco on May 30, 1976. It was the fifth round of the 1976 Formula One season and the 34th Monaco Grand Prix. The race was contested over 78 laps of the 3.3 km circuit for a race distance of 257 kilometres.The race was won by Ferrari driver Niki Lauda, who had also taken pole position in his Ferrari 312T2.", "Rubens Barrichello\nRubens Gonçalves \"Rubinho\" Barrichello (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈʁubẽjz ɡũˈsawviz bɐʁiˈkɛlu], [ʁuˈbĩɲu], born 23 May 1972) is a Brazilian racing driver who competed in Formula One between 1993 and 2011. After losing his seat at the Williams F1 team, Barrichello moved to the IndyCar Series in 2012 with KV Racing Technology.", "Graham Hill\nNorman Graham Hill OBE (15 February 1929 – 29 November 1975) was a British racing driver and team owner from England, who was twice Formula One World Champion. He is the only driver ever to win the Triple Crown of Motorsport—the 24 Hours of Le Mans, Indianapolis 500 and the Monaco Grand Prix.", "Tazio Nuvolari\nTazio Giorgio Nuvolari (Italian pronunciation: [ˈtattsjo ˈdʒordʒo nuvoˈlari]; 16 November 1892 – 11 August 1953) was an Italian motorcycle racer and racing driver. Resident in Mantua, he was known as 'Il Mantovano Volante' (The Flying Mantuan) and nicknamed 'Nivola'. His victories—72 major races, 150 in all—included 24 Grands Prix, five Coppa Cianos, two Mille Miglias, two Targa Florios, two RAC Tourist Trophies, a Le Mans 24-hour race, and a European Championship in Grand Prix racing.", "Sebastian Vettel\nSebastian Vettel (German pronunciation: [zeˈbastjan ˈfɛtəl]; born 3 July 1987) is a German racing driver, currently driving in Formula One for Scuderia Ferrari. He is contracted to remain in that role until at least the end of 2017. He is a four-time Formula One World Champion, having won the championship in 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013 with Red Bull Racing. He is among the most successful F1 drivers of all time.", "Jody Scheckter\nJody David Scheckter (born 29 January 1950) is a South African former auto racing driver. He is the 1979 Formula One World Drivers' Champion.", "2000 Monaco Grand Prix\nThe 2000 Monaco Grand Prix (formally the LVIII Grand Prix Automobile de Monaco) was a Formula One motor race held on 4 June 2000 at the Circuit de Monaco. It was the seventh race of the 2000 Formula One season and the 58th Monaco Grand Prix. The race, contested over 78 laps, was won by McLaren driver David Coulthard after starting from third position.", "List of Formula One Grand Prix winners (constructors)\nFormula One, abbreviated to F1, is the highest class of open wheeled auto racing defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), motorsport's world governing body. The \"formula\" in the name refers to a set of rules to which all participants and cars must conform.", "1987 Monaco Grand Prix\nThe 1987 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on May 31, 1987 at the Circuit de Monaco, Monte Carlo. It was the fourth race of the 1987 Formula One season. It was the 45th Monaco Grand Prix. The course car was the newly introduced Chrysler TC by Maserati.The race was won by Brazilian driver Ayrton Senna driving a Lotus 99T, the first of his six wins at the street circuit and the fifth Grand Prix victory of his career.", "2009 Monaco Grand Prix\nThe 2009 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race that was held on the 24 May 2009 at the Circuit de Monaco, in Monaco. The race, which was contested over 78 laps, was the sixth round of the 2009 Formula One season. It was won by Brawn GP driver Jenson Button, with his team-mate Rubens Barrichello second, and Ferrari's Kimi Räikkönen third.This year a peace and sport initiative was introduced on this Grand Prix under the High Patronage of Albert II, Prince of Monaco.", "1980 Monaco Grand Prix\nThe 1980 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monaco on May 18, 1980. It was the sixth round of the 1980 Formula One season. The race was the 38th Monaco Grand Prix. The race was held over 76 laps of the 3.34-kilometre circuit for a total race distance of 254 kilometres.It was won by Carlos Reutemann driving a Williams FW07B. The win was Reutermann's tenth Formula One victory and his first since the 1978 United States Grand Prix.", "Kimi Räikkönen\nKimi-Matias Räikkönen (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈkimi ˈmɑtiɑs ˈræikːønen]; born 17 October 1979), nicknamed \"The Ice Man\", is a Finnish racing driver currently driving for Ferrari in Formula One.After nine seasons racing in Formula One, in which during his first Ferrari stint he was the 2007 World Champion, he competed in the World Rally Championship in 2010 and 2011. In 2012, he returned to Formula One, driving for Lotus and continued to drive for Lotus in 2013.", "2004 Monaco Grand Prix\nThe 2004 Monaco Grand Prix (formally the LXII Grand Prix de Monaco) was a Formula One motor race held on 23 May 2004, at the Circuit de Monaco; contested over 77 laps, it was the sixth race of the 2004 Formula One season. The race was won by the Renault driver Jarno Trulli. The BAR driver, Jenson Button finished in second position, one second behind Trulli.", "1963 Monaco Grand Prix\nThe 1963 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monaco on May 26, 1963. It was won by British driver Graham Hill driving a BRM P57.", "1959 Monaco Grand Prix\nThe 1959 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Circuit de Monaco on 10 May 1959. It was the opening round of the 1959 Formula One season. It was the 17th Monaco Grand Prix. The race was held over 100 laps of the three kilometre circuit for a race distance of 315 kilometres.The race was won by Australian racer Jack Brabham driving a Cooper T51 for the factory Cooper Car Company team. It was the first win for Brabham, a future three-time world champion.", "Riccardo Patrese\nRiccardo Gabriele Patrese (born 17 April 1954) is an Italian former racing driver, who raced in Formula One from 1977 to 1993.He became the first Formula One driver to achieve 200 Grand Prix starts when he appeared at the 1990 British Grand Prix, and the first to achieve 250 starts at the 1993 German Grand Prix.", "2011 Monaco Grand Prix\nThe 2011 Monaco Grand Prix, formally the Formula 1 Grand Prix de Monaco 2011, was held on 29 May 2011 at the Circuit de Monaco in Monte Carlo, Monaco. Sixth round of the 2011 Formula One season, the 78 lap race was won by the championship leader, Red Bull's Sebastian Vettel who started from pole position. Ferrari's Fernando Alonso was second and McLaren's Jenson Button third.Winner Vettel extended his lead in the World Drivers' Championship to 58 points over Lewis Hamilton who was sixth.", "2005 Monaco Grand Prix\nThe 2005 Monaco Grand Prix (formally the LXIII Grand Prix de Monaco) was a Formula One motor race held on May 22, 2005 at the Circuit de Monaco in Monte Carlo, Monaco. The race, contested over 78 laps, was the sixth round of the 2005 Formula One season and the 63rd running of the Monaco Grand Prix. It was won by polesitter and McLaren driver Kimi Räikkönen.", "Rudolf Caracciola\nOtto Wilhelm Rudolf Caracciola (30 January 1901 – 28 September 1959), more commonly Rudolf Caracciola (pronounced [ʁuːdɔlf kaʁaːtʃiːɔlɑ]), was a racing driver from Remagen, Germany. He won the European Drivers' Championship, the pre-1950 equivalent of the modern Formula One World Championship, an unsurpassed three times. He also won the European Hillclimbing Championship three times – twice in sports cars, and once in Grand Prix cars.", "2003 Monaco Grand Prix\nThe 2003 Monaco Grand Prix (formally the LXI Grand Prix de Monaco) was a Formula One motor race held on 1 June 2003 at the Circuit de Monaco. It was the seventh race of the 2003 Formula One season. The race, contested over 78 laps, was won by Juan Pablo Montoya in a Williams car from a third position start.", "Jackie Stewart\nSir John Young \"Jackie\" Stewart, OBE (born 11 June 1939) is a British former Formula One racing driver from Scotland.Nicknamed the \"Flying Scot\", he competed in Formula One between 1965 and 1973, winning three World Drivers' Championships, and twice runner-up, over those nine seasons. He also competed in Can-Am.", "1995 Monaco Grand Prix\nThe 1995 Monaco Grand Prix (formally the LIII Grand Prix de Monaco) was a Formula One motor race held on May 28, 1995 at the Circuit de Monaco, Monte Carlo, Monaco. It was the fifth round of the 1995 Formula One season. The race, contested over 78 laps, was won by Michael Schumacher for the Benetton team after starting from second position.", "Olivier Panis\nOlivier Panis (born 2 September 1966) is a French professional racing driver. Panis drove in Formula One for ten seasons, scoring one win at the 1996 Monaco Grand Prix for the Ligier team. As of 2015, he is the last French driver to win a Formula One Grand Prix.He is the father of racing driver Aurélien Panis.", "Jack Brabham\nSir John Arthur \"Jack\" Brabham, AO, OBE (2 April 1926 – 19 May 2014) was an Australian racing driver who was Formula One champion in 1959, 1960, and 1966. He was a founder of the Brabham racing team and race car constructor that bore his name.Brabham was a Royal Australian Air Force flight mechanic and ran a small engineering workshop before he started racing midget cars in 1948." ]	[ "1972 French Grand Prix The 1972 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Charade Circuit in Clermont-Ferrand, Auvergne, France on July 2, 1972.Due to cutting the corners, a stone thrown from Emerson Fittipaldi's Lotus hit Helmut Marko in the eye during the race, ending his F1 career. The stones also had caused ten deflated tyres, but no big crashes.", "1998 Italian Grand Prix The 1998 Italian Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Monza on September 13, 1998. The race was won by Michael Schumacher.", "Phil Hill Philip Toll Hill, Jr. (April 20, 1927 – August 28, 2008) was an American automobile racer and the only American-born driver to win the Formula One World Drivers' Championship (Mario Andretti, an American driver, won the World Drivers' Championship in 1978, but was not born in the United States). He also scored three wins at each of the 24 Hours of Le Mans and 12 Hours of Sebring sports car races.Hill was described as a \"thoughtful, gentle man\" and once said, \"I'm in the wrong business.", "Juan Manuel Fangio Juan Manuel Fangio Déramo (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈfanχjo], Italian pronunciation: [ˈfandʒo]; 24 June 1911 – 17 July 1995), nicknamed El Chueco \"\\the bowlegged one\", also commonly translated as \"bandy legged\") or El Maestro (\"The Master\"), was a racing car driver from Argentina. He dominated the first decade of Formula One racing, winning the World Drivers' Championship five times.From childhood, he abandoned his studies to pursue auto mechanics.", "André Guelfi André Guelfi (born 6 May 1919) is a former racing driver from France. He was born in Mazagan, Morocco. He participated in one Formula One World Championship race, on 19 October 1958. He also participated in several non-Championship Formula One races. He is the oldest living Formula One driver since the death of Robert La Caze on 1 July 2015.", "Peter Gethin Peter Kenneth Gethin (21 February 1940 in Ewell, Surrey, United Kingdom – 5 December 2011) was a British racing driver from England. He participated in 31 World Championship Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on 21 June 1970. He won the 1971 Italian Grand Prix in the fastest average speed in Formula One history, but this was his only podium finish.", "Emerson Fittipaldi Emerson Fittipaldi (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈɛmeɾson fitʃiˈpawdʒi]; born December 12, 1946) is a semi-retired Brazilian automobile racing driver who won both the Formula One World Championship and the Indianapolis 500 twice each and the CART championship once.Moving up from Formula Two, Fittipaldi made his race debut for Team Lotus as a third driver at the 1970 British Grand Prix.", "2002 San Marino Grand Prix The 2002 San Marino Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on 14 April 2002 at the Imola. It was won by Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher. His team mate Rubens Barrichello finished second and Williams-BMW driver Ralf Schumacher finished third. It was the first one-two finish for Ferrari, in another dominating season for the team.", "Bruce Kessler Bruce Kessler (born March 23, 1936) is an American racing driver and film and television director.He entered one World Championship Formula One Grand Prix (Monaco 1958) with a Connaught owned by Bernie Ecclestone, but failed to qualify, although he posted the 21st fastest time of the 28 entrants.Kessler born in Seattle, Washington and grew up in Beverly Hills, California. He was the son of a clothing designer.", "Didier Pironi Didier Joseph Louis Pironi (26 March 1952 – 23 August 1987) was a racing driver from France. During his career he competed in 72 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, driving for Tyrrell (1978–79), Ligier (1980) and Ferrari (1981–1982). He won the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1978 driving a Renault Alpine A442B.", "1992 Belgian Grand Prix The 1992 Belgian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Spa-Francorchamps on August 30, 1992. It was the twelfth round of the 1992 Formula One season. The race was won by Benetton's Michael Schumacher, it was the first of his record 91 Grand Prix wins. The Benetton B192's win also marks as the last F1 car to win a Grand Prix while sporting a H-Pattern manual gearbox.", "2002 Belgian Grand Prix The 2002 Belgian Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Spa-Francorchamps on 1 September 2002. Ferrari dominated the race with their two drivers, Michael Schumacher and Rubens Barrichello finishing in one-two formation. Williams-BMW driver Juan Pablo Montoya finished in third place. The second chicane in the Bus Stop corners was modified for the race, before both chicanes changed significantly for the 2004 Belgian Grand Prix.", "Rainier III, Prince of Monaco Rainier III (Rainier Louis Henri Maxence Bertrand Grimaldi; 31 May 1923 – 6 April 2005) ruled the Principality of Monaco for almost 56 years, making him one of the longest ruling monarchs in European history.Though internationally known for his marriage to the American actress Grace Kelly, he was also responsible for reforms to Monaco's constitution and for expanding the principality's economy beyond its traditional casino gambling base.", "Craig Pollock Craig Pollock (born February 20, 1956 in Falkirk, Scotland), is a businessman who was the manager of the Formula One driver Jacques Villeneuve throughout his top-level career, and team principal of the British American Racing team from 1999 to 2002. He is currently the head of engineering company Propulsion Universelle et Recuperation d'Energie (PURE).", "2005 Formula One season The 2005 Formula One season was the 56th FIA Formula One World Championship season, contested over a then record 19 Grands Prix. It commenced on 6 March 2005, and ended 16 October.Fernando Alonso and the Renault F1 team won the World Drivers' and Constructors' Championships, ending five years of dominance by Michael Schumacher and Ferrari. Alonso's success made him the youngest champion in the history of the sport, a title he held until Lewis Hamilton's 2008 title success.", "Juan Mónaco Juan Mónaco (born 29 March 1984), nicknamed \"Pico\", is a male tennis player from Argentina. He has won eight singles titles; reached the semifinals of the 2010 Shanghai Masters and the 2012 Miami Masters; and achieved a career-high singles ranking of world no. 10 in July 2012.", "Vittorio Brambilla Vittorio Brambilla (November 11, 1937 – May 26, 2001) was a Formula One driver from Italy who raced for the March, Surtees and Alfa Romeo teams. Particularly adept at driving in wet conditions, his nickname was \"The Monza Gorilla\", due to his often overly aggressive driving style and sense of machismo.He was particularly known for his 'Punch and Crunch' routine, in which, he would greet the unfortunate victim with an extremely strong handshake.", "2002 Italian Grand Prix The 2002 Italian Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Monza on 15 September 2002. It was another dominating one-two finish for Ferrari, with Rubens Barrichello winning on a two-stop strategy, in front of his one-stopping team mate Michael Schumacher. Jaguar-Cosworth's Eddie Irvine finished third.", "Nelson Piquet Nelson Piquet Souto Maior (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈnɛwsõ piˈke], born August 17, 1952), known as Nelson Piquet, is a Brazilian former racing driver and businessman. Since his retirement, Piquet has been ranked among the greatest Formula One drivers in various motorsport polls.Piquet had a brief career in tennis before losing interest in the sport and subsequently took up karting and hid his identity to prevent his father discovering his hobby.", "Jacques Laffite Jacques-Henri Laffite (born in Paris, 21 November 1943) is a French former racing driver who competed in Formula One from 1974 to 1986. He achieved six grand prix wins, all while driving for the Ligier team. He is now a TV commentator on French television TF1.", "Luigi Taramazzo Luigi Taramazzo (May 5, 1932 – February 15, 2004) was a racing driver from Italy. His single Formula One World Championship entry was at the 1958 Monaco Grand Prix, where he shared the Maserati 250F of Ken Kavanagh. Neither driver qualified the car, so Taramazzo did not start the race.", "2004 French Grand Prix The 2004 French Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on 4 July 2004 at the Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours. This race has become famous for a 4 stop strategy used by Michael Schumacher to beat Fernando Alonso's Renault. Rubens Barrichello finished third in his Ferrari, having overtaken Jarno Trulli in the last corners of the last lap.", "Mario Andretti Mario Gabriele Andretti (born February 28, 1940) is a retired Italian American world champion racing driver, one of the most successful Americans in the history of the sport. He is one of only two drivers to win races in Formula One, IndyCar, World Sportscar Championship and NASCAR (the other being Dan Gurney).", "Pierre-Henri Raphanel Pierre-Henri Raphanel (born 27 May 1961 in Algiers, Algeria) is a former French racing driver.He participated in 17 Formula One Grands Prix for Larrousse, Coloni and Rial, debuting on 13 November 1988. He only qualified for one race, the 1989 Monaco Grand Prix, making him the only driver in F1 history whose only race was in the principality.Following his F1 career, he became a factory driver for Toyota, competing in Japan for series such as JTCC and JGTC, for the latter until 2000.", "Clay Regazzoni Gianclaudio Giuseppe \"Clay\" Regazzoni (5 September 1939 – 15 December 2006) was a Swiss racing car driver. He competed in Formula One races from 1970 to 1980, winning five Grands Prix. His first win was the Italian Grand Prix at Monza in his debut season, driving for Ferrari. He remained with the Italian team until 1972. After a single season with BRM, Regazzoni returned to Ferrari for a further three years, 1974 to 1976.", "1963 Italian Grand Prix The 1963 Italian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monza on September 8, 1963. At this race, Scottish driver Jim Clark clinched the World Championship crown with three races to go, the first time anyone had done so.", "Paul Belmondo Paul Alexandre Belmondo (born April 23, 1963) is a French racing driver who raced in Formula One for the March and Pacific Racing teams. He was born in Boulogne-Billancourt, Hauts-de-Seine, the son of actor Jean-Paul Belmondo and grandson of sculptor Paul Belmondo. Around 1981, Paul gained publicity for becoming the lover of Princess Stéphanie of Monaco.Through 1987 he participated in Formula 3 and Formula 3000, although he was never a top 10 championship finisher in either.", "1998 French Grand Prix The 1998 French Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Magny-Cours on June 28, 1998. The race, contested over 72 laps, was won by German Michael Schumacher driving for Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro. His teammate from the United Kingdom, Eddie Irvine finished second. Mika Häkkinen, driving a McLaren-Mercedes finished in third.", "2002 French Grand Prix The 2002 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Magny-Cours on 21 July 2002. It was the 11th race of the 2002 Formula One season and the race in which Michael Schumacher secured his 5th World Drivers' Championship title in record time, equalling Juan Manuel Fangio's record set over 40 years before. McLaren-Mercedes drivers Kimi Räikkönen and David Coulthard finished second and third respectively.", "1989 Monaco Grand Prix The 1989 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Monaco on May 7, 1989. It was the third race of the 1989 Formula One season.", "André Testut André Testut (13 April 1926 – 24 September 2005, Lyon) was a racing driver from Monaco. He was born in Lyon, France. He entered 2 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, both in Monaco, in 1958 and 1959. On both occasions he drove his Maserati 250F and both times he failed to qualify.", "1982 Austrian Grand Prix The 1982 Austrian Grand Prix was a Formula One World Championship race held on 15 August 1982 at the Österreichring in Spielberg, Styria, Austria. The race was won by Lotus' Elio de Angelis, who held off Keke Rosberg's Williams to win by just 0.050 seconds, or less than half a car length.", "1956 Monaco Grand Prix The 1956 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 13 May 1956 at Monaco. It was the second round of the 1956 World Drivers' Championship.The Owen’s B.R.M. made their first appearance but after qualifying both cars were withdrawn due to engine valve problems.", "1958 Monaco Grand Prix The 1958 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 18 May 1958 at Monaco. It was the second round of the 1958 Formula One season. The race was the 16th Monaco Grand Prix and was held over 100 laps of the three kilometre circuit for a total race distance of 314 kilometres.The race was won by French driver Maurice Trintignant in the second and final Grand Prix victory of his long career. The win was the second consecutive victory for the privateer Rob Walker Racing Team.", "1984 Monaco Grand Prix The 1984 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monaco on June 3, 1984. It was the sixth round of the 1984 Formula One season. It was the only race of the 1984 season that was run on a wet track.During practice, Tyrrell's Martin Brundle had a huge crash at the Tabac corner. He landed upside down and was slightly injured, but it was enough to make him a non-qualifier for the race.", "1969 Monaco Grand Prix The 1969 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Circuit de Monaco on May 18, 1969. It was the third round of the 1969 Formula One season.", "1996 Monaco Grand Prix The 1996 Monaco Grand Prix (formally the LIV Grand Prix Automobile de Monaco) was a Formula One motor race held at Monaco on May 19, 1996. It was the sixth race of the 1996 Formula One season. The race was run in wet weather, causing significant attrition and setting a record for the fewest number of cars (3) to be running at the end of a Grand Prix race.", "1955 Monaco Grand Prix The 1955 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monaco on May 22, 1955. It was the second round of the 1955 World Drivers' Championship and was given an honorary name, Grand Prix d'Europe.", "1988 Monaco Grand Prix The 1988 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on May 15, 1988 at the Circuit de Monaco, Monte Carlo. It was the third race of the 1988 Formula One season.", "1993 Monaco Grand Prix The 1993 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monaco on May 23, 1993. It was the sixth round of the 1993 Formula One season.", "1979 Monaco Grand Prix The 1979 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on 27 May 1979 at Monaco. It was the 37th Monaco Grand Prix and the seventh round of the 1979 Formula One season.The race was won by polesitter Jody Scheckter in a Ferrari 312T4 ahead of Clay Regazzoni (Williams FW07) and Carlos Reutemann (Lotus 79). Patrick Depailler set the fastest lap of the race in a Ligier JS11.It was the last race of 1976 World Champion James Hunt's Formula One career.", "1957 Monaco Grand Prix The 1957 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 19 May 1957 at Monaco. It was the second round of the 1957 World Drivers' Championship.", "1991 Monaco Grand Prix The 1991 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Monaco on May 12, 1991.", "1975 Monaco Grand Prix The 1975 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One race held in Monaco on May 11, 1975. It was the fifth race of the 1975 Formula One season. It was the 33rd Monaco Grand Prix since the race was first held in 1929. It was held over 75 of the scheduled 78 laps of the three kilometre street circuit, for a race distance of 245 kilometres.The race was won by Austrian driver Niki Lauda giving the new Ferrari 312T its first win. The win broke a 20-year drought at Monaco for Ferrari.", "1981 Monaco Grand Prix The 1981 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monaco on May 31, 1981.", "1962 Monaco Grand Prix The 1962 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monaco on 3 June 1962. It was the second race of the 1962 Formula One season.", "1977 Monaco Grand Prix The 1977 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monaco on May 22, 1977.", "1971 Monaco Grand Prix The 1971 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Monaco on May 23, 1971. It was the third round of the 1971 Formula One season and the 200th World Championship Grand Prix held since the championship began in 1950. This was the last race on the original Monaco circuit, as a dedicated pit lane was created along the harbor before Tabac in 1972.Events of the race are captured in the documentary film Weekend of a Champion in which Roman Polanski shadows Jackie Stewart.", "1974 Monaco Grand Prix The 1974 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monaco on May 26, 1974.", "Monaco Grand Prix The Monaco Grand Prix (French: Grand Prix de Monaco) is a Formula One motor race held each year on the Circuit de Monaco. Run since 1929, it is widely considered to be one of the most important and prestigious automobile races in the world and, alongside the Indianapolis 500 and the 24 Hours of Le Mans, it forms the Triple Crown of Motorsport.", "1960 Monaco Grand Prix The 1960 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monaco on 29 May 1960. It was the second race of the 1960 Formula One season.", "1986 Monaco Grand Prix The 1986 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monaco on May 11, 1986.", "1961 Monaco Grand Prix The 1961 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 14 May 1961 on the Circuit de Monaco in Monte Carlo, Monaco. It was the first round of the 1961 World Championship of Drivers, and the first World Championship race under the new 1.5 litre engine regulations.", "2006 Monaco Grand Prix The 2006 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on May 28, 2006 at the Circuit de Monaco. The race, contested over 78 laps, was the seventh round of the 2006 Formula One season. Prior to the race, Renault's Fernando Alonso had finished on the podium in all of the previous six Grands Prix, winning three of those races. His main championship rival, Michael Schumacher was looking to win the race as it would equal Ayrton Senna's record at Monaco for most wins (six).", "1967 Monaco Grand Prix The 1967 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Monaco on May 7, 1967.", "1992 Monaco Grand Prix The 1992 Monaco Grand Prix (formally the L Grand Prix de Monaco) was a Formula One motor race held on 31 May 1992 at the Monaco. It was the sixth round of the 1992 Formula One season. The race, contested over 78 laps was won by Ayrton Senna after a close battle for the lead in the final three laps with Nigel Mansell.", "1965 Monaco Grand Prix The 1965 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monaco on May 30, 1965. It was the second race of the 1965 Formula One season.Jim Clark, Dan Gurney and Mike Spence did not participate in this race, since Team Lotus raced in the 1965 Indy 500, won by Clark.", "1972 Monaco Grand Prix The 1972 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Monaco on May 14, 1972. The track was substantially modified from 1971, in the interest of safety. The pits were moved to the harbor front, between the chicane and Tabac, and a new chicane was placed near Tabac. Jean-Pierre Beltoise's victory was the only one of his Formula One World Championship career, and the last for BRM.", "1964 Monaco Grand Prix The 1964 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monaco on May 10, 1964. It was the first race of the 1964 Formula One season. Peter Arundell scored his first podium finish, and Mike Hailwood his first point.", "1968 Monaco Grand Prix The 1968 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Monte Carlo Circuit on May 26, 1968. It was the third round of the 1968 Formula One season. The race was won by Lotus driver Graham Hill, who started from pole position. Richard Attwood, driving for BRM, gained second place and fastest lap, while Lucien Bianchi finished in third position in a Cooper, in what was to be these drivers' only podium finishes.", "1970 Monaco Grand Prix The 1970 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at the Circuit de Monaco on May 10, 1970. It was the third race of the 1970 Formula One season. Jochen Rindt scored the last victory for the famous Lotus 49.This was Bruce McLaren's final Formula One race - as he was killed 5 days before the next race at Belgium - and Ronnie Peterson's first.", "1985 Monaco Grand Prix The 1985 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monaco on May 19, 1985. It was the fourth round of the 1985 FIA Formula One World Championship. The race was won by Alain Prost driving a McLaren. As usual for the time the FIA allowed only 20 cars on the grid due to the tight confines of the Monaco circuit meaning a total of 6 cars would fail to qualify.", "1982 Monaco Grand Prix The 1982 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monaco on May 23, 1982.This was the first race following the death of Gilles Villeneuve at the Belgian Grand Prix; consequently Ferrari entered only one driver, Didier Pironi.By around lap 67, the race became a 2-horse sprint between Alain Prost and Riccardo Patrese.", "1978 Monaco Grand Prix The 1978 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on 7 May 1978 at Monaco. It was won by Patrick Depailler of France, his first Formula One victory.", "2002 Monaco Grand Prix The 2002 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race that was held on 26 May 2002 at the Circuit de Monaco in Monte Carlo. It was the seventh round of the 2002 season and the sixtieth Monaco Grand Prix. Juan Pablo Montoya started from pole position for Williams. David Coulthard pulled off a surprise victory and his first and only win of the season for McLaren.", "1998 Monaco Grand Prix The 1998 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Monaco on 24 May 1998. The race was won by Mika Häkkinen, his fourth win of the season. Häkkinen recorded a grand chelem, having taken pole, set fastest lap, and led every lap of the race.", "2001 Monaco Grand Prix The 2001 Monaco Grand Prix (formally the LIX Grand Prix de Monaco) was a Formula One motor race held at the Circuit de Monaco on May 27, 2001. It was the seventh race of the 2001 Formula One season. The race, contested over 78 laps, was won by Michael Schumacher driving for the Ferrari team. Rubens Barrichello finished second in the other Ferrari with Eddie Irvine third for the Jaguar team.", "1973 Monaco Grand Prix The 1973 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Monaco on June 3, 1973. The race, contested over 78 laps, was the sixth round of the 1973 Formula One season and was won by Scotland's Jackie Stewart, driving a Tyrrell-Ford. In the process, Stewart equalled the record of 25 Grand Prix victories set by his friend Jim Clark.", "1983 Monaco Grand Prix The 1983 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monaco on 15 May 1983.The race was won by Keke Rosberg, driving a Williams. His son Nico Rosberg, won the 2013 race for Mercedes (as well as the 2014 race and the 2015 race), becoming the first father and son to win in the principality." ]	12
Formula one races in Europe	[ "2002 European Grand Prix\nThe 2002 European Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Nürburgring on 23 June 2002. It was won by Ferrari driver Rubens Barrichello, his first win since his victory at the 2000 German Grand Prix. His team mate Michael Schumacher finished second in another dominating performance by the team. McLaren-Mercedes driver Kimi Räikkönen finished third. This was the first race at the modified Nürburgring circuit, as the first chicane was replaced by the Mercedes Arena corners.", "2003 Formula One season\nThe 2003 Formula One season was the 54th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 2003 FIA Formula One World Championship, which commenced on 9 March 2003 and ended on 12 October after sixteen races.", "Luxembourg Grand Prix\nThe Luxembourg Grand Prix (Großer Preis von Luxemburg) was the name given to two races of the FIA Formula One World Championship, held in 1997 and 1998. The FIA rulings for Formula One stipulate that no country be allowed more than one race.", "List of races at the Nürburgring\nRaces at the Nürburgring were held with Grand Prix cars, Grand Prix motorcycles, various Formula cars, Sports cars, touring cars, trucks, and even bicycles, like the 1927, 1966 and 1978 UCI Road World Championships.", "Monaco Grand Prix\nThe Monaco Grand Prix (French: Grand Prix de Monaco) is a Formula One motor race held each year on the Circuit de Monaco. Run since 1929, it is widely considered to be one of the most important and prestigious automobile races in the world and, alongside the Indianapolis 500 and the 24 Hours of Le Mans, it forms the Triple Crown of Motorsport.", "2001 European Grand Prix\nThe 2001 European Grand Prix (formally the XLV Warsteiner Grand Prix of Europe) was a Formula One motor race held on 24 June 2001 at the Nürburgring, Nürburg, Germany. It was the ninth race of the 2001 Formula One season. The race, contested over 67 laps, was won by Michael Schumacher driving for Ferrari after starting from pole position.", "List of Formula One seasons\nSixty-three seasons of Formula One, the highest class of open wheeled auto racing defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), motorsport's world governing body, have been run. The F1 world championship season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held usually on purpose-built circuits, and in a few cases on closed city streets, the most famous of which is the Monaco Grand Prix in Monte Carlo.", "Italian Grand Prix\nThe Italian Grand Prix (Gran Premio d'Italia) is one of the longest running events on the Formula One calendar. The Italian Grand Prix was also one of the inaugural Formula One championship races in 1950, and has been held every year since then.", "Swiss Grand Prix\nThe Swiss Grand Prix (French: Grand Prix de Suisse, German: Großer Preis der Schweiz, Italian: Gran Premio di Svizzera) was the premier auto race of Switzerland. In its later years it was a Formula One race.", "2001 Formula One season\nThe 2001 Formula One season was the 52nd season of FIA Formula One racing. It featured the FIA Formula One World Championship which commenced on 4 March 2001 and ended on 14 October after seventeen races. Michael Schumacher won the Drivers' title with a record margin of 58 points, after achieving nine victories and five second places and Ferrari won the Constructors' award.", "San Marino Grand Prix\nThe San Marino Grand Prix (Italian: Gran Premio di San Marino) was a Formula One championship race which was run at the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari in the town of Imola, near the Apennine mountains in Italy, between 1981 and 2006. It was named after nearby San Marino because there already was an Italian Grand Prix held at Monza. In 1980, when Monza was under refurbishment, the Imola track was used for the 51st Italian Grand Prix.", "1985 European Grand Prix\nThe 1985 European Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Brands Hatch on October 6, 1985. It was the fourteenth round of the 1985 FIA Formula One World Championship.Ayrton Senna got pole position for the 6th time in the season, averaging 140.106 mph (225.479 km/h), the first time anyone had lapped the circuit faster than 140 mph.", "2006 European Grand Prix\nThe 2006 European Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Nürburgring in Nürburg, Germany on May 7, 2006. The race, contested over 60 laps, was the fifth round of the 2006 Formula One season. It was won by Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher who took his second victory of the season. Polesitter Fernando Alonso finished in second position for the Renault team, whilst the second Ferrari of Felipe Massa achieved his first podium finish of the season with third place.", "Coppa Acerbo\nThe Coppa Acerbo was an automobile race held in Italy, named after Tito Acerbo, the brother of Giacomo Acerbo, a prominent fascist politician. Following Italy's defeat in World War II, and the consequent demise of fascism, the race was renamed the Circuito di Pescara, and in some years was also referred to as the Pescara Grand Prix (Gran Premio di Pescara). The race was run between 1924 and 1961 and over the years was held to a variety of vehicle class regulations and durations.", "1997 European Grand Prix\nThe 1997 European Grand Prix (formally the XLII European Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on October 26, 1997 at the Circuito Permanente de Jerez, Spain. Originally scheduled as the Grand Prix of Portugal at the Estoril circuit, it was moved when Estoril's management had financial difficulties. It was the 17th and final race of the 1997 Formula One season. The race, contested over 69 laps, was won by Mika Häkkinen in a McLaren, his first Formula One race victory.", "2012 European Grand Prix\nThe 2012 European Grand Prix (formally, the 2012 Formula 1 Grand Prix of Europe) was a Formula One motor race that was held at the Valencia Street Circuit in Valencia, Spain on 24 June 2012. It was the eighth round of the 2012 championship season, and the final time the circuit hosted the European Grand Prix. It was Fernando Alonso's second Grand Prix win in Spain after the 2006 Spanish Grand Prix held at Barcelona.", "1995 European Grand Prix\nThe 1995 European Grand Prix (formally the XL Grand Prix of Europe) was a Formula One motor race held on October 1, 1995 at the Nürburgring, Nürburg, Germany. It was the fourteenth round of the 1995 Formula One season and the first to be held there since 1985. The race, contested over 67 laps, was won by Michael Schumacher for the Benetton team after starting from third position.", "1996 European Grand Prix\nThe 1996 European Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on April 28, 1996 at Nürburgring. Jacques Villeneuve scored his first Formula One victory in his fourth Formula One start.Both Benetton cars made extremely slow starts, due to the brakes locking on. Berger was forced to pit for fresh tyres after a flat-spot was caused, while Alesi finished lap 1 in 13th place and spun while trying to recover.", "Formula One\nFormula One (also Formula 1 or F1) is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the premier form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950, although other Formula One races were regularly held until 1983.The \"formula\", designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, to which all participants' cars must conform.", "French Grand Prix\nThe French Grand Prix (1906–1967: Grand Prix de l'ACF, 1968–2008: Grand Prix de France) was a race held as part of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile's annual Formula One automobile racing championships. It was one of the oldest motor races in the world. It ceased shortly after its centenary in 2008 with 86 races having been held, a victim of finances and unfavourable venues.", "List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions\nThe Formula One World Drivers' Championship (WDC) is awarded by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) to the most successful Formula One racing car driver over a season, as determined by a points system based on Grand Prix results.The Drivers' Championship was first awarded in 1950, to Giuseppe Farina. The first driver to win multiple Championships was Alberto Ascari, in 1952 and 1953.", "Pau Grand Prix\nThe Pau Grand Prix (French: Grand Prix de Pau) is an auto race held in Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, southwestern France. The French Grand Prix was held at Pau in 1930, leading to the annual Pau Grand Prix being inaugurated in 1933.", "Belgian Grand Prix\nThe Belgian Grand Prix (Dutch: Grote Prijs van België; French: Grand Prix de Belgique; German: Großer Preis von Belgien) is an automobile race, part of the Formula One World Championship.The first national race of Belgium was held in 1925 at the Spa region's race course, an area of the country that had been associated with motor sport since the very early years of racing.", "1995 Formula One season\n\"F1 1995\" redirects here. For the video games based on the 1995 Formula One season, see F1 95.The 1995 Formula One season was the 46th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1995 FIA Formula One World Championship, which was contested over 17 races from 26 March to 12 November 1995. For the second year in succession, the Drivers' Championship was won by Michael Schumacher, the Benetton driver defeating Damon Hill of Williams by 33 points.", "1975 Race of Champions\nThe 1975 Race of Champions was a non-championship Formula One race held at Brands Hatch on March 16, 1975. Weather conditions were unusually inhospitable, with strong winds, heavy rain and even snow showers during the weekend.", "1957 Pescara Grand Prix\nThe 1957 Pescara Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race, held on 18 August 1957, at the Pescara Circuit near Pescara in Italy. The race was the seventh, and penultimate round of the 1957 World Drivers' Championship. The race, which was the only Formula One World Championship race at the track, is best remembered for being held at the longest ever circuit to stage a Formula One World Championship Grand Prix.", "2008 European Grand Prix\nThe 2008 European Grand Prix (formally the LII Telefónica Grand Prix of Europe) was a Formula One motor race held on August 24, 2008 at the Valencia Street Circuit, Valencia, Spain. It was the 12th race of the 2008 Formula One season. The race, contested over 57 laps, was won by Felipe Massa for the Ferrari team after starting from pole position.", "Portuguese Grand Prix\nThe Portuguese Grand Prix (Grande Prémio de Portugal) was a motorsports event held for several years, mostly in the 1950s and then in the 1980s and 90s. It was a Formula One race between 1958 and 1960 and between 1984 and 1996.", "1984 European Grand Prix\nThe 1984 European Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Nürburgring on October 7, 1984. It was the fifteenth round of the 1984 Formula One season.", "European Grand Prix\nThe European Grand Prix (sometimes referred to as the Grand Prix of Europe and to be known from 2016 as the Baku European Grand Prix)is a Formula One event that was introduced during the mid-1980s and was held regularly from 1999 until 2012. The most recent host venue for this event was the Valencia Street Circuit in Valencia, Spain, hosting the race from 2008 until 2012.", "Swedish Grand Prix\nThe Swedish Grand Prix (Swedish: Sveriges Grand Prix) was a round of the Formula One World Championship from 1973 to 1978. It took place at the Scandinavian Raceway in Anderstorp (Gislaved Municipality), about 30 km from Jönköping, in Småland, Sweden.", "Austrian Grand Prix\nThe Austrian Grand Prix (German: Großer Preis von Österreich) is a Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile sanctioned auto race which was held in 1964, 1970–1987 and 1997–2003. The Grand Prix returned to the Formula One calendar in 2014.", "1953 Formula One season\nThe 1953 Formula One season consisted of a number of non-championship motor races for Formula One cars. As in 1952, the FIA chose to limit all Grand Prix races counting towards the World Championship of Drivers to cars complying with Formula Two regulations rather than with Formula One.The 4th FIA World Championship of Drivers, which commenced on 18 January and ended on 13 September after nine races, was won by Alberto Ascari, driving for a Scuderia Ferrari.", "2007 European Grand Prix\nThe 2007 European Grand Prix (formally the LI Grand Prix of Europe) was a Formula One motor race held at Nürburgring, Nürburg, Germany on 22 July 2007. It was the tenth race of the 2007 Formula One season. The race, contested over 60 laps, was won by Fernando Alonso driving for the McLaren team after starting from second position.", "Hungarian Grand Prix\nThe Hungarian Grand Prix (Hungarian: Magyar Nagydíj) is a motor race held annually in Hungary. Since 1986, the race has been a round of the FIA Formula One World Championship.", "2005 European Grand Prix\nThe 2005 European Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on May 29, 2005 at the Nürburgring in Nürburg, Germany. The race, contested over 59 laps, was the seventh round of the 2005 Formula One season, the 49th running of the European Grand Prix, and the 15th European Grand Prix as a standalone event (i.e. not an honorific title awarded to an existing event).", "2012 Formula One season\nThe 2012 Formula One season was the 63rd season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 2012 FIA Formula One World Championship, a motor racing series for Formula One cars, recognised by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) — the governing body of motorsport — as the highest class of competition for open-wheel racing cars. The championship was contested over twenty rounds, which started in Australia on 18 March and ended in Brazil on 25 November.", "1950 British Grand Prix\nThe 1950 British Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 13 May 1950 at the Silverstone Circuit in Silverstone, England. It was the first World Championship Formula One race in the modern era, as well as the fifth British Grand Prix, and the third to be held at Silverstone after motor racing resumed after World War II.", "2009 Formula BMW Europe season\nThe 2009 Formula BMW Europe season was the second season of Formula BMW Europe championship. The championship was contested over sixteen races at eight meetings: seven of which supported Formula One Grands Prix and a meeting at the Masters of Formula 3 event at Zandvoort. Felipe Nasr won the title at Monza, having finished fourteen of the sixteen races in the top two and won the title by 104 points.", "2006 Formula One season\nThe 2006 Formula One season was the 57th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 2006 FIA Formula One World Championship which began on 12 March and ended on 22 October after eighteen races. The Drivers' Championship was won by Fernando Alonso of Renault F1 for the second year in a row, with Alonso becoming the youngest ever double world champion at the time. Then-retiring multiple world champion Michael Schumacher of Scuderia Ferrari finished runner-up, 13 points behind.", "2000 Formula One season\nThe 2000 Formula One season was the 51st season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 2000 FIA Formula One World Championship which commenced on 12 March 2000, and ended on 22 October after seventeen races. Michael Schumacher became Ferrari's first World Drivers' Champion for 21 years having clinched the Drivers' title at the penultimate race of the season.", "Spanish Grand Prix\nThe Spanish Grand Prix (Spanish: Gran Premio de España, Catalan: Gran Premi d'Espanya) is a Formula One race currently held at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya in Barcelona. The race is one of the oldest in the world still contested, celebrating its centenary in 2013. The race had modest beginnings as a production car race. Interrupted by the First World War, the race waited a decade for its second running before becoming a staple of the European calendar.", "2003 European Grand Prix\nThe 2003 European Grand Prix (formally the Allianz Grand Prix of Europe) was a Formula One motor race held on 29 June 2003 at the Nürburgring, Nürburg, Germany. It was the ninth race of the 2003 Formula One season. The race, contested over 60 laps, was won Ralf Schumacher driving in a Williams car. Juan Pablo Montoya, also driving for Williams finished second, with Rubens Barrichello third in a Ferrari.", "Russian Grand Prix\nThe Russian Grand Prix (Russian: Гран-при России) is an annual auto race held at Sochi Autodrom—a street circuit built around Olympic Park in Sochi, Russia, as part of the Formula One World Championship.The race was first held briefly in the 1910s in St. Petersburg; while plans were made to host a Formula One event in Moscow for the 1983 season as the Grand Prix of the Soviet Union, these plans fell through.", "Dutch Grand Prix\nThe Dutch Grand Prix (Grote Prijs van Nederland) was a Formula One automobile race held at Circuit Zandvoort, near Zandvoort, the Netherlands, from 1948 to 1985. It was a part of the World Championship from 1952, and designated the European Grand Prix twice, 1962 and 1976, when this title was an honorary designation given each year to one grand prix race in Europe.", "European Championship (auto racing)\nThe European Drivers' Championship was an annual competition in auto racing that existed prior to the establishment of the Formula One world championship in 1950.", "2000 European Grand Prix\nThe 2000 European Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on May 21, 2000 at the Nürburgring in Nürburg, Germany. It was the sixth race of the 2000 Formula One season. The race was the 44th race to carry the European Grand Prix name and the ninth to be held at the Nürburgring. It was the tenth time the European Grand Prix was held as a standalone event.", "2004 European Grand Prix\nThe 2004 European Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on 30 May 2004 at the Nürburgring. The race was noticeable due to the race strategy employed by Ferrari. Michael Schumacher extended his gap over his rivals to close to 18 seconds in the first 7 laps, when the top-runners seemed to bunch up behind Kimi Räikkönen.", "British Grand Prix\nThe British Grand Prix is a race in the calendar of the FIA Formula One World Championship. It is currently held at the Silverstone Circuit near the village of Silverstone in Northamptonshire in England. The British and Italian Grands Prix are the oldest continuously staged Formula One World Championship Grands Prix. It was designated the European Grand Prix five times between 1950 and 1977, when this title was an honorary designation given each year to one Grand Prix race in Europe.", "Czechoslovakian Grand Prix\nThe Czechoslovakian Grand Prix (Czech: Velká cena Československa; Slovak: Československá Grand Prix) was a Grand Prix motor racing event first held on September 28, 1930 at the Masaryk Circuit now referred to as the Brno Circuit. It was held in the town of Brno in Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic).From 1934 onwards, the race was dominated by the German Silver Arrows. In 1937, several spectators were killed or injured when Hermann Lang skidded off the track.", "2011 European Grand Prix\nThe 2011 European Grand Prix (formally the LV Grand Prix of Europe) was a Formula One motor race held on 26 June 2011 at the Valencia Street Circuit in Valencia, Spain. The race, which was the eighth round of the 2011 Formula One season, was won by defending world drivers' champion and championship leader Sebastian Vettel, who was driving a Red Bull car. Vettel, who started from pole position, also recorded the fastest lap of the race on lap 53, giving him a hat-trick.", "German Grand Prix\nThe German Grand Prix (Großer Preis von Deutschland) was an annual automobile race that has been held most years since 1926, with 75 races having been held. The race has had a remarkably stable history for one of the older Grands Prix, having been held at just three different venues throughout its life; the Nürburgring in Rhineland-Palatinate, Hockenheimring in Baden-Württemberg and on odd occasion AVUS near Berlin." ]	[ "1997 Spanish Grand Prix The 1997 Spanish Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on May 25, 1997 at the Circuit de Catalunya.This classic Spanish Grand Prix is memorable for the great performance of Olivier Panis, starting from 12th on the grid, and finishing 2nd closing on the leader Jacques Villeneuve by 1.5 to 2 seconds per lap at the end of the race.", "1977 French Grand Prix The 1977 French Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Dijon on 3 July 1977.", "1973 Austrian Grand Prix The 1973 Austrian Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Österreichring on August 19, 1973.", "1974 Austrian Grand Prix The 1974 Austrian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Österreichring on August 18, 1974.", "1967 Belgian Grand Prix The 1967 Belgian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Spa-Francorchamps on June 18, 1967. It was the fourth round of the 1967 Formula One season.", "1970 Austrian Grand Prix The 1970 Austrian Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Österreichring on August 16, 1970. This was the second Austrian Grand Prix and the first Formula One race at the scenic Österreichring, built to replace the bumpy and bland Zeltweg Airfield circuit.", "1976 Dutch Grand Prix The 1976 Dutch Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Circuit Zandvoort on August 29, 1976. It was won by British driver James Hunt driving a McLaren M23 on his 29th birthday.The weekend was marred by the death of track marshal Ron Lenderink during a touring car support race. He was 29.", "1978 German Grand Prix The 1978 German Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on 30 July 1978 at Hockenheimring.", "Circuito da Boavista Circuito da Boavista was a street circuit in Oporto (Porto), Portugal used twice for the Formula One Portuguese Grand Prix.The course began at the harbor-front \"Esplanada do Rio de Janeiro\", continued on \"Avenida da Boavista\" (hence the circuit's name), and then twisted its way through small neighborhoods back to the start-finish line. The first grand prix was held in 1958.", "Circuit Ricardo Tormo Circuit Ricardo Tormo, also known as Circuit de Valencia and officially named Circuit de la Comunitat Valenciana Ricardo Tormo, is a motorsport race track located in Cheste (Valencia, Spain) and built in 1999. It has a capacity of 120,000. It is often used as a test track by the Formula One teams, because of the mild temperatures in winter.", "1978 Belgian Grand Prix The 1978 Belgian Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on 21 May 1978 at Zolder.", "Circuito del Jarama The Circuito del Jarama (Circuit of Jarama), formerly known as Circuito Permanente del Jarama (Permanent circuit of Jarama) is a 3.404 km (2.115 mi) race course in its old design and 3.850 km (2.392 mi) actually, located in Madrid, Spain which has hosted nine Formula One Spanish Grand Prix.Designed by John Hugenholtz (who also created Suzuka), the circuit was built by Alessandro Rocci in 1967 north of Madrid in arid scrub land.", "1979 German Grand Prix The 1979 German Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on 29 July 1979 at Hockenheimring.", "1979 Spanish Grand Prix The 1979 Spanish Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on 29 April 1979 at Jarama.", "1973 Belgian Grand Prix The 1973 Belgian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Zolder on May 20, 1973. It was won by British driver Jackie Stewart driving a Tyrrell 006.The entire Zolder track had to be resurfaced a week before the actual Grand Prix after a few drivers such as Jackie Stewart, Emerson Fittipaldi and François Cevert walked around the track to inspect it.", "European Hill Climb Championship The European Hill Climb Championship is an FIA-run motorsport competition held across Europe on public roads.Unlike circuit racing, each driver competes alone, starting from a point at the base of a mountain and reaching a finish point near the summit. The European Championship allows single-seater cars, open-cockpit sports prototypes, and touring cars with varying degrees of technical preparation.", "1996 Portuguese Grand Prix The 1996 Portuguese Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on September 22, 1996 at Autódromo do Estoril in Estoril, Portugal.", "Circuito de Monsanto The Circuito de Monsanto, or Monsanto Park Circuit, was a 5.440 km (3.380-mi) race track near Lisbon, Portugal which hosted the Portuguese Grand Prix.Built on parklands, the circuit was considered difficult to drive because it crossed so many different types of surfaces, including tramlines at one point. The track hosted numerous races from 1954 to 1959, but only one race qualified as a Formula One event: the 1959 Portuguese Grand Prix, won by Stirling Moss.", "1979 Dutch Grand Prix The 1979 Dutch Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on 26 August 1979 at Zandvoort.", "2006 French Grand Prix The 2006 French Grand Prix (formally the XCII Grand Prix de France) was a Formula One motor race held at the Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours, near Magny-Cours, France on 16 July 2006.", "1964 British Grand Prix The 1964 British Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Brands Hatch on 11 July 1964. The event was also designated as the European Grand Prix. It was the first of twelve Formula One races to be held at the southern England circuit, it would alternate with Silverstone up until 1987. The race was won by Jim Clark driving a Lotus 25.", "1973 Dutch Grand Prix The 1973 Dutch Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Zandvoort on July 29, 1973. Zandvoort returned to the Formula 1 calendar following a year's absence for extensive safety upgrades to the race track including new asphalt, new barriers and a new race control tower.", "1999 Spanish Grand Prix The 1999 Spanish Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on May 30, 1999 at the Circuit de Catalunya near Barcelona, Spain. It was the fifth race of the 1999 Formula One season.", "2005 Turkish Grand Prix The 2005 Turkish Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on August 21 at Istanbul Park in Istanbul, Turkey. This was the first Formula One race to take place in Turkey.", "1979 Belgian Grand Prix The 1979 Belgian Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on 13 May 1979 at Zolder.", "1981 Belgian Grand Prix The 1981 Belgian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Zolder on May 17, 1981.", "1960 French Grand Prix The 1960 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Reims-Gueux on 3 July 1960.", "2002 German Grand Prix The 2002 German Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Hockenheimring on 28 July 2002. It was the first Grand Prix to be held at Hockenheimring since the track was redesigned, which had seen the forest sections of the track removed and hence the length of the track shortened.", "1972 Austrian Grand Prix The 1972 Austrian Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Österreichring on August 13, 1972.", "2004 French Grand Prix The 2004 French Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on 4 July 2004 at the Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours. This race has become famous for a 4 stop strategy used by Michael Schumacher to beat Fernando Alonso's Renault. Rubens Barrichello finished third in his Ferrari, having overtaken Jarno Trulli in the last corners of the last lap.", "Formula One 04 Formula One 04 is a racing video game based on the 2004 season of the Formula One world championship. It was developed by Studio Liverpool for the PlayStation 2, and was released in Europe on July 30, 2004.", "1963 Dutch Grand Prix The 1963 Dutch Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Zandvoort on June 23, 1963.", "1990 Spanish Grand Prix The 1990 Spanish Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 30 September 1990 at Jerez.", "1974 French Grand Prix The 1974 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Dijon on July 7, 1974.", "EuroSpeedway Lausitz The EuroSpeedway Lausitz is a race track located near Klettwitz (a civil parish of Schipkau, Oberspreewald-Lausitz district) in the state of Brandenburg in Eastern Germany, near the borders of Poland and the Czech Republic. It was originally named Lausitzring as it is located in the region the Germans call Lausitz (Lusatia), but was renamed \"EuroSpeedway Lausitz\" for better international communication. The EuroSpeedway has been in use for motor racing since 2000.", "1998 French Grand Prix The 1998 French Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Magny-Cours on June 28, 1998. The race, contested over 72 laps, was won by German Michael Schumacher driving for Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro. His teammate from the United Kingdom, Eddie Irvine finished second. Mika Häkkinen, driving a McLaren-Mercedes finished in third.", "1963 German Grand Prix The 1963 German Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Nürburgring on August 4, 1963.", "1977 Dutch Grand Prix The 1977 Dutch Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Circuit Zandvoort on 28 August 1977.", "1959 German Grand Prix The 1959 German Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Automobil-Verkehrs- und Übungs-Straße in West Berlin on 2 August 1959. It was the 21st German Grand Prix and was only the second time the race was not held at the Nürburgring. AVUS had previously held the original German Grand Prix in 1926.", "Formula One racing A Formula One race or Grand Prix is a sporting event which takes place over three days (usually Friday to Sunday), with a series of practice and qualifying sessions prior to a race on Sunday.Current regulations provide for two free practice sessions on Friday, a morning practice session and an afternoon qualifying session held on Saturday, and the race held on Sunday afternoon or evening, though the structure of the weekend has changed numerous times over the history of the sport.At most Formula One race weekends, other events such as races in other FIA series (such as the GP2 Series) are staged.", "Circuit Zolder The Circuit Zolder, also known as Circuit Terlaemen, is an undulating 4.011 km (2.492 mi) motorsport race track in Heusden-Zolder, Belgium.Built in 1963, Zolder hosted the Formula One Belgian Grand Prix on 10 separate occasions in the 1970s and 1980s, as well as the 1980 Belgian motorcycle Grand Prix. F1 moved to Zolder in 1973 and with the exception of a race at Nivelles-Baulers in 1974, Zolder was the location of the Belgian Grand Prix until 1982.", "European Touring Car Championship The European Touring Car Championship was an international touring car racing series organised by the FIA. It had two incarnations, the first one between 1963 and 1988, and the second between 2000 and 2004. In 2005 it was superseded by the World Touring Car Championship, and a single-race European Touring Car Cup has been held since then.", "1950 Formula One season The 1950 Formula One season included the inaugural FIA World Championship of Drivers which was contested over a seven race series which commenced on 13 May and ended on 3 September. The championship consisted of six Grand Prix races, held in Europe and open to Formula One cars, plus the Indianapolis 500, which was run to AAA National Championship regulations.", "1989 German Grand Prix The 1989 German Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Hockenheimring on July 30, 1989.", "1975 Dutch Grand Prix The 1975 Dutch Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Circuit Zandvoort on June 22, 1975. It was the 24th Dutch Grand Prix. It was held over 75 laps of the four kilometre circuit for a race distance of 318 kilometres.The race is memorable for one of the greatest underdog victories in Formula One.", "1996 Belgian Grand Prix The 1996 Belgian Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on August 25, 1996 at Spa-Francorchamps.", "1973 German Grand Prix The 1973 German Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Nürburgring on August 5, 1973.", "1977 Belgian Grand Prix The 1977 Belgian Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Zolder on June 5, 1977.", "1972 German Grand Prix The 1972 German Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Nürburgring on July 30, 1972.", "Euroformula Open Championship The Euroformula Open Championship (formerly the Spanish Formula Three Championship, European F3 Open Championship) is a junior formula racing series based in Spain. It is one of six national and international Formula Three championships in Europe and Scandinavia that together form an important part of the established \"career ladder\" below Formula One. The championship's first season was held in 2001.", "1983 Belgian Grand Prix The 1983 Belgian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Spa-Francorchamps on May 22, 1983. After 13 years, the F1 circus returned to Spa after the track had been shortened. This was the first F1 race to be held on the modern Spa circuit.", "Montjuïc circuit The Montjuïc circuit is a former street circuit located on the Montjuïc mountain in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. It is considered among the best Formula One circuits of all time, with Autosport rating it among its ten best for their 50th anniversary of Formula One issue. The circuit was also the venue for the Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix from 1950 to 1968, and then hosted the event on even-numbered years until 1976.", "2004 German Grand Prix The 2004 German Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on 25 July 2004 at the Hockenheimring. Jenson Button overcame a 10-place penalty to finish 2nd. This proved to be Cristiano da Matta's final Grand Prix; for Hungary he was replaced by compatriot Ricardo Zonta.", "1972 Belgian Grand Prix The 1972 Belgian Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Nivelles on June 4, 1972.", "1974 Belgian Grand Prix The 1974 Belgian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Nivelles on May 12, 1974.", "1996 Spanish Grand Prix The 1996 Spanish Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on June 2, 1996 at the Circuit de Catalunya.This race, Michael Schumacher's first Ferrari victory, is generally regarded as one of his finest.", "1998 Spanish Grand Prix The 1998 Spanish Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on May 10, 1998 at the Circuit de Catalunya.", "1974 Spanish Grand Prix The 1974 Spanish Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Jarama on April 28, 1974.", "Turkish Grand Prix The Turkish Grand Prix (Turkish: Türkiye Grand Prix'si) was a Formula One motor race that was first held on August 21, 2005 as part of the 2005 Formula One season and last held on 8 May 2011 as part of the 2011 Formula One season. It was held at Istanbul Park Circuit, designed by Hermann Tilke.", "1973 Spanish Grand Prix The 1973 Spanish Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Montjuïc circuit on April 29, 1973.", "1974 Dutch Grand Prix The 1974 Dutch Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Circuit Zandvoort on June 23, 1974.", "Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps The Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps motor-racing circuit is the venue of the Formula One Belgian Grand Prix, and of the Spa 24 Hours and 1000 km Spa endurance races.It is also home to the all Volkswagen club event, 25 Hours of Spa, run by the Uniroyal Fun Cup. It is one of the most challenging race tracks in the world, mainly due to its fast, hilly and twisty nature.", "Hungaroring The Hungaroring is a motor-racing circuit in Mogyoród, Hungary where the Formula One Hungarian Grand Prix is held. In 1986, it became the location of the first Formula One Grand Prix behind the Iron Curtain. Bernie Ecclestone wanted a race in the USSR, but a Hungarian friend recommended Budapest.", "Formula 3 Euro Series The Formula 3 Euro Series was a European-based junior single seater formula for Formula Three chassis that was launched (in its current form) in 2003 as a merger of the French Formula Three Championship and German Formula Three Championship.", "1993 European Grand Prix The 1993 European Grand Prix (formally the XXXVIII Sega European Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 11 April 1993 at Donington Park. It was the third round of the 1993 Formula One season.", "EuroBrun EuroBrun Racing was an Italo-Swiss Formula One constructor based in Senago, Milan, Italy.", "1983 European Grand Prix The 1983 European Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Brands Hatch on September 25, 1983. This race saw Bruno Giacomelli score his final championship point, and was the first race for qualified doctor and current circuit owner Jonathan Palmer. It also took place exactly 22 years before the inaugural A1 Grand Prix event at Brands Hatch, September 25, 2005.", "1999 European Grand Prix The 1999 European Grand Prix (formally the XLIII Warsteiner Grand Prix d'Europe) was a Formula One motor race held on 26 September 1999 at the Nürburgring in Nürburg, Germany. It was the fourteenth race of the 1999 Formula One season. The race, contested over 66 laps, was won by Johnny Herbert driving for the Stewart team.", "1994 European Grand Prix The 1994 European Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on October 16, 1994 at the Circuito Permanente de Jerez, Jerez, Spain. It was the fourteenth race of the 1994 Formula One season." ]	12
Formula One World Constructors' Champions	[ "List of Formula One World Constructors' Championship runners-up\nThis is a list of all runners-up in the Formula One Constructors' World Championship from 1958.", "2009 Formula One season\nThe 2009 Formula One season was the 60th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 2009 FIA Formula One World Championship which was contested over 17 events commencing with the Australian Grand Prix on 29 March and ending with the inaugural Abu Dhabi Grand Prix on 1 November.Jenson Button and Brawn GP secured the Drivers' Championship and Constructors' Championship titles respectively in the Brazilian Grand Prix, the penultimate race of the season.", "1970 Formula One season\nThe 1970 Formula One season was the 21st FIA Formula One World Championship season. Thirteen races were held between 7 March 1970 and 25 October 1970, with the Championship won by Jochen Rindt and the constructors' title by Lotus. Rindt died four races before the end of the season, but had earned enough World Championship points such that no other driver managed to surpass his total by the end of the season.", "Formula One\nFormula One (also Formula 1 or F1) is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the premier form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950, although other Formula One races were regularly held until 1983.The \"formula\", designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, to which all participants' cars must conform.", "History of Scuderia Ferrari\nThe Scuderia Ferrari motor racing team has a long and successful history.", "Kauhsen\nKauhsen was a Formula One constructor from Germany, founded by former sportscar driver Willi Kauhsen. The team started in Formula Two in 1976, purchasing Renault cars, and raced with an assortment of drivers with limited success. Kauhsen then entered the 1979 Formula One season, spending 1978 designing their own chassis with Cosworth engines. They participated in two World Championship Grands Prix with Gianfranco Brancatelli, failing to qualify on both occasions, before the team was shut down.", "Del Roy\nDel Roy was a racing car constructor. Del Roy cars competed in one round of the FIA World Championship - the 1953 Indianapolis 500.", "Red Bull Racing\nRed Bull Racing is an Austrian Formula One racing team based in Milton Keynes, England. It is one of two teams owned by beverage company Red Bull GmbH, along with Scuderia Toro Rosso. The team won four successive Constructors' Championship titles, in 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013, becoming the first Austrian licensed team to win the title. The team also produced the quadruple world champion driver of 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013, Sebastian Vettel. The team is managed by Christian Horner.", "2007 Formula One season\nThe 2007 Formula One season was the 58th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 2007 FIA Formula One World Championship, which began on 18 March and ended on 21 October after seventeen events. The Drivers' Championship was won by Ferrari driver Kimi Räikkönen by one point at the final race of the season, making Räikkönen the third Finnish driver to take the title.", "Minardi\nMinardi was an Italian automobile racing team and constructor founded in Faenza in 1979 by Giancarlo Minardi. It competed in the Formula One World Championship from 1985 until 2005 with little success, nevertheless acquiring a loyal following of fans.", "1992 Formula One season\nThe 1992 Formula One season was the 43rd season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1992 FIA Formula One World Championship, which commenced on 1 March 1992 and ended on 8 November after sixteen races. Nigel Mansell won the Drivers' Championship, and Williams-Renault won the Constructors' Championship, their first Constructors' Championship since 1987. Mansell became the first driver in Formula One history to win nine races in a single season.", "Tyrrell Racing\nThe Tyrrell Racing Organisation was an auto racing team and Formula One constructor founded by Ken Tyrrell which started racing in 1958 and started building its own cars in 1970. The team experienced its greatest success in the early 1970s, when it won three Drivers' Championships and one Constructors' Championship with Jackie Stewart.", "British Racing Motors\nBritish Racing Motors (BRM) was a British Formula One motor racing team. Founded in 1945 and based in the market town of Bourne in Lincolnshire, it participated from 1950 to 1977, competing in 197 grands prix and winning seventeen. BRM won the constructors' title in 1962 when its driver Graham Hill became world champion. In 1963, 1964, 1965 and 1971, BRM came second in the constructors' competition.", "Niki Lauda\nAndreas Nikolaus \"Niki\" Lauda (born 22 February 1949) is an Austrian former Formula One driver who was three times F1 World Champion, winning in 1975, 1977 and 1984. He is currently the only driver to have been champion for both Ferrari and McLaren, the sport's two most successful constructors. More recently an aviation entrepreneur, he has founded and run two airlines (Lauda Air and Niki). He is also Bombardier Business Aircraft brand ambassador.", "Mercedes-Benz in Formula One\nMercedes-Benz is currently involved in Formula One, running the Mercedes AMG Petronas Formula One Team, a Formula One racing team, based in Brackley, United Kingdom, using a German licence.", "Osella\nOsella is an Italian racing car manufacturer and former Formula One team. They participated in 132 Grands Prix between 1980 and 1990. They achieved two points finishes and scored 5 championship points.", "Jenson Button\nJenson Alexander Lyons Button, MBE (born 19 January 1980), known as JB, is a British Formula One driver from England currently driving for McLaren. He is the 2009 Formula One World Champion, driving for Brawn GP.Button began karting at the age of eight and achieved early success, before progressing to car racing in the British Formula Ford Championship and the British Formula Three Championship. He first drove in Formula One with Williams F1 for the 2000 season.", "List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions\nThe Formula One World Constructors' Championship (WCC) is awarded by the FIA to the most successful Formula One constructor over a season, as determined by a points system based on Grand Prix results. The Constructors' Championship was first awarded, as the International Cup for F1 Manufacturers, in 1958 to Vanwall.Constructors' Championship points are calculated by adding points scored in each race by any driver for that constructor.", "List of Formula One constructors\nThe following is a list of Formula One constructors which have competed or plan to compete in the FIA World Championship.", "2005 Formula One season\nThe 2005 Formula One season was the 56th FIA Formula One World Championship season, contested over a then record 19 Grands Prix. It commenced on 6 March 2005, and ended 16 October.Fernando Alonso and the Renault F1 team won the World Drivers' and Constructors' Championships, ending five years of dominance by Michael Schumacher and Ferrari. Alonso's success made him the youngest champion in the history of the sport, a title he held until Lewis Hamilton's 2008 title success.", "1980 Formula One season\nThe 1980 Formula One season was the 31st season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1980 World Championship of Drivers and the 1980 International Cup for F1 Constructors which were contested concurrently from 13 January to 5 October over a fourteen race series. The season also included one non-championship race, the 1980 Spanish Grand Prix.Jones became the first (and so far as of 2014, the last) Australian to win the World Championship since Jack Brabham in 1966.", "2013 Formula One season\nThe 2013 Formula One season was the 64th season of the FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 2013 FIA Formula One World Championship which was open to Formula One cars, recognised by the sport's governing body, the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), as the highest class of competition for open-wheel racing cars.", "Benetton Formula\nBenetton Formula Ltd., commonly referred to simply as Benetton, was a Formula One constructor that participated from 1986 to 2001. The team was owned by the Benetton family who run a worldwide chain of clothing stores of the same name. In 2000 the team was purchased by Renault, but competed as Benetton for the 2001 season. In 2002 the team became Renault F1.", "Sebastian Vettel\nSebastian Vettel (German pronunciation: [zeˈbastjan ˈfɛtəl]; born 3 July 1987) is a German racing driver, currently driving in Formula One for Scuderia Ferrari. He is contracted to remain in that role until at least the end of 2017. He is a four-time Formula One World Champion, having won the championship in 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013 with Red Bull Racing. He is among the most successful F1 drivers of all time.", "Brabham\nMotor Racing Developments Ltd., commonly known as Brabham /ˈbræbəm/, was a British racing car manufacturer and Formula One racing team. Founded in 1960 by two Australians, driver Jack Brabham and designer Ron Tauranac, the team won four Drivers' and two Constructors' World Championships in its 30-year Formula One history.", "List of Formula One Grand Prix winners (constructors)\nFormula One, abbreviated to F1, is the highest class of open wheeled auto racing defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), motorsport's world governing body. The \"formula\" in the name refers to a set of rules to which all participants and cars must conform.", "Rial Racing\nRial is a German producer of light alloy wheels and rims, and was a Formula One constructor competing in the 1988 and 1989 seasons. Founded in the 1970s as a wheel rim producer, the company was bought by Günter Schmid, ex-owner of the ATS wheels company in 1987. Schmid followed the same strategy as he had at ATS, advertising the Rial wheel brand by entering Formula One as a constructor. Rial participated in 32 Grands Prix, entering a total of 48 cars.", "Maserati in motorsport\nThroughout its history, the Italian auto manufacturer Maserati has participated in various forms of motorsports including Formula One, sportscar racing and touring car racing, both as a works team and through private entrants.", "McLaren\nMcLaren Racing Limited, competing as McLaren Honda, is a British Formula One team based at the McLaren Technology Centre, Woking, Surrey, England. McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor but has also competed and won in the Indianapolis 500 and Canadian-American Challenge Cup (Can-Am). The team is the second oldest active team after Ferrari.", "1996 Formula One season\nThe 1996 Formula One season was the 47th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1996 FIA Formula One World Championship, which commenced on 10 March 1996, and ended on 13 October after sixteen races. Two World Championship titles were awarded, one for Drivers and one for Constructors.Damon Hill won the Drivers' Championship two years after being beaten by a point by Michael Schumacher, making him the only son of a World Champion to have won the title.", "Team Lotus\nTeam Lotus was the motorsport sister company of English sports car manufacturer Lotus Cars. The team ran cars in many motorsport series, including Formula One, Formula Two, Formula Ford, Formula Junior, IndyCar and sports car racing. More than ten years after its last race, Team Lotus remained one of the most successful racing teams of all time, winning seven Formula One Constructors' titles, six Drivers' Championships, and the Indianapolis 500 in the United States, between 1962 and 1978.", "EuroBrun\nEuroBrun Racing was an Italo-Swiss Formula One constructor based in Senago, Milan, Italy.", "John Surtees\nJohn Surtees, OBE (born 11 February 1934) is a British former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer and Formula One driver. He is a four-time 500cc motorcycle World Champion – winning that title in 1956, 1958, 1959 and 1960 – the Formula One World Champion in 1964, and remains the only person to have won World Championships on both two and four wheels. He founded the Surtees Racing Organisation team that competed as a constructor in Formula One, Formula 2 and Formula 5000 from 1970 to 1978.", "Scuderia Ferrari\nScuderia Ferrari (pronounced [skudeˈria ferˈrari]) is the racing team division of the Ferrari automobile marque. The team races primarily in Formula One but has competed in other series in motorsport since its formation in 1929, including sportscar racing. It is the oldest surviving and the most successful team in the history of Formula One, having competed in every world championship since 1950, the only team to do so.", "Brawn GP\nBrawn GP Formula One Team, the trading name of Brawn GP Limited, was a Formula One world championship-winning motor racing team and constructor, created by a management buyout of Honda Racing F1 Team, but using a Mercedes engine. It only competed in the 2009 Formula One World Championship, with drivers Jenson Button and Rubens Barrichello. The team clinched that year's Constructors' Championship, and Button took the drivers' title.", "Williams Grand Prix Engineering\nWilliams Grand Prix Engineering Limited (FWB: WGF1), trading in Formula 1 as Williams Martini Racing, is a British Formula One motor racing team and constructor. It is founded and run by team owner Sir Frank Williams and automotive engineer Sir Patrick Head. The team was formed in 1977 after Frank Williams' two earlier unsuccessful F1 operations: Frank Williams Racing Cars (1969 to 1975) and Walter Wolf Racing (1976).", "Lewis Hamilton\nLewis Carl Davidson Hamilton, MBE (born 7 January 1985) is a British Formula One racing driver from England, currently racing for the Mercedes AMG team. He is the 2008 and 2014 Formula One World Champion.In December 1995, at the age of ten, he approached McLaren team principal Ron Dennis at the Autosport Awards ceremony and told him, \"I want to race for you one day ..." ]	[ "Will Power William Steven \"Will\" Power (born March 1, 1981) is an Australian motorsports driver who currently competes in the IndyCar Series, driving for Team Penske. He is the 2014 IndyCar champion, and as of 2015 the most successful road and street course race winner in the series' history with 19 wins tied with Scott Dixon.", "Nigel Mansell Nigel Ernest James Mansell, CBE (/ˈmænsəl/; born 8 August 1953) is a British former racing driver who won both the Formula One World Championship (1992) and the CART Indy Car World Series (1993).", "Robert Manzon Robert Manzon (12 April 1917 – 19 January 2015) was a French racing driver. He participated in 29 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 21 May 1950. He achieved two podiums, and scored a total of 16 championship points. At the time of his death, Manzon was the last surviving driver to have taken part in the first Formula One World Championship in 1950.", "1982 Formula One season The 1982 Formula One season was the 33rd season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1982 Formula 1 World Championship, which commenced on 23 January and ended on 25 September after sixteen races. The Drivers' Championship was won by Keke Rosberg and the Manufacturers' Championship was awarded to Ferrari.Rosberg was the first driver since Mike Hawthorn in the 1958 season to win the championship with only one race win.", "2006 Formula One season The 2006 Formula One season was the 57th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 2006 FIA Formula One World Championship which began on 12 March and ended on 22 October after eighteen races. The Drivers' Championship was won by Fernando Alonso of Renault F1 for the second year in a row, with Alonso becoming the youngest ever double world champion at the time. Then-retiring multiple world champion Michael Schumacher of Scuderia Ferrari finished runner-up, 13 points behind.", "1965 Formula One season The 1965 Formula One season, which was the 16th season of FIA Formula One racing, featured the 16th World Championship of Drivers and the 8th International Cup for F1 Manufacturers. The two titles were contested concurrently over a ten round series which commenced on 1 January and ended on 24 October. The season also included a number of non championship races for Formula One cars.", "Stewart Grand Prix Stewart Grand Prix is a former Formula One constructor and racing team. The team was formed by three times Formula One champion Jackie Stewart and his son Paul Stewart in 1996. The team competed in F1, as the Ford works-supported team, for only three seasons, from 1997 to 1999.", "Sébastien Bourdais Sébastien Olivier Bourdais (born 28 February 1979) is a French professional racing driver. He is one of the most successful drivers in the history of the Champ Car World Series, having won four successive championships from 2004 to 2007.He drove in Formula One for the Toro Rosso team during the 2008, and start of 2009 season, but was unable to translate his past successes to that competition. Bourdais currently drives for KV Racing Technology in the Verizon IndyCar Series.", "Mike Hawthorn John Michael Hawthorn (10 April 1929 – 22 January 1959) was a British racing driver. He became the United Kingdom's first Formula One World Champion driver in 1958, whereupon he announced his retirement, having been profoundly affected by the death of his team-mate and friend Peter Collins two months earlier in the German Grand Prix. Hawthorn died in a road accident six months later.", "Grand Prix World Championship The Grand Prix World Championship (GPWC) refers to a number of proposed alternative world championship auto racing series to rival or replace Formula One. Founded in 2001, the GPWC was created as a tool to assist the companies in bargaining with Bernie Ecclestone for an agreeable extension to the 1997 Concorde Agreement, the contract by whose terms the teams compete in Formula One.", "FISA–FOCA war The FISA–FOCA war was a political battle contested throughout the early 1980s by the two representative organizations in Formula One motor racing, the Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA) and the Formula One Constructors Association (FOCA). The battle boiled during the late 1970s and early 1980s and came to a head when the racing teams affiliated with FOCA, an equivalent to a racing team union, boycotted the 1982 San Marino Grand Prix.", "Olivier Panis Olivier Panis (born 2 September 1966) is a French professional racing driver. Panis drove in Formula One for ten seasons, scoring one win at the 1996 Monaco Grand Prix for the Ligier team. As of 2015, he is the last French driver to win a Formula One Grand Prix.He is the father of racing driver Aurélien Panis.", "Jacques Laffite Jacques-Henri Laffite (born in Paris, 21 November 1943) is a French former racing driver who competed in Formula One from 1974 to 1986. He achieved six grand prix wins, all while driving for the Ligier team. He is now a TV commentator on French television TF1.", "1961 Formula One season The 1961 Formula One season was the 12th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1961 World Championship of Drivers and the 1961 International Cup for F1 Manufacturers, which were contested concurrently from 14 May to 8 October over an eight race series.", "Jody Scheckter Jody David Scheckter (born 29 January 1950) is a South African former auto racing driver. He is the 1979 Formula One World Drivers' Champion.", "List of Grand Prix motorcycle racing World champions Grand Prix motorcycle racing is the premier championship of motorcycle road racing, which has been divided into three classes since the 1990 season: 125cc, 250cc and MotoGP. Classes that have been discontinued include 350cc and 50cc/80cc.", "Frank Williams Racing Cars Not to be confused with Williams Grand Prix Engineering, formed by Frank Williams and Patrick Head in 1977 and known today as Williams F1.Frank Williams Racing Cars was a British Formula One team and constructor.", "Toleman Toleman Motorsport was a Formula One constructor based in the UK. It was active between 1981 and 1985 and attended 70 Grands Prix.", "Damon Hill Damon Graham Devereux Hill OBE (born 17 September 1960) is a retired British racing driver from England. He is the son of Graham Hill, and is the only son of a Formula One world champion to win the title. He started racing on motorbikes in 1981, and after minor success moved on to single-seater racing cars.", "Ferrari F2002 The Ferrari F2002 was one of the most successful Formula One car designs of all time. Designed by Ross Brawn, Rory Byrne and Paolo Martinelli, it won fifteen Grands Prix, from a total of nineteen races in 2002 and 2003.The car was much lighter than its predecessor, the F2001. Powered by a 3.0 litre V10 engine which had a very low centre of gravity, the F2002 had excellent handling.", "1964 Formula One season The 1964 Formula One season was the 15th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It included the 1964 World Championship of Drivers, won by John Surtees; and the 1964 International Cup for F1 Manufacturers, won by Ferrari – both of which were contested concurrently over a series which commenced on 10 May and ended on 25 October after ten races. The season also included eight non-championship races for Formula One cars.", "1981 Caesars Palace Grand Prix The 1981 Caesars Palace Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on October 17, 1981 in Las Vegas, Nevada. It was the final race of the 1981 Formula One season, and saw Nelson Piquet win the first of his three World Championships.", "F1 Racing Championship F1 Racing Championship was a game developed by Ubisoft in 2000. It featured all the 22 drivers and 11 teams from the 1999 Formula One World Championship, as well as the 16 tracks (including the brand new Sepang Circuit. The game featured great graphics and realistic handling. At the time, it was facing steep competition by the ever popular Grand Prix 3 and the rising F1-series by ISI. The sales were behind expectations.", "Fittipaldi Automotive Fittipaldi Automotive, sometimes called Copersucar after its first major sponsor, was the only Formula One motor racing team and constructor ever to be based in Brazil. It was formed during 1974 by racing driver Wilson Fittipaldi and his younger brother, double world champion Emerson, with money from the Brazilian sugar and alcohol cooperative Copersucar. In 1976 Emerson surprised the motor racing world by leaving the title-winning McLaren team to drive for the unsuccessful family outfit.", "1958 Formula One season The 1958 Formula One season was the ninth season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1958 World Championship of Drivers which commenced on 19 January 1958, and ended on 19 October after eleven races. This was the first Formula One season in which a Manufacturers title was awarded, the International Cup for F1 Manufacturers being contested concurrently with the World Championship of Drivers.", "Emerson Fittipaldi Emerson Fittipaldi (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈɛmeɾson fitʃiˈpawdʒi]; born December 12, 1946) is a semi-retired Brazilian automobile racing driver who won both the Formula One World Championship and the Indianapolis 500 twice each and the CART championship once.Moving up from Formula Two, Fittipaldi made his race debut for Team Lotus as a third driver at the 1970 British Grand Prix.", "1994 Formula One season The 1994 Formula One season was the 45th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1994 FIA Formula One World Championship which commenced on 27 March 1994, and ended on 13 November after sixteen races. The season is remembered as one of the most tragic and controversial seasons in the sport's history.", "1955 Formula One season The 1955 Formula One season was the sixth season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1955 World Championship of Drivers, which commenced on 16 January 1955 and ended on September 11 after seven races. Juan Manuel Fangio won his second consecutive World Championship title in a season that was curtailed by tragedies.The season also included a number of non-championship Formula One races.", "List of World Rally Championship Constructors' champions The World Rally Championship Manufacturers' Championship (WMC) is awarded by the FIA to the most successful WRC constructor over a season, as determined by a point system based on rally results. The WRC was formed from well-known and popular international rallies, most of which had previously been part of the European Rally Championship and/or the International Championship for Manufacturers; the series was first contested in 1973.", "Formula 1 98 Formula 1 98 is a video game first released in Europe on 30 October 1998 for the Sony PlayStation, and was developed by Psygnosis which held the official Formula 1 game licence at the time.Jarno Trulli appears on the front cover of this edition, however some other versions (such as the British version) have the 1998 World Champion, Mika Häkkinen, on the front cover, and in the United States version, it has Eddie Irvine on the cover.", "Michael Schumacher Michael Schumacher (German pronunciation: [ˈmɪçaʔɛl ˈʃuːmaxɐ]; born 3 January 1969) is a retired German racing driver. He is a seven-time Formula One World Champion and is widely regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers of all time. He was named Laureus World Sportsman of the Year twice. He won two titles with Benetton in 1994 and 1995. After his second title he moved to Ferrari for which he drove eleven years.", "Rory Byrne Rory Byrne (born 10 January 1944) is a South African semi-retired engineer and car designer, most famous for being the chief designer at the Benetton and Scuderia Ferrari Formula One teams.Byrne-designed cars have won ninety nine Grands Prix, seven constructors' titles and seven drivers' titles. This makes Byrne the third most successful Formula One designer, behind rivals Adrian Newey and Colin Chapman.", "1967 Formula One season The 1967 Formula One season was the 18th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1967 World Championship of Drivers and the 1967 International Cup for F1 Manufacturers, contested concurrently over an eleven race series which commenced on 2 January 1967, and ended on 22 October. The season also included a number of non-championship races for Fomula One cars.", "Surtees The Surtees Racing Organisation was a race team that spent nine seasons (1970 to 1978) as a constructor in Formula One, Formula 2, and Formula 5000.", "1963 Formula One season The 1963 Formula One season was the 14th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 14th FIA World Championship of Drivers, the sixth International Cup for F1 Manufacturers and numerous non-championship Formula One races. The World Championship commenced on 26 May 1963, and ended on 28 December after ten races.", "1951 Formula One season The 1951 Formula One season was the second season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1951 World Championship of Drivers, which commenced on 27 May 1951 and ended on 28 October after eight races. The season also included 14 races that were open to Formula One cars but did not count towards the championship standings.", "1976 Formula One season The 1976 Formula One season was the 27th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1976 World Championship of F1 Drivers and the 1976 International Cup for F1 Manufacturers which were contested concurrently over a sixteen race series which commenced on 25 January and ended on 24 October.", "Bernie Ecclestone Bernard Charles \"Bernie\" Ecclestone (born 28 October 1930) is a British business magnate. He is the chief executive of the Formula One Group, which manages Formula One and controls the commercial rights to the sport, and part-owns Delta Topco, the ultimate parent company of Group.", "1966 Formula One season The 1966 Formula One season was the 17th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1966 World Championship of Drivers and the 1966 International Cup for F1 Manufacturers which were contested concurrently over a nine-race series that commenced on 22 May and ended on 23 October. The season also included a number of non-championship races for Formula One cars.", "List of NASCAR Manufacturers' champions The NASCAR Manufacturers' Championship is awarded by NASCAR to the most successful manufacturer over a season, as determined by a points system based on race results. The Constructors' Championship was first awarded in 1952, to Hudson.Different car make/engine combinations are considered to be different manufacturers for the purposes of the Championship. Manufacturers' Championship points are calculated by adding points scored in each race by the highest finishing driver for that manufacturer.", "1983 Formula One season The 1983 Formula One season was the 34th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1983 FIA Formula One World Championship, which commenced on 13 March, and ended on 15 October after fifteen races. Nelson Piquet won the Drivers' Championship, his second Formula One title and the first to be won by a driver using a turbocharged engine.", "1959 Formula One season The 1959 Formula One season was the 10th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1959 World Championship of Drivers and the 1959 International Cup for F1 Manufacturers, contested concurrently over a nine race series which commenced on 10 May and ended on 12 December.", "Concorde Agreement The Concorde Agreement is a contract between the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), the Formula One teams and the Formula One Group which dictates the terms by which the teams compete in races and how the television revenues and prize money is divided. There have in fact been seven separate Concorde Agreements, all of whose terms were kept strictly secret: The first in 1981, others in 1987, 1992, 1997, 1998, 2009 and the current agreement in 2013.", "2003 Formula One season The 2003 Formula One season was the 54th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 2003 FIA Formula One World Championship, which commenced on 9 March 2003 and ended on 12 October after sixteen races.", "1984 Formula One season The 1984 Formula One season was the 35th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1984 Formula One World Championship for Drivers and the 1984 Formula One World Championship for Manufacturers which were contested concurrently over a sixteen-race series which commenced on 25 March, and ended on 21 October.In the Drivers' Championship, the season became a duel between McLaren's Alain Prost and Niki Lauda.", "Mika Häkkinen Mika Pauli Häkkinen (About this sound pronunciation ; born 28 September 1968), nicknamed \"the Flying Finn\", is a retired Finnish professional racing driver. He is the 1998 and 1999 Formula One World Champion, driving for McLaren and has been ranked among the greatest Formula One drivers in various motorsport polls.", "1950 Formula One season The 1950 Formula One season included the inaugural FIA World Championship of Drivers which was contested over a seven race series which commenced on 13 May and ended on 3 September. The championship consisted of six Grand Prix races, held in Europe and open to Formula One cars, plus the Indianapolis 500, which was run to AAA National Championship regulations.", "1968 Formula One season The 1968 Formula One season included the 19th FIA Formula One World Championship season, which commenced on 1 January 1968, and ended on 3 November after twelve races.", "1987 Formula One season The 1987 Formula One season was the 38th season of Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1987 FIA Formula One World Championship for Drivers and Constructors which commenced on 12 April 1987 and ended on 15 November after sixteen races.", "1973 Formula One season The 1973 Formula One season was the 24th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1973 World Championship of Drivers and the 1973 International Cup for F1 Manufacturers, which were contested concurrently over a fifteen race series that commenced on 28 January and ended on 7 October.", "1979 Formula One season The 1979 Formula One season was the 30th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1979 World Championship of F1 Drivers and the 1979 International Cup for F1 Constructors which were contested concurrently over a fifteen round series which commenced on 21 January 1979, and ended on 7 October. The season also included three non-championship Formula One races.", "Ayrton Senna Ayrton Senna da Silva (Brazilian Portuguese: [aˈiʁtõ ˈsẽnɐ dɐ ˈsiwvɐ]; 21 March 1960 – 1 May 1994) was a Brazilian racing driver who won three Formula One world championships. He was killed in an accident while leading the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix.", "1969 Formula One season The 1969 Formula One season included the 20th FIA Formula One World Championship season, which commenced on 1 March 1969, and ended on 19 October after eleven races.", "1974 Formula One season The 1974 Formula One season was the 25th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1974 World Championship of F1 Drivers and the 1974 International Cup for F1 Manufacturers, contested concurrently over a fifteen race series which commenced on 13 January and ended on 6 October.", "Graham Hill Norman Graham Hill OBE (15 February 1929 – 29 November 1975) was a British racing driver and team owner from England, who was twice Formula One World Champion. He is the only driver ever to win the Triple Crown of Motorsport—the 24 Hours of Le Mans, Indianapolis 500 and the Monaco Grand Prix.", "James Hunt James Simon Wallis Hunt (29 August 1947 – 15 June 1993) was a British racing driver who won the Formula One World Championship in 1976. After retiring from racing in 1979, Hunt became a media commentator and businessman.Beginning his racing career in touring car racing, Hunt progressed into Formula Three where he attracted the attention of the Hesketh Racing team and was soon taken under their wing.", "1986 Formula One season The 1986 Formula One season was the 37th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1986 Formula One World Championship which commenced on 23 March and ended on 26 October after sixteen races. The Formula One World Championship for Drivers was won by Alain Prost and the Formula One World Championship for Manufacturers was awarded to Williams.", "Jack Brabham Sir John Arthur \"Jack\" Brabham, AO, OBE (2 April 1926 – 19 May 2014) was an Australian racing driver who was Formula One champion in 1959, 1960, and 1966. He was a founder of the Brabham racing team and race car constructor that bore his name.Brabham was a Royal Australian Air Force flight mechanic and ran a small engineering workshop before he started racing midget cars in 1948.", "Bruce McLaren Bruce Leslie McLaren (30 August 1937 – 2 June 1970) was a New Zealand race-car designer, driver, engineer and inventor.His name lives on in the McLaren team which has been one of the most successful in Formula One championship history, with McLaren cars and drivers winning a total of 20 world championships.", "1975 Formula One season The 1975 Formula One season was the 26th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1975 World Championship of F1 Drivers and the 1975 International Cup for F1 Manufacturers which were contested concurrently from 12 January to 5 October over fourteen races.", "Giuseppe Farina Emilio Giuseppe Farina (30 October 1906 – 30 June 1966), nicknamed \"Nino\", was an Italian racing driver. He stands out in the history of Grand Prix motor racing for his much-copied \"straight-arm\" driving style and his status as the first ever Formula One World Champion.", "2000 Formula One season The 2000 Formula One season was the 51st season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 2000 FIA Formula One World Championship which commenced on 12 March 2000, and ended on 22 October after seventeen races. Michael Schumacher became Ferrari's first World Drivers' Champion for 21 years having clinched the Drivers' title at the penultimate race of the season.", "1998 Formula One season The 1998 Formula One season was the 49th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1998 FIA Formula One World Championship which commenced on 8 March and ended on 1 November after sixteen races. The Drivers' Championship was won by Mika Häkkinen and the Constructors' Championship was awarded to McLaren-Mercedes.The season saw a large shuffling of the pecking order with McLaren and Mercedes emerging as the quickest team.", "Alberto Ascari Alberto Ascari (Italian pronunciation: [alˈbɛrto asˈkari]; 13 July 1918 – 26 May 1955) was an Italian racing driver and twice Formula One World Champion. He is one of two Italian Formula One World Champions in the history of the sport, and he won both his championships in a Ferrari.", "List of Formula One records This is a list of records in the FIA World Championships, since 1950. Bold entries indicate the record-holder has competed in the 2015 season.This page is accurate as of the 2015 Japanese Grand Prix.", "1985 Formula One season The 1985 Formula One season was the 36th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1985 Formula 1 World Championship which commenced on 7 April and ended on 3 November after sixteen races. The Formula 1 World Championship for Drivers was awarded to Alain Prost, and the Formula 1 World Championship for Manufacturers was awarded to McLaren.", "History of Formula One Formula One automobile racing has its roots in the European Grand Prix championships of the 1920s and 1930s. The foundation of Formula One began in 1946 with the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile's (FIA's) standardisation of rules. A World Drivers' Championship followed in 1950.", "Formula One Group The Formula One Group is a group of companies responsible for the promotion of the FIA Formula One World Championship and exploitation of the sport's commercial rights. Bernie Ecclestone, a former Formula One team boss, has run the company since gaining control of the commercial rights.", "1988 Formula One season The 1988 Formula One season was the 39th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1988 FIA Formula One World Championship which commenced on 3 April 1988 and ended on 13 November after sixteen races. Two titles were awarded: the Formula One World Championship for Drivers, won by Ayrton Senna, and the Formula One World Championship for Constructors, easily taken by McLaren-Honda.", "List of Formula One Grands Prix The following is a complete list of Grands Prix which have been a part of the FIA World Championship since its inception in 1950.As of the 2015 Japanese Grand Prix, 930 World Championship Grands Prix have been held, including the Indianapolis 500 races which were a part of the World Championships from 1950 until 1960.Major auto racing events are usually named Grands Prix (plural form of Grand Prix), a tradition dating back to the first decade of the 20th Century and the Grand Prix motor racing of the 1920s and 1930s.", "1960 Formula One season The 1960 Formula One season featured the eleventh FIA World Championship of Drivers, the third International Cup for F1 Manufacturers and numerous non-championship Formula One races. The World Championship commenced on 7 February 1960 and ended on 20 November after ten races. Jack Brabham won his second consecutive title with his Cooper team defending its constructors' title.", "2004 Formula One season The 2004 Formula One season was the 55th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 2004 FIA Formula One World Championship, which was contested over an eighteen event series which ran from 7 March to 24 October 2004. The championship was dominated by Michael Schumacher and Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro with the German driver winning the Drivers' Championship for the fifth consecutive year and the Italian constructor winning the Constructors' Championship for the sixth straight season.", "List of Formula One World Championship points scoring systems This is a list of points scoring systems used to determine the outcome of the FIA Formula One World Drivers' Championships since 1950 and Constructors' Championships since 1958 (when the Constructors' Cup was inaugurated).", "2001 Formula One season The 2001 Formula One season was the 52nd season of FIA Formula One racing. It featured the FIA Formula One World Championship which commenced on 4 March 2001 and ended on 14 October after seventeen races. Michael Schumacher won the Drivers' title with a record margin of 58 points, after achieving nine victories and five second places and Ferrari won the Constructors' award.", "Formula One Constructors' Association The Formula One Constructors' Association (FOCA) was an organization of the chassis builders (constructors) who design and build the cars that race in the FIA Formula One World Championship. It evolved from the earlier Formula 1 Constructors Association (F1CA; the name was changed due to unfortunate connotations in some languages) and came to be dominated by Bernie Ecclestone and Max Mosley (originally a co-founder of March Engineering).", "List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions The Formula One World Drivers' Championship (WDC) is awarded by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) to the most successful Formula One racing car driver over a season, as determined by a points system based on Grand Prix results.The Drivers' Championship was first awarded in 1950, to Giuseppe Farina. The first driver to win multiple Championships was Alberto Ascari, in 1952 and 1953.", "Alain Prost Alain Marie Pascal Prost, OBE, Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur (born 24 February 1955) is a French former racing driver. A four-time Formula One Drivers' Champion, only Sebastian Vettel (four championships), Juan Manuel Fangio (five championships), and Michael Schumacher (seven championships) have equalled or surpassed his number of titles. From 1987 until 2001 Prost held the record for most Grand Prix victories." ]	12
Musicians who appeared in the Blues Brothers movies	[ "John Goodman\nJohn Stephen Goodman (born June 20, 1952) is an American actor. Early in his career, he was best known for playing Dan Conner on the television series Roseanne (1988–1997), for which he won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in 1993. He is also a regular collaborator with the Coen brothers on such films as Raising Arizona (1987), Barton Fink (1991), The Big Lebowski (1998), O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000), and Inside Llewyn Davis (2013).", "Lonnie Brooks\nLonnie Brooks (born Lee Baker Jr., December 18, 1933) is an American blues singer and guitarist. He was born in Dubuisson, Louisiana, United States.", "John Belushi\nJohn Adam Belushi (/bəˈluːʃi/; January 24, 1949 – March 5, 1982) was an American comedian, actor, and musician.", "James Brown\nJames Joseph Brown (May 3, 1933 – December 25, 2006) was an American singer and dancer. The founding father of funk music and a major figure of 20th-century popular music and dance, he is often referred to as \"The Godfather of Soul\". In a career that spanned six decades, Brown influenced the development of several music genres.Brown began his career as a gospel singer in Toccoa, Georgia.", "Tom Malone (musician)\nTom \"Bones\" Malone (born June 16, 1947) is an American jazz musician, arranger and producer. As his nickname implies, he specializes on the trombone, but also plays trumpet, tuba, tenor sax, baritone sax, flutes, piccolo, and other instruments.He is famous for being a member of The Blues Brothers band, Saturday Night Live Band (served as leader of the band from 1981 to 1985), and a member of the CBS Orchestra, the house band for the Late Show with David Letterman.", "Carrie Fisher\nCarrie Frances Fisher (born October 21, 1956) is an American actress, novelist, screenwriter, and performance artist. She is best known for her portrayal of Princess Leia Organa in the original Star Wars trilogy, and will reprise the character in Star Wars: The Force Awakens. She is also known for her bestselling novel Postcards from the Edge and screenplay for the film of the same name, as well as her autobiographical one-woman play and the nonfiction book Wishful Drinking based on the show.", "Murphy Dunne\nMurphy Dunne (born June 22, 1942) is an American actor and musician. He is best known for being the keyboardist/pianist for the Blues Brothers in the 1980 film The Blues Brothers, a role he reprised in the sequel, Blues Brothers 2000.Dunne won the role in The Blues Brothers after their original pianist, Paul Shaffer, could not accept the part due to his contractual obligations with Saturday Night Live, as well as his choice to take part in Gilda Live.", "Wilson Pickett\nWilson Pickett (March 18, 1941 – January 19, 2006) was an American R&B, soul and rock and roll singer and songwriter.A major figure in the development of American soul music, Pickett recorded over 50 songs which hit the US R&B charts, and frequently crossed over to the US Billboard Hot 100.", "Alan Rubin\nAlan Rubin (February 11, 1943 – June 8, 2011), also known as Mr. Fabulous, was an American musician. He played trumpet, flugelhorn, and piccolo trumpet.Rubin was a graduate of the Juilliard School of Music in New York. He was a member of the Saturday Night Live Band, with whom he played at the Closing Ceremony of the 1996 Olympic Games. As a member of The Blues Brothers, he portrayed Mr.", "Eric Clapton\nEric Patrick Clapton, CBE (born 30 March 1945), is an English rock and blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He is the only three-time inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: once as a solo artist and separately as a member of the Yardbirds and Cream. Clapton has been referred to as one of the most important and influential guitarists of all time.", "Junior Wells\nJunior Wells (December 9, 1934 – January 15, 1998), born Amos Wells Blakemore Jr., was an American Chicago blues vocalist, harmonica player, and recording artist. Wells, who was best known for his performances and recordings with Muddy Waters, Earl Hooker, and Buddy Guy, also performed with Bonnie Raitt, the Rolling Stones, and Van Morrison.", "The Blues Brothers (film)\nThe Blues Brothers is a 1980 American musical crime comedy film directed by John Landis. It stars John Belushi and Dan Aykroyd as \"Joliet\" Jake and Elwood Blues, characters developed from \"The Blues Brothers\" musical sketch on the NBC variety series Saturday Night Live. The film's screenplay was written by Aykroyd and Landis.It features musical numbers by rhythm and blues (R&B), soul, and blues singers James Brown, Cab Calloway, Aretha Franklin, Ray Charles, and John Lee Hooker.", "Cab Calloway\nCabell \"Cab\" Calloway III (December 25, 1907 – November 18, 1994) was an American jazz singer and bandleader. He was strongly associated with the Cotton Club in Harlem, New York City, where he was a regular performer.Calloway was a master of energetic scat singing and led one of the United States' most popular big bands from the start of the 1930s through to the late 1940s.", "Taj Mahal (musician)\nHenry Saint Clair Fredericks (born May 17, 1942), who uses the stage name Taj Mahal, is an American blues musician. He often incorporates elements of world music into his works.", "Joe Walsh\nJoseph Fidler \"Joe\" Walsh (born November 20, 1947) is an American singer, songwriter, composer, multi-instrumentalist, and record producer. In a career spanning more than 40 years, Walsh has been a member of five successful rock bands: the Eagles, James Gang, Barnstorm, The Party Boys, and Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band. In the 1990s, he was also a member of the short-lived supergroup The Best.", "Lou Marini\n\"Blue\" Lou Marini, Jr. (born May 13, 1945) is an American saxophonist, arranger and composer. He is noted for his work in the jazz, rock, blues and soul music traditions, and more popularly, for being an original member of the Blues Brothers band as well as featuring in the eponymous, very successful movie in 1980.", "Steve Winwood\nStephen Lawrence \"Steve\" Winwood (born 12 May 1948) is an English musician whose genres include rock, blue-eyed soul, rhythm and blues, blues rock, pop rock, and jazz. Though primarily a vocalist and keyboardist, Winwood also plays bass guitar, drums, guitar, mandolin, violin, and other strings.Winwood was a key member of The Spencer Davis Group, Traffic, Blind Faith and Go.", "Rubber Biscuit\n\"Rubber Biscuit\" is a doo-wop song by The Chips, recorded in 1956. It was famously covered by The Blues Brothers (on their debut album, Briefcase Full of Blues), among many other artists as well as featuring in the 1973 film Mean Streets. Label credit for writing the song was given to Chips lead singer Charles Johnson and Adam R. Levy.", "B.B. King\nRiley B. King (September 16, 1925 – May 14, 2015), known by his stage name B.B. King, was an American blues singer, songwriter, and guitarist.Rolling Stone ranked King No. 6 on its 2011 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time. King introduced a sophisticated style of soloing based on fluid string bending and shimmering vibrato that influenced many later electric blues guitarists.", "Blues Brothers 2000 (soundtrack)\nBlues Brothers 2000: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the twelfth studio album by The Blues Brothers. It is a soundtrack album to the 1998 film, Blues Brothers 2000, the sequel to the 1980 film, The Blues Brothers. In addition to tracks by the Blues Brothers Band and guest artists, there are songs by the Paul Butterfield Blues Band and Blues Traveler as well as an all-star blues supergroup, the Louisiana Gator Boys, featuring B.B. King, Eric Clapton and dozens of other artists.", "J. Evan Bonifant\nJ. Evan Bonifant (born August 19, 1985) is an American actor. As a child actor, he played small parts on television shows and starred in several films, including the lead role in Todd Haynes's Dottie Gets Spanked in 1993. His most notable role was that of ten-year-old Buster Blues in Blues Brothers 2000. He was nominated for the Young Artist Award in 1995 for his role in 3 Ninjas Kick Back. In 2008, Bonifant portrayed the role of Jerko Phoenix in the Disney series Wizards of Waverly Place.", "Matt Murphy (blues guitarist)\nMatt \"Guitar\" Murphy (born December 29, 1929) is an American blues guitarist.", "Blues Brothers 2000\nBlues Brothers 2000 is a 1998 American musical comedy film that is a sequel to 1980's The Blues Brothers, written and produced by John Landis and Dan Aykroyd. Directed by Landis, the film stars Aykroyd and John Goodman, with cameos by many musicians.", "Pinetop Perkins\nJoseph William Perkins (July 7, 1913 – March 21, 2011), known by the stage name Pinetop Perkins, was an American blues pianist. Perkins played with some of the most influential blues and rock and roll performers in American history and received numerous honors during his lifetime, including a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and induction into the Blues Hall of Fame.", "The Blues Brothers\nThe Blues Brothers, formally, variously The Blues Brothers' Show Band and Revue and The Blues Brothers' Rhythm and Blues Revue, are an American blues and rhythm and blues revivalist band founded in 1976 by comedy actors Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi as part of a musical sketch on Saturday Night Live.", "Jimmie Vaughan\nJimmie Lawrence Vaughan (born March 20, 1951, Dallas County, Texas, United States) is an American blues rock guitarist and singer based in Austin, Texas. He is the older brother of the late Texas blues guitar legend Stevie Ray Vaughan.Several notable blues guitarists have had a significant influence on Vaughan's playing style including the \"Three Kings\" (Albert, Freddie, and B.B. King) and Johnny \"Guitar\" Watson.", "Aretha Franklin\nAretha Louise Franklin (born March 25, 1942) is an American singer and musician. Franklin began her career singing gospel at her father, minister C. L. Franklin's church as a child. In 1960, at the age of 18, Franklin embarked on a secular career, recording for Columbia Records but only achieving modest success. Following her signing to Atlantic Records in 1967, Franklin achieved commercial acclaim and success with songs such as \"Respect\", \"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman\" and \"Think\".", "Ray Charles\nRay Charles Robinson (September 23, 1930 – June 10, 2004), professionally known as Ray Charles, was an American singer, songwriter, musician and composer. He was sometimes referred to as \"The Genius\", and was also nicknamed \"The High Priest of Soul\".He pioneered the genre of soul music during the 1950s by combining rhythm and blues, gospel, and blues styles into the music he recorded for Atlantic Records.", "Paul Shaffer\nPaul Allen Wood Shaffer, CM (/ˈʃeɪfər/; born November 28, 1949) is a Canadian-American singer, actor, voice actor, author, comedian, and multi-instrumentalist who served as David Letterman's musical director, band leader and sidekick on the entire run of both Late Night with David Letterman (1982–1993) and Late Show with David Letterman (1993–2015).", "Birch Johnson\nBirch \"Crimson Slide\" Johnson is an American trombonist. He is a first call studio trombonist, Emmy nominated composer, producer and songwriter based in New York City. For 10 years, Birch was a member of the \"Blues Brothers Band\" and appeared, as an actor, in the movie \"Blues Brothers 2000\". He graduated from the University of Alabama, receiving the Bachelor of Music degree. At Alabama, he studied with noted jazz educator, Steve Sample, Sr.", "The Very Best of The Blues Brothers\nThe Very Best of The Blues Brothers is a 1995 greatest hits album by The Blues Brothers. It is one of several compilations of the band's recordings, following Best of The Blues Brothers (1981) and Dancin' wid da Blues Brothers (1983).", "Steve Cropper\nSteven Lee \"Steve\" Cropper (born October 21, 1941, Dora, Missouri, United States) is an American guitarist, songwriter, and record producer. He is best known as the guitarist of the Stax Records house band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, and has backed artists such as Otis Redding, Sam & Dave, Carla Thomas, Rufus Thomas and Johnnie Taylor, also acting as producer on many of these records. He later gained fame as a member of the Blues Brothers band.", "John Lee Hooker\nJohn Lee Hooker (August 22, 1917 – June 21, 2001) was an American blues singer, songwriter and guitarist. He was born in Mississippi, the son of a sharecropper, and rose to prominence performing an electric guitar-style adaptation of Delta blues. Hooker often incorporated other elements, including talking blues and early North Mississippi Hill country blues. He developed his own driving-rhythm boogie style, distinct from the 1930s–1940s piano-derived boogie-woogie style.", "Dan Aykroyd\nDaniel Edward Aykroyd, CM (/ˈækrɔɪd/; born July 1, 1952) is a Canadian American actor, comedian, screenwriter, and musician.", "Jeff Morris (actor)\nJeff Morris (September 20, 1934 – July 12, 2004) was an American film and television actor. Among his roles was Bob, the owner of Bob's Country Bunker, in The Blues Brothers. He later reprised his role in Blues Brothers 2000.Born in Missouri, he was raised in Lubbock, Texas. After high school, he went to Hollywood and worked his way into the movies.", "Koko Taylor\nKoko Taylor (September 28, 1928 – June 3, 2009) was an American Chicago blues singer, whose style also encompassed many genres including electric blues, rhythm and blues and blues and soul blues popularly she was known as the \"Queen of the Blues.\" She was known primarily for her rough, powerful vocals and traditional blues stylings. Her name was sometimes styled KoKo Taylor." ]	[ "MFSB MFSB (according to the \"clean\" interpretation, Mother Father Sister Brother) was a pool of more than thirty studio musicians based at Philadelphia’s famed Sigma Sound Studios. They worked closely with the production team of Gamble and Huff and producer/arranger Thom Bell, and backed up such groups as Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes, the O’Jays, the Stylistics, the Spinners, Wilson Pickett, and Billy Paul.In 1972, MFSB began recording as a named act for the Philadelphia International label.", "The York Brothers George York (February 10, 1910 - July 1974) and Leslie York (August 23, 1917 - February 1984), known as The York Brothers, were an American country music duo, popular from the late 1930s through the 1950s, known for their close harmony singing. Their country boogie style, a precursor to rockabilly, combined elements of hillbilly, jazz, and blues music.", "J. B. Lenoir J. B. Lenoir /ləˈnɔːr/ (March 5, 1929 – April 29, 1967) was an American blues guitarist and singer-songwriter, active in the 1950s and 1960s Chicago blues scene.Although his name is sometimes pronounced as French \"L'n WAHR\", Lenoir himself pronounced it \"La NOR\". The initials \"J.B.\" had no specific meaning, his given name was simply \"JB\"", "Tombstone Blues \"Tombstone Blues\" is the second track of Bob Dylan's 1965 album Highway 61 Revisited. Musically it is influenced by the blues, while the lyrics are typical of Dylan's surreal style of the period, with such lines as \"the sun's not yellow, it's chicken\".A live recording of the song, made for MTV in November 1994, was released on MTV Unplugged in 1995.The song was performed by Marcus Carl Franklin and Richie Havens in I'm Not There, the film based on Dylan's life.", "The Rat Pack (film) The Rat Pack is a 1998 HBO TV movie about the Rat Pack. The movie stars Ray Liotta as Frank Sinatra, Joe Mantegna as Dean Martin, Don Cheadle as Sammy Davis, Jr., and Angus Macfadyen as Peter Lawford.Despite his membership in the Pack, Joey Bishop (played by Bobby Slayton) is given minimal screen time, while John F. Kennedy (played by William L.", "The Five Heartbeats The Five Heartbeats is a 1991 musical drama film directed by Robert Townsend, who co-wrote the script with Keenen Ivory Wayans. Distributed by 20th Century Fox, the film's main cast includes Townsend, Michael Wright, Leon Robinson, Harry J. Lennix, Tico Wells, Harold Nicholas of the Nicholas Brothers, and Diahann Carroll.", "Eddie Albert Edward Albert Heimberger (April 22, 1906 – May 26, 2005), known professionally as Eddie Albert, was an American actor and activist. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in 1954 for his performance in Roman Holiday, and in 1973 for The Heartbreak Kid.Other well-known screen roles of his include Bing Edwards in the Brother Rat films, traveling salesman Ali Hakim in the musical Oklahoma!, and the sadistic prison warden in 1974's The Longest Yard.", "The Soul of a Man The Soul of a Man is a 2003 documentary film, directed by Wim Wenders, as the second instalment of the documentary film series The Blues, produced by Martin Scorsese. The film explores the musical careers of blues musicians Skip James, Blind Willie Johnson and J. B. Lenoir.", "Classic Blue Classic Blue is the fourth solo studio album by The Moody Blues front-man Justin Hayward. Classic Blue was released in 1989 by Trax Records (later re-released on Castle Music Records in 1994), and features Mike Batt, who also produced the album, and the London Philharmonic Orchestra.", "King of the Delta Blues Singers King of the Delta Blues Singers is a compilation album by American blues musician Robert Johnson, released in 1961 on Columbia Records. It is considered one of the greatest and most influential blues releases ever. In 2003, the album was ranked number 27 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.", "The Mambo Kings The Mambo Kings is a 1992 French–American drama film directed by Arne Glimcher. It is an adaptation of Oscar Hijuelos's 1989 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love. The film stars Armand Assante and Antonio Banderas as Cesar and Nestor Castillo, brothers and aspiring musicians who flee from Cuba to America in the hopes of reviving their failed musical careers.", "Jerry Wexler Gerald \"Jerry\" Wexler (January 10, 1917 – August 15, 2008) was a music journalist turned music producer, and was regarded as one of the major record industry players behind music from the 1950s through the 1980s. He coined the term \"rhythm and blues\", and was integral in signing and/or producing many of the biggest acts of the last 50 years, including Ray Charles, the Allman Brothers, Chris Connor, Aretha Franklin, Led Zeppelin, Wilson Pickett, Dire Straits, Dusty Springfield and Bob Dylan.", "Sully Boyar Irving \"Sully\" Boyar (December 14, 1924 – March 23, 2001) was an American actor of Russian descent.Boyar was one of seven children, some of whom grew up to become lawyers and businessmen. He also worked as a lawyer before turning to acting. He had a twin brother named Samuel.A life member of the Actors Studio, Boyar was in many films including The King of Marvin Gardens, Fort Apache, The Bronx, In the Soup, The Jazz Singer and Car Wash.", "Electric blues Electric blues refers to any type of blues music distinguished by the use of electric amplification for musical instruments. The guitar was the first instrument to be popularly amplified and used by early pioneers T-Bone Walker in the late 1930s and John Lee Hooker and Muddy Waters in the 1940s. Their styles developed into West Coast blues, Detroit blues, and post-World War II Chicago blues, which differed from earlier, predominantly acoustic-style blues.", "Slim Harpo James Isaac Moore (January 11, 1924 – January 31, 1970), known as Slim Harpo, was an American blues musician, a leading exponent of the swamp blues style, and \"one of the most commercially successful blues artists of his day\". His most successful and influential recordings included \"I'm a King Bee\" (1957), \"Rainin' In My Heart\" (1961), and \"Baby Scratch My Back\" (1966) which reached no. 1 on the R&B chart and no.16 on the US pop chart.", "Alex Wharton Alex Wharton (born 1939), later also known as Alex Murray, was part of the singing duo the Most Brothers with Mickie Most, and later, co-manager and producer of the band, Moody Blues.", "Estelle Evans Estelle Rolle Evans, (October 1, 1906-July 20, 1985), was a Bahamian American actress during the 20th century. Some of her most famous appearances were in the movies The Quiet One, (1948), To Kill a Mockingbird, (1962), and The Learning Tree, (1969). Evans was the sister of actresses Rosanna Carter and Esther Rolle.", "Blind Faith Blind Faith were an English blues rock band, composed of Eric Clapton, Ginger Baker, Steve Winwood, and Ric Grech. The band, which was one of the first \"super-groups\", released their only album, Blind Faith, in August 1969. They were stylistically similar to the bands in which Winwood, Baker, and Clapton had most recently participated, Traffic and Cream. They helped to pioneer the genre of blues/rock fusion.", "Homesick James Homesick James (April 30, 1910 - December 13, 2006) was an American blues musician known for his mastery of slide guitar. He recorded covers of \"Stones In My Passway\" and \"Homesick\". James worked with his cousin, Elmore James, and Sonny Boy Williamson II.", "Pete Kelly's Blues (song) \"Pete Kelly's Blues\" is a popular song featured in the movie of the same name. The music was written by Ray Heindorf, the lyrics by Sammy Cahn. The song was published in 1955. • Pete Kelly's Blues RCA Victor released 11 Jazz of the Roaring '20s songs from the Warner Bros. movie. (1959) Conductor: Matty Matlock. Cast: Matty Matlock; Dick Cathcart, Eddie Miller, Elmer Schneider, Nick Fatool, George Van Eps, Ray Sherman, Jud DeNaut.", "Patrick Cranshaw Joseph Patrick Cranshaw (June 17, 1919 – December 28, 2005) was an American film and television actor known for his distinctive look and deadpan humor. He is best known for one of his last roles, that of Joseph \"Blue\" Pulaski, a fraternity brother, in the 2003 hit comedy Old School. Cranshaw also starred as Sheriff Bob in the Air Bud movies and he played the same role in Air Buddies the final time.", "Hittin' the Note Hittin' the Note is the twelfth and final studio album by the American Southern rock group the Allman Brothers Band. Released through Sanctuary Records, it was their first studio album to include lead slide guitar player Derek Trucks and bass player Oteil Burbridge and marked the full-time return of guitar player Warren Haynes to the band.", "American Blues American Blues were a 1960s Texas-based garage band who played a psychedelic style of blues rock music influenced by the 13th Floor Elevators. They are most famous for including two future members of the band ZZ Top in their ranks, Dusty Hill and Frank Beard.", "BluesWay Records BluesWay Records was a subsidiary label of ABC-Paramount Records, begun by Bob Thiele in 1966. Artists such as John Lee Hooker, Jimmy Reed, Jimmy Rushing, Otis Spann, and T-Bone Walker were among those who signed for the label. BluesWay released B. B. King's 1969 Live and Well and Completely Well albums, the latter containing his hit \"The Thrill is Gone\". The label also released the James Gang's first album, 1969's Yer' Album.", "Marshall Lytle Marshall Lytle (September 1, 1933 - May 25, 2013) was an American rock and roll bassist, best known for his work with the groups Bill Haley & His Comets and The Jodimars in the 1950s. He played upright slap bass on the iconic 1950s rock and roll records \"Crazy Man, Crazy\", \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\", and \"Rock Around the Clock\".", "Howard Rollins Howard Ellsworth Rollins, Jr. (October 17, 1950 – December 8, 1996) was an American stage, film and television actor. He was perhaps best known for his portrayal of Coalhouse Walker, Jr. in the 1981 film Ragtime, for which he earned an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor nomination. Rollins also had a successful career on television as Virgil Tibbs on the NBC/CBS television series In the Heat of the Night.", "Joe Messina Joe Messina (born in Detroit, Michigan on 13 December 1928) is an American guitarist. Dubbed the \"white brother with soul\", Messina was one of the most prolific guitarists in Motown Records' in-house studio band, the Funk Brothers.Messina started playing guitar as an adolescent.", "Pino Palladino Giuseppe Henry \"Pino\" Palladino (born 17 October 1957) is a Welsh bassist. He gained fame for playing primarily rock and roll, blues rock, and rhythm and blues music, although he has been lauded for his ability to play most genres of popular music, including jazz, neo soul, and funk.His career has spanned several ensembles, including the John Mayer Trio and The RH Factor, which he formed with jazz trumpeter Roy Hargrove.", "Blues Breakers with Eric Clapton Blues Breakers is a blues LP recorded by John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers in 1966, the first studio album and the second overall credited to John Mayall, who teamed up for the first time in a studio release with ex-Yardbird Eric Clapton (their next and last time will be for six tracks of 1971's double LP Back to the Roots).It is also known as Beano because of its cover photograph showing Clapton reading The Beano, a British children's comic.", "Juke Box Blues \"Juke Box Blues\" is a country music song written by June Carter Cash's mother, Maybelle Carter and June's sister, Helen Carter. The song was recorded by June Carter Cash, and was one of her few hits. In the 2005 film, Walk the Line, it was sung by Reese Witherspoon.Each stanza has the same melody, followed by a short instrumental interlude played by the instrument(s) referred to in the previous stanza.Juke Box Blues was originally recorded by June Carter under the Columbia Label in 1953.", "Luther Johnson (Guitar Junior) Luther Johnson (born April 11, 1939, Itta Bena, Mississippi, United States) is an American Chicago blues singer and guitarist, who performs under the name Luther \"Guitar Junior\" Johnson. He is not to be confused with Luther \"Snake Boy\" Johnson or Luther \"Houserocker\" Johnson from Atlanta or Lonnie \"Guitar Junior\" Brooks.Johnson moved to Chicago with his family in 1955. During the 1960s, he performed with Magic Sam. He also performed in Muddy Waters's band from 1972 to 1980.", "James Chance James Chance, also known as James White (born April 20, 1953 as James Siegfried in Milwaukee, Wisconsin), is an American saxophonist, keyboard player, songwriter and singer.A key figure in No Wave, Chance has been playing a combination of improvisational jazz-like music and punk in the New York music scene since the late 1970s, in such bands as Teenage Jesus and the Jerks, James Chance and the Contortions, James White and the Blacks (as he appeared in the film Downtown 81), The Flaming Demonics, James Chance & the Sardonic Symphonics, James Chance and Terminal City, and James Chance and Les Contortions.Chance differed from some of his no wave compatriots by possessing (and demanding from his band) a certain level of musical skill and talent.", "James Jamerson James Lee Jamerson (January 29, 1936 – August 2, 1983) was an American bass player. He was the uncredited bassist on most of the Motown Records hits in the 1960s and early 1970s (Motown did not list session musician credits on their releases until 1971) and he is now regarded as one of the most influential bass players in modern music history. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2000.", "Crispin Glover Crispin Hellion Glover (born April 20, 1964) is an American actor, director, screenwriter, recording artist, publisher, and author.Glover is known for portraying eccentric people on screen such as George McFly in Back to the Future, Layne in River's Edge, unfriendly recluse Rubin Farr in Rubin and Ed, Andy Warhol in The Doors, the \"Thin Man\" in the film adaptation of Charlie's Angels and its sequel, Willard Stiles in the Willard remake, The Knave of Hearts in Alice in Wonderland, Phil in Hot Tub Time Machine, and a Willy Wonka parody in Epic Movie.He is also the voice of Fifi in the Open Season franchise and appeared in the screen adaption of the Elmore Leonard novel Freaky Deaky. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crispin_Glover?oldid=682030345> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Medisinsk_Utdannings_og_kompetansesenter> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Medisinsk Utdannings og kompetansesenter (short form MUKS) is a teaching hospital located on Sessvollmoen in central-eastern Norway.Their main task is to produce medics for different units in the Norwegian defence.", "Kirk Acevedo Kirk Acevedo (born November 27, 1971) is an American actor. He is primarily known for his work on television for the portrayals of Miguel Alvarez in the HBO series Oz, Joe Toye in Band of Brothers, FBI Agent Charlie Francis in Fringe, and Jose Ramse in the science-fiction series 12 Monkeys. His best-known films are The Thin Red Line, Dinner Rush and Dawn of the Planet of the Apes.", "Lady Sings the Blues (soundtrack) Lady Sings the Blues is the successful soundtrack to the Billie Holiday biopic of the same name, which starred Diana Ross in her screen debut in 1972. The album went on to be Ross' 4th #1 album (selling over 2,000,000 US copies), though the only one as a solo artist, on the U.S. Top 200 Billboard Albums Chart as a solo act, going to #2 on the U.S. Billboard R&B Album Chart, and #50 on the UK Albums Chart.", "Guitar Slim Eddie Jones (December 10, 1926 – February 7, 1959), better known as Guitar Slim, was a New Orleans blues guitarist, from the 1940s and 1950s, best known for the million-selling song, produced by Johnny Vincent at Specialty Records, \"The Things That I Used to Do\". It is a song that is listed in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll.", "Blues in the Night \"Blues in the Night\" is a popular blues song which has become a pop standard and is generally considered to be part of the Great American Songbook. The music was written by Harold Arlen, the lyrics by Johnny Mercer, for a 1941 film begun with the working title Hot Nocturne, but finally released as Blues in the Night. The song is sung in the film by William Gillespie.", "David Tecchler David Tecchler, sometimes also written Techler, Tekler, Deckler, Dechler, Decler, Teccler or Teckler, (1666–1748) was a German luthier, best known for his cellos and double basses.Tecchler was born in Augsburg, Germany and moved to Rome, Italy as he was still quite young and where he established.His instruments are Germanic or Italian in their style of construction.Possibly the most famous Tecchler cello known today is the \"ex Roser\" of Rome 1723, currently being played by soloist Robert Cohen. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Tecchler?oldid=683143743> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Ronnie_Montrose> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Ronald Douglas \"Ronnie\" Montrose (29 November 1947 – 3 March 2012) was an American rock guitarist, who led the bands Montrose (1973-77 & 1987) and Gamma (1979-83 & 2000) and also performed and did session work with a variety of musicians, including Van Morrison (1971–72), Herbie Hancock (1971), Beaver & Krause (1971), Boz Scaggs (1971), Edgar Winter (1972 & 1996), Gary Wright (1975), The Beau Brummels (1975), Dan Hartman (1976), Tony Williams (1978), The Neville Brothers (1987), Marc Bonilla (1991 & 1993), Sammy Hagar (1997), and Johnny Winter. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Montrose?oldid=683417902> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Ann_Savage> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Ann Savage (February 19, 1921 – December 25, 2008) was an American film and television actress. She is best-remembered as the cigarette-puffing femme fatale in the critically acclaimed film noir Detour (1945), and starred in more than twenty B movies between 1943 and 1946.Effectively leaving the film business in the mid-1950s, Savage made occasional appearances on television and worked for industrial and inspirational film producers during the 1950s–1970s.", "The Paul Butterfield Blues Band (album) The Paul Butterfield Blues Band is the debut album by Paul Butterfield, released in 1965 on Elektra Records, EKS 7294 in stereo, EKL 294 in mono. It peaked at #123 on the Billboard pop albums chart. In 2003, the album was ranked number 476 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, moving up to number 468 in the revised 2012 list, and also is ranked at #11 on Down Beat magazine's list of the top 50 blues albums.", "Vincent Gardenia Vincent Gardenia (born Vincenzo Scognamiglio; January 7, 1920 – December 9, 1992) was an Italian-American stage, film, and television actor. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor two times for Bang the Drum Slowly (1973) and Moonstruck (1987). He also portrayed Det. Frank Ochoa in Death Wish (1974) and its 1982 sequel and Mr. Mushnik in the 1986 musical film version of Little Shop of Horrors.Other films Gardenia appeared in include Murder Inc.", "Standing in the Shadows of Motown Standing in the Shadows of Motown is a 2002 documentary film directed by Paul Justman that recounts the story of The Funk Brothers, the uncredited and largely unheralded studio musicians who were the house band that Berry Gordy hand picked in 1959. They recorded and performed on Motowns' recordings from 1959 to 1972.", "Catfish Collins Phelps \"Catfish\" Collins (October 17, 1943 – August 6, 2010) was an American rhythm guitarist known mostly for his work in the P-Funk collective. Although frequently overshadowed by his younger brother, Bootsy Collins, Catfish played on many important and influential records by Parliament, Funkadelic, and Bootsy's Rubber Band.", "Brinsley Forde Brinsley Forde MBE (born 16 October 1953, Islington, North London) is best known as the founder member of the reggae band Aswad and as a child actor in the children's television series Here Come the Double Deckers (1970–71).Forde appeared as Herman in two episodes of the sitcom Please Sir!. He appeared as Wesley in the feature film of the same name in 1971. He appeared in the James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever and the television programme The Georgian House.", "The Skydivers The Skydivers is a 1963 film directed by Coleman Francis. It stars actress Kevin Casey as Beth, Eric Tomlin as Joe, Anthony Cardoza as Harry, and Marcia Knight as Suzy. The film contains performances by influential Nashville guitarist Jimmy Bryant.After being forgotten for three decades it got a second life in 1994, serving the basis for a Mystery Science Theater 3000 episode (during which TV's Frank describes it as like \"Manos without the lucid plot\").", "Elmore James Elmore James (January 27, 1918 – May 24, 1963) was an American blues guitarist, singer, songwriter and band leader. He was known as King of the Slide Guitar, but he was also noted for his use of loud amplification and his stirring voice.", "One Foot in the Blues One Foot in the Blues is a compilation album by the American blues rock band ZZ Top, released in 1994 (see 1994 in music). The album contains a selection of the band's songs which fall into the blues genre. With the exception of the songs taken from the Degüello, El Loco, Eliminator and Recycler albums, the 1987 digital remixes were used.", "Freddie King Freddie King (September 3, 1934 – December 28, 1976) was an influential American blues guitarist and singer. He is often mentioned as one of \"the Three Kings\" of electric blues guitar along with Albert King and B.B. King.Freddie King based his guitar style on Texas and Chicago influences and was one of the first bluesmen to have a multi-racial backing band at live performances. He is best known for singles such as \"Have You Ever Loved A Woman\" (1960) and his Top 40 hit \"Hide Away\" (1961).", "Chuck Leavell Charles Alfred \"Chuck\" Leavell (born April 28, 1952) is an American musician, who was a member of the Allman Brothers Band during the height of their 1970s popularity, a founding member of the jazz-rock combo Sea Level, a frequently employed session musician, and long-time touring member of the Rolling Stones. Leavell has also toured and recorded with Eric Clapton, George Harrison, Gov't Mule and John Mayer.", "I'll Play the Blues for You I'll Play The Blues For You is the seventh studio album by Albert King released in 1972.", "Sheb Wooley Shelby F. \"Sheb\" Wooley (April 10, 1921 – September 16, 2003) was a character actor and singer, best known for his 1958 novelty song \"The Purple People Eater\". He played Ben Miller, brother of Frank Miller in the film High Noon, played Travis Cobb in The Outlaw Josey Wales, and also had a co-starring role as scout Pete Nolan in the television program Rawhide.", "Muddy Water Blues: A Tribute to Muddy Waters Muddy Water Blues: A Tribute To Muddy Waters is the second solo album by Paul Rodgers of Free and Bad Company fame.Although attributed solely to Paul Rodgers, this album features many other artists including Brian May, Buddy Guy, David Gilmour, Jeff Beck, Neal Schon, Gary Moore, Brian Setzer, Richie Sambora, Slash, Steve Miller, Jason Bonham and Trevor Rabin.", "Jimmy Rushing James Andrew Rushing (August 26, 1901 – June 8, 1972), known as Jimmy Rushing, was an American blues shouter, balladeer, and swing jazz singer from Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States, best known as the featured vocalist of Count Basie's Orchestra from 1935 to 1948.Rushing was known as \"Mr. Five by Five\" and was the subject of an eponymous 1942 popular song that was a hit for Harry James and others—the lyrics describing Rushing's rotund build: \"he's five feet tall and he's five feet wide\".", "The Harmonica Gentlemen The Harmonica Gentlemen was a trio consisting of George Fields (chromatic harmonica), Leo Friedman (chord harmonica), and Don Ripps (bass harmonica). They are largely remembered now for recording with The Andrews Sisters and Danny Kaye. George Fields had a solo career as harmonicist and is best known for his harmonica solo \"Moon River\" in Henry Mancini's score for Breakfast at Tiffany's.", "The Righteous Brothers The Righteous Brothers were the musical duo of Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley. They recorded from 1963 through 1975 and continued to perform until Hatfield's death in 2003. Their emotive vocal stylings were sometimes dubbed \"blue-eyed soul\".Hatfield and Medley both possessed exceptional vocal talent, with range, control and tone that helped them create a strong and distinctive duet sound and also to perform as soloists.", "Blues Traveler (album) Blues Traveler, the eponymous debut album from Blues Traveler, was released on A&M Records in 1990. It establishes the band's trademark jam band sound featuring John Popper's harmonica. On several songs, notably \"Warmer Days,\" a then-unknown Joan Osborne sings background vocals.", "Martin Scorsese Presents the Blues: Jimi Hendrix Martin Scorsese Presents the Blues: Jimi Hendrix is a ten track companion release to the critically acclaimed television documentary series Martin Scorsese Presents The Blues shown on PBS in September 2003.The album features two previously unreleased blues inspired performances. \"Georgia Blues\" (recorded on March 19, 1969 at New York's Record Plant Studios) was recorded with saxophonist Lonnie Youngblood, with whom Hendrix played some early sessions in 1966.", "Songs from Pete Kelly's Blues Songs from Pete Kelly's Blues is a 1955 (see 1955 in music) soundtrack album by Peggy Lee featuring tracks by Ella Fitzgerald, and several jazz instrumentals.It is the soundtrack to the 1955 film Pete Kelly's Blues, which starred Lee and Fitzgerald.", "Danny Wells Jack Westelman (April 7, 1941 – November 28, 2013), known professionally as Danny Wells, was a Canadian movie and television actor and voice actor. He is perhaps best known for his occasional role as Charlie the bartender on The Jeffersons as well as other live action roles in Hollywood films such as Magnolia, The Last Kiss and Private Benjamin.", "Luther Perkins Luther Monroe Perkins (January 8, 1928 – August 5, 1968) was an American country music guitarist and a member of the Tennessee Three, the backup band for singer Johnny Cash. Perkins was an iconic figure in what would become known as rockabilly music. His creatively simple, sparsely embellished, rhythmic use of Fender Esquire, Jazzmaster and Jaguar guitars is credited for creating Cash's signature \"boom-chicka-boom\" style.", "Lady Sings the Blues (film) Lady Sings the Blues is a 1972 American biographical drama film directed by Sidney J. Furie about jazz singer Billie Holiday loosely based on her 1956 autobiography which, in turn, took its title from one of Holiday's most popular songs. It was produced by Motown Productions for Paramount Pictures. Diana Ross portrayed Holiday, alongside a cast including Billy Dee Williams, Richard Pryor, James T. Callahan, and Scatman Crothers.", "Louis Johnson (bassist) Louis Johnson (April 13, 1955 – May 21, 2015) was an American bass guitarist.Johnson was best known for his group The Brothers Johnson and his session playing on several hit albums of the 1970s and 1980s including the \"best selling album of all time\" Thriller. His signature sound was from the Music Man StingRay bass which Leo Fender especially made for him to first use and promote, and from his slapping technique.", "The Real Folk Blues The Real Folk Blues is a series of blues compilation albums released between 1965 and 1967 by Chess Records, and distributed by MCA Records. Each album in the series highlighted the music of one major Chess artist, including John Lee Hooker, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, and Sonny Boy Williamson II. The series, overseen by Marshall Chess, was a reaction to the increasing audience for the blues following the British Invasion.", "Jim Byrnes (actor) James Thomas Kevin \"Jim\" Byrnes (born September 22, 1948) is a blues musician, guitarist, and actor.", "Blues Brothers 2000 (video game) Blues Brothers 2000 is a platform game for the Nintendo 64 console, released by Virgin Interactive in October 2000 in Europe, and by Titus Software in November 2000 in North America. The game is a platformer, loosely based on the band and the film. Due to major delays it was released two years after the film of the same name but on the year the film was set.", "Charlie Sexton Charles Wayne \"Charlie\" Sexton (born August 11, 1968) is an American guitarist, singer, and songwriter, best known for the 1985 hit \"Beat's So Lonely\"; for being the guitarist for Bob Dylan's backing band from 1999 to 2002, 2009 to 2012, and 2013 to present; and for his song \"Tennessee Plates\" on the soundtrack of the 1991 movie Thelma & Louise. His style of playing has varied and he has been associated with artists in the blues, folk, rock, and punk genres.", "The Blues Brothers (video game) The Blues Brothers is a video game based on the band The Blues Brothers, where the object is to evade police in order to make it to a blues concert. The game was released for IBM PC, Amstrad CPC, Amiga, Commodore 64 and Atari ST in 1991, for the NES in 1992, for the SNES in 1993 and for the Game Boy in 1992. It was created by Titus and in gameplay is reminiscent of Capcom's Chip N' Dale series (1990), as well as Titus' own Titus the Fox.", "The Wood Brothers The Wood Brothers are an Americana and blues band, and consist of brothers Chris (Upright Bass) and Oliver Wood (Acoustic and electric guitars), as well as multi-instrumentalist Jano Rix.", "James Baskett James Baskett (February 16, 1904 – July 9, 1948) was an American actor known for his portrayal of Uncle Remus, singing the song \"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\" in the 1946 Disney feature film Song of the South. In recognition of his warm portrayal of the famous black storyteller he was given an Honorary Academy Award, making him the very first black male performer to receive an Oscar.", "Albert King Albert King Nelson (April 25, 1923 – December 21, 1992), known professionally as Albert King, was an American blues guitarist and singer, and a major influence in the world of blues guitar playing. One of the \"Three Kings of the Blues Guitar\" (along with B.B.", "Crossroads (1986 film) Crossroads is a 1986 musical dramatic feature film inspired by the legend of blues musician Robert Johnson. Starring Ralph Macchio, Joe Seneca and Jami Gertz, the film was written by John Fusco and directed by Walter Hill and features an original score featuring Ry Cooder and Steve Vai on the soundtrack's guitar, and harmonica by Sonny Terry.", "Pete Kelly's Blues (film) Pete Kelly's Blues is a 1955 film based on the 1951 original radio series. It was directed by and starred Jack Webb in the title role of a bandleader and musician. Janet Leigh is featured as party girl Ivy Conrad, and Edmond O'Brien as a gangster who applies pressure to Kelly.Peggy Lee portrays alcoholic jazz singer Rose Hopkins (a performance for which she received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress in a Supporting Role).", "John Lodge (musician) John Charles Lodge (born 20 July 1945) is an English musician, best known as bass guitarist, vocalist, and songwriter of the longstanding rock group, The Moody Blues. He has also worked as a record producer. Lodge has collaborated both with his bandmates in the Moody Blues, and with other musicians outside the band, as well as a successful solo career.", "Ethel Waters Ethel Waters (October 31, 1896 – September 1, 1977) was an American blues, jazz and gospel vocalist and actress.She frequently performed jazz, big band, and pop music, on the Broadway stage and in concerts, although she began her career in the 1920s singing blues.Her best-known recordings include \"Dinah,\" \"Stormy Weather,\" \"Taking a Chance on Love,\" \"Heat Wave,\" \"Supper Time,\" \"Am I Blue?\" and \"Cabin in the Sky,\" as well as her version of the spiritual \"His Eye Is on the Sparrow.\" Waters was the second African American, after Hattie McDaniel, to be nominated for an Academy Award. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Waters?oldid=682920668> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Tad_Morose> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Tad Morose is a Swedish progressive / power metal band formed in 1991 and led by guitarist Christer 'Krunt' Andersson.", "Undercover Blues Undercover Blues is a 1993 comedy film about a family of secret agents, starring Kathleen Turner and Dennis Quaid. The film was written by Ian Abrams and directed by Herbert Ross.", "Climax Blues Band The Climax Blues Band (originally known as the Climax Chicago Blues Band) are a British blues rock band. The band was formed in Stafford, England in 1968 by vocalist and harmonica player Colin Cooper (1939-2008), guitarist and vocalist Pete Haycock (1951-2013), guitarist Derek Holt (b. 1949), bassist and keyboardist Richard Jones (b. 1949), drummer George Newsome (b. 1947), and keyboardist Arthur Wood (1929-2005).", "Bluesmobile The Bluesmobile is a 1974 Dodge Monaco sedan that was prominently featured in the 1980 Universal Pictures film The Blues Brothers. In the film, it is described as a decommissioned Mount Prospect police car, purchased by Elwood Blues at an auction after he had traded the previous Bluesmobile (a Cadillac) for a microphone. The Bluesmobile is equipped with the \"440 Magnum\" engine and squad car package, an option offered by Dodge for the Monaco in 1974.", "James Carr (musician) James Carr (June 13, 1942 – January 7, 2001), was an American rhythm and blues and soul singer.Born to a Baptist preacher's family in Coahoma, Mississippi, Carr began singing in church and was performing in gospel groups and making tables on an assembly line in Memphis, Tennessee, when he began recording in the mid-1960s for Goldwax Records, a small Memphis based independent record label.Carr first made the R&B charts in 1966 with \"You've Got My Mind Messed Up\", followed by his most famous song \"The Dark End of the Street\", written by Dan Penn and Chips Moman. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Carr_(musician)?oldid=677509907> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Airheads> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Airheads is a 1994 American crime-comedy film written by Rich Wilkes and directed by Michael Lehmann. It stars Brendan Fraser, Steve Buscemi and Adam Sandler as a band of loser musicians who stage a hijacking of a radio station in order to get airplay for their demo recording. Joe Mantegna, Michael McKean, Ernie Hudson and Michael Richards play supporting roles. It marks Sandler's first role in a 20th Century Fox film.", "The Magnificent Moodies The Magnificent Moodies is the 1965 debut album by The Moody Blues, first released in the UK, and the first and only album featuring their R&B line-up of guitarist Denny Laine, bassist Clint Warwick, keyboardist Mike Pinder, flautist–percussionist Ray Thomas, and drummer Graeme Edge. Lead vocals were shared by Laine, Pinder and Thomas.", "Blues shouter A blues shouter is a blues singer, often male, capable of singing unamplified with a band.Notable blues shouters included:Signe Toly Anderson was a known blues shouter before joining Jefferson Airplane.Walter Brown, of the Jay McShann orchestra.H-Bomb FergusonWynonie HarrisDuke Henderson, who operated mainly in the late 1940s and early 1950s.Jimmy Rushing, blues shouter with Count Basie.Big Joe Turner — whose style hardly changed at all between 1938's \"Roll 'Em Pete\", and 1954's \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\" — Turner was arguably the greatest exponent of the art.Eddie \"Cleanhead\" Vinson, an unusual combination of blues shouter and bebop alto saxophone player.Jimmy Witherspoon, who also appeared with McShann.", "The Blues Band The Blues Band is a British blues band formed in 1979 by Paul Jones, former lead vocalist and harmonica player with Manfred Mann, and vocalist/slide guitarist Dave Kelly, who had previously played with the John Dummer Blues Band, Howlin' Wolf and John Lee Hooker. The band’s first line-up also included bassist Gary Fletcher, guitarist Tom McGuinness (also of Manfred Mann) and drummer Hughie Flint, (the two had previously formed McGuinness Flint).", "Mo' Better Blues Mo' Better Blues is a 1990 musical drama film starring Denzel Washington, Wesley Snipes, and Spike Lee, who also directed. It follows a period in the life of fictional jazz trumpeter Bleek Gilliam (played by Washington) as a series of bad decisions result in his jeopardizing both his relationships and his playing career. The film focuses on themes of friendship, loyalty, honesty, cause-and-effect, and ultimately salvation.", "The Road to Memphis The Road To Memphis is a documentary directed by Richard Pearce. The film follows the career of Blues musician B.B. King. It features performances by B.B. King, Bobby Rush, Rosco Gordon and Ike Turner, as well as historical footage of Howlin' Wolf and Rufus Thomas.The film is part of The Blues, a seven part series, with Martin Scorsese acting as executive producer.", "Buddy Guy George \"Buddy\" Guy (born July 30, 1936) is an American blues guitarist and singer. He is an exponent of Chicago blues and has influenced guitarists including Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton, Jimmy Page, Keith Richards, Jeff Beck, John Mayer and Stevie Ray Vaughan. In the 1960s, Guy played with Muddy Waters as a house guitarist at Chess Records and began a musical partnership with harmonica player Junior Wells.Guy was ranked 30th in Rolling Stone magazine's 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time.", "Blues in the Night (film) Blues in the Night is a 1941 American musical drama film released by Warner Brothers, directed by Anatole Litvak and starring Priscilla Lane, Richard Whorf, Betty Field, Lloyd Nolan, Elia Kazan, and Jack Carson. The project began filming with the working title Hot Nocturne, but was eventually named after its principal musical number \"Blues in the Night\", which became a popular hit.", "Charlie Musselwhite Charles Douglas \"Charlie\" Musselwhite (born January 31, 1944) is an American electric blues harmonica player and bandleader, one of the non-black bluesmen who came to prominence in the early 1960s, along with Mike Bloomfield and Paul Butterfield. Though he has often been identified as a \"white bluesman\", he claims Native American heritage. Musselwhite was reportedly the inspiration for Dan Aykroyd's character in the Blues Brothers.", "Jammin' the Blues Jammin' the Blues is a 1944 American short film in which several prominent jazz musicians got together for a rare filmed jam session. It features Lester Young, Red Callender, Harry Edison, Marlowe Morris, Sid Catlett, Barney Kessel, Jo Jones, John Simmons, Illinois Jacquet, Marie Bryant, Archie Savage and Garland Finney. Barney Kessel is the only white musician in the film." ]	5
French car models in 1960's	[ "Simca Vedette\nThe Simca Vedette is a large car, manufactured from 1954 to 1961 by the French automaker Simca, at their factory in Poissy, France. It was marketed with different model names according to trim and equipment levels. The Vedette was Simca's largest model at that time and it spawned a more economical version, the Simca Ariane.Simca acquired the Poissy factory from Ford France (Ford Société Anonyme Française, the French subsidiary of the Ford Motor Company), along with the model line, in 1954.", "Alpine A110\nThe Alpine A110, also known as the \"Berlinette\", was a sports car produced by the French manufacturer Alpine from 1961 to 1977. The Alpine A110 was introduced as an evolution of the A108. The A110 was powered by various Renault engines.", "Matra Djet\nThe Matra Djet was a French sports car designed by René Bonnet and modified by Matra. The car had various names in its life from 1962 till 1967: René Bonnet Djet, Matra Bonnet Djet, Matra Sports Djet and finally Matra Sports Jet. This car was owned by Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin.", "Simca 1100\nThe Simca 1100 is a car built from 1967 to 1982 by Simca. It was replaced by the Simca-Talbot Horizon.", "Peugeot 504\nThe Peugeot 504 is an automobile manufactured by French automaker Peugeot between 1968 and 1983, with licensed production continuing until 2006.", "Renault 16\nThe Renault 16 is a large family hatchback produced by French automaker Renault between 1965 and 1980 in Le Havre, France.", "Citroën 2CV\nThe Citroën 2CV (French: \"deux chevaux\" i.e. \"deux chevaux-vapeur\" (lit.", "Alpine A108\nThe Alpine A108 was a light-weight glass-fibre bodied, rear-engined two-door coupé produced for a young competition-oriented Dieppe based Renault dealer called Jean Rédélé. The car replaced the Alpine A106 and was based on mechanical components from the Renault Dauphine.", "Citroën Ami\nThe Citroën Ami is an automobile in the supermini class, produced by the French automaker Citroën from 1961 to 1978. The Ami was for some years the best-selling car model in France. Production totalled 1,840,396 units.", "Bugatti Automobiles\nBugatti Automobiles S.A.S. is a French high-performance luxury automobiles manufacturer and a subsidiary of Volkswagen AG, with its head office and assembly plant in Molsheim, Alsace, France. Volkswagen purchased the Bugatti trademark in June 1998 and incorporated Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S. in 1999.Bugatti presented several concept cars between 1998 and 2000 before commencing development of its first production model, the Veyron 16.4, delivering the first Veyron to a customer in 2005.", "Safir (models)\nSafir, sometimes called Safir Champion was a French company making diecast metal classic veteran and contemporary plastic race cars and other vehicles in the 1960s through the 1970s. It arose out of the previous French toymaker, Jadali.", "Renault 6\nThe Renault 6 is a small family car produced by the French automaker Renault between 1968 and 1986.The Renault 6 was launched at the 1968 Paris Motor Show, and was intended to be an upmarket alternative to the Renault 4 that would compete with the Citroën Ami 6 and the recently launched Citroën Dyane. It used a similar dashboard-mounted gear-lever and over-the-engine linkage to that used in the Renault 4 and the small Citroëns with which it competed.", "Peugeot 404\nThe Peugeot 404 is a large family car produced by French automobile manufacturer Peugeot from 1960 to 1975. A truck body style variant was marketed until 1988. The 404 was manufactured under licence in various African countries until 1991 (in Kenya) and was manufactured in Argentina by Safrar/Sevel in El Palomar, in Québec, Canada at the St-Bruno-de-Montarville SOMA Ltd. plant and in Chile by Automotores Franco Chilena S.A.", "Renault Caravelle\nThe Renault Caravelle is an automobile which was produced by the French manufacturer Renault between 1958 and 1968. Outside of North America and Britain it was, until 1962, marketed under the nameplate Renault Floride.", "Simca Aronde\nThe Simca Aronde is an automobile which was manufactured by the French automaker Simca from 1951 to 1963. It was Simca's first original design (earlier models were all to a greater or lesser extent based on Fiats), as well as the company's first unibody car. \"/ Aronde -hirondelle\" means \"swallow\" in Old French and it was chosen as the name for the model because Simca's logo at that time was a stylized swallow.", "Facel Vega Facel II\nThe Facel Vega 'Facel II' was a French Grand Touring car produced by Facel between the years 1962 and 1964.By 1962 the Paris-based Facel Vega company was facing bankruptcy. The Facel II was to be the company's last attempt to create a luxury GT car in the French tradition. Jean Daninos, Facel's founder and president, said of the Facel II, \"The HK 500 was the most interesting car we ever made but the Facel II was by far the best.", "Renault Colorale\nThe Renault Colorale is a mid-size car (though by the European standards of that time it will have been seen as a large family car) manufactured and marketed by Renault for model years 1950-1957. Featuring the profile of a small station wagon/estate, the Colorale's styling recalled successful Renault designs of the 1960s. The Colorale was not a commercial success.", "Citroën Dyane\nThe Citroën Dyane is an economy car/supermini produced by the French automaker Citroën from 1967 to 1983. The design was based on the Citroën 2CV. 1,443,583 were manufactured.A panel van version called the Acadiane derived from the Dyane.", "Renault 4CV\nThe Renault 4CV (French: \"quatre chevaux\" [kat ʃə.vo]) is a rear-engined, rear wheel drive, four-door economy subcompact car manufactured and marketed by the French manufacturer Renault from August 1947 through July 1961.", "Peugeot 204\nThe Peugeot 204 is a small family car produced by the French manufacturer Peugeot between 1965 and 1976.The 204, known in development as Project D12, was available in many body styles including a sedan/saloon/berline, convertible/cabriolet, hatchback/coupe, estate/wagon, and a van. It was launched in Paris, France on 23 April 1965 and became the best-selling car in France from 1969 to 1971.", "Renault Dauphine\nRenault Dauphine (pronounced: [dɔfin]) is a rear-engined economy car manufactured by Renault in a single body style – a three-box, four-door sedan – as the successor to the Renault 4CV; more than two million units were sold worldwide during its production run from 1956 until 1967.Along with such cars as the Volkswagen Beetle, Morris Minor, Mini and Fiat 500, the Dauphine pioneered the modern European economy car.Renault marketed variants of the Dauphine, including a sport model, the Gordini, a luxury version, the Ondine, the 1093 factory racing model, and the Caravelle/Floride, a Dauphine-based two-door convertible.", "Talbot\nTalbot was an automobile marque that existed from 1903 to 1994, with a hiatus from 1960 to 1978, under different owners, latterly Peugeot. Talbot participated in rallying, winning the 1981 World Rally Championship constructors' title, and in Formula One.", "Citroën DS\nThe Citroën DS (French pronunciation: [sitʁoɛn de ɛs]) is a front-engine, front-wheel-drive executive car manufactured and marketed by the French company Citroën from 1955 to 1975 in sedan, wagon/estate and convertible body configurations. Italian sculptor and industrial designer Flaminio Bertoni and the French aeronautical engineer André Lefèbvre styled and engineered the car.", "Buick LeSabre\nThe Buick LeSabre, French for \"the sabre\", is a full-size luxury car made by Buick from 1959-2005. For many years, the LeSabre was considered the entry level full-size Buick, carrying the lowest base price in the Buick lineup. Prior to 1959, this position had been retained by the full-size Buick Special model (1936–58); in 2005 the LeSabre replaced the Special, a nameplate that was reintroduced in 1961 for Buick's line of compact cars.", "Peugeot 403\nThe Peugeot 403 is a car produced by French automobile manufacturer Peugeot between May 1955 and October 1966. A total of 1,214,121 of all types, including commercial models, were produced, making it the first Peugeot to break through the one million barrier.", "Citroën Méhari\nThe Citroën Méhari is a light utility car and off-roader produced by the French automaker Citroën, a variant of the Citroën 2CV. 144,953 Méharis were built between the car's French launch in May 1968 and 1988 when production ceased. A méhari is a type of fast-running dromedary camel, which can be used for racing or transport.", "Renault 12\nFor Renault 12 aero engines see: List of aircraft engines#RenaultThe Renault 12 is a family car introduced by French automaker Renault at the Paris Motor Show in October 1969 and produced in France till 1980.", "IKA-Renault Torino\nThe IKA Torino, later Renault Torino, is a mid-sized automobile made by Industrias Kaiser Argentina (IKA) under an agreement with American Motors Corporation (AMC) in 1966. The 1966 Torino was IKA’s first integral national product and IKA was eventually bought out by Renault in 1975 to form Renault Argentina S.A. The Torino was built on the same hybrid AMC platform all the way through 1981 in both two-door hardtop and four-door sedan variants. It has been called Argentina's national car.", "Renault 4\nThe Renault 4, also known as the 4L (pronounced \"Quatrelle\"), is a hatchback economy car produced by the French automaker Renault between 1961 and 1992. It was the first front-wheel drive family car produced by Renault.The car was launched at a time when several decades of economic stagnation were giving way to growing prosperity and surging car ownership in France.", "Renault 8 and 10\nThe Renault 8 (Renault R8 until 1964) and Renault 10 are two rear-engined, rear-wheel drive small family cars produced by the French manufacturer Renault in the 1960s and early 1970s.The 8 was launched in 1962, and the 10, a more upmarket version of the 8, was launched in 1965. The Renault 8 ceased production and sales in France in 1973.", "Peugeot 203\nThe Peugeot 203 is a medium-sized car which was produced by the French manufacturer Peugeot between 1948 and 1960.The car was exhibited at the Paris Motor Show in 1947, but by then had already been under development for more than five years. Volume manufacturing was initially hampered by strikes and shortages of materials, but production got under way late in 1948, with buyers taking delivery of 203s from early 1949.The 203 was Peugeot's first new model launched after World War II.", "Simca Alvorada\nThe Simca Alvorada was a stripped version of the Simca Chambord automobile, the first model to be built by Simca do Brasil.The Chambord, which was a direct copy of the French built Simca Vedette, had first left the production line in March 1959 and featured an 84 hp (63 kW) engine, 3 speed gearbox with the shifter located on the steering column and was assembled with parts imported from France.", "Simca 1300/1500\nSimca 1300 and Simca 1500 were large family cars manufactured by the French automaker Simca in its Poissy factory from 1963 to 1966, and between 1966 and 1975 in revamped versions, as Simca 1301 and Simca 1501.They were essentially versions of the same car, fitted with either a 1.3 L or 1.5 L engine, hence the model names. Apart from different engines and differences in standard equipment, the models were for the most part identical, bar some styling details such as grille or bumpers." ]	[ "Monica (automobile) Monica was a brand of luxury cars created in France in the 1970s by Jean Tastevin, a French industrialist whose wife's name was Monica.Monica was the last attempt (after Facel Vega) to create a luxury brand in France. Its only French competitor was the Citroën SM Opéra, the sedan which was built by Chapron.Although intended to be built in France, design, development and prototype building was entrusted to Chris Lawrence at C.J. Lawrence Consultants of Hammersmith, London, England.", "Peugeot 106 The Peugeot 106 is a supermini produced by French automaker Peugeot from September 1991 to July 2003, one of the longest running production cars ever made in Europe. It replaced the Peugeot 104 as Peugeot's entry-level offering.", "Audi 50 The Audi 50 (known internally as the Typ 86) is a supermini economy car produced by German automaker Audi from 1974 to 1978 and sold only in Europe. Introduced two or three years after the Italian Fiat 127 and the French Renault 5, the model was seen at the time as Germany's first home grown entrant in Europe's emerging \"supermini\" class.The Audi 50 was built by Audi NSU Auto Union AG at the former NSU factory in Neckarsulm, Germany and at the giant Wolfsburg plant by Volkswagen.", "Peugeot 505 The Peugeot 505 is a large family car produced by the French manufacturer Peugeot from 1979 to 1992 in Sochaux, France. The 505 was Peugeot's last rear-wheel drive car. It was also manufactured outside France, for example in Argentina by Sevel from 1981 to 1995, China, Indonesia and Nigeria.According to the manufacturer 1,351,254 Peugeot 505s were produced between 1978 and 1999: of these 1,116,868 were saloons/sedans.", "Panther 6 The Panther 6 was an extravagant six-wheel convertible powered by a mid-mounted 8.2 L (500 in³) Cadillac V8 engine with twin turbochargers. It was produced by Panther in 1977. Only two cars were ever made (one white, one black), both of which still exist. One is in the Middle East, and the other was shown at the 2008 NEC Classic Car Show by the Panther Car Club and the 2015 Concorso d'Eleganza Villa d'Este by Albert Fellner.The six wheel configuration was inspired by the Tyrrell P34.", "Lotus Eclat The Type 76 and Type 84 Lotus Eclat, built from 1974 to 1982 by Lotus Cars, was a front engine rear drive coupe. It was based on the Lotus Elite but had a fastback body style which offered more practicality with storage in the boot (trunk), albeit with less headroom above the rear seats. The car was initially to be called the \"Elite Coupe\".The Eclat Series 1 (1974–1980) used a 1973 cc 160 hp (120 kW) Lotus 907 Slant Four engine.", "Bristol Type 603 The Bristol Type 603 is a car which was launched in 1976, by British manufacturer Bristol Cars to replace the 411.With the 603 – introduced along with the Zagato-built 412 – the Bristol car underwent its first major facelift since the introduction of the 406 in the late 1950s. The classic three-box two-door saloon was replaced by a considerably more streamlined design with a much larger and more curved rear window.", "Maurice Trintignant Maurice Bienvenu Jean Paul Trintignant (30 October 1917, Sainte-Cécile-les-Vignes, Vaucluse – 13 February 2005, Nîmes) was a motor racing driver and vintner from France. He competed in the Formula One World Championship for fourteen years, between 1950 and 1964, one of the longest careers in the early years of Formula One. During this time he also competed in sports car racing, including winning the 1954 24 Hours of Le Mans race.", "Cognet de Seynes The Cognet de Seynes/C de S was a French automobile manufactured in Lyon from 1912 or 1913 until 1926. The company was formed by financial backer Edouard de Seynes (1881–1957) and engineer Victor Cognet.", "Bugatti Type 55 The Bugatti Type 55 was a road-going version of the Type 54 Grand Prix car. A roadster, it had a short 108.3 in (2750 mm) wheelbase and light 1800 lb (816 kg) weight.Power came from the Type 51's 2.3 L (2262 cc/138 in³) straight-8 engine. This 2-valve DOHC unit produced 130 hp (96 kW) and could rev to 5000 rpm. A Roots-type supercharger was used.The car's 4-speed manual transmission came from the Type 49 touring car.", "Astresse The Astresse was a French automobile manufactured only in 1898. The company, based in Levallois-Perret, claimed to build some two or three cars a month, using engines built under Grivel license.", "Bernard Collomb Bernard Marie François Alexandre Collomb-Clerc (7 October 1930 in Annecy, Haute-Savoie – 19 September 2011 in La Colle-sur-Loup, Alpes-Maritimes) was a Formula One driver from France. He participated in six World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 2 July 1961, scoring no championship points. He almost always drove self-prepared cars, and first raced Coopers, switching to Lotuses in 1963.", "Ferrari TR The Ferrari TR, or 250 Testa Rossa, is a race car model built by Ferrari in the 1950s and 60s. These cars dominated their competitors, with variations winning the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1958, 1960, and 1961. They were closely related to the rest of the Ferrari 250 line, especially the legendary 250 GTO.", "Arista (1912 automobile) Arista is the name of two not related French automobiles, built from 1912-1915, and 1956-1967, respectively. This article describes the elder car.The Arista was a French automobile which took its name from its founder, one P. Arista-Ruffier; the marque was manufactured by the Établissements Ruffier in Paris from 1912 to 1915. Eight models were introduced in the first year of production.", "André Testut André Testut (13 April 1926 – 24 September 2005, Lyon) was a racing driver from Monaco. He was born in Lyon, France. He entered 2 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, both in Monaco, in 1958 and 1959. On both occasions he drove his Maserati 250F and both times he failed to qualify.", "Citroën M35 The Citroën M35 was a coupé derived from the Ami 8, and equipped with a Wankel engine and a hydropneumatic suspension. The bodies were produced by Heuliez from 1969 to 1971.The longitudinally mounted rotary engine had a nominal capacity of 995 cc delivering 49 bhp (37 kW; 50 PS). According to factory figures the car had a performance roughly on a level with that of a Morris 1300.", "Alliance (1905 automobile) The Alliance was a short-lived French automobile manufactured in Paris from 1905 to 1908. Also known as the Aiglon, the marque had a similar radiator to that used on the Mass. The company listed an 18hp four with Tony Huber engine in 1908; this car sold in England for £450.", "Peugeot 305 The Peugeot 305 is a small family car produced by the French automaker Peugeot from 1977 to 1989. It was offered as a four-door saloon, five-door estate, and as a three-door van body derivative.", "Lotus 63 The Lotus 63 was an experimental Formula One car, designed by Colin Chapman and Maurice Philippe for the 1969 season. Chapman's reasoning behind the car was that the 3 litre engines introduced in 1966 would be better served by building a car that could take full advantage of its power while retaining the Lotus 49's simplicity.Like the Lotus 56 for the Indy 500 (and later F1), the 63 chassis was designed around a four wheel drive system.", "Bugatti Type 101 The Bugatti Type 101 is a motor car made by Bugatti in 1951 and 1952 (one was built in 1965). In order to restart production after World War II and the deaths of Ettore Bugatti and his son Jean, the Type 101 was developed from the pre-war Type 57. Seven chassis were built; these were bodied by four different coachbuilders: Gangloff, Guilloré, Antem, and Ghia, the last to a design by Virgil Exner. The 101 was powered by the 3.3 L (3257 cc/198 in³) straight-8 from the Type 57.", "Citroën CX The Citroën CX is an executive car produced by the French automaker Citroën from 1974 to 1991. Citroën sold nearly 1.2 million CXs during its 16 years of production. The CX was voted European Car of the Year in 1975.", "Chrysler 180 The Chrysler 180 was the base name for a series of large saloon cars produced by Chrysler Europe. Resulting from joining development efforts of Rootes Group and Simca, the car was produced from 1970 to 1975 in Poissy, France, and later in Chrysler's subsidiary Barreiros' factory in Spain.", "Mini (Mark I) The Mark I Mini (1959–1967) was the first version of British Motor Corporation's Mini. It is characterised by its sliding windows, external door hinges and \"moustache\" grille. In the United Kingdom the Mark I was produced between 1959 and 1967, with production in Australia continuing until 1970.", "Renault 25 The Renault 25 is an executive car produced by the French automaker Renault from 1983 to 1992. During its time, the 25 was Renault's flagship, the most expensive, prestigious, and largest vehicle in the company's line-up. It placed second in the 1985 European Car of the Year contest. All 25s were built in Sandouville, near Le Havre, France.", "Panhard PL 17 The Panhard PL 17 is an automobile made by the French manufacturer Panhard from 1959 until 1965. Presented on June 29, 1959, as successor to the Panhard Dyna Z, the PL 17 was developed from the older car, but with an even more streamlined body than its predecessor. The four-door saloon was joined in April 1963 by a five-door estate version, followed two months later by a two-door cabriolet.", "Ageron The Ageron was a French automobile manufactured in Lyon between 1910 and 1914. Most cars of this marque were friction drive one-, two-, or four-cylinder light cars that used 6, 8, or 10 hp (4.5, 6, or 7.5 kW) engines.", "Jaguar S-Type (1963) The Jaguar S-Type is an automobile which was produced by Jaguar Cars in the United Kingdom from 1963 to 1968. It was a technically more sophisticated development of the Jaguar Mark 2, offering buyers a more luxurious alternative to the Mark 2 but without the size and expense of the Mark X. The S-Type sold alongside the Mark 2, as well as the Jaguar 420 following its release in 1966. The 1960s S-Type should not be confused with the retro-styled Jaguar S-Type sold from 1999 to 2008.", "L'Auto-Journal L'Auto-Journal is a bimonthly magazine created in 1950 by Robert Hersant and editor-in-chief Gilles Guérithault, devoted to automobiles. Notable journalists who have worked for l'Auto-Journal include Roland Gaucher and Jean-Marie Balestre.The journal pioneered \"automobile scoops\". Famously, they published pictures of the radical new Citroën DS in April and June 1952, more than three years ahead of the car's October 1955 launch at the Paris Motor Show.", "Rover P6 The Rover P6 series (named 2000, 2200, and 3500 for its engine displacements) is a saloon car model produced from 1963 to 1977 in Solihull, West Midlands, England. It was voted European Car of the Year in 1964, the very first winner of this title.", "Pontiac LeMans The Pontiac Le Mans /ləˈmɑːnz/ is a model name that was applied to compact- and intermediate-sized automobiles marketed by Pontiac from 1962 to 1981. Manufactured in five generations, the Le Mans line was replaced by the downsized Pontiac Bonneville for the 1982 model year and later resurrected from 1988 to 1993 as a badge-engineered version of the Daewoo LeMans car manufactured by Daewoo in South Korea.", "SEAT 600 The SEAT 600 is a city car made in Spain by SEAT from May 1957 to August 1973 under licence by Fiat. It helped to start the economic boom, the Spanish miracle (1959–1973), that came at the end of the slow recovery from the Spanish Civil War. It was a relatively inexpensive vehicle (then 60,000 Spanish pesetas) and was the first car that came within the modest but rapidly growing economic means of most Spanish families from the mid-1960s to the early 1970s.", "Audibert & Lavirotte The Audibert & Lavirotte was a French automobile, manufactured in Lyon from 1894 to 1901.The company, the oldest maker of automobiles in the city, was set up by Maurice Audibert and Emile Lavirotte built cars that were generally similar to the Benz. These were up to 6 horsepower, and featured belt drive and rear-mounted engines. In 1900, the company built three 36 hp racers, which were entered in the Nice-Salon-Nice race on the 25th of March 1901.", "Dodge Matador The Dodge Matador is a full-sized automobile that was produced for the 1960 model year by Dodge. The Matadors were base model equivalents to the top trimed Dodge Polara that also used the 122-inch (3,099 mm) wheelbase platform of the Chrysler Windsor and Chrysler Newport models.", "DB (car) DB (until 1947 known as Deutsch-Bonnet) was a French automobile maker between 1938 and 1961, based in Champigny-sur-Marne near Paris. The firm was founded by Charles Deutsch and René Bonnet, an offshoot of the Deutsch family's existing coachbuilding shop which had been taken over by Bonnet in 1932.", "Cadillac Calais The Cadillac Calais is a full-size luxury car that was made by Cadillac from 1965 to 1976. Cadillac renamed its entry-level Series 62 the Calais in 1965, after the French town and resort which overlooks the narrowest point in the English Channel. In Greek mythology, Calais was also one of the winged sons of Boreas, God of the North Wind, and Oreithyea.", "Ford Falcon (North America) The Ford Falcon is an automobile that was produced by Ford from 1960 to 1970 across three generations. It was a sales success for Ford initially, outselling rival compacts from Chrysler and General Motors introduced at the same time. The Falcon was offered in two-door and four-door sedan, two-door and four-door station wagon, two-door hardtop, convertible, sedan delivery and Ranchero pickup body configurations.", "Chaigneau-Brasier Chaigneau-Brasier was the name given to French Brasier cars marketed after 1926 when the company was bought by the Chaigneau family who had been bicycle makers.The first car made by the new company was the TD-4, a 9 CV 4-cylinder model available as a tourer or saloon.", "Peugeot 406 The Peugeot 406 is a large family car made by the French automaker Peugeot from 1995 to 2004. Available in saloon, estate and coupé bodystyles with a choice of petrol or turbodiesel engines, the 406 replaced the Peugeot 405 in Peugeot's lineup, and was itself replaced by the Peugeot 407. It used the same platform as the Citroën Xantia, though without that car's sophisticated hydropneumatic suspension system.", "ASS (car) The A.S.S. was a French automobile produced from 1919 to 1920 by Bernard Verdy. Advertised as \"L'automobile pour tous\", the car was powered by a 1240cc, 12 hp (8.9 kW) two-stroke Thomas engine and used a 2-speed epicyclic transmission. The car featured electric lights and starter. The vehicle was launched as a 4-seat tourer (the catalog also mentioned a 2-seat coupe) in March 1919 at a cost of 4750 francs.", "Peugeot 304 The Peugeot 304 is a small family car which was produced by the French manufacturer Peugeot from 1969 to 1980. The 304 was introduced to the public at the Paris Motor Show in September 1969.", "Cadillac Series 65 The Cadillac Series 65, after the Series 60, represented Cadillac's second, and, being built on the C-body instead of the B-body, somewhat physically larger entry into the mid-priced vehicle market when it appeared in 1937. It was slightly higher in status than the LaSalle, also offered by General Motors.In 1937 it was offered in only one body style, a 5-seater touring sedan, built by Fisher on the same 131.0 in (3,327 mm) wheelbase as used by the Cadillac Series 70 and the Buick Roadmaster.", "1958 French Grand Prix The 1958 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Reims on 6 July 1958. It was the sixth race of the 1958 Formula One season.The race was won by Mike Hawthorn driving a Ferrari; it was his first Formula One victory since the 1954 Spanish Grand Prix and would prove to be his last. It was also the last Formula One race for five-time World Champion Juan Manuel Fangio.", "1956 French Grand Prix The 1956 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 1 July 1956 at Reims. It was the fifth round of the 1956 World Drivers' Championship.Bugatti made a one-off appearance in this race with their Type 251 driven by Maurice Trintignant. The car proved to be uncompetitive and eventually retired after 18 laps.", "Chrysler A platform Chrysler's A platform was the basis for smaller rear wheel drive cars in the 1960s.", "Ferrari P The Ferrari P series were sports prototype racing cars produced in the 1960s and early 1970s.Although Enzo Ferrari resisted the move even with Cooper dominating F1, Ferrari began producing mid-engined racing cars in 1960 with the Ferrari Dino-V6-engine Formula Two 156, which would be turned into the Formula One-winner of 1961.Sports car racers followed in 1963.", "Amiot (car manufacturer) The Amiot, later known as the Amiot-Peneau, was a French tractor-type vehicle manufactured in Asnières-sur-Seine from 1897 to 1902. It was not an automobile per se; rather, it was a front-wheel-drive power pack used to convert horse-drawn carriages into motor cars. These devices were quite popular at the time in France and were known as \"avant-train\", and the Amiot was one of the first on the market.", "Isuzu Bellel The Isuzu Bellel was a compact car produced by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Isuzu between 1961 until 1966. It was the company's first independent design, and also Japan's first passenger car with a diesel engine. It was available as a four-door sedan and a five-door station wagon, called the Bellel Express.", "Peugeot 104 The Peugeot 104 is a supermini motor car designed by Paolo Martin and produced by the French car manufacturer Peugeot between 1972 and 1988. It was the first model produced at the company's Mulhouse plant. It was also the first new Peugeot introduced since 1955 not to be available with a diesel option.", "1965 French Grand Prix The 1965 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Clermont-Ferrand on June 27, 1965. This race turned out to be the last win Jim Clark would score with the Lotus 25. It was the last time he ever drove the car in a World Championship race. It was also Clark's third win in four races, and his second grand slam finish of the season.", "VELAM VELAM (Véhicule Léger à Moteur, or \"light vehicle with motor\") was a French automobile manufacturer that made VELAM microcars under the licence of the Isetta from the Italian Iso. Powered by a 236 cc engine, it was capable of speeds in excess of 50 mph (80 km/h).Around 5,000 cars were built between 1955 and 1959.The Velam was featured in the 1957 film Funny Face.", "Citroën GS The Citroën GS (1970–80, sedan and wagon) and Citroën GSA (1979–86, liftback and wagon) are small family cars produced by the French automaker Citroën. The GS was voted European Car of the Year for 1971, ahead of stablemate Citroën SM. It was the most technologically advanced car in its class when launched, with class leading comfort, safety and aerodynamics.", "Renault 9 & 11 The Renault 9 and Renault 11 are two compact cars produced by the French manufacturer Renault for model years 1981–1988 in saloon (Renault 9) and hatchback (Renault 11) configurations — both were styled by the French automobile designer, Robert Opron.Variants were manufactured by American Motors Corporation (AMC), as the Renault Alliance and Renault Encore for the North American market — as well as for the Colombian market from 1983–1999.", "Arzac The Arzac was a small French cyclecar manufactured in Paris from 1926 to 1927. The automobile featured front-wheel drive, independent suspension on all wheels, and either a 483 cc or a 500 cc two-stroke engine.", "Dodge 50 Series The Dodge 50 Series, later known as the Renault 50 Series were light commercial vehicles produced in the UK by Dodge and later Renault Véhicules Industriels between 1979 and 1993.The 50 series included a wide range of chassis and body configurations, including two distinctly different cab designs, and spanned the 3,500–7,500 kg (7,700–16,500 lb) revenue weight range.", "1962 French Grand Prix The 1962 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Rouen-Les-Essarts on 8 July 1962. The race was won by Dan Gurney, his first Formula One victory, driving a Porsche, that company's only win as a constructor in a Formula One championship race.", "Amilcar The Amilcar was a French automobile manufactured from 1921 to 1940.", "Cadillac Series 61 The Cadillac Series 61 replaced the Series 60/65 (except for the upscale Sixty Special) in Cadillac's 1939 model range. It in turn was replaced by the Series 62 in 1940 only to return to production in model year 1941. Apart from model years 1943–1945 It remained in production through 1951.", "Cadillac Type V-63 The Cadillac Type V-63 is a large luxury automobile that was introduced in September 1923 by Cadillac as a 1924 model, replacing the previous Type 61. It used the GM C platform.The V-63 used an improved version of the L-head V8 engine that made Cadillac famous. The main innovation was a cross-plane crankshaft which improved balance and smoothness. This design required complex mathematical analysis, and was simultaneously patented by Peerless.", "BMW 600 The BMW 600 is a four-seat microcar produced by BMW from mid-1957 until November 1959. Partially based on the BMW Isetta two-seater, it was BMW's first postwar four seat economy car. It was not a sales success, but it began the design process for its more successful successor, the BMW 700.", "Renault 20/30 The Renault 20 and Renault 30 are two executive cars produced by the French automaker Renault between 1975 and 1984. The most upmarket and expensive Renaults of their time, the two cars were almost identical with regard to sheet metal and mechanicals; the 30 was the larger-engined and more expensive of the two.", "Michel Irat The Michel Irat was a French automobile manufactured from 1929 until 1930 in Paris.Georges Irat bought the Chaigneau-Brasier company and changed its name to that of his son Michel. Production continued of the old models which used a side valve 1086 cc four-cylinder engine.In 1930 Georges Irat combined the company with his own larger operation.At least one example (1929) survives in private ownership in England, whilst another was rumoured to exist in Belgium in 1985.", "1960 Formula One season The 1960 Formula One season featured the eleventh FIA World Championship of Drivers, the third International Cup for F1 Manufacturers and numerous non-championship Formula One races. The World Championship commenced on 7 February 1960 and ended on 20 November after ten races. Jack Brabham won his second consecutive title with his Cooper team defending its constructors' title.", "Porsche 64 The Porsche 64, also known as the Type 64 and Type 60K10, is considered by many to be the first automobile from what was to become the Porsche company, as a true design precursor to the production model of after the war. The model number comes from the fact that it was built mainly from design drawings for the Type-64 \"record car\". Most mechanical parts came from the 38 prototype series. The chassis was heavily reinforced and the engine also reworked to produce around 40horse power.", "Ford Galaxie For the 1995–present MPV, see Ford Galaxy. For other uses, see Galaxie (disambiguation).The Ford Galaxie is a full-size car built in the United States by Ford for model years 1959 through 1974. The name was used for the top models in Ford's full-size range from 1958 until 1961, in a marketing attempt to appeal to the excitement surrounding the Space Race. For 1962, all full-size Fords wore the Galaxie badge, with \"500\" and \"500/XL\" denoting the higher series.", "Renault Juvaquatre The Renault Juvaquatre is a small family car / compact car automobile produced by the French manufacturer Renault between 1937 and 1960, although production stopped or slowed to a trickle during the war years. The Juvaquatre was produced as a sedan/saloon until 1948 when the plant switched its full attention to the new Renault 4CV.", "1960 Monaco Grand Prix The 1960 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monaco on 29 May 1960. It was the second race of the 1960 Formula One season.", "1963 French Grand Prix The 1963 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Reims on June 30, 1963. It was the fourth round of the 1963 Formula One season. The race was won by Jim Clark driving a Lotus 25-Climax 1.5l V8.", "Coadou et Fleury The Coadou et Fleury was a French automobile manufactured only in 1921. Made in Paris, it was a small cyclecar featuring a monocoque body and a 903 cc (55.1 cu in) sidevalve engine; this last was built by Ruby.", "Renault Frégate The Renault Frégate is a full-size or executive saloon car produced by the French automaker Renault between 1951 and 1960. Station wagon variants, the Renault Domaine and the Renault Manoir, were introduced in 1956 and 1958 respectively.", "Oldsmobile Series 60 The Series 60 is an automobile model made by Oldsmobile from the 1939 through the 1948 model years.", "GAZ-61 GAZ-61 was a four wheel drive car from USSR manufacturer GAZ first introduced in 1938 by designer V. A. Gratchev, to replace his too-complex model GAZ-M2. It was made by putting the GAZ M2 body on a four-wheel-drive chassis (one of the world's first all-wheel drive passenger cars). It could climb angles up to 38 degrees and cross water up to 72 cm (28 in) deep.The first version, produced from 1940 to 1941, was a 5-seated 4-door phaeton.", "1960 24 Hours of Le Mans The 1960 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 28th Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place over 25–26 June 1960. It was also the fifth and final round of the 1960 World Sportscar Championship season.", "Fiat 600 The Fiat 600 (Italian: Seicento, pronounced say-chento) is a city car produced by the Italian manufacturer Fiat from 1955 to 1969. Measuring only 3.22 m (10 ft 7 in) long, it was the first rear-engined Fiat and cost the equivalent of about €6,700 or US$7300 in today's money (590,000 lire then). The total number produced from 1955 to 1969 at the Mirafiori plant in Turin was 2,695,197.", "Arista (1956 automobile) The Arista was a French automobile with a fiberglass body, produced in Paris from 1952 to 1967.", "1961 French Grand Prix The 1961 French Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on 2 July 1961 at Reims.By winning the race, Giancarlo Baghetti became only the third driver to win his first World Championship race, the other two being Nino Farina, who won the first World Championship race (the 1950 British Grand Prix) and Johnnie Parsons, who won the 1950 Indianapolis 500 (the Indianapolis 500 was part of the World Championship from 1950 to 1960), though both Farina and Parsons had competed at future World Championship races before the creation of the championship, while this was Baghetti's first start at a major Grand Prix.", "Peugeot 604 The Peugeot 604 is an executive car produced by the French manufacturer Peugeot from 1975 to 1985. 153,252 examples of the 604 were sold during its 10-year production life. It was made in France and also assembled by Kia in South Korea.The Pininfarina-designed 604 was unveiled at the Geneva Motor Show in March 1975 and drew praise for its formal, handsome styling. Denmark´s \"Bilrevyen 1976\" (\"The Car Review 1976\"), for example, described the styling as possessing a \"calm elegance\".", "Atla (automobile) The Atla was a French automobile manufactured from 1957 to 1959 at Garches. Support for the project came from Jean Schwab who was the local Renault dealer at Garches and who sold the cars. Important input also came from an engineer called Charles Cusson who was responsible for the tubular chassis.", "Peugeot 607 The Peugeot 607 is an executive car produced by the French automaker Peugeot from September 1999 to June 2012.The 607, along with the smaller 407, were superseded by the 508 in March 2011.", "1959 French Grand Prix The 1959 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Reims on 5 July 1959. It was the fourth round of the 1959 Formula One season. It was the 37th French Grand Prix and the twelfth to be held at the Reims highway circuit and the fourth to be held on the longer and faster 8.348 km layout. The race was held over 50 laps of the eight kilometre circuit for a race distance of 417 kilometres.The race was won by British driver Tony Brooks driving a Ferrari Dino 246.", "Cadillac Series 62 The Cadillac Series 62 is a series of cars that were produced by Cadillac from 1940 through 1964 (when it was renamed the Cadillac Calais, continuing on under that badge until 1976). Originally designed to replace the entry level Series 65, it became the Cadillac Series 6200 in 1959, and remained that until becoming the Calais five years later.", "Wolseley 15/60 The Wolseley 15/60 is an automobile which was produced from 1958 to 1961, and then, as the Wolseley 16/60, from 1961 to 1971. The 15/60 was the first of the mid-sized Pininfarina-styled automobiles manufactured by the British Motor Corporation (BMC). Launched in December 1958 as part of BMC's Wolseley brand, the design would eventually be shared with seven other marques. All of the cars were updated in 1961 with a larger engine and new model designations.", "Cadillac Series 60 The Cadillac Series 60 was Cadillac's mid-priced entry in the luxury vehicle market when it appeared in 1936. It was replaced by the Series 61 in 1939, but a model that was derived from it, the Sixty Special, continued off and on through 1993. The Series 60 was the brainchild of new Cadillac manager, Nicholas Dreystadt. Debuting in 1936, it filled a gaping price gap between the LaSalles and Series 70 Cadillac models.", "Peugeot 605 The Peugeot 605 is an executive car produced by the French manufacturer Peugeot between 1989 and 1999, with a facelift in 1995.", "1960 French Grand Prix The 1960 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Reims-Gueux on 3 July 1960." ]	12
Swiss cantons where they speak German	[ "Canton of Fribourg\nThe Canton of Fribourg is a canton of Switzerland. It is located in the west of the country. The capital of the canton is Fribourg. The name Fribourg is French, whereas About this sound Freiburg is the German name for both the canton and the town.", "Canton of Uri\nThe Canton of Uri (German: Kanton About this sound Uri ) is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland and a founding member of the Swiss Confederation. It is located in Central Switzerland. The canton's territory covers the valley of the Reuss between Lake Lucerne and the St. Gotthard Pass. Swiss German is the primary language spoken in Uri. Uri was the only canton where the children in school had to learn Italian as their first foreign language.", "German immigration to Switzerland\nAbout a quarter of a million German nationals had permanent residence in Switzerland in 2009.Ever since the emergence of Switzerland and Germany as distinct nations in the Early Modern period, there has been considerable population movement in both directions, but meaningful population statistics become available only after the Napoleonic era, with the formation of the restored Swiss Confederacy and the German Confederation in 1815.", "Canton of Bern\nThe Canton of Bern (German: Kanton Bern, About this sound pronunciation ; French: Canton de Berne) is the second largest of the 26 Swiss cantons by both surface area and population. Located in west-central Switzerland, it borders the Canton of Jura and the Canton of Solothurn to the north. To the west lie the Canton of Neuchâtel, the Canton of Fribourg and Vaud. To the south lies the Valais.", "Canton of Schaffhausen\nThe Canton of Schaffhausen (German: About this sound Schaffhausen ) is a canton of Switzerland. The principal city and capital of the canton is Schaffhausen.", "Canton of Glarus\nThe Canton of Glarus (German pronunciation: [ˈɡlarʊs]) is a canton in east central Switzerland. The capital is Glarus.The population speaks a variety of Alemannic German.The majority of the population (81%) identifies as Christian, about evenly split between the Protestant and Catholic confessions.", "Basel-Stadt\nThe Canton of Basel-Stadt (German: About this sound Basel-Stadt \"Basel-City\"; in French Bâle-Ville, in Italian Basilea Città) is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland. The city of Basel and the municipalities of Bettingen and Riehen form its territory.", "Basel-Landschaft\nThe Canton of Basel-Landschaft (German: About this sound Basel-Landschaft \"Basel-Country\"; informally: Baselland/Baselbiet, in French Bâle-Campagne), is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland. The capital is Liestal. It shares borders with the cantons of Basel-Stadt, Solothurn, Jura and Aargau, and with the French région of Alsace and the German state of Baden-Württemberg.", "German-speaking Switzerland\nThe German-speaking part of Switzerland (German: Deutschschweiz, French: Suisse alémanique, Italian: Svizzera tedesca, Romansh: Svizra tudestga) comprises about 65 percent of Switzerland (North Western Switzerland, Eastern Switzerland, Central Switzerland, most of the Swiss plateau and the greater part of the Swiss Alps).In 17 Swiss cantons, German is the only official language (Aargau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Basel-Stadt, Basel-Landschaft, Glarus, Lucerne, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, St.", "Cantons of Switzerland\nThe 26 cantons of Switzerland (German: Kanton, French: canton, Italian: cantone, Romansh: chantun) are the member states of the Swiss Confederation. There were eight cantons during 1353–1481, and thirteen cantons during 1513–1798.Each canton was a fully sovereign state with its own border controls, army, and currency from the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) until the establishment of the Swiss federal state in 1848.", "Zug\nZug (German: Zug, [tsuːɡ]; French: Zoug; Italian: Zugo; Romansh: Zug; Neo-Latin Tugium (named in the 16th century)), is a city in Switzerland. The name ‘Zug’ originates from fishing vocabulary; in the Middle Ages it referred to the right to ‘pull up’ fishing nets and hence to the right to fish.The city of Zug is located in the Canton of Zug and is the Canton capital.", "Canton of Lucerne\nThe Canton of Lucerne (German: Kanton Luzern) is a canton of Switzerland. It is located in the centre of Switzerland. The population of the canton (as of 31 December 2014) is 394,604. As of 2007, the population included 57,268 foreigners, or about 15.8% of the total population. The cantonal capital is Lucerne.", "Bern\nThe city of Bern or Berne (German: Bern, pronounced [bɛrn]; French: Berne [bɛʁn]; Italian: Berna [ˈbɛrna]; Romansh: Berna [ˈbɛrnə]; Bernese German: Bärn [b̥æːrn]) is the de facto capital of Switzerland, referred to by the Swiss as their (e.g. in German) Bundesstadt, or \"federal city\". With a population of 139,321 (February 2015), Bern is the fourth most populous city in Switzerland. The Bern agglomeration, which includes 36 municipalities, had a population of 406,900 in 2014.", "Canton of Zürich\nThe Canton of Zürich (German: Kanton About this sound Zürich ) has a population (as of 31 December 2014) of 1,443,436. The canton is located in the northeast of Switzerland and the city of Zürich is its capital. The official language is German. The local Swiss German dialect called Züritüütsch is commonly spoken. In English the name of the canton is often written without an umlaut.", "Executive Council of Bern\nThe Executive Council (German: Regierungsrat, French: Conseil-éxecutif) is the executive of the Swiss canton of Bern.This seven-member collegial body is elected by the people for a period of four years. The cantonal constitution reserves one seat in the Executive Council for a French-speaking citizen from the Bernese Jura. The presidency, by convention, rotates annually and the position is largely that of a primus inter pares.", "Büsingen am Hochrhein\nBüsingen am Hochrhein \"\\Buesingen on the High Rhine\"), commonly known as Büsingen, is a German town (7.62 km2 or 2.94 sq mi) entirely surrounded by the Swiss canton of Schaffhausen and, south across the High Rhine, by the Swiss cantons of Zürich and Thurgau. It has a population of about 1,450 inhabitants.", "Bernese German\nBernese German (Standard German: Berndeutsch, Alemannic German: Bärndütsch) is the dialect of High Alemannic German spoken in the Swiss plateau (Mittelland) part of the canton of Bern and in some neighbouring regions. A form of Bernese German is spoken by Old Order Amish in Adams County, Indiana and their daughter settlements.", "Biel/Bienne\nBiel/Bienne (official bilingual wording; German: [biːl]; French: [bjɛn]; Italian: Bienna; Romansh: Bienna) is a city in the district of the Biel/Bienne administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.Biel/Bienne is on the language boundary between the French-speaking and German-speaking parts of Switzerland, and is throughout bilingual. Biel is the German name for the town, Bienne its French counterpart. The town is often referred to in both languages simultaneously.", "Old Swiss Confederacy\nThe Old Swiss Confederacy (Modern German: Alte Eidgenossenschaft; historically Eidgenossenschaft, after the Reformation République des Suisses, Republica Helvetiorum \"Republic of the Swiss\") was the precursor of Switzerland.It was a loose confederation of independent small states (cantons) which formed during the 14th century. From a nucleus in what is now Central Switzerland, the confederacy expanded to include the cities of Zurich and Berne by the middle of the century.", "Canton of Solothurn\nThe Canton of Solothurn (German: About this sound Solothurn ) is a canton of Switzerland. It is located in the northwest of Switzerland. The capital is Solothurn.", "Appenzell Innerrhoden\nThe Canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden (German: [ˈapənˌtsɛl ˈɪnərˌroːdən]; in English sometimes Appenzell Inner Rhodes) is the smallest canton of Switzerland by population and the second smallest by area, with Basel-City being the smallest. It was the last Swiss canton to grant women the vote on local issues, in 1991.", "Obwalden\nThe Canton of Obwalden (German pronunciation: [ˈɔbˌvaldən]) is a canton of Switzerland. It is located in the centre of Switzerland. Its capital is Sarnen. The canton contains the geographical centre of Switzerland.", "Languages of Switzerland\nThe four national languages of Switzerland are German, French, Italian and Romansh.", "Canton of St. Gallen\nThe Canton of St. Gallen (German: Kanton About this sound St. Gallen , Swiss German: 'Sanggale') is a canton of Switzerland. St. Gallen is located in the north east of Switzerland. It covers an area of 2,026 km², and has a population (as of 31 December 2014) of 495,824. As of 2007, the population included 97,461 foreigners, or about 20.9% of the total population. The capital is St. Gallen. Spelling variations include: St. Gall, Saint Gall, Saint Gallen, Sankt Gallen, and Son Gagl.", "Schaffhausen\nSchaffhausen (German: [ʃaːfˈhauzən]; Alemannic German: Schafuuse; French: Schaffhouse; Italian: Sciaffusa; Romansh: Schaffusa) is a city in northern Switzerland and the capital of the canton of the same name; it has an estimated population of 34,587 as of December 2008.The official language of Schaffhausen is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.The old portion of the city has many fine Renaissance era buildings decorated with exterior frescos and sculpture, as well as the impressive old canton fortress, the Munot.", "Schwyz\nThe town of Schwyz (German pronunciation: [ʃviːt͡s]; Italian: Svitto) is the capital of the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland.The Federal Charter of 1291 or Bundesbrief, the charter that eventually led to the foundation of Switzerland, can be seen at the Bundesbriefmuseum.The official language of Schwyz is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.", "Nidwalden\nThe Canton of Nidwalden (German pronunciation: [ˈnidˌvaldən]) is a canton of Switzerland. It is located in the centre of Switzerland. The population is 40,287 (in 2007) of which 4,046 (or 10%) are foreigners. The capital is Stans.", "Mont-Tramelan\nMont-Tramelan is a municipality in the Jura bernois administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is located in the French-speaking Bernese Jura (Jura Bernois). While the majority of the population speaks German, the German form of the municipality name, Tramlingen-Berg, is no longer used. Even though it is in the French-speaking part of the canton of Bern, there is a German public school.", "Aarau\nAarau (German pronunciation: [ˈaːraʊ], locally [ˈɑːrɑʊ]) is the capital of the northern Swiss canton of Aargau. The city is also the capital of the district of Aarau. It is German-speaking and predominantly Protestant. Aarau is situated on the Swiss plateau, in the valley of the Aare, on the river's right bank, and at the southern foot of the Jura mountains, and is west of Zürich, and 65 kilometres (40 mi) northeast of Bern.", "Graubünden\nThe Canton of Grisons or Graubünden in German (German: Graubünden, [ɡraʊˈbʏndən]; Italian: Grigioni [ɡriˈdʒoːni]; Romansh: Grischun [ɡʁiˈʒun]; see also other names) is the largest and easternmost canton of Switzerland. The canton shares borders with the cantons of Ticino, Uri, Glarus and St. Gallen and international borders with Italy, Austria and Liechtenstein.", "Swiss German\nSwiss German (German: Schweizerdeutsch, Alemannic German: Schwyzerdütsch, Schwiizertüütsch, Schwizertitsch) refers to any of the Alemannic dialects spoken in Switzerland and in some Alpine communities in Northern Italy. Occasionally, the Alemannic dialects spoken in other countries are grouped together with Swiss German, as well, especially the dialects of Liechtenstein and Austrian Vorarlberg, which are closely associated to Switzerland's.Linguistically, Swiss German forms no unity.", "Swiss Standard German\nSwiss Standard German (German: Schweizer Standarddeutsch), or Swiss High German (German: Schweizer Hochdeutsch or Schweizerhochdeutsch), referred to by the Swiss as Schriftdeutsch, or Hochdeutsch, is one of four official languages in Switzerland, besides French, Italian and Romansh. It is a variety of Standard German, used in the German-speaking part of Switzerland.", "Appenzell Ausserrhoden\nThe Canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden (German: [ˈapənˌtsɛl ˈaʊ̯sərˌroːdən]; in English sometimes Appenzell Outer Rhodes) is a canton of Switzerland. The seat of the government and parliament is Herisau, judicial authorities are in Trogen. Appenzell Ausserrhoden is located in the north east of Switzerland, bordering the cantons of St. Gallen and Appenzell Innerrhoden.", "Canton of Basel\nBasel was a canton of Switzerland that was in existence between 1501 and 1833, when it was split into the two present-day 'half-cantons' of Basel-City and Basel-Country.", "Solothurn\nThe city of Solothurn (German: Solothurn pronounced [ˈzoːlotʊrn]; French: Soleure; Italian: Soletta; Romansh: Soloturn) is the capital of the Canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. The city also is the only municipality of the district of the same name.The official language of Solothurn is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.", "Thurgau\nThe Canton of Thurgau (German: Kanton About this sound Thurgau , anglicized as Thurgovia) is a northeast canton of Switzerland.It is named for the Thur River, and the name Thurgovia was historically used for a larger area, including part of this river's basin upstream of the modern canton. The area of what is now Thurgau was acquired as subject territories by the cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy from the mid 15th century.", "Aargau\nThe Canton of Aargau (German Kanton About this sound Aargau ; rarely anglicized Argovia; see also other names) is one of the more northerly cantons of Switzerland. It is situated by the lower course of the Aare, which is why the canton is called Aar-gau (meaning Aare province). It is one of the most densely populated regions of Switzerland.", "Laufen District\nLaufen District or Laufental District (French: District de Laufon) is one of the five districts of the largely German-speaking canton of Basel-Country, Switzerland. Its capital is the town of Laufen. Prior to 1994, it was a district of the canton of Bern, one of the seven historical districts of the Bernese Jura. In 1979, three neighbouring French-speaking districts of Bern seceded to form the new canton of Jura.", "Valais\nThe Canton of Valais (French pronunciation: [valɛ]; German: Wallis, German pronunciation: [ˈvalɪs]) is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland, situated in the southwestern part of the country, around the valley of the Rhône from its headwaters to Lake Geneva, separating the Pennine Alps from the Bernese Alps.", "Röstigraben\nThe Röstigraben (German pronunciation: [ˈrøːstiˌɡraːbən], literally \"Rösti ditch\", also transcribed Röschtigraben in order to reflect the Swiss German pronunciation [ˈrøːʃtiˌɡrabə]) is a humorous term describing the cultural differences between, on one side, the German-speaking Switzerland and, on the other, the French-speaking parts, the Suisse romande, as well as the Italian-speaking canton of Ticino.", "Canton of Schwyz\nSchwyz (German pronunciation: [ʃviːt͡s]) is a canton in central Switzerland between the Alps in the south, Lake Lucerne to the west and Lake Zurich in the north, centered on and named after the town of Schwyz.It is one of the founding cantons of Switzerland; Switzerland's Standard German name, die Schweiz, is derived from the name of the canton, and the flag of Switzerland from its coat of arms. For the history of the name, see Schwyz. The Swiss Federal Charter is on display in Schwyz.", "Canton of Zug\nThe Canton of Zug (German pronunciation: [tsuːɡ]) is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland. It is located in central Switzerland and its capital is Zug. At 239 km2 the canton is one of the smallest of the cantons in terms of area. It is not subdivided into districts. It is the economic centre of Central Switzerland." ]	[ "Franconian Switzerland Franconian Switzerland (German: Fränkische Schweiz) is an upland in Upper Franconia, Bavaria, Germany and a popular tourist retreat.", "Bellinzona Bellinzona (Italian pronunciation: [bellinˈtsoːna]; French: Bellinzone, pronounced: [bɛlɛ̃zon]; archaic German: Bellenz [ˈbɛlɛnts]; Latin Bilitio [biˈlitjo]) is the capital of the canton Ticino in Switzerland. The city is famous for its three castles (Castelgrande, Montebello, Sasso Corbaro) that have been UNESCO World Heritage Sites since 2000.The town lies east of the Ticino river, at the foot of the Alps.", "Canton of Bellinzona Bellinzona was the name of a canton of the Helvetic Republic, with its capital in Bellinzona.The canton was founded in 1798 with the slogan Liberi e svizzeri (Italian for Freemen and Swiss) as a means of remaining a part of Switzerland, rather than being annexed to the Cisalpine client republic.", "Seehof, Switzerland Seehof (Elay in French) is a municipality in the Jura bernois administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is one of two municipalities with German as its official language in the otherwise French-speaking Bernese Jura (Jura Bernois). The other is Schelten.", "Federal Charter of 1291 The Federal Charter or Letter of Alliance (German: Bundesbrief) documents the Eternal Alliance or League of the Three Forest Cantons (German: Ewiger Bund der Drei Waldstätten), the union of three cantons in what is now central Switzerland. It is dated in early August, 1291 and initiates the current August 1 national Swiss holiday. This agreement cites a previous (lost or most likely not existent in written form) similar pact.", "Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland The Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland (German: Bundesgericht, French: Tribunal fédéral, Italian: Tribunale Federale, Romansh: Tribunal Federal) is the supreme court of the Swiss Confederation. As part of the judiciary, it is one of the three branches of government in Switzerland's political system.It is headquartered in the Federal Courthouse in Lausanne in the canton of Vaud.", "Canton of Jura The Republic and Canton of the Jura (French: République et Canton du Jura), also known as the Canton of Jura or Canton Jura, is one of the cantons of Switzerland. It is the newest (created in 1979) of the 26 Swiss cantons, located in the northwestern part of Switzerland. The capital is Delémont. It shares borders with the Canton of Basel-Landschaft, the Canton of Bern, the Canton Neuchâtel, the Canton of Solothurn and the French département of Doubs.", "List of German place names for places in Switzerland Below is list of German language exonyms for places in bilingual areas, and fully non-German-speaking areas of Switzerland:", "Canton of Waldstätten Waldstätten was a canton of the Helvetic Republic from 1798 to 1803, combining the territories of the founding cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy, Uri (without the Leventina but with the Urserental), Schwyz (without March and Höfe) and both cantons of Unterwalden, which were collectively known as Waldstätten (German for Forest states) since the 14th century, along with Zug, the Republic of Gersau, and Engelberg Abbey.The rearrangement of the cantonal borders of the Helvetic Republic was not well received by the population of the inner forest cantons of Switzerland.", "Bernese Jura Bernese Jura (French: Jura Bernois) is the name for the French-speaking area of the Swiss canton of Bern, and from 2010 one of five administrative divisions of the canton.Comprising the three French-speaking districts in the northern part of the canton, it contains 40 municipalities with an area of 541.71 km2 (209.16 sq mi) and a population (as of December 2014) of 53,318.", "Wettingen Wettingen (Swiss German: Wettigä) is a residential community in the district of Baden in the Swiss canton of Aargau. With a population about 20,000 (2014), Wettingen is the largest municipality in the canton.", "Lucerne Lucerne (/ˌluːˈsɜrn/; German: Luzern, [luˈtsɛrn]; French: Lucerne, [lysɛʁn]; Italian: Lucerna, [luˈtʃɛrna]; Romansh: Lucerna; Lucerne Swiss-German: Lozärn) is a city in central Switzerland, in the German-speaking portion of the country. Lucerne is the capital of the Canton of Lucerne and the capital of the district of the same name.", "Swiss French Swiss French (French: suisse romand) is the variety of French spoken in the French-speaking area of Switzerland known as Romandie. Swiss French is distinct from Franco-Provençal (Arpitan), the closely related Romance language originally spoken in Romandie.", "Aarberg District The Aarberg District was an administrative district of the canton of Bern, Switzerland. Its capital was the town of Aarberg. The district contained 12 municipalities covering an area of 153 km2 (59 sq mi):CH-3270 AarbergCH-3282 Bargen CH-3257 GrossaffolternCH-3283 KallnachCH-3273 KappelenCH-3250 LyssCH-3045 MeikirchCH-3283 Niederried bei KallnachCH-3271 RadelfingenCH-3255 RapperswilCH-3054 SchüpfenCH-3267 Seedorf", "Altdorf, Switzerland Altdorf (German for \"old village\") is the capital of the Swiss canton of Uri. The municipality covers an area of 10.23 square kilometers (3.95 sq mi) and is located at a height of 462 meters (1,516 ft) above sea-level, to the right of the Reuss.The official language of Altdorf is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.", "Romansh language Romansh(also spelled Romansch, Rumantsch, or Romanche; Romansh: About this sound rumàntsch ,About this sound romauntsch ,About this sound romontsch ) is a Romance language spoken predominantly in the southeastern Swiss canton of Grisons (Graubünden), where it has official status alongside German and Italian and is used as the medium of instruction of schools in Romansh-speaking areas.", "Zurzach District Zurzach District is a district in the Swiss Canton of Aargau with the administrative capital of Zurzach. It covers the Studenlands and is located in the northeastern part of the canton. The district capital is Bad Zurzach. The main valleys are the Surb and the Aare. It has a population of 32,891 (as of 31 December 2014).", "Schelten Schelten (La Scheulte in French) is a municipality in the Jura bernois administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. This is one of two German speaking municipalities located in the majority French-speaking Bernese Jura (Jura Bernois). The other is Seehof.", "Fribourg Fribourg (French pronunciation: [fʁibuʁ]; Arpitan: Fribôrg/Friboua, pronounced: [fʁibwa]; German: Freiburg or Freiburg im Üechtland, Swiss German pronunciation: [ˈfrib̥ʊrɡ]; Italian: Friburgo or Friborgo; Romansh: Friburg) is the capital of the Swiss canton of Fribourg and the district of Sarine.", "Kreuzlingen Kreuzlingen is a municipality in the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in north-eastern Switzerland. It is the seat of the district and is the second largest city of the canton, after Frauenfeld, with a population of about 20,800. Together with the adjoining city of Konstanz just across the border in Germany, Kreuzlingen is part of the largest conurbation on Lake Constance with a population of almost 120,000.In 1874, the municipality of Egelshofen was renamed Kreuzlingen.", "Baden District, Aargau Baden District is a district in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland. The district capital is the town of Baden and the largest municipality is Wettingen, located in the Limmat Valley (German: Limmattal). The district has a total of 26 municipalities, an area of 153.07 km2 (59.10 sq mi), and a population (as of 2014) of about 138,000.", "Switzerland Switzerland (/ˈswɪtsərlənd/; German: Schweiz [ˈʃvaɪts]; French: Suisse [sɥis(ə)]; Italian: Svizzera [ˈzvittsera]; Romansh: Svizra [ˈʒviːtsrɐ] or [ˈʒviːtsʁːɐ]), officially the Swiss Confederation (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica, hence its abbreviation CH), is a country in Europe.", "Mutschellen Mutschellen is the name of a pass in the canton of Aargau in the district of Bremgarten near the border of canton Zurich. Three municipalities, Berikon, Widen, and Rudolfstetten-Friedlisberg, meet directly atop the pass.", "Little Switzerland (Luxembourg) Little Switzerland (Luxembourgish: Kleng Lëtzebuerger Schwäiz, French: Petite Suisse Luxembourgeoise, German: Kleine Luxemburger Schweiz) is a nickname for a region in the east of Luxembourg, bestowed upon the region on account of its reputed geographic similarities to Switzerland. It is roughly contiguous with the canton of Echternach.", "Sarnen Sarnen is the capital of the canton of Obwalden situated on the shores of Lake Sarnen (Sarner See), Switzerland. It has a population of just over 10,000 and is surrounded by countryside and mountains. Sarnen is located 20 km south of Lucerne.The official language of Sarnen is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.", "Fricktal The Fricktal \"\\Frick Valley\") region is the northwest finger extending from the Swiss canton of Aargau. It is situated in Northwestern Switzerland east of Basel, between the High Rhine forming the border with Germany in the north and the Jura Mountains in the south. The Fricktal contains the districts of Laufenburg and Rheinfelden.", "Die Südostschweiz Die Südostschweiz (literally \"The Southeastern Switzerland\") is a Swiss German-language daily newspaper, published by Südostschweiz Mediengruppe in Chur, Graubünden.", "Zuzgen Zuzgen (Swiss German: [ˈtsʊtsɡə]) is a municipality in the Rheinfelden District of canton Aargau in Switzerland. It is located in the West of the Fricktal region, around three kilometers Southwest of the border with Germany and has a border with Canton Basel-Landschaft.", "Flags and arms of cantons of Switzerland There are 26 modern cantons of Switzerland, each of which has an official flag and coat of arms.The history of development of these designs spans the 13th to 20th centuries.Historically, the number of cantons waseight during 1352–1481, see Eight Cantonsthirteen during 1513–1798, see Thirteen Cantonstwenty cantons of the Helvetic Republic in 1798–1803, without official flags or coats of armstwenty-two during 1848–1978, including three cantons divided into two half-cantons eachtwenty-three during 1979–1999, due to the secession of the canton of Jura from Bern.Nidwalden and Obwalden are traditional subdivisions of Unterwalden.", "Trachselwald District Trachselwald District was a district in the canton of Bern, Switzerland. Its governor's seat was in Trachselwald Castle in Trachselwald. It consisted of 10 municipalities within an area of 191 km².", "Aarwangen District Aarwangen District was a district in the northeast corner of the canton of Bern in Switzerland, with its seat at Aarwangen.It was surrounded by the canton of Solothurn on the north, the canton of Aargau on the northeast, the canton of Lucerne on the east, the district of Trachselwald on the south, the district of Burgdorf on the southwest, and the district of Wangen on the west.The district includes the following 25 municipalities and has an area of 154 km2 (59 sq mi):CH-4912 AarwangenCH-4944 AuswilCH-4913 BannwilCH-3368 BleienbachCH-4917 Busswil bei MelchnauCH-4955 GondiswilCH-4932 GutenbergCH-4936 KleindietwilCH-4900 LangenthalCH-4935 LeimiswilCH-4932 LotzwilCH-4934 MadiswilCH-4917 MelchnauCH-4924 ObersteckholzCH-4943 OeschenbachCH-4919 ReisiswilCH-4914 RoggwilCH-4938 RohrbachCH-4938 RohrbachgrabenCH-4933 RütschelenCH-4911 Schwarzhäusern CH-4922 ThunstettenCH-4916 UntersteckholzCH-4937 UrsenbachCH-4923 Wynau", "Canton of Linth Linth was a canton of the Helvetic Republic from 1798 to 1803, consisting of Glarus and its subject County of Werdenberg, the Höfe and March districts of Schwyz and the Züricher subject Lordship of Sax, along with a handful of shared territories.", "Châtelat Châtelat is a municipality in the Jura bernois administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is located in the French-speaking Bernese Jura (Jura Bernois), however a majority of the residents in Châtelat are German speaking. On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Châtelat, Monible, Sornetan and Souboz merged to form the new municipality of Petit-Val.", "Districts of Switzerland In contrast to centrally organised states, in the federally constituted Switzerland each canton iscompletely free to decide its own internal organisation. Therefore there exists a variety of structures and terminology for the subnational entities between canton and municipality, loosely termed districts (i.e. Urban Administration Districts).Most cantons are divided into Bezirke (German for districts, singular Bezirk).", "Thayngen Thayngen (German pronunciation: [ˈtaːɪŋən]) is a village and a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009 Altdorf, Bibern, Hofen, Opfertshofen merged into Thayngen.", "Sierre Sierre (German: Siders) is the capital of the district of Sierre in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. It has a population of 16332.It is situated on the French–German language border of the canton of Valais. As a German-speaking minority lives in Sierre, it counts as one of the three official bilingual towns in Switzerland.", "Thalwil Thalwil is a municipality and town in the district of Horgen in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland. As of 2010 its population was of 17,189. Besides the town of Thalwil, the municipality includes the village of Gattikon.The official language of Thalwil is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.", "Swiss Federal Constitution The Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation of 18 April 1999 (German: Bundesverfassung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft; French: Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse; Italian: Costituzione federale della Confederazione Svizzera; Romansh: Constituziun federala da la Confederaziun svizra) is the third and current federal constitution of Switzerland. It establishes the Swiss Confederation as a federal republic of 26 cantons (states).", "Bernina District Bernina District is an administrative district in the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. It has an area of 237.2 km² and has a population of 4,652 (as of 31 December 2014).It is the most south-easterly district in Switzerland, being surrounded on three sides by Italy and is predominantly Italian-speaking. As of 2000, 91% of the population speak Italian, followed by German (7.2%) and Romansh (0.5%).", "Canton of Neuchâtel The Republic and Canton of Neuchâtel (French: Canton de Neuchâtel, IPA: [kɑ̃tɔ̃ də nøʃɑtɛl]) is a canton of French-speaking western Switzerland. In 2007, its population was 169,782 of which 39,654 (or 23.4%) were foreigners. The capital is Neuchâtel.", "Culture of Switzerland Switzerland lies at the crossroads of several major European cultures. Three of the continent's major languages, German, French and Italian, are national languages of Switzerland, along with Romansh, spoken by a small minority. Therefore, Swiss culture is characterised by diversity, which is reflected in a wide range of traditional customs.", "Zürcher Oberland The Zürcher Oberland \"\\Zurich highlands\") in Switzerland, is the hilly south-eastern part of the Canton of Zurich, bordering on the Toggenburg, including the districts of Uster, Hinwil, Pfäffikon as well as the Töss Valley as far as the district of Winterthur. The territory gradually fell under the control of the city of Zurich from 1408 to 1452.", "Gstaad Gstaad (/ˈʃtɑːd/ or /ɡəˈʃtɑːd/; locally: [kʃtaːd̥]) is a bilingual village in the German-speaking section of the Canton of Bern in southwestern Switzerland. It is part of the municipality of Saanen and is known as a major ski resort and a popular destination amongst the high society and the international jet set. The winter campus of the Institute Le Rosey is located in Gstaad. Gstaad has a population of about 9,200 and is located 1,050 metres (3,445 feet) above sea level.", "Canton of Oberland Oberland (German for Highlands) was the name of a canton of the Helvetic Republic (1798–1803), corresponding to the area of the Bernese Oberland, with its capital at Thun.", "Ederswiler Ederswiler is a municipality in the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. It is the only German-speaking municipality in the canton, where all others are French-speaking.", "Gsteig bei Gstaad Gsteig bei Gstaad is a municipality in the Obersimmental-Saanen administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Gsteig was formerly known by the French name of Châtelet.", "Highest Alemannic German Highest Alemannic (Hegschtalemannisch) is a branch of Alemannic German and is often considered to be part of the German language, even though mutual intelligibility with Standard German and other non-Alemannic German dialects is very limited.Highest Alemannic dialects are spoken in alpine regions of Switzerland: In the Bernese Oberland, in the German-speaking parts of the Canton of Fribourg, in the Valais (see Walliser German) and in the Walser settlements (mostly in Switzerland, but also in Italy and in Austria; see Walser German).", "Walser German The Walser language (German: Walserdeutsch), also known as Walliser German (locally Wallisertiitsch), is a group of Highest Alemannic dialects spoken in the German-speaking part of the Canton of Wallis (French: Valais) and in Walser settlements in parts of Switzerland, Italy, Liechtenstein, and Austria.The terms Walser and Walliser are geographic; there is no linguistic divide. Specific Walser dialects can be traced to eastern or western dialects of Wallis canton.", "Uster Uster is a city and capital of the district Uster in the Swiss Canton of Zürich.It is the third largest city in the Canton of Zürich, with over 30,000 inhabitants, and is one of the twenty largest cities in Switzerland. Uster is located next to lake Greifensee.The official language of Uster is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.The city of Uster received the Wakker Prize in 2001.", "Köniz Köniz is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. With a population of 38,793 inhabitants (2008), the municipality is one of the 15 most populous cities in Switzerland.The official language of Köniz is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.", "Ticino The Republic and Canton of Ticino or Ticino (Italian pronunciation: [tiˈtʃiːno]; German: Tessin [tɛˈsiːn]; see also in other languages) is the southernmost canton of Switzerland.", "Vaud The Canton of Vaud (French pronunciation: [vo]; German: Waadt) is the third largest of Swiss cantons by population and fourth by size.", "Spiez Spiez is a town and municipality on the shore of Lake Thun in the Bernese Oberland region of the Swiss canton of Bern. It forms part the Frutigen-Niedersimmental administrative district. Besides the town of Spiez, the municipality also includes the settlements of Einigen, Hondrich, Faulensee and Spiezwiler.The official language of Spiez is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.", "Municipalities of Switzerland The communes (German: Gemeinden / French: communes / Italian: comuni / Romansh: vischnancas), also known as municipalities, are the smallest government division in Switzerland, numbering 2,596 (as of February 2010). While many have a population of a few hundred, the largest cities such as Zürich or Geneva also have the legal status of municipalities.", "Bernese Oberland The Bernese Oberland (Bernese Highlands) is the higher part of the canton of Bern, Switzerland, in the southern end of the canton: The area around Lake Thun and Lake Brienz, and the valleys of the Bernese Alps (thus, the inhabitable parts from approximately the level of Lake Thun at 558 m [1,831 ft]).The flag of the Bernese Oberland consists of a black eagle in a gold field (in reference to the region's old status as reichsfrei) over two fields in the cantonal colours of red and black.The Swiss German dialects spoken in the Bernese Oberland are Highest Alemannic German, contrasting with the High Alemannic Bernese German spoken in Bern and the northern parts of the canton.The Oberland is one of five regions or administrative subdivisions of the canton.In the short-lived Helvetic Republic (1798-1803), the Bernese Oberland had been a separate canton, (Canton of Oberland).", "Chur Chur or Coire (German: [ˈkuːr] or [ˈxuːr]; Italian: Coira [ˈkɔi̯ɾa]; Romansh: Cuira [ˈkwerɐ] or [ˈkwoi̯rɐ]; French: Coire [ˈkwaʁ]) is the capital of the Swiss canton of Graubünden and lies in the northern part of the canton. The city, which is located on the right bank of the Rhine River, is reputedly the oldest town of Switzerland.The official language of Chur is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.", "Canton of Baden The Canton of Baden (German: Kanton Baden) was a canton of the Helvetic Republic (a Napoleonic-era precursor of modern-day Switzerland). Its capital was the town of Baden.", "Basel German Basel German or Baseldytsch (also Baseldütsch, Baslerdüütsch, Baseldeutsch) is the dialect of the city of Basel, Switzerland. Among the Swiss German dialects, it is the only Low Alemannic one.", "Rapperswil-Jona Rapperswil-Jona is a municipality in the Wahlkreis (constituency) of See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.Besides Rapperswil and Jona, which were separate municipalities until 2006, the municipality includes Bollingen, Busskirch, Curtiberg, Kempraten-Lenggis, Wagen, and Wurmsbach.The official language of Rapperswil is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.", "Biel District Biel/Bienne District was a district (Amtsbezirk) in the canton of Bern in Switzerland with its seat Biel/Bienne. It was bi-lingual (41% French and 59% German) and included two municipalities in an area of 25 km²:It is now part of the administrative district of Biel/Bienne.", "Stans Stans (German pronunciation: [ʃtans]) is the capital of the canton of Nidwalden (Nidwald) in Switzerland.The official language of Stans is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.", "Liestal Liestal (formerly Liesthal, IPA: [ˈliə̯ʃd̥l̩]) is the capital of Liestal District and the canton of Basel-Country in Switzerland, 17 km (11 mi) south of Basel.Liestal is an industrial town with a cobbled-street Old Town.The official language of Liestal is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.", "Frauenfeld Frauenfeld (Women's Field) is the capital of the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.The official language of Frauenfeld is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.", "Swiss literature As there is no dominant national language, the four main languages of French, Italian, German and Romansch form the four branches which make up a literature of Switzerland. The original Swiss Confederation, from its foundation in 1291 up to 1798, gained only a few French-speaking districts in what is now the Canton of Fribourg, and so the German language dominated.", "Zurich German Zürich German (German: Zürichdeutsch, natively Züritüütsch) is the High Alemannic dialect spoken in the Canton of Zürich, Switzerland.Its areal covers most of the canton, with the exception of the parts north of the Thur and the Rhine, which belong to the areal of the northeastern (Schaffhausen and Thurgau) Swiss dialects.Zürich German was traditionally divided into six sub-dialects, now increasingly homogenised due to larger commuting distances:The dialect of the town of Zürich (Stadt-Mundart)The dialect spoken around Lake Zürich (See-Mundart)The dialect of the Knonauer Amt west of the Albis (Ämtler Mundart)The dialect of the area of WinterthurThe dialect of the Zürcher Oberland around Lake Pfäffikon and the upper Tösstal valleyThe dialect of the Zürcher Unterland around Bülach and DielsdorfLike all Swiss German dialects, it is essentially a spoken language, whereas the written language is standard German.", "Nidau District Nidau District was one of the 26 administrative districts in the canton of Bern, Switzerland. Its capital was the municipality of Nidau. Although the district is officially German speaking, a small French-speaking minority lives in the area. The district has an area of 113 km² and consisted of 25 municipalities:", "Canton of Geneva The Republic and Canton of Geneva (French: République et Canton de Genève; Arpitan: Rèpublica et Canton de Geneva; German: Republik und Kanton Genf; Italian: Repubblica e Canton Ginevra; Romansh: Republica e Chantun Genevra) is the French-speaking westernmost canton or state of Switzerland, surrounded on almost all sides by France. As is the case in several other Swiss cantons (e.g." ]	9
Movies with eight or more Academy Awards	[ "West Side Story (film)\nWest Side Story is a 1961 American romantic musical drama film directed by Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins. The film is an adaptation of the 1957 Broadway musical of the same name, which in turn was inspired by William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet. It stars Natalie Wood, Richard Beymer, Russ Tamblyn, Rita Moreno, and George Chakiris, and was photographed by Daniel L.", "List of films with the most Oscars per ceremony\nThis is a list of movies that have won the most Academy Awards at their respective ceremonies.", "Titanic (1997 film)\nTitanic is a 1997 American epic romantic disaster film directed, written, co-produced, and co-edited by James Cameron.", "Amadeus\nAmadeus is a play by Peter Shaffer, which gives a highly fictionalized account of the lives of the composers Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Antonio Salieri. First performed in 1979, Amadeus was inspired by a short 1830 play by Alexander Pushkin called Mozart and Salieri (which was also used as the libretto for an opera of the same name by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov in 1897).In the play, significant use is made of the music of Mozart, Salieri and other composers of the period.", "My Fair Lady (film)\nMy Fair Lady is a 1964 American musical film adaptation of the Lerner and Loewe eponymous stage musical based on the 1938 film adaptation of the original 1913 stage play Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw.", "On the Waterfront\nOn the Waterfront is a 1954 American crime drama film with elements of film noir. The film was directed by Elia Kazan and written by Budd Schulberg. It stars Marlon Brando and features Karl Malden, Lee J. Cobb, Rod Steiger, and, in her film debut, Eva Marie Saint. The soundtrack score was composed by Leonard Bernstein. It is based on Crime on the Waterfront, a series of articles published in the New York Sun by Malcolm Johnson that won the 1949 Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting.", "Amadeus (film)\nAmadeus is a 1984 American period drama film directed by Miloš Forman, written by Peter Shaffer, and adapted from Shaffer's stage play Amadeus (1979). The story is set in Vienna, Austria, during the latter half of the 18th century.The film was nominated for 53 awards and received 40, including eight Academy Awards (including Best Picture), four BAFTA Awards, four Golden Globes, and a Directors Guild of America (DGA) award.", "Academy Award for Best Actress\nThe Academy Award for Best Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Janet Gaynor receiving the award for her roles in 7th Heaven, Street Angel, and Sunrise.", "From Here to Eternity\nFrom Here to Eternity is a 1953 drama film directed by Fred Zinnemann and based on the novel of the same name by James Jones. The picture deals with the tribulations of three soldiers, played by Burt Lancaster, Montgomery Clift, and Frank Sinatra, stationed on Hawaii in the months leading up to the attack on Pearl Harbor.", "List of Academy Award-winning films\nThis is a list of Academy Award-winning films. This list contains many films that won Academy Awards up to and including the 87th Academy Awards held on February 22, 2015.", "Gandhi (film)\nGandhi is a 1982 epic biographical film which dramatises the life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, the leader of India's non-violent, non-cooperative independence movement against the United Kingdom's rule of the country during the 20th century. Gandhi was written by John Briley and produced and directed by Richard Attenborough.", "Cabaret (1972 film)\nCabaret is a 1972 musical film directed by Bob Fosse and starring Liza Minnelli, Michael York and Joel Grey. The film is set in Berlin during the Weimar Republic in 1931, under the ominous presence of the growing Nazi Party.The film is loosely based on the 1966 Broadway musical Cabaret by Kander and Ebb, which was adapted from the novel The Berlin Stories (1939) by Christopher Isherwood and the 1951 play I Am a Camera adapted from the same book.", "The Last Emperor\nThe Last Emperor is a 1987 biographical film about the life of Puyi, the last Emperor of China, whose autobiography was the basis for the screenplay written by Mark Peploe and Bernardo Bertolucci. Independently produced by Jeremy Thomas, it was directed by Bertolucci and released in 1987 by Columbia Pictures.", "Gone with the Wind (film)\nGone with the Wind is a 1939 American epic-historical-romance film adapted from Margaret Mitchell's Pulitzer-winning 1936 novel. It was produced by David O. Selznick of Selznick International Pictures and directed by Victor Fleming.", "Gigi (1958 film)\nGigi is a 1958 American Metrocolor musical romantic comedy film directed by Vincente Minnelli. The screenplay by Alan Jay Lerner is based on the 1944 novella of the same name by Colette. The film features songs with lyrics by Lerner; music by Frederick Loewe, arranged and conducted by André Previn.In 1991, Gigi was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\".", "The English Patient (film)\nThe English Patient is a 1996 British-American romantic drama directed by Anthony Minghella from his own script based on the novel of the same name by Michael Ondaatje and produced by Saul Zaentz.The film was released to critical acclaim, and received 12 nominations at the 69th Academy Awards, eventually winning nine, including Best Picture, Best Director for Minghella and Best Supporting Actress for Juliette Binoche.", "List of Academy Award records\nThis is a list of Academy Award records. This list is current as of the 86th Academy Awards ceremony held on March 2, 2014.", "The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King is a 2003 high fantasy film directed by Peter Jackson based on the second and third volumes of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings.", "Ben-Hur (1959 film)\nBen-Hur is a 1959 American epic historical drama film, directed by William Wyler, produced by Sam Zimbalist for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and starring Charlton Heston, Stephen Boyd, Jack Hawkins, Hugh Griffith and Haya Harareet. A remake of the 1925 silent film with the same name, Ben-Hur was adapted from Lew Wallace's 1880 novel Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ. The screenplay is credited to Karl Tunberg but includes contributions from Maxwell Anderson, S. N." ]	[ "8mm (film) 8mm is a 1999 American-German crime mystery thriller film directed by Joel Schumacher and written by Andrew Kevin Walker. The film stars Nicolas Cage as a private investigator who delves into the world of snuff films.", "Boston Society of Film Critics Awards 1987 The 8th Boston Society of Film Critics Awards honored the best filmmaking of 1987. The awards were given on 10 January 1988.", "Producers Guild of America Awards 1996 The 8th PGA Golden Laurel Awards, given at the Universal City Hilton Hotel, Los Angeles, California, USA on 12 March 1997, honored the best film and television producers of 1996.", "Legend of the Eight Samurai Legend of the Eight Samurai (里見八犬伝, Satomi Hakken-den) is a 1983 Japanese historical martial arts fantasy film, directed by Kinji Fukasaku. The script is adapted from a 1982 novel Shin Satomi Hakkenden (新・里見八犬伝) by Toshio Kamata, a loose reworking of the epic serial Nansō Satomi Hakkenden by Kyokutei Bakin.", "AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores Part of the AFI 100 Years... series, AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores is a list of the top 25 film scores in American cinema. The list was unveiled by the American Film Institute in 2005.John Williams has the most scores in the top 25, with three: E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Jaws, and the top choice, Star Wars.", "71st Academy Awards The 71st Academy Awards ceremony, organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best of 1998 in film and took place on March 21, 1999, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J. Horvitz.", "Jean Harlow Jean Harlow (born Harlean Harlow Carpenter; March 3, 1911 – June 7, 1937) was an American film actress and sex symbol of the 1930s.After being signed by director Howard Hughes, Harlow's first major appearance was in Hell's Angels (1930), followed by a series of critically unsuccessful films, before signing with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1932. Harlow became a leading lady for MGM, starring in a string of hit films including Red Dust (1932), Dinner at Eight (1933), Reckless (1935) and Suzy (1936).", "William Wyler William Wyler (July 1, 1902 – July 27, 1981) was a German-born American film director, producer and screenwriter. Notable works included Ben-Hur (1959), The Best Years of Our Lives (1946), and Mrs. Miniver (1942), all of which won Wyler Academy Awards for Best Director, as well as Best Picture in their respective years, making him the only director of three Best Picture winners.", "1978 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards The 4th Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards, honoring the best in film for 1978, were announced on 16 December 1978.", "1983 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards The 9th Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards, honoring the best filmmaking of 1983, were announced on 17 December 1983.", "66th Academy Awards The 66th Academy Awards ceremony, organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored films released in 1993 and took place on March 21, 1994, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 23 categories. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Jeff Margolis.", "Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards 2001 The 8th Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards, honoring the best in film for 2001, were given on January 3, 2002.", "Chicago Film Critics Association Awards 1995 The 8th Chicago Film Critics Association Awards honored the finest achievements in 1995 filmmaking.", "74th Academy Awards The 74th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), took place on March 24, 2002, at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories honoring films released in 2001. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Laura Ziskin and directed by Louis J. Horvitz. Actress Whoopi Goldberg hosted the show for the fourth time.", "Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling The Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling is the Oscar given to the best achievement in makeup and hair-styling for film. Usually, only three films are nominated each year rather than five as in most categories.", "55th Academy Awards The 55th Academy Awards were presented April 11, 1983 at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, Los Angeles. The ceremonies were presided over by Liza Minnelli, Dudley Moore, Richard Pryor, and Walter Matthau. The awards were dominated by the Best Picture winner Gandhi, which won eight awards out of its eleven nominations.Louis Gossett, Jr.", "Rocky Steps The 72 stone steps before the entrance of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, have become known as the \"Rocky Steps\" as a result of their appearance in the triple-Oscar-winning film Rocky and four of its sequels, Rocky II, III, V and Rocky Balboa, in which the eponymous character runs up the steps to the song \"Gonna Fly Now\". Tourists often mimic Rocky's famous climb, a metaphor for an underdog or an everyman rising to a challenge.", "Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards 1997 The 3rd Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards, given in January 1998, honored the best filmmaking of 1997.L.A. Confidential by director Curtis Hanson won the award for Best Picture. Titanic earned the award for Best Director (James Cameron). The Wings of the Dove won the two female acting awards (Leading Role: Helena Bonham Carter and Supporting Role: Alison Elliott).", "Seven sisters (studios) The seven sisters of the Hollywood film industry were the major movie studios of the period between the early 1980s, when The Walt Disney Studios emerged as a major, and 2005, when MGM was acquired by a consortium including Sony Pictures Entertainment.", "1963 in film The year 1963 in film involved some significant events, including the big-budget epic Cleopatra and two films with all-star casts, How the West Was Won and It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World.", "27th Academy Awards The 27th Academy Awards honored the best films produced in 1954. The Best Picture winner, On the Waterfront, was produced by Sam Spiegel and directed by Elia Kazan.", "Ralph E. Winters Ralph E. Winters (17 June 1909 -– 26 February 2004) was a Canadian-born film editor who became one of the leading figures of this field in the American industry.After beginning on a series of B movies in the early 1940s, including several in the Dr. Kildare series, his first major film was George Cukor's Victorian chiller Gaslight (1944). Winters won the Academy Award for Film Editing twice, for King Solomon's Mines (1950) and Ben-Hur (1959).", "Hard Eight (film) Hard Eight is a 1996 American neo-noir crime thriller film written and directed by Paul Thomas Anderson, starring Philip Baker Hall, John C. Reilly, Gwyneth Paltrow and Samuel L. Jackson. There are also brief appearances by Robert Ridgely, Philip Seymour Hoffman, and Melora Walters.The film, originally titled Sydney, was Anderson's first feature; Hall, Reilly, Ridgely, Hoffman and Walters acted in Anderson's subsequent films.", "8 mm film 8 mm film is a motion picture film format in which the filmstrip is eight millimeters wide. It exists in two main versions — the original standard 8 mm film, also known as regular 8 mm or Double 8 mm, and Super 8.", "Academy Award for Best Film Editing The Academy Award for Film Editing is one of the annual awards of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Nominations for this award are closely correlated with the Academy Award for Best Picture. Since 1981 until 2014, every film selected as Best Picture has also been nominated for the Film Editing Oscar, and about two thirds of the Best Picture winners have also won for Film Editing.", "1969 in film The year 1969 in film involved some significant events, with Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid dominating the U.S. box office and Midnight Cowboy, a film rated X, winning the Academy Award for Best Picture.", "64th Academy Awards The 64th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 1991 in the United States and took place on March 30, 1992, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 23 categories.", "57th Academy Awards The 57th Academy Awards were presented March 25, 1985 at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, Los Angeles.", "Academy Juvenile Award The Academy Juvenile Award, also known as the Juvenile Oscar, was a Special Honorary Academy Award bestowed at the discretion of the Board of Governors of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to specifically recognize juvenile performers under the age of eighteen for their \"outstanding contributions to screen entertainment\".The trophy itself was a miniature Oscar statuette which stood approximately 7 inches tall.", "1944 in film The year 1944 in film involved some significant events, including the wholesome, award-winning Going My Way plus popular murder mysteries such as Double Indemnity, Gaslight and Laura.", "Saul Zaentz Saul Zaentz (/ˈzænts/; February 28, 1921 – January 3, 2014) was an American film producer and former record company executive. He won the Academy Award for Best Picture three times and in 1996 was awarded the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award.Zaentz's film production career was marked by a dedication to the adaptation of the novel. A prolific reader, Zaentz typically did not produce original screenplays.", "61st Academy Awards The 61st Academy Awards ceremony, organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 1988, and took place on Wednesday, March 29, 1989, at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST/ 9:00 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 23 categories. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Allan Carr and directed by Jeff Margolis.", "1999 in film The year 1999 in film included Stanley Kubrick's final film Eyes Wide Shut, Pedro Almodóvar's first Oscar-winning film All About My Mother, the science-fiction hit The Matrix, the Deep Canvas-pioneering Tarzan and Best Picture-winner American Beauty, as well as critically acclaimed animated works The Iron Giant, Toy Story 2 and South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut. Other noteworthy releases included Spike Jonze's and Charlie Kaufman's breakout film Being John Malkovich and M.", "39th Academy Awards The 39th Academy Awards, honoring the best in film for 1966, were held on April 10, 1967 at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California. They were hosted by Bob Hope.Only two of the Best Picture nominees also had nominations for Best Director; Fred Zinnemann's lavish and thoughtful biopic A Man for All Seasons and Mike Nichols' bold and taboo-breaking drama Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?. Both were adaptations of stage dramas.", "72nd Academy Awards The 72nd Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored films released in 1999 and took place on March 26, 2000, at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, the AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 23 categories.", "2000 in film The year 2000 in film involved some significant events.The top grosser worldwide was Mission: Impossible II. Domestically in North America, Gladiator won the Academy Awards for Best Picture and Best Actor (Russell Crowe).There were also several popular action films, including X-Men and Shanghai Noon. In the comedy realm, there was Me, Myself & Irene and Meet the Parents.Dinosaur was the most expensive film of 2000 and a box-office success.", "18th Golden Raspberry Awards The 18th Golden Raspberry Awards were held on March 22, 1998 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel to recognize the worst the movie industry had to offer in 1997. This year, the film with the most nominations was Batman & Robin with 11, followed by Speed 2: Cruise Control with 8 nominations, Anaconda with 6 nominations, The Postman with 5 nominations (winning all of the awards it was nominated for), and Fire Down Below with 4 nominations.", "List of people who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards Twelve people have won all four major annual American entertainment awards in a competitive, individual (non-group), category: the Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony. Doing so may be abbreviated EGOT. These awards honor outstanding achievements in, respectively, television, music (or other audio recording), film, and theater. Winning all four awards has been referred to as winning the grand slam of show business. The acronym EGOT was coined by actor Philip Michael Thomas.", "59th Academy Awards The 59th Academy Awards ceremony, organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), took place on March 30, 1987, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 23 categories honoring films released in 1986. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Samuel Goldwyn, Jr. and directed by Marty Pasetta.", "1981 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards The 7th Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards, honoring the best filmmaking of 1980, were announced on 14 December 1981 and given on 13 January 1982.", "41st Academy Awards The 41st Academy Awards were presented on April 14, 1969 at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, Los Angeles. It was the first Academy Awards ceremony to be staged at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion. For the first time since the 11th Academy Awards, there was no host.Oliver! became the first—and so far, the only—G-rated film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture. By contrast, the following year would see the only X-rated film to win Best Picture, Midnight Cowboy.", "Academy Awards The Academy Awards or The Oscars is an annual American awards ceremony honoring cinematic achievements in the film industry. The various category winners are awarded a copy of a statuette, officially the Academy Award of Merit, which is better known by its nickname Oscar.", "Super 8 (film) Super 8 is a 2011 American science fiction thriller film written, co-produced, and directed by J. J. Abrams and produced by Steven Spielberg. The film stars Joel Courtney, Elle Fanning and Kyle Chandler and tells the story of a group of young teenagers who are filming their own Super 8 movie when a train derails, releasing a dangerous presence into their town.", "8th Golden Raspberry Awards The 8th Golden Raspberry Awards were held on April 10, 1988 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel to recognize the worst the film industry had to offer in 1987. Leonard Part 6 was the biggest \"winner\" with three awards out of five nominations. Although he did not attend the ceremony, actor/producer/co-writer Bill Cosby later accepted all his awards on The Late Show. The list of nominees follows, with recipients marked in bold.", "5th Academy Awards The 5th Academy Awards were conducted by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences on November 18, 1932, at a ceremony held at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California. The ceremony was hosted by Conrad Nagel.", "Thomas Little Thomas Little (August 27, 1886 in Ogden, Utah – March 5, 1985 in Santa Monica, California) was a United States set decorator on more than 450 Hollywood movies between 1932 and 1953. He won a total of 6 Oscars for art direction and received 21 nominations in the same category. His credits include The Keys of the Kingdom, The Fan, Belles on Their Toes, What Price Glory?, The Snows of Kilimanjaro, The Pride of St. Louis, and The Day the Earth Stood Still.", "1962 in film The year 1962 in film involved some significant events, with Lawrence of Arabia the year's top-grossing film as well as winner of the Academy Award for Best Picture.", "6th Academy Awards The 6th Academy Awards were held on March 16, 1934, at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California. They were hosted by Will Rogers and Rogers also presented all of the awards.Will Rogers presented the Academy Award for Best Director, and when he opened the envelope he simply announced, \"Come up and get it, Frank!\" Frank Capra, certain he was the winner, ran to the podium to collect the Oscar, only to discover Rogers had meant Frank Lloyd, who won for Cavalcade, instead.", "Eight Men Out Eight Men Out is a drama film based on Eliot Asinof's 1963 book Eight Men Out: The Black Sox and the 1919 World Series. It was written and directed by John Sayles. The film is a dramatization of Major League Baseball's Black Sox scandal, in which eight members of the Chicago White Sox conspired with gamblers to intentionally lose the 1919 World Series. Much of the movie was filmed at the old Bush Stadium in Indianapolis, Indiana.", "69th Academy Awards The 69th Academy Awards ceremony, organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) took place on March 24, 1997, at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories honoring films released in 1996. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J. Horvitz.", "1988 in film The following is an overview of events in 1988 in film, including the highest-grossing films, award ceremonies and festivals, a list of films released and notable deaths. Rain Man was awarded the Academy Award for Best Picture, marking one of the few instances where the top-grossing film of the year was also the winner of such an award that year.", "1995 in film This is a list of films released in 1995. The animated films Toy Story and Pocahontas were two of the year's biggest box-office hits, and Braveheart won the Academy Award for Best Picture.", "One Eight Seven One Eight Seven (also known and abbreviated as 187) is a 1997 drama/crime/thriller film directed by Kevin Reynolds. It was the first top-billed starring role for Samuel L. Jackson, who plays a Los Angeles teacher caught with gang trouble in an urban high school. The film's name comes from the California Penal Code Section 187.", "76th Academy Awards The 76th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 2003 and took place on February 29, 2004, at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Joe Roth and was directed by Louis J. Horvitz.", "Sam Spiegel Sam Spiegel (November 11, 1901 – December 31, 1985) was an Austrian-born American independent film producer. He was the first to win the Academy Award for Best Picture three times, and the only one to be the sole producer on all three winning films.", "79th Academy Awards The 79th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 2006 and took place February 25, 2007, at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories.", "4th Academy Awards The 4th Academy Awards were awarded to films completed and screened released between August 1, 1930, and July 31, 1931, by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. At the ceremony, nine-year-old Jackie Cooper, nominated for Best Actor in Skippy, fell asleep on the shoulder of Best Actress nominee Marie Dressler.", "77th Academy Awards The 77th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), took place on February 27, 2005, at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as the Oscars) in 24 categories honoring films released in 2004. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Gil Cates and was directed by Louis J. Horvitz.", "Super 8 film Super 8 mm film is a motion picture film format released in 1965 by Eastman Kodak as an improvement of the older \"Double\" or \"Regular\" 8 mm home movie format.The film is nominally 8 mm wide, exactly the same as the older standard 8 mm film, and also has perforations on only one side. However, the dimensions of the perforations are smaller than those on older 8 mm film, which allowed the exposed area to be made larger.", "3rd Academy Awards The 3rd Academy Awards were awarded to films completed and screened released between August 1, 1929, and July 31, 1930, by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.All Quiet on the Western Front was the first film to win both Best Picture and Best Director, a feat that would become common in later years.", "60th Academy Awards The 60th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), took place on April 11, 1988, at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 22 categories honoring films released in 1987. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Samuel Goldwyn, Jr. and directed by Marty Pasetta.", "Eight Crazy Nights Eight Crazy Nights is a 2002 American adult animated musical comedy film directed by Seth Kearsley and produced, co-written by and starring Adam Sandler, in his first voice-acting role. Unlike most mainstream holiday films, it centers on Jewish characters during the Hanukkah season, as opposed to religious or secular celebration of Christmas.", "78th Academy Awards The 78th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), took place on March 5, 2006, at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles beginning at 5:00 p.m. PST / 8:00 p.m. EST. The ceremony was scheduled one week later than usual to avoid conflicting with the 2006 Winter Olympics. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories honoring films released in 2005.", "58th Academy Awards The 58th Academy Awards ceremony, organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), took place on March 24, 1986, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 23 categories honoring films released in 1985. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Stanley Donen and directed by Marty Pasetta.", "Roland Anderson Roland Anderson (November 18, 1903 – October 29, 1989) was an acclaimed movie art director, famous for receiving 15 Academy Award nominations but never winning an Oscar. Anderson's first Oscar nomination was for his first film in 1933, \"A Farewell to Arms\". A frequent collaborator with Cecil B.", "12th Academy Awards The 12th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best in film for 1939. The ceremony was held on February 29, 1940, at a banquet in the Coconut Grove at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. It was hosted by Bob Hope (in his first of nineteen turns as host).David O. Selznick's production Gone with the Wind received the most nominations of the year with thirteen. Other films receiving multiple nominations included: Mr.", "54th Academy Awards The 54th Academy Awards were presented March 29, 1982 at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, Los Angeles. The ceremonies were presided over by Johnny Carson. Chariots of Fire was the surprise winner (with a leading 12 nominations Reds had been expected to win) of the Best Picture Oscar. It was the first time in 13 years that a British film won the Academy's top honor.", "Village Roadshow Pictures Village Roadshow Pictures is a leading Australian co-producer and co-financier of major Hollywood motion pictures, having released over 85 films since its establishment in 1986 including, as co-productions with Warner Bros., The Great Gatsby, The Matrix Trilogy, The Sherlock Holmes franchise, I Am Legend, the Ocean’s series, The Happy Feet franchise, Mystic River, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Get Smart, Sex and the City 2, Gran Torino, The Lego Movie and American Sniper.Village Roadshow Pictures self-distributes its filmed entertainment through affiliates in several territories around the world, including Australia, New Zealand and Singapore.The films in their library have achieved 24 number one U.S.", "51st Academy Awards The 51st Academy Awards ceremony, organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored films released in 1978 and took place on April 9, 1979, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 7:00 p.m. PST / 10:00 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 22 categories. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Jack Haley, Jr. and directed by Marty Pasetta.", "53rd Academy Awards The 53rd Academy Awards, honoring the best in film for 1980, were presented March 31, 1981, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, Los Angeles. The ceremonies, which were presided over by Johnny Carson, were originally scheduled for the previous day but were postponed due to the assassination attempt on President Ronald Reagan.David Lynch's The Elephant Man and Martin Scorsese's Raging Bull, with 8 nominations each, had the most nominations of this year's films.", "Edith Head Edith Head (October 28, 1897 – October 24, 1981) was an American costume designer who won a record eight Academy Awards for Best Costume Design, starting with The Heiress (1949) and ending with The Sting (1973).Born and raised in California, Head managed to get a job as a costume sketch artist at Paramount Pictures, without any relevant training.", "48th Academy Awards The 48th Academy Awards were presented March 29, 1976 at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, Los Angeles. The ceremonies were presided over by Walter Matthau, Robert Shaw, George Segal, Goldie Hawn, and Gene Kelly. This year, ABC took over broadcast rights from NBC, and continues to broadcast them today.", "49th Academy Awards The 49th Academy Awards were presented March 28, 1977, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, Los Angeles. The ceremonies were presided over by Richard Pryor, Jane Fonda, Ellen Burstyn, and Warren Beatty.This Academy Awards ceremony is notable for Peter Finch becoming the first posthumous winner of an Oscar for acting, a feat matched only by Heath Ledger 32 years later.", "35th Academy Awards The 35th Academy Awards, honoring the best in film for 1962, were held on April 8, 1963 at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California, hosted by Frank Sinatra.", "Academy Award Review of Walt Disney Cartoons Academy Award Review of Walt Disney Cartoons was a Walt Disney animated film released in the United States on May 19, 1937, for a limited time to help promote the upcoming release of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. It was a collection of five Oscar-winning Silly Symphonies shorts, bridged together with title cards and a narrator. Like The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh, each of the cartoons had been released on its own at first before being fused together as one film.", "8th Critics' Choice Awards The 8th Critics' Choice Awards, honoring the best filmmaking of 2002, were given on 17 January 2003.", "50th Academy Awards The 50th Academy Awards were held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, California on April 3, 1978. The ceremonies were presided over by Bob Hope, who hosted the awards for the nineteenth and last time.Two of the year's biggest winners were Star Wars, which swept the technical categories by winning 6 out of its 10 nominations and a Special Achievement for Sound Effects Editing, and Annie Hall, winning 4 out of 5 nominations, including Best Picture, Best Actress and Best Director.", "Dinner at Eight (film) Dinner at Eight is a 1933 American Pre-Code comedy-drama motion picture, starring an ensemble cast Marie Dressler, John Barrymore, Wallace Beery, Jean Harlow, Lionel Barrymore, Lee Tracy, Edmund Lowe, and Billie Burke, and produced by MGM Studios. The film was adapted to the screen by Frances Marion and Herman J. Mankiewicz from the play by George S. Kaufman and Edna Ferber, with additional dialogue supplied by Donald Ogden Stewart. Produced by David O.", "8 Million Ways to Die 8 Million Ways to Die is a 1986 American crime film. This was the final film directed by Hal Ashby, and the first attempt to adapt the popular Matthew Scudder detective stories of Lawrence Block for the screen. The screenplay was written by Oliver Stone and David Lee Henry (Robert Towne using a pseudonym). The film starred Jeff Bridges, Rosanna Arquette, and, in a leading role for the first time, Andy Garcia.", "1957 in film The year 1957 in film involved some significant events, with The Bridge on the River Kwai topping the year's box office and winning the Academy Award for Best Picture.", "70th Academy Awards The 70th Academy Awards ceremony, organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), took place on March 23, 1998, at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST. During the show, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories honoring films released in 1997. The ceremony, which was televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J. Horvitz.", "23rd Academy Awards The 23rd Academy Awards Ceremony awarded Oscars for the best in films in 1950. All About Eve was nominated for 14 Oscars, beating the previous record of 13 set by Gone with the Wind.Sunset Boulevard became the second film with nominations in every acting category not to win a single one (after My Man Godfrey in 1936). This would not happen again until American Hustle was shut out at the 86th Academy Awards.", "37th Academy Awards The 37th Academy Awards honored film achievements of 1964. For the first time, an award was presented in the field of makeup. None of the four acting awards went to American actors, something not repeated until the 80th Academy Awards were awarded for 2007.The Best Picture winner of 1964, director George Cukor's My Fair Lady, was about the transformative training of a rough-speaking flower girl into a lady. The musical had run for many years on the stage (in both NYC and London).", "8½ 8½ (Italian title: Otto e mezzo [ˈɔtto e mˈmɛddzo]) is a 1963 Italian comedy-drama film directed by Federico Fellini. Co-scripted by Fellini, Tullio Pinelli, Ennio Flaiano, and Brunello Rondi, it stars Marcello Mastroianni as Guido Anselmi, a famous Italian film director. Shot in black-and-white by cinematographer Gianni di Venanzo, the film features a soundtrack by Nino Rota with costume and set designs by Piero Gherardi.Its title refers to Fellini's eight and a half films as a director.", "1982 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards The 8th Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards, honoring the best filmmaking of 1982, were announced on 11 December 1982.", "List of Big Five Academy Award winners and nominees This is a list of films that have been nominated for the so-called Big Five Academy Award categories. The Big Five Academy Awards are those for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Screenplay (either Best Adapted Screenplay or Best Original Screenplay). As of the 87th Academy Awards (2014), a total of 42 films have been nominated in all five of these award categories.", "BUtterfield 8 BUtterfield 8 is a 1960 Metrocolor drama film in CinemaScope directed by Daniel Mann, starring Elizabeth Taylor and Laurence Harvey. Taylor, then 28 years old, won her first Academy Award for her performance in a leading role. The film was based on a 1934 novel written by John O'Hara in the wake of the success of his critically acclaimed Appointment in Samarra.", "1966 in film The year 1966 in film involved some significant events. A Man for All Seasons won six Academy Awards, including Best Picture.", "24th Academy Awards The 24th Academy Awards honored the best in film in 1951, as recognized by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, Best Picture was awarded to An American in Paris, which, like A Place in the Sun, received six Academy Awards.", "1959 in film The year 1959 in film involved some significant events, with Ben-Hur winning a record 11 Academy Awards.", "Section Eight Productions Section Eight Productions, or just Section Eight, was a production company founded in 2000 by film director Steven Soderbergh and actor and director George Clooney. It produced the critical hits Far From Heaven, Insomnia, Syriana, A Scanner Darkly and Michael Clayton, as well as Clooney-directed films Confessions of a Dangerous Mind and Good Night, and Good Luck. In 2005, Syriana and Good Night, and Good Luck picked up eight Oscars nominations between them.", "Big Eight (film studios) The Big Eight refers to the eight corporations that own the Big Ten, the ten major Hollywood movie studios: News Corporation - owns 20th Century Fox The Walt Disney Company - owns Buena Vista, Walt Disney Studios. Previously owned Miramax/Dimension Films. Viacom - owns Paramount Pictures Sony - owns Sony Pictures. Time Warner - owns both Warner Bros. and New Line Cinema. NBC Universal - owns Universal Studios MGM (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer)((Marvel Studios))", "7th Academy Awards The 7th Academy Awards, honoring the best in film for 1934, were held on February 27, 1935, at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles, California. They were hosted by Irvin S. Cobb.Frank Capra's influential romantic comedy It Happened One Night became the first film to perform a \"clean sweep\" of the top five award categories: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Screenplay.", "38th Academy Awards The 38th Academy Awards, honoring the best in film for 1965, were held on April 18, 1966, at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California. They were hosted by Bob Hope.The ceremony was broadcast on the ABC network and was the first to be broadcast live in color.The two most nominated films were The Sound of Music and Doctor Zhivago, each with ten nominations and five wins.", "1961 in film The year 1961 in film involved some significant events, with West Side Story winning 10 Academy Awards.", "1998 in film The year 1998 in film involved many significant films including; Shakespeare in Love (which won the Academy Award for Best Picture), Saving Private Ryan, American History X, The Truman Show, Primary Colors, Rushmore, Rush Hour, There's Something About Mary, The Big Lebowski, and Terrence Malick's directorial return in The Thin Red Line. Animated films included A Bug's Life, Antz, Mulan and The Prince of Egypt.Warner Bros. Pictures celebrated its 75th anniversary in 1998.", "32nd Academy Awards The 32nd Academy Awards honored film achievements of 1959 on 4 April 1960.MGM's (producer Sam Zimbalist) and director William Wyler's three-and-a-half-hour-long epic drama Ben-Hur (with a spectacular sea battle and eleven-minute chariot race choreographed by Yakima Canutt) won 11 Oscars in 1959, breaking the previous year's all-time record of nine (Gigi (1958))." ]	4
FIFA world cup national team winners since 1974	[ "1998 FIFA World Cup Final\nThe 1998 FIFA World Cup Final was a football match that was played on 12 July 1998 at the Stade de France in Saint-Denis to determine the winner of the 1998 FIFA World Cup.", "1974 FIFA World Cup Final\nThe 1974 FIFA World Cup Final was the final match of the 1974 FIFA World Cup, the 10th FIFA World Cup, a competition to determine the world champion among national men's football sides. The match was contested by the Netherlands and West Germany, with the West Germans winning 2–1.", "1986 FIFA World Cup\nThe 1986 FIFA World Cup, the 13th FIFA World Cup, was held in Mexico from 31 May to 29 June 1986. The tournament was the second to feature a 24-team format. Colombia had been originally chosen to host the competition by FIFA but, largely due to economic reasons, was not able to do so and officially resigned in 1982. Mexico was selected as the new host in May 1983.", "Argentina at the FIFA World Cup\nThis is a record of Argentina's results at the FIFA World Cup. Argentina is one of the most successful national football teams in the world, having won 2 World Cups in 1978 and 1986. Argentina has been runners up three times in the 1930 World Cup, 1990 World Cup and 2014 World Cup. The team was present in all but four of the World Cups, being behind only Brazil, Italy and Germany in number of appearances. Argentina has also won the Copa América 14 times, one less than Uruguay.", "FIFA World Cup awards\nAt the end of each FIFA World Cup final tournament, several awards are attributed to the players and teams which have distinguished from the rest, in different aspects of the game.", "Italy national football team\nThe Italian national football team (Italian: Nazionale di calcio dell'Italia) represents Italy in association football and is controlled by the Italian Football Federation (FIGC), the governing body for football in Italy. Italy is one of the most successful national teams in the history of the World Cup, having won 4 titles (1934, 1938, 1982, 2006) and appearing in two finals (1970, 1994), reaching a third place (1990) and a fourth place (1978).", "History of the Brazil national football team\nThe history of the Brazil national football team began with the team's first international match in 1914, a 0-3 loss to Argentina. Brazil played in the first FIFA World Cup in 1930. The Brazil national team has been successful throughout its history, winning the FIFA World Cup five times since 1958.", "France national football team\nThe France national football team (French: Équipe de France de football) represents France in international football. It is fielded by the French Football Federation (French: Fédération Française de Football), the governing body of football in France, and competes as a member of UEFA, which encompasses the countries of Europe.", "History of the FIFA World Cup\nThe world cup was first held in 1930, when FIFA president Jules Rimet decided to stage an international football tournament. The inaugural edition, held in 1930, was contested as a final tournament of only 13 teams invited by the organization.", "1978 FIFA World Cup Final\nThe 1978 FIFA World Cup Final was a football match played to determine the winner of the 1978 FIFA World Cup. The match was contested by hosts Argentina and the Netherlands. The match was won by the Argentines in extra time by a score of 3–1. Mario Kempes, who finished as the tournament's top scorer, was named the man of the match. The Netherlands lost their second World Cup final in a row, both times to the host nation, after losing to West Germany in 1974.", "Argentina national football team\nThe Argentina national football team (Spanish: Selección de fútbol de Argentina) represents Argentina in football and is controlled by the Argentine Football Association (AFA), the governing body for football in Argentina. Argentina's home stadium is Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti.La Selección (national team), also known as the Albicelestes (sky blue and whites), has appeared in five World Cup finals, including the first final in 1930, which they lost, 4–2, to Uruguay.", "Brazil national football team\nThe Brazil national football team (Portuguese: Seleção Brasileira de Futebol) represents Brazil in international men's association football. Brazil is administered by the Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF), the governing body for football in Brazil. They have been a member of the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) since 1923 and member of the South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL) since 1916.", "Germany national football team\nThe Germany national football team (German: Die deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft) is the men's football team that has represented Germany in international competition since 1908. It is governed by the German Football Association (Deutscher Fußball-Bund), founded in 1900. Ever since the DFB was reinaugurated in 1949 the team has represented the Federal Republic of Germany.", "List of FIFA World Cup finals\nThe FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition established in 1930. It is contested by the men's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The tournament has taken place every four years, except in 1942 and 1946, when the competition was cancelled due to World War II.", "1974 FIFA World Cup\nThe 1974 FIFA World Cup, the tenth staging of the World Cup, was held in West Germany (including West Berlin) from 13 June to 7 July. The tournament marked the first time that the current trophy, the FIFA World Cup Trophy, created by the Italian sculptor Silvio Gazzaniga, was awarded. The previous trophy, the Jules Rimet Trophy, had been won for the third time by Brazil in 1970 and awarded permanently to the Brazilians. The host nation won the title beating the Netherlands in the final, 2–1.", "FIFA World Cup Trophy\nThe World Cup is a gold trophy that is awarded to the winners of the FIFA World Cup association football tournament." ]	[ "Djalma Santos Djalma Pereira Dias dos Santos known simply as Djalma Santos (Brazilian Portuguese: [diˈʒawmɐ ˈsɐ̃tus]; also spelled Dejalma Santos, (27 February 1929 – 23 July 2013) was a Brazilian footballer who started for the Brazil national team in four World Cups, winning two, in 1958 and 1962. Santos is considered to be one of the greatest right-backs of all time.", "1974 British Lions tour to South Africa In 1974 the British Lions toured South Africa, with matches in South West Africa and Rhodesia (which would become Namibia and Zimbabwe respectively). The tour was a great success, the Lions winning 21 of their 22 matches and drawing the other.", "1977 Alpine Skiing World Cup The 11th World Cup season began in December 1976 in France and concluded in March 1977 in Spain. Ingemar Stenmark of Sweden won his second of three consecutive overall titles. Lise-Marie Morerod of Switzerland won the women's overall title.", "1958 FIFA World Cup squads Below are the squads for the 1958 FIFA World Cup final tournament in Sweden.", "1973–74 Bundesliga Fußball-Bundesliga 1973–74 was the 11th season of the Bundesliga, West Germany's premier football league. It began on 11 August 1973 and ended on 18 May 1974. FC Bayern Munich were the defending champions.", "Alberto Tarantini Alberto Tarantini (born 3 December 1955) is an Argentine former football player and a 1978 FIFA World Cup champion.", "East Germany national football team The East Germany national football team was from 1952 to 1990 the football team of East Germany, playing as one of three post-war German teams, along with Saarland and West Germany.After German reunification in 1990, the Deutscher Fußball Verband der DDR (DFV), and with it the East German team, joined the Deutscher Fußball Bund (DFB) and the German national football team that had just won the World Cup.", "1970 FIFA World Cup The 1970 FIFA World Cup was the ninth FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international football championship for men's national teams. Held from 31 May to 21 June in Mexico, it was the first World Cup tournament staged in North America, and the first held outside Europe and South America. Teams representing 75 nations from all six populated continents entered the competition, and its qualification rounds began in May 1968.", "1975 Alpine Skiing World Cup The 9th World Cup season began in December 1974 in France and concluded in March 1975 in Italy. Gustav Thöni of Italy would regain the overall title, his fourth overall title in five seasons. Annemarie Moser-Pröll of Austria won the women's overall title, her fifth consecutive.", "England national football team The England national football team represents England and the Crown Dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man for football matches as part of FIFA-authorised events, and is controlled by The Football Association, the governing body for football in England. England are one of the two oldest national teams in football; alongside Scotland, whom they played in the world's first international football match in 1872.", "Congo national football team The Congo national football team, nicknamed the Diables Rouges (Red Devils), is the national team of the Republic of the Congo and is controlled by the Fédération Congolaise de Football. They have never qualified for the World Cup, but did win the Africa Cup of Nations in 1972. They also won the All-Africa Games football tournament in 1965.", "1974 in association football The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1974 throughout the world.", "1974 African Cup of Nations The 1974 African Cup of Nations was the ninth edition of the Africa Cup of Nations, the soccer championship of Africa (CAF). It was hosted by Egypt.Just like in 1972, the field of eight teams was split into two groups of four. Zaire won its second championship (their first win came as Congo-Kinshasa), tying Zambia 2−2 in the final and beating them 2−0 in the replay. Zaire went on to compete in the World Cup later that year.", "Goleo and Pille Goleo VI, commonly known as Goleo, and Pille were the official mascots for the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany. Goleo takes the form of a lion, and is never found far from his sidekick, Pille, a talking football.Goleo is clad in a white football shirt with black collar and sleeve rims, similar to those worn by the German national team between the 1950s and 1970s, and is trouserless.", "Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy The Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy was an association football competition that took place twice, in Turin, Italy, in 1909 and 1911. It is sometimes referred to as The First World Cup. However it is predated by the Torneo Internazionale Stampa Sportiva, which was hosted in 1908 also in Turin, as the first international competition and football tournaments at the Olympic Games, since 1900 (officially).", "1972 Rugby League World Cup The sixth Rugby League World Cup was held in France in October and November 1972. Australia started as the favourites to retain the trophy they had won just two years previously. New Zealand had beaten all three of the other nations in 1971 and France were expected to be tough opponents on their home soil.", "Marc Wilmots Marc Robert Wilmots (born 22 February 1969) is a former Belgian international footballer and the current manager of the Belgium national football team, since May 2012. He has also been a politician, having sat in the Senate for two years for the Mouvement Réformateur party. With 5 goals, he is Belgium's all-time top scorer at the FIFA World Cup. During his club career as attacking midfielder, he won trophies with KV Mechelen, Standard Liège and Schalke 04.", "Battle of Santiago (1962 FIFA World Cup) The Battle of Santiago (Italian: Battaglia di Santiago, Spanish: Batalla de Santiago) is the name given to a particularly unsavoury and infamous football match during the 1962 FIFA World Cup. It was a game played between host Chile and Italy on 2 June 1962 in Santiago. The referee was Ken Aston, who later went on to invent yellow and red cards.", "History of the Rugby World Cup The first Rugby World Cup was held in 1987, hosted by Australia and New Zealand who pushed for the tournament to be approved. Since the first tournament, six others have been held at four-year intervals. The most recent tournament was held in New Zealand in 2011, and was won by the New Zealand All Blacks. The 2015 tournament is currently being held from the 19th of September 2015 till 30th of October 2015. It will be held in England and Wales.", "Austria v Switzerland (1954 FIFA World Cup) On June 26, 1954, in a quarterfinal match of the 1954 Football World Cup, Austria beat Switzerland 7–5 in Lausanne, Switzerland. The 12 goals scored in the match set a World Cup record, unequalled to date, for the highest scoring match ever. The match is known by its German name, Hitzeschlacht von Lausanne (roughly translated to \"The heat battle of Lausanne\"), due to the high temperature that it was played under, 40°C (104°F).", "Ecuador national football team The Ecuadorian national football team represents Ecuador in international football competitions and is controlled by the Ecuadorian Football Federation (Federación Ecuatoriana de Fútbol). They play official home matches at Estadio Olímpico Atahualpa in Quito.Ecuador has qualified for three FIFA World Cups in 2002, 2006 and 2014. Their best performance came in 2006 when they advanced to the Round of 16, eventually eliminated by England.", "Tunisia national football team The Tunisia national football team (Arabic: منتخب تونس لكرة القدم‎), nicknamed Les Aigles de Carthage (The Eagles of Carthage or The Carthage Eagles), is the national team of Tunisia and is controlled by the Tunisian Football Federation. They have qualified for four FIFA World Cups, the first one in 1978, but have yet to make it out of the first round.", "They think it's all over \"They think it's all over\" is a quote from Kenneth Wolstenholme's BBC TV commentary in the closing moments of the 1966 FIFA World Cup Final, when England beat West Germany 4–2 after extra time to win the FIFA World Cup. In the final few seconds of the match, Wolstenholme said:And here comes Hurst! He's got...", "Sweden national football team The Sweden national football team (Swedish: svenska fotbollslandslaget) represents Sweden in association football and is controlled by the Swedish Football Association, the governing body for Football in Sweden. Sweden's home ground is Friends Arena in Stockholms län and the team is led by Erik Hamrén.Sweden made their first World Cup appearance in 1934. Sweden has made eleven World Cup appearances and five appearances in the European Championships.", "1930 FIFA World Cup squads Below are the squads for the 1930 FIFA World Cup tournament in Uruguay.Yugoslavia were the only team to have players from foreign clubs (namely 3 players from French clubs).", "Yugoslavia national football team The (Jugoslovenski Fudbalski Savez) on serbian,(Jugoslovenski Nogometni Savez)on croatian,slovenian and bosnian (Југословески Фудбалски Савез) on macedonian,Yugoslavia national football team represented the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918–1941, until 1929 as Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes), and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1943–1992, until November 29, 1945 as Democratic Federal Yugoslavia, November 29, 1945–1963 as Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia) in association football.", "1934 FIFA World Cup The 1934 FIFA World Cup was the second FIFA World Cup, the world championship for men's national association football teams. It took place in Italy from 27 May to 10 June 1934.The 1934 World Cup was the first for which teams had to qualify to take part. Thirty-two nations entered the competition, and after qualification, 16 teams participated in the finals tournament. Reigning champions Uruguay did not enter. Italy became the second World Cup champions, beating Czechoslovakia 2–1 in the final.", "João Havelange Jean-Marie Faustin Godefroid \"João\" de Havelange (Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈʒwɐ̃w avɐˈlɐ̃ⁿʒi]) (born 8 May 1916) is a Brazilian lawyer, businessman, and former athlete who served as the 7th President of FIFA, from 1974 to 1998. His tenure as President is the second longest in FIFA's history, behind only that of Jules Rimet. He received the title of Honorary President when leaving office, but resigned in April 2013. He succeeded Stanley Rous and was succeeded by Sepp Blatter.", "1973 Alpine Skiing World Cup The 7th World Cup season began in December 1972 in France and concluded in March 1973 in the United States. Gustav Thöni of Italy won his third consecutive overall title and Annemarie Pröll of Austria won the women's overall title, her third of five consecutive.", "1950 FIFA World Cup squads Below are the squads for the 1950 FIFA World Cup final tournament in Brazil. This was the first World Cup where the players' jerseys featured back numbers (allowed in football since 1944), though no teams had fixed numbers for each player (that would only be compulsory from the next World Cup, in 1954). Thus, the players are ordered by name.The only player representing a foreign club at the tournament was George Robledo of Chile.", "Millennium Trophy The Millennium Trophy (Irish: Corn na Mílaoise) is a rugby union award contested annually by Ireland and England as part of the Six Nations Championship. It was initiated in 1988 as part of Dublin's millennial celebrations. The trophy has the shape of a horned Viking helmet, and was donated by Digital. As of 2015, England have won it 17 times, and Ireland 11 times. Ireland are the current holders.", "Austria national football team The Austria national football team is the association football team that represents the country of Austria in international competition and is controlled by the Austrian Football Association (German: Österreichischer Fußballbund). Austria has qualified for seven World Cups, most recently in 1998. The country played in the European Championship for the first time in 2008 when it co-hosted the event with Switzerland and most recently qualified in 2016.", "Kirin Cup The Kirin Cup was an association football tournament organised in Japan by the Kirin Brewery Company. The host, Japan, is a participant in every edition. The tournament was founded in 1978 as an international club competition and was last held in 2011. From 1992 onwards the format was changed to a round robin national team competition. The first nation to win the competition was Argentina. Japan are the tournament's most successful team with 12 titles, followed by Peru with 3 titles.", "FIFA World Cup hosts Sixteen countries have been FIFA World Cup hosts in the competition's twenty tournaments since the inaugural World Cup in 1930. The organization was at first awarded to countries at meetings of FIFA's congress. The choice of location was controversial in the earliest tournaments, given the three-week boat journey between South America and Europe, the two centres of strength in football at the time.", "1998 FIFA World Cup The 1998 FIFA World Cup was the 16th FIFA World Cup, the world championship for men's national association football teams. It was held in France from 10 June to 12 July 1998. The country was chosen as the host nation by FIFA for the second time in the history of the tournament, defeating Morocco in the bidding process.Qualification for the finals began in March 1996 and concluded in November 1997.", "Cameroon national football team The Cameroon national football team, nicknamed in French Les Lions Indomptables (The Indomitable Lions), is the national team of Cameroon. It is controlled by the Fédération Camerounaise de Football and has qualified seven times for the FIFA World Cup, more than any other African team (in 1982, 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2010 and 2014). However, the team has only made it once out of the group stage.", "1970 FIFA World Cup qualification A total of 75 teams entered the 1970 FIFA World Cup qualification rounds, competing for a total of 16 spots in the final tournament. Hosts Mexico and defending champions England qualified automatically, leaving 14 spots open for competition.For the first time, the winners of both the African zone and the Asian and Oceanian zone were guaranteed a direct place in the final tournament.", "Everaldo Everaldo Marques da Silva, nicknamed Everaldo, (September 11, 1944 in Porto Alegre – October 28, 1974 in Santa Cruz do Sul) was a football (soccer) player from Brazil. He was defender with Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense and with the Brazilian national team. He won the Football World Cup 1970. The golden star in Gremio's flag was added in 1970 in his homage. He died as a result of a car crash in Santa Cruz do Sul. He is regarded as one of the finest left-backs of all time.", "Hungary national football team The Hungary national football team represents Hungary in international football and is controlled by the Hungarian Football Federation.Hungary has a respectable football history, having won three Olympic titles, finishing runners-up in the 1938 and 1954 FIFA World Cups, and third in the 1964 UEFA European Football Championship.", "2014 FIFA World Cup The 2014 FIFA World Cup was the 20th FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial world championship for men's national football teams organized by FIFA. It took place in Brazil from 12 June to 13 July 2014, after the country was awarded the hosting rights in 2007. It was the second time that Brazil staged the competition (the first was in 1950), and the fifth time that it was held in South America.", "1975 Cricket World Cup The 1975 Cricket World Cup (officially called the Prudential Cup) was the first edition of the Cricket World Cup, organised by the International Cricket Conference (ICC). It was held from 7 to 21 June 1975 in England.The tournament was sponsored by Prudential Assurance Company and had eight participating countries: the six Test-playing teams of the time (Australia, England, India, New Zealand, Pakistan and the West Indies), plus Sri Lanka and, for the only time, East Africa.", "1934 FIFA World Cup squads Below are the squads for the 1934 FIFA World Cup final tournament in Italy.Brazil and Czechoslovakia were the only teams to have players from foreign clubs.", "1962 FIFA World Cup The 1962 FIFA World Cup was the 7th FIFA World Cup. It was held from 30 May to 17 June 1962 in Chile. Teams representing 57 national football associations from all six populated continents entered the competition, with its qualification process beginning in August 1960.", "1974–75 European Cup The 1974–75 season of the European Cup club football tournament was won for the second consecutive time by Bayern Munich in the final against Leeds United, the first English side to reach the final since Manchester United won it seven years earlier and only the second in 20 seasons of the competition.", "1962 FIFA World Cup squads Below are the squads for the 1962 FIFA World Cup final tournament in Chile.", "Paraguay national football team The Paraguay national football team is controlled by the Paraguayan Football Association (Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol) and represents Paraguay in men's international football competitions. Paraguay is a member of CONMEBOL. The Albirroja has qualified for eight FIFA World Cup competitions (1930, 1950, 1958, 1986, 1998, 2002, 2006 and 2010) and has reached the second round of the competition on four occasions.", "FIFA World Cup mascot Each FIFA World Cup since 1966 has its own mascot. World Cup Willie, the mascot for the 1966 competition, was the first World Cup mascot, and one of the first mascots to be associated with a major sporting competition.", "Adidas Teamgeist The +Teamgeist (German pronunciation: [ˈtiːmgaɪ̯st]) ball was the official football for the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany. The plus sign in its name was introduced for trademark purposes, since the regular German word Teamgeist, meaning \"team spirit\", could not be trademarked.", "1958 FIFA World Cup The 1958 FIFA World Cup, the sixth staging of the World Cup, was hosted by Sweden from 8 to 29 June. The tournament was won by Brazil, who beat Sweden 5–2 in the final for their first title. To date, this marks the only occasion that a World Cup staged in Europe was not won by a European team. The tournament is also notable for marking the debut on the world stage of a then largely unknown 17-year-old Pelé.", "Romania national football team The Romania national football team is the national football team of Romania and is controlled by the Romanian Football Federation.Romania is one of only four national teams from Europe, the other three being Yugoslavia, France, and Belgium, that took part in the first World Cup in 1930.Since that performance, they have qualified for the 1934, 1938, 1970, 1990, 1994 and 1998 editions.", "1975 English cricket season The 1975 English cricket season was notable for hosting the first-ever Cricket World Cup which was won by West Indies, who defeated Australia in an exciting final.", "Rudi Völler Rudolf \"Rudi\" Völler (Nickname Tante Käthe (English. Aunt Käthe), born 13 April 1960) (pronounced [ˈfœlɐ]) is a former German international footballer, and a former manager of the German national team. He won the FIFA World Cup in 1990 as a player.Along with Mario Jorge Lobo Zagallo and Franz Beckenbauer, Völler has the distinction of reaching a World Cup final as both a player (1986 and 1990) and as a manager (2002).", "Adidas Tricolore Tricolore by Adidas was the official match ball of 1998 FIFA World Cup in France. The tricolour flag and cockerel, traditional symbols of France were used as inspiration for the design. It was the first multi-coloured ball to be used in the tournament's final stage and was also the final World Cup ball to bear the classic Tango design, introduced in the 1978 tournament. The design of blue triads decorated with cockerel motifs was adopted to represent the colours of the flag of France.", "1930 FIFA World Cup The 1930 FIFA World Cup was the inaugural FIFA World Cup, the world championship for men's national association football teams. It took place in Uruguay from 13 July to 30 July 1930. FIFA, football's international governing body, selected Uruguay as host nation, as the country would be celebrating the centenary of its first constitution, and the Uruguay national football team had successfully retained their football title at the 1928 Summer Olympics.", "1974–75 UEFA Cup The 1974–75 UEFA Cup was won by Borussia Monchengladbach over Twente on aggregate.", "Johnny Rep John Nicholaas \"Johnny\" Rep (born 25 November 1951 in Zaandam, North Holland) is a former Dutch footballer. He currently holds the all-time record for FIFA World Cup goals for the Netherlands with 7.", "Golden Team The Golden Team (Hungarian: Aranycsapat; also known as the Mighty Magyars, the Marvellous Magyars, the Magnificent Magyars, or the Magical Magyars) refers to the legendary Hungary national football team of the 1950s. It is associated with several notable matches, including the \"Match of the Century\" against England in 1953, and the quarter-final (\"Battle of Berne\") against Brazil, semi-final (against Uruguay) and final (\"Miracle of Bern\") of the 1954 FIFA World Cup.", "Berti Vogts Hans-Hubert \"Berti\" Vogts (German pronunciation: [ˈbɛɐ̯tiː ˈfoːkts]; born 30 December 1946 in Büttgen) is a former German footballer. He played for Borussia Mönchengladbach in the Bundesliga his whole professional club career and won the FIFA World Cup with West Germany in 1974. He later managed Germany (winning Euro 96 with them), Scotland, Nigeria and Azerbaijan national team. He is currently a technical advisor to United States head coach Jürgen Klinsmann.", "Geoff Hurst Sir Geoffrey Charles \"Geoff\" Hurst MBE (born 8 December 1941) is a former England international footballer. A striker, he remains the only man to score a hat-trick in a World Cup final as England recorded a 4–2 victory over West Germany at the old Wembley in 1966.He began his career with West Ham United, where he scored 242 goals in 500 first team appearances. There he won the FA Cup in 1964 and the European Cup Winners' Cup 1965. He was sold to Stoke City in 1972 for £80,000.", "1998 FIFA World Player of the Year The 1998 FIFA World Player of the Year award was won by Zinedine Zidane, after scoring twice in France's 3–0 win over Brazil in the 1998 FIFA World Cup Final.", "1954 FIFA World Cup Final The 1954 FIFA World Cup Final, also known as the Miracle of Bern, was the final match of the 1954 FIFA World Cup, the fifth FIFA World Cup. The match was played at the Wankdorf Stadium in Bern, Switzerland, on 4 July 1954. The game saw the underdogs West Germany beat the largely favoured Hungary 3–2.", "Osvaldo Ardiles Osvaldo César Ardiles (born 3 August 1952), often referred to in Britain as Ossie Ardiles, is a football manager, pundit and former midfielder who won the 1978 FIFA World Cup as part of the Argentine national team. He now runs his own football school in the UK called the Ossie Ardiles Soccer School.A competitive and skilled midfielder, Ardiles became a cult hero in England, along with Glenn Hoddle and compatriot Ricardo Villa, as a player for Tottenham Hotspur.", "1966 FIFA World Cup squads Below are the squads for the 1966 FIFA World Cup final tournament in England.", "Bora Milutinović Velibor “Bora” Milutinović (Serbian Cyrillic: Велибор Бора Милутиновић; born 7 September 1944) is a Serbian football coach and former player.He and Carlos Alberto Parreira are the only two people to have coached five different teams at the World Cup: Mexico (1986), Costa Rica (1990), the United States (1994), Nigeria (1998), and China (2002).", "1954 FIFA World Cup squads Below are the squads for the 1954 FIFA World Cup final tournament in Switzerland. This was the first World Cup where the players were assigned squad numbers.Scotland were the only team to have players from foreign clubs (namely 7 players from English clubs).", "Dino Zoff Dino Zoff (Italian pronunciation: [ˈdiːno dzɔf]; born 28 February 1942) is an Italian former football goalkeeper and is the oldest winner ever of the World Cup, which he earned as captain of the Italian national team in the 1982 tournament in Spain, at the age of 40 years, 4 months and 13 days, also winning the award for best goalkeeper of the tournament, and being elected to the team of the tournament, for his performances, keeping two clean-sheets, an honour he also received after winning the 1968 European Championship on home soil.", "1970 FIFA World Cup squads Below are the squads for the 1970 FIFA World Cup final tournament in Mexico.", "1982 FIFA World Cup squads Below are the squads for the 1982 FIFA World Cup final tournament in Spain.", "FIFA World Cup The FIFA World Cup, often simply called the World Cup, is an international association football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War.", "FIFA U-20 World Cup The FIFA U-20 World Cup, until 2005 known as the FIFA World Youth Championship, is the world championship of football for male players under the age of 20 and is organized by Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). The Championship has been awarded every two years since the first tournament in 1977 held in Tunisia.In the nineteen tournaments held, only nine nations have won the title. Argentina is the most successful team with six titles, followed by Brazil with five titles.", "1966 FIFA World Cup Final The 1966 FIFA World Cup Final was the final match in the 1966 FIFA World Cup, the eighth football World Cup and one of the most controversial finals ever. The match was played by England and West Germany on 30 July 1966 at Wembley Stadium in London, and had an attendance of 96,924. The British television audience peaked at 32.30 million viewers, making the final the most watched television event ever in the United Kingdom.England won 4–2 after extra time to win the Jules Rimet Trophy.", "Italy v West Germany (1970 FIFA World Cup) The semi-final of the 1970 FIFA World Cup between Italy and West Germany is known as the \"Game of the Century\" (Spanish: Partido del Siglo; Italian: Partita del Secolo; German: Jahrhundertspiel). It was played on 17 June 1970 at the Estadio Azteca in Mexico City. Italy won 4–3 after five goals were scored in extra time, the only FIFA World Cup game in which this has happened.", "Mário Zagallo Mário Jorge Lobo Zagallo (Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈmaɾju zaˈɡalu]; born 9 August 1931) is a Brazilian former football player and manager. He was the first footballer to win the World Cup both as a manager and as a player, World Cup 1958 and World Cup 1962 as a player and the World Cup 1970 and World Cup 1994 as a manager.", "Fabien Barthez Fabien Alain Barthez (French pronunciation: [fa.bjɛ̃ baʁ.tɛz]; born 28 June 1971) is a French former footballer who won honours as a goalkeeper with Marseille, Manchester United and the French national team, with whom he won the 1998 FIFA World Cup and Euro 2000 and reached the final of the 2006 World Cup. He shares the record for the most World Cup finals clean sheets with Peter Shilton, with 10. In club football he won the Champions League as well as several Ligue 1 and Premier League titles.", "2006 FIFA World Cup Final The 2006 FIFA World Cup Final was a football match that took place on 9 July 2006 at the Olympiastadion, Berlin, Germany, to determine the winner of the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Italy beat France on penalties after the match finished 1–1 after extra time. France's Zinedine Zidane was sent off in his last-ever match, for headbutting Italy's Marco Materazzi's chest in retaliation to Materazzi's trash talking.", "World Team Cup The World Team Cup was the international team championship of the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). The inaugural edition of the tournament was contested in 1975 in Kingston, Jamaica and was called the Nations Cup. No tournament was held in 1976 and 1977. From 1978 through 2012 the tournament was held annually in Düsseldorf, Germany.", "1950 FIFA World Cup The 1950 FIFA World Cup, held in Brazil from 24 June to 16 July 1950, was the fourth FIFA World Cup. It was the first World Cup since 1938, the planned 1942 and 1946 competitions having been cancelled owing to World War II. It was won by Uruguay, who had won the inaugural competition in 1930, clinching the cup by beating the hosts Brazil 2–1 in the deciding match of the four-team final group (this was the only tournament not decided by a one-match final).", "1974 FIFA World Cup qualification A total of 99 teams entered the 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification rounds, competing for a total of 16 spots in the final tournament.", "1994 FIFA World Cup squads Below are the squads for the 1994 FIFA World Cup final tournament in the United States. Greece, Italy, Saudi Arabia and Spain were the only countries who had all their players coming from domestic clubs, while the Republic of Ireland and Nigeria had no players from domestic clubs. Saudi Arabia were the only team with no players from European clubs.The players' age, caps and clubs are as of 16 June 1994 (the tournament started on 17 June).", "Chile national football team The Chile national football team represents Chile in all major international football competitions and is controlled by the Federación de Fútbol de Chile which was established in 1895. The team is commonly referred to as La Roja \"\\The Red One\"). They have appeared in nine World Cup tournaments and were hosts of the 1962 FIFA World Cup where they finished in third place, the highest position the country has ever achieved in the World Cup.", "1938 FIFA World Cup The 1938 FIFA World Cup was the third staging of the World Cup, and was held in France from 4 to 19 June 1938. Italy retained the championship (and thus became the only team to have won two FIFA World Cups under the same coach, or Vittorio Pozzo), beating Hungary 4–2 in the final.", "1938 FIFA World Cup squads Below are the squads for the 1938 FIFA World Cup final tournament in France.Hungary and Switzerland were the only teams who had players from foreign clubs. All the three such players represented French clubs.", "Bernd Hölzenbein Bernd Hölzenbein (born 9 March 1946) is a former German football player (winning the World Cup in 1974). He is best known for being fouled in the final against Netherlands, which led to the Germans' equalising penalty.", "1954 FIFA World Cup The 1954 FIFA World Cup, the fifth staging of the FIFA World Cup, was held in Switzerland from 16 June to 4 July. Switzerland was chosen as hosts in July 1946. The tournament set a number of all-time records for goal-scoring, including the highest average goals scored per game. The tournament was won by West Germany, who defeated Hungary 3–2 in the final, giving them their first title.", "1978 FIFA World Cup squads Below are the squads for the 1978 FIFA World Cup final tournament in Argentina.", "List of FIFA world cup squads 1930 FIFA World Cup squads 1934 FIFA World Cup squads 1938 FIFA World Cup squads 1950 FIFA World Cup squads 1954 FIFA World Cup squads 1958 FIFA World Cup squads 1962 FIFA World Cup squads 1966 FIFA World Cup squads 1970 FIFA World Cup squads 1974 FIFA World Cup squads 1978 FIFA World Cup squads 1982 FIFA World Cup squads 1986 FIFA World Cup squads 1990 FIFA World Cup squads 1994 FIFA World Cup squads 1998 FIFA World Cup squads 2002 FIFA World Cup squads 2006 FIFA World Cup squads 2010 FIFA World Cup squads 2014 FIFA World Cup squads", "1982 FIFA World Cup The 1982 FIFA World Cup, the 12th FIFA World Cup, was held in Spain from 13 June to 11 July 1982.The tournament was won by Italy, after defeating West Germany 3–1 in the final. It was Italy's third World Cup win and first since 1938. The holders Argentina were eliminated in the second group round.", "Football in Brazil Association Football is the most popular sport in Brazil. The Brazilian national football team has won the FIFA World Cup tournament a record five times, in 1958, 1962, 1970, 1994 and 2002, and is the only team to succeed in qualifying for every World Cup competition ever held. It is among the favorites to win the trophy every time the competition is scheduled. After Brazil won its 3rd World Cup in 1970, they were awarded the Jules Rimet Trophy permanently.", "1966 FIFA World Cup The 1966 FIFA World Cup, the eighth staging of the World Cup, was held in England from 11 to 30 July. England beat West Germany 4–2 in the final, winning the World Cup. With this victory, England won their first FIFA World Cup title and became the third World Cup host to win the tournament after Uruguay in 1930 and Italy in 1934.The 1966 Final, held at Wembley Stadium, was the last to be broadcast in black and white.", "Football in Italy Football is the most popular sport in Italy. The Italian national football team is considered to be one of the best national teams in the world. They have won the FIFA World Cup four times (1934, 1938, 1982, 2006), trailing only Brazil (with 5), runners-up in two finals (1970, 1994) and reaching a third place (1990).The rivalry with Brazil is known as the \"World Derby\" or as the \"Clásico Mundial\".", "1978 FIFA World Cup The 1978 FIFA World Cup, the 11th staging of the FIFA World Cup, quadrennial international football world championship tournament, was held in Argentina between 1 and 25 June.The 1978 World Cup was won by Argentina who beat the Netherlands 3–1 at River Plate's home stadium Estadio Monumental in the Argentine capital of Buenos Aires after extra time in the final.", "1974 FIFA World Cup squads Below are the squads for the 1974 FIFA World Cup final tournament in West Germany." ]	0
Novels that won the Booker Prize	[ "Hilary Mantel\nDame Hilary Mary Mantel, DBE FRSL (/mænˈtɛl/ man-TEL; born Thompson, 6 July 1952), is an English writer whose work includes personal memoirs, short stories, and historical fiction.She has twice been awarded the Booker Prize, the first for the 2009 novel Wolf Hall, a fictional account of Thomas Cromwell's rise to power in the court of Henry VIII, and the second for the 2012 novel Bring Up the Bodies, the second installment of the Cromwell trilogy.", "Moon Tiger\nMoon Tiger is a 1987 novel by Penelope Lively which spans the time before, during and after World War II. The novel won the 1987 Booker Prize. It is written from multiple points of view and moves backward and forward through time. It begins as the story of a woman who, on her deathbed, decides to write a history of the world, and develops into a story of love, incest and the desire to be recognized as an independent free thinking woman of the time.", "G. (novel)\nG. is a 1972 novel by John Berger. The novel's setting is pre-First World War Europe, and its protagonist, named \"G.\", is a Don Juan or Casanova-like lover of women who gradually comes to political consciousness after misadventures across the continent. The novel, Berger's most formally experimental, won both the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction and the Booker Prize.", "Illywhacker\nIllywhacker is a novel by Australian writer Peter Carey. It was published in 1985, short-listed for the 1985 Booker Prize, and won the Victorian Premier's Literary Award and The Age Book of the Year Award.", "The Elected Member\nThe Elected Member is a Booker Prize-winning novel by Welsh writer Bernice Rubens.", "True History of the Kelly Gang\nTrue History of the Kelly Gang is a historical novel by Australian writer Peter Carey. It was first published in Brisbane by the University of Queensland Press in 2000. It won the 2001 Booker Prize and the Commonwealth Writers Prize in the same year. Despite its title, the book is fiction and a variation on the Ned Kelly story.", "The White Tiger\nThe White Tiger is the debut novel by Indian author Aravind Adiga. It was first published in 2008 and won the 40th Man Booker Prize in the same year. The novel provides a darkly humorous perspective of India’s class struggle in a globalized world as told through a retrospective narration from Balram Halwai, a village boy.", "How Late It Was, How Late\nHow late it was, how late is a 1994 stream of consciousness novel written by Scottish writer James Kelman. The Glasgow-centred work is written in a working class Scottish dialect, and follows Sammy, a shoplifter and ex-convict.", "Vernon God Little\nVernon God Little (2003) is a novel by DBC Pierre. It was his debut novel and won the Booker Prize in 2003. It has twice been adapted as a stage play.", "Lost Man Booker Prize\nThe Lost Man Booker Prize was a special edition of the Man Booker Prize awarded by a public vote in 2010 to a novel from 1970 as the books published in 1970 were not eligible for the Man Booker Prize due to a rules alteration; until 1970 the prize was awarded to books published in the previous year, while from 1971 onwards it was awarded to books published the same year as the award. The prize was won by J. G.", "The Bone People\nThe Bone People (styled by the writer and in some editions as the bone people) is a Booker Prize-winning 1984 novel by New Zealand writer Keri Hulme. Hulme was turned down by many publishing houses before she found a small publishing house in New Zealand called Spiral. In 1985 Spiral collaborated with English publishing house Hodder & Stoughton.", "Possession (Byatt novel)\nPossession: A Romance is a 1990 bestselling novel by British writer A. S. Byatt that won the 1990 Booker Prize.", "List of winners and shortlisted authors of the Booker Prize for Fiction\nThe following is a list of winners and shortlisted authors of the Booker Prize for Fiction. Winning titles are listed in yellow, first in their year.The prize has been awarded each year since 1969 to the best original full-length novel, written in the English language, by a citizen of the Commonwealth of Nations or the Republic of Ireland. In 2014, it was opened for the first time to any work published in the United Kingdom and in the English language.", "The Old Devils\nThe Old Devils is a novel by Kingsley Amis, first published in 1986. The novel won the Booker Prize. It was adapted for television by Andrew Davies for the BBC in 1992, starring John Stride, Bernard Hepton, James Grout and Ray Smith (it was the latter's last screen appearance before his death).Alun Weaver, a writer of modest celebrity, returns to his native Wales with his wife Rhiannon, sometime girlfriend of Weaver's old acquaintance Peter Thomas.", "Heat and Dust\nHeat and Dust (1975) is a novel by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala which won the Booker Prize in 1975.", "In a Free State\nIn a Free State is a novel by V.S. Naipaul published in 1971. It won that year's Booker Prize. The plot consists of a framing narrative and three short stories, the last one also titled In a Free State. The work is symphonic, with different movements working towards an overriding theme. It is not too clearly spelled out what that theme is. However, there is an important aspect relating to the price of freedom, with analogies between the three situations.", "Offshore (novel)\nOffshore (1979) is a novel by Penelope Fitzgerald. It won the Booker Prize for that year. It recalls her time spent on boats in Battersea by the Thames. The novel explores the concept of liminality and 'liminal people'; those who do not belong to the land or the sea, but somewhere in-between.", "Troubles (novel)\nTroubles is a 1970 novel by J. G. Farrell. The plot concerns the dilapidation of a once grand Irish hotel (the Majestic), in the midst of the political upheaval during the Irish War of Independence (1919–1921). It is the first instalment in Farrell's acclaimed 'Empire Trilogy', preceding The Siege of Krishnapur and The Singapore Grip.", "We Need New Names\nWe Need New Names is the 2013 debut novel of expatriate Zimbabwean writer NoViolet Bulawayo. A coming-of-age story, it tells of the life of a young girl named Darling, first as a ten-year-old in Zimbabwe, and later as a teenager in the Midwest United States.", "Saville (novel)\nSaville is a Booker Prize-winning novel by English writer David Storey.", "The Inheritance of Loss\nThe Inheritance of Loss is the second novel by Indian author Kiran Desai. It was first published in 2006. It won a number of awards, including the Man Booker Prize for that year, the National Book Critics Circle Fiction Award in 2007, and the 2006 Vodafone Crossword Book Award.It was written over a period of seven years after her first book, the critically acclaimed Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard. Among its main themes are migration, living between two worlds, and between past and present.", "Hotel du Lac\nHotel du Lac is a 1984 Booker Prize-winning novel by English writer Anita Brookner. It centres on Edith Hope, a romance novelist who is staying in a hotel on the shores of Lake Geneva. There she meets other English visitors, including Mrs Pusey, Mrs Pusey's daughter Jennifer, and an attractive middle-aged man, Mr Neville.", "Life of Pi\nLife of Pi is a Canadian fantasy adventure novel by Yann Martel published in 2001. The protagonist, Piscine Molitor ″Pi″ Patel, an Indian boy from Pondicherry, explores issues of spirituality and practicality from an early age.", "Midnight's Children\nMidnight's Children is a 1981 book by Salman Rushdie that deals with India's transition from British colonialism to independence and the partition of British India. It is considered an example of postcolonial literature and magical realism. The story is told by its chief protagonist, Saleem Sinai, and is set in the context of actual historical events as with historical fiction.Midnight's Children won both the Booker Prize and the James Tait Black Memorial Prize in 1981.", "James Kelman\nJames Kelman (born 9 June 1946) is an influential Scottish writer of novels, short stories, plays, and political essays. His novel A Disaffection was shortlisted for the Booker Prize and won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for Fiction in 1989. Kelman won the 1994 Booker Prize with How Late It Was, How Late In 1998 Kelman was awarded the Glenfiddich Spirit of Scotland Award.", "To Rise Again at a Decent Hour\nTo Rise Again at a Decent Hour is a novel by the American writer Joshua Ferris. The novel was shortlisted for the 2014 Man Booker Prize and won the 2014 Dylan Thomas Prize.", "The Narrow Road to the Deep North (novel)\nThe Narrow Road to the Deep North is Richard Flanagan's critically acclaimed and 2014 Man Booker Prize-winning sixth novel. The book tells the story of Dorrigo Evans, an Australian doctor haunted by a wartime love affair with his uncle's wife.", "The Remains of the Day\nThe Remains of the Day (1989) is Kazuo Ishiguro's third published novel. The work was awarded the Man Booker Prize for Fiction in 1989. A film adaptation of the novel, made in 1993 and starring Anthony Hopkins and Emma Thompson, was nominated for eight Academy Awards.As in Ishiguro's two previous novels, the story is told from a first person point of view. The narrator, Stevens, a butler, recalls his life in the form of a diary while the action progresses through the present.", "Disgrace\nDisgrace is a novel by J. M. Coetzee, published in 1999. It won the Booker Prize. The writer was also awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature four years after its publication.", "Schindler's Ark\nSchindler's Ark (released in America as Schindler's List) is a Booker Prize-winning novel published in 1982 by Australian novelist Thomas Keneally, which was later adapted into the highly successful movie Schindler's List directed by Steven Spielberg. The United States version of the book was called Schindler's List from the beginning; it was later re-issued in Commonwealth countries under that name as well.", "To the Ends of the Earth\nTo the Ends of the Earth is a trilogy of novels by William Golding, consisting of Rites of Passage (1980), Close Quarters (1987), and Fire Down Below (1989).", "The Gathering (Enright novel)\nThe Gathering (2007) is the fourth novel by Irish author Anne Enright. It won the 2007 Man Booker Prize, eventually chosen unanimously by the jury after having largely been considered an outsider to win the prize. Although it received mostly favorable reviews on its first publication, sales of the book had been modest before it was named as one of the six books on the Man Booker Prize shortlist in September 2007.", "The God of Small Things\nThe God of Small Things (1997) is the debut novel of Indian writer Arundhati Roy. It is a story about the childhood experiences of fraternal twins whose lives are destroyed by the \"Love Laws\" that lay down \"who should be loved, and how. And how much.\" The book is a description of how the small things in life affect people's behaviour and their lives. The book won the Booker Prize in 1997.The God of Small Things is Roy's first book and, as of 2013, is her only novel.", "The Sea (novel)\nThe Sea (2005) is the eighteenth novel by Irish writer John Banville. It won the 2005 Man Booker Prize.", "The English Patient (film)\nThe English Patient is a 1996 British-American romantic drama directed by Anthony Minghella from his own script based on the novel of the same name by Michael Ondaatje and produced by Saul Zaentz.The film was released to critical acclaim, and received 12 nominations at the 69th Academy Awards, eventually winning nine, including Best Picture, Best Director for Minghella and Best Supporting Actress for Juliette Binoche.", "Amsterdam (novel)\nAmsterdam is a 1998 novel by British writer Ian McEwan, for which he was awarded the 1998 Booker Prize.", "The Famished Road\nThe Famished Road is the Booker Prize-winning novel written by Nigerian author Ben Okri. The novel, published in 1991, follows Azaro, an abiku or spirit child, living in an unnamed most likely Nigerian city. The novel employs a unique narrative style incorporating the spirit world with the \"real\" world in what some have classified as magical realism. Others have labeled it African Traditional Religion realism. Still others choose to simply call the novel fantasy literature.", "Wolf Hall\nWolf Hall (2009) is a historical novel by English author Hilary Mantel, published by Fourth Estate, named after the Seymour family seat of Wolfhall or Wulfhall in Wiltshire. Set in the period from 1500 to 1535, Wolf Hall is a highly fictionalised biography documenting the rapid rise to power of Thomas Cromwell in the court of Henry VIII through to the death of Sir Thomas More. The novel won both the Man Booker Prize and the National Book Critics Circle Award.", "Man Booker Prize\nThe Man Booker Prize for Fiction (formerly known as the Booker-McConnell Prize and commonly known simply as the Booker Prize) is a literary prize awarded each year for the best original novel, written in the English language, and published in the UK. The winner of the Man Booker Prize is generally assured of international renown and success; therefore, the prize is of great significance for the book trade.", "The Best of the Booker\nThe Best of the Booker is a special prize awarded in commemoration of the Booker Prize's 40th anniversary. Eligible books included the 41 winners of the Booker Prize since its inception in 1969. The six shortlisted titles were announced on 12 May 2008 and were chosen by novelist Victoria Glendinning, broadcaster Mariella Frostrup and Professor of English at University College London John Mullan. Among the nominees were the only two authors to have won the Booker twice, Peter Carey and J. M.", "Sacred Hunger\nSacred Hunger is a historical novel by Barry Unsworth first published in 1992. It shared the Booker Prize that year with Michael Ondaatje's The English Patient.The story is set in the mid 18th century and centres on the Liverpool Merchant, a slave ship employed in the triangular trade, a central trade route in the Atlantic slave trade. The two main characters are cousins Erasmus Kemp, son of a wealthy merchant from Lancashire and Matthew Paris, a physician and scientist who goes on the voyage.", "Last Orders\nLast Orders is a 1996 Booker Prize-winning novel by British writer Graham Swift. In 2001 it was adapted for the film Last Orders by Australian writer and director Fred Schepisi.", "The Ghost Road\nThe Ghost Road is a war novel by Pat Barker, first published in 1995 and winner of the Booker Prize. It is the third volume of a trilogy that follows the fortunes of shell-shocked British army officers towards the end of the First World War.", "The Line of Beauty\nThe Line of Beauty is a 2004 Booker Prize-winning novel by Alan Hollinghurst.", "The Sea, the Sea\nThe Sea, the Sea is the 19th novel by Iris Murdoch. It won the Booker Prize in 1978.", "The Blind Assassin\nThe Blind Assassin is a novel by the Canadian writer Margaret Atwood. It was first published by McClelland and Stewart in 2000. Set in Canada, it is narrated from the present day, referring back to events that span the twentieth century.The work was awarded the Man Booker Prize in 2000 and the Hammett Prize in 2001. It was also nominated for Governor General's Award in 2000, Orange Prize for Fiction, and the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award in 2002.", "Bring Up the Bodies\nBring Up the Bodies is a historical novel by Hilary Mantel and sequel to her award-winning Wolf Hall. It is the second part of a planned trilogy charting the rise and fall of Thomas Cromwell, the powerful minister in the court of King Henry VIII. Bring Up the Bodies won the 2012 Man Booker Prize and the 2012 Costa Book of the Year. Preceded by Wolf Hall, it is to be followed by The Mirror and the Light.", "Holiday (novel)\nHoliday is a Booker Prize-winning novel by English writer Stanley Middleton.", "Something to Answer For\nSomething to Answer For (1969) is a novel by the English writer P. H. Newby. Its chief claim to fame is that it was the winner of the inaugural Booker Prize, which would go on to become one of the major literary awards in the English-speaking world. It is the only Booker Prize-winning novel not currently in print.", "Staying On\nStaying On is a novel by Paul Scott, which was published in 1977 and won the Booker Prize.", "The English Patient\nThe English Patient is a 1992 Booker Prize-winning novel by Michael Ondaatje. The book follows four dissimilar people brought together at an Italian villa during the Italian Campaign of World War II. The four main characters are: an unrecognisably burned man—the titular patient, presumed to be English; his Canadian Army nurse, a Sikh British Army sapper, and a Canadian thief.", "The Lost Dog\nThe Lost Dog is a 2007 novel by Australian writer Michelle de Kretser.", "Life & Times of Michael K\nLife & Times of Michael K is a 1983 novel by South African-born writer J. M. Coetzee. The novel won the Booker Prize for 1983. The novel is a story of a man named Michael K, who makes an arduous journey from Cape Town to his mother's rural birthplace, during an imaginary civil war during the apartheid era, in the 1970-80s.", "The Siege of Krishnapur\nThe Siege of Krishnapur is a novel by J. G. Farrell, first published in 1973.Inspired by events such as the sieges of Cawnpore and Lucknow, the book details the siege of a fictional Indian town, Krishnapur, during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 from the perspective of the British residents. The main characters find themselves subject to the increasing strictures and deprivation of the siege, which reverses the \"normal\" structure of life where Europeans govern Asian subjects.", "Oscar and Lucinda\nOscar and Lucinda is a novel by Australian author Peter Carey which won the 1988 Booker Prize, the 1989 Miles Franklin Award, and was shortlisted for The Best of the Booker." ]	[ "Knut Hamsun Knut Hamsun (August 4, 1859 – February 19, 1952) was a Norwegian author, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1920. Hamsun's work spans more than 70 years and shows variation with regard to the subject, perspective and environment. He published more than 20 novels, a collection of poetry, some short stories and plays, a travelogue, and some essays.The young Hamsun objected to realism and naturalism.", "Billy Bathgate Billy Bathgate is a 1989 novel by author E. L. Doctorow that won the 1989 National Book Critics Circle award for fiction for 1990, the 1990 PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction, the 1990 William Dean Howells Medal, and was the runner up for the 1990 Pulitzer Prize and the 1989 National Book Award.", "A Contract with God A Contract with God and Other Tenement Stories is a 1978 graphic novel by American cartoonist Will Eisner. It is a short story cycle that revolves around poor Jewish characters who live in a tenement in New York City. Eisner produced two sequels set in the same tenement: A Life Force in 1988, and Dropsie Avenue in 1995.", "Babel-17 Babel-17 is a 1966 science fiction novel by American writer Samuel R. Delany in which the Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis (that language influences thought and perception) plays an important part. It was joint winner of the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1966 (with Flowers for Algernon) and was also nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1967.Delany hoped to have Babel-17 originally published as a single volume with the novella Empire Star, but this did not happen until the 2001 reprint.", "Cancer Ward Cancer Ward (Russian: Раковый Корпус, Rakovy Korpus) is a semi-autobiographical novel by Russian author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, winner of the 1970 Nobel Prize in Literature. Completed in 1966, the novel was distributed in Russia that year in samizdat, and banned there the following year. In 1968 several European publishers published it in Russian, and in April 1968 excerpts in English appeared in the Times Literary Supplement in the UK without Solzhenitsyn's permission.", "Such a Long Journey (novel) Such a Long Journey is a 1991 novel by Rohinton Mistry. It was shortlisted for the Booker Prize and won several other awards. In 2010 the book made headlines when it was withdrawn from the University of Mumbai's English syllabus after complaints from the family of the Hindu nationalist politician Bal Thackeray.", "Howard Jacobson Howard Jacobson (born 25 August 1942) is a Man Booker Prize-winning British author and journalist. He is best known for writing comic novels that often revolve around the dilemmas of British Jewish characters.", "Herzog (novel) Herzog is a 1964 novel by Saul Bellow, composed in large part of letters from the protagonist Moses E. Herzog. It won the U.S. National Book Award for Fictionand the The Prix International. TIME magazine named it one of the 100 best novels in the English language since \"the beginning of TIME\" (1923 to 2005).", "Ironweed (novel) Ironweed is a 1983 novel by William Kennedy. It received the 1984 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and is the third book in Kennedy's Albany Cycle. It placed at number ninety-two on the Modern Library list of the 100 Best Novels written in English in the 20th Century and is also included in the Western Canon of the critic Harold Bloom.", "Q & A (novel) Q & A is a novel by Vikas Swarup, an Indian diplomat. Published in 2005, it was the author's first novel. Set in India, it tells the story of Ram Mohammad Thomas, a young waiter who becomes the biggest quiz show winner in history, only to be sent to jail on accusations (but with no evidence) that he cheated. In 2008, the book was adapted into the multiple Oscar-winning movie Slumdog Millionaire.", "Bernice Rubens Bernice Rubens (26 July 1923 – 13 October 2004) was a Booker Prize-winning Welsh novelist.", "Cormac McCarthy Cormac McCarthy (born Charles McCarthy; July 20, 1933) is an American novelist, playwright, and screenwriter. He has written ten novels, spanning the Southern Gothic, western, and post-apocalyptic genres. He won the Pulitzer Prize and the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for Fiction for The Road (2006). His 2005 novel No Country for Old Men was adapted as a 2007 film of the same name, which won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture. For All the Pretty Horses (1992), he won both the U.S.", "East of Eden (novel) East of Eden is a novel by Nobel Prize winner John Steinbeck, published in September 1952. Often described as Steinbeck's most ambitious novel, East of Eden brings to life the intricate details of two families, the Trasks and the Hamiltons, and their interwoven stories. The novel was originally addressed to Steinbeck's young sons, Thom and John (then 6½ and 4½ years old, respectively).", "The Revelation (Little novel) The Revelation is horror author Bentley Little's first published novel. It was awarded the Bram Stoker Award for best novel by a new author in 1990.", "The Moonstone The Moonstone (1868) by Wilkie Collins is a 19th-century British epistolary novel, generally considered the first detective novel in the English language. The story was originally serialised in Charles Dickens' magazine All the Year Round. The Moonstone and The Woman in White are considered Wilkie Collins' best novels.", "Nathan Heard Nathan Heard (1937 – March 16, 2004), sometimes known as Nathan C. Heard, was a best-selling author in the United States, noted for the grim realism of his novels. He wrote his most famous book, Howard Street (1968), while serving time in the Trenton State Penitentiary for armed robbery.Heard grew up in New Jersey, spending much of his life there.", "Waiting for the Barbarians Waiting for the Barbarians is a novel by the South African-born Nobel laureate J. M. Coetzee. First published in 1980, it was chosen by Penguin for its series Great Books of the 20th Century and won both the James Tait Black Memorial Prize and Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize for fiction.", "The Book of Ruth (novel) The Book of Ruth (1988) is a novel by Jane Hamilton. It won the Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award for a best first novel in 1988 and was the Oprah's Book Club selection for November 1996.", "Herman Wouk Herman Wouk (/ˈwoʊk/; born May 27, 1915) is an American author whose best-selling 1951 novel The Caine Mutiny won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. His other works include the highly acclaimed The Winds of War and War and Remembrance, historical novels about World War II, and non-fiction such as This Is My God, a popular explanation of Judaism from a Modern Orthodox perspective written for Jewish and non-Jewish audiences. His books have been translated into 27 languages.", "The Mystery of Edwin Drood The Mystery of Edwin Drood is the final novel by Charles Dickens. The novel was unfinished at the time of Dickens's death (9 June 1870) and his ending for it is unknown.Though the novel is named after the character Edwin Drood, the story focuses on Drood's uncle, precentor, choirmaster and opium addict, John Jasper, who is in love with his pupil, Rosa Bud.", "Paul Scott (novelist) Paul Mark Scott (25 March 1920 in Southgate, then in Middlesex – 1 March 1978 in London) was an English novelist, playwright, and poet, best known for his monumental tetralogy the Raj Quartet. His novel Staying On won the Booker Prize for 1977.", "Toni Morrison Toni Morrison (born Chloe Ardelia Wofford; February 18, 1931) is an American novelist, editor, and professor. Her novels are known for their epic themes, vivid dialogue, and richly detailed characters. Among her best known novels are The Bluest Eye (1970), Sula (1973), Song of Solomon (1977), and Beloved (1987). She was also commissioned to write the libretto for a new opera, Margaret Garner, first performed in 2005.", "John D. Maurice John D. Maurice won the 1975 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing for his editorials about the Kanawha County schoolbook controversy.Maurice worked as a reporter in Huntington, West Virginia, prior to joining the Daily Mail of Charleston, West Virginia, in 1938.", "List of Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction winners The Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction (previously called Women's Prize for Fiction (2013), Orange Prize for Fiction (1996–2006 & 2009–12) and Orange Broadband Prize for Fiction (2007–2008)) is one of the United Kingdom's most prestigious literary prizes, annually awarded to a female author of any nationality for the best original full-length novel written in English, and published in the United Kingdom in the preceding year.", "Daphne du Maurier Dame Daphne du Maurier, Lady Browning DBE (/ˈdæfni duː ˈmɒri.eɪ/; 13 May 1907 – 19 April 1989) was a British author and playwright.Many of her works have been adapted into films, including the novels Rebecca (the film adaptation of which won the Best Picture Oscar in 1941) and Jamaica Inn, and the short stories The Birds and Don't Look Now.", "Gilead (novel) Gilead is a novel written by Marilynne Robinson that was published in 2004. It is her second novel, following Housekeeping, which was published in 1980. Gilead won the 2005 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, as well as the National Book Critics Circle Award. Gilead is an epistolary novel that is the fictional autobiography of the Reverend John Ames, an elderly congregationalist pastor in the small, secluded town of Gilead, Iowa, who knows that he is dying of a heart condition.", "Julian Barnes Julian Patrick Barnes (born 19 January 1946) is an English writer. Barnes won the Man Booker Prize for his book The Sense of an Ending (2011), and three of his earlier books had been shortlisted for the Booker Prize: Flaubert's Parrot (1984), England, England (1998), and Arthur & George (2005). He has also written crime fiction under the pseudonym Dan Kavanagh.", "Ulysses (novel) Ulysses is a modernist novel by Irish writer James Joyce. It was first serialised in parts in the American journal The Little Review from March 1918 to December 1920, and then published in its entirety by Sylvia Beach in February 1922, in Paris. It is considered to be one of the most important works of modernist literature, and has been called \"a demonstration and summation of the entire movement\".", "Empire of the Sun Empire of the Sun is a 1984 novel by J. G. Ballard which was awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize and was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize. Like Ballard's earlier short story, \"The Dead Time\" (published in the anthology Myths of the Near Future), it is essentially fiction but draws extensively on Ballard's experiences in World War II.", "William Faulkner William Cuthbert Faulkner (/ˈfɔːlknər/, September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962) was an American writer and Nobel Prize laureate from Oxford, Mississippi. Faulkner wrote novels, short stories, a play, poetry, essays, and screenplays.", "The Barrytown Trilogy The Barrytown Trilogy consists of the first three novels by Irish writer Roddy Doyle and is first published as a trilogy in 1992. All of the three novels have been adapted into successful movies.The three novels are: The Commitments (1987, film 1991), The Snapper (1990, film 1993), The Van (1991, shortlisted for the 1991 Booker Prize, film 1996). All three novels are focused on the Rabbittes, a working class family from Dublin.", "The Good Earth The Good Earth is a novel by Pearl S. Buck published in 1931 and awarded the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel in 1932. The best-selling novel in the United States in both 1931 and 1932 was an influential factor in Buck's winning the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1938. It is the first book in a trilogy that includes Sons (1932) and A House Divided (1935).The novel, which dramatizes family life in a Chinese village before World War I, has been a steady favorite ever since.", "The Centaur The Centaur is a novel by John Updike, published by Alfred A. Knopf in 1963. It won the U.S. National Book Award for Fiction. Portions of the novel first appeared in Esquire and The New Yorker.The French translation of the novel won the Prix du Meilleur Livre Étranger (Best Foreign Book Prize).", "Vanity Fair (novel) Vanity Fair: A Novel without a Hero is a novel by English author William Makepeace Thackeray, first published in 1847–48, satirising society in early 19th-century Britain. It follows the lives of two women, Becky Sharp and Amelia Sedley, amid their friends and family. The novel is now considered a classic, and has inspired several film adaptations. In 2003, Vanity Fair was listed at #122 on the BBC's The Big Read poll of the UK's best-loved books.", "Bram Stoker Award for Best Illustrated Narrative Nominees are listed below the winner(s) for each year. 1998: (no award) Sergio Aragones' Dia de las Muertos (Day of the Dead) by Sergio Aragones & Mark Evanier Preacher by Garth Ennis The Son of Man (Hellblazer 129-133) by Garth Ennis The Dreaming: Trial and Error by Len Wein 1999: The Sandman: The Dream Hunters by Neil Gaiman Jonah Hex: Shadows West #1 by Joe R.", "Modern Library 100 Best Novels Modern Library's 100 Best Novels is a list of the best English-language novels of the 20th century as selected by the Modern Library, an American publishing company owned by Random House.", "The Eight (novel) The Eight, published December 27, 1988, is American author Katherine Neville's debut novel. Compared to the works of Umberto Eco when it first appeared, it is a postmodern thriller in which the heroine, accountant Catherine Velis, must enter into a cryptic world of danger and conspiracy in order to recover the pieces of the Montglane Service, a legendary chess set once owned by Charlemagne.A sequel, The Fire, appeared in 2008.", "Quartet in Autumn Quartet in Autumn is a novel by British novelist Barbara Pym, first published in 1977. It was highly praised and shortlisted for the Booker Prize, the top literary prize in the UK. This was considered a comeback novel for Pym; she had fallen out of favor as styles changed, and her work had been rejected by publishers for 15 years. This followed her successful record as a novelist during the 1950s and early 1960s.", "Rebecca (novel) Rebecca is a novel by English author Daphne du Maurier. A best-seller, there were 2,829,313 copies of Rebecca sold between its publication in 1938 and 1965, and the book has never gone out of print. The novel is remembered for the character Mrs. Danvers, the fictional estate Manderley, and its opening lines: Last night I dreamt I went to Manderley again.", "Guardian Children's Fiction Prize The Guardian Children's Fiction Prize or Guardian Award is a literary award that annually recognises one fiction book written for children or young adults (at least age seven) and published in the United Kingdom. It is conferred upon the author of the book by The Guardian newspaper, which established it in 1965 and inaugurated it in 1967. It is a lifetime award in that previous winners are not eligible.", "Intruder in the Dust Intruder in the Dust is a novel by the Nobel Prize-winning American author William Faulkner publishedin 1948.", "Europa (novel) Europa is a stream of consciousness novel by Tim Parks, first published in 1997. It was shortlisted for the Booker Prize in that year, losing out to Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things.Jerry Marlow is a neurotic obsessive whose first-person narration describes a coach trip he and several colleagues take to Strasbourg in order to petition the European Parliament for improved working conditions for foreign university teachers working in Italy.", "Salman Rushdie Sir Salman Rushdie, FRSL (/sælˈmɑːn ˈrʊʃdi/; Kashmiri: अहमद सलमान रुशदी (Devanagari), احمد سلمان رشدی (Nastaʿlīq); born 19 June 1947) is a British Indian novelist and essayist. His second novel, Midnight's Children (1981), won the Booker Prize in 1981. Much of his fiction is set on the Indian subcontinent.", "Dusklands Dusklands (1974) is the debut novel by J. M. Coetzee, winner of the 2003 Nobel Prize in Literature. The novel consists of two separate stories, \"The Vietnam Project\" and \"The Narrative of Jacobus Coetzee.\"The first story, \"The Vietnam Project\", relates the gradual descent into insanity of its protagonist Eugene Dawn. Eugene works for a U.S. government agency responsible for the psychological warfare in the Vietnam War.", "Never Let Me Go (novel) Never Let Me Go is a 2005 dystopian science fiction novel by Japanese-born British author Kazuo Ishiguro. It was shortlisted for the 2005 Booker Prize (an award Ishiguro had previously won in 1989 for The Remains of the Day), for the 2006 Arthur C. Clarke Award and for the 2005 National Book Critics Circle Award. Time magazine named it the best novel of 2005 and included the novel in its TIME 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005. It also received an ALA Alex Award in 2006.", "The Search (novel) The Search is a novel written and published by Nobel Prize-winning author Naguib Mahfouz in 1964. It was translated from Arabic into English in 1987 by Mohamed Islam, edited by Magdi Wahba, and published by Doubleday in 1991.", "Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha is a novel by Irish writer Roddy Doyle, first published in 1993 by Secker and Warburg. It won the Booker Prize that year. The story is about a 10-year-old boy living in Barrytown, North Dublin, and the events that happen within his age group, school and home in around 1968.", "The Age of Innocence The Age of Innocence is Edith Wharton's twelfth novel, initially serialized in four parts in the Pictorial Review magazine in 1920, and later released by D. Appleton and Company as a book in New York and in London. It won the 1921 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, making Wharton the first woman to win the prize. The story is set in upper-class New York City in the 1870s, during the so-called Gilded Age.", "Thornton Wilder Thornton Niven Wilder (April 17, 1897 – December 7, 1975) was an American playwright and novelist. He won three Pulitzer Prizes—for the novel The Bridge of San Luis Rey and for the two plays Our Town and The Skin of Our Teeth—and a U.S. National Book Award for the novel The Eighth Day.", "The Master (novel) The Master is a novel by Irish writer Colm Tóibín. It is his fifth novel and it was shortlisted for the 2004 Booker Prize and received the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award, the Stonewall Book Award, the Lambda Literary Award, the Los Angeles Times Novel of the Year Award and, in France, Le prix du meilleur livre étranger in 2005.", "Song of Solomon (novel) Song of Solomon is a 1977 novel by American author Toni Morrison. It follows the life of Macon \"Milkman\" Dead III, an African-American man living in Michigan, from birth to adulthood.This book won the National Books Critics Award, was chosen for Oprah Winfrey's popular book club, and was cited by the Swedish Academy in awarding Morrison the 1993 Nobel Prize in literature. In 1998, the Radcliffe Publishing Course named it the 25th best English-language novel of the 20th century.", "William Golding Sir William Gerald Golding CBE (19 September 1911 – 19 June 1993) was an English novelist, playwright, and poet. Best known for his novel Lord of the Flies, he won a Nobel Prize in Literature, and was also awarded the Booker Prize for literature in 1980 for his novel Rites of Passage, the first book in what became his sea trilogy, To the Ends of the Earth.Golding was knighted by Elizabeth II in 1988. He was a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.", "Riders in the Chariot Riders in the Chariot is the sixth published novel by Australian Author Patrick White, Nobel Prize winner of 1973. It was published in 1961 and won the Miles Franklin Award in that year. It also won the 1965 Gold Medal of the Australian Literature Society.", "John Llewellyn Rhys Prize The John Llewellyn Rhys Prize was a literary prize awarded annually for the best work of literature (fiction, non-fiction, poetry, drama) by an author from the Commonwealth aged 35 or under, written in English and published in the United Kingdom. Established in 1942, it was the second oldest literary award in the UK.Since 2011 the award has been suspended due to funding problems. The last award was in 2010.", "Sinclair Lewis Harry Sinclair Lewis (/ˈluːɪs/; February 7, 1885 – January 10, 1951) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and playwright. In 1930, he became the first writer from the United States to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, which was awarded \"for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters.\" His works are known for their insightful and critical views of American capitalism and materialism between the wars.", "Paradise (novel) Paradise is a 1997 novel by Toni Morrison, and her first novel since winning the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993. According to the author, it completes a \"trilogy\" that begins with Beloved and includes Jazz.The book was chosen as an Oprah's Book Club selection January 1998. Morrison wanted to call the novel War but was overridden by her editor.", "The Amber Spyglass The Amber Spyglass is the third and final novel in the His Dark Materials series, written by English author Philip Pullman, and published in 2000.The Amber Spyglass won the 2001 Whitbread Book of the Year award, the first children's novel ever to receive this honour. It was named Children's Book of the Year at the 2001 British Book Awards, and was also longlisted for the Man Booker Prize, again the first time this had happened to a children's book.", "Josephine Johnson Josephine Winslow Johnson (June 20, 1910 – February 27, 1990) was an American novelist, poet, and essayist. She won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1935 at age 24 for her first novel, Now in November. Shortly thereafter, she published Winter Orchard, a collection of short stories that had previously appeared in Atlantic Monthly, Vanity Fair, The St. Louis Review, and Hound & Horn. Of these stories, \"Dark\" won an O. Henry Award in 1934, and \"John the Six\" won an O.", "Doris Lessing Doris May Lessing CH (née Tayler; 22 October 1919 – 17 November 2013) was a British novelist, poet, playwright, librettist, biographer and short story writer. Her novels include The Grass is Singing (1950), the sequence of five novels collectively called Children of Violence (1952–69), The Golden Notebook (1962), The Good Terrorist (1985), and five novels collectively known as Canopus in Argos: Archives (1979–1983).Lessing was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Literature.", "Kim (novel) Kim is a novel by Nobel Prize-winning English author Rudyard Kipling. It was first published serially in McClure's Magazine from December 1900 to October 1901 as well as in Cassell's Magazine from January to November 1901, and first published in book form by Macmillan & Co. Ltd in October 1901. The story unfolds against the backdrop of The Great Game, the political conflict between Russia and Britain in Central Asia.", "Guardian Fiction Prize The Guardian Fiction Prize was a literary award sponsored by the The Guardian newspaper. Founded in 1965, it recognized one fiction book per year written by a British or Commonwealth writer and published in the United Kingdom. The award ran for 33 years before being terminated.In 1999, the Guardian replaced the Fiction Prize with the Guardian First Book Award, which includes both fiction and non-fiction and considers only début works.", "The Recognitions The Recognitions, published in 1955, is American author William Gaddis's first novel. The novel was poorly received initially, but Gaddis's reputation grew, twenty years later, with the publication of his second novel J R (which won a National Book Award), and The Recognitions received belated fame as a masterpiece of American literature.Time Magazine included The Recognitions in its TIME 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005.", "The Prize (novel) The Prize is a novel written by Irving Wallace in 1962 concerning the annual prize-giving ceremony of the Nobel Prize. A film, based on the book and starring Paul Newman, was made later in 1963.Six people all around the world are catapulted to international fame as they receive the most important telegraph of their lives, which invites them to Stockholm to receive the prize.", "Memoirs of a Survivor The Memoirs of a Survivor is a dystopian novel by Nobel Prize-winner Doris Lessing. It was first published in 1974 by Octagon Press. It was made into a film in 1981, starring Julie Christie and Nigel Hawthorne, and directed by David Gladwell.", "Modern Library 100 Best Nonfiction The Modern Library 100 Best Nonfiction was created in 1998 by the Modern Library. The list is what it considers to be the 100 best non-fiction books published since 1900.The Education of Henry Adams by Henry Brooks Adams topped the list, followed by The Varieties of Religious Experience by William James, Up From Slavery by Booker T. Washington and A Room of One's Own by Virginia Woolf.", "Arundhati Roy Suzanna Arundhati Roy (born 24 November 1959) is an Indian author who is best known for her novel The God of Small Things (1997), which won the Man Booker Prize for Fiction in 1997. This novel became the biggest-selling book by a nonexpatriate Indian author. She is also a political activist involved in human rights and environmental causes.", "Martin Amis Martin Louis Amis (born 25 August 1949) is an English novelist. His best-known novels are Money (1984) and London Fields (1989). He has received the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for his memoir Experience and has been listed for the Booker Prize twice to date (shortlisted in 1991 for Time's Arrow and longlisted in 2003 for Yellow Dog). Amis served as the Professor of Creative Writing at the Centre for New Writing at the University of Manchester until 2011.", "Harper Lee Nelle Harper Lee (born April 28, 1926) is an American novelist widely known for her novel To Kill a Mockingbird, published in 1960. It was immediately successful, winning the Pulitzer Prize, and has become a classic of modern American literature. The plot and characters are loosely based on the author's observations of her family and neighbors, as well as on an event that occurred near her hometown in 1936, when she was 10 years old.", "Pulitzer Prize for Fiction The Pulitzer Prize for Fiction is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It recognizes distinguished fiction by an American author, preferably dealing with American life, published during the preceding calendar year. As the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel, it was one of the original Pulitzers, for the program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes, four of which were awarded that year.", "A Passage to India A Passage to India (1924) is a novel by English author E. M. Forster set against the backdrop of the British Raj and the Indian independence movement in the 1920s. It was selected as one of the 100 great works of 20th century English literature by the Modern Library and won the 1924 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction. Time magazine included the novel in its \"All Time 100 Novels\" list.", "Three Junes Three Junes is Julia Glass' debut novel. It won the U.S. National Book Award for Fiction in 2002.", "Russian Booker Prize The Russian Booker Prize (Russian: Русский Букер, Russian Booker) is a Russian literary award modelled after the Man Booker Prize. It was inaugurated by English Chief Executive Sir Michael Harris Caine in 1992. The country's premier literary prize, it is awarded to the best work of fiction written in the Russian language each year as decided by a panel of judges, irrespective of the writer's citizenship.", "To Kill a Mockingbird To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960. It was immediately successful, winning the Pulitzer Prize, and has become a classic of modern American literature. The plot and characters are loosely based on the author's observations of her family and neighbors, as well as on an event that occurred near her hometown in 1936, when she was 10 years old.The novel is renowned for its warmth and humor, despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality.", "Booth Tarkington Newton Booth Tarkington (July 29, 1869 – May 19, 1946) was an American novelist and dramatist best known for his novels The Magnificent Ambersons and Alice Adams. He is, with William Faulkner and John Updike, one of only three novelists to win the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction more than once.", "Prizes (novel) Prizes is a 1995 novel written by Erich Segal. It tells stories of three principal characters: Adam Coopersmith (a genius immunologist), Sandy Raven (a cell biologist bitter from betrayal), and Isabel Da Costa (a child prodigy that goes on to win a Nobel Prize in Physics).", "Ninety-nine Novels Anthony Burgess's book Ninety-Nine Novels: The Best in English since 1939 — A Personal Choice (Allison & Busby, 1984, ISBN 0-85031-585-9) covers a 44-year span between 1939 and 1983. Burgess was a prolific reader, in his early career reviewing more than 350 novels in just over two years for the Yorkshire Post.", "His Dark Materials His Dark Materials is an epic trilogy of fantasy novels by Philip Pullman consisting of Northern Lights (1995, published as The Golden Compass in North America), The Subtle Knife (1997), and The Amber Spyglass (2000). It follows the coming of age of two children, Lyra Belacqua and Will Parry, as they wander through a series of parallel universes. The three novels have won a number of awards, most notably the 2001 Whitbread Book of the Year prize, won by The Amber Spyglass.", "Man Booker International Prize The Man Booker International Prize is an international literary award hosted in Britain. From 2005 until 2015, the award was given every two years to a living author of any nationality for a body of work published in English or generally available in English translation. Beginning in 2016, the award was significantly reconfigured.", "Peter Carey (novelist) Peter Philip Carey AO (born 7 May 1943) is an Australian novelist, known primarily for being one of only three writers to have won the Booker Prize twice—the others being J. M. Coetzee and Hilary Mantel. Carey won his first Booker Prize in 1988 for Oscar and Lucinda, and won for the second time in 2001 with True History of the Kelly Gang.", "The Reivers The Reivers, published in 1962, is the last novel by the American author William Faulkner. The bestselling novel was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1963. Faulkner previously won this award for his book A Fable, making him one of only three authors to be awarded it more than once. Unlike many of his earlier works, it is a straightforward narration and eschews the complicated literary techniques of his more well known works.", "P. H. Newby Percy Howard Newby CBE (25 June 1918 – 6 September 1997) was an English novelist and broadcasting administrator. He was the first winner of the Booker Prize, his novel Something to Answer For having received the inaugural award in 1969." ]	2
Science fiction book written in the 1980	[ "The Best Science Fiction of the Year 9\nThe Best Science Fiction of the Year #9 is an anthology of science fiction short stories edited by Terry Carr, the ninth volume in a series of sixteen. It was first published in paperback by Del Rey Books in August 1980, and in hardcover by Gollancz in October of the same year.The book collects fourteen novelettes and short stories by various science fiction authors, with an introduction, notes and concluding essays by Carr and Charles N. Brown.", "Neuromancer\nNeuromancer is a 1984 novel by William Gibson, a seminal work in the cyberpunk genre and the first winner of the science-fiction \"triple crown\" — the Nebula Award, the Philip K. Dick Award, and the Hugo Award. It was Gibson's debut novel and the beginning of the Sprawl trilogy. The novel tells the story of a washed-up computer hacker hired by a mysterious employer to pull off the ultimate hack.", "The Priests of Psi\nThe Priests of Psi (1980) is a collection of five short stories written by science fiction author Frank Herbert. All of the works had been previously published in magazine or book form.", "Speaker for the Dead\nSpeaker for the Dead is a 1986 science fiction novel by Orson Scott Card and an indirect sequel to the novel Ender's Game. This book takes place around the year 5270, some 3,000 years after the events in Ender's Game. However, because of relativistic space travel, Ender himself is only about 35 years old.This is the first book to discuss the Starways Congress, a high standpoint Legislation for the human colonies.", "Terran Trade Authority\nThe Terran Trade Authority is a science-fiction setting originally presented in a collection of four large illustrated science fiction books published between 1978 and 1980. This series was written by Stewart Cowley.The books formed a connected space-opera milieu, describing the future history of mankind's expansion into the galaxy, presented in the guise of official handbooks by the trade organization from which the setting takes its name.", "Bloodthirst (novel)\nBloodthirst is a Star Trek: The Original Series novel written by J.M. Dillard, published by Pocket Books. The novel's story focuses on a manmade virus which causes its victims to suffer many of the characteristics of vampires, including light sensitivity and a thirst for blood.", "Gods of Riverworld\nGods of Riverworld (1983) is a science fiction novel, the fifth and last in the series of Riverworld books by Philip José Farmer.", "The 1980 Annual World's Best SF\nThe 1980 Annual World's Best SF is an anthology of science fiction short stories edited by Donald A. Wollheim and Arthur W. Saha, the ninth volume in a series of nineteen. It was first published in paperback by DAW Books in May 1980, followed by a hardcover edition issued in September of the same year by the same publisher as a selection of the Science Fiction Book Club. For the hardcover edition the original cover art of Jack Gaughan was replaced by a new cover painting by Gary Viskupik.", "The Last Defender of Camelot\nThe Last Defender of Camelot is an anthology of short stories written by science fiction/fantasy writer Roger Zelazny.", "The Many-Colored Land\nThe Many-Colored Land is the first book of the Saga of Pliocene Exile (known as the Saga of the Exiles in the UK and the Commonwealth) by American author Julian May. It sets the series up by introducing the story of each of the characters. The main purpose of the book is to provide information for the rest of the series, only beginning the main storyline in its final part.", "Dragon's Egg\nDragon's Egg is a hard science fiction novel written by Robert L. Forward and published in 1980. In the story, Dragon's Egg is a neutron star with a surface gravity 67 billion times that of Earth, and inhabited by cheela, intelligent creatures the size of a sesame seed who live, think and develop a million times faster than humans.", "Players at the Game of People\nPlayers at the Game of People is a science fiction novel by John Brunner. It was first published in the United States by Nelson Doubleday in 1980.", "Swayang Professor Shonku\nSwayang Professor Shonku (None other than Professor Shonku) is a Professor Shonku series book written by Satyajit Ray and published by Ananda Publishers in 1980. Ray wrote the stories on Professor Shanku in Bengali magazine Sandesh and Anandamela. This book is a collection of three of Shonku stories.", "Chain of Attack\nChain of Attack is a Star Trek: The Original Series novel written by Gene DeWeese.", "Dinosaur Park (novel)\nDinosaur Park is a science-fiction novel by Hayford Peirce first published by Tor in 1989 under the title The Thirteenth Majestral and republished as Dinosaur Park in 1994. The nondescript cover of the original book had no relation to the story. The 1992 Italian edition had a cover featuring dinosaurs, which were indeed in the story, and in June 1994 Tor reissued the book under its new title, using the same cover as the Italian edition.", "La Foire aux immortels\nThe Carnival of Immortals (Original: La Foire aux Immortels; also published in English as Gods in Chaos) is a science fiction graphic novel from 1980 written and illustrated by the Yugoslavian born French cartoonist and storyteller Enki Bilal. It is the first part of the Nikopol Trilogy, followed up by La Femme piège (The Woman Trap) in 1986 and ending with Froid Équateur (Equator Cold) in 1992.", "Timescape\nTimescape is a 1980 novel by science fiction writer Gregory Benford (with unbilled co-author Hilary Foister, Benford's sister-in-law, who is credited as having \"contributed significantly to the manuscript\"). It won the 1980 Nebula and British Science Fiction Awards, and the 1981 John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel.", "Halfway Human\nHalfway Human (1998) is a science fiction novel written by Carolyn Ives Gilman. It was nominated for the 1998 Tiptree Award, and placed second on the Locus Readers Poll for Best First Novel in 1999.The novel follows the life of Tedla, an asexual being from an evolutionary offshoot of humanity. It is neither male nor female and refers to itself as a “bland.” On its home planet blands are kept at a near-slave class, considered to be not human and much less important than either male or female.", "Cosmos (Carl Sagan book)\nCosmos (1980) is a popular science book by astronomer and Pulitzer Prize-winning author Carl Sagan. Its 13 illustrated chapters, corresponding to the 13 episodes of the Cosmos TV series, which the book was co-developed with and intended to complement, explore the mutual development of science and civilization. One of Sagan's main purposes for the book and television series was to explain complex scientific ideas to anyone interested in learning.", "Shadow and Claw\nShadow and Claw is an omnibus of the first two volumes of The Book of the New Sun series by Gene Wolfe. It was first published in 1983 in the UK under the title The Book of the New Sun, Vols. I & II by Sidgwick & Jackson. The first US edition was published by Orb Books in 1994. It has also been reprinted by Orion Books, under the title The Book of the New Sun: Volume 1: Shadow and Claw, as the first volume of their Fantasy Masterworks series.", "Cachalot (novel)\nCachalot (1980) is a science fiction novel written by Alan Dean Foster.", "White Light (novel)\nWhite Light is a work of science fiction by Rudy Rucker published in 1980 by Virgin Books in the UK and Ace books in the US.", "The Golden Man (collection)\nThe Golden Man is a collection of science fiction stories by Philip K. Dick. It was first published by Berkley Books in 1980. The stories had originally appeared in the magazines If, Galaxy Science Fiction, Beyond Fantasy Fiction, Worlds of Tomorrow, Science Fiction Stories, Orbit Science Fiction, Future, Amazing Stories and Fantasy and Science Fiction", "In Iron Years\nIn Iron Years is a collection of science fiction stories by Gordon R. Dickson. It was first published by Doubleday in 1980. Most of the stories originally appeared in the magazines Fantasy and Science Fiction, If, Galaxy Science Fiction and Astounding.", "Two to Conquer\nTwo To Conquer is a fantasy science fiction novel written by Marion Zimmer Bradley as part of the Darkover series set at the end of Ages of Chaos, in the period of Darkover's history known as the Hundred Kingdoms. The book's introduction places it two hundred years after the events in the book entitled Stormqueen!.", "Liege-Killer\nLiege Killer is the first book in a science fiction trilogy written by American writer Christopher Hinz. The book and its sequels Ash Ock and The Paratwa are set in Human Colonies in orbit around a desolated post apocalyptic Earth. The Paratwa the antagonists of the books are the result of experimentation on human embryos in the near future. The result of which produces a new species: the Paratwa, a single consciousness occupying telepathically linked bodies.", "Sundiver\nSundiver is a 1980 science fiction novel by David Brin. It is the first book of his Uplift trilogy, and was followed by the Hugo and Nebula award winning novel Startide Rising in 1983.", "The Digging Leviathan\nThe Digging Leviathan is a science fiction novel written by James Blaylock. It was first published in 1984 by Ace Books. The source was Blaylock's first novel The Chinese Circus, which was never finished.", "Children of the Thunder\nChildren of the Thunder is a 1988 science fiction novel by John Brunner.The novel explores several themes: environment degradation of the modern world (which Brunner believed was shortening his own life), paternal irresponsibility (in the form of accepting cash for donating sperm to a sperm bank), and conservative (fascist) tendencies in British politics.", "Emergence (novel)\nEmergence is a science fiction novel written by David R. Palmer. It first appeared as a novella published in Analog Science Fiction in 1981. Analog also published Part II, 'Seeking,' in 1983. The completed novel then was published by Bantam in 1984. The plot follows a precocious 11-year-old orphan girl, living in a post-apocalyptic United States.", "Endworld\nEndworld is a series of post-apocalyptic novels written by David L. Robbins. The first book was published in 1986. As of 2014, there have been 29 novels written in the series. David Robbins also wrote a 13 novel spin-off to this series called Blade.The series begins 100 years after World War III, a nuclear war between the United States and the Soviet Union.", "Golem XIV\nGolem XIV is a science fiction novel written by Polish author Stanisław Lem, published in 1981. In 1985 it was translated in English by Harvest Books in the collection Imaginary Magnitude.", "Lost Dorsai\nLost Dorsai is a science fiction novella by Gordon R. Dickson. It won the Hugo Award for Best Novella in 1981 and was also nominated for the Nebula Award in 1980.", "Direct Descent\nDirect Descent (1980) is a short science fiction novel by Frank Herbert. It was based on the short story \"Pack Rat Planet\" published in 1954 in Astounding Science-Fiction.", "Nebula Winners Thirteen\nNebula Winners Thirteen is a 1980 anthology of short stories edited by Samuel R. Delany. The included works had won the Nebula Award and were originally published in 1977. The stories had originally appeared in the magazines The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine, Analog and the anthology 2076: The American Tricentennial, edited by Edward Bryant.", "Rimrunners\nRimrunners is a science fiction novel written by C. J. Cherryh and set in her Alliance-Union universe, in which humanity has split into three major power blocs: Union, the Merchanter's Alliance and Earth. Chronologically, the book follows immediately after the author's award-winning Downbelow Station and is one of Cherryh's series of \"Merchanter\" novels.The book was nominated for a Locus Award, and the cover art, by Don Maitz, won the 1990 Hugo Award for Best Original Artwork.", "Space Pirates (novel)\nLure of the Novamen is a science fiction novel written by Kenneth Bulmer, volume 8 in the Ryder Hook series. As of December 2005, it remains unpublished in English. It was published in German translation as Weltraum-Piraten in 1988. Therefore it is usually but falsely referenced to as Space Pirates, because this is the literal translation of the German title only.", "Time Jumper\nTime Jumper is a 1980 science fiction novel written by William Greenleaf and published by Leisure Books.", "Good News (novel)\nGood News is a 1980 novel by Edward Abbey.It is set in a Phoenix, Arizona of the near future after the economy and government have collapsed. Small bands of people (including Jack Burns, the hero from an earlier Abbey novel The Brave Cowboy) are trying to live freely, but a would-be military dictator has other plans and is trying to set up a dictatorship using Phoenix as his base.Good News is Abbey's only work of science fiction.", "Mockingbird (Tevis novel)\nMockingbird is a science fiction novel by Walter Tevis, published in 1980 by Doubleday. It was nominated for a Nebula Award for Best Novel.", "Starquake (novel)\nStarquake is a science fiction novel written by Robert L. Forward and published in 1989 (ISBN 0-595-16748-9). The novel is about the life of the Cheela civilization, creatures who live on a neutron star named Dragon's Egg, struggling to recover from a disastrous starquake. The novel was listed by theoretical physicist Sean M. Carroll as his favorite science fiction novel.", "The Abode of Life\nThe Abode of Life is a Star Trek: The Original Series novel written by Lee Correy.", "The Magic Labyrinth\nThe Magic Labyrinth (1980) is a science fiction novel, the fourth in the series of Riverworld books by Philip José Farmer.", "The Brave Little Toaster\nThe Brave Little Toaster is a 1980 novel by Thomas M. Disch intended for children or as put by Disch, A Bedtime Story for Small Appliances. The story centers on a gang of five household appliances—a Tensor lamp, electric blanket, alarm clock/antique radio Hoover vacuum cleaner, and Sunbeam toaster—on their quest to find their owner, referred to as the Master.The story first appeared in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction (August 1980).", "Marooned in Realtime\nMarooned in Realtime is a 1986 murder mystery and time-travel science fiction novel by American writer Vernor Vinge, about a small, time-displaced group of people who may be the only survivors of a technological singularity or alien invasion. It is the sequel to the novel The Peace War (1984) and the novella The Ungoverned (1985).", "To the Stars (trilogy)\nThe To the Stars trilogy is a series of science fiction novels by Harry Harrison, first published in 1980 (Homeworld) and 1981 (Wheelworld and Starworld). The three books were re-published in an omnibus edition in 1991.", "West of Eden\nWest of Eden is a 1984 science fiction novel by American writer Harry Harrison.", "The Marriages Between Zones Three, Four and Five\nThe Marriages Between Zones Three, Four and Five is a 1980 science fiction novel by Nobel Prize in Literature-winner Doris Lessing. It is the second book in her five-book Canopus in Argos series, the first being Shikasta (1979). It was first published in the United States in January 1980 by Alfred A.", "The Sirian Experiments\nThe Sirian Experiments is a 1980 science fiction novel by Nobel Prize in Literature-winner Doris Lessing. It is the third book in her five-book Canopus in Argos series and continues the story of Earth's evolution, which has been manipulated from the beginning by advanced extraterrestrial civilisations. It was first published in the United States in December 1980 by Alfred A. Knopf, and in the United Kingdom in March 1981 by Jonathan Cape.", "Riddley Walker\nRiddley Walker is a science fiction novel by Russell Hoban, first published in 1980. It won the John W. Campbell Memorial Award for best science fiction novel in 1982, as well as an Australian Science Fiction Achievement Award in 1983. It was additionally nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1981.Hoban began writing the novel in 1974, inspired by the medieval wall painting of the legend of Saint Eustace at Canterbury Cathedral.", "Roderick (novel)\nRoderick, or The Education of a Young Machine is a 1980 science fiction novel by John Sladek. It was followed in 1983 by Roderick at Random, or Further Education of a Young Machine. The two books were originally intended as a single longer novel, and were finally reissued together in 2001 as The Complete Roderick. It was included in David Pringle's book Science Fiction: The 100 Best Novels.", "Serpent's Reach\nSerpent's Reach is a 1980 science fiction novel by the United States science fiction and fantasy author C. J. Cherryh. The book was nominated for the Locus Award for Best Novel in 1981 and is set in the author's Alliance-Union universe. Specific placement of the novel within the Alliance-Union timeline is difficult because two of Cherryh's works provide contradictory dates.", "Wild Seed (novel)\nWild Seed is a science fiction novel by writer Octavia Butler. Although published in 1980 as the fourth book of the Patternist series it is the earliest book in the chronology of the Patternist world. The other books in the series are, in order within the Patternist chronology:Mind of My Mind (1977), Clay's Ark (1984), Survivor (1978), and Patternmaster (1976).", "The Shadow of the Torturer\nThe Shadow of the Torturer is a science fantasy novel by Gene Wolfe, published by Simon & Schuster in 1980. It is the first of four volumes in The Book of the New Sun which Wolfe had completed in draft before The Shadow of the Torturer was published.", "Golem100\nGolem100 is a novel by science fiction author Alfred Bester. Currently out of print, it was published by Simon & Schuster in 1980, ISBN 0-671-25321-2. It was based on Bester's short story \"The Four-Hour Fugue\".", "Corona (novel)\nCorona is a Star Trek: The Original Series novel written by Greg Bear.", "Lost Dorsai (collection)\nLost Dorsai is a collection of science fiction stories by Gordon R. Dickson from his Childe Cycle series. It was first published by Ace Books in 1980. The collection includes two stories that originally appeared in the anthology series Destinies, one that appeared in the magazine Analog Science Fiction and Fact and an excerpt from Dickson's novel The Final Encyclopedia.", "The Handmaid's Tale\nThe Handmaid's Tale (1985) is a dystopian novel, a work of speculative fiction, by Canadian author Margaret Atwood. Set in the near future, in a totalitarian Christian theocracy which has overthrown the United States government, The Handmaid's Tale explores themes of women in subjugation and the various means by which they gain agency.", "The Book of the New Sun\nThe Book of the New Sun (1980 – 1983) is a series of four science fantasy novels or one four-volume novel by the American author Gene Wolfe. Alternatively, it is a series comprising the original tetralogy, a 1983 collection of essays, and a 1987 sequel.", "VALIS trilogy\nThe VALIS trilogy is a set of science fiction/philosophical novels by author Philip K. Dick which include VALIS (1978), The Divine Invasion (1980), and The Owl in Daylight (unfinished/unpublished). The \"trilogy\" may also include Radio Free Albemuth (1985) and The Transmigration of Timothy Archer (1982). Dick's first novel about the VALIS concept originally titled \"VALISystem A\" (written 1976), was published as Radio Free Albemuth after Dick's death in 1982.", "The Ringworld Engineers\nThe Ringworld Engineers is a 1979 science fiction novel by Larry Niven. It is the first sequel to Niven's award-winning Ringworld and was nominated for both the Hugo and Locus Awards in 1981." ]	[ "A Clockwork Orange A Clockwork Orange is a dystopian novel by Anthony Burgess published in 1962. Set in a near future English society that has a subculture of extreme youth violence, the novella has a teenage protagonist, Alex, who narrates his violent exploits and his experiences with state authorities intent on reforming him. When the state undertakes to reform Alex—to \"redeem\" him—the novella asks, \"At what cost?\". The book is partially written in a Russian-influenced argot called \"Nadsat\".", "Galaxy Science Fiction Galaxy Science Fiction was an American digest-size science fiction magazine, published from 1950 to 1980. It was founded by an Italian company, World Editions, which was looking to break into the American market. World Editions hired as editor H. L.", "Sector General (novel) Sector General is a 1983 science fiction novel by author James White and is part of the Sector General series. The book includes four stories.", "Thor's Hammer (novel) Thor's Hammer (1983) is a science fiction novel by Australian author Wynne Whiteford, about mining in the asteroids.", "Radix (novel) Radix is a science fiction novel by A. A. Attanasio, published in 1981. It was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1981. It is the first of four books in Attanasio's Radix Tetrad, followed by In Other Worlds in 1984.The novel is being re-issued by Phoenix Pick, an imprint of Arc Manor Publishers in 2010.", "Wizard (novel) Wizard is a 1980 science fiction novel by John Varley. It is the second book in his Gaea Trilogy. It was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1981.", "The Duplicate The Duplicate, published in 1988, is a science fiction novel for young adults written by William Sleator.", "John Brunner (novelist) John Kilian Houston Brunner (24 September 1934 – 26 August 1995) was a British author of science fiction novels and stories. His 1968 novel Stand on Zanzibar, about an overpopulated world, won the 1969 Hugo Award for best science fiction novel, and the BSFA award the same year. The Jagged Orbit won the BSFA award in 1970.", "To Conquer Chaos To Conquer Chaos is a 1964 science fiction novel by John Brunner.", "Cyteen Cyteen (1988) is a Hugo Award-winning science fiction novel by American writer C. J. Cherryh, set in her Alliance-Union universe. The murder of a major Union politician and scientist has deep, long-lasting repercussions.The sequel, Regenesis, was published by DAW Books in January 2009.", "The Man Who Sold the Moon The Man Who Sold the Moon is a science fiction novella by Robert A. Heinlein written in 1949 and published in 1951. A part of his Future History and prequel to \"Requiem\", it covers events around a fictional first Moon landing, in 1978, and the schemes of Delos D. Harriman, a businessman who is determined to personally reach and control the Moon.", "It Came from Outer Space (book) It Came From Outer Space was a 2003 publication of four versions of Ray Bradbury's screen treatments written in 1952 for the movie of the same name that was released in 1953. The treatments range from a 37-page outline to a 119-page story. Bradbury did not write the final screenplay.Bradbury's previously unpublished short story \"A Matter of Taste\" was the inspiration for his treatments, and was included in this edition.", "The Jesus Incident The Jesus Incident (1979) is the second science fiction novel set in the Destination: Void universe by the American author Frank Herbert and poet Bill Ransom. It is a sequel to Destination: Void, and has two sequels: The Lazarus Effect and The Ascension Factor.", "The Third Wave (Toffler) The Third Wave is a book published in 1980 by Alvin Toffler. It is the sequel to Future Shock, published in 1970, and the second in what was originally likely meant to be a trilogy that was continued with Powershift: Knowledge, Wealth and Violence at the Edge of the 21st Century in 1990.", "Orthe Orthe is a series of science-fiction novels by Mary Gentle.The Orthe series consists of the books Golden Witchbreed (published 1983) and Ancient Light (1987) and the short story The Crystal Sunlight, the Bright Air (1983). The action in both books takes place on a distant planet called Orthe, which is visited by Lynne de Lisle Christie, a British envoy from a not very far future Earth that has developed a spacefaring civilization.", "Adiamante Adiamante is a 1996 science fiction novel written by L. E. Modesitt, Jr. It is outside the span of his series work but maintains several of his main themes, including justification of pre-emptive force, nanotechnology, a nearly destroyed but rebuilt Earth, misuse of technology leading to man's downfall, internalized information networks, and shortening or slurring of the names of present day cities, countries and ethnic groups, along with historical events.", "Pinball, 1973 Pinball, 1973 (1973年のピンボール, Sen-Kyūhyaku-Nanajū-San-Nen no Pinbōru) is a novel published in 1980 by Japanese author Haruki Murakami.", "Lucifer's Hammer Lucifer's Hammer is a post-apocalyptic science fiction novel by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle, first published in 1977. It was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1978. A comic book adaptation was published by Innovation Comics in 1993.", "Ace Science Fiction Specials Ace Science Fiction Specials are three series of science fiction and fantasy books published by Ace Books between 1968 and 1990. Terry Carr edited the first and third series, taking the \"TV special\" concept and adapting it to paperback marketing.", "Tunnel in the Sky Tunnel in the Sky is a science fiction novel written by Robert A. Heinlein and published in 1955 by Scribner's as one of the Heinlein juveniles. The story describes a group of students sent on a survival test to an uninhabited planet, who soon realise they are stranded there. The themes of the work include the difficulties of growing up and the nature of man as a social animal.", "2001: A Space Odyssey (novel) 2001: A Space Odyssey is a 1968 science fiction novel by Arthur C. Clarke. It was developed concurrently with Stanley Kubrick's film version and published after the release of the film. Clarke and Kubrick worked on the book together, but eventually only Clarke ended up as the official author. The story is based in part on various short stories by Clarke, most notably \"The Sentinel\" (written in 1948 for a BBC competition, but first published in 1951 under the title \"Sentinel of Eternity\").", "The Conquest of Space The Conquest of Space is a 1949 speculative science book written by Willy Ley and illustrated by Chesley Bonestell. The book contains a portfolio of paintings by Bonestell depicting the possible future exploration of the solar system, with explanatory text by Ley.Some of Bonestell's designs inspired the look of George Pal's 1955 science fiction movie Conquest of Space, which also takes its title from the book, but uses it as a framework on which to hang a melodramatic plot.", "Macrolife Macrolife: A Mobile Utopia is a 1979 science fiction novel by American author George Zebrowski.", "Mindkiller Mindkiller is a 1982 novel by science fiction writer Spider Robinson. The novel, set in the late 1980s (re-edited later to begin in 2006), explores the social implications of technologies to manipulate the brain, beginning with wireheading, the use of electric current to stimulate the pleasure center of the brain in order to achieve a narcotic high.", "Roadmarks Roadmarks is a science fantasy novel written by Roger Zelazny during the late 1970s and published in 1979.The novel postulates a road that travels through time, with a nexus placed every few years where a handful of specially gifted people are able to get on and off.", "Ratner's Star Ratner's Star is a 1976 comic novel by Don DeLillo. It relates the story of a child prodigy mathematician who arrives at a secret installation to work on the problem of deciphering a mysterious message that appears to come from outer space. The novel is told in two parts; the first is a conventional narrative, the second is less so. The novel develops the idea that science, mathematics, and logic--in parting from mysticism--do not contain the fear of death, and therefore offer no respite.", "The Empire Strikes Back (novel) The Empire Strikes Back is a science fiction novel written by Donald F. Glut and first published on April 12, 1980 by Del Rey. It is based on the script of the film of the same name.Glut's novelisation was originally released in two forms; a standard edition and a special Young Readers Edition that was condensed into 150 pages. Initial printings of both versions contained 8 pages of colour photographs in the middle of the book.", "334 (novel) 334 is a science fiction novel by American author Thomas M. Disch, written in 1972. It is a dystopian look at everyday life in New York City around the year 2025.", "Dirge (novel) Dirge (2000) is a science fiction novel written by Alan Dean Foster. The full title is sometimes shown as Dirge: Book Two of The Founding of the Commonwealth.", "Downbelow Station Downbelow Station is a science fiction novel written by C. J. Cherryh and published in 1981 by DAW Books. It won the Hugo Award in 1982, was shortlisted for a Locus Award that same year, and was named by Locus magazine as one of the top 50 science fiction novels of all time in 1987.The book is set in Cherryh's Alliance-Union universe during the Company Wars period, specifically late 2352 and early 2353.", "A World Out of Time A World Out of Time is a science fiction novel by Larry Niven and published in 1976. It is set outside the Known Space universe of many of Niven's stories, but is otherwise fairly representative of his 1970s hard science fiction novels. The main part of the novel was originally serialized in Galaxy magazine as \"Children of the State\"; another part was originally published as the short story \"Rammer\". A World Out of Time placed fifth in the annual Locus Poll in 1977.", "The Matarese Circle The Matarese Circle (1979) is a novel by Robert Ludlum.", "Space Odyssey The Space Odyssey series is a series of science fiction novels by the writer Arthur C. Clarke. Two of the novels have been made into feature films, released in 1968 and 1984 respectively.", "The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction is an English language reference work on science fiction, first published in 1979. In October 2011, the third edition was made available for free online.", "Midworld Midworld (1975) is a science fiction novel written by Alan Dean Foster. It is set in his primary science-fiction universe, the Humanx Commonwealth.", "The End of the Matter The End of the Matter (1977) is a science fiction novel written by Alan Dean Foster. The book is fourth chronologically in the Pip and Flinx series.", "Titan (John Varley novel) Titan is a Locus Award winning 1979 adult science fiction novel by John Varley, the first book in his Gaea Trilogy. It won the 1980 Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel and was nominated for both the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1979, and the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1980.", "Fantastic Voyage II: Destination Brain Fantastic Voyage II: Destination Brain is a 1987 science fiction novel by Isaac Asimov about a group of scientists that shrink to microscopic size in order to enter a human brain so that they can retrieve memories from a comatose colleague.", "Heinz Pagels Heinz Rudolf Pagels (February 19, 1939 – July 23, 1988) was an American physicist, an adjunct professor of physics at Rockefeller University, the executive director and chief executive officer of the New York Academy of Sciences, and president of the International League for Human Rights. He is best known to the general public for his popular science books The Cosmic Code (1982), Perfect Symmetry (1985), and The Dreams of Reason: The Computer and the Rise of the Sciences of Complexity (1988).", "Voyage to the City of the Dead Voyage to the City of the Dead (1984) is a science fiction novel written by Alan Dean Foster.", "Foundation's Edge Foundation's Edge (1982) is a science fiction novel by Isaac Asimov, the fourth book in the Foundation Series. It was written more than thirty years after the stories of the original Foundation trilogy, due to years of pressure by fans and editors on Asimov to write another, and, according to Asimov himself, the amount of the payment offered by the publisher. It was his first novel to ever land on The New York Times best-seller list, after 262 books and 44 years of writing.", "The Ascension Factor The Ascension Factor (1988) is the fourth and final science fiction novel set in the Destination: Void universe by the American author Frank Herbert and poet Bill Ransom. It takes place about twenty five years after The Lazarus Effect. It completes the story of the humans descended from those left by the Voidship Earthling on the planet Pandora approximately 480 years earlier.", "Rocheworld Rocheworld (first published in serial form in 1982; first book publication, under the title The Flight of the Dragonfly, 1984) is a science fiction novel by Robert Forward in which he uses a light sail propulsion system to set the crew on an interstellar mission. The spaceship and crew of 20 have to travel 5.9 light-years (ca. 34 trillion miles; ca.", "Quinzinzinzili Quinzinzinzili is a science fiction novel written in 1935 by the French author Régis Messac (1893 - 1945). This was one of the first post-cataclysmic novels.At the time of World War II (which Messac anticipated), a Japanese scientist develops a chemical reaction that combines the oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere. The air becomes unbreathable for the majority of species, and humanity is swept with mass extinction. Ten children left in a deep cave survive and find the purified Earth.", "The Dosadi Experiment The Dosadi Experiment (1977) is a science fiction novel written by Frank Herbert. It is the second full-length novel set in the ConSentiency universe established by Herbert in his novelette The Tactful Saboteur and continued in Whipping Star.", "Voyage from Yesteryear Voyage from Yesteryear is a 1982 science fiction novel by James P. Hogan.", "Space (novel) Space is a novel by James A. Michener published in 1982. It is a fictionalized history of the United States space program, with a particular emphasis on manned spaceflight.Michener writes in a semi-documentary style.", "Strangers (Gardner Dozois novel) Strangers is a science fiction novel by American author Gardner Dozois, published in 1978.The novel was expanded from its original form as a novella, which first appeared in New Dimensions IV (edited by Robert Silverberg) in 1974.", "Nemesis (Asimov novel) Nemesis is a science fiction novel by American writer Isaac Asimov. One of his later science fiction novels, it was published in 1989, only three years before his death. The novel is loosely related to the future history; connecting several ideas from earlier and later novels, including non-human intelligence, sentient planets (Erythro), and rotor engines (Fantastic Voyage II: Destination Brain).", "The Restaurant at the End of the Universe The Restaurant at the End of the Universe (1980, ISBN 0-345-39181-0) is the second book in the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy comedy science fiction \"trilogy\" by Douglas Adams, and is a sequel. It was originally published by Pan Books as a paperback. The book was inspired by the song \"Grand Hotel\" by British rock band Procol Harum. It takes its name from Milliways, the Restaurant at the End of the Universe, one of the settings of the book.", "Alexander Belyaev Alexander Romanovich Belyaev (Russian: Алекса́ндр Рома́нович Беля́ев, [ɐlʲɪkˈsandr rɐˈmanəvʲɪtɕ bʲɪˈlʲæɪf]; 16 March 1884 – 6 January 1942) was a Soviet Russian writer of science fiction. His works from the 1920s and 1930s made him a highly regarded figure in Russian science fiction, often referred to as \"Russia's Jules Verne\". Belyaev's best known books include Professor Dowell's Head, Amphibian Man, Ariel, and The Air Seller.", "Around the World in Eighty Days Around the World in Eighty Days (French: Le tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours) is a classic adventure novel by the French writer Jules Verne, published in 1873. In the story, Phileas Fogg of London and his newly employed French valet Passepartout attempt to circumnavigate the world in 80 days on a £20,000 wager (roughly £1.6 million today) set by his friends at the Reform Club. It is one of Verne's most acclaimed works.", "Feersum Endjinn Feersum Endjinn is a science fiction novel by Scottish writer Iain M. Banks, first published in 1994. It won a British Science Fiction Association Award in 1994.It was Banks' second science fiction novel not based upon or set within the Culture universe.", "Eternity (novel) Eternity (1988) is a science fiction novel by Greg Bear. It is the second book in his The Way series, dealing largely with the aftermath of the decision to split Axis City and abandon the Way in the preceding book, Eon.", "Glory Lane Glory Lane (1987) is a science fiction novel written by Alan Dean Foster. The book takes place outside of either of Foster’s two usual universes, Spellsinger and the Humanx Commonwealth.", "Firestarter (novel) Firestarter is a science fiction novel by Stephen King, first published in September 1980. In July and August 1980, two excerpts from the novel were published in Omni. In 1981, Firestarter was nominated as Best Novel for the British Fantasy Award, Locus Poll Award, and Balrog Award. In 1984, it was adapted into a movie.The book is dedicated to the author Shirley Jackson: \"In Memory of Shirley Jackson, who never needed to raise her voice.\"", "Man of Two Worlds Man of Two Worlds (1986) is a novel written by Brian and Frank Herbert.", "Rocket Ship Galileo Rocket Ship Galileo is a science fiction novel by Robert A. Heinlein, published in 1947, about three teenagers who participate in a pioneering flight to the Moon. It was the first in the Heinlein juveniles, a long and successful series of science fiction novels published by Scribner's. The novel was originally envisioned as the first of a series of books called \"Young Rocket Engineers\". It was initially rejected by publishers, because going to the moon was \"too far out\".", "The Space Machine The Space Machine, subtitled A Scientific Romance, is a science fiction novel written by English writer Christopher Priest.First published in 1976, it follows the travels of protagonists Edward Turnbull and Amelia Fitzgibbon. The pair is dropped on the surface of Mars (due to interference by Turnbull) prior to the Martian invasion of Earth that forms the storyline of The War of the Worlds.", "Camelot 30K Camelot 30K is a hard science fiction novel written by the United States physicist Robert L. Forward. It was published in 1993 by Tor Books. The story mainly deals with the concept of human contact and interaction with a kingdom of intelligent alien life that dwells on a frozen world where the ambient temperature is only 30 K or −240 °C (hence the title of the book). In Camelot 30K, Forward uses a lot of low-temperature chemistry-based fact to explain the alien's unique biology and anatomy.", "The Mote in God's Eye The Mote in God's Eye is a science fiction novel by American writers Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle, first published in 1974. The story is set in the distant future of Pournelle's CoDominium universe, and charts the first contact between humanity and an alien species. The title of the novel is a wordplay on the Biblical \"The Mote and the Beam\" parable and names a star as seen from a newly settled planet. The Mote in God's Eye was nominated for the Hugo, Nebula and Locus Awards in 1975.", "Prometheus Rising Prometheus Rising is a book by Robert Anton Wilson first published in 1983.", "The Super Barbarians The Super Barbarians, written by John Brunner, is a science fiction novel first published in the United States by Ace Books in 1962. Written in the first person, the story gives an account of an Earthman's struggle to regain lost memories and to uncover the horrifying secret of the feudal society whose people used remarkably advanced technology to conquer Earth and its solar system.", "The Andromeda Strain The Andromeda Strain (1969), by Michael Crichton, is a techno-thriller novel documenting the efforts of a team of scientists investigating the outbreak of a deadly extraterrestrial microorganism in Arizona. The Andromeda Strain appeared in the New York Times Best Seller list, establishing Michael Crichton as a genre writer.", "The 80s: A Look Back at the Tumultuous Decade 1980-1989 The 80s: A Look Back at the Tumultuous Decade 1980-1989 is a humor book published in 1979.It was edited by Tony Hendra, Christopher Cerf and Peter Elbling, with art direction by Michael Gross. Contributors to the book included Henry Beard, Valerie Curtin, Amy Ephron, Jeff Greenfield, Abbie Hoffman, Sean Kelly, B.", "Sphere (novel) Sphere is a science fiction novel written by Michael Crichton and published in 1987. It was made into the film Sphere in 1998.The novel follows Norman Johnson as a psychologist who is engaged by the United States Navy to join a team of scientists assembled by the U.S. Government to examine an enormous spacecraft discovered on the bottom of the Pacific Ocean. The depth of coral covering the craft suggests that it has been lying there for over 300 years and so could only be of alien origin.", "Patricia Anthony Patricia Marie Anthony (January 3, 1947 – August 2, 2013) was an American science fiction and slipstream author. Anthony published her first science fiction novel in 1992 with Cold Allies, about the arrival of extraterrestrials in the midst of a 21st-century Third World War. This was followed by Brother Termite, Conscience of the Beagle, The Happy Policeman, Cradle of Splendor, and God's Fires, each of which combined science fiction plots with other genres in unconventional ways.", "Interstellar Pig Interstellar Pig, published in 1984 by Bantam Books, is a science fiction novel for young adults written by William Sleator. It was listed as an ALA Notable Book, a SLJ Best Book of the Year, and a Junior Literary Guild Selection.", "Nova (novel) Nоva (1968) is a science fiction novel by Samuel R. Delany. Nominally space opera, it explores the politics and culture of a future where cyborg technology is universal (the novel is one of the precursors to cyberpunk), yet major decisions can involve using tarot cards. It has strong mythological overtones, relating to both the Grail Quest and Jason's Argonautica for the golden fleece. Nova was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1969.", "Exploring the Earth and the Cosmos Exploring the Earth and the Cosmos is a book written by Isaac Asimov in 1982.", "Visions of the Universe Visions of the Universe (ISBN 978-0939540013) is a book written by Kazuaki Iwasaki and Isaac Asimov in 1981.", "Fallen Angels (science fiction novel) Fallen Angels (1991) (ISBN 0-7434-3582-6) is a Prometheus Award-winning novel by science fiction authors Larry Niven, Jerry Pournelle, and Michael Flynn published by Jim Baen. The novel was written as a tribute to science fiction fandom, and includes many of its well-known figures, legends, and practices. It also champions modern technology and heaps scorn upon its critics - budget cutting politicians, fringe environmentalists and the forces of ignorance.", "Expanded Universe (Heinlein) Expanded Universe is a 1980 collection of stories and essays by Robert A. Heinlein. In full, its title is Expanded Universe, The New Worlds of Robert A. Heinlein. The trade paperback 1981 edition lists the subtitle under other Heinlein books as More Worlds of Robert A. Heinlein because the contents subsume the 1966 Ace Books collection, The Worlds of Robert A. Heinlein. The current volume is dedicated to William Targ.The book collects many short stories and essays, with a foreword for each.", "The Subatomic Monster The Subatomic Monster [1985] is a collection of seventeen nonfiction science essays written by Isaac Asimov. It was the eighteenth of a series of books collecting essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, these being first published between June 1983 and October 1984. It was first published by Doubleday & Company in 1985.", "The Space Merchants The Space Merchants is a science fiction novel, written by Frederik Pohl and Cyril M. Kornbluth in 1952. Originally published in Galaxy Science Fiction magazine as a serial entitled Gravy Planet, the novel was first published as a single volume in 1953, and has sold heavily since. It deals satirically with a hyper-developed consumerism, seen through the eyes of an advertising executive. In 1984, Pohl published a sequel, The Merchants' War.", "The Shockwave Rider The Shockwave Rider is a science fiction novel by John Brunner, originally published in 1975. It is notable for its hero's use of computer hacking skills to escape pursuit in a dystopian future, and for the coining of the word \"worm\" to describe a program that propagates itself through a computer network.", "Millennium (novel) Millennium is a 1983 science fiction novel by John Varley. Varley later turned this novel into the script for the 1989 film Millennium, both of which are based on Varley's short story \"Air Raid\", which was published in 1977. It was nominated for the Philip K. Dick Award in 1983, and for both the Hugo and Locus Awards in 1984.", "The Soul of a New Machine The Soul of a New Machine is a non-fiction book written by Tracy Kidder and published in 1981. It chronicles the experiences of a computer engineering team racing to design a next-generation computer at a blistering pace under tremendous pressure. The machine was launched in 1980 as the Data General Eclipse MV/8000. The book won the 1982 National Book Award for Nonfictionand a Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction.", "Friday (novel) Friday is a 1982 science fiction novel by Robert A. Heinlein. It is the story of a female \"artificial person\", the eponymous Friday, genetically engineered to be stronger, faster, smarter, and generally better than normal humans. Artificial humans are widely resented, and much of the story deals with Friday's struggle both against prejudice and to conceal her enhanced attributes from other humans.", "Sixth Column Sixth Column, also known under the title The Day After Tomorrow, is a science fiction novel by Robert A. Heinlein, based on a story by editor John W. Campbell, and set in a United States that has been conquered by the PanAsians, a combination of Chinese and Japanese. Originally published as a serial in Astounding Science Fiction (January, February, March 1941, using the pen name Anson MacDonald) it was published in hardcover in 1949.", "The Lazarus Effect (novel) The Lazarus Effect (1983) is the third science fiction novel set in the Destination: Void universe by the American author Frank Herbert and poet Bill Ransom. It takes place some time after the events in The Jesus Incident.", "Contact (novel) Contact is a 1985 science fiction novel by Carl Sagan. It deals with the theme of contact between humanity and a more technologically advanced, extraterrestrial life form. It ranked No. 7 on the 1985 U.S. bestseller list. The novel originated as a screenplay in 1979; when development of the film stalled, Sagan decided to convert the stalled film into a novel. The film concept was subsequently revived and eventually released in 1997 as the film Contact starring Jodie Foster.", "Threshold (Palmer novel) Threshold is a science fiction novel written by David R. Palmer and published by Bantam Spectra in December 1985. It was his second book published, following Emergence, and was intended to be the first book of the To Halt Armageddon trilogy.", "2010: Odyssey Two 2010: Odyssey Two is a 1982 science fiction novel by Arthur C. Clarke. It is the sequel to the 1968 novel 2001: A Space Odyssey, but continues the story of Stanley Kubrick's film adaptation with the same title rather than Clarke's original novel, which differed from the film in some respects.Set in the year 2010, the plot centers on a joint Soviet-American mission aboard the Soviet spacecraft Leonov.", "The White Plague The White Plague (1982) is a science fiction novel by Frank Herbert.", "1985 (Anthony Burgess novel) 1985 is a novel by English writer Anthony Burgess. Originally published in 1978, it was inspired by, and was intended as a tribute to, George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four." ]	2
record-breaking sprinters in male 100-meter sprints	[ "Don Quarrie\nDonald O'Riley Quarrie CD (born 25 February 1951) is a former Jamaican track and field athlete, one of the world's top sprinters during the 1970s. At the 1976 Summer Olympics he was the gold medallist in the Olympic 200 meters and silver medallist in the Olympic 100 meters. In all, he competed in five Olympic Games and won four Olympic medals during his career.He equalled the 200 meters world record in 1971 and equalled the 100 metres world record in 1976.", "Harvey Glance\nHarvey Edward Glance (born March 28, 1957) is a former American track athlete, winner of gold medal in 4x100 m relay at the 1976 Summer Olympics.", "Mark Jelks\nMark Elliott Jelks (born April 10, 1984) is an American track and field athlete who specializes in the 100-meter dash. He has a personal best of 9.99 seconds for the event and represented the United States at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics. In 2014, Jelks made a change in eligibility in order to represent Nigeria internationally.", "Asafa Powell\nAsafa Powell, CD (born 23 November 1982) is a Jamaican sprinter who specialises in the 100 metres. He held the 100 metres world record between June 2005 and May 2008, with times of 9.77 and 9.74 seconds respectively. Powell has consistently broken the 10-second barrier in competition, with his personal best of 9.72 s being the fifth fastest time in the history of the event.", "Shavez Hart\nShavez Hart (born September 6, 1992) is a male track and field sprinter from Abaco, Bahamas, who mainly competes in the 100 metres and 200 metres. His personal best of 10.10 seconds makes him the second fastest Bahamian of all time behind Derrick Atkins, and fastest Bahamian-born sprinter. His personal best of 20.23 makes him the third fastest Bahamian of all time.He is a graduate of St. Georges High School in Freeport, Bahamas.", "Carl Lewis\nFrederick Carlton \"Carl\" Lewis (born July 1, 1961) is an American former track and field athlete, who won 10 Olympic medals, including nine gold, and 10 World Championships medals, including eight gold. His career spanned from 1979 to 1996 when he last won an Olympic title and subsequently retired.Lewis was a dominant sprinter and long jumper who topped the world rankings in the 100 m, 200 m and long jump events frequently from 1981 to the early 1990s.", "Jasmine Todd\nJasmine Todd (born December 23, 1993) is an American track and field athlete who competes in the long jump and short sprinting events. She holds bests of 6.84 m (22 ft 51⁄4 in) for the long jump and 10.92 seconds for the 100-meter dash.She competes for the Oregon Ducks college team and has won several NCAA All-American honours. She was third in the 100 m and fourth in the long jump at the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships in 2015.", "Tim Montgomery\nTimothy Montgomery (born January 28, 1975) is an American former track and field sprinter who specialized in the 100-meter dash. In 2005, he was stripped of his records—including a now void men's 100 m world record of 9.78 seconds set in 2002—after being found guilty of using performance-enhancing drugs as a central figure in the BALCO scandal.", "Usain Bolt\nUsain St. Leo Bolt, OJ, CD (/ˈjuːseɪn/; born 21 August 1986) is a Jamaican sprinter. Regarded as the fastest person ever, he is the first man to hold both the 100 metres and 200 metres world records since fully automatic time measurements became mandatory in 1977. Along with his teammates, he also set the world record in the 4×100 metres relay. He is the reigning Olympic champion in these three events, the first man to win six Olympic gold medals in sprinting, and an eleven-time World champion.", "Maurice Greene (athlete)\nMaurice Greene (born July 23, 1974) is an American former track and field sprinter who specialized in the 100 meters and 200 meters. He is a former 100 m world record holder with a time of 9.79 seconds. During the height of his career (1997–2004) he won four Olympic medals and was a five-time World Champion.", "Jim Hines\nJames \"Jim\" Ray Hines (born September 10, 1946) is a retired American track and field athlete, who held the 100 m world record for 15 years. He was the first sprinter to officially break the 10-second barrier in the 100 meters with fully automatic timing, running an electronically timed 9.95 to win the 1968 Olympics at altitude in Mexico City.", "Antonio Sales\nAntonio Sales (born January 26, 1989) is an American sprinter who specialises in the 200 metres. He currently in his junior year at the University of South Carolina.At the 2008 World Junior Championships in Athletics held in Bydgoszcz, Poland, Sales won a gold medal over 4×100 metres relay.", "Bob Hayes\nRobert Lee \"Bullet Bob\" Hayes (December 20, 1942 – September 18, 2002) was an Olympic sprinter turned American football wide receiver in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys. An American track and field athlete, he was a two-sport stand-out in college in both track and football at Florida A&M University. He has one of the top 100 meter times by NFL players.", "Mario Forsythe\nMario Forsythe (born 30 October 1985) is a Jamaican sprinter who specialises in the 100 and 200 metres. He ran a 9.95 in Rieti, Italy, in August 2010, becoming the 74th runner to break the 10-second barrier.", "Tom Ulan\nTom Ulan (born December 1, 1949) is an American retired sprinter.", "Bill Woodhouse\nWilliam \"Bill\" Woodhouse (December 11, 1936 – January 9, 2014) was an American sprinter.", "Konstantinos Moragiemos\nKonstantinos Moragiemos (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Μοραγιέμος; born 18 November 1936) is a Greek former sprinter who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics.", "Leroy Burrell\nLeroy Russel Burrell (born February 21, 1967) is an American former track and field athlete, who twice set the world record for the 100 m sprint, setting a time of 9.90 seconds in June 1991. This was broken by Carl Lewis in September at the World Track and Field Championships. In that race, Burrell came in second, yet he beat his own record.", "Barney Ewell\nHenry Norwood \"Barney\" Ewell (February 25, 1918 – April 4, 1996) was an American athlete, winner of one gold and two silver medals at the 1948 Summer Olympics.Born into poverty in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Barney Ewell was one of the world's leading sprinters of the 1940s. Mr. Ewell attended John Piersol McCaskey High School in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. McCaskey High School honored Mr. Ewell by dedicating their stadium in his name. Mr. Ewell was also inducted into the J.P.", "Chris Jones (sprinter)\nChris Jones (born October 8, 1973) is an American former sprinter.", "Dexter Lee\nDexter Lee (born 18 January 1991) is a Jamaican sprinter who specialises in the 100 and 200 metres. He became the first athlete to win back-to-back titles at World Junior Championships in Athletics when he won the 100 metres in 2008 and 2010.", "Donovan Bailey\nDonovan Bailey (born December 16, 1967) is a retired Canadian sprinter, who once held the world record for the 100 metres race following his gold medal performance in the 1996 Olympic Games. He was the first Canadian to legally break the 10-second barrier in the 100 m. Particularly noted for his top speed, Bailey ran 27.07 mph (12.10 m/s) in his 1996 Olympic title run, the fastest ever recorded at the time. In 2005, Donovan Bailey was inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame.", "Marek Niit\nMarek Niit (born August 9, 1987 in Kuressaare) is a male sprinter from Estonia who won gold medal at the 200 metres at the 2006 World Junior Championships in Athletics in Beijing, China. He is also the current national record holder in 100 metres, 200 meters and 400 meters.", "Kaylin Whitney\nKaylin Whitney (born March 9, 1998) is an American track and field athlete, specializing in sprinting events. Over a two day period, at the USATF Junior Championships in Eugene, Oregon, July 5 and 6, 2014, she set the world youth bests for 100 meters and 200 meters. Her 100 meter time, set on July 5 was 11.10 with an aiding wind of +0.9 mps. Her 200 meter time was 22.49 was set on July 6 with an aiding wind of +1.3.", "William Snoddy\nWilliam Snoddy (born December 6, 1957) is a former sprinter from the United States. He achieved most success in the 200-meter dash where he was NCAA champion in 1977.In 1978, Snoddy ran the 100-meter dash in a heavily wind-assisted time of 9.87 seconds – then the fastest time ever recorded for a 100 m race.", "Allan Wells\nAllan Wipper Wells MBE (born 3 May 1952) is a former British track and field sprinter who became the 100 metres Olympic champion at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. Within a fortnight of that, he also took on and beat America's best sprinters at an invitational meeting in Koblenz. In 1981, Wells was both the IAAF Golden Sprints and IAAF World Cup gold medallist.", "Sam Webster (cyclist)\nSam Webster (born 16 July 1991) is a New Zealand track cyclist. He was the 2009 sprint, keirin and team sprint World Champion at the Junior World Championships and New Zealand national track cycling champion. He won gold medals at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in the individual sprint and the team sprint.", "Zhang Peimeng\nZhang Peimeng (Chinese: 張培萌; born March 13, 1987) is a Chinese track and field sprinter who specializes in the 200 metres. His personal best time is 20.64 seconds, achieved in September 2011 in Hefei. In the 100 metres he has 10.00 seconds, achieved in August 2013 in Moscow.He has represented China at the Summer Olympics twice (2008 and 2012). He was the 100 m gold medallist at the 2009 Asian Athletics Championships and was the silver medallist in that event at the 2007 Summer Universiade.", "Jacques Harvey\nJak Ali Harvey, formerly Jacques Montgomery Harvey (born 4 May 1989 in Hanover Parish) is a former Jamaican sprinter. He now competes for Turkey.", "Ramil Guliyev\nRamil Guliyev (Azerbaijani: Ramil Eldar oğlu Quliyev; born 29 May 1990 in Baku, Azerbaijan) is an Azerbaijani-born Turkish sprint athlete. He competes in the 100 meters and 200 meters events. He competed at the 2009 European Athletics Junior Championships, winning a silver medal in the 100 m and a gold medal in the 200 m.He holds the national and national junior records in both events. He is also the 200 m European junior record holder and national junior record holder in the 60 metres.", "Dick Steane\nDick Steane (26 September 1939 – 3 June 2007) was a British sprinter who competed in the 1968 Summer Olympics.", "Tony Miller (athlete)\nTony Miller (born March 15, 1969) is an American former sprinter. Attending Archbishop Riordan High School and graduating from there in 1989, Miller eventually set the 100 and 200 meter records for the CIF Central Section, records that still stand today. He was the Pac-10 Champion in 1993 for the 100 meter and 200 meter sprints while attending UCLA. He set times of 10.18 in the 100 meter dash and 20.51 in the 200 meter dash.", "Aleksandr Porkhomovskiy\nAleksandr Porkhomovskiy (born 12 August 1972 in Russia) is a sprinter from Russia and Israel.His personal best in the 100 meters is 10.12, set in Russia on July 14, 1994. He competed five times at IAAF Athletics World Championships in 1993 (semi finalist), 1995 (quarter finalist), 1997 (quarter finalist), 1999 (quarter finalist) and 2001 (quarter finalist).He is Israel's record holder at 100 meters and 60 metersand was former Russian record holder at 100 meters U23.", "Dennis Schultz\nDennis Schultz (born February 19, 1951) is an American former sprinter.", "Armin Hary\nArmin Hary (born 22 March 1937) is a German athlete. In 1960 he became the first non-American since 1928 (Percy Williams, Canada) to win the Olympic 100 metres.After playing football in his youth, Hary switched to sprinting at age 16. Only a few years later, in 1958, he won his first international title when he came first in the 100 m and the 4×100 m at the European Championships.", "Jackson Scholz\nJackson Volney Scholz (March 15, 1897 – October 26, 1986) was an American sprint runner. In the 1920s, he became the first person to appear in an Olympic sprint final in three different Olympic Games. After his athletic career, he also gained fame as a writer.", "Tashi Dendup\nTashi Dendup (born 22 February 1998) is a male Bhutanese sprinter. He competed in the 100 metres event at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing, China.", "Ainsley Waugh\nAinsley Waugh (born 17 September 1981) is a Jamaican track and field sprinter who specialises in the 100 and 200 metres.He made his major tournament debut at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics, reaching the quarter-finals in the 100 metres event.", "Alexander Nelson\nAlexander Lloyd (Alex) Nelson (born 21 March 1988 in Stoke-on-Trent) is a retired sprint athlete who represented Great Britain and Northern Ireland.During the 2006 Beijing World Junior Championships he picked up two bronze medals, in 200 metres and 4 x 100 metre relay. He has a personal best of 6.78 in 60 metres, 10.31 in 100 metres and 20.49 in 200 metres.", "Donald Lippincott\nDonald Fithian \"Don\" Lippincott (November 16, 1893 – January 9, 1963) was an American athlete who competed in the sprint events.He competed for the United States in the 1912 Summer Olympics held in Stockholm, Sweden where he finished third in the 100 m and second in the 200 m.Lippincott was the first record holder over 100 meters as recognised by the IAAF (then the International Amateur Athletics Federation, now known as the International Association of Athletics Federations).", "Monzavous Edwards\nMonzavous \"Rae\" Edwards (born May 7, 1981) is an American sprint athlete who specialises in the 100 meters.Edwards began his career as a junior athlete in 2000, winning the USA Junior and Junior College (JUCO) championships in the 100 and 200 meters races. He competed at the 2000 World Junior Championships in Athletics and reached the semifinals of the 100 m and quarterfinals of the 200 m.", "Calvin Smith\nCalvin Smith (born January 8, 1961) is a former sprint track and field athlete from the United States. He is a former world record holder in the 100-meter sprint with 9.93 seconds in 1983, and was twice world champion over 200 metres, in 1983 and 1987. He also won an Olympic gold medal in the 4x100-meter relay in 1984.", "Terry Scott (athlete)\nTerry Scott (born June 23, 1964) is an American retired sprinter." ]	[ "Herb Elliott Herbert James \"Herb\" Elliott AC MBE (born 25 February 1938) is an Australian former athlete, one of the world's greatest middle distance runners. In August 1958 he set the world record in the mile run, clocking 3:54.5, 2.7 seconds under the record held by Derek Ibbotson; later in the month he set the 1500 metres world record, running 3.36.0, 2.1 seconds under the record held by Stanislav Jungwirth.", "Wilson Kipketer Wilson Kosgei Kipketer (born 12 December 1972) is a Kenyan-born Danish former middle distance runner. He holds the current indoor world records at the 1000 and 800 metres distance. While dominating the 800 m distance for a decade, remaining undefeated for a three-year period and running 8 of the 17 currently all-time fastest times, he never won an Olympic gold medal. He did, however, win gold medals in three successive editions of the IAAF World Championships in Athletics.", "John Thomas (athlete) John Curtis Thomas (March 3, 1941 – January 15, 2013) was an American track and field athlete who set several world records in the high jump using the straddle technique. As a youth, he earned the Eagle Scout award. At the age of 17, while a freshman at Boston University, Thomas became the first man to clear 7 feet (2.13 m) indoors.", "Emmett Toppino Martin Emmett Toppino (July 1, 1909 – September 8, 1971) was an American athlete, winner of a gold medal in the 4x100 m relay at the 1932 Summer Olympics.At the Los Angeles Olympics, Emmett Toppino from New Orleans ran the second leg in the American 4x100 m relay team, which won the gold medal with a new world record of 40.0.He was a member of the Beggars Fraternity of Loyola University.Emmett Toppino died in New Orleans in 1971, aged 62.", "Taiwo Aladefa Taiwo Aladefa-Darden (born December 19, 1974) is a retired Nigerian 100 m hurdler. Attended Alabama A&M university from 1989 till 1993. She is still the school record holder in 100M hurdles (13.19sec) and was 16 times NCAA All American athlete. Taiwo Aladefa was a member of the first historical black college to ever win any NCAA track and field competition (1992).Still ranked amongst the top 10 fastest African 100 M Hurdlers of All times.", "60 metres 60 metres is a sprint event in track and field athletics. It is a championship event for indoor championships, normally dominated by the best outdoor 100 metres runners. At outdoor venues it is a rare distance, at least for senior athletes.", "Cyril Coaffee Cyril Coaffee (February 14, 1897 – July 3, 1945) was a Canadian track and field athlete.Born in Edmonton, Greater London UK, Coaffee tied Charlie Paddock's world record for the 100 yard dash at the 1922 Canadian championships. He also competed at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics.In 1956, he was inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame. In 1960, he was inducted into the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame. Inducted into the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and Museum in 1982.", "Renate Stecher Renate Stecher (born 12 May 1950) is a German (former East German) sprint runner and a triple Olympic champion. She held 34 world records and was the first woman to run 100 m within 11 seconds.", "Lam Jones John Wesley \"Lam\" Jones (born April 4, 1958) is a former American sprinter and former American football player. He won a gold medal in the 4x100 meter relay at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal.", "Menzies Campbell Sir Walter Menzies Campbell, CH, CBE, QC (/ˈmɪŋɨs/; born 22 May 1941), often known as Ming Campbell, is a British Liberal Democrat politician, advocate and former athlete. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for North East Fife from 1987 to 2015 and was the Leader of the Liberal Democrats from 2 March 2006 until 15 October 2007.Campbell held the British record for the 100 metres sprint from 1967 to 1974, having run the distance in 10.2 seconds.", "Emerson Spencer Emerson Lane \"Bud\" Spencer (October 10, 1906 – May 15, 1985) was an American sprint runner who won a gold medal in the 4×400 m relay at the 1928 Summer Olympics, breaking the world record in the process. A week later he helped to set another world record, at 3.13.4 in the 4×440 yard relay in London.Early in his career, Spencer competed in the hurdles in addition to sprinting.", "Alan Ford (swimmer) Alan Robert Ford (December 7, 1923 – November 3, 2008) was an American competition swimmer, Olympic medalist, and former world record-holder in two events. Ford won a silver medal at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, and was the first person to swim the 100-yard freestyle in under 50 seconds.", "Forrest Towns Forrest Grady \"Spec\" Towns (February 6, 1914 – April 9, 1991) was an American track and field athlete. He was the 1936 Olympic champion in the 110 m hurdles, and broke the world record in that event three times.Born in Fitzgerald, Georgia, Towns grew up in Augusta, Georgia, where he played football in high school at Richmond Academy.", "Albert Agyemang Albert Agyemang (born 4 October 1977) is a retired Ghanaian sprinter who specialized in the 200 metres.He has competed in two Olympic Games, in 1996 and 2000.His personal best time is 20.64 seconds, achieved in July 1999 in Tampere. The Ghanaian record currently belongs to Emmanuel Tuffour with 20.15 seconds.", "Derek Redmond Derek Anthony Redmond (born 3 September 1965) is a retired British athlete. During his career, he held the British record for the 400 metres sprint, and won gold medals in the 4x400 metres relay at the World Championships, European Championships and Commonwealth Games. However, his career was blighted by a series of injuries.", "Frank Jarvis Frank Washington Jarvis (August 31, 1878 – June 2, 1933) was an American athlete, and the Olympic 100 m champion of 1900.Jarvis, an AAU champion in the 100 y, was among the pre-race favourites for the 100 m at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, but the hot favourite was American Arthur Duffey, who won the British Championships just prior to the Games.In the heats, however, Jarvis and another American, Walter Tewksbury, posted times of 10.8, equalling the World Record.", "Uwe-Jens Mey Uwe-Jens Mey (born 13 December 1963) is a former speed skater, considered to be the fastest sprinter of his time because of his 500 metres supremacy in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He was born in Warsaw, Poland.Originally competing for East Germany (and after the German reunification for Germany), Mey's first notable achievement was in December 1983.", "Finnish men's 100m alltime-list This is the Finnish men's 100 metres all-time list.", "Talal Mansour Talal Mansour Al-Rahim (Arabic: طلال منصور‎, born May 8, 1964) is a retired Qatari sprinter who competed mainly in the 100 metres. He holds the Asian indoor record for 60 metres with 6.51 seconds.", "Harrison Dillard William Harrison \"Bones\" Dillard (born July 8, 1923) is an American former track and field athlete, the only male so far to win Olympic titles in both sprinting and hurdling events.", "Leonard Scott Leonard Scott (born January 19, 1980) is an American sprinter mainly competing in the 100 meters event. Scott attended the University of Tennessee on a track scholarship and turned professional in 2002. In 2005 he joined the exclusive list of sprinters to run the 100 in less than 10 seconds. A month later he finished sixth at the 2005 World Championships.", "Lamin Tucker Lamin Tucker (born September 15, 1982) is a sprinter from Sierra Leone. He competed in the 100 metres at the 2004 Olympic Games failing to reach the second round.His personal best in the 100 metres is 10.52 from 2004.", "Allen Stack Allen McIntyre Stack (January 23, 1928 – September 12, 1999) was an American competition swimmer, Olympic champion, and former world record-holder.Stack won the gold medal in the men's 100-meter backstroke at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London.", "Kevin Young (hurdler) Kevin C. Young (born in September 16, 1966) is a former American athlete. He was the winner of the 400 metres hurdles at the 1992 Summer Olympics. In the final of this event he set a world record and Olympic record of 46.78 seconds, which remains unbeaten.He became the 400 m hurdles world champion the following year, winning at the 1993 World Championships in Athletics with a time of 47.18 seconds.", "Igor Zhelezovski Igor Nikolayevich Zhelezovski (Belarusian: Ігар Мікалаевіч Жалязоўскі; born 1 July 1963) is a former speed skater, considered to be one of the best sprinters ever. His imposing physical appearance resulted in the nicknames \"Igor the Terrible\" and \"The bear from Minsk\".", "Darren Campbell Darren Andrew Campbell MBE (born 12 September 1973) is a British former sprint athlete. He is currently the sprint coach at football club Cardiff City. He competed in the 100 metres and 200 metres, as well as the 4 × 100 metres relay. Campbell is the European record holder in the relay event with 37.73 seconds.Campbell was a promising junior athlete and won a number of medals at the World and European Junior Championships.", "Dave Sime David William \"Dave\" Sime (born July 25, 1936) is a former American sprinter. He never won a major title but he ranked as one of the fastest humans of all time, holding several sprint records during the late 1950s.", "Tommie Smith Tommie Smith (born June 6, 1944) is an American former track & field athlete and wide receiver in the American Football League. At the 1968 Summer Olympics, Smith won the 200-meter dash finals and gold medal in 19.83 seconds – the first time the 20-second barrier was broken legally. His Black Power salute with John Carlos atop the medal podium caused controversy at the time as it was seen as politicizing the Olympic Games.", "Peter Marshall (swimmer) Peter Jeffrey Marshall (born March 9, 1982) is an American competition swimmer who specializes in the backstroke. He is a former world record holder in the 50-meter backstroke (short course) and the 100-meter backstroke (short course).He has won a total of fourteen medals in major international competition, ten golds, two silvers, and two bronze spanning the World Championships, the Pan American Games, and the Pan Pacific Championships.", "Dwight Phillips Dwight Phillips (born October 1, 1977) is an American former athlete and a four-time world champion in the long jump. He was the 2004 Olympic champion in the event. His personal best of 8.74 meters, set in 2009, makes him the joint fifth best jumper of all time.Phillips has also competed in the 60 and 100-meter dashes. His personal record for the 100 m is 10.06 seconds and his time of 6.47 seconds over 60 m ranks among the top twenty fastest ever.", "Peter Mankoč Peter Mankoč (born July 4, 1978 in Ljubljana, Slovenia) is a Slovenian swimmer. He is one of the most successful short course European Championship swimmers in the history of the event. Mankoč is the former world record holder in the 100 meter individual medley (short course).", "Andy Michner Andy Michner (born October 27, 1968, Ann Arbor, Michigan), is a former driver in the Indy Racing League IndyCar Series, NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series and NASCAR Busch Series. He is the current record holder of the world's fastest Sprint Car race at a United States Auto Club event in Phoenix, Arizona at 136.034 mph 1996. Michner finished twice a runner-up to NASCAR'S Tony Stewart in United States Auto Club competition.", "Édson Ribeiro Édson Luciano Ribeiro (born December 8, 1972) is a Brazilian sprinter competing mostly in 100 metres. He has been successful on regional level, and won two Olympic medals with the Brazilian 4 x 100 metres relay team.His personal best time achieved in 1998, is 10.14 seconds.", "Bernard Williams (sprinter) Bernard Rollen Williams, III (/bərˈnɑrd/ bər-NARD; born January 19, 1978) is an American track and field athlete and winner of a gold medal in 4×100-meters relay at the 2000 Summer Olympics.", "Lindy Remigino Lindy John Remigino (born June 3, 1931) is an American track and field athlete, the 1952 Olympic 100 m champion.", "Jesse Owens James Cleveland \"Jesse\" Owens (September 12, 1913 – March 31, 1980) was an American track and field athlete and four-time Olympic gold medalist.Owens specialized in the sprints and the long jump and was recognized in his lifetime as \"perhaps the greatest and most famous athlete in track and field history\".", "U. K. Shyam Umaglia Kancanangai Shyam Dhuleep, (born 1 July 1976) commonly known as U. K. Shyam, was a Singaporean athlete and is the current national 100m record holder of Singapore.He attended St. Andrew's Secondary School and Raffles Junior College, and went on to do a double degree in Philosophy and Political Science at the National University of Singapore.He holds the Singaporean national record over the 100m with a timing of 10.37s.", "Adolph Kiefer Adolph Gustav Kiefer (born June 27, 1918) is an American former competition swimmer, Olympic champion, former world record-holder, and inventor and innovator of new products related to aquatics competition. He was the first man in the world to swim 100-yard backstroke in fewer than sixty seconds.Kiefer was born in Chicago, Illinois, and there attended Roosevelt High School (1936). He then attended the University of Texas at Austin (1939), and Columbia College (1940).", "Kerron Clement Kerron Stephon Clement (born October 31, 1985) is Trinidadian-born track and field athlete who represents the United States and competes in the 400-meter hurdles and 400-meter sprint. He holds the indoor world record in the 400-meter sprint, having broken Michael Johnson's mark in 2005.Clement won the hurdles at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics and took the silver behind Angelo Taylor at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. He retained his world title at the 2009 World Championships.", "Stu Mittleman Stu Mittleman is an ultradistance running champion, as well as a fitness/running coach and author.Mittleman set three consecutive American 100-Mile Road Race records in the US National Championships 1980–1982. His fastest 100-Mile Run was 12 hours 56 min [1]. In 1986, he won the 1,000 Mile World Championship and set a new world record by running the distance (1 609.344 kilometers) in 11 days, 2 hours, 6 min. 6 sec.", "Dwain Chambers Dwain Anthony Chambers (born 5 April 1978) is a British track sprinter. He has won international medals at World and European level and is one of the fastest European sprinters in the history of athletics. His primary event is the 100 metres, in which he has the fourth fastest time by a British sprinter. He is the European record holder for the 60 metres and 4×100 metres relay events with 6.42 seconds and 37.73 s respectively.", "Athletics at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metres The men's 100 metres was the shortest of the men's track races in the Athletics at the 1964 Summer Olympics program in Tokyo, Japan. It was held at the Olympic Stadium on 14 and 15 October 1964. 76 athletes from 49 nations entered, with 3 not starting in the first round. The first two rounds were held on 14 October, with the semifinals and the final on the following day.In the final, American Bob Hayes tied the world record of 10.0 seconds and won the gold medal.", "Andre Cason Andre Cason (born January 20, 1969) is an American former sprinter and a convicted fraudster. He was a member of the US 4 × 100 meters relay team that won the gold medal at the 1991 World Championships in Tokyo with a world record time of 37.50 seconds. A few weeks after this event Cason, ran his first sub-10-second 100 meters race when winning in Koblenz in 9.99 seconds. In 1999 he was sentenced to six months in a US Federal prison for passing a bogus $100,000 check.", "Christine Arron Christine Arron (born 13 September 1973) is a retired, track and field sprinter, who competed internationally for France in the 60 metres, 100 metres, 200 metres and the 4x100 metres relay. As of July 2013, she is the world's fifth-fastest, female 100 metres sprinter (10.73 sec) of all time and holds the European record of 10.73 seconds for this distance.", "Otis Davis For the baseball player, see Otis Davis (baseball)Otis Crandall Davis (born July 12, 1932) is a former American athlete, winner of two gold medals for record-breaking performances in both the 400 m and 4×400 m relay at the 1960 Summer Olympics. In addition to setting a new world record of 44.9 seconds, Davis' victory in the 400 m event made him the first man to break the heralded 45-second barrier.", "Eddie Hart (athlete) Edward James \"Eddie\" Hart (born April 24, 1949) is an American former track and field sprinter, winner of the gold medal in 4 x 100 m relay race at the 1972 Summer Olympics.Born in Martinez, California, Eddie Hart won the NCAA championships in 100 yd in 1970 as a University of California student.At the US Olympic Trials in 1972, both Hart and Rey Robinson repeated the world record, running the 100 m in 9.9 seconds, and were favored to win the race at the Olympic Games.", "Daniel Komen Daniel Kipngetich Komen (born 17 May 1976 in Elgeyo-Marakwet District, Kenya) is a Kenyan middle- and long-distance runner. Remembered for his rivalry with Haile Gebrselassie, Komen's most notable achievements came in a two-year period between 1996 and 1998, during which he broke a string of world records.He currently holds the world record for the 3000 metres both outdoors (7:20.67 set in 1996) and indoors (7:24.90 set in 1998).", "George Simpson (runner) George Sidney Simpson (September 21, 1908 – December 2, 1961) was an American athlete and silver medalist at the 1932 Summer Olympic Games in Los Angeles. Simpson was the first to run 100 yards in 9.4 seconds, but because he used starting blocks, the record was never ratified. He won the 220 yards (200 m) in both NCAA and AAU in 1930. He was also 4th in the 100 meters at the 1932 Olympics. In 1929 he unofficially equaled the 200 meters World Record 20.6 seconds.", "Harold Abrahams Harold Maurice Abrahams, CBE, (15 December 1899 – 14 January 1978) was a British track and field athlete. He was Olympic champion in 1924 in the 100 metres sprint, a feat depicted in the 1981 movie Chariots of Fire.", "Pietro Mennea Pietro Paolo Mennea (Italian pronunciation: [ˈpjɛtro menˈnɛa]; 28 June 1952 – 21 March 2013) was an Italian sprinter and politician. He was most successful in the 200 m event, in which he won a gold medal at the 1980 Moscow Olympics and set a world record at 19.72 seconds in September 1979. This record stood for almost 17 years – the longest duration in the event history – and is still listed as the European record.", "Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metres The men's 100 metres sprint event at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, Netherlands, were held at the Olympic Stadium on Sunday, 29 July and Monday, 30 July. Seventy-six runners from 27 nations competed.", "Eddie Tolan Thomas Edward \"Eddie\" Tolan (September 29, 1908 – January 30/31, 1967), nicknamed the \"Midnight Express\", was an American track and field athlete who competed in sprints. He set world records in the 100-yard dash and 100 meters event and Olympic records in the 100 meters and 200 meters events. He was the first non-Euro-American to receive the title of the \"world's fastest human\" after winning gold medals in the 100 and 200 meters events at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.", "Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metres The men's 100 metres was a sprinting event on the athletics programme at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris. It was held on July 14, 1900. 20 athletes from nine nations competed.", "Matt Shirvington Matt Shirvington (born 25 October 1978) is an Australian athlete and television presenter who held the Australian 100m national sprint title from 1998 to 2002. He's the 2nd fastest Australian of all time.Shirvington was raised in Davidson, a suburb of Sydney and now spends his time between Sydney and London.", "Hiroyasu Shimizu Hiroyasu Shimizu (清水宏保 in Japanese, born 27 February 1974 in Obihiro, Hokkaidō, Japan) is a Japanese speed skater. He has an Olympic gold medal from 1998 in the 500 m and his win made him a hero in his home country. He currently holds the world record for the 100 m speed skating event in 9.43 seconds.", "Bruny Surin Bruny Surin (born July 12, 1967) is a Canadian track and field athlete, winner of a gold medal in the 4×100 metres relay at the 1996 Summer Olympics. In 2008 he was inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame as part of the 1996 Summer Olympics 4x100 relay team. In the 100 metres, he has broken the 10-second barrier multiple times and holds a personal record of 9.84 seconds.", "Koji Ito Koji Ito (伊東浩司, Itō Kōji, born 29 January 1970 in Kobe) is a retired Japanese track and field sprinter. He is a former Asian record holder in the 100 metres and 200 metres, and still holds the indoor record as well as the 4×400 metres relay record.", "Michael Johnson (sprinter) Michael Duane Johnson (born September 13, 1967) is a retired American sprinter. He won four Olympic gold medals and eight World Championships gold medals. Johnson currently holds the world and Olympic records in the 400 m. He formerly held the world and Olympic record in the 200 m, and the world record in the indoor 400 m. He also currently holds the world's best time at the 300 m. His 200 m time of 19.32 at the 1996 Summer Olympics stood as the record for over 12 years.", "Olusoji Fasuba Olusoji Adetokunbo Fasuba (born 9 July 1984) is a Nigerian sprinter who specializes in the 100 metres. He is the current African record holder in the event with 9.85 seconds, thus making him the fastest African of all time. He was a member of the Nigerian bronze medal winning team in the 4 x 100 metres relay at the 2004 Olympic Games. The same year he won the African Championships on 100 metres.", "Linford Christie Linford Cicero Christie OBE (born 2 April 1960 in Saint Andrew, Jamaica) is a former sprinter from the United Kingdom. He is the only British man to have won gold medals in the 100 metres at all four major competitions open to British athletes: the Olympic Games, the World Championships, the European Championships and the Commonwealth Games. He was the first European to break the 10-second barrier in the 100 m and still holds the British record in the event.", "Thomas Burke (athlete) Thomas Edmund \"Tom\" Burke (January 15, 1875 – February 14, 1929) was an American sprinter. He was the first Olympic champion in the 100 and 400 meter dash races.", "John Carlos John Wesley Carlos (born June 5, 1945) is a former track and field athlete and professional football player. He was the bronze-medal winner in the 200 meters at the 1968 Summer Olympics and his Black Power salute on the podium with Tommie Smith caused much political controversy. He went on to tie the world record in the 100 yard dash and beat the 200 meters world record (although the latter achievement was never ratified).", "Tommi Hartonen Tommi Mikael Hartonen (born May 12, 1977 in Helsinki) is a Finnish sprinter. He holds the Finnish national records at men's 100 m and 200 m. His personal trainer is Markus Hartonen. He is nicknamed Suomen nopein.", "Rex Cawley Warren Jay \"Rex\" Cawley (born July 6, 1940) is an American former athlete, winner of 400 m hurdles at the 1964 Summer Olympics.Born in Highland Park, Michigan, Rex Cawley still holds the record time for the 100 yard dash at Farmington High School that he set in 1959.", "Takayoshi Yoshioka Takayoshi Yoshioka (吉岡隆徳, Yoshioka Takayoshi, June 20, 1909 – May 5, 1984) was a Japanese sprinter who in 1935 jointly held the 100 m world record at 10.3 seconds. Four other men had clocked 10.3 s in 1935 or earlier, and Takayoshi was the only Asian person among them. He competed in various sprint events at the 1932 and 1936 Olympics and finished sixth in the 100 m in 1932. In retirement Yoshioka worked as an athletics coach.", "Jeremy Wariner Jeremy Mathew Wariner (born January 31, 1984) is an American track athlete specializing in the 400 meters. He has won four Olympic medals (three gold, one silver) and six World Championships medals. He is the third fastest competitor in the history of the 400 m event with a personal best of 43.45 seconds behind Michael Johnson (43.18 WR, 1999), and Butch Reynolds (43.29 WR 1988) and the fifth fastest all-time mark when set in 2007.Wariner was born in Irving, Texas.", "Joseph Gikonyo Joseph Gikonyo (born February 7, 1965) is a former Kenyan athlete who competed in the 100 and 200 metres. He was the Kenyan record holder in both distances with 10.28 seconds and 20.43 seconds respectively. The 100 metres national record has since been broken by Tom Musinde, who ran 10.26 at the 2007 All-Africa GamesIn 2002, Gikonyo was described as a semi-retired athlete.", "Kozo Haraguchi Kozo Haraguchi (原口幸三, Haraguchi Kōzō, June 20, 1910 in Kobayashi, Miyazaki – January 11, 2011 in Miyazaki City, Kyushu) was a track and field athlete and former World Masters Athletics record holder in the 100 m sprint for men aged 90–94 (18.08 seconds, 2000) as well as the former record holder for men aged 95–100 (21.69 seconds, August 27, 2005). Haraguchi began competing in track and field events when he turned 65, with his exercise regimen which included a one-hour walk every morning.", "Ben Johnson (sprinter) Benjamin Sinclair \"Ben\" Johnson, CM OOnt (born December 30, 1961) is a Jamaican-born Canadian former sprinter, who won two Olympic bronze medals and an Olympic gold medal, which was later rescinded. He set consecutive 100 metres world records at the 1987 World Championships in Athletics and the 1988 Summer Olympics, but he was disqualified for doping, losing the Olympic title and both records.", "Jim Montgomery (swimmer) James Paul Montgomery (born January 24, 1955) is an American former competition swimmer, four-time Olympic medalist, and former world record-holder. Montgomery was the first man to break the 50-second barrier (49.99) in the 100-meter freestyle.", "Earl McCullouch Earl R. McCullouch (born January 10, 1946) is a retired American football wide receiver. McCullouch was the world record holder for the 110 meter men's high hurdle sprint from July 1967 to July 1969. When attending the University of Southern California, McCullouch was a member of the USC Trojan Football teams (wide receiver) and the USC Track & Field teams (120 yard high hurdles and 4×110 sprint relay) in 1967 and 1968.", "Paul Drayton (athlete) Otis Paul Drayton (May 8, 1939 – March 2, 2010) was an American sprint runner. He was an AAU champion in the 220 yd (200 m) sprint from 1961 to 1963. In 1961, he was a member of the world record of 39.1 seconds setting American 4×100 m relay team, and equaled the 200 m world record of 20.5 s in 1962.", "Patrick Johnson (sprinter) Patrick Johnson (born 26 September 1972 in Cairns, Queensland, Australia) is an Australian athlete. He is the current Oceanian and Australian record holder in the 100 metres with a time of 9.93 seconds, achieved in Mito, Japan, on 5 May 2003. With that time he became the first person not of African ancestry to break the 10-second barrier (Frankie Fredericks, a Namibian, had been the first non-West-African in 1991).", "Wyomia Tyus Wyomia Tyus (pronunciation: why-o-mia; born August 29, 1945) is a retired American track and field sprinter, and the first person to retain the Olympic title in the 100 m (a feat since duplicated by Carl Lewis, Gail Devers, Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce and Usain Bolt).Tyus, from Tennessee State University, participated in the 1964 Summer Olympics at age 19.", "Philip Rabinowitz (runner) Philip \"Flying Phil\" Rabinowitz (16 February 1904 – 28 February 2008) was a sprinter from South Africa who, on 10 July 2004, entered the Guinness Book of World Records as the fastest 100-year-old to ever run the 100 meters.Rabinowitz finished in a time of 30.86 seconds; breaking the previous world record of 36.19 set by Erwin Jaskulski of Austria.", "Ato Boldon Ato Jabari Boldon (born 30 December 1973) is a former athlete from Trinidad and Tobago and four-time Olympic medal winner. Only three other men in history—Usain Bolt, Frankie Fredericks and Carl Lewis—have won as many Olympic individual event sprint medals. He is the current Trinidad and Tobago national record holder in the 50, 60 and 200 metres events with times of 5.64, 6.49 and 19.77 seconds respectively.", "Women's 100 metres world record progression The first world record in the 100 metres sprint for women was recognised by the Fédération Sportive Féminine Internationale (FSFI) in 1922. The FSFI was absorbed by the International Association of Athletics Federations in 1936. The current record is 10.49 seconds set by Florence Griffith-Joyner in 1988.To June 21, 2009, the IAAF (and the FSFI before it) have ratified 43 world records in the event.", "100 metres The 100 metres, or 100-meter dash, is a sprint race in track and field competitions. The shortest common outdoor running distance, it is one of the most popular and prestigious events in the sport of athletics. It has been contested at the Summer Olympics since 1896 for men and since 1928 for women.The reigning 100 m Olympic champion is often named \"the fastest man in the world.\" The World Championships 100 metres has been contested since 1983.", "Justin Gatlin Justin Gatlin (born February 10, 1982) is an American sprinter, who is an Olympic gold medalist in the 100-meter dash. His 100m personal best is 9.74 seconds.", "Ralph Metcalfe Ralph Harold Metcalfe, Sr. (May 29, 1910 – October 10, 1978) was an American track and field sprinter and politician. He jointly held the world record in the 100-meter dash and placed second in that event in two Olympics, the latter to Jesse Owens at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, Germany. Metcalfe won four Olympic medals and was regarded as the world’s fastest human in 1934 and 1935.", "Ivory Crockett Ivory Crockett (born August 24, 1948) is a former sprinter who, for a time, held the distinction of being \"the world's fastest man\" when he broke the world record for the 100 yard dash in 1974.", "Percy Williams (sprinter) Percy A. Williams, OC (May 19, 1908 – November 29, 1982) was a Canadian athlete, winner of the 100 m and 200 m races at the 1928 Summer Olympics and a former world record holder for the 100 metres sprint.", "Tyson Gay Tyson Gay (born August 9, 1982) is an American track and field sprinter, who competes in the 100 and 200 meters dash. His 100 m personal best of 9.69 seconds is the American record and makes him tied for second fastest athlete ever, after Usain Bolt. His 200 m time of 19.58 makes him the fifth fastest athlete in that event.", "Leamon King Leamon King (February 13, 1936 – May 23, 2001) was an American athlete who jointly held the world record for the 100-meter sprint for men from 1956 to 1960.King, a graduate of the University of California, Berkeley, became joint holder of the record on October 20, 1956 in Ontario, California, with a time of 10.1 seconds, equal with Willie Williams and Ira Murchison, and repeated the time a week later in Santa Ana, California.", "Men's 100 metres world record progression The first record in the 100 metres for men (athletics) was recognised by the International Amateur Athletics Federation, now known as the International Association of Athletics Federations, in 1912. The record now is 9.58 seconds which was run by Usain Bolt.As of 21 June 2011, the IAAF had ratified 67 records in the event, not including rescinded records." ]	2
professional baseball team in Japan	[ "2014 Japan Series\nThe 2014 SMBC Japan Series was the 65th edition of Nippon Professional Baseball's (NPB) championship series known colloquially as the Japan Series. The best-of-seven playoff was won by the Pacific League champion Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks in five games over the Central League champion Hanshin Tigers. The series began on Saturday, October 25, 2014 and ended on Thursday, October 30, 2014 at the Fukuoka Dome in Fukuoka, Fukuoka Prefecture.", "Atsuya Furuta\nAtsuya Furuta (古田敦也, b. August 6, 1965 in Kawanishi, Hyōgo) is a Japanese former baseball player and player-manager for the Tokyo Yakult Swallows professional baseball club in the Nippon Professional Baseball's Central League. Drafted in the 2nd round in 1990, Furuta became a leader for the Swallows as a catcher and became the first player-manager in Japanese baseball in 29 years, since Katsuya Nomura in 1977.", "Eastern League (Japanese baseball)\nThe Eastern League (イースタン・リーグ) is one of the two minor leagues \"\\ni-gun\") of Japanese professional baseball. The league is owned and managed by the Central League of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB).", "List of Yomiuri Giants managers\nThe Yomiuri Giants are a professional baseball team based in Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan. The Giants are members of the Central League (CL) in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). In baseball, the head coach of a team is called the manager, or more formally, the field manager. The duties of the team manager include team strategy and leadership on and off the field. The team has employed 11 different managers since the formation of a professional baseball league in Japan.", "Hanshin Tigers\nThe Hanshin Tigers (阪神タイガース, Hanshin Taigāsu) are a Nippon Professional Baseball team playing in the Central League. The team is based in Koshien, Nishinomiya, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan, and are owned by Hanshin Electric Railway Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of Hankyu Hanshin Holdings Inc.The Hanshin Tigers are one of the oldest professional clubs in Japan. They played their first season in 1936 as the Osaka Tigers and assumed their current team name in 1961.", "Professional baseball in Japan\nProfessional baseball in Japan first started in the 1920s, but it was not until the Greater Japan Tokyo Baseball Club (大日本東京野球倶楽部, Dai-nippon Tōkyō Yakyū Kurabu) was established in 1934 that the modern professional game had continued success.", "Chunichi Dragons\nThe Chunichi Dragons (中日ドラゴンズ, Chūnichi Doragonzu) are a professional baseball team based in Nagoya, the chief city in the Chubu \"\\Middle of Japan\") region of Japan. The team is in the Central League, and although they have had little success in the playoffs, they are still known as one of the most powerful teams in Nippon Professional Baseball. They won the 2007 Japan Series and 2007 Asia Series. They have a 2009 Nintendo Wii children's game based on the team called Doala de Wii.", "Baseball in Japan\nBaseball is one of the most popular sports in Japan. It was introduced in 1872 by an American, Horace Wilson, who was an English professor at the Kaisei School in Tokyo. The first baseball team was called the Shimbashi Athletic Club and was established in 1878. Baseball has been a popular sport ever since. It is called 野球 (やきゅう; yakyū) in Japanese, combining the characters for field and ball.", "Nishi Nippon Pirates\nThe Nishi-Nippon Pirates (西日本パイレーツ, Nishi-Nippon Pairētsu) were a Japanese baseball team and a founding member of the Central League in 1950. The team was owned by the Nishi-Nippon Shimbun and played their home games in Heiwadai Stadium in Fukuoka.The team existed for one season — they placed sixth in 1950, and the following season merged with the also Fukuoka-based Nishitetsu Clippers to form the Nishitetsu Lions.", "Western League (Japanese baseball)\nThe Western League (ウエスタン・リーグ) is one of the two minor leagues \"\\ni-gun\") of Japanese professional baseball. The league is owned and managed by the Pacific League of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB).", "Koji Yamamoto (baseball)\nKōji Yamamoto (山本浩二, Yamamoto Kōji, born October 25, 1946 in Saeki, Hiroshima) is a former Japanese baseball player and manager of the Hiroshima Carp of Japan's Central League. A four-time home run king having played for Hiroshima Carp throughout his career, Yamamoto contributed to the team winning five league championships including its first-ever in 1975, and three titles of Japan Series in 1979, 1980 and 1984. He recorded over 40 home runs for five years in a row from 1977.", "Miyazaki Phoenix League\nThe Miyazaki Phoenix League is a fall baseball league organized by Nippon Professional Baseball consisting of minor league affiliates of NPB teams, minor league affiliates of Korea Professional Baseball teams, and a team representing the Shikoku Island League Plus.", "Takashi Miwa\nTakashi Miwa (三輪隆, born December 1, 1969) is a former professional baseball player from Chiba, Japan. He was drafted by the Orix BlueWave in the second round of the 1993 amateur draft, and played with the team until 2004.", "Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles\nThe Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles (東北楽天ゴールデンイーグルス, Tōhoku Rakuten Gōruden Īgurusu) is a baseball team based in Sendai, in Miyagi Prefecture, which plays in the Japanese Nippon Professional Baseball Pacific League since 2005.", "Tsutomu Wakamatsu\nTsutomu Wakamatsu (若松勉, Wakamatsu Tsutomu, born April 17, 1947 in Hokkaidō) was a Japanese baseball player, coach, and manager for the Yakult Swallows in Nippon Professional Baseball. He batted left-handed, and threw right-handed. His number 1 is honoured by the Swallows.", "Akira Nakamura (baseball)\nAkira Nakamura (中村晃, born November 5, 1989 in Asaka, Saitama) is a Japanese professional baseball outfielder for the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball.", "Kosuke Fukudome\nKosuke Fukudome (福留孝介, Fukudome Kōsuke, born April 26, 1977) (pronounced KOH-skay Foo-koo-DOUGH-may) is a Japanese professional baseball outfielder for the Hanshin Tigers.Prior to arriving in the United States, Fukudome played nine seasons for the Chunichi Dragons of the Japanese Central League.", "Osaka Kintetsu Buffaloes\nThe Osaka Kintetsu Buffaloes (大阪近鉄バファローズ, Ōsaka Kintetsu Bafarōzu) was a Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) team based in Osaka, Japan, which was in the Pacific League. In 2005 the team was merged with the Orix BlueWave to become the team now known as the Orix Buffaloes. The team played in Fujiidera Stadium, and later in Osaka Dome.Although the team won four Pacific League championships, they lost all four Japan Series in which they played.", "Central League\nThe Central League (セントラル・リーグ, Sentoraru Rīgu) or Ce League (セリーグ, Se Rīgu) is one of the two professional baseball leagues that constitute Nippon Professional Baseball in Japan. The winner of the league championship plays against the winner of the Pacific League in the annual Japan Series. It currently consists of six teams from around the country. Unlike the Pacific League, designated hitters are not used during Central League home games.", "Nishitetsu Baseball Club\nThe Nishitetsu Baseball Club was a team in the Japanese Baseball League (JBL). Founded in 1936 as the Tokyo Senators, the team went through a number of name changes and mergers before being dissolved before the 1944 season.", "Tokyo Yakult Swallows\nThe Tokyo Yakult Swallows are a professional baseball team in Japan's Central League.The Swallows are named after their corporate owners, the Yakult Corporation. From 1950 to 1965, the team was owned by the former Japanese National Railways (known as Kokutetsu (国鉄) in Japanese) and called the Kokutetsu Swallows; the team was then owned by the newspaper Sankei Shimbun from 1965 to 1968 and called the Sankei Atoms. Yakult purchased the team in 1970 and restored its original Swallows name in 1974.", "Motonobu Tanishige\nMotonobu Tanishige (谷繁元信, born December 21, 1970, in Hiroshima) is a Japanese professional baseball player for the Chunichi Dragons in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). He has games-played NPB record.", "Yomiuri Giants\nThe Yomiuri Giants (読売ジャイアンツ, Yomiuri Jaiantsu) are a professional baseball team based in Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan. The team competes in the Central League in Nippon Professional Baseball. They play their home games in the Tokyo Dome, opened in 1988. The team's owner is the Yomiuri Group, a media conglomerate which includes two newspapers and a television network.The Giants are the oldest team among the current Japanese professional teams.", "Japan Women's Baseball League\nJapan Women's Baseball League or JWBL (formerly, Girls Professional Baseball League or GPBL until 2012) is the highest level of women's baseball in Japan.", "Yokohama DeNA BayStars\nThe Yokohama DeNA BayStars (横浜DeNAベイスターズ, Yokohama Dī-Enu-Ē Beisutāzu) are a professional baseball team in the Japanese Central League. Their home field is Yokohama Stadium, located in central Yokohama. The clubhouse is located near the stadium.The team mascot is DB. Starman, a male-hamster with a star-shaped face. He was kept by the Hosshey family: Hosshey, Hossiena and Hossiezo.", "Saitama Seibu Lions\nThe Saitama Seibu Lions (埼玉西武ライオンズ, Saitama Seibu Raionzu) are a professional baseball team in Japan's Pacific League based north of Tokyo in Tokorozawa, Saitama. Before 1979, they were based in Fukuoka in Kyushu. The team is owned by a subsidiary of Prince Hotels, which in turn is owned by the Seibu Group.", "Orix Buffaloes\nThe ORIX Buffaloes (オリックス・バファローズ, Orikkusu Bafarōzu) are a Nippon Professional Baseball team that was formed following the 2004 NPB season by the merger of the Orix BlueWave of Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan and the Kintetsu Buffaloes of Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan.", "Nippon Professional Baseball\nNippon Professional Baseball (日本野球機構, Nippon Yakyū Kikō) or NPB is the highest level of baseball in Japan. Locally, it is often called Puro Yakyū (プロ野球), meaning Professional Baseball. Outside of Japan, it is often just referred to as \"Japanese baseball\". The roots of the league can be traced back to the formation of the \"Greater Japan Tokyo Baseball Club\" (大日本東京野球倶楽部, Dai-Nippon Tōkyō Yakyū Kurabu) in 1934 and the original Japanese Baseball League.", "Seiji Kobayashi\nSeiji Kobayashi (小林誠司, born June 7, 1989) is a Japanese professional baseball catcher for the Yomiuri Giants of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB).Kobayashi attended Doshisha University, where he played for the school's baseball team. The Yomiuri Giants selected Kobayashi in the 2013 NPB Draft. Kobayashi was added to the Japanese baseball team's roster for the 2014 Major League Baseball Japan All-Star Series.", "Daiei Stars\nThe Daiei Stars (大映スターズ, Daiei Sutāzu) were a Japanese professional baseball team that was founded in 1946, and played in various incarnations until 1957. Overall, the franchise only had three winning seasons, never rising higher than third place. They were in the second division, or B-class, for seven seasons, including their last four years. The Stars played in Korakuen Stadium in Bunkyo, Tokyo.", "Takahashi Unions\nThe Takahashi Unions (高橋ユニオンズ, Takahashi Yunionzu) were a Japanese team in Nippon Professional Baseball. A Pacific League expansion team in 1954, they were brought into the league to increase the number of teams to eight. The team was stocked with players from the other Pacific League teams, including aging pitcher Victor Starffin. In their three years of existence the team finished in the second division every season.The Unions played their games at Kawasaki Stadium in Kawasaki, Kanagawa.", "Chiba Lotte Marines\nThe Chiba Lotte Marines (千葉ロッテマリーンズ, Chiba Rotte Marīnzu) are a professional baseball team in Japan's Pacific League based in Chiba City, Chiba Prefecture, in the Kantō region, and owned by the Lotte conglomerate.", "Hiromichi Ishige\nHiromichi Ishige (石毛宏典, born September 22, 1956 in Asahi, Chiba) is a retired Japanese professional baseball player and manager in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball. He played most of his career for the Seibu Lions.The 1986 Pacific League Most Valuable Player, Ishige was a seven-time Best Nine Award-winner, and a ten-time Gold Glove winner.", "Japan national baseball team\nThe Japan national baseball team is the national baseball team representing Japan in international competitions. They are one of the more successful baseball teams in the world, having won the World Baseball Classic in 2006 and 2009 until 2013, where they lost 3-1 against Puerto Rico in the first semifinal round. The team is currently ranked 1st in the world according to the International Baseball Federation.", "Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters\nThe Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters (北海道日本ハムファイターズ, Hokkaidō Nippon-Hamu Faitāzu) are a Japanese professional baseball team based in Sapporo, Hokkaidō. They compete in the Pacific League of Nippon Professional Baseball, playing the majority of their home games at the Sapporo Dome. The Fighters also host a select number of regional home games in cities across Hokkaidō, including Hakodate, Asahikawa, Kushiro, and Obihiro.", "Hiroshima Toyo Carp\nThe Hiroshima Toyo Carp (広島東洋カープ, Hiroshima Tōyō Kāpu) is a professional baseball team in Japan's Central League. The team is primarily owned by the Matsuda family, led by Hajime Matsuda (松田元, Matsuda Hajime), who is a descendant of Mazda founder Jujiro Matsuda. Mazda is the largest single shareholder (34.2%), which is less than the portion owned by the Matsuda family (about 60%). Because of that, Mazda is not considered as the owner firm.", "Shinnosuke Abe\nShinnosuke Abe (阿部慎之助, Abe Shinnosuke, born March 20, 1979 in Urayasu, Chiba) is a Japanese professional baseball player with the Yomiuri Giants in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball. He has played for the Japanese national team since 1999 as a catcher.", "Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks\nThe Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks (福岡ソフトバンクホークス, Fukuoka Sofutobanku Hōkusu) are a Japanese baseball team based in Fukuoka, Fukuoka Prefecture. The team was bought on January 28, 2005 by the SoftBank Corporation.The team was formerly known as the Nankai Hawks and was based in Osaka. In 1988, Daiei bought the team from Osaka's Nankai Electric Railway Co., and its headquarters were moved to Fukuoka (which had been without NPB baseball since the Lions departed in 1979).", "Hiroki Kuroda\nHiroki Kuroda (黒田博樹, Kuroda Hiroki, born February 10, 1975) is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher for the Hiroshima Toyo Carp of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). He pitched in NPB for Hiroshima from 1997 through 2007 before playing in Major League Baseball for the Los Angeles Dodgers from 2008 through 2011 and for the New York Yankees from 2012 to 2014.", "Shochiku Robins\nThe Shochiku Robins was a Japanese baseball team that played in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). The franchise originated in the Japanese Baseball League (NPB's predecessor) and existed from 1936–1953, when it merged with another team. Originally based in Tokyo, the club moved to Osaka in 1941.", "Tatsunori Hara\nTatsunori Hara (原辰徳, Hara Tatsunori, born July 22, 1958 in Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan) is the current manager for the Yomiuri Giants baseball team in Nippon Professional Baseball. He also played for the Yomiuri Giants during his professional baseball career from 1981 to 1995. Hara led the Japan national baseball team to victory in the final of the 2009 World Baseball Classic.His nephew is a professional pitcher Tomoyuki Sugano for the Giants." ]	[ "Hideo Nomo Hideo Nomo (野茂英雄\|Nomo Hideo?, born August 31, 1968 in Minato-ku, Osaka, Japan) is a retired Japanese-American baseball pitcher in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) and Major League Baseball (MLB). He achieved early success in his native country, where he played with the Kintetsu Buffaloes from 1990 to 1994.", "Osamu Higashio Osamu Higashio (東尾修, Higashio Osamu, born May 18, 1950 in Kibi, Wakayama, Japan) is a former Japanese baseball player who played in the Japanese professional leagues from 1969-1988. He also was manager of the Seibu Lions from 1995-2001.", "Hideki Matsui Hideki Matsui (松井秀喜, Matsui Hideki, born June 12, 1974) is a Japanese former professional baseball outfielder and designated hitter who played baseball in Japan and the United States. He batted left-handed and threw right-handed.After playing the first ten seasons of his career for the Yomiuri Giants of Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball, he played the next seven seasons, from 2003–2009, for the New York Yankees of North America's Major League Baseball.", "Sport in Japan Sports in Japan are a significant part of Japanese culture. Both traditional sports such as sumo and martial arts, and Western imports like baseball and association football, are popular with both participants and spectators.Sumo wrestling is considered Japan's national sport. Baseball was introduced to the country by visiting Americans in the 19th century. The Nippon Professional Baseball league is Japan's largest professional sports competition in terms of television ratings and spectators.", "Iwaki Green Stadium Iwaki Green Stadium (いわきグリーンスタジアム, Iwaki Guriin Sutajiamu) is a stadium in Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan. It opened in 1995 and holds 30,000 people. Its design was based on that of Chiba Marine Stadium, and it is used primarily used for baseball. The stadium hosts high school, university and amateur baseball and softball events, and one-two professional baseball games per year. It hosted one NPB All-Star Game in 2013.", "Kyocera Dome Osaka Dome (大阪ドーム) is a baseball stadium located in Osaka, Japan. Beginning in 1997, the stadium was the home field of the Kintetsu Buffaloes. In 2005, the stadium became one of the homes of the Orix Buffaloes, a result of the merger between the Orix BlueWave and Kintetsu Buffaloes. Prior to the Osaka Dome opening, the Buffaloes played their home games at Fujiidera Stadium.", "Rick Guttormson Rick Lee Guttormson (リック・ガトームソン, 릭 구톰슨) (born January 11, 1977 Torrance, California) is a former professional baseball starting pitcher.He became the first pitcher to throw a no-hitter in the history of interleague play in Japanese baseball, doing so against the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles on May 25, 2006.", "Professional baseball in Taiwan Professional baseball in Taiwan started with the founding of the Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL) in 1989. At its 1997 peak, Taiwan had two leagues and 11 professional teams. The competing Taiwan Major League ran from 1997 until its absorption by the CPBL in 2003.The professional game has had several game-fixing scandals which have led to sharp declines in game attendance.", "Virtual League Baseball Virtual League Baseball, known in Japan as Virtual Pro Yakyuu '95 (バーチャルプロ野球'95, Bācharu Puro Yakyū '95), is a 1995 baseball video game developed and published by Kemco for the Virtual Boy. A sequel, Virtual League Baseball 2, was planned, but later canceled due to the Virtual Boy console's poor sales.", "The Black Mist Scandal (Japanese baseball) In Japan, the Black Mist Scandal (黒い霧事件, kuroi kiri jiken) refers to a series of game fixing scandals in the Nippon Professional Baseball between 1969 and 1971.", "Super Baseball 2020 Super Baseball 2020 (２０２０年スーパーベースボール) is a futuristic baseball video game. It was first released in Japan for the Neo Geo in 1991, and then it was later released in North America for the Mega Drive/Genesis (ported by NuFX and released by Electronic Arts) and Super Nintendo Entertainment System (released by Tradewest) in 1993.The game follows the basic rules of baseball, but there are several upgrades since the game takes place in the year 2020.", "Keiichi Yabu Keiichi Yabu (藪恵壹, Yabu Keiichi, real name: 藪恵一) (born September 28, 1968 in Mihama, Mie Prefecture, Japan) is a Japanese baseball pitching coach for the Hanshin Tigers and a former baseball pitcher. He played eleven seasons in Japan, and parts of two seasons in Major League Baseball for the Oakland Athletics in 2005 and the San Francisco Giants in 2008.", "Hideki Irabu Hideki Irabu (伊良部秀輝, Irabu Hideki, May 5, 1969 – July 24, 2011) was a Japanese professional baseball player of Japanese and American mixed ancestry. He played professionally in both Japan and the United States.", "Japan national cricket team The Japan national cricket team is the team that represents the country of Japan in international cricket matches. They have been an associate member of the International Cricket Council since 2005, having previously been an affiliate member since 1989. They are currently ranked at equal 37th in the world and at fourth amongst non-test teams in their region.", "Nisei Baseball Research Project The Nisei Baseball Research Project (NBRP) is a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization documenting, preserving and exhibiting history of Japanese American baseball. It was founded by Kerry Yo Nakagawa, the author of Through a Diamond: 100 Years of Japanese American Baseball.", "Kazuhito Tadano Kazuhito Tadano (多田野数人, Tadano Kazuhito, born April 25, 1980 in Tokyo, Japan) is a right-handed pitcher and coach for the Ishikawa Million Stars in Japan's Baseball Challenge League. He had previously pitched in Major League Baseball for the Cleveland Indians.", "Jeremy Hermida Jeremy Ryan Hermida (born January 30, 1984) is a professional baseball outfielder who is currently with the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters of the Nippon Professional Baseball. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Florida Marlins, Boston Red Sox, Oakland Athletics, Cincinnati Reds and San Diego Padres. He bats left-handed and throws right-handed.", "SK Wyverns SK Wyverns Baseball Club (Hangul: SK 와이번스 야구단) is a South Korean professional baseball team founded in 2000. Based in Incheon, on the coast near Seoul, they play their home games at Munhak Baseball Stadium.Their current manager is Kim Yong-hee.", "Kazuhiro Sasaki Kazuhiro \"Daimajin\" Sasaki (佐々木主浩 Sasaki Kazuhiro, born February 22, 1968 in Sendai City, Japan) is a former Nippon Professional Baseball and Major League Baseball right-handed relief pitcher. He played his entire NPB career with the Yokohama Taiyo Whales / Yokohama BayStars (1990–1999; 2004–2005). Sasaki played his entire MLB career with the Seattle Mariners (2000–2003).", "Auburn Doubledays The Auburn Doubledays are a minor league baseball team in Auburn, New York, USA, that is owned and operated by Auburn Community Baseball. They are a member of the Short-Season Class A New York–Penn League and have been a farm team of the Houston Astros (1982–2000), the Toronto Blue Jays (2001–2010), and Washington Nationals (from 2011).The Doubledays are the most recent name of the Auburn entry in the New York-Penn League that dates back to 1958.", "Kazuhisa Ishii Kazuhisa Ishii (石井一久 Ishii Kazuhisa) (born September 9, 1973 in Chiba City, Chiba Prefecture, Japan) is a Japanese former Major League Baseball pitcher who plays for the Saitama Seibu Lions.", "Toyama Municipal Baseball Stadium Alpen Stadium Toyama Municipal Baseball Stadium (富山市民球場アルペンスタジアム, Toyama Shimin Kyūjō Arupen Sutajiamu) is a multi-purpose stadium in Toyama, Japan. Built in 1992, it holds 30,000 people and is currently used mostly for baseball matches.", "Yutaka Wada Yutaka Wada (和田豊, born September 2, 1962 in Matsudo, Chiba, Japan) is a retired Japanese baseball player for the Hanshin Tigers. He previously worked as a hitting coach for the Hanshin Tigers prior to the 2012 season. After the team failed to make the 2011 play-offs, team manager Akinobu Mayumi was fired, and Yutaka Wada was giving the position to replace him less than a week later.", "Yokohama Stadium For the football (soccer) stadium, see International Stadium YokohamaYokohama Stadium (横浜スタジアム, Yokohama Sutajiamu) is a stadium in Naka Ward, Yokohama, Japan. It opened in 1978 and holds 30,000 people.It is primarily used for baseball and is the home field of the Yokohama DeNA BayStars. The stadium is unique, because it features dirt around the bases and pitcher's mound, but with dirt colored turf infield and base paths. The entire green portion of the field is now turf.", "Netherlands national baseball team The Netherlands national baseball team is the national baseball team of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, representing the country in international men's baseball. They are currently ranked as the best team in the European Union, and the team is also ranked fifth place in the IBAF World Rankings.The Netherlands participated in the Summer Olympic Games in 1996, 2000, 2004 and 2008.", "Shinji Mori Shinji Mori (Japanese: 森慎二, born September 12, 1974 in Iwakuni, Yamaguchi, Japan) is a right-handed pitcher in professional baseball.From 1997-2005, he played for the Seibu Lions in Nippon Professional Baseball. After the 2005 season, he was acquired by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays through the posting system. Originally slated to compete for the Devil Ray's closer job during the 2006 MLB season, he tore the labrum in his shoulder and missed the entire season.", "Doosan Bears The Doosan Bears (두산 베어스) are a professional baseball team based in Seoul, South Korea. They are a member of the Korean Baseball Organization.The club was founded in Daejeon, South Korea in 1982 as the \"OB Bears\", and moved to Seoul, South Korea in 1985 before being officially renamed the \"Doosan Bears\" in 1999. The Bears won the Korean Series in 1982, the inaugural KBO season.", "R.B.I. Baseball R.B.I. Baseball (known as Pro Yakyuu Family Stadium in Japan) is a baseball video game for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). It was developed by Namco and published by Tengen and originally released in 1986. R.B.I. spawned two sequels on the NES as well as versions for the Mega Drive/Genesis, TurboGrafx-16 (PC Engine), Sega 32X, Commodore Amiga, Super NES, Sega Game Gear, and Atari ST. R.B.I. is an initialism for \"run batted in\".", "Yutaka Fukumoto Yutaka Fukumoto (福本豊, born November 7, 1947 in Osaka, Osaka) is a retired Japanese professional baseball player in Nippon Professional Baseball. An aggressive lead-off man and superior defensive centerfielder, he holds the Japanese career records in triples and stolen bases. He also hit more lead-off home runs than anyone in Japanese history, with 43. In 2002 (Heisei 14), Fukumoto was inducted into the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame.", "Jikkyō Powerful Pro Yakyū series Jikkyō Powerful Pro Yakyū (Japanese: 実況パワフルプロ野球, Hepburn: Jikkyō Pawafuru Puro Yakyū, lit. \"Live Powerful Pro Baseball\"), also known simply as Power Pro or Pawapuro to non-Japanese speakers, is a traditionally Japan-only baseball video game series created by Konami. It is known for its big-headed characters, and addictive arcade-style gameplay. It is long running in Japan, starting out in 1994 for the Super Famicom.", "Taipei Gida Taipei Gida (台北太陽) was a Taiwanese professional baseball team that existed from 1997 to 2002. It was one of the four Taiwan Major League (TML) teams and was based in Taipei, Taiwan. Its historical sponsors included local Sampo Corporation and Macoto Bank, so the team was called \"Taipei Sampo Gida\" (台北聲寶太陽) or \"Taipei Macoto Gida\" (台北誠泰太陽).", "Masanori Murakami Masanori \"Mashi\" Murakami (村上雅則, Murakami Masanori, born May 6, 1944 in Ōtsuki, Yamanashi) is a retired Japanese baseball player.He is notable for being the first Japanese player to play for a Major League Baseball team. Sent over to the United States by the Nankai Hawks, Murakami saw success as a reliever for the San Francisco Giants, debuting at the age of 20 in 1964. In 1965, he struck out over one batter per inning pitched, posted an ERA under 4 and earned eight saves.", "Sapporo Dome The Sapporo Dome (札幌ドーム, Sapporo Dōmu) is a stadium located in Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Japan, and is primarily used for baseball and association football. It is the home field of the baseball team Hokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters and the association football club Consadole Sapporo. It is one of the planned football venues for the 2020 Summer Olympics, is the planned venue for the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2017 Asian Winter Games, and is a planned venue of 2019 Rugby World Cup.", "Koshien Stadium Hanshin Koshien Stadium (阪神甲子園球場, Hanshin Kōshien Kyūjō) is a baseball park located near Kobe in Nishinomiya, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. The stadium was built to host the national high school baseball tournaments, and opened on August 1, 1924. It was the largest stadium in Asia at the time it was completed, with a capacity of 55,000.The name Kōshien (甲子園) comes from the Sexagenary cycle system. The year of the stadium's founding, 1924, was the first year kōshi (甲子) in the cycle.", "Sports Talk Baseball Sports Talk Baseball, released in Japan as Pro Yakyuu Super League '91 (プロ野球スーパーリーグ'９１), is a Mega Drive/Genesis baseball video game which features an official MLBPA license as well as most rules and aspects followed by Major League Baseball.", "Seibu Dome Seibu Dome (西武ドーム, Seibu Dōmu) (originally named Seibu Lions Stadium) is the home field of the Saitama Seibu Lions professional baseball team located in Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan. The stadium has a roof over the field and the stands, like other indoor ballparks. However, it lacks a wall behind the stands so that natural air comes into the field.", "Nishinomiya Nishinomiya (西宮市, Nishinomiya-shi) is a city located in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan, between the cities of Amagasaki and Ashiya. On April 1, 2005, the city of Nishinomiya celebrated its 80th anniversary. It is best known as the home of Kōshien Stadium, where the Hanshin Tigers baseball team plays home games and where Japan's annual high school baseball championship is held.", "MLBPA Baseball MLBPA Baseball, known in Japan as Fighting Baseball (ファイティングベースボール, Faitingu Besuboru, \"Fighting Baseball\"), is a baseball video game for the Super NES, Mega Drive/Genesis, and Game Gear.", "Japan High School Baseball Federation The Japan High School Baseball Federation (財団法人日本高等学校野球連盟 zaidan hōjin nihon kōtō gakkō yakyū renmei) is the governing body of high school baseball in Japan, and is composed of the High School Baseball Federations of each of the 47 prefectures.Together with the All Japan University Baseball Federation (財団法人全日本大学野球連盟 zaidan hōjin zen-nihon daigaku yakyū renmei), it makes up the Japan Student Baseball Association (日本学生野球協会 nihon gakusei yakyū kyōkai).", "Posting system The posting system (ポスティングシステム, posutingu shisutemu) is a baseball player transfer system that operates between Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) and the United States' Major League Baseball (MLB), or between the Korea Baseball Organization (KBO) and Major League Baseball (MLB). Despite the drafting of the United States – Japanese Player Contract Agreement in 1967 designed to regulate NPB players moving to MLB, problems arose in the late 1990s.", "Hanwha Eagles The Hanwha Eagles (Korean: 한화 이글스), incorporated as the Hanwha Eagles Professional Baseball Club (Korean: 한화 이글스 프로야구단), are a South Korean professional baseball club based in the central city of Daejeon. As a member club of Korean Baseball Organization, the Eagles compete in the Korea Professional Baseball League. The Eagles' home ballpark is Daejeon Baseball Stadium.", "Yu Darvish Yu Darvish (Japanese: ダルビッシュ有, Hepburn: Darubisshu Yū, born August 16, 1986) is a Japanese starting pitcher for the Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball (MLB). Darvish pitched in the 2008 Beijing Olympics as well as the 2009 World Baseball Classic as a member of the Japanese national team.He was considered by many to be the best pitcher in Japanese professional baseball prior to his arrival in Major League Baseball in 2012.", "Asia Series The Asia Series is an international club-level baseball tournament in East Asia that was first held in 2005. It features the annual champions of Nippon Professional Baseball, Chinese Professional Baseball League, the Korean Baseball Organization, the Australian Baseball League, and (beginning with the 2013 Asia Series) the European Cup champion, as well as an additional team from the host city.", "Matsutaro Shoriki Award The Matsutaro Shoriki Award is named in honor of Matsutaro Shoriki (Yomiuri Shimbun Lord), whose achievements earned him the label of the real parent of present age Japanese professional baseball. The prize was founded in 1977.It is presented to a person (a manager or player) who contributed to the development of professional baseball greatly. A gold medal and the prize of 5 million yen are awarded to the recipient. The prize money is provided by Yomiuri Shimbun and Nihon Television.", "Samsung Lions Samsung Lions Baseball Club (Hangul: 삼성 라이온즈 야구단) is a Korea Professional Baseball team founded in 1982. They are based in the southeastern city of Daegu and are members of the Korean Baseball Organization. Their home stadium is Daegu Baseball Stadium. They have won the Korean Series eight times.", "Kagawa Prefectural Baseball Complex Kagawa Prefectural Baseball Complex (香川県営野球場, Kagawa Ken'ei Yakyūjō) is a multi-purpose sports complex located in Ikushima-chō, Takamatsu, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan. It houses Olive Field, a secondary baseball field, and fields for rugby, soccer, tennis, and softball.The Kagawa Olive Guyners, a baseball team playing in Shikoku Island League, mainly play their home games here.", "Koji Uehara Koji Uehara (上原浩治, Uehara Kōji, born April 3, 1975) is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher who plays for the Boston Red Sox. He has played in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) with the Yomiuri Giants and in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Baltimore Orioles, Texas Rangers and Boston Red Sox.A right-handed pitcher, Uehara has a solid career strikeout rate, with 10.6 K/9 and an excellent walk rate at 1.2 BB/9 (until 2014 season).", "Shinji Udaka Shinji Udaka (宇高伸次, Udaka Shinji) (born August 24, 1976 in Osaka) is a Japanese baseball player. He played for the Osaka Kintetsu Buffaloes from 1999 to 2003. In the 1999 draft, he was selected as the number 1 overall pick.", "Tsuyoshi Shinjo Tsuyoshi Shinjo (新庄剛志, Shinjō Tsuyoshi, born January 28, 1972) is a former Japanese professional baseball outfielder. Shinjo is the second Japanese-born position player to play a Major League Baseball game and was the first Japanese-born player to appear in the World Series.", "South Korea national baseball team The South Korean national baseball team (Korean: 대한민국 야구 국가대표팀) is the national baseball team of South Korea, having participated in the Summer Olympic Games of 1984, 1988, 1996 and 2000. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, it won the gold medal in a final victory against Cuba. Currently, the South Korean men's baseball team is ranked 8th in the IBAF World Rankings. Their fans are nicknamed \"Blue Bogy\" (Korean: 파란 도깨비).", "Takuro Ishii Takuro Ishii (石井琢朗, Ishii Takurō, born August 25, 1970, came from Sano, Tochigi, Japan) is a Japanese professional baseball player. He currently plays for Hiroshima Toyo Carp. He bats left-handed and throws right-handed.Ishii was regarded as one of the best Japanese shortstops of the late 1990s and early 2000s.", "Shigetoshi Hasegawa Shigetoshi Hasegawa (長谷川滋利, Hasegawa Shigetoshi, born August 1, 1968) is a retired relief pitcher in Major League Baseball and best-selling author and Japanese television personality. He achieved the most recognition when he played for the Seattle Mariners from 2002 through 2005. Previously, Hasegawa played with the Anaheim Angels (1997–2001), and before that spent six years with the Orix BlueWave. He bats and throws right-handed.", "Shigeo Nagashima Shigeo Nagashima (長嶋茂雄, Nagashima Shigeo, born February 20, 1936 in Sakura, Chiba, Japan) is a Japanese former professional baseball player and manager.", "Senichi Hoshino Senichi Hoshino (星野仙一, Hoshino Sen'ichi), 22 January 1947, is a former Japanese professional baseball player and current manager.In 2003, he led the Tigers to their first Central League pennant in 18 years before retiring for health reasons. In 2007 he managed the Japanese national team for the 2008 Beijing Olympics.In October, 2010 Hoshino was hired as manager of the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles.", "Kyuji Fujikawa Kyuji Fujikawa (藤川球児, Fujikawa Kyūji, born July 21, 1980) is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher who is currently a free agent. He previously pitched for the Hanshin Tigers of Nippon Professional Baseball and the Chicago Cubs and Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball (MLB).Fujikawa pitched in the 2006 and 2009 World Baseball Classics as well as the 2008 Beijing Olympics.", "Shunsuke Watanabe Shunsuke Watanabe (渡辺俊介, Watanabe Shunsuke, born August 27, 1976) is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher who plays for the Lancaster Barnstormers of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball.His submarine pitching form was noted during the 2006 World Baseball Classic.", "Miyagi Baseball Stadium The Miyagi Baseball Stadium (宮城球場, Miyagi Kyūjō) (official name: Rakuten Kobo Stadium Miyagi) is a stadium in Sendai, Japan. It was primarily used for baseball as the home field of the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles. It opened in 1950. In order to modernize the facility for the Golden Eagles' first season (2005), seating was reduced from approximately 28,600 to about 20,000, as more-spacious seating was installed.", "Kobe Sports Park Baseball Stadium Kobe Sports Park Baseball Stadium (神戸総合運動公園野球場, Kōbe Sōgō-Undō-Kōen Yakyūjō) is a baseball park in Kobe Sports Park, Kobe, Japan. It is primarily used for baseball, and is one of two home fields for the Orix Buffaloes, the other being the Kyocera Dome Osaka.", "Koichi Ogata Koichi Ogata (緒方孝市, Ogata Koichi, born December 25, 1968 in Tosu, Saga) is a famous Japanese baseball player. Throughout his 22-year career, he has played only with the Hiroshima Toyo Carp.As of the 2009 season, some of his accomplishments include:200 home runs (241)1500 games played (1808)5000 at bats (5342)1500 hits (1506) 900 runs (906)200 doubles (257)2500 total bases (2546)200 stolen bases (268)600 walks (630)", "Masaichi Kaneda Masaichi Kaneda (金田正一, Kaneda Masaichi, born August 1, 1933 in Heiwa, Aichi Prefecture, Japan) is a Zainichi Korean-Japanese former professional baseball pitcher. He is one of the best-known pitchers in Japanese baseball history, and is the only Japanese pitcher to have won 400 games.", "Kiyohara Baseball Stadium Kiyohara Baseball Stadium (宇都宮清原球場, Utsunomiya Kiyohara Kyūjō) is a multi-use stadium in Utsunomiya, Japan. It is currently used mostly for baseball matches, and the stadium holds approximately 30,000 people.", "Tadahito Iguchi Tadahito Iguchi (井口資仁, Iguchi Tadahito, born December 4, 1974 in Nishitōkyō, Tokyo, Japan) is a Japanese second baseman currently playing for the Chiba Lotte Marines. As a member of the Chicago White Sox in 2005, he became the first Japanese-born player to win the World Series.", "The Baseball 2003 The Baseball 2003: Battle Ballpark Sengen Perfect Play Pro Yakyuu is a baseball video game released only in Japan in 2003. The game features real time commentaries and bench reports, and the players have been animated using motion capture technology. It includes 12 teams and 528 real life players.", "Yoshitaka Mizuo Yoshitaka Mizuo (水尾嘉孝, Mizuo Yoshitaka, born May 2, 1968 in Toyonaka, Osaka) is a former Japanese baseball player. He played professionally for the Yokohama BayStars and the Orix BlueWave. From 2003 to 2004, Mizuo played for minor league affiliates of Major League Baseball's Anaheim Angels.", "Kazuo Matsui Kazuo \"Kaz\" Matsui (松井稼頭央, Matsui Kazuo) (born October 23, 1975) is a Japanese second baseman for the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles of Nippon Professional Baseball. Matsui is a switch-hitter. Matsui has no relation to former player Hideki Matsui.Matsui signed with the New York Mets on December 17, 2003, becoming the first Japanese infielder to sign with a Major League Baseball team.", "High school baseball in Japan In Japan, Kōshien (甲子園) generally refers to the two annual baseball tournaments played by high schools nationwide culminating at a final showdown at Hanshin Kōshien Stadium in Nishinomiya, Japan.", "Tomo Ohka Tomokazu Ohka (大家友和, Ōka Tomokazu, IPA: [oːka tomokazɯ]) (born March 18, 1976) is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher who currently plays for the Fukushima Hopes in Japan's Baseball Challenge League. Previously he played for the Boston Red Sox (1999–2001), Montreal Expos (2001–2004), Washington Nationals (2005), Milwaukee Brewers (2005–2006), Toronto Blue Jays (2007), and Cleveland Indians (2009).", "Orix Orix Corporation (オリックス株式会社, Orikkusu Kabushiki-gaisha)) is a financial services group headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, and Osaka, Japan. It is also known as the majority owner of the Orix Buffaloes baseball team in Nippon Professional Baseball.Orix offers leasing, lending, rentals, life insurance, real estate financing and development, venture capital, investment and retail banking, commodities funds and securities brokering.", "Kenji Johjima Kenji Johjima (城島健司, Jōjima Kenji, born June 8, 1976 in Sasebo, Japan) /ˈdʒoʊdʒiːmə/ is a Japanese former professional baseball player. He played as a catcher in Major League Baseball for four years with the Seattle Mariners in the American League, then returned to Japan and played for the Hanshin Tigers.On November 21, 2005, Johjima and the Mariners agreed to a $16.5 million, three-year contract.", "Daisuke Matsuzaka Daisuke Matsuzaka (松坂大輔, Matsuzaka Daisuke, born September 13, 1980) is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher for the Fukuoka Softbank Hawks. He has played for the Boston Red Sox, New York Mets and Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball (MLB) and the Seibu Lions of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB).Matsuzaka was selected the MVP of the inaugural and the second World Baseball Classic, and is an Olympic bronze medalist.", "Takashi Saito Takashi Saito (斎藤隆, Saitō Takashi) born February 14, 1970) is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher who is currently with the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles of Nippon Professional Baseball.Saito previously pitched for the Yokohama BayStars in the Japanese Central League, compiling a record of 87–80 over 13 seasons. A closer in his initial season of 2006, Saito finished 8th place in the National League Cy Young Award voting, receiving a single third place vote.", "Meikyukai The Meikyukai (日本プロ野球名球会, Nippon Puro Yakyū Meikyūkai, The Golden Players Club) is one of the two Japanese baseball halls of fame (the other is the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame; Yakyu Dendo 野球殿堂). The Meikyukai is a company ltd. for public benefit.Founded by Hall of Fame pitcher Masaichi Kaneda on July 24, 1978, the Meikyukai honors players born during the Shōwa period (1926–1988).", "Japan Series Not to be confused with the Major League Baseball Japan All-Star SeriesThe Japan Championship Series (日本選手権シリーズ, Nippon Senshuken Shiriizu), or Japan Series (日本シリーズ, Nippon Shiriizu) is the annual championship series in Nippon Professional Baseball and the top baseball league in Japan. It is a seven-game series between the winning clubs of the league's two circuits, the Central League and the Pacific League.The Series is the highest level of play in professional baseball in Japan.", "So Taguchi So Taguchi (田口壮, Taguchi Sō, born July 2, 1969) is a Japanese former outfielder. After ten seasons with the Orix BlueWave of Nippon Professional Baseball, he played eight years in Major League Baseball with the St. Louis Cardinals, Philadelphia Phillies and Chicago Cubs, followed by a final two years in Japan with the Orix Buffaloes.Taguchi is the first Japanese National League player to win a World Series.", "Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame The Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum (野球体育博物館, Yakyū Taiiku Hakubutsukan) is a museum which includes a library, reference rooms and Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame (野球殿堂, Yakyū Dendō).It first opened in 1959 next door to Korakuen Stadium in Tokyo, Japan.", "Meiji Jingu Stadium Meiji Jingu Stadium (明治神宮野球場, Meiji Jingū Yakyūjō) is a baseball stadium in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan. It opened in 1926 and holds 37,933 spectators. Property of the Meiji Shrine, it is the home field of the Tokyo Yakult Swallows professional baseball team. It also hosts college baseball, including the Tokyo Big6 Baseball League and the Tohto University Baseball League.", "Pacific League The Pacific League (パシフィック・リーグ, Pashifikku Rīgu) or Pa League (パリーグ, Pa Rīgu) is one of the two professional baseball leagues constituting Nippon Professional Baseball in Japan. The winner of the league championship competes against the winner in the Central League for the annual Japan Series. It currently consists of six teams from around Japan.", "List of Major League Baseball players from Japan A total of 54 Japanese-born players have played in at least one Major League Baseball (MLB) game. Of these players, nine are currently on MLB rosters. The first instance of a Japanese-born player playing in MLB occurred in 1964, when the Nankai Hawks, a Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) team, sent three exchange prospects to the United States to gain experience in MLB's minor league system.", "Japan Samurai Bears The Japan Samurai Bears are a defunct traveling professional baseball team that played in the independent Golden Baseball League, which is not affiliated with either Major League Baseball or Minor League Baseball. They were based in the Arizona Division.", "Japanese Baseball League For the current Japanese Professional League, see Nippon Professional Baseball.The Japanese Baseball League (日本野球連盟, Nihon Yakyū Renmei) was a professional baseball league in Japan which operated from 1936–1949, before reorganizing in 1950 as Nippon Professional Baseball." ]	8
Japanese players in Major League Baseball	[ "Nori Aoki\nNorichika \"Nori\" Aoki (青木宣親, Aoki Norichika, born January 5, 1982) is a Japanese professional baseball right fielder for the San Francisco Giants of Major League Baseball (MLB). He has also played in MLB for the Milwaukee Brewers and Kansas City Royals and for the Tokyo Yakult Swallows of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB).Aoki is one of only four players to amass 200 or more hits in a single season in Japanese professional baseball.", "Mac Suzuki\nMac Suzuki (マック鈴木, born Makoto Suzuki (鈴木誠, Suzuki Makoto) May 31, 1975 in Kobe, Japan) is a Japanese former professional baseball pitcher. Over his career, Suzuki had played 18 seasons in professional baseball, including six in Major League Baseball and one in the Japan Pacific League. In his major league career, he has played for the Seattle Mariners (1996, 1998–1999), the Kansas City Royals (1999–2001, 2002), the Colorado Rockies (2001), and the Milwaukee Brewers (2001).", "Akinori Otsuka\nAkinori Otsuka (大塚晶則, Ōtsuka Akinori) (born January 13, 1972 in Chiba, Japan) is a retired Japanese Baseball Pitcher who coaches for the Chunichi Dragons in Nippon Professional Baseball. He was formerly the set-up man for the San Diego Padres and the Texas Rangers. He was also the closer for Japan's 2006 World Baseball Classic winning team.Otsuka threw a low-90's 4-seam fastball (tops out at about 94 mph) that is very straight, along with a hard, late-breaking slider.", "Tsuyoshi Shinjo\nTsuyoshi Shinjo (新庄剛志, Shinjō Tsuyoshi, born January 28, 1972) is a former Japanese professional baseball outfielder. Shinjo is the second Japanese-born position player to play a Major League Baseball game and was the first Japanese-born player to appear in the World Series.", "Kazuhiro Sasaki\nKazuhiro \"Daimajin\" Sasaki (佐々木主浩 Sasaki Kazuhiro, born February 22, 1968 in Sendai City, Japan) is a former Nippon Professional Baseball and Major League Baseball right-handed relief pitcher. He played his entire NPB career with the Yokohama Taiyo Whales / Yokohama BayStars (1990–1999; 2004–2005). Sasaki played his entire MLB career with the Seattle Mariners (2000–2003).", "Kyuji Fujikawa\nKyuji Fujikawa (藤川球児, Fujikawa Kyūji, born July 21, 1980) is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher who is currently a free agent. He previously pitched for the Hanshin Tigers of Nippon Professional Baseball and the Chicago Cubs and Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball (MLB).Fujikawa pitched in the 2006 and 2009 World Baseball Classics as well as the 2008 Beijing Olympics.", "Craig House (baseball)\nCraig Michael House (born July 8, 1977 in Okinawa, Japan) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher. House was drafted by the Colorado Rockies in the 12th round of the 1999 Major League Baseball Draft. He made his debut on August 8, 2000, with the Rockies.", "Yasuhiko Yabuta\nYasuhiko Yabuta (薮田安彦, Yabuta Yasuhiko, born June 19, 1973 in Kishiwada, Osaka) is a Japanese baseball pitcher. He currently plays for the Chiba Lotte Marines in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball. He competed in the 2006 World Baseball Classic and struck out Alex Rodriguez, Johnny Damon, and Derrek Lee.Yabuta made his professional debut with the Marines in 1996, and spent 12 years with the organization.", "Satoru Komiyama\nSatoru Komiyama (小宮山悟, Komiyama Satoru), born September 15, 1965, is a former professional baseball player from Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan. He last played with the Chiba Lotte Marines, and played in the major leagues with the New York Mets in 2002.", "Daisuke Matsuzaka\nDaisuke Matsuzaka (松坂大輔, Matsuzaka Daisuke, born September 13, 1980) is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher for the Fukuoka Softbank Hawks. He has played for the Boston Red Sox, New York Mets and Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball (MLB) and the Seibu Lions of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB).Matsuzaka was selected the MVP of the inaugural and the second World Baseball Classic, and is an Olympic bronze medalist.", "Shigetoshi Hasegawa\nShigetoshi Hasegawa (長谷川滋利, Hasegawa Shigetoshi, born August 1, 1968) is a retired relief pitcher in Major League Baseball and best-selling author and Japanese television personality. He achieved the most recognition when he played for the Seattle Mariners from 2002 through 2005. Previously, Hasegawa played with the Anaheim Angels (1997–2001), and before that spent six years with the Orix BlueWave. He bats and throws right-handed.", "Yu Darvish\nYu Darvish (Japanese: ダルビッシュ有, Hepburn: Darubisshu Yū, born August 16, 1986) is a Japanese starting pitcher for the Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball (MLB). Darvish pitched in the 2008 Beijing Olympics as well as the 2009 World Baseball Classic as a member of the Japanese national team.He was considered by many to be the best pitcher in Japanese professional baseball prior to his arrival in Major League Baseball in 2012.", "Kenji Johjima\nKenji Johjima (城島健司, Jōjima Kenji, born June 8, 1976 in Sasebo, Japan) /ˈdʒoʊdʒiːmə/ is a Japanese former professional baseball player. He played as a catcher in Major League Baseball for four years with the Seattle Mariners in the American League, then returned to Japan and played for the Hanshin Tigers.On November 21, 2005, Johjima and the Mariners agreed to a $16.5 million, three-year contract.", "Hideki Okajima\nHideki Okajima (岡島秀樹, Okajima Hideki, born December 25, 1975) is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher. He is currently with the Yokohama DeNA BayStars. He played with the Boston Red Sox from 2007-2011, and was elected to the 2007 Major League Baseball All-Star Game as a first time All-Star via the Monster All-Star Final Vote. He became the first Japanese-born pitcher to play in the World Series in Game 2 of the 2007 series.", "Hisashi Iwakuma\nHisashi Iwakuma (岩隈久志, Iwakuma Hisashi, born April 12, 1981) is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher with the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball (MLB). He previously played for the Osaka Kintetsu Buffaloes and Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB)Iwakuma made his professional debut with the Buffaloes in 2000. He was named a NPB All-Star in 2003 and 2004, and played in the 2004 Athens Olympics. He joined the Eagles in 2005.", "List of Major League Baseball players from Japan\nA total of 54 Japanese-born players have played in at least one Major League Baseball (MLB) game. Of these players, nine are currently on MLB rosters. The first instance of a Japanese-born player playing in MLB occurred in 1964, when the Nankai Hawks, a Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) team, sent three exchange prospects to the United States to gain experience in MLB's minor league system.", "Koji Uehara\nKoji Uehara (上原浩治, Uehara Kōji, born April 3, 1975) is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher who plays for the Boston Red Sox. He has played in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) with the Yomiuri Giants and in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Baltimore Orioles, Texas Rangers and Boston Red Sox.A right-handed pitcher, Uehara has a solid career strikeout rate, with 10.6 K/9 and an excellent walk rate at 1.2 BB/9 (until 2014 season).", "Kazuhisa Ishii\nKazuhisa Ishii (石井一久 Ishii Kazuhisa) (born September 9, 1973 in Chiba City, Chiba Prefecture, Japan) is a Japanese former Major League Baseball pitcher who plays for the Saitama Seibu Lions.", "Kazuo Fukumori\nKazuo Fukumori (福盛和男, Fukumori Kazuo, born August 4, 1976) is a former Japanese right-handed relief pitcher.", "Kosuke Fukudome\nKosuke Fukudome (福留孝介, Fukudome Kōsuke, born April 26, 1977) (pronounced KOH-skay Foo-koo-DOUGH-may) is a Japanese professional baseball outfielder for the Hanshin Tigers.Prior to arriving in the United States, Fukudome played nine seasons for the Chunichi Dragons of the Japanese Central League.", "Kazuo Matsui\nKazuo \"Kaz\" Matsui (松井稼頭央, Matsui Kazuo) (born October 23, 1975) is a Japanese second baseman for the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles of Nippon Professional Baseball. Matsui is a switch-hitter. Matsui has no relation to former player Hideki Matsui.Matsui signed with the New York Mets on December 17, 2003, becoming the first Japanese infielder to sign with a Major League Baseball team.", "List of countries with their first Major League Baseball player\nThe globalization of baseball has been occurring since its inception. The early years saw an influx of players from western Europe. Major League Baseball eventually saw fewer European players, but more players from Latin America. Today Major League Baseball has players from five continents.", "Keiichi Yabu\nKeiichi Yabu (藪恵壹, Yabu Keiichi, real name: 藪恵一) (born September 28, 1968 in Mihama, Mie Prefecture, Japan) is a Japanese baseball pitching coach for the Hanshin Tigers and a former baseball pitcher. He played eleven seasons in Japan, and parts of two seasons in Major League Baseball for the Oakland Athletics in 2005 and the San Francisco Giants in 2008.", "Hideo Nomo\nHideo Nomo (野茂英雄\|Nomo Hideo?, born August 31, 1968 in Minato-ku, Osaka, Japan) is a retired Japanese-American baseball pitcher in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) and Major League Baseball (MLB). He achieved early success in his native country, where he played with the Kintetsu Buffaloes from 1990 to 1994.", "Masao Kida\nMasao Kida (木田優夫, Kida Masao, born September 12, 1968) is a Japanese baseball pitcher for the Ishikawa Million Stars of Japan's Baseball Challenge League. He played in Major League Baseball from 1999-2000, and 2003-2005.", "Masumi Kuwata\nMasumi Kuwata (桑田真澄 Kuwata Masumi, born 1 April 1968 in Yao, Osaka, Japan) is a former Japanese right-handed pitcher who played the bulk of his career with the Yomiuri Giants of Nippon Professional Baseball. He pitched 21 seasons with the Giants, beginning in 1986. Near the end of his career, he played part of one season with the Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball.", "Masahide Kobayashi\nMasahide \"Masa\" Kobayashi (小林雅英, Kobayashi Masahide, born May 24, 1974 in Ōtsuki, Yamanashi, Japan) is a former professional baseball pitcher who currently is the pitching coach for the Chiba Lotte Marines.From 1997-2007, Kobayashi played in the Nippon Professional Baseball league for the Chiba Lotte Marines.", "Shinji Mori\nShinji Mori (Japanese: 森慎二, born September 12, 1974 in Iwakuni, Yamaguchi, Japan) is a right-handed pitcher in professional baseball.From 1997-2005, he played for the Seibu Lions in Nippon Professional Baseball. After the 2005 season, he was acquired by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays through the posting system. Originally slated to compete for the Devil Ray's closer job during the 2006 MLB season, he tore the labrum in his shoulder and missed the entire season.", "Takashi Kashiwada\nTakashi Kashiwada (柏田貴史, born May 14, 1971 in Yatsushiro, Kumamoto, Japan) is a retired Japanese baseball player. He played for the Yomiuri Giants and the New York Mets. He was a Left-Handed Relief Pitcher who wore #18 while with the Mets. He Made his MLB Debut on May 1, 1997 and pitched in his Final MLB Game on September 18, 1997. He batted and threw Left.", "Takashi Saito\nTakashi Saito (斎藤隆, Saitō Takashi) born February 14, 1970) is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher who is currently with the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles of Nippon Professional Baseball.Saito previously pitched for the Yokohama BayStars in the Japanese Central League, compiling a record of 87–80 over 13 seasons. A closer in his initial season of 2006, Saito finished 8th place in the National League Cy Young Award voting, receiving a single third place vote.", "Masanori Murakami\nMasanori \"Mashi\" Murakami (村上雅則, Murakami Masanori, born May 6, 1944 in Ōtsuki, Yamanashi) is a retired Japanese baseball player.He is notable for being the first Japanese player to play for a Major League Baseball team. Sent over to the United States by the Nankai Hawks, Murakami saw success as a reliever for the San Francisco Giants, debuting at the age of 20 in 1964. In 1965, he struck out over one batter per inning pitched, posted an ERA under 4 and earned eight saves.", "Micheal Nakamura\nMicheal Yoshihide Nakamura (マイケル中村, Maikeru Nakamura, born September 6, 1976 in Nara, Japan) is a former professional baseball pitcher. He has played in Major League Baseball and Nippon Professional Baseball.He was educated at The Knox School and Wesley College, Melbourne.", "Hideki Matsui\nHideki Matsui (松井秀喜, Matsui Hideki, born June 12, 1974) is a Japanese former professional baseball outfielder and designated hitter who played baseball in Japan and the United States. He batted left-handed and threw right-handed.After playing the first ten seasons of his career for the Yomiuri Giants of Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball, he played the next seven seasons, from 2003–2009, for the New York Yankees of North America's Major League Baseball.", "Tomo Ohka\nTomokazu Ohka (大家友和, Ōka Tomokazu, IPA: [oːka tomokazɯ]) (born March 18, 1976) is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher who currently plays for the Fukushima Hopes in Japan's Baseball Challenge League. Previously he played for the Boston Red Sox (1999–2001), Montreal Expos (2001–2004), Washington Nationals (2005), Milwaukee Brewers (2005–2006), Toronto Blue Jays (2007), and Cleveland Indians (2009).", "So Taguchi\nSo Taguchi (田口壮, Taguchi Sō, born July 2, 1969) is a Japanese former outfielder. After ten seasons with the Orix BlueWave of Nippon Professional Baseball, he played eight years in Major League Baseball with the St. Louis Cardinals, Philadelphia Phillies and Chicago Cubs, followed by a final two years in Japan with the Orix Buffaloes.Taguchi is the first Japanese National League player to win a World Series.", "Munenori Kawasaki\nMunenori Kawasaki (川﨑宗則, Kawasaki Munenori, born June 3, 1981) is a Japanese professional baseball shortstop and second baseman for the Toronto Blue Jays of Major League Baseball (MLB). Previously, he played for the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks of Nippon Professional Baseball, and the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball. He played for the Japanese national team in the 2008 Beijing Olympics as well as the 2006 and 2009 World Baseball Classics.", "Takahito Nomura\nTakahito Nomura (野村貴仁, born January 10, 1969) is a former major league baseball player from Kōchi, Japan. He played on the Orix BlueWave, Yomiuri Giants, Nippon Ham Fighters, and Milwaukee Brewers. Nomura recorded his name as \"Takaki Nomura\" from 2000 to 2003.Nomura was one of the relief pitchers in the Pacific League during his early career, and his team won two championships (1995 and 1996) with his contributions from the bullpen.", "Ichiro Suzuki\nIchiro Suzuki (鈴木一朗, Suzuki Ichirō), often referred to mononymously as Ichiro (イチロー, Ichirō) (born October 22, 1973), is a Japanese professional baseball right fielder for the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball (MLB). Originally a player in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB), Ichiro moved to the United States in 2001 to play in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Seattle Mariners, with whom he spent 11 seasons, and later the New York Yankees.", "Masahiro Tanaka\nMasahiro Tanaka (田中将大, Tanaka Masahiro, born November 1, 1988) is a Japanese professional baseball starting pitcher for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB).", "Akinori Iwamura\nAkinori Iwamura (岩村明憲, Iwamura Akinori, born February 9, 1979) is a Japanese baseball infielder, who currently is a player-manager for the Fukushima Hopes in Japan's Baseball Challenge League. He made his Major League debut with the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in 2007. He earned the nickname \"Aki\" while in the United States. His nickname is \"Gan-chan\" in Japan.", "Shingo Takatsu\nShingo Takatsu (高津臣吾, Takatsu Shingo) (born November 25, 1968 in Hiroshima, Japan) is a former professional baseball pitcher. He had a short stint with the Chicago White Sox where he was the closer for two seasons until struggles closing games ultimately led to his demotion to the minors. Despite being demoted in the summer of 2005, he received a World Series ring with the White Sox. He was signed by the New York Mets during the 2005 season, and he pitched in nine games for New York.", "Hiroki Kuroda\nHiroki Kuroda (黒田博樹, Kuroda Hiroki, born February 10, 1975) is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher for the Hiroshima Toyo Carp of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). He pitched in NPB for Hiroshima from 1997 through 2007 before playing in Major League Baseball for the Los Angeles Dodgers from 2008 through 2011 and for the New York Yankees from 2012 to 2014.", "Kei Igawa\nKei Igawa (井川慶, Igawa Kei, born July 13, 1979) is a Japanese left-handed starting pitcher who is currently playing for the Orix Buffaloes originally from Ōarai, Ibaraki, Japan. He played for the Hanshin Tigers of Nippon Professional Baseball from 1999 to 2006. He led all pitchers in the Central League for strikeouts in 2002, 2004 and 2006. He also played in the 2006 Major League Baseball Japan All-Star Series.", "Hideki Irabu\nHideki Irabu (伊良部秀輝, Irabu Hideki, May 5, 1969 – July 24, 2011) was a Japanese professional baseball player of Japanese and American mixed ancestry. He played professionally in both Japan and the United States.", "Kazuhito Tadano\nKazuhito Tadano (多田野数人, Tadano Kazuhito, born April 25, 1980 in Tokyo, Japan) is a right-handed pitcher and coach for the Ishikawa Million Stars in Japan's Baseball Challenge League. He had previously pitched in Major League Baseball for the Cleveland Indians.", "Masato Yoshii\nMasato Yoshii (吉井理人, Yoshii Masato, born April 20, 1965) is a retired Japanese professional baseball player who is the former pitching coach for the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters in the Japanese Pacific League. He pitched in Major League Baseball from 1998 to 2002.", "Major League Baseball\nMajor League Baseball (MLB) is a professional baseball organization that is the oldest of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. A total of 30 teams now play in the American League (AL) and National League (NL), with 15 teams in each league. The AL and NL operated as separate legal entities from 1901 and 1876 respectively. In 2000, the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball.", "Tadahito Iguchi\nTadahito Iguchi (井口資仁, Iguchi Tadahito, born December 4, 1974 in Nishitōkyō, Tokyo, Japan) is a Japanese second baseman currently playing for the Chiba Lotte Marines. As a member of the Chicago White Sox in 2005, he became the first Japanese-born player to win the World Series." ]	[ "Juan Uribe Juan Cespedes Uribe Tena (born March 22, 1979) is a Dominican professional baseball infielder for the New York Mets of Major League Baseball (MLB). He stands 6 feet (1.8 m) tall and weighs 235 pounds (107 kg). He previously played in MLB for the Colorado Rockies, the Chicago White Sox, the San Francisco Giants, the Los Angeles Dodgers, and the Atlanta Braves. He bats and throws right-handed.Uribe began his professional career in 1997 when he was signed by the Colorado Rockies.", "Jolbert Cabrera Jolbert Alexis Cabrera (born December 8, 1972) is a Colombian former utility player. Previously, he played in Major League Baseball for the Cleveland Indians (1998–2002), Los Angeles Dodgers (2002–2003), Seattle Mariners (2004), and Cincinnati Reds (2008). Cabrera hits and throws right-handed. He is the older brother of former shortstop Orlando Cabrera.", "Gary Majewski Gary Wayne Majewski (/məˈdʒɛski/; born February 26, 1980) is a former Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher who currently plays for the Saraperos de Saltillo of the Mexican League. He played in MLB for the Montreal Expos, Washington Nationals, Cincinnati Reds and Houston Astros.", "Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles The Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles (東北楽天ゴールデンイーグルス, Tōhoku Rakuten Gōruden Īgurusu) is a baseball team based in Sendai, in Miyagi Prefecture, which plays in the Japanese Nippon Professional Baseball Pacific League since 2005.", "Héctor Luna Héctor R. Luna (born February 1, 1980) is a Dominican professional baseball infielder who is currently with the Chunichi Dragons. He is primarily an infielder, but has played every position at the major league level except pitcher and catcher.", "Matsutaro Shoriki Award The Matsutaro Shoriki Award is named in honor of Matsutaro Shoriki (Yomiuri Shimbun Lord), whose achievements earned him the label of the real parent of present age Japanese professional baseball. The prize was founded in 1977.It is presented to a person (a manager or player) who contributed to the development of professional baseball greatly. A gold medal and the prize of 5 million yen are awarded to the recipient. The prize money is provided by Yomiuri Shimbun and Nihon Television.", "George Kottaras George Kottaras (kə-TAYR-iss; born May 10, 1983) is a Canadian professional baseball catcher in the Toronto Blue Jays organization. He has previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Boston Red Sox, Milwaukee Brewers, Oakland Athletics, Kansas City Royals, Cleveland Indians, St. Louis Cardinals, and Toronto Blue Jays.", "Adam Stern Adam James Stern (born February 12, 1980) is a Canadian former Major League Baseball outfielder. Stern is the second Jewish player from Canada in major league history, following Goody Rosen. He, Kevin Youkilis, and Gabe Kapler set a record for most Jewish players on a team at once since the expansion era.", "Kip Gross Kip Lee Gross (born August 24, 1964) is a former Major League Baseball and Nippon Professional Baseball who played for the Cincinnati Reds, Los Angeles Dodgers, Boston Red Sox and Houston Astros.", "Onan Masaoka Onan Kainoa Satoshi Masaoka (born October 27, 1977, Hilo, Hawaii) was a Major League Baseball left-handed pitcher for the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1999 and 2000.Drafted by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 3rd round of the 1995 MLB amateur draft, Masaoka made his Major League Baseball debut with the Dodgers on April 5, 1999, and appeared in his final game on September 30, 2000.The Dodgers traded him to the Chicago White Sox on July 26, 2001 (along with Jeff Barry and Gary Majewski) for James Baldwin and cash.", "Horace Wilson (professor) Horace Wilson (February 10, 1843 – March 4, 1927) was an American expatriate educator in late 19th century Empire of Japan. He is one of the persons credited with introducing the sport of baseball to Japan.", "Japan Series Not to be confused with the Major League Baseball Japan All-Star SeriesThe Japan Championship Series (日本選手権シリーズ, Nippon Senshuken Shiriizu), or Japan Series (日本シリーズ, Nippon Shiriizu) is the annual championship series in Nippon Professional Baseball and the top baseball league in Japan. It is a seven-game series between the winning clubs of the league's two circuits, the Central League and the Pacific League.The Series is the highest level of play in professional baseball in Japan.", "José López (baseball) José Celestino López (born November 24, 1983) is a Venezuelan professional baseball infielder who is a free agent. López has previously played in Major League Baseball for the Seattle Mariners, Colorado Rockies, Florida Marlins, Cleveland Indians and Chicago White Sox and for the Yomiuri Giants, Yokohama DeNA BayStars of Nippon Professional Baseball.", "Bong Jung-keun Bong Jung-Keun (Hangul: 봉중근, Hanja: 奉重根) (born July 15, 1980) is a South Korean professional baseball player who has played in Major League Baseball with the Atlanta Braves and Cincinnati Reds and is now playing in South Korea for the LG Twins in the Korea Baseball Organization. He bats and throws left-handed.", "Chris James (baseball) Donald Chris James (born October 4, 1962) is an American retired utility Major League Baseball player with a 10-year career from 1986 to 1995. A 1981 graduate Stratford High School, he played for the Philadelphia Phillies, San Diego Padres, San Francisco Giants and Houston Astros all of the National League and the Cleveland Indians, Texas Rangers, Kansas City Royals and Boston Red Sox all of the American League. He played first base, third base, outfield and designated hitter.", "Posting system The posting system (ポスティングシステム, posutingu shisutemu) is a baseball player transfer system that operates between Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) and the United States' Major League Baseball (MLB), or between the Korea Baseball Organization (KBO) and Major League Baseball (MLB). Despite the drafting of the United States – Japanese Player Contract Agreement in 1967 designed to regulate NPB players moving to MLB, problems arose in the late 1990s.", "Jim Thome James Howard \"Jim\" Thome (/ˈtoʊmi/; born August 27, 1970) is a retired American baseball player who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), from 1991 to 2012. He played for six different teams, most notably the Cleveland Indians during the 1990s and the Philadelphia Phillies in the early 2000s. A prolific power hitter, Thome hit 612 home runs during his career—the seventh most all time—along with 2,328 hits, 1,699 runs batted in (RBIs), and a .276 batting average.", "Daniel Cabrera Daniel Alberto Cabrera Cruz (born May 28, 1981) is a professional baseball right-handed starting pitcher for the Tigres de Quintana Roo of the Mexican Baseball League. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Baltimore Orioles, Washington Nationals and Arizona Diamondbacks and in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Chunichi Dragons. He is a tall pitcher, standing at 6' \"\\ and 225 lb.", "Leron Lee Leron Lee (born March 4, 1948 in Bakersfield, California) is a former left fielder in Major League Baseball who played 8 seasons with the St. Louis Cardinals, Los Angeles Dodgers, Cleveland Indians and San Diego Padres. He was the inspiration for the 1992's film Mr. Baseball, as Leron was the first Major League player to move to Japan at the height of his career and to wed a Japanese woman.", "Bruce Chen Bruce Kastulo Chen (born June 19, 1977) is a Panamanian former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Atlanta Braves, Philadelphia Phillies, New York Mets, Montreal Expos, Cincinnati Reds, Houston Astros, Boston Red Sox, Baltimore Orioles, Texas Rangers, Kansas City Royals and Cleveland Indians from 1998 to 2015.", "Omar Vizquel Omar Enrique Vizquel González (Spanish pronunciation: [oˈmar βisˈkel]; born April 24, 1967), nicknamed \"Little O\", is a Venezuelan former Major League Baseball infielder. During his 23-year career, Vizquel played for the Seattle Mariners (1989–1993), Cleveland Indians (1994–2004), San Francisco Giants (2005–2008), Texas Rangers (2009) Chicago White Sox (2010–2011), and Toronto Blue Jays (2012). In Venezuela he played for Leones del Caracas.", "Rafael Betancourt Rafael Jose Betancourt (born April 29, 1975) is a Venezuelan professional baseball relief pitcher who is currently a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cleveland Indians and Colorado Rockies, as well as in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Yokohama BayStars.", "Yutaka Fukufuji Yutaka Fukufuji (福藤豊, Fukufuji Yutaka, born September 17, 1982) is a Japanese ice hockey player currently with the Esbjerg Energy of the Danish Metal Ligaen. Fukufuji was the first Japanese player to appear in a National Hockey League game. The first Japanese draft pick, Hiroyuki Miura, was selected by the Montreal Canadiens in the 1992 NHL Draft, but never played in an NHL game.", "Jeremy Accardo Jeremiah Lee Accardo (born December 8, 1981) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is currently a free agent. He has previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Francisco Giants, Toronto Blue Jays, Baltimore Orioles, Cleveland Indians, and Oakland Athletics. Prior to playing professionally, Accardo attended Mesa High School and later Illinois State University.", "Johnny Damon Johnny David Damon (born November 5, 1973) is a Thai-American professional baseball outfielder who began playing in Major League Baseball (MLB) in 1995. He last played in 2012, though he has not officially retired. In his MLB career, Damon has played for the Kansas City Royals (1995–2000), Oakland Athletics (2001), Boston Red Sox (2002–05), New York Yankees (2006–09), Detroit Tigers (2010), Tampa Bay Rays (2011) and Cleveland Indians (2012).", "Manny Ramirez Manuel Arístides \"Manny\" Ramírez Onelcida (born May 30, 1972) is a Dominican-American professional baseball outfielder who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for parts of 19 seasons. He played with the Cleveland Indians, Boston Red Sox, Los Angeles Dodgers, Chicago White Sox, and Tampa Bay Rays before playing one season in the Chinese Professional Baseball League. Ramirez is recognized for having had great batting skill and power.", "Jim Gentile James Edward Gentile (born June 3, 1934), also nicknamed \"Diamond Jim\", is a former Major League Baseball first baseman and left-handed batter who played with the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers (1957–58); Baltimore Orioles (1960–63), Kansas City Athletics (1964–65), Houston Astros (1965–66) and Cleveland Indians (1966).A powerful slugger listed at 6' 4\", 215 lb, Gentile was signed by the Los Angeles Dodgers as a high school pitcher in 1952.", "Randall Simon Randall Carlito Simon (born May 25, 1975) is a former professional baseball first baseman. He has played all or part of eight seasons in Major League Baseball and one in Nippon Professional Baseball between 1997 and 2006. Simon's debut season came with the Atlanta Braves in 1997, for whom he played until 1999.", "Yutaka Wada Yutaka Wada (和田豊, born September 2, 1962 in Matsudo, Chiba, Japan) is a retired Japanese baseball player for the Hanshin Tigers. He previously worked as a hitting coach for the Hanshin Tigers prior to the 2012 season. After the team failed to make the 2011 play-offs, team manager Akinobu Mayumi was fired, and Yutaka Wada was giving the position to replace him less than a week later.", "Aaron Guiel Aaron Colin Guiel (/ˈɡaɪl/; born October 5, 1972) is a former professional baseball outfielder who played for the Tokyo Yakult Swallows of Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball. He had also played in Major League Baseball for the Kansas City Royals (2002-2006) and New York Yankees (2006).", "Nippon Professional Baseball Nippon Professional Baseball (日本野球機構, Nippon Yakyū Kikō) or NPB is the highest level of baseball in Japan. Locally, it is often called Puro Yakyū (プロ野球), meaning Professional Baseball. Outside of Japan, it is often just referred to as \"Japanese baseball\". The roots of the league can be traced back to the formation of the \"Greater Japan Tokyo Baseball Club\" (大日本東京野球倶楽部, Dai-Nippon Tōkyō Yakyū Kurabu) in 1934 and the original Japanese Baseball League.", "Tony Solaita Tolia \"Tony\" Solaita (January 15, 1947 – February 10, 1990) was a Major League Baseball player for the New York Yankees, Kansas City Royals, California Angels, Toronto Blue Jays, and Montreal Expos between 1968 and 1979. He also played four seasons in Japan for the Nippon Ham Fighters from 1980 to 1983.As of 2015, Solaita is the only Major League Baseball player to have hailed from American Samoa.", "Yomiuri Giants The Yomiuri Giants (読売ジャイアンツ, Yomiuri Jaiantsu) are a professional baseball team based in Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan. The team competes in the Central League in Nippon Professional Baseball. They play their home games in the Tokyo Dome, opened in 1988. The team's owner is the Yomiuri Group, a media conglomerate which includes two newspapers and a television network.The Giants are the oldest team among the current Japanese professional teams.", "Ryoji Aikawa Ryoji Aikawa (相川亮二, Aikawa Ryōji, born July 11, 1976 in Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan) is a professional Japanese baseball player. He plays catcher for the Yomiuri Giants.Aikawa was a member of the Japanese national baseball team at the 2006 World Baseball Classic and 2013 World Baseball Classic. He also won the Bronze medal at the 2004 Olympic Games.Aikawa is a Christian.", "The Baseball 2003 The Baseball 2003: Battle Ballpark Sengen Perfect Play Pro Yakyuu is a baseball video game released only in Japan in 2003. The game features real time commentaries and bench reports, and the players have been animated using motion capture technology. It includes 12 teams and 528 real life players.", "Osamu Higashio Osamu Higashio (東尾修, Higashio Osamu, born May 18, 1950 in Kibi, Wakayama, Japan) is a former Japanese baseball player who played in the Japanese professional leagues from 1969-1988. He also was manager of the Seibu Lions from 1995-2001.", "Scott Mathieson Scott William Mathieson (born February 27, 1984) is a Canadian professional baseball pitcher for the Yomiuri Giants of Nippon Professional Baseball.While playing for the Langley Blaze of the B.C. Premier Baseball League, Mathieson was drafted in the 17th round of the 2002 Major League Baseball Draft – 509th overall – by the Phillies. He made his professional debut in the Gulf Coast League (GCL), going 0–2 with an earned run average of 5.40 in seven games.", "Rick Guttormson Rick Lee Guttormson (リック・ガトームソン, 릭 구톰슨) (born January 11, 1977 Torrance, California) is a former professional baseball starting pitcher.He became the first pitcher to throw a no-hitter in the history of interleague play in Japanese baseball, doing so against the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles on May 25, 2006.", "Norihiro Nakamura Norihiro Nakamura (中村紀洋, Nakamura Norihiko, born July 24, 1973 in Osaka, Japan) is a Japanese professional baseball third baseman who is currently a free agent. Nakamura spent almost all of his professional career in Japan with the Osaka Kintetsu Buffaloes. Nakamura has a .266 career batting average, 404 home runs and 1338 RBI, and has been an eight-time All-Star and four-time Golden Glove winner. Nakamura is one of only 16 players to have hit 400 or more home runs in NPB.", "Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame The Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum (野球体育博物館, Yakyū Taiiku Hakubutsukan) is a museum which includes a library, reference rooms and Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame (野球殿堂, Yakyū Dendō).It first opened in 1959 next door to Korakuen Stadium in Tokyo, Japan.", "List of Japanese baseball players This list consists of players who have played in Nippon Professional Baseball. Non-Japanese players who played in Japan are also included in this list.", "Chien-Ming Wang Chien-Ming Wang (Chinese: 王建民; pinyin: Wáng Jiànmín; born March 31, 1980) is a Taiwanese professional baseball pitcher with the Seattle Mariners organization. He has played in Major League Baseball for the New York Yankees, Washington Nationals, and Toronto Blue Jays. He has also played for the Taiwan national baseball team and Southern Maryland Blue Crabs in the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball.Wang signed as an amateur free agent with the Yankees in 2000.", "Chan Ho Park Chan Ho Park (Korean: 박찬호; born June 30, 1973) is a South Korean former professional baseball pitcher. He played for the Los Angeles Dodgers, Texas Rangers, San Diego Padres, New York Mets, Philadelphia Phillies, New York Yankees, Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball, Orix Buffaloes of Nippon Professional Baseball and Hanwha Eagles of Korea Baseball Organization. He was the first South Korean-born player in major league history.", "Alex Ramírez Alexander Ramón Ramírez (born 15 August 1974) is a Venezuelan former professional baseball outfielder who had a long career in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). He is the first foreign-born player to record 2,000 hits while playing in NPB. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cleveland Indians (1998–2000) and Pittsburgh Pirates (2000). He batted and threw right-handed.", "Senichi Hoshino Senichi Hoshino (星野仙一, Hoshino Sen'ichi), 22 January 1947, is a former Japanese professional baseball player and current manager.In 2003, he led the Tigers to their first Central League pennant in 18 years before retiring for health reasons. In 2007 he managed the Japanese national team for the 2008 Beijing Olympics.In October, 2010 Hoshino was hired as manager of the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles.", "Atsuya Furuta Atsuya Furuta (古田敦也, b. August 6, 1965 in Kawanishi, Hyōgo) is a Japanese former baseball player and player-manager for the Tokyo Yakult Swallows professional baseball club in the Nippon Professional Baseball's Central League. Drafted in the 2nd round in 1990, Furuta became a leader for the Swallows as a catcher and became the first player-manager in Japanese baseball in 29 years, since Katsuya Nomura in 1977.", "Justin Germano Justin William Germano (born August 6, 1982) is an American professional baseball pitcher in the KT Wiz of the Korean organization. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres, Cincinnati Reds, Cleveland Indians. Boston Red Sox, Chicago Cubs, Toronto Blue Jays and Texas Rangers. He has also played in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks and in the Korean Baseball Organization (KBO) for the Samsung Lions.", "Meikyukai The Meikyukai (日本プロ野球名球会, Nippon Puro Yakyū Meikyūkai, The Golden Players Club) is one of the two Japanese baseball halls of fame (the other is the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame; Yakyu Dendo 野球殿堂). The Meikyukai is a company ltd. for public benefit.Founded by Hall of Fame pitcher Masaichi Kaneda on July 24, 1978, the Meikyukai honors players born during the Shōwa period (1926–1988).", "Takuro Ishii Takuro Ishii (石井琢朗, Ishii Takurō, born August 25, 1970, came from Sano, Tochigi, Japan) is a Japanese professional baseball player. He currently plays for Hiroshima Toyo Carp. He bats left-handed and throws right-handed.Ishii was regarded as one of the best Japanese shortstops of the late 1990s and early 2000s.", "Sachio Kinugasa Sachio Kinugasa (衣笠祥雄, born January 18, 1947 in Kyoto, Japan) is a former Japanese baseball player with Hiroshima Carp. He is nicknamed Tetsujin, meaning \"Iron Man\". He played in a then world-record 2,215 consecutive games, passing Lou Gehrig's mark in 1987. (This record was later broken by Cal Ripken, Jr.", "Kazushige Nagashima Kazushige Nagashima (長嶋一茂, Nagashima Kazushige, January 26, 1966 -) is a Japanese actor, sports commentator and former professional baseball player. His father is Japanese baseball legend Shigeo Nagashima.", "Adam Riggs Adam David Riggs (born October 4, 1972 in Steubenville, Ohio) is a former professional baseball first baseman. He played parts of four years in Major League Baseball, but is better known for the four seasons he spent with the Tokyo Yakult Swallows of the Japanese Central League.A native of Byram Township, New Jersey, he attended Lenape Valley Regional High School in Stanhope, New Jersey, and is an alumnus of the County College of Morris and the University of South Carolina Aiken.", "Tsuyoshi Wada Tsuyoshi Wada (和田毅, Wada Tsuyoshi, born February 21, 1981) is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher for the Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball (MLB).Wada pitched in the 2004 Athens and 2008 Beijing Olympics as well as the 2006 World Baseball Classic for the Japanese national team. He set a Tokyo Big6 Baseball League record with 476 strikeouts during his college career at Waseda University and was the Pacific League Most Valuable Rookie in 2003.", "Shinji Udaka Shinji Udaka (宇高伸次, Udaka Shinji) (born August 24, 1976 in Osaka) is a Japanese baseball player. He played for the Osaka Kintetsu Buffaloes from 1999 to 2003. In the 1999 draft, he was selected as the number 1 overall pick.", "Japan Samurai Bears The Japan Samurai Bears are a defunct traveling professional baseball team that played in the independent Golden Baseball League, which is not affiliated with either Major League Baseball or Minor League Baseball. They were based in the Arizona Division.", "Japan national baseball team The Japan national baseball team is the national baseball team representing Japan in international competitions. They are one of the more successful baseball teams in the world, having won the World Baseball Classic in 2006 and 2009 until 2013, where they lost 3-1 against Puerto Rico in the first semifinal round. The team is currently ranked 1st in the world according to the International Baseball Federation.", "Alex Cabrera Alexander Cabrera Suzuki (born December 24, 1971) is a Venezuelan first baseman and right-handed batter who played in Major League Baseball and Nippon Professional Baseball. He was released by the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks on July 31, 2012 after signing with them prior to the 2011 season.", "Yoshitaka Mizuo Yoshitaka Mizuo (水尾嘉孝, Mizuo Yoshitaka, born May 2, 1968 in Toyonaka, Osaka) is a former Japanese baseball player. He played professionally for the Yokohama BayStars and the Orix BlueWave. From 2003 to 2004, Mizuo played for minor league affiliates of Major League Baseball's Anaheim Angels.", "Shunsuke Watanabe Shunsuke Watanabe (渡辺俊介, Watanabe Shunsuke, born August 27, 1976) is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher who plays for the Lancaster Barnstormers of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball.His submarine pitching form was noted during the 2006 World Baseball Classic.", "Kazuhiro Yamauchi Kazuhiro Yamauchi (山内一弘, Yamauchi Kazuhiro, May 1, 1932 - February 2, 2009) was a Japanese baseball player and manager. He played for the Mainichi Orions, the Hanshin Tigers and the Hiroshima Toyo Carp over the span of an 18 season-long career (1952–1970).Some of his stats include 7702 at bats, 1218 runs, 2271 hits, 396 home runs, 1286 runs batted in, 118 stolen bases, 1061 walks, and a batting average of .292.", "Eiji Sawamura Eiji Sawamura (沢村栄治; February 1, 1917 – December 2, 1944, born in Ujiyamada (Present: Ise), Mie prefecture, Japan) was a Japanese professional baseball player. A right-handed pitcher, he played in Japan for the Yomiuri Giants.On November 20, 1934, the 17-year-old Sawamura faced a team of visiting all-star players from Major League Baseball, including Babe Ruth, Jimmie Foxx, Lou Gehrig, and Charlie Gehringer.", "Baseball in Japan Baseball is one of the most popular sports in Japan. It was introduced in 1872 by an American, Horace Wilson, who was an English professor at the Kaisei School in Tokyo. The first baseball team was called the Shimbashi Athletic Club and was established in 1878. Baseball has been a popular sport ever since. It is called 野球 (やきゅう; yakyū) in Japanese, combining the characters for field and ball.", "Shosei Go Shosei Go (Chinese: 吳昌征; pinyin: Wú Chāngzhēng; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Gô͘ Chhiong-cheng; Japanese: Go Shōsei; June 28, 1916 - June 7, 1987) was a baseball player from Taiwan.Go was a leadoff man who played for the Tokyo Giants (1937–43, now the Yomiuri Giants), Hanshin Tigers (1944-1949) and Mainichi Orions (1950-1957, now the Chiba Lotte Marines). Only 5-foot-6 and 140 pounds, he was nicknamed \"The Human Locomotive\" due to his speed.", "Jeremy Hermida Jeremy Ryan Hermida (born January 30, 1984) is a professional baseball outfielder who is currently with the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters of the Nippon Professional Baseball. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Florida Marlins, Boston Red Sox, Oakland Athletics, Cincinnati Reds and San Diego Padres. He bats left-handed and throws right-handed.", "Koichi Ogata Koichi Ogata (緒方孝市, Ogata Koichi, born December 25, 1968 in Tosu, Saga) is a famous Japanese baseball player. Throughout his 22-year career, he has played only with the Hiroshima Toyo Carp.As of the 2009 season, some of his accomplishments include:200 home runs (241)1500 games played (1808)5000 at bats (5342)1500 hits (1506) 900 runs (906)200 doubles (257)2500 total bases (2546)200 stolen bases (268)600 walks (630)", "Tuffy Rhodes Karl Derrick \"Tuffy\" Rhodes (born August 21, 1968) is a retired American professional baseball player. He played six years in Major League Baseball in the US, and thirteen years in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) in Japan. Rhodes is the all-time NPB home run leader among foreign-born players, and he is tied for 11th overall with 464 home runs in Japan. He held Japan's single-season home run record from 2001 to 2013.", "Japanese Baseball League For the current Japanese Professional League, see Nippon Professional Baseball.The Japanese Baseball League (日本野球連盟, Nihon Yakyū Renmei) was a professional baseball league in Japan which operated from 1936–1949, before reorganizing in 1950 as Nippon Professional Baseball.", "Sadaharu Oh Sadaharu Oh (Japanese: 王貞治, Ō Sadaharu; born May 20, 1940), also known as Wang Chen-chih (Chinese: 王貞治; pinyin: Wáng Zhēnzhì) , is a retired Japanese–Chinese baseball player and manager who played 22 seasons for the Yomiuri Giants in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) from 1959 to 1980. Oh holds the world lifetime home run record, having hit 868 home runs during his professional career.", "Victor Starffin Victor Starffin (Russian: Виктор Константинович Старухин, tr. Viktor Konstantinovich Starukhin, May 1, 1916 - January 12, 1957), nicknamed \"the blue-eyed Japanese\" (青い目の日本人, aoi-me no Nihonjin), was an ethnic Russian baseball player in Japan and the first professional pitcher in Japan to win three hundred games. With 83 career shutouts, he ranks number one all-time in Japanese professional baseball.", "Lenn Sakata Lenn Haruki Sakata (Japanese: 坂田春樹 born June 8, 1954 in Honolulu, Hawaii) is a former professional baseball player who played in the Major Leagues primarily as a utility player from 1977 to 1987 and was a member of the Baltimore Orioles 1983 World Series Championship team. He was the second Asian American to play Major League Baseball. He is Yonsei (fourth-generation American of Japanese ancestry). Sakata graduated from Kalani High School in 1971.", "Shigeo Nagashima Shigeo Nagashima (長嶋茂雄, Nagashima Shigeo, born February 20, 1936 in Sakura, Chiba, Japan) is a Japanese former professional baseball player and manager.", "Yutaka Fukumoto Yutaka Fukumoto (福本豊, born November 7, 1947 in Osaka, Osaka) is a retired Japanese professional baseball player in Nippon Professional Baseball. An aggressive lead-off man and superior defensive centerfielder, he holds the Japanese career records in triples and stolen bases. He also hit more lead-off home runs than anyone in Japanese history, with 43. In 2002 (Heisei 14), Fukumoto was inducted into the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame.", "Masaichi Kaneda Masaichi Kaneda (金田正一, Kaneda Masaichi, born August 1, 1933 in Heiwa, Aichi Prefecture, Japan) is a Zainichi Korean-Japanese former professional baseball pitcher. He is one of the best-known pitchers in Japanese baseball history, and is the only Japanese pitcher to have won 400 games." ]	2
National Parks East Coast Canada US	[ "Bruce Peninsula National Park\nBruce Peninsula National Park is a national park on the Bruce Peninsula in Ontario, Canada. Located on a part of the Niagara Escarpment, the park comprises 156 square kilometres and is one of the largest protected areas in southern Ontario, forming the core of UNESCO's Niagara Escarpment World Biosphere Reserve. The park offers opportunities for many outdoor activities, including hiking, camping, and bird watching.", "List of national parks\nThis is a list of national parks as defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ordered by nation. Nearly 100 countries around the world have lands classified as a national park by this definition.Note that this article links to list articles of national parks by country on Wikipedia in the \"Country\" column in the tables.", "Prince Edward Island National Park\nPrince Edward Island National Park is a National Park located in Prince Edward Island. Situated along the island's north shore, fronting the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the park measures approximately 60 km (37 mi) in length and ranges from several hundred metres to several kilometres in width. Established in 1937, the park's mandate includes the protection of many broad sand beaches, sand dunes and both freshwater wetlands and saltmarshes.", "Thousand Islands National Park\nThousand Islands National Park (established 1904) is located on the 1000 Islands Parkway in the Thousand Islands Region of the Saint Lawrence River. The islands are actually the worn-down tops of ancient mountains. This region, the Frontenac Axis, connects the Canadian Shield from Algonquin Park in Ontario to the Adirondack Mountains in New York.The park consists of 21 islands plus many smaller islets, 2 mainland properties and a visitor centre at Mallorytown, Ontario on the mainland.", "List of national parks of the United States\nThe United States has 59 protected areas known as national parks that are operated by the National Park Service, an agency of the Department of the Interior. National parks must be established by an act of the United States Congress. The first national park, Yellowstone, was signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1872, followed by Mackinac National Park in 1875 (decommissioned in 1895), and then Rock Creek Park (later merged into National Capital Parks), Sequoia and Yosemite in 1890.", "Torngat Mountains National Park\nTorngat Mountains National Park is a Canadian national park, located on the Labrador Peninsula at the northern tip of Newfoundland and Labrador.The park was established on 22 January 2005, making it the first national park to be created in Labrador. The National Park covers 9,700 square kilometres (3,700 sq mi), extending from Cape Chidley south to Saglek Fjord.", "Fundy National Park\nFundy National Park is located on the Bay of Fundy, near the village of Alma, New Brunswick. The Park showcases a rugged coastline which rises up to the Acadian Highlands, the highest tides in the world, and more than 25 waterfalls. The Park covers an area of 207 km2 (80 sq mi) along Chignecto Bay, the northwestern branch of the Bay of Fundy.", "Terra Nova National Park\nTerra Nova National Park is located on the east coast of Newfoundland in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, along several inlets of Bonavista Bay. The park takes its name from the Latin name for Newfoundland; it is also the original Portuguese name given to the region.Terra Nova's landscape is typical of the northeast coast of Newfoundland, but with remnants of the Appalachian Mountains contributing to widely varied and rugged topography throughout the region.", "Acadia National Park\nAcadia National Park is a national park located in the U.S. state of Maine. It reserves much of Mount Desert Island, and associated smaller islands, off the Atlantic coast. Created as Lafayette National Park in 1919, it was renamed Acadia in 1929 and is the oldest national park east of the Mississippi River.", "Pacific Rim National Park Reserve\nPacific Rim National Park Reserve is a Canadian national park reserve in British Columbia made up of parks of three separate regions: Long Beach, the Broken Group Islands, and the West Coast Trail. The entire park encompasses 511 km2 (197 sq mi) of land and ocean. The park is characterized by rugged coasts and lush temperate rainforests. The park is open from mid-March until mid-October. The park was inaugurated in 1971 by Princess Anne of England.", "List of areas in the United States National Park System\nThe National Park System of the United States is the collection of physical properties owned or administered by the National Park Service. This includes all areas designated national parks and most national monuments, as well as several other types of protected areas of the United States.As of 2015, there are 408 units of the National Park System. However, this number is somewhat misleading.", "Georgian Bay Islands National Park\nGeorgian Bay Islands National Park consists of 63 small islands or parts of islands in Georgian Bay, near Port Severn, Ontario. The park was established in 1929. The total park area is approximately 13.5 km2 (5.2 sq mi). Prior to the creation of Fathom Five National Marine Park, Flowerpot Island was also a part of the park.The islands blend the exposed rocks and pines of the Canadian Shield with the hardwood forests found further south.", "Presqu'ile Provincial Park\nPresqu'ile Provincial Park is a park in southeastern Northumberland County on the north shore of Lake Ontario near the town of Brighton in Ontario, Canada. The park occupies an area of 9.37 km2 (3.62 sq mi). The name of the park is the French word for peninsula, or literally \"almost island\", and was believed to be named by Samuel De Champlain on his second expedition.", "Cape Breton Highlands National Park\nCape Breton Highlands National Park (French: parc national des Hautes-Terres-du-Cap-Breton) is located on northern Cape Breton Island in the province of Nova Scotia. One-third of the Cabot Trail passes through the park featuring spectacular ocean and mountain views. The park is well known for its \"steep cliffs and deep river canyons that carve into a forested plateau bordering the Atlantic Ocean\".", "Kouchibouguac National Park\nKouchibouguac National Park is located on the east coast of New Brunswick, in Kouchibouguac. The park includes barrier islands, sand dunes, lagoons, salt marshes and forests. It provides habitat for seabirds, including the endangered piping plover, and the second largest tern colony in North America. Colonies of harbour seals and grey seals also inhabit the park's 25 kilometres (16 mi) of sand dunes. It is also home to the extremely rare and fragile Gulf of St.", "La Mauricie National Park\nLa Mauricie National Park (French: Parc national de la Mauricie) is located near Shawinigan, in the Laurentian mountains, in Mauricie, in the province of Québec, Canada. It covers 536 km2 (207 sq mi) in the southern Canadian Shield region bordering the Saint Lawrence lowlands. The park contains 150 lakes and many ponds.The park lies within the Eastern forest-boreal transition ecoregion. The forests in this region were logged from the middle of the 19th century to the early 20th century.", "Forillon National Park\nForillon National Park, one of 42 national parks and park reserves across Canada, is located at the outer tip of the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec and covers 244 km2 (94 sq mi). Created in 1970, Forillon was the first national park in Quebec. The park includes forests, sea coast, salt marshes, sand dunes, cliffs, and the Eastern End of the Appalachians. The park includes nesting colonies of sea birds and whales, seals, black bears, moose, and other woodland animals.", "Gros Morne National Park\nGros Morne National Park is a world heritage site located on the west coast of Newfoundland. At 1,805 km2 (697 sq mi), it is the second largest national park in Atlantic Canada; it is surpassed by Torngat Mountains National Park, which is 9,700 km2 (3,700 sq mi).The park takes its name from Newfoundland's second-highest mountain peak (at 2,644 ft/806 m) located within the park.", "National Parks of Canada\nNational Parks of Canada are protected natural spaces throughout the country that represent distinct geographical regions of the nation. Under the administration of Parks Canada, a government branch, National Parks allow for public enjoyment without compromising the area for future generations, including the management of wildlife and habitat within the ecosystems of the park.", "Mingan Archipelago National Park Reserve\nThe Mingan Archipelago National Park Reserve is a national park reserve located in the eastern area of Quebec, Canada, on the north shore of Gulf of St. Lawrence. It features the Mingan Archipelago, a chain of around 40 islands.The islands formed as the continent slowly rose after the last glaciation. Over the course of the last few thousand years, the limestone rocks were slowly eroded by the waves, the changing sea level and the winds, as well as seasonal freezing and thawing.", "Point Pelee National Park\nPoint Pelee National Park (/ˈpiːliː/; French Parc National de la Pointe-Pelée) is a national park located in Essex County in southwestern Ontario, Canada where it extends into Lake Erie. It consists of a peninsula of land, mainly of marsh and woodland habitats, that tapers to a sharp point as it extends into Lake Erie. Middle Island, also part of Point Pelee National Park, was acquired in 2000 and is located just north of the Canada–United States border in Lake Erie.", "Pukaskwa National Park\nPukaskwa National Park is a national park located south of the town of Marathon, Ontario in the Thunder Bay District of northern Ontario, Canada. Established in 1978, Pukaskwa is known for its vistas of Lake Superior and boreal forests.", "Chimney Bluffs State Park\nChimney Bluffs State Park is a state park in the town of Huron in Wayne County, New York on Lake Ontario, on the eastern shore of Sodus Bay. Using its hiking trails, the intrepid visitor can enjoy unique views of large clay rock formations at the water’s edge.The park has approximately four miles of hiking trails, including a mile-long trail along the Bluffs from the West entrance to the East entrance.", "Roosevelt Campobello International Park\nRoosevelt Campobello International Park preserves the house and surrounding landscape of the family summer retreat of Franklin D. Roosevelt and his family, located on the southern tip of Campobello Island in the Canadian province of New Brunswick. It was here in August 1921 that the 39-year-old Roosevelt, who would go on to become the 32nd President of the United States, fell ill and was diagnosed with polio.", "List of the United States National Park System official units\nThe Official Units of the National Park System of the United States is the collection of physical properties owned or administered by the National Park Service.As of 2015, there are 408 official units of the National Park System. However, this number can be misleading. For example, Denali National Park and Preserve are counted as two units, since the same name applies to a national park and an adjacent national preserve.", "Canadian Rockies\nThe Canadian Rockies comprise the Canadian segment of the North American Rocky Mountains. They are the eastern part of the Canadian Cordillera, which is a system of multiple ranges of mountains which runs from the Canadian Prairies to the Pacific Coast. The Canadian Rockies mountain system comprises the southeastern part of this system, laying between the Interior Plains of Alberta and Northeastern British Columbia on the east to the Rocky Mountain Trench of BC on the west.", "List of National Parks of Canada\nThis is a list of National Parks of Canada. Canadian National Parks preserve both spectacular and representative areas of the country, located in every one of the nation's 13 provinces and territories. The goal of the national park service is to create a system of protected areas which represent all the distinct natural regions of the country. Parks Canada – the governing and administration body for the system – has developed a plan identifying 39 different regions it aims to represent.", "Riding Mountain Park East Gate Registration Complex\nThe Riding Mountain Park East Gate Registration Complex in Manitoba, Canada, is the only surviving gate structure of the three built at the entrances to Riding Mountain National Park.", "Kejimkujik National Park\nKejimkujik National Park (often called Keji for short) is part of the Canadian National Parks system, located in the province of Nova Scotia. The park consists of two separate properties: the main park is located in the upland interior of the Nova Scotia peninsula bordering Queens and Annapolis counties; and the smaller Kejimkujik Seaside unit, located on the Atlantic coast of Queens County. The park covers 404 km2 (156 sq mi).", "National Mall\nThe National Mall is a national park in downtown Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. The National Park Service (NPS) administers the National Mall, which is part of its National Mall and Memorial Parks unit." ]	[ "Grand Beach Provincial Park Grand Beach Provincial Park is a provincial park in Manitoba, Canada. It is located on the east shore of Lake Winnipeg, and has large white sand dunes and ancient beaches from the end of the last ice age.", "Killarney Provincial Park Killarney Provincial Park is a provincial park in central Ontario, Canada. Although not as well known as the world famous Algonquin Provincial Park, Killarney is one of Ontario's most popular wilderness destinations. With its sapphire blue lakes and white quartzite ridges it is considered one of the crown jewels of the Ontario Park system.The park contains just one campground at the George Lake entrance as it is primarily a wilderness park.", "Nose Hill Park Nose Hill Park is the second largest urban park in Canada (Fish Creek Provincial Park is the largest) and one of the largest urban parks in North America. It is a municipal park unlike Fish Creek, which is a provincial park. Nose Hill Park is located in the northwest quadrant of Calgary, Alberta. It is a natural environment park, commonly regarded as a retreat from city life and a place to enjoy nature.", "Mitlenatch Island Nature Provincial Park Mitlenatch Island Nature Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on Mitlenatch Island (Klahoose: məƛ̓nač, a small islet in the northern Strait of Georgia within the Strathcona Regional District.", "Rondeau Provincial Park Rondeau Provincial Park, located in southwestern Ontario, Canada is the second oldest provincial park having been established with an order in council on 8 September 1894. The park is located on an 8 km long crescentic sand spit extending into Lake Erie. In a 1930 soil survey most of the spit was mapped as Berrien sand, which is imperfectly drained. There are only two sand spits like this one in all of North America, one in Rondeau and one in Florida.", "Háthayim Marine Provincial Park Háthayim Marine Provincial Park von Donop Marine Provincial Park, formerly Von Donop Marine Provincial Park, is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on the north end of Cortes Island in the Discovery Islands.The park's original name was derived from that of Von Donop Inlet (Klahoose: ha̓θamɩn ), which drains NW towards Sutil Channel from the northwest end of Cortes Island.", "Souris Beach Provincial Park Souris Beach Provincial Park is a day-use provincial park located near the town of Souris in eastern Prince Edward Island, Canada. The beach is very shallow, allowing visitors to walk several hundred feet from shore on an all sand bottom.", "Fort Edward (Nova Scotia) Fort Edward is a National Historic Site of Canada in Windsor, Nova Scotia, Canada (formerly known as Pisiguit) and was built during Father Le Loutre's War. The British built the fort to help prevent the Acadian Exodus from the region. The Fort is most famous for the role it played both in the Expulsion of the Acadians (1755) and in protecting Halifax, Nova Scotia from a land assault in the American Revolution.", "Eskers Provincial Park Eskers Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. The park comprises roughly 3,979 hectares (39.79 km2; 15.36 sq mi) and was created in 1987. Located west of Nukko Lake, which lies northwest of the city of Prince George, it protects an area of the 40-kilometre (25 mi) Stuart River Eskers Complex. Eskers are winding ridges of gravel formed by the glaciers which once covered the British Columbia Interior.", "Uncha Mountain Red Hills Provincial Park Uncha Mountain Red Hills Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, comprising two parcels of land on the north and south shores of Francois Lake. Total area of the park is 9,421 hectares.", "Momich Lakes Provincial Park Momich Lakes Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located at the north end of Adams Lake 100km northeast of Kamloops.", "East Coast Park Service Road East Coast Park Service Road (Chinese: 东海岸公园副路; Malay: Jalan Perkhidmatan Taman Pantai Timur) is a road in Singapore that runs along the northern perimeter of the East Coast Park and parallel to the East Coast Parkway. It provides access from Marine Parade, Fort Road and East Coast Parkway to the park. Some cyclists use the road as a less crowded alternative to the 11 km cycling track at the East Coast Park.", "Fisherman's Haven Provincial Park Fisherman's Haven Provincial Park is a provincial park in Prince Edward Island, Canada.", "Tsuga canadensis Tsuga canadensis, also known as eastern hemlock or Canadian hemlock, and in the French-speaking regions of Canada as Pruche du Canada, is a coniferous tree native to eastern North America. It is the state tree of Pennsylvania.", "Northern Rocky Mountains Provincial Park Northern Rocky Mountains Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the north-eastern part of the province, 90 km north-west from Fort Nelson and it is bordered to the north by the Alaska Highway. Access is mostly done by boat, aircraft, on horseback or by hiking.At 6,657.1 km2, it is the largest protected area in the Muskwa-Kechika Management Area and the third largest provincial park in British Columbia.", "The Big E The Big E, also known as The Eastern States Exposition, is billed as \"New England's Great State fair\". It is the largest agricultural event on the eastern seaboard and the fifth-largest fair in the nation. The Big E is inclusive of all six of the New England states: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Each of the New England states is prominently represented at the fair.", "Burges and James Gadsden Provincial Park Burges and James Gadsden Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, south of the confluence of the Blaeberry and Columbia Rivers, northwest of Golden.", "Kickininee Provincial Park Kickininee Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located just south of the town of Summerland in that province's Okanagan region. Originally established in 1970 with approximately 7 acres (28,000 m2) of upland and 113.5 acres (0.459 km2) of foreshore, the park today comprises approximately 48.76 ha.", "Campbells Cove Provincial Park Campbells Cove Campground and Cabins is a small family owned and operated campground in eastern Prince Edward Island, Canada. It is located on the North Shore, overlooking the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Features of the area include red sandstone cliffs and beaches. Campbells Cove is also a short distance away from North Lake, which is the tuna capital of the world.", "Green Park Provincial Park Green Park Provincial Park is a provincial park in Prince Edward Island, Canada. It is located on the western shore of Malpeque Bay.", "Niagara Escarpment The Niagara Escarpment is a long escarpment, or cuesta, in the United States and Canada that runs predominantly east/west from New York State, through Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin and Illinois. It is composed of the Lockport geological formation of Silurian age, and is similar to the Onondaga geological formation, which runs parallel to it and just to the south, through western New York and southern Ontario.", "Mount Geoffrey Escarpment Provincial Park Mount Geoffrey Escarpment Provincial Park is a Class-A provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on the southwest coast of Hornby Island. It covers an area of 187 hectares (460 acres), stretching from the Shingle Spit ferry landing in the west to Ford Cove in the east.There are facilities for hiking, mountain biking, canoeing, fishing, sightseeing, open water swimming, and horseback riding.", "Teakerne Arm Provincial Park Teakerne Arm Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on the north shore of Teakerne Arm on West Redonda Island in the Discovery Islands archipelago, to the northeast of the city of Campbell River, Canada.", "Skookumchuck Narrows Provincial Park This page is for the park encompassing the saltwater rapids on the Sunshine Coast. For the park protecting rapids on the Shuswap River near Mabel Lake see Skookumchuck Rapids Provincial Park.", "Tweedsmuir North Provincial Park and Protected Area Tweedsmuir North Provincial Park and Protected Area is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, which along with Tweedsmuir South Provincial Park and Entiako Provincial Park and Protected Area were once part of Tweedsmuir Provincial Park, then B. C.'s largest park, 9,810 square kilometres (3,790 sq mi) located in the Coast Range. Tweedsmuir gained park status in 1938 and Wells Gray Provincial Park in 1939, the earliest large parks established in the provincial parks system.", "La Verendrye Provincial Park La Verendrye Provincial Park is a waterway provincial park located in Ontario, Canada, on the border of Minnesota, USA. The park stretches from Quetico Provincial Park through Saganaga Lake, up the Pine River, across the Height of Land Portage, then down the Pigeon River to Pigeon River Provincial Park on Lake Superior.", "Lord Selkirk Provincial Park Lord Selkirk Provincial Park is a provincial park in Prince Edward Island, Canada. The park hosts a community-operated campground and playground. It is adjacent to the Belfast Highland Greens golf course, in addition to a pool and a canteen.", "Juan de Fuca Provincial Park Juan de Fuca Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. The park was created in 1996 by combining the former China Beach Provincial Park, Loss Creek Park, Parkinson Creek Park and Botanical Beach Park and the trail connecting them into one park.", "Gateway National Recreation Area Gateway National Recreation Area is a 26,607-acre (10,767 ha) National Recreation Area in the Port of New York and New Jersey. Scattered over Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island, New York, and Monmouth County, New Jersey, it provides recreational opportunities that are rare for a dense urban environment, including ocean swimming, bird watching, boating, hiking and camping.", "Elephant Hill Provincial Park This page is for the park and hill near the towns of Cache Creek and Ashcroft, British Columbia, Canada. For the landmark in Guilin, China, see Elephant Trunk Hill.Elephant Hills Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada protecting Elephant Hill, a prominent landmark adjacent to the Trans-Canada Highway at the cut-off for the town of Ashcroft a few miles south of the town of Cache Creek. The park is approximately 968 hectares in area.", "Long Sault Provincial Park Long Sault Provincial Park, a group of eleven islands west of Cornwall, Ontario, was created by St. Lawrence Seaway flooding in 1958. The islands, formerly part of the Canadian mainland before the flooding of the Long Sault rapids, are a major tourist attraction and source of revenue for the region, especially during the summer months when tourists, most notably from the Montreal region flock to the parkway for its beaches, camping, fishing, and boating opportunities.", "Wapusk National Park Wapusk National Park is Canada's 37th national park, established in 1996. The park is located in the Hudson Plains ecozone, 45 kilometres (28 mi) south of Churchill in north-east Manitoba, Canada, on the shores of Hudson Bay. Access to the park is limited due to its remote location and an effort to preserve the park. The name comes from the Cree word for polar bear (wâpask).", "Christie Memorial Provincial Park Christie Memorial Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located in the town of Okanagan Falls at the south end of Skaha Lake.The park was established in 5 October 1965, in remembrance of RCAF Pilot Officer Robert G. Christie, DFM. Christie was serving as a Navigator (flight officer) with No. 97 Squadron RAF when he was killed in action 23 September 1943.", "Nancy Greene Provincial Park Nancy Greene Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located northwest of the city of Rossland in that province's West Kootenay region. It is named for Nancy Greene, Canadian Olympic medallist in downhill skiing, who is a native of Rossland.", "Ukkusiksalik National Park Ukkusiksalik National Park is a national park in Nunavut, Canada. It covers 20,885 square kilometres (8,064 sq mi) of tundra and coastal mudflats south of the Arctic Circle and the hamlet of Repulse Bay, from Hudson Bay's Roes Welcome Sound towards the western Barrenlands and the source of Brown River. The park surrounds Wager Bay, a 100 kilometres (62 mi)-long inlet on the Hudson Bay. Although the smallest of Nunavut's four national parks, it is the sixth largest in Canada.", "Cape Disappointment State Park Cape Disappointment State Park, formerly known as Fort Canby State Park, is a 1,882-acre (762 ha) Washington state park located southwest of Ilwaco, on the southern part of Long Beach Peninsula, which fronts the Pacific Ocean. The park is one of several state parks and sites in Washington and Oregon that make up the Lewis and Clark National and State Historical Parks.", "Strathcona Provincial Park Strathcona Provincial Park is the oldest provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, and the largest on Vancouver Island. Founded in 1911, the park was named for Donald Alexander Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal, a wealthy philanthropist and railroad pioneer. It lies within the Strathcona Regional District. The Clayoquot Sound UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, established in 2000, includes three watersheds in the western area of the park.", "Elk Island National Park Elk Island National Park (French: parc national Elk Island), is one of 43 national parks and park reserves administered by the Parks Canada Agency. This “island of conservation” is located 35 km east of Edmonton, Alberta along the Yellowhead Highway, which nearly bisects the park.", "Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve is a U.S. National Park in Alaska. It is the northernmost national park in the U.S. (the entirety of the park lies north of the Arctic Circle) and the second largest at 8,472,506 acres (3,428,702 ha), slightly larger in area than Belgium. The park consists primarily of portions of the Brooks Range of mountains. It was first protected as a U.S.", "Coste Rocks Provincial Park Coste Rocks Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located 23km south of Kitimat on the south end of Coste Island. The park, which is water access only, was established in 2004; comprising approximately 29 hectares (1 hectares of it upland and 28 hectares of it foreshore).", "Long Point Provincial Park Long Point Provincial Park is an Ontario provincial park on the northwest shore of Lake Erie near Port Rowan, Ontario, Canada.", "Union Corner Provincial Park Union Corner Provincial Park is a provincial park in Prince Edward Island, Canada.", "Oregon Jack Provincial Park Oregon Jack Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada located in the Clear Range west of Ashcroft. It protects the limestone canyon of Oregon Jack Creek, at the head of which is a waterfall named the Notch, above which is included a wetland area. The site was an important First Nations site and there are pictographs, culturally modified trees and a site known as the Three Sisters Rock Shelter.", "Cedar Point County Park Cedar Point County Park is a 607-acre (246 ha) park in East Hampton, New York that is owned by the government of Suffolk County, New York. It has commanding views of Gardiners Bay and is famed for its decommissioned lighthouse.", "Eagle Bay Provincial Park Eagle Bay Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada which covers 262 hectares of land.", "Indian Arm Provincial Park Indian Arm Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It is located on the western and eastern shores of Indian Arm, a glacial fjord extending north from Burrard Inlet near the city of Vancouver. The park also surrounds most of the land near Buntzen Lake, a reservoir managed by BC Hydro.", "Rock Point Provincial Park Rock Point Provincial Park is a park located on the north shore of Lake Erie near the mouth of the Grand River in the Carolinian zone of southwestern Ontario. It occupies an area of 1.87 square kilometres (0.72 sq mi).Habitats within the park include wetlands, forests and dunes. Trees include the uncommon Big Shellbark Hickory. Limestone shelves along the lake shore contain the fossils of marine animals from the Devonian period.", "Walsh Cove Provincial Park Walsh Cove Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada comprising the northeast portion of West Redonda Island in the Discovery Islands archipelago. The park is approximately 85 ha. in size.", "Mount Elphinstone Provincial Park Mount Elphinstone Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. Located near Mount Elphinstone, the park is on the west side of Howe Sound and north of the town of Gibsons and near the community of Roberts Creek. Created in 2000, the park is approximately 141 hectares in size.", "Quoddy Head State Park Quoddy Head State Park is a state park located four miles off Maine State Route 189 in Lubec, Maine on the easternmost point of land in the continental United States.", "Northern Tier National High Adventure Bases The Northern Tier National High Adventure Bases are a collection of high adventure bases run by the Boy Scouts of America in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness of Minnesota, Ontario's Quetico Provincial Park, Manitoba's Atikaki Provincial Wilderness Park and points beyond. It is the oldest of the four National High Adventure Bases operated by the Boy Scouts of America.", "Tidewater Provincial Park Tidewater Provincial Park is a provincial park located on five islands in the Moose River estuary between Moosonee and Moose Factory, Ontario, Canada:Charles IslandSouth Charles IslandButler IslandHayes IslandBushy IslandThe park was created in 1964 and is operated by the Town of Moosonee rather than the Ministry of Natural Resources.Access to the park is by boat only, including water taxis from Moosonee, Ontario.", "Eel Weir State Park Eel Weir State Park is a state park in St. Lawrence County, New York. The park is located in the St. Lawrence Valley on the Oswegatchie River approximately two miles (3.2 km) from Black Lake and approximately eight miles (13 km) southwest of Ogdensburg.", "Kings Castle Provincial Park Kings Castle Provincial Park is a provincial park in the southeastern portion of Prince Edward Island, Canada.", "Cabot Beach Provincial Park Cabot Beach Provincial Park is a provincial park in Prince Edward Island, Canada. It is located in Malpeque Bay.Cabot Beach is the largest park in western PEI. This beautiful park has a large day-use area with playground equipment, an activity centre with children's programs and a naturalist on staff who provides guided nature walks. There is also supervised swimming on scenic Malpeque Bay.Cabot Beach was host to the 4th (1977) and the 10th (2001) Canadian Scout Jamboree.", "East Bay Regional Park District The East Bay Regional Park District (EBRPD) is a special district operating in Alameda County and Contra Costa County, California, within the East Bay area of the San Francisco Bay Area. It maintains and operates a system of regional parks which is the largest urban regional park district in the United States. The administrative office is located in Oakland.As of 2015, EBRPD spans 120,000 acres (49,000 ha) with 65 parks and over 1,200 miles (1,900 km) of trails.", "Robert Moses State Park (Thousand Islands) Robert Moses State Park - Thousand Islands is a New York state park located on Barnhart Island in the St. Lawrence River and adjacent parts of the Town of Massena in St. Lawrence County. The park is north of the Village of Massena. The park is at the international boundary between the United States and Canada.The park is named after long-time New York Parks Commissioner Robert Moses, who created many of the state parks in New York. It is one of two state parks in New York to bear his name.", "Upper Clements Parks Upper Clements Parks is a seasonal theme park located in Upper Clements, Nova Scotia, Canada owned and operated by a non profit community group, The Upper Clements Parks Society. It is composed of two parks; Upper Clements Theme Park and Upper Clements Adventure Park. Upper Clements Parks is open daily from the beginning of June until the end of September.", "Atlantic seaboard watershed The Atlantic seaboard watershed is a watershed of North America along both the Atlantic Canada (Maritimes) coast south of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence Watershed &the East Coast of the United States north of the watershed of the Okeechobee Waterway.The relatively narrow continental area is demarcated on the south by drainage to the Okeechobee Waterway (which drains both westward to the Gulf and eastward to ocean), the Eastern Continental Divide (ECD) to the west, and the Saint Lawrence divide to the north.", "Fathom Five National Marine Park Fathom Five National Marine Park is a National Marine Conservation Area in the Georgian Bay part of Lake Huron, Ontario, Canada, that seeks to protect and display shipwrecks and lighthouses, and conserve freshwater ecosystems.", "Cedar Dunes Provincial Park Cedar Dunes Provincial Park is a provincial park in Prince Edward Island, Canada.It is located south of West Point, facing the Northumberland Strait.", "Argyle Shore Provincial Park Argyle Shore Provincial Park is a provincial park in Prince Edward Island, Canada.", "East Pine Provincial Park East Pine Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located east of Chetwynd in the Peace River Block at the junction of the Pine and Murray Rivers. The park was established in 1982 and is 14.2 hectares in size.", "East Grand Lake East Grand Lake is located between the U.S. state of Maine and the Canadian province of New Brunswick. The boundary between the United States and Canada passes through the lake. In Maine it falls within two counties, Washington and Aroostook, and in New Brunswick it serves as the western boundary of York County.The lake is part of the Chiputneticook chain of lakes which also include Spednic, North, and Palfrey and form the headwaters of the St. Croix River.", "Cape Spear Cape Spear, located on the Avalon Peninsula near St. John's, Newfoundland, is the easternmost point in Canada (52°37'W), and North America, excluding Danish controlled Greenland. Cape Spear is close to Blackhead, an amalgamated area of the City of St. John's, about 1.86 miles (3 km) away.", "New Brunswick East Coast Railway The New Brunswick East Coast Railway (reporting mark NBEC) was an historic Canadian railway that operated in the province of New Brunswick.It included 311 mi (501 km) of track of which 196 miles (315 km) were mainline between Campbellton and Pacific Junction near Moncton.", "Kaumajet Mountains The Kaumajet Mountains are a dramatic compact mountain range rising directly out of the sea on the northern Labrador coast. The mountain range has one 4,000-foot (1,200 m) peak, the highest island peak on the east coast of North America between the Caribbean and Hudson Strait, and several peaks with very high prominence. The highest mountain in the Kaumajet Mountains is Brave Mountain at 1,300 m (4,265 ft).", "List of parks in the Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area The list contains the largest contiguous public parks-preserves within 30 miles (48 km) of either Baltimore, Maryland or Washington, D.C., which is within the Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area.Prince William Forest - Locust Shade, Virginia; 18,255 acres (74 km2) — about one-third is closed to the publicPatuxent Wildlife Research Refuge - Fran Uhler (Patuxent River Park), Maryland; 13,300 acres (54 km2) — about one-third is closed to the publicSeneca Creek - McKee-Beshers - C & O Canal - Germantown, Maryland / Algonkian, Virginia; 12,435 acres (50 km2)Upper Patapsco, Maryland; 9,575 acres (39 km2)Patuxent River Park - Merkle - Jug Bay Wetlands - House Creek, Maryland; 8,575 acres (35 km2)Mason Neck - Accotink Bay - Pohick - Meadowwood - Gunston, Virginia; 7,690 acres (31 km2)Patuxent River State Park, Maryland; 6,650 acres (27 km2)Chapmans - Myrtle Grove - Mattawoman, Maryland; 6,278 acres (25 km2)Sugarloaf Mountain - Monocacy River - C & O Canal, Maryland; 5,790 acres (23 km2)Lower Gunpowder Falls, Maryland; 5,325 acres (22 km2)Manassas Battlefield, Virginia; 4,355 acres (18 km2)Little Bennett, Maryland; 3,700 acres (15 km2)Great Falls, Virginia - C & O Canal, Maryland - Riverbend, Virginia - Scott's Run, Virginia - Carderock, Maryland; 3,440 acres (14 km2)Lower Patapsco - Rockburn Branch, Maryland; 3,435 acres (14 km2)Cedarville, Maryland; 2,848 acres (12 km2) Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Maryland; 2,800 acres (11 km2) - limited public accessUpper Gunpowder Falls (Hereford), Maryland; 2,755 acres (11 km2)Rock Creek Regional (Lake Needwood - North Branch); 2,670 acres (11 km2)Susquehanna State Park, Maryland; 2,645 acres (11 km2)Fountainhead, Virginia; 2,450 acres (10 km2)Nanjemoy Creek, Maryland; 2,415 acres (10 km2) - generally closed to the publicMid-Gunpowder Falls (Baldwin-Fork), Maryland; 2,300 acres (9 km2)Eastern Neck, Maryland; 2,285 acres (9 km2)Douglas Point - Mallows Bay - Purse State Park (Nanjemoy Wildlife Area), Maryland; 1,920 acres (8 km2)Soldiers Delight, Maryland; 1,920 acres (8 km2) -------- Rock Creek Park, D.C.; 1,750 acres (7 km2)", "Cape Cod National Seashore The Cape Cod National Seashore (CCNS), created on August 7, 1961 by President John F. Kennedy, encompasses 43,607 acres (68.1 sq mi; 176.5 km2) on Cape Cod, in Massachusetts. It includes ponds, woods and beachfront of the Atlantic coastal pine barrens ecoregion. The CCNS includes nearly 40 miles (64 km) of seashore along the Atlantic-facing eastern shore of Cape Cod, in the towns of Provincetown, Truro, Wellfleet, Eastham, Orleans and Chatham. It is administered by the National Park Service.", "Epsom Provincial Park Epsom Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located west of Ashcroft around Oregon Jack Hill.", "Erie Creek Provincial Park Erie Creek Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It is a protected area because of the wildlife it hosts.", "Miguasha National Park Miguasha National Park (French: Parc national de Miguasha) is a protected area near Carleton-sur-Mer on the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec in Canada. Created in 1985 by the Government of Quebec, Miguasha was designated a World Heritage Site in 1999 in recognition of its wealth of fossils, which display a crucial time during the evolution of life on Earth.", "Mount Mitchill Mount Mitchill in Atlantic Highlands, Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States, at 266 feet (81 meters), is the highest headland of the United States east coast south of Maine. It has a panoramic view of Raritan Bay, New York City and Sandy Hook and is near the Twin Lights Lighthouse in Highlands. It is also the location of the Monmouth County 9-11 Memorial. It was named after Samuel Latham Mitchill, who determined the height of the hill.", "Jacques Cartier Provincial Park Jacques Cartier Provincial Park is a provincial park in Prince Edward Island, Canada.The park is named after Jacques Cartier, who in 1534 was the first European to arrive on the island. This historic discovery is celebrated yearly in July on Rediscovery Day.", "Redwood National and State Parks The Redwood National and State Parks (RNSP) are old-growth temperate rainforests located in the United States, along the coast of northern California. Comprising Redwood National Park (established 1968) and California's Del Norte Coast, Jedediah Smith, and Prairie Creek Redwoods State Parks (dating from the 1920s), the combined RNSP contain 133,000 acres (540 km2).", "West Quoddy Head Light West Quoddy Head in Lubec, Maine, is the easternmost point of the contiguous United States. West Quoddy Head overlooks Quoddy Narrows, a strait between Canada and the United States. Since 1808, there has been a lighthouse there to guide ships through the waterway. The current one, with distinctive red-and-white stripes, was built in 1858. Photographs and paintings of this lighthouse are frequently reproduced.", "Eastern Canada Eastern Canada (also the Eastern provinces) is generally considered to be the region of Canada east of Manitoba, consisting of the following provinces: New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island QuebecOntario and Quebec define Central Canada, while the other provinces constitute Atlantic Canada. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island are also known as the Maritime Provinces.", "Eastport, Newfoundland and Labrador Not to be confused with Brighton in the United KingdomEastport is a long-popular Newfoundland vacation destination on the Eastport Peninsula.Eastport is located on the north-western border of Terra Nova National Park and is famed for its sandy beaches, beautiful scenery and traditional Newfoundland outport heritage.", "Algonquin Provincial Park Algonquin Provincial Park is a provincial park located between Georgian Bay and the Ottawa River in Central Ontario, Canada, mostly within the Unorganized South Part of Nipissing District. Established in 1893, it is the oldest provincial park in Canada. Additions since its creation have increased the park to its current size of about 7,653 square kilometres (2,955 sq mi).", "Eastport Peninsula The Eastport Peninsula is a small extension of land into the central part of Bonavista Bay in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The peninsula is adjacent to Terra Nova National Park and contains seven small communities: Eastport, Happy Adventure, Sandy Cove, Salvage, St. Chad's Burnside and Sandringham", "East Coast Park The East Coast Park (Chinese: 东海岸公园; Malay: Taman Pantai Timur; Tamil: கிழக்கு கடற்கரை பூங்கா) is a beach park located on the southeastern coast of Singapore. It was opened in the 1970s, when the government completed reclaiming land off the coast at Katong which extends from Changi to Tanjong Rhu.", "National Capital Parks-East National Capital Parks-East (NCPE) is an administrative grouping of a number of National Park Service sites generally east of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., but also nearby in Maryland. These sites include:", "Roderick Haig-Brown Provincial Park Roderick Haig-Brown Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located northeast of Kamloops and northwest of Salmon Arm. It stretches along the banks of the Adams River, between the south end of Adams Lake and the western portion of Shuswap Lake. It's known for one of the largest sockeye salmon run in North America.", "Red Point Provincial Park Red Point Provincial Park is a provincial park in Prince Edward Island, Canada.With its beach, Red point is very popular with most families, and is not far away from the town of Souris. Often there are organized activities or special events for the whole family. The day-use Basin Head Provincial Park is near and is also an excellent beach.", "East Coast of the United States The East Coast of the United States runs along the Atlantic Ocean. The states which have shoreline on the East Coast are, from north to south, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida.", "East Coast Greenway The East Coast Greenway (ECG) is a project to create a nearly 3,000-mile (4,800 km) urban greenway/rail trail linking the major cities of the Atlantic coast of the United States, from Calais, Maine, to Key West, Florida, for non-motorized human transportation. It is similar in length and conception to the 12 routes of the EuroVelo project throughout Europe, and the Trans Canada Trail project in Canada.Work on ECG began in 1991. As of 2014, 30 percent of the trail is complete (off-road)." ]	8
Films directed by Akira Kurosawa	[ "Ikiru\nIkiru (生きる, \"To Live\") is a 1952 Japanese film directed and co-written by Akira Kurosawa. The film examines the struggles of a minor Tokyo bureaucrat and his final quest for meaning. The script was partly inspired by Leo Tolstoy's 1886 novella The Death of Ivan Ilyich, although the plots are not similar beyond the common theme of a bureaucrat struggling with a terminal illness. It stars Takashi Shimura as Kanji Watanabe.", "Those Who Make Tomorrow\nThose Who Make Tomorrow (明日を作る人々, Asu o tsukuru hitobito) is a 1946 film written by Yusaku Yamagata and Kajiro Yamamoto and directed by Akira Kurosawa, Hideo Sekigawa and Kajiro Yamamoto. Kurosawa would later leave the film out of his credits.", "The Men Who Tread on the Tiger's Tail\nThe Men Who Tread on the Tiger's Tail (虎の尾を踏む男達, Tora no O o Fumu Otokotachi, aka They Who Step on the Tiger's Tail) is a 1945 Japanese period drama film, written and directed by Akira Kurosawa. It is based on the kabuki play Kanjinchō, which is in turn based on the Noh play Ataka.The film was initially banned by the occupying Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP) due to its portrayal of feudal values. It was later released after the signing of the Treaty of San Francisco in 1952.", "Seven Samurai\nSeven Samurai (七人の侍, Shichinin no Samurai) is a 1954 Japanese Jidaigeki adventure film co-written, edited, and directed by Akira Kurosawa. The story takes place in 1586 during the Warring States Period of Japan.", "Sanshiro Sugata\nSanshiro Sugata (姿三四郎, Sugata Sanshirō, aka Judo Saga) is the directorial debut of the Japanese film director Akira Kurosawa. First released in Japan on 25 March 1943 by Toho film studios, the film was eventually released in the United States on 28 April 1974. The film is based on the novel of the same name written by Tsuneo Tomita, the son of prominent judoka Tsunejirō Tomita. It follows the story of Sanshiro, a strong stubborn youth, who travels into the city in order to learn Jujutsu.", "Sanshiro Sugata Part II\nSanshiro Sugata Part II (續姿三四郎, Zoku Sugata Sanshirō, aka Judo Saga II) is a 1945 film written and directed by Akira Kurosawa. It is based on the novel by Tsuneo Tomita. It was filmed in early 1945 in Japan towards the end of World War II. Unlike the original Sugata Sanshiro, the sequel is considered a propaganda film.", "Ran (film)\nRan (乱?, Chinese and Japanese for \"chaos\", \"rebellion\", or \"revolt\", or to mean \"disturbed\" or \"confused\") is a 1985 Japanese-French jidaigeki epic film directed and co-written by Akira Kurosawa. The film stars Tatsuya Nakadai as Hidetora Ichimonji, an aging Sengoku-era warlord who decides to abdicate as ruler in favor of his three sons. The story is based on legends of the daimyo Mōri Motonari, as well as on the Shakespearean tragedy King Lear.Ran was Kurosawa's last epic.", "Drunken Angel\nDrunken Angel (酔いどれ天使, Yoidore tenshi) is a 1948 Japanese yakuza film directed by Akira Kurosawa. It is notable for being the first of sixteen film collaborations between director Kurosawa and actor Toshiro Mifune.", "The Bad Sleep Well\nThe Bad Sleep Well (悪い奴ほどよく眠る, Warui yatsu hodo yoku nemuru) is a 1960 film directed by the Japanese director Akira Kurosawa. It was the first film to be produced under Kurosawa's own independent production company. It was entered into the 11th Berlin International Film Festival.The film stars Toshiro Mifune as a young man who gets a prominent position in a corrupt postwar Japanese company in order to expose the men responsible for his father's death. It has its roots in Shakespeare's Hamlet.", "I Live in Fear\nI Live In Fear (生きものの記録, Ikimono no kiroku, aka Record of a Living Being or What the Birds Knew) is a 1955 Japanese film written and directed by Akira Kurosawa. It was co-written by Shinobu Hashimoto, Fumio Hayasaka, and Hideo Oguni. The story concerned an elderly factory owner (Toshiro Mifune) so terrified of the prospect of a nuclear attack that he becomes determined to move his entire extended family (both legal and extra-marital) to what he imagines is the safety of a farm in Brazil.", "High and Low (1963 film)\nHigh and Low (天国と地獄, Tengoku to Jigoku, literally \"Heaven and Hell\") is a 1963 police procedural crime drama film directed by Akira Kurosawa, starring Toshiro Mifune, Tatsuya Nakadai and Kyōko Kagawa. The film is loosely based on King's Ransom (1959), by Ed McBain.", "Throne of Blood\nThrone of Blood (蜘蛛巣城, Kumonosu-jō, literally, \"Spider Web Castle\") is a 1957 Japanese film directed by Akira Kurosawa. The film transposes the plot of William Shakespeare's play Macbeth to feudal Japan, with stylistic elements drawn from Noh drama.", "The Most Beautiful\nThe Most Beautiful (一番美しく, Ichiban utsukushiku, aka Most Beautifully) is a 1944 Japanese propaganda drama film written and directed by Akira Kurosawa.The film is set in an optics factory during the Second World War.", "Akira Kurosawa\nAkira Kurosawa (Japanese: 黒澤明, Hepburn: Kurosawa Akira, March 23, 1910 – September 6, 1998) was a Japanese filmmaker. Regarded as one of the most important and influential filmmakers in the history of cinema, Kurosawa directed 30 films in a career spanning 57 years.Kurosawa entered the Japanese film industry in 1936, following a brief stint as a painter.", "The Lower Depths (1957 film)\nThe Lower Depths (どん底, Donzoko) is a 1957 Japanese film directed by Akira Kurosawa, based on the play The Lower Depths by Maxim Gorky. The film's setting was changed to Edo-period Japan.", "The Idiot (1951 film)\nThe Idiot (白痴, Hakuchi) is a 1951 Japanese film directed by Akira Kurosawa. It is based on the novel The Idiot by Fyodor Dostoevsky.", "Scandal (1950 film)\nScandal (醜聞(スキャンダル), Sukyandaru, aka Shūbun) is a 1950 film written and directed by Akira Kurosawa. The film stars Toshirō Mifune, Takashi Shimura and Shirley Yamaguchi.", "Kagemusha\nKagemusha (影武者, Shadow Warrior) is a 1980 film by Akira Kurosawa. In Japanese, kagemusha is a term used to denote a political decoy. It is set in the Sengoku period of Japanese history and tells the story of a lower-class criminal who is taught to impersonate a dying warlord in order to dissuade opposing lords from attacking the newly vulnerable clan. The warlord whom the kagemusha impersonates is based on daimyo Takeda Shingen, and the film ends with the climactic 1575 Battle of Nagashino.", "Rashomon\nRashomon (羅生門, Rashōmon) is a 1950 Japanese period drama film directed by Akira Kurosawa, working in close collaboration with cinematographer Kazuo Miyagawa. It stars Toshiro Mifune, Machiko Kyō, Masayuki Mori and Takashi Shimura.", "The Hidden Fortress\nThe Hidden Fortress (隠し砦の三悪人, Kakushi toride no san akunin, literally, \"The Three Villains of the Hidden Fortress\") is a 1958 jidaigeki film directed by Akira Kurosawa and starring Toshiro Mifune as General Makabe Rokurōta (真壁六郎太) and Misa Uehara as Princess Yuki.", "One Wonderful Sunday\nOne Wonderful Sunday (素晴らしき日曜日, Subarashiki Nichiyōbi) is a 1947 Japanese film co-written and directed by Akira Kurosawa. It is in black-and-white and runs 108 minutes.Yuzo and his fiancée, Masako, spend a Sunday together in Tokyo. Between them they have 35 yen and are determined to make it last. The film was made during the Occupation and shows some of the challenges facing post-war Tokyo. It is notable in the Kurosawa canon because Masako breaks the fourth wall near the end of the film.", "Madadayo\nMadadayo (まあだだよ, Mādadayo, literally, \"Not Yet\") is a 1993 Japanese comedy-drama film. It is the thirtieth and final film to be completed by Akira Kurosawa. It was screened out of competition at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival. The film was selected as the Japanese entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 66th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.", "Yojimbo (film)\nYojimbo (用心棒, Yōjinbō) is a 1961 jidaigeki film directed by Akira Kurosawa. It tells the story of a rōnin, portrayed by Toshiro Mifune, who arrives in a small town where competing crime lords vie for supremacy. The two bosses each try to hire the newcomer as a bodyguard.Based on the success of Yojimbo, Kurosawa's next film, Sanjuro (1962), was altered to incorporate the lead character of this film.", "Sanjuro\nSanjuro (椿三十郎, Tsubaki Sanjūrō) is a 1962 black-and-white Japanese samurai film directed by Akira Kurosawa and starring Toshiro Mifune. It is a sequel to Kurosawa's 1961 Yojimbo.Originally an adaptation of the Shūgorō Yamamoto novel Hibi Heian, the script was altered with the success of Kurosawa's 1961 Yojimbo to incorporate the lead character of that film.", "Rhapsody in August\nRhapsody in August (八月の狂詩曲, Hachigatsu no rapusodī (Hachigatsu no kyōshikyoku)) is a 1991 Japanese film by Akira Kurosawa. The story centers on an elderly hibakusha, who lost her husband in the 1945 atomic bombing of Nagasaki, caring for her four grandchildren over the summer. She learns of a long-lost brother, Suzujiro, living in Hawaii who wants her to visit him before he dies. American film star Richard Gere appears as Suzujiro's son Clark.", "Stray Dog (film)\nStray Dog (野良犬, Nora Inu) is a 1949 Japanese police procedural film noir directed by Akira Kurosawa and starring Toshiro Mifune and Takashi Shimura. The film is considered a precursor to the contemporary police procedural and buddy cop film genres.", "Dodes'ka-den\nDodes'ka-den (どですかでん, Dodesukaden, literally, \"Clickety-clack\") is a 1970 Japanese film directed by Akira Kurosawa and based on the Shūgorō Yamamoto book Kisetsu no nai machi (\"The Town Without Seasons\").", "The Quiet Duel\nThe Quiet Duel (静かなる決闘, Shizukanaru Kettō) is a 1949 Japanese film directed by Akira Kurosawa. It was the second of sixteen film collaborations between director Kurosawa and actor Toshiro Mifune.", "Dersu Uzala (1975 film)\nDersu Uzala (Russian: Дерсу Узала, Japanese: デルス·ウザーラ; alternate U.S. title: Dersu Uzala: The Hunter) is a 1975 Soviet-Japanese co-production film directed by Akira Kurosawa, his first non-Japanese-language film and his first and only 70mm film. The film won the Golden Prize and the Prix FIPRESCI at the 9th Moscow International Film Festival and the 1976 Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film.", "Red Beard\nRed Beard (赤ひげ, Akahige) is a 1965 Japanese film directed by Akira Kurosawa about the relationship between a town doctor and his new trainee. The film was based on Shūgorō Yamamoto's short story collection, Akahige shinryōtan (赤ひげ診療譚). Fyodor Dostoevsky's novel Humiliated and Insulted provided the source for a subplot about a young girl, Otoyo (Terumi Niki), who is rescued from a brothel.", "Snow Trail\nSnow Trail (銀嶺の果て Ginrei no hate) is a 1947 black-and-white Japanese film directed by Senkichi Taniguchi from Akira Kurosawa's screenplay. It was the first film role for Toshirō Mifune, later to become one of Japan's most famous actors. Mifune and the other main actor in the film Takashi Shimura, later became long-term collaborators of film director Akira Kurosawa.", "No Regrets for Our Youth\nNo Regrets for Our Youth (わが青春に悔なし, Waga seishun ni kuinashi, aka No Regrets for My Youth) is a 1946 film written and directed by Akira Kurosawa. It is based on the Takigawa incident of 1933.The film stars Setsuko Hara, Susumu Fujita, Takashi Shimura and Denjirō Ōkōchi. Fujita's character was inspired by the real-life Hotsumi Ozaki, who assisted the famous Soviet spy Richard Sorge and so became the only Japanese citizen to suffer the death penalty for treason during World War Two.", "Dreams (1990 film)\nDreams (夢, Yume, aka Akira Kurosawa's Dreams) is a 1990 magical realism film based on actual dreams the film's director, Akira Kurosawa, claimed to have had repeatedly. It was the first film where he was the sole author of the script. It was made five years after Ran, with assistance from George Lucas, Francis Ford Coppola, and Steven Spielberg, and funded by Warner Brothers.The film was screened out of competition at the 1990 Cannes Film Festival." ]	[ "Stolen Desire Stolen Desire (盗まれた欲情, Nusumareta yokujō) is a 1958 Japanese film by director Shohei Imamura. This was the first film Imamura directed.", "The Ballad of Narayama (1958 film) The Ballad of Narayama (楢山節考, Narayama Bushikō) is a 1958 Japanese period drama directed by Keisuke Kinoshita. The feature film explores the practice of obasute, based on the book Men of Tohoku by Shichirō Fukazawa.", "Victor Fleming Victor Lonzo Fleming (February 23, 1889 – January 6, 1949) was an American film director, cinematographer, and producer. His most popular films were The Wizard of Oz (1939), and Gone with the Wind (1939), for which he won an Academy Award for Best Director. Fleming holds the achievement of being the only film director to have two films listed in the top 10 of the American Film Institute's 2007 AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies list.", "Yasujirō Ozu Yasujirō Ozu (小津安二郎, Ozu Yasujirō, 12 December 1903 – 12 December 1963) was a Japanese film director and screenwriter. He began his career during the era of silent films. Ozu first made a number of short comedies, before turning to more serious themes in the 1930s.Marriage and family, especially the relationships between the generations, are prominent among the themes in his work.", "Seijun Suzuki Seijun Suzuki (鈴木清順, Suzuki Seijun), born Seitaro Suzuki (鈴木清太郎, Suzuki Seitarō) on 24 May 1923, is a Japanese filmmaker, actor, and screenwriter. His films are known for their jarring visual style, irreverent humour, nihilistic cool and entertainment-over-logic sensibility. He made 40 predominately B-movies for the Nikkatsu Company between 1956 and 1967, working most prolifically in the yakuza genre.", "Talking Head (film) Talking Head (トーキング・ヘッド, Tōkingu Heddo) is a 1992 live action film written and directed by Mamoru Oshii. It's a surreal meta-film mystery involving the production of an anime called Talking Head.The film has many references to the anime industry with characters being named after animators such as Yasuo Ōtsuka and Ichirō Itano, designer Yutaka Izubuchi, writer Kazunori Itō, and composer Kenji Kawai.", "Torajiro Saito Torajiro Saito (斎藤寅次郎, Saitō Torajirō, January 30, 1905 – May 1, 1982) was a Japanese film director known for his comedy films. Born in Akita Prefecture, he entered Shōchiku's Kamata studio in 1922 and debuted as a director in 1926. He later worked at the Shintoho and Toho studios. He became known as the \"god of comedy\" for directing over 200 films, many of which were nonsense comedies featuring famous clowns such as Kenichi Enomoto, Roppa Furukawa, and Junzaburo Ban.", "8½ 8½ (Italian title: Otto e mezzo [ˈɔtto e mˈmɛddzo]) is a 1963 Italian comedy-drama film directed by Federico Fellini. Co-scripted by Fellini, Tullio Pinelli, Ennio Flaiano, and Brunello Rondi, it stars Marcello Mastroianni as Guido Anselmi, a famous Italian film director. Shot in black-and-white by cinematographer Gianni di Venanzo, the film features a soundtrack by Nino Rota with costume and set designs by Piero Gherardi.Its title refers to Fellini's eight and a half films as a director.", "Hiroshi Teshigahara Hiroshi Teshigahara (勅使河原宏, Teshigahara Hiroshi, January 28, 1927 – April 14, 2001) was an avant-garde Japanese filmmaker. He is best known for his films The Woman in the Dunes and The Face of Another.", "Ismael Rodríguez Ismael Rodríguez (October 19, 1917 – August 7, 2004) was an acclaimed Mexican film director.Rodríguez directed many major stars, including Pedro Infante, Dolores del Río, María Félix, and even Toshiro Mifune, the favorite actor of Japanese director Akira Kurosawa, as a Mexican Indian in the film Ánimas Trujano (1961).", "A Page of Madness A Page of Madness (狂った一頁, Kurutta Ippēji or Kurutta Ichipeiji) is a silent film by Japanese film director Teinosuke Kinugasa, made in 1926. It was lost for forty-five years until being rediscovered by Kinugasa in his storehouse in 1971.", "Yasuo Furuhata Yasuo Furuhata (降旗康男 Furuhata Yasuo, born 19 August 1934 in Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan) is a Japanese film director. He won the 2000 Japan Academy Prize for Director of the Year for Poppoya.", "Ichi the Killer (film) Ichi the Killer (殺し屋１, Koroshiya Ichi) is a 2001 Japanese film directed by Takashi Miike, written by Sakichi Sato, and based on Hideo Yamamoto's manga series of the same name.", "Onmyoji (film) Onmyouji (陰陽師) is a Japanese movie that was released in 2001 and sent to the US in 2004. Directed by Yōjirō Takita, it tells of the exploits of Abe no Seimei, in Middle Ages, the Onmyouji (also known as: The Yin Yang Master) from the court of the Emperor. He befriended bungling court noble, Minamoto no Hiromasa, who enlists his aid to defend the Heian emperor.", "Atragon Atragon, released in Japan as Undersea Warship (海底軍艦, Kaitei Gunkan), is a 1963 science fiction tokusatsu film directed by Ishirō Honda and produced and financed by Toho. It is based on a series of juvenile adventure novels under the banner Kaitei Gunkan by Shunrō Oshikawa (heavily influenced by Jules Verne) and the illustrated story Kaitei Okoku \"\\The Undersea Kingdom\") by illustrator Shigeru Komatsuzaki, serialized in a monthly magazine for boys.", "Michael Toshiyuki Uno Michael Toshiyuki Uno is an American film and television director, credited with directing television programs such as Alfred Hitchcock Presents (the remake series that began in 1985), China Beach, The Outsiders, Early Edition, and Dawson's Creek.Uno has also directed the films The Silence, The Wash, and Dangerous Intentions.Uno was nominated with Joseph Benson for an Academy Award for Live Action Short Film in 1982 for The Silence.In January 2008 Michael Uno played a Kung-Fu master in a William Shatner Priceline commercial.", "The Outrage (1964 film) The Outrage (1964) is a remake of the 1950 Japanese film Rashomon, reformulated as a Western. It was directed by Martin Ritt and is based on stories by Ryūnosuke Akutagawa. Like the original Akira Kurosawa film, four people give contradictory accounts of a rape and murder. Ritt utilizes flashbacks to provide these contradictory accounts.The Outrage stars Edward G. Robinson, Paul Newman, Laurence Harvey, Claire Bloom and William Shatner.", "Sansho the Bailiff Sansho the Bailiff (山椒大夫, Sanshō Dayū) is a 1954 Japanese period film directed by Kenji Mizoguchi. Based on a short story of the same name by Mori Ōgai, it tells the story of two aristocratic children sold into slavery. It is often considered one of Mizoguchi's finest films, along with Ugetsu and The Life of Oharu. It bears his trademark interest in freedom, poverty and woman's place in society, and features beautiful images and long and complicated shots.", "List of Samurai 7 episodes This is a list of Samurai 7 episodes, an anime series based on Akira Kurosawa's Seven Samurai, but with a steampunk setting. The 26-episode series was directed by Toshifumi Takizawa.", "One Piece: The Cursed Holy Sword One Piece: Norowareta Seiken (Japanese: ONE PIECE 呪われた聖剣, Hepburn: Wan Pīsu Norowareta Seiken, lit. One Piece: The Cursed Holy Sword) is a 2004 Japanese animated film directed by Kazuhisa Takenouchi and written by Yoshiyuki Suga. It is the fifth animated film in the One Piece series which mostly focuses on Roronoa Zoro.", "Fuji (film) Fuji is a 1974 art film which explores director Robert Breer's artistic rendition of a train ride past Japan's Mt. Fuji, using line drawings, rotoscope and live action.In 2002, Fuji was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\".", "Janus Films Janus Films is a film distribution company. The distributor is credited with introducing numerous films, now considered masterpieces of world cinema, to American audiences, including the films of Michelangelo Antonioni, Sergei Eisenstein, Ingmar Bergman, Federico Fellini, Akira Kurosawa, François Truffaut, Yasujirō Ozu and many other well-regarded directors. Ingmar Bergman's The Seventh Seal (1957) was the film responsible for the company's initial growth.", "The Profound Desire of the Gods The Profound Desires of the Gods or Deep Desires of Gods or Kuragejima – Legends from a Southern Island (神々の深き欲望, Kamigami no Fukaki Yokubō) is a 1968 Japanese film by director Shohei Imamura. The culmination of the director's examinations of the fringes of Japanese society throughout the 1960s, the film was an 18-month super-production which failed to make an impression at the time of its release, but has since risen in stature.", "Hiroshima mon amour Hiroshima mon amour (French pronunciation: [iʁoʃima mɔ̃.n‿amuʁ], Hiroshima My Love; Japanese: 二十四時間の情事 Nijūyojikan'nojōji, Twenty-four-hour affair) is a 1959 drama film directed by French film director Alain Resnais, with a screenplay by Marguerite Duras. It is the documentation of an intensely personal conversation between a French-Japanese couple about memory and forgetfulness.", "Kōji Wakamatsu Kōji Wakamatsu (若松孝二, Wakamatsu Kōji, 1 April 1936 – 17 October 2012) was a Japanese film director who directed such pinku eiga films as Ecstasy of the Angels (天使の恍惚, Tenshi no Kōkotsu, 1972) and Go, Go, Second Time Virgin (ゆけゆけ二度目の処女, Yuke Yuke Nidome no Shojo, 1969). He also produced Nagisa Ōshima's controversial film In the Realm of the Senses (1976).", "Koji Hashimoto (director) Koji Hashimoto (橋本幸治, Hashimoto Kōji, January 21, 1936 – January 9, 2005) was a Japanese film director and producer. He directed the 1984 films Sayonara Jupiter and The Return of Godzilla. He died of coronary disease at age 64 while mountain climbing.", "Tokyo Godfathers Tokyo Godfathers (東京ゴッドファーザーズ, Tōkyō Goddofāzāzu) is a 2003 anime comedy-drama film directed by Japanese director Satoshi Kon.Tokyo Godfathers was the third animated movie directed by Kon and the second which he both wrote and directed. Keiko Nobumoto, noted for being the creator of the Wolf's Rain series and a head scriptwriter for Cowboy Bebop, co-wrote the script with Kon.Tokyo Godfathers received an Excellence Prize at the 2003 Japan Media Arts Festival.", "The Sword of Doom The Sword of Doom (大菩薩峠, Dai-bosatsu Tōge, \"The Pass of the Great Buddha\"), is a jidaigeki film released in 1966. It was directed by Kihachi Okamoto and stars Tatsuya Nakadai. It was based on the serial novel of the same title by Kaizan Nakazato.", "Hiroshi Inagaki Hiroshi Inagaki (稲垣浩, Inagaki Hiroshi, 30 December 1905 – 21 May 1980) was a Japanese filmmaker most known for the Academy Award-winning Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto, which he directed in 1954.", "Hrishikesh Mukherjee Hrishikesh Mukherjee (Bengali: হৃষিকেশ মুখোপাধ্যায়/মুখার্জী Hrishikesh Mukhopaddhae/Mukharji (see naming conventions)) (30 September 1922 – 27 August 2006) was a famous Indian film director known for a number of films, including Satyakam, Chupke Chupke, Anupama, Anand, Abhimaan, Guddi, Gol Maal, Aashirwad, Bawarchi, Kissi Se Na Kehna and Namak Haraam.Popularly known as Hrishi-da, he directed 42 films during his career spanning over four decades, and is named the pioneer of the 'middle cinema' of India.", "Yoshimitsu Morita Yoshimitsu Morita (森田芳光, Morita Yoshimitsu, 25 January 1950 – 20 December 2011) was a Japanese film director who was born in Tokyo. Self-taught, first making shorts on 8 mm film during the 1970s, he made his feature film debut with No Yōna Mono (Something Like It, 1981).In 1983 he won acclaim for his movie Kazoku Gēmu (The Family Game), which was voted the best film of the year by Japanese critics in the Kinema Junpo magazine poll.", "Hiroshima (film) Hiroshima is a 1995 Japanese / Canadian film directed by Koreyoshi Kurahara and Roger Spottiswoode about the decision-making processes that led to the dropping of the atomic bombs by the United States on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki toward the end of World War II.", "Kihachi Okamoto Kihachi Okamoto (岡本喜八, Okamoto Kihachi, February 17, 1924 – February 19, 2005) was a Japanese film director who worked in several different genres.", "Eijirō Tōno Eijirō Tōno (東野英治郎, Tōno Eijirō, 17 September 1907 – 8 September 1994) was a Japanese actor who, in a career lasting more than 50 years, appeared in over 400 television shows, nearly 250 films and numerous stage productions. He is best known in the west for his roles in films by Akira Kurosawa, such as Seven Samurai (1954) and Yojimbo (1961), and Yasujiro Ozu, such as Tokyo Story (1953) and An Autumn Afternoon (1962).", "Yoji Yamada Yoji Yamada (山田洋次, Yamada Yōji, born September 13, 1931 in Toyonaka, Osaka) is a Japanese film director best known for his Otoko wa Tsurai yo series of films and his Samurai Trilogy (The Twilight Samurai, The Hidden Blade and Love and Honor).He was born in Osaka. But because of the work of his father, who was an engineer for the South Manchuria Railway, from the age of 2 he was brought up in Dalian, China.", "Unholy Desire Unholy Desire or Intentions of Murder (赤い殺意, Akai Satsui, literally \"Red Murderous Intent\") is a 1964 Japanese film by director Shohei Imamura. This film embodies many of the central interests in Imamura's career including strong, lower-class women who survive in spite of their oppressive surroundings, and an earthy, humorous approach to sex.", "The Secret of the Telegian The Secret of the Telegian, released in Japan as Densō Ningen (電送人間, lit. \"The Teleporting Man\"), is a 1960 tokusatsu sci-fi/horror/mystery film. Produced by Toho Company, Ltd., the film was directed by Jun Fukuda (this was his first tokusatsu work), and written by Shinichi Sekizawa, with special effects by Eiji Tsuburaya and some scenes by Teruyoshi Nakano. Herts-Lion International Corp.", "Takashi Miike Takashi Miike (三池崇史, Miike Takashi, born August 24, 1960) is a highly prolific and controversial Japanese filmmaker. He has directed over ninety theatrical, video, and television productions since his debut in 1991. Miike is credited with directing fifteen productions in the years 2001 and 2002 alone. His films range from violent and bizarre to dramatic and family-friendly.", "Eros + Massacre Eros + Massacre (エロス＋虐殺, Erosu purasu gyakusatsu) is a Japanese black-and-white film released in 1969. It was directed by Yoshishige Yoshida, who wrote it in cooperation with Masahiro Yamada. It's the first movie in Yoshida's trilogy of Japanese radicalism, followed by Heroic Purgatory (1970) and Coup d'Etat (1973).It's considered to be one of the most representative movies from the Japanese New Wave movement, and often one of the finest Japanese movies.", "Toshio Matsumoto Toshio Matsumoto (松本俊夫, Matsumoto Toshio) (born March 25, 1932) is a Japanese film director and video artist. He was born in Nagoya, Aichi, Japan and graduated from Tokyo University in 1955. His first short was Ginrin, which he made in 1955, however his most famous film is Funeral Parade of Roses (also known as Bara no soretsu). Funeral Parade of Roses influenced Stanley Kubrick's film A Clockwork Orange heavily.", "Susumu Fujita Susumu Fujita (藤田進, Fujita Susumu, 8 January 1912 – 23 March 1991) was a Japanese film and television actor. He played the lead role in Akira Kurosawa's first feature, Sanshiro Sugata, and appeared in other Kurosawa films including The Men Who Tread On the Tiger's Tail (as Togashi, commander of the border guards) and The Hidden Fortress (as General Tadokoro). Later, he was a supporting actor in Ishirō Honda's Mothra vs.", "Kenji Mizoguchi Kenji Mizoguchi (溝口健二 Mizoguchi Kenji; May 16, 1898 – August 24, 1956) was a Japanese film director and screenwriter. His film Ugetsu (1953) won the Silver Lion at the Venice Film Festival, and appeared in the Sight & Sound Critics' Top Ten Poll in 1962 and 1972. Mizoguchi is renowned for his mastery of the long take and mise-en-scène. According to writer Mark Le Fanu, \"His films have an extraordinary force and purity.", "Toshiya Fujita (director) Toshiya Fujita (藤田敏八, Fujita Toshiya, January 16, 1932 – August 30, 1997), also known as Shigeya Fujita (藤田繁矢, Fujita Shigeya), was a Japanese film director, film actor, and screenwriter. He is well-regarded in Japan for his youth films but is best known abroad for Lady Snowblood and Lady Snowblood 2: Love Song of Vengeance, films ironically not typical of his usual style.", "Cure (film) Cure (キュア, Kyua) is a 1997 Japanese thriller film directed by Kiyoshi Kurosawa, starring Koji Yakusho, Masato Hagiwara, Tsuyoshi Ujiki and Anna Nakagawa.", "Motoyoshi Oda Motoyoshi Oda (Japanese: 小田基義) (July 21, 1910; Moji City, Fukuoka – October 21, 1973; Tokyo) was a Japanese film director. An English major who graduated from Waseda University, one of Japan's most prestigious, in 1935, Motoyoshi Oda was promptly accepted into the directors' program at Tokyo's P.C.L. (Photo Chemical Laboratories, a film company later incorporated into Toho Studios). He studied under director Kajiro Yamamoto, as did Akira Kurosawa, Ishirō Honda, and Senkichi Taniguchi.", "Mamoru Oshii Mamoru Oshii (押井守 Oshii Mamoru; born August 8, 1951 in Tokyo) is a Japanese filmmaker, television director, and writer. Famous for his philosophy-oriented storytelling, Oshii has directed a number of popular anime, including Urusei Yatsura, Ghost in the Shell, and Patlabor 2: The Movie. He also holds the distinction of having created the first ever OVA, Dallos. For his work, Oshii has received and been nominated for numerous awards, including the Palme d'Or and Golden Lion.", "The Human Condition (film series) The Human Condition (人間の條件, Ningen no jōken) is a Japanese epic film trilogy made between 1959 and 1961, based on the six-volume novel published from 1956 to 1958 by Junpei Gomikawa. It was directed by Masaki Kobayashi and stars Tatsuya Nakadai. The trilogy follows the life of Kaji, a Japanese pacifist and socialist, as he tries to survive in the totalitarian and oppressive world of World War II-era Japan. Altogether, the trilogy is 9 hours, 47 minutes long, not including intermissions.", "Ishirō Honda Ishirō Honda (本多猪四郎, Honda Ishirō, 7 May 1911 - 28 February 1993), sometimes miscredited in foreign releases as \"Inoshiro Honda\", was a Japanese film director. He is best known for his kaiju and tokusatsu films, including several entries in the Godzilla series, but also worked extensively in the documentary and war genres earlier in his career. Honda was also a lifelong friend and collaborator of Akira Kurosawa, and worked with Kurosawa extensively during the 1980s and '90s.", "Tokyo Story Tokyo Story (東京物語, Tōkyō Monogatari) is a 1953 Japanese drama film directed by Yasujirō Ozu. It tells the story of an aging couple who travel to Tokyo to visit their grown children. The film contrasts the behavior of their children, who are too busy to pay them much attention, and their widowed daughter-in-law, who treats them with kindness. It is widely regarded as Ozu's masterpiece and is often cited as one of the greatest films ever made.", "Shinobu Hashimoto Shinobu Hashimoto (Japanese: 橋本忍, Hashimoto Shinobu) (born April 18, 1918) is a Japanese screenwriter, director, producer, and was a frequent collaborator with Akira Kurosawa.He has won some 16 awards for his writing, including a succession of Blue Ribbon Awards, particularly in the 1960s.In 2008, Hashimoto's screenplay for I Want to Be a Shellfish (Watashi wa Kai ni Naritai), a post-World War II war crimes trial drama based on the 1959 Tetsutaro Kato novel and made into a film that same year, is being remade and directed by Katsuo Fukuzawa.", "Vengeance Is Mine (1979 film) Vengeance Is Mine (Japanese title: 復讐するは我にあり, fukushū suru wa ware ni ari) is a 1979 film directed by Shōhei Imamura, based on the book of the same name by Ryūzō Saki. It depicts the true story of serial killer Akira Nishiguchi (Iwao Enokizu in the film).It stars Ken Ogata as Enokizu, with Mayumi Ogawa, Rentarō Mikuni, Mitsuko Baisho, Nijiko Kiyokawa and Chocho Miyako.", "Memories (1995 film) Memories (also Otomo Katsuhiro's Memories) is an anime anthology film produced in 1995 by artist/director Katsuhiro Otomo which were based on three of his manga short stories. The film is composed of three episodes: \"Magnetic Rose\" (彼女の想いで, Kanojo no Omoide), directed by Studio 4°C co-founder Kōji Morimoto and written by Satoshi Kon; \"Stink Bomb\" (最臭兵器, Saishū-heiki), directed by Tensai Okamura of Darker than Black fame; and \"Cannon Fodder\" (大砲の街, Taihō no Machi), directed by Otomo himself.", "Pulse (2001 film) Pulse, known in Japan as Kairo (回路), is a 2001 Japanese horror film directed by Kiyoshi Kurosawa. The film is based on his novel of the same name. The film was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival. The movie was well-received critically and has a cult following. An American remake, also titled Pulse, debuted in 2006 and spawned two sequels.", "Akira (film) Akira (stylized as AKIRA) is a 1988 Japanese animated epic science fiction action thriller film directed by Katsuhiro Otomo. It was written by Otomo and Izo Hashimoto and based on Otomo's manga of the same name, focusing mainly on the first half of the story. The film depicts a dystopian version of Tokyo in the year 2019, with cyberpunk tones. The plot focuses on teenage biker Tetsuo Shima and his psychic powers, and the leader of his biker gang, Shotaro Kaneda.", "Kinji Fukasaku Kinji Fukasaku (深作欣二, Fukasaku Kinji, 3 July 1930 – 12 January 2003) was a Japanese film director and screenwriter.He is known for directing the Japanese portion of the Hollywood film Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970), yakuza films including the seminal Battles Without Honor and Humanity (1973), samurai period pieces such as Shogun's Samurai (1978), and his controversial final film Battle Royale (2000).", "Mikio Naruse Mikio Naruse (成瀬巳喜男, Naruse Mikio, August 20, 1905 – July 2, 1969) was a Japanese filmmaker, screenwriter, and producer who directed some 89 films spanning the period 1930 (towards the end of the silent period in Japan) to 1967.Naruse is known for imbuing his films with a bleak and pessimistic outlook. He made primarily shomin-geki (working-class drama) films with female protagonists, portrayed by actresses such as Hideko Takamine, Kinuyo Tanaka, and Setsuko Hara.", "Kazuo Miyagawa Kazuo Miyagawa (宮川一夫, Miyagawa Kazuo, February 25, 1908—August 7, 1999) was an acclaimed Japanese cinematographer.Miyagawa is best known for his tracking shots, particularly those in Rashomon (1950), the first of his three collaborations with preeminent filmmaker Akira Kurosawa.He also worked on films by major directors Kenji Mizoguchi, Yasujiro Ozu, and Kon Ichikawa, such as Ugetsu Monogatari (1953), Floating Weeds (1959) and the documentary Tokyo Olympiad (1965) respectively.Miyagawa is regarded as having invented the cinematographic technique known as bleach bypass, for Ichikawa's 1960 film Her Brother.", "Toshio Masuda (director) Toshio Masuda (舛田利雄, Masuda Toshio, born October 5, 1927) is a Japanese film director. He developed a reputation as a consistent box office hit-maker. Over the course of five decades, 16 of his films made the yearly top ten lists at the Japanese box office—a second place record in the industry. Between 1958 and 1968 he directed 52 films for the Nikkatsu Company.", "Toshiro Mifune Toshiro Mifune (三船敏郎, Mifune Toshirō, April 1, 1920 – December 24, 1997) was a Japanese actor who appeared in almost 170 feature films. He is best known for his 16-film collaboration (1948–65) with filmmaker Akira Kurosawa in such works as Rashomon, Seven Samurai, Throne of Blood, and Yojimbo. He also portrayed Musashi Miyamoto in Hiroshi Inagaki's Samurai Trilogy, as well as Lord Toranaga in the NBC TV miniseries Shōgun.", "Yoshitarō Nomura Yoshitarō Nomura (野村芳太郎, Nomura Yoshitarō, 23 April 1919 – 8 April 2005) was a prolific Japanese film director, film producer, and screenwriter. His first accredited film, Pigeon (鳩, Hato), was released in 1953; his last, Kikenna Onna-tachi (危険な女たち, Kikenna Onna-tachi), in 1985. He has received several awards during his career, including the Japanese Academy Award for \"Best Director\" for his 1978 film The Demon.", "Takashi Shimura Takashi Shimura (志村喬, Shimura Takashi, March 12, 1905 – February 11, 1982) was a Japanese actor who appeared in over 200 films between 1934 and 1981. He is particularly noted for his appearances in 21 of Akira Kurosawa's 30 films, including as a lead actor in Drunken Angel (1948), Ikiru (1952) and Seven Samurai (1954).", "Black Rain (1989 Japanese film) Black Rain (黒い雨, Kuroi ame) is a 1989 Japanese film by director Shohei Imamura and based on the novel of the same name by Ibuse Masuji. The events are centered on the aftermath of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima.", "Kenji Mizoguchi: The Life of a Film Director Kenji Mizoguchi: The Life of a Film Director (ある映画監督の生涯溝口健二の記録, Aru eiga-kantoku no shōgai) is a 1975 Japanese documentary film on the life and works of director Kenji Mizoguchi, directed by Kaneto Shindo. It runs 150 minutes and can be found on the second disc of the Region 1 Criterion Collection release of Ugetsu (1953).", "Urusei Yatsura (film series) Urusei Yatsura, a Japanese anime and manga series, has six movies and twelve OVA releases. During the television run of the series, four theatrical films were produced. Urusei Yatsura: Only You was directed by Mamoru Oshii and began showing in Japanese cinemas on February 11, 1983. Urusei Yatsura 2: Beautiful Dreamer was also directed by Mamoru Oshii and was released on February 11, 1984. Urusei Yatsura 3: Remember My Love was directed by Kazuo Yamazaki and released on January 26, 1985.", "Tatsuya Nakadai Tatsuya Nakadai (仲代達矢, Nakadai Tatsuya, born Motohisa Nakadai December 13, 1932) is a Japanese film actor famous for the wide variety of characters he has portrayed and many collaborations with famous Japanese film directors.He was featured in 11 films directed by Masaki Kobayashi, including the The Human Condition trilogy, wherein he starred as the lead character Kaji, plus Harakiri, Samurai Rebellion and Kwaidan.Nakadai worked with a number of Japan's best-known filmmakers—starring or co-starring in five films directed by Akira Kurosawa, as well as being cast in significant films directed by Hiroshi Teshigahara (The Face of Another), Mikio Naruse (When a Woman Ascends the Stairs), Kihachi Okamoto (Kill! and Sword of Doom), Hideo Gosha (Goyokin), Shirō Toyoda (Portrait of Hell) and Kon Ichikawa (Enjo and Odd Obsession).", "Kaneto Shindo Kaneto Shindo (新藤兼人, Shindō Kaneto, April 22, 1912 – May 29, 2012) was a Japanese film director, screenwriter, film producer, and author. He directed 48 films and wrote scripts for 238. His best known films as a director include Children of Hiroshima, The Naked Island, Onibaba, Kuroneko and A Last Note.", "Kiyoshi Kurosawa Kiyoshi Kurosawa (黒沢清, Kurosawa Kiyoshi, born July 19, 1955) is a Japanese film director, screenwriter, film critic and a professor at Tokyo University of the Arts. He is best known for his many contributions to the Japanese horror genre." ]	4
Hanseatic league in Germany in the Netherlands Circle	[ "Treaty of Utrecht (1474)\nThe Treaty of Utrecht was signed in 1474 after the Anglo-Hanseatic War between England and the Hanseatic League.This naval war had begun in 1470 using the naval strategy of commerce raiding in the North sea and the Channel. One of the most successful Man of war was the Peter von Danzig.", "Minden\nMinden is a town of about 83,000 inhabitants in the north-east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The town extends along both sides of the River Weser. It is the capital of the district (Kreis) of Minden-Lübbecke, which is part of the region of Detmold. Minden is the historic political centre of the cultural region of Minden Land. It is widely known as the intersection of the Mittelland Canal and the River Weser.", "Herford\nHerford (German pronunciation: [ˈhɛɐ̯fɔɐ̯t]) is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, located in the lowlands between the hill chains of the Wiehen Hills and the Teutoburg Forest. It is the capital of the district of Herford.", "Münster\nMünster (German pronunciation: [ˈmʏnstɐ]; Low German: Mönster; Latin: Monasterium, from the Greek μοναστήριον monastērion, \"monastery\") is an independent city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is in the northern part of the state and is considered to be the cultural centre of the Westphalia region. It is also capital of the local government region Münsterland.", "Warburg\nWarburg is a town in eastern North Rhine-Westphalia on the river Diemel near the three-state point shared by Hessen, Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia. It is in Höxter district and Detmold region. Warburg is the midpoint in the Warburger Börde.", "Cologne\nCologne (English pronunciation: /kəˈloʊn/; German Köln [kœln], Colognian: Kölle [ˈkœɫə]), Germany's fourth-largest city (after Berlin, Hamburg, and Munich), is the largest city both in the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and within the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Area, one of the major European metropolitan areas with more than ten million inhabitants.Cologne is located on both sides of the Rhine River, fewer than eighty kilometers from Belgium.", "Dano-Hanseatic War (1426–35)\nThe Dano-Hanseatic War from 1426–1435 (also: Kalmar War with the Hanseatic League) was an armed trade conflict between the Danish dominated Kalmar Union (Denmark, Norway, Sweden) and the German Hanseatic League (Hansa) led by the Free City of Lübeck.When Danish king Eric opened the Baltic trade routes for Dutch ships and introduced a new toll for all foreign ships passing the Øresund (Sound Dues), six Hanseatic cities (Hamburg, Lübeck, Lüneburg, Rostock, Stralsund, Wismar) declared war, put a naval blockade on Scandinavian harbours and allied with Eric's enemy Henry IV, count of Holstein.", "Recklinghausen\nRecklinghausen (German pronunciation: [ʁɛklɪŋˈhaʊzən]) is the northernmost city in the Ruhr-Area and the capital of the Recklinghausen district. It borders the rural Münsterland and is characterized by large fields and farms in the north and industry in the south. Recklinghausen is the 60th-largest city in Germany and the 22nd-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia.", "Osnabrück\nOsnabrück (German pronunciation: [ɔsnaˈbʁʏk]; Westphalian: Ossenbrügge; archaic English: Osnaburg) is a city in the federal state Lower-Saxony in northwestern Germany. It lies in a valley penned between the Wiehen Hills and the northern tip of the Teutoburg Forest. A population of 154.513 makes Osnabrück the fourth-largest city in Lower Saxony.", "Hattingen\nHattingen is a German town located in northern part of the Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis district, in North Rhine-Westphalia.", "Bochum\nBochum (German pronunciation: [ˈboːxʊm]; Westphalian: Baukem) is a city in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany and part of the Arnsberg region. It is located in the Ruhr area and is surrounded by the cities (in clockwise direction) of Herne, Castrop-Rauxel, Dortmund, Witten, Hattingen, Essen and Gelsenkirchen. With a population of nearly 365,000, it is the 16th most populous city in Germany.", "Treaty of Stralsund (1370)\nThe Treaty of Stralsund (24 May 1370) ended the war between the Hanseatic League and the kingdom of Denmark. The Hanseatic League reached the peak of its power by the conditions of this treaty.The war began in 1361, when Danish king Valdemar Atterdag conquered Scania, Öland, and Gotland with the major Hanseatic town Visby.", "Hanseatic League\nThe Hanseatic League (also known as the Hanse or Hansa; Low German: Hanse, Dudesche Hanse, Latin: Hansa, Hansa Teutonica or Liga Hanseatica) was a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and their market towns. It dominated Baltic maritime trade (c. 1400-1800) along the coast of Northern Europe. It stretched from the Baltic to the North Sea and inland during the Late Middle Ages and early modern period (c.", "Werl\nWerl is a town located in the district of Soest in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.", "Hamm\nHamm (German pronunciation: [ˈham], Latin: Hammona) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located in the northeastern part of the Ruhr area. As of December 2003 its population was 180,849. The city is situated between the A1 motorway and A2 motorway. Hamm railway station is an important hub for rail transport and renowned for its distinctive station building.", "Neuss\nNeuss (German pronunciation: [ˈnɔʏs]; spelled Neuß until 1968; Limburgish: Nüss; Latin: Novaesium) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located on the west bank of the Rhine opposite Düsseldorf. Neuss is the largest city within the Rhein-Kreis Neuss district and owes its prosperity to its location at the crossing of historic and modern trade routes. It is primarily known for its historic Roman sites, as well as the annual Neusser Bürger-Schützenfest.", "Winterberg\nWinterberg is a town in the Hochsauerland district of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany and a major winter sport resort of the Wintersport Arena Sauerland.", "Haltern am See\nHaltern am See (Haltern at the lake, before December 2001 only Haltern) is a town and a municipality in the district of Recklinghausen, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated on the Lippe and the Wesel–Datteln Canal, approx. 15 kilometres (9 miles) north of Recklinghausen.The town is about 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of Düsseldorf.", "Soest, Germany\nSoest (German pronunciation: [ˈzoːst], as if it were 'Sohst') is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is the capital of the Soest district. After Lippstadt, a neighbouring town, Soest is the second biggest town in its district.", "Breckerfeld\nBreckerfeld is a town in the district of Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis, in North Rhine-Westphalia, (Germany). It is located in the southeastern-most part of the Ruhr area in northern Sauerland. The town is a member of Regionalverband Ruhr (association).", "Wesel\nWesel (German pronunciation: [ˈveːzəl]) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is the capital of the Wesel district.", "Dortmund\nDortmund ([ˈdɔɐ̯tmʊnt]; Low German: Düörpm [ˈdyːœɐ̯pm̩]; Latin: Tremonia) is an independent city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is in the middle part of the state and is considered to be the administrative, commercial and cultural centre of the region. Its population of 575,944 (2013) makes it the 8th largest city in Germany.", "Hanseatic People's League\nThe Hanseatic People's League (German: Hanseatischer Volksbund) was a Weimar era political party in Lübeck, Germany. The party was founded in 1926. The party was formed by middle-class sectors that opposed the Social Democrats, in response to the takeover of the mayoral post of Lübeck by the Social Democrats. The Hanseatic People's League proclaimed itself as a 'gathering point for all non-Marxist, i.e. non-SPD/KPD, voters'.", "Höxter\nHöxter (German pronunciation: [ˈhœkstɐ]) is a town in eastern North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany on the left bank of the river Weser, 52 km north of Kassel in the centre of the Weser Uplands. The main town's population is around 15,000, and with outlying centres, about 30,000. It is the seat of the Höxter district.", "Lemgo\nLemgo (German pronunciation: [ˈlɛmɡoː]) is a university city in the Lippe district of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, with a population of c. 40,800 (2013).", "Duisburg\nDuisburg (German pronunciation: [ˈdyːsbʊɐ̯k]) is a German city in the western part of the Ruhr Area (Ruhrgebiet) in North Rhine-Westphalia. It is an independent metropolitan borough within Regierungsbezirk Düsseldorf.", "Brakel, Germany\nBrakel is a town in the district of Höxter in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.", "Unna\nUnna is a town of around 67,000 people in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, the seat of the Unna district.", "Paderborn\nPaderborn (German pronunciation: [paːdɐˈbɔʁn]) is a city in eastern North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, capital of the Paderborn district. The name of the city derives from the river Pader and 'born', an old German term for the source of a river. The river Pader originates in more than 200 springs near Paderborn Cathedral, where St. Liborius is buried." ]	[ "Fürstenbund The (Deutsche) Fürstenbund \"\\[German] League of Princes\") was an alliance of mostly Protestant princes in the Holy Roman Empire formed in 1785 under the leadership of Frederick II of Prussia.", "Staatsbewind The Staatsbewind (translated into English as \"state council\" or \"state authority\") was a governing council of the Batavian Republic between 1801 and 1805. The presidents of the Staatsbewind were acting heads of state of the Batavian Republic.", "Barsbüttel Barsbüttel is a municipality in the district of Stormarn, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated right east of Hamburg.Since 1973 the township consists of four parts: Barsbüttel (main village), Willinghusen, Stemwarde and Stellau.", "Pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy Pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy (also Pieter Cornelisz Plockhoy van Zierikzee or Peter Cornelius van Zurick-zee; c. 1625, possibly in Zierikzee, Netherlands – c. 1664–1670, Lewes, Delaware) was a Dutch Mennonite and Collegiant utopist who founded a settlement in 1663 near Horekill (Lewes Creek) on the banks of Godyn's Bay (Delaware Bay), near present-day Lewes, Delaware.", "Hook and Cod wars The Hook and Cod wars (Dutch: Hoekse en Kabeljauwse twisten) comprise a series of wars and battles in the County of Holland between 1350 and 1490. Most of these wars were fought over the title of count of Holland, but someTemplate:Who? have argued that the underlying reason was because of the power struggle of the bourgeois in the cities against the ruling nobility.The Cod faction generally consisted of the more progressive cities of Holland.", "Johan van Oldenbarnevelt Johan van Oldenbarnevelt (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈjoːɦɑn vɑn ɔldə(n)bɑrnəvɛlt]), Lord of Berkel en Rodenrijs (1600), Gunterstein (1611) and Bakkum (1613) (14 September 1547 – 13 May 1619) was a Dutch statesman who played an important role in the Dutch struggle for independence from Spain.Van Oldenbarnevelt was born in Amersfoort. He studied law at Leuven, Bourges, Heidelberg and Padua, and traveled in France and Italy before settling in The Hague.", "Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 The Anglo–Dutch Treaty of 1824 (also known as the Convention of London) was a treaty signed between Great Britain and the Netherlands in London on 13 August 1824. It was signed by Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh for Britain and Hendrik Fagel (or Henry Fagel) for the Dutch.", "Battle of Heiligerlee (1568) Not to be confused with the earlier Battle of Heiligerlee (1536)The Battle of Heiligerlee (Heiligerlee, Groningen, 23 May 1568) was fought between Dutch rebels and the Spanish army of Friesland. This was the first Dutch victory during the Eighty Years' War.The Groningen province of the Spanish Netherlands was invaded by an army consisting of 3,900 infantry led by Louis of Nassau and 200 cavalry led by Adolf of Nassau. Both were brothers of William I of Orange.", "Holland (Batavia) Mission The Holland Mission or Dutch Mission (Dutch: Hollandse Zending or Hollandse Missie) (1592 – 1853) was the common name of a Catholic Church missionary district in the Low Countries during and after the Protestant Reformation.", "Council of Troubles The Council of Troubles (usual English translation of Dutch: Raad van Beroerten, or Spanish: Tribunal de los Tumultos, or French: Conseil des Troubles) was the special tribunal instituted on 9 September 1567 by Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba, governor-general of the Habsburg Netherlands on the orders of Philip II of Spain to punish the ringleaders of the recent political and religious \"troubles\" in the Netherlands.", "Hans Brinker, or The Silver Skates Hans Brinker, or The Silver Skates (full title: Hans Brinker; or, the Silver Skates: A Story of Life in Holland) is a novel by American author Mary Mapes Dodge, first published in 1865. The novel takes place in the Netherlands and is a colorful fictional portrait of early 19th-century Dutch life, as well as a tale of youthful honor.The book's title refers to the beautiful silver skates to be awarded to the winner of the ice-skating race Hans Brinker hopes to enter.", "Norddeutscher Lloyd Norddeutscher Lloyd (NDL) (North German Lloyd) was a German shipping company. It was founded by Hermann Henrich Meier and Eduard Crüsemann in Bremen on 20 February, 1857. It developed into one of the most important German shipping companies of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and was instrumental in the economic development of Bremen and Bremerhaven. On 1 September, 1970, the company merged with Hamburg America Line (HAPAG) to form Hapag-Lloyd AG.", "Seventeen Provinces The Seventeen Provinces was a term applied to the Imperial states of the Habsburg Netherlands in the 15th and 16th century. They roughly covered the Low Countries, i.e. the current Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg, plus most of the modern French department of Nord including Artois, French Flanders, and French Hainaut.", "Dutch Reformed Church The Dutch Reformed Church (in Dutch: Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk or NHK) was a Reformed Christian denomination in the Netherlands. It developed during the Protestant Reformation. It was founded in the 1570s and lasted until 2004, the year it merged with the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Kingdom of the Netherlands to form the Protestant Church in the Netherlands.", "Treaty of Ryswick The Treaty of Ryswick or Ryswyck was signed on 20 September 1697 and named after Ryswick (now known as Rijswijk) in the Dutch Republic. The treaty settled the War of the League of Augsburg (Nine Years' War), which pitted France against the Grand Alliance of England, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire and the United Provinces.", "Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, also known as the Treaty of London, was a treaty signed between the United Kingdom and the Netherlands in London on 17 March 1824. The treaty was to resolve disputes arising from the execution of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814. For the Dutch, it was signed by Hendrik Fagel and Anton Reinhard Falck and for the UK, George Canning and Charles Watkin Williams Wynn.", "Hanse Law School The Hanse Law School is a project of two universities, established in 2002. The University of Bremen and the Carl-von-Ossietzky University of Oldenburg jointly offer the bachelor's program Comparative and European Law and the master's program Transnational Law.", "Haneburg Haneburg is a castle with two wings of Leer in East Frisia, Germany. It is one of the few buildings remaining of the Renaissance time in north-west Germany, which was much affected by the Netherlands. The castle was built by the chieftain of Leer, Hayo Unken, in the middle of the 15th century.Subsequently, the castle passed via the Frese family into the possession of the Hane family, from whom the building takes its present name.", "Hague Congress (1948) The Hague Congress, considered by many as the first federal moment of the European history, was held in the Congress of Europe in The Hague from 7–11 May 1948 with 750 delegates participating from around Europe as well as observers from Canada and the United States. The Congress brought together representatives from across a broad political spectrum, providing them with the opportunity to discuss ideas about the development of European political co-operation.", "Johan de Witt Johan de Witt or Jan de Witt, heer van Zuid- en Noord-Linschoten, Snelrewaard, Hekendorp and IJsselveere (24 September 1625 – 20 August 1672) was a key figure in Dutch politics in the mid-17th century, when its flourishing sea trade in a period of globalization made the United Provinces a leading European power during the Dutch Golden Age.", "Little Germany, Manhattan Little Germany, known in German as Kleindeutschland and Deutschländle and called Dutchtown by contemporary non-Germans, was a German immigrant neighborhood on the Lower East Side of Manhattan in New York City. The neighborhood's ethnic cohesion began to decline in the late 19th century from the population dynamics of non-German immigrants settling in the area, and the loss of second-generation families to other German-American communities.", "Hattstedt Hattstedt (Danish: Hatsted, North Frisian: Haatst) is a municipality in the district of Nordfriesland, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated near the North Sea coast, approx. 6 km northwest of Husum. Located on the edge of the village is the Mikkelberg-Kunst-und-Cricket Center, a cricket ground which has in the past held neutral Women's One Day Internationals between Denmark Women and the Netherlands Women.Hattstedt is part of the Amt \"\\collective municipality\") Nordsee-Treene.", "Der Hamburger und Germania Ruder Club Der Hamburger und Germania Ruder Club (DHuGRC) is a rowing club from Rotherbaum, Hamburg, Germany. It was founded in 1836 as Der Hamburger Ruder Club, the club is the fourth oldest rowing club in the world (2nd if only counting non-academically affiliated clubs) after Brasenose College Boat Club, Jesus College Boat Club (Oxford) and Leander Club . The Germania Ruder Club, which was founded in 1854 merged with Der Hamburger Ruder Club in 1934, with the joint club adapting the current name.", "Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies The Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (Dutch: Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, abbreviated: KITLV) at Leiden was founded in 1851. Its objective is the advancement of the study of the anthropology, linguistics, social sciences, and history of Southeast Asia, the Pacific Area, and the Caribbean. Special emphasis is laid on the former Dutch colonies of Indonesia, Suriname, and the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba.", "Grey League The Grey League (German: Grauer Bund, Italian: Lega Grigia, Romansh: Ligia Grischa), sometimes called Oberbund, formed in 1395 in the Vorderrhein and Hinterrhein valleys, Raetia. The name Grey League is derived from the homespun grey clothes worn by the people. The league became part of the canton of Graubünden. The Grey League allied itself to the two other powers of Raetia in 1471, forming the Three Leagues.", "Dutch ship Eendracht (1655) The Eendracht or Eendragt \"\\Concord\" - more precisely translated as \"Unity\") was the usual flagship of the confederate navy of the United Provinces (a precursor state of the Netherlands) between 1655 and 1665. Eendragt was the more common spelling in the 17th century; Eendracht is the modern Dutch standard spelling.Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Tromp had for many years insisted on the construction of a new flagship to replace the Brederode, which was too lightly armed with only 56 guns.", "Communist Circle of Breda (Marxist–Leninist) Communist Circle of Breda (marxist-leninist) (in Dutch: Kommunisten Kring Breda (marxistisch-leninistisch)) was a communist group in Breda, the Netherlands.", "Ems-Oriental Ems-Oriental (Dutch: Ooster-Eems; German: Ost-Ems) is the name of a département of the First French Empire in present Germany. It is named after the river Ems. It was formed in 1810, when the Kingdom of Holland was annexed by France. Its territory is part of the present German region East Frisia (in Lower Saxony). Its capital was Aurich. The département was subdivided into the following arrondissements and cantons (situation in 1812): Aurich, cantons: Aurich, Berum, Norden and Timmel.", "Franconian Circle The Franconian Circle (German: Fränkischer Reichskreis) was an Imperial Circle established in 1500 in the centre of the Holy Roman Empire. It comprised the eastern part of the former Franconian stem duchy — roughly corresponding with the present-day Bavarian Regierungsbezirke of Upper, Middle and Lower Franconia — while western Rhenish Franconia belonged to the Upper Rhenish Circle. The title of a \"Duke of Franconia\" was claimed by the Würzburg bishops.", "Southern Netherlands The Southern Netherlands, also called the Catholic Netherlands, were the part of the Low Countries largely controlled by Spain (1556–1714), later Austria (1714–94), and annexed by France (1794–1815). The region included the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, the Imperial Abbey of Stavelot-Malmedy, the County of Bouillon, the County of Horn and the Princely Abbey of Thorn. These smaller states were never ruled by Spain or Austria.", "German Confederation The German Confederation (German: Deutscher Bund) was a loose association of 39 German states in Central Europe, created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to coordinate the economies of separate German-speaking countries and to replace the former Holy Roman Empire. According to historian Lloyd E. Lee, most historians have judged the Confederation to be weak and ineffective, as well as an obstacle to German nationalist aspirations.", "League of the Ten Jurisdictions The League of the Ten Jurisdictions was the last of the Three Leagues founded during the Middle Ages in what is now Canton Graubünden of Switzerland. The League was created in the County of Toggenburg after the counts of Toggenburg died out. The League initially existed to resist the power of the House of Habsburg, and quickly allied with the Grey League and the League of God's House.", "Greetsiel Greetsiel is a small port on the bight of Leybucht in western East Frisia, Germany that was first documented in letters from the year 1388. Since 1972, Greetsiel has been part of the municipality of Krummhörn, which has its administrative seat in Pewsum. The nearest railway station is at Emden, about 15–20 kilometres (9.3–12.4 mi) away, and the two towns are linked by a bus service.Although originally just a small but picturesque fishing village, Greetsiel has become a major tourist attraction.", "Union of Arras The Union of Arras (Dutch: Unie van Atrecht, Spanish: Unión de Arrás) was an accord signed on 6 January 1579 in Atrecht (now Arras), under which the southern states of the Netherlands, today in the Wallonia region of Belgium and the Nord-Pas-de-Calais (and Picardy) régions in France, expressed their loyalty to the Spanish king Philip II and recognized his Governor-General, Don Juan of Austria.", "Battle of Höchst The Battle of Höchst (20 June 1622) was fought between a combined Catholic League army led by Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly and Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba and a Protestant army commanded by Christian the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. The result was a one-sided Catholic League victory. Höchst is a district within the city of Frankfurt, Germany. The action occurred during the Thirty Years' War.", "Neßmersiel Neßmersiel belongs to the municipality Dornum in the rural district Aurich in Lower Saxony, Germany. Neßmersiel is located about 5 kilometres northwest of Dornum. From 1867 to 1977, Neßmersiel belonged to Norden (Altkreis Norden).The original port was built about 1570. Grain was shipped to Bremen, Hamburg, the Netherlands and Norway. By 1700, the harbour had to be moved closer to the sea when the original location filled with silt from the dikes. By 1930, the new location was also closed.", "United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg Jülich-Cleves-Berg was the name of two former territories across the modern German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the modern Dutch province of Gelderland. From 1521 to 1666, the territory was a combination of states in personal union, all reichsfrei territories of the Holy Roman Empire. The name was resurrected after the Congress of Vienna for a short-lived province of the Kingdom of Prussia between 1815 and 1822.", "Achterhoek The Achterhoek (Low German: Achterhook; Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɑxtərˌɦuk]) is a region in the eastern part of the Netherlands. Its name (meaning \"rear-corner\") is geographically appropriate because the area lies in the easternmost part of Gelderland, and therefore of the Netherlands, protruding into Germany. The Achterhoek area lies between the rivers IJssel and Oude IJssel, and the borders with the province of Overijssel and Germany the former region of Zutphen County.", "Zollverein The Zollverein ([ˈtsɔlfɛɐ̯ˌʔaɪn]) or German Customs Union was a coalition of German states formed to manage tariffs and economic policies within their territories. Organised by the 1833 Zollverein treaties, the Zollverein formally came into existence on 1 January 1834. However, its foundations had been in development from 1818 with the creation of a variety of custom unions among the German states. By 1866, the Zollverein included most of the German states.", "Burgundian Netherlands In the history of the Low Countries, the Burgundian Netherlands (French: Pays-Bas Bourguignons, Dutch: Bourgondische Nederlanden, Luxembourgish: Burgundeschen Nidderlanden, Walloon: Bas Payis bourguignons) were a number of Imperial and French fiefs ruled in personal union by the House of Valois-Burgundy and their Habsburg heirs in the period from 1384 to 1482. The area comprised large parts of present-day Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as Luxembourg and parts of northern France.", "HSL-Oost HSL-Oost (Dutch: Hogesnelheidslijn-Oost, English: High-Speed Line East) is the name of the now-cancelled high-speed railway line from Amsterdam to Germany via the Dutch cities of Utrecht and Arnhem. The scope of the project has now been reduced to some improvements to the existing railway between Utrecht and the German border.", "Oranje Nassau Mijnen The Oranje Nassau Mijnen was a coal mine company, established in 1893 by Friedrich Honigmann (1841-1913) and Carl Honigmann (1842-1903) to exploit the rich coal deposits in and around Heerlen. That there were coal deposits around Heerlen was already known for centuries (coal had been dug up since the 13th century around Rolduc), but efficient transportation was lacking.", "Battle of Hemmingstedt The Battle of Hemmingstedt took place on February 17, 1500 south of the village of Hemmingstedt, near the present village of Epenwöhrden, in the western part of present-day Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It was an attempt by king John of Denmark and his brother Duke Frederick, who were co-dukes of Schleswig and Holstein, to subdue the peasantry of Dithmarschen, who had established a peasants' republic on the coast of the North Sea. John was at the time also king of the Kalmar Union.", "Circle of Swabia The Circle of Swabia or Swabian Circle (German: Schwäbischer Reichskreis) was an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire established in 1500 on the territory of the former German stem-duchy of Swabia. However, it did not include the Habsburg home territories of Swabian Austria, the member states of the Swiss Confederacy nor the lands of the Alsace region west of the Rhine, which belonged to the Upper Rhenish Circle.", "Bijlands Kanaal The Bijlands Kanaal (Bijland Canal) is a canal in the Dutch province of Gelderland, near the Dutch-German border. It is currently by far the most important river-stretch of the Rhine when that major river enters the Netherlands.It was dug between 1773 and 1776 to cut off a large bend in river Waal to improve water regulation. This bend, and comparable waters, are currently only minor streams. They are known as the minor Oude Waal and De Bijland, and the larger Oude Rijn.", "Hasselt, Overijssel Hasselt is a city about 7 km north of Zwolle, in the Dutch province of Overijssel. It received city rights in 1252. It became a member of the Hanseatic League around 1350. The city suffered an economic downfall from about 1550 on, as other cities proved to be better situated and equipped for trade and commerce. Hasselt is the capital city of the municipality Zwartewaterland.", "Dutch government-in-exile The Dutch government in exile (Dutch: Nederlandse regering in ballingschap), also known as the London Cabinet (Dutch: Londens cabinet) was the government in exile of the Netherlands, headed by Queen Wilhelmina, that evacuated to London after the German invasion of the country during World War II.", "Elfstedentocht The Elfstedentocht (Dutch pronunciation: [ɛlf'steːdə(n)tɔxt]; Frisian: Alvestêdetocht [ɑlvəˈstɛːdətɔxt], English: Eleven cities tour), is an almost 200 kilometres (120 mi) long skating tour which is held both as a speed skating match (with 300 contestants) and a leisure tour (with 16,000 skaters). It is held in the province of Friesland in the north of the Netherlands, leading past all eleven historical cities of the province.", "German colonization of the Americas The German colonization of the Americas consisted of German settlements in Venezuela (German: Klein-Venedig, also German: Welser-Kolonie), St. Thomas, Crab Island (Guyana), and Ter Tholen (Tortola) in the 16th and 17th centuries.", "Niebüll Niebüll (Mooring North Frisian: Naibel; Danish: Nibøl) is a town in the district of Nordfriesland, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated near the North Sea coast and the border with Denmark, approx. 35 km northwest of Husum.", "Spanish Netherlands Spanish Netherlands (Spanish: Países Bajos españoles; Dutch: Spaanse Nederlanden) was the collective name of States of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries, held in personal union by the Spanish Crown (Habsburg Spain) from 1581 to 1714.", "Dutch Admiralty The Dutch Admiralty is the name applied to three follies designed in the traditional Dutch style and erected in summer 1773 on the bank of the Large Pond in the Catherine Park of Tsarskoe Selo. The pavilions are flanked by two towers in the Russian Gothic style. The central pavilion formerly housed the Globe of Gottorf, a collection of 166 English landscape engravings and an assortment of rare rowboats, which were destroyed during World War II.", "League of Dutch Marxist–Leninists League of Dutch Marxist–Leninists (in Dutch: Bond van Nederlandse Marxisten-Leninisten) was a communist organisation in the Netherlands.By the time of the 21st party congress of the Communist Party of the Netherlands in 1964 two pro-China fractions existed inside the party. One was the Marxist-Leninist Centre in Rotterdam. The other was a group based in Amsterdam which published the periodical Rode Vlag (Red Flag). The Rode Vlag-group was led by Chris Bischot, a district level leader of CPN.", "Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation The Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation (WHINSEC), formerly known as the US Army School of the Americas, is a United States Department of Defense Institute located at Fort Benning near Columbus, Georgia, that provides military training to government personnel in US-allied Latin American nations.The school was founded in 1946 and from 1961 was assigned the specific goal of teaching \"anti-communist counterinsurgency training,\" a role which it would fulfill for the rest of the Cold War. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hemisphere_Institute_for_Security_Cooperation?oldid=679397107> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Henry_the_Lion> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Henry the Lion (German: Heinrich der Löwe; 1129 – 6 August 1195) was a member of the Welf dynasty and Duke of Saxony, as Henry III, from 1142, and Duke of Bavaria, as Henry XII, from 1156, which duchies he held until 1180.He was one of the most powerful German princes of his time, until the rival Hohenstaufen dynasty succeeded in isolating him and eventually deprived him of his duchies of Bavaria and Saxony during the reign of his cousin Frederick I Barbarossa and of Frederick's son and successor Henry VI.At the height of his reign, Henry ruled over a vast territory stretching from the coast of the North and Baltic Seas to the Alps, and from Westphalia to Pomerania. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Lion?oldid=683544558> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Hope,_Arkansas> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Hope is a city in Hempstead County in southwestern Arkansas, United States. Hope is the county seat of Hempstead County and the principal city of the Hope Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Hempstead and Nevada counties.", "United Netherlands (organization) United Netherlands (UNL) is an educational student-led organization that focuses on the theory and practice of international relations and diplomacy. It is based at the Radboud University in Nijmegen, the Netherlands.UNL has organized various student activities related to the United Nations, including the Radboud international Model United Nations (RiMUN), the Month of the United Nations (MotUN), and the High School Program (HSP).", "Electoral Rhenish Circle The Electoral Rhenish Circle (German: Kurrheinischer Reichskreis) was an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire, created in 1512.The circle derived its name from four of the seven prince-electors whose lands along the Middle Rhine comprised the vast majority of its territory.", "Order of the Netherlands Lion The Order of the Dutch Lion (Dutch: De Orde van de Nederlandse Leeuw, French: L'Ordre du Lion Belgique / Néerlandais) is a Dutch order of chivalry founded by King William I of the Netherlands on 29 September 1815.The Order of the Dutch Lion was until recently awarded upon eminent individuals from all walks of life, including generals, ministers of the crown, mayors of large towns, professors and leading scientists, industrialists, high ranking civil servants, presiding judges and renowned artists.", "German-Pennsylvanian Association The German-Pennsylvanian Association (German: Deutsch-Pennsylvanischer Arbeitskreis) is an organization founded in 2003 in the Rheinhessen area of Ober-Olm in Germany, and dedicated to cultural exchange and research involving the Pennsylvania Dutch language and people. The registered seat of the organization is in the Rhineland-Palatinate capital of Mainz.", "Austrian Circle The Austrian Circle (German: Österreichischer Reichskreis) was an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire. It was one of the four Imperial Circles created in 1512, 12 years after the original Reichsreform created six Circles.The Austrian Circle was largely coterminous with the Erblande \"\\Hereditary Lands\") of the Habsburg family and roughly corresponds to present-day Austria (except for Salzburg), Slovenia and the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region of Northern Italy.", "Lelystad–Zwolle railway The Lelystad–Zwolle railway, also known as the Hanzelijn (English: Hanseatic Line), is a recently constructed Dutch railway line. It connects Lelystad, capital of the province of Flevoland, with Zwolle, capital of the neighbouring province of Overijssel, and provides a direct rail link between Flevoland and the north-east of the Netherlands.", "German Bight The German Bight (German: Deutsche Bucht; Danish: Tyske Bugt; Dutch: Duitse Bocht; West Frisian: Dútske bocht; sometimes also the German Bay) is the southeastern bight of the North Sea bounded by the Netherlands and Germany to the south, and Denmark and Germany to the east (the Jutland peninsula). To the north and west it is limited by the Dogger Bank. The Bight contains the Frisian and Danish Islands.", "Dutch Golden Age The Dutch Golden Age (Dutch: Gouden Eeuw [ˈɣʌu̯də(n) ˈeːu̯]) was a period in Dutch history, roughly spanning the 17th century, in which Dutch trade, science, military, and art were among the most acclaimed in the world. The first half is characterized by the Eighty Years' War which ended in 1648.", "Treaties of Nijmegen The Treaties of Peace of Nijmegen (French: Négociations de Nimègue or Traité de Nimègue; German: Friede von Nimwegen) were a series of treaties signed in the Dutch city of Nijmegen between August 1678 and December 1679. The treaties ended various interconnected wars among France, the Dutch Republic, Spain, Brandenburg, Sweden, Denmark, the Prince-Bishopric of Münster, and the Holy Roman Empire.", "Lübeck The Hanseatic City of Lübeck (pronounced [ˈlyːbɛk], Low German [ˈlyːbɛːk]) is the second-largest city in Schleswig-Holstein, in northern Germany, and one of the major ports of Germany. Situated on the river Trave, it was for several centuries the leading city of the Hanseatic League \"\\Queen of the Hanse\"). Because of its extensive Brick Gothic architecture, it is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.", "Netherlands Trading Society The Netherlands Trading Society (Dutch: Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij or NHM) was a Dutch trading company established in 1824 by King Willem I of the Netherlands to promote and develop trade, shipping and agriculture. For the next 140 years the NHM developed a large international branch network and increasingly engaged in banking operations, and subsequently would become one of the primary ancestors of ABN AMRO.", "Union of Baptist Churches in the Netherlands The Union of Baptist Churches in the Netherlands (Unie van Baptisten Gemeenten in Nederland) is a union of Baptist churches formed by seven congregations in 1881. The first Baptist church in the Netherlands was formed by Englishman John Smyth. The present work is not historically connected to Smyth's congregation. The modern Baptist movement can be traced to the work of Julius Köbner in 1845.", "Gouden Reael The Gouden Reael is a traditional designation for an area of the city of Amsterdam in the Netherlands.It consists of the current neighborhood Westelijke Eilanden \"\\Western Islands\", i.e. Prinseneiland, Bickerseiland and Realeneiland) plus the Westerdokseiland, Haarlemmerbuurt and Planciusbuurt.A 'Gouden Reael' (\"golden real\") was a Spanish coin from the 16th century.", "Dutch East India Trading Dutch East India Trading was an independent record label based in Rockville Centre, New York. It released music by such artists as Sun Dial, The Orb, The Smiths, Soul-Junk, Die Monster Die, Prong, The Cure, Robert Wyatt, A Guy Called Gerald, Bongwater, Opium Den, Indian Bingo, Meat Beat Manifesto, Christian Death, and Doom.Homestead Records, Giant Records, Grass Records and Rockville Records were among the imprints of the Dutch East India Trading group.The company ceased operations in 2003.", "Triple Alliance (1717) The Triple Alliance was a treaty between the Dutch Republic, France and Great Britain, against Spain, attempting to maintain the agreement of the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht. The three states were concerned about Spain becoming a superpower in Europe. As a result of this militarisation took place, causing great havoc to civilians. This enraged Spain and other states, leading to brinkmanship. It became the Quadruple Alliance the next year with the accession of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI.", "Weser-Ems The Regierungsbezirk Weser-Ems was the most westerly of the four administrative regions of Lower Saxony, Germany, bordering on the Dutch provinces of Groningen, Drenthe and Overijssel. It was established in 1978 by merging the former regions Osnabrück, Aurich, and Oldenburg.", "North Sea Canal The North Sea Canal (Dutch: Noordzeekanaal) is a Dutch ship canal from Amsterdam to the North Sea at IJmuiden, constructed between 1865 and 1876 to enable seafaring vessels to reach the port of Amsterdam. This man-made channel terminates at Amsterdam in the closed-off IJ Bay, which in turn connects to the Amsterdam-Rhine Canal.The drainage of the canal to the North Sea is done through the Spui Locks at IJmuiden, augmented by the largest pumping station in Europe.", "League of God's House The League of God's House (German: Gotteshausbund, Italian: Lega Caddea, Romansh: Lia da la Chadé) was formed in what is now Switzerland on January 29, 1367 to resist the rising power of the Bishopric of Chur and the House of Habsburg. The League allied with the Grey League and the League of the Ten Jurisdictions in 1471 to form the Three Leagues. The League of God's House, together with the two other Leagues, was allied with the Old Swiss Confederacy throughout the 15th and 16th centuries.", "Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Kingdom of the Netherlands The Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Evangelisch-Lutherse Kerk in het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden) was a denomination in the Netherlands which under that name existed from 1818 to 2004.", "League of the Three Emperors The League of the Three Emperors (German: Dreikaiserabkommen, Russian: Союз трёх императоров) was an alliance between the German Empire, the Russian Empire and Austria-Hungary, from 1873 to 1887. Chancellor Otto von Bismarck took full charge of German foreign policy from 1870 to his dismissal in 1890. His goal was a peaceful Europe, based on the balance of power. Bismarck feared that a hostile combination of Austria, France and Russia would crush Germany.", "Neutral Moresnet Neutral Moresnet was a small Belgian–Prussian condominium that existed from 1816 to 1920 between present-day Belgium and Germany. Its northernmost border point at the Vaalserberg connected it to a quadripoint shared additionally with the Dutch Province of Limburg, which today is known as the \"Three Country Point\". Prior to Belgian independence in 1830, the territory was a Dutch-Prussian condominium.", "Austrian Netherlands The Austrian Netherlands (German: Österreichische Niederlande; Dutch: Oostenrijkse Nederlanden; Latin: Belgium Austriacum), was the name given to the Southern Netherlands after its acquisition by the Habsburg Monarchy under the Treaty of Rastatt in 1714 until its annexation during the aftermath of the Battle of Sprimont by French revolutionary forces in 1794 and the Peace of Basel in 1795. Austria, however, did not relinquish its claim over the province until 1797 in the Treaty of Campo Formio.", "Capitulation in the Netherlands and Denmark The Capitulation in North West Germany, the Netherlands and Denmark was an official ceremony at the end of World War II that marked the surrender of all German forces in northwestern Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands to the 21st Army Group, under the command of Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, on 4 May 1945. The ceremony took place on Lüneburg Heath, Lower Saxony, Germany.", "Henneicke Column The Henneicke Column was a group of Dutch Nazi collaborators working in the investigative division of the Central Bureau for Jewish Emigration (Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung), with headquarters in Amsterdam, during the Nazi Germany occupation of the Netherlands in World War II . Between March and October 1943 the group, led by former auto mechanic Wim Henneicke and Willem Briedé, was responsible for tracking down Jews in hiding and arresting them.", "United Kingdom of the Netherlands United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1839) (Dutch: Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden, French: Royaume uni des Pays-Bas) was the unofficial name for the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Dutch: Koninkrijk der Nederlanden, French: Royaume des Belgiques) during the period after it was first created from part of the First French Empire and before the new Kingdom of Belgium split off from it in 1830.This state, a large part of which still exists today as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, was made up of the former Dutch Republic (Republic of the Seven United Netherlands) to the north, the former Austrian Netherlands to the south, and the former Prince-Bishopric of Liège.", "Lusatian League The Lusatian League (German: Oberlausitzer Sechsstädtebund; Czech: Šestiměstí; Polish: Związek Sześciu Miast) was a historical alliance of six towns in the Bohemian (1346–1635), later Saxon (1635–1815) region of Upper Lusatia, that existed from 1346 until 1815. The member towns were Bautzen (Upper Sorbian: Budyšin), Görlitz (Zhorjelc), Kamenz (Kamjenc), Lauban (Lubań), Löbau (Lubij) and Zittau (Žitawa).", "Upper Saxon Circle The Upper Saxon Circle (German: Obersächsischer Reichskreis) was an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire, created in 1512.The circle was dominated by the electorate of Saxony (the circle's director) and the electorate of Brandenburg. It further comprised the Saxon Ernestine duchies and Pomerania. The Lusatias that fell to Saxony by the 1635 Peace of Prague were never encircled.", "Union of Delft The Act of Federation of 1576, (popularly known as the Union of Delft) was signed on 25 April 1576 by William the Silent (the then Prince of Orange) and the provinces of Holland and Zeeland in the Netherlands and made a definitive federation of the two provinces. It also gave William supreme authority in war, allowed him to call a States General when he pleased, and effectively made him head of it.", "Upper Rhenish Circle The Upper Rhenish Circle (German: Oberrheinischer Reichskreis) was an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire established in 1500 on the territory of the former Duchy of Upper Lorraine and large parts of Rhenish Franconia including the Swabian Alsace region and the Burgundian duchy of Savoy.Many of the circle's states west of the Rhine river were annexed by France under King Louis XIV during the 17th century, sealed by the 1678/79 Treaties of Nijmegen.", "Swabian League The Swabian League (Schwäbischer Bund) was a mutual defence and peace keeping association of Imperial Estates - Free Imperial cities, prelates, principalities and knights - principally in the territory of the Early medieval stem duchy of Swabia, established in 1488 at the behest of Emperor Frederick III of Habsburg and supported as well by Bertold von Henneberg-Römhild, archbishop of Mainz, whose conciliar rather than monarchic view of the Reich often put him at odds with Frederick's successor Maximilian.", "Steelyard The Steelyard, from the Middle Low German Stalhof / Dutch Staalhof, was the main trading base (kontor) of the Hanseatic League in London.", "Peace of Münster The Peace of Münster was a treaty between the Dutch Republic and Spain signed in 1648. It was a landmark treaty for the Dutch Republic and one of the key events in Dutch history; with it, the independence of the United Netherlands was finally recognized by the Spanish crown. The treaty was a part of the Peace of Westphalia which ended both the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War.", "Muiderkring In the Golden Age of the Dutch Republic, roughly equivalent to the later half of the 17th century, the Muiderkring was the name given to a group of figures in the arts and sciences who regularly met at the castle of Muiden near Amsterdam.", "Schmalkaldic League The Schmalkaldic League (German: Schmalkaldischer Bund Latin: Foedus Smalcaldicum or Liga Smalcaldica) was a defensive alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid-16th century. Although originally started for religious motives soon after the start of the Protestant Reformation, its members eventually intended for the League to replace the Holy Roman Empire as their source of political allegiance.", "Imperial Circle The Holy Roman Empire during the Early Modern period was divided into an administrative grouping of Imperial Circles (Latin: Circuli imperii, German: Reichskreise; singular Circulus imperii, Reichskreis) primarily for the purpose of organizing a common defensive structure and of collecting the imperial taxes, but also as a means of organization within the Imperial Diet and the Imperial Chamber Court.Each circle had a Circle Diet, although not every member of the Circle Diet would hold membership of the Imperial Diet as well.Six Imperial Circles were introduced at the Diet of Augsburg in 1500.", "Lower Saxon Circle The Lower Saxon Circle (German: Niedersächsischer Reichskreis) was an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire.", "Catholic League (German) The German Catholic League (German: Katholische Liga) was initially a loose confederation of Roman Catholic German states formed on July 10, 1609 to counteract the Protestant Union (formed 1608), whereby the participating states concluded an alliance \"for the defence of the Catholic religion and peace within the Empire.\" Modelled loosely on the more intransigent ultra-Catholic French Catholic League (1576), the German Catholic league initially acted politically to negotiate issues with the slightly older Protestant Union.Nevertheless, the league's founding, as had the founding of the Protestant Union, further exacerbated long standing tensions between the Protestant reformers and the members of the Catholic Church which thereafter began to get worse with ever more frequent episodes of civil disobedience, repression, and retaliations that would eventually ignite into the first phase of the Thirty Years' War roughly a decade later with the act of rebellion and calculated insult known as the Second Defenestration of Prague on 23 May 1618.", "Burgundian Circle The Burgundian Circle (German: Burgundischer Kreis, Dutch: Bourgondische Kreits, French: Cercle de Bourgogne) was an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire created in 1512 and significantly enlarged in 1548.", "Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg) The Grand Alliance was a European coalition, consisting (at various times) of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, the Dutch Republic, England, the Holy Roman Empire, Ireland, the Palatinate of the Rhine, Portugal, Savoy, Saxony, Scotland, Spain and Sweden. The organization, which was founded in 1686 as the League of Augsburg, was known as the \"Grand Alliance\" after England and Scotland joined the League (in 1689).", "Heilbronn League The Heilbronn League was an alliance between Sweden, France, and the Protestant princes of Western Germany against the Catholic League during the Thirty Years' War. The treaty forming the League was signed at Heilbronn in Germany on April 23, 1633.After the death of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, a greater number of German states were desperate to achieve peace.", "Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle The Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle (German: Niederrheinisch-Westfälischer Reichskreis) was an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire. It comprised territories of the former Duchy of Lower Lorraine, Frisia and the Westphalian part of the former Duchy of Saxony.The circle was made up of numerous small states, however the Counts De la Marck were able to collect a significant amount of territories, the United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg from 1521 on.", "Dutch–Hanseatic War The Dutch–Hanseatic War was a conflict between the Burgundian Netherlands and the Hanseatic League over the latter's control of Baltic shipping." ]	12
Chemical elements that are named after people	[ "Livermorium\nLivermorium is a synthetic superheavy element with symbol Lv and atomic number 116. It is an extremely radioactive element that has only been created in the laboratory and has not been observed in nature. The element is named after the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the United States, which collaborated with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia to discover livermorium in 2000.", "Meitnerium\nMeitnerium is a chemical element with symbol Mt and atomic number 109. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element (an element not found in nature that can be created in a laboratory). The most stable known isotope, meitnerium-278, has a half-life of 7.6 seconds. The GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research near Darmstadt, Germany, first created this element in 1982. It is named for Lise Meitner.In the periodic table, meitnerium is a d-block transactinide element.", "Periodic table\nThe periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, ordered by their atomic number (number of protons in the nucleus), electron configurations, and recurring chemical properties. The table also shows four rectangular blocks: s-, p- d- and f-block. In general, within one row (period) the elements are metals on the lefthand side, and non-metals on the righthand side.The rows of the table are called periods; the columns are called groups.", "Gallium\nGallium is a chemical element with symbol Ga and atomic number 31. Elemental gallium does not occur in free form in nature, but as the gallium(III) compounds that are in trace amounts in zinc ores and in bauxite. Gallium is a soft, silvery metal, and elemental gallium is a brittle solid at low temperatures, and melts at 29.76 °C (85.57 °F) (slightly above room temperature). The melting point of gallium is used as a temperature reference point.", "Roentgenium\nRoentgenium is a chemical element with symbol Rg and atomic number 111. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature); the most stable known isotope, roentgenium-281, has a half-life of 26 seconds. Roentgenium was first created in 1994 by the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research near Darmstadt, Germany.", "Mendelevium\nMendelevium is a synthetic element with chemical symbol Md (formerly Mv) and atomic number 101. A metallic radioactive transuranic element in the actinide series, it is the first element that currently cannot be produced in macroscopic quantities through neutron bombardment of lighter elements. It is the antepenultimate actinide and the ninth transuranic element. It can only be produced in particle accelerators by bombarding lighter elements with charged particles.", "Einsteinium\nEinsteinium is a synthetic element with symbol Es and atomic number 99. It is the seventh transuranic element, and an actinide.Einsteinium was discovered as a component of the debris of the first hydrogen bomb explosion in 1952, and named after Albert Einstein. Its most common isotope einsteinium-253 (half life 20.47 days) is produced artificially from decay of californium-253 in a few dedicated high-power nuclear reactors with a total yield on the order of one milligram per year.", "Lawrencium\nLawrencium is a synthetic chemical element with chemical symbol Lr (formerly Lw) and atomic number 103. It is named in honor of Ernest Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron, a device that was used to discover many artificial radioactive elements. A radioactive metal, lawrencium is the eleventh transuranic element and is also the final member of the actinide series.", "Bohrium\nBohrium is a chemical element with symbol Bh and atomic number 107. It is named after Danish physicist Niels Bohr. It is a synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature) and radioactive; the most stable known isotope, 270Bh, has a half-life of approximately 61 seconds.In the periodic table of the elements, it is a d-block transactinide element. It is a member of the 7th period and belongs to the group 7 elements.", "Rutherfordium\nRutherfordium is a chemical element with symbol Rf and atomic number 104, named in honor of physicist Ernest Rutherford. It is a synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature) and radioactive; the most stable known isotope, 267Rf, has a half-life of approximately 1.3 hours.In the periodic table of the elements, it is a d-block element and the second of the fourth-row transition elements.", "Gadolinium\nGadolinium is a chemical element with symbol Gd and atomic number 64. It is a silvery-white, malleable and ductile rare-earth metal. It is found in nature only in combined (salt) form. Gadolinium was first detected spectroscopically in 1880 by de Marignac who separated its oxide and is credited with its discovery. It is named for gadolinite, one of the minerals in which it was found, in turn named for chemist Johan Gadolin.", "Naming of elements\nChemical elements are named after various things. Sometimes it is based on the person who discovered it, or the place it was discovered. Some of them have Latin or Greek roots meaning something related to the element, for example what it was used for. There is some debate over what unnamed (due to being hypothesised or newly discovered) elements should be named - whether a number (e.g. 113), a transliterated number (e.g. ununtrium), or a placeholder name.", "Nobelium\nNobelium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol No and atomic number 102. It is named in honor of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite and benefactor of science. A radioactive metal, it is the tenth transuranic element and is the penultimate member of the actinide series. Like all elements with atomic number over 100, nobelium can only be produced in particle accelerators by bombarding lighter elements with charged particles.", "Tantalum\nTantalum is a chemical element with symbol Ta and atomic number 73. Previously known as tantalium, its name comes from Tantalus, an antihero from Greek mythology. Tantalum is a rare, hard, blue-gray, lustrous transition metal that is highly corrosion-resistant. It is part of the refractory metals group, which are widely used as minor components in alloys. The chemical inertness of tantalum makes it a valuable substance for laboratory equipment and a substitute for platinum.", "Curium\nCurium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Cm and atomic number 96. This element of the actinide series was named after Marie and Pierre Curie – both were known for their research on radioactivity. Curium was first intentionally produced and identified in July 1944 by the group of Glenn T. Seaborg at the University of California, Berkeley. The discovery was kept secret and only released to the public in November 1945.", "Samarium\nSamarium is a chemical element with symbol Sm and atomic number 62. It is a moderately hard silvery metal that readily oxidizes in air. Being a typical member of the lanthanide series, samarium usually assumes the oxidation state +3. Compounds of samarium(II) are also known, most notably the monoxide SmO, monochalcogenides SmS, SmSe and SmTe, as well as samarium(II) iodide. The last compound is a common reducing agent in chemical synthesis.", "Hesperium\nHesperium (also known as esperium; atomic symbol Es) was the name assigned to the element with atomic number 94, now known as plutonium.It was named in Italian Esperio after a Greek name of Italy, Hesperia, \"the land of the West\".The same team assigned the name ausonium to element 93, after Ausonia, a poetic name of Italy.", "Seaborgium\nSeaborgium is a synthetic element with symbol Sg and atomic number 106. Its most stable isotope 271Sg has a half-life of 1.9 minutes. A more recently discovered isotope 269Sg has a potentially slightly longer half-life (ca. 2.1 min) based on the observation of a single decay. Chemistry experiments with seaborgium have firmly placed it in group 6 as a heavier homologue to tungsten. Seaborgium is the only element named after a person (Glenn T.", "List of data references for chemical elements\nRecommended values for many properties of the elements, together with various references, are collected on these data pages." ]	[ "Chemical Galaxy Chemical Galaxy is a new representation by Philip Stewart of the periodic system of the elements, better known in tabular form as the periodic table, based on the cyclical nature of characteristics of the chemical elements (which depend principally on the valence electrons).", "Ununpentium Ununpentium is the temporary name of a synthetic superheavy element in the periodic table that has the temporary symbol Uup and has the atomic number 115. It is an extremely radioactive element; its most stable known isotope, ununpentium-289, has a half-life of only 220 milliseconds. It is also known as eka-bismuth or simply element 115.", "Strontium Strontium (/ˈstrɒntiəm/ STRON-tee-əm) is a chemical element with symbol Sr and atomic number 38. An alkaline earth metal, strontium is a soft silver-white or yellowish metallic element that is highly reactive chemically. The metal turns yellow when it is exposed to air. Strontium has physical and chemical properties similar to those of its two neighbors calcium and barium. It occurs naturally in the minerals celestine, putnisite and strontianite.", "List of chemical element name etymologies This is the list of etymologies for all chemical element names.", "Transuranium element The transuranium elements (also known as transuranic elements) are the chemical elements with atomic numbers greater than 92 (the atomic number of uranium). All of these elements are unstable and decay radioactively into other elements.", "Carbon group The carbon group is a periodic table group consisting of carbon (C), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), and flerovium (Fl).In modern IUPAC notation, it is called Group 14. In the field of semiconductor physics, it is still universally called Group IV. The group was once also known as the tetrels (from Greek tetra, four), stemming from the Roman numeral IV in the group names, or (not coincidentally) from the fact that these elements have four valence electrons (see below).", "Noble metal In chemistry, the noble metals are metals that are resistant to corrosion and oxidation in moist air (unlike most base metals). The short list of chemically noble metals (those elements upon which almost all chemists agree) comprises ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum, and gold.More inclusive lists include one or more of mercury, rhenium or copper as noble metals.", "Hennig Brand Hennig Brand (c. 1630 – c.1692 or c. 1710) was a merchant and alchemist in Hamburg, Germany. He discovered phosphorus around 1669.", "Decipium Decipium was the proposed name for a new chemical element isolated by Marc Delafontaine from the mineral samarskite. He published his discovery in 1878 and a follow-up paper in 1881. Later it was shown that decipium was a mixture of samarium and other rare earth elements.", "Hydrogen Hydrogen is a chemical element with chemical symbol H and atomic number 1. With an atomic weight of 7000100794000000000♠1.00794 u, hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Its monatomic form (H) is the most abundant chemical substance in the universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass. Non-remnant stars are mainly composed of hydrogen in its plasma state.", "Group 12 element Group 12, by modern IUPAC numbering, is a group of chemical elements in the periodic table. It includes zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg). The further inclusion of copernicium (Cn) in group 12 is supported by recent experiments on individual copernicium atoms.", "Earth (chemistry) The chemical term earths was historically applied to certain chemical substances, once thought to be elements, and this name was borrowed from one of the four classical elements of Plato. \"Earths\" later turned out to be chemical compounds, albeit difficult to concentrate, such as rare earths and alkaline earths.Earths are metallic oxides, and the corresponding metals were classified into the corresponding groups: rare earth metals and alkaline earth metals.", "Carbon Carbon (from Latin: carbo \"coal\") is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. On the Periodic table, it is the first (row 2) of six elements in column (group) 14, which have in common the composition of their outer electron shell. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. There are three naturally occurring isotopes, with 12C and 13C being stable, while 14C is radioactive, decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years.", "Californium Californium is a radioactive metallic chemical element with symbol Cf and atomic number 98. The element was first made in 1950 at the University of California Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley, by bombarding curium with alpha particles (helium-4 ions). It is an actinide element, the sixth transuranium element to be synthesized, and has the second-highest atomic mass of all the elements that have been produced in amounts large enough to see with the unaided eye (after einsteinium).", "Neutronium Neutronium (sometimes shortened to neutrium) is a proposed name for a substance composed purely of neutrons. The word was coined by scientist Andreas von Antropoff in 1926 (before the discovery of the neutron) for the conjectured \"element of atomic number zero\" that he placed at the head of the periodic table.", "Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau Louis-Bernard Guyton, Baron de Morveau (also Louis-Bernard Guyton-Morveau after the French Revolution; 4 January 1737–2 January 1816) was a French chemist and politician. He is credited with producing the first systematic method of chemical nomenclature.", "Godwin's law Godwin's law (or Godwin's rule of Nazi analogies) is an Internet adage asserting that \"As an online discussion grows longer, the probability of a comparison involving Nazis or Hitlerapproaches 1\"—that is, if an online discussion (regardless of topic or scope) goes on long enough, sooner or later someone will compare someone or something to Hitler or Nazism.Promulgated by American attorney and author Mike Godwin in 1990, Godwin's Law originally referred specifically to Usenet newsgroup discussions. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godwin's_law?oldid=683840683> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Germanium> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Germanium is a chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon. Purified germanium is a semiconductor, with an appearance most similar to elemental silicon. Like silicon, germanium naturally reacts and forms complexes with oxygen in nature.", "Darmstadtium Darmstadtium is a chemical element with symbol Ds and atomic number 110. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element. The most stable known isotope, darmstadtium-281, has a half-life of approximately 10 seconds. Darmstadtium was first created in 1994 by the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research near the city of Darmstadt, Germany, after which it was named.In the periodic table, it is a d-block transactinide element.", "Bromine Bromine (from Greek: βρῶμος, brómos, meaning \"strong-smelling\" or \"stench\") is a chemical element with symbol Br, and atomic number 35. It is a halogen. The element was isolated independently by two chemists, Carl Jacob Löwig and Antoine Jerome Balard, in 1825–1826. Elemental bromine is a fuming red-brown liquid at room temperature, corrosive and toxic, with properties between those of chlorine and iodine.", "Promethium Promethium, originally prometheum, is a chemical element with symbol Pm and atomic number 61. All of its isotopes are radioactive; it is one of only two such elements that are followed in the periodic table by elements with stable forms, a distinction shared with technetium. Chemically, promethium is a lanthanide, which forms salts when combined with other elements.", "Lanthanum Lanthanum is a soft, ductile, silvery-white metallic chemical element with symbol La and atomic number 57. It tarnishes rapidly when exposed to air and is soft enough to be cut with a knife. It gave its name to the lanthanide series, a group of 15 similar elements between lanthanum and lutetium in the periodic table: it is also sometimes considered the first element of the 6th-period transition metals. As such, it almost always assumes the oxidation state +3.", "Halogen The halogens or halogen elements (/ˈhælɵdʒɨn/) are a group in the periodic table consisting of five chemically related elements: fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At). The artificially created element 117 (ununseptium) may also be a halogen. In the modern IUPAC nomenclature, this group is known as group 17.The name 'halogen' means 'salt-producing'.", "Cadmium Cadmium is a chemical element with symbol Cd and atomic number 48. This soft, bluish-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. Like zinc, it prefers oxidation state +2 in most of its compounds and like mercury it shows a low melting point compared to transition metals.", "Ida Noddack Ida Noddack (25 February 1896 – 24 September 1978), née Ida Tacke, was a German chemist and physicist. She was the first to mention the idea of nuclear fission in 1934. With her husband Walter Noddack she discovered element 75, rhenium. She was nominated three times for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.", "Lutetium Lutetium is a chemical element with symbol Lu and atomic number 71. It is a silvery white metal, which resists corrosion in dry, but not in moist air. It is considered the first element of the 6th-period transition metals and the last element in the lanthanide series, and is traditionally counted among the rare earths.Lutetium was independently discovered in 1907 by French scientist Georges Urbain, Austrian mineralogist Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach, and American chemist Charles James.", "Dysprosium Dysprosium is a chemical element with the symbol Dy and atomic number 66. It is a rare earth element with a metallic silver luster. Dysprosium is never found in nature as a free element, though it is found in various minerals, such as xenotime.", "Ununtrium Ununtrium is a chemical element with atomic number 113. It has a temporary name and temporary symbol Uut. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature); its most stable known isotope, ununtrium-286, has a half-life of 20 seconds. It is also known as eka-thallium or simply element 113.", "Group 10 element Group 10, numbered by current IUPAC style, is the group of chemical elements in the periodic table that consists of nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), and darmstadtium (Ds). All are d-block transition metals.", "Titanium Titanium is a chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It is a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density and high strength. It is highly resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia and chlorine.Titanium was discovered in Cornwall, Great Britain, by William Gregor in 1791 and named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth for the Titans of Greek mythology.", "Eugène-Anatole Demarçay Eugène-Anatole Demarçay (January 1, 1852 – March 5, 1903) was a French chemist. He studied under Jean-Baptiste Dumas. During an experiment, an explosion destroyed the sight in one of his eyes.He was a spectrum specialist. In 1896, he suspected samples of the recently discovered element samarium were contaminated with an unknown element, which he isolated in 1901, naming it europium.", "List of ideologies named after people This list contains names of ideological systems, movements and trends named after persons. The stem may be either a person's real name or a nickname. Some of the eponyms are given by people adhering to the movements mentioned, others by outsiders.", "List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower On the Eiffel Tower, seventy-two names of French scientists, engineers, and mathematicians are engraved in recognition of their contributions. Gustave Eiffel chose this \"invocation of science\" because of his concern over the protests against the tower. The engravings are found on the sides of the tower under the first balcony.", "Niobium Niobium, formerly columbium, is a chemical element with symbol Nb (formerly Cb) and atomic number 41. It is a soft, grey, ductile transition metal, which is often found in the pyrochlore mineral, the main commercial source for niobium, and columbite. The name comes from Greek mythology: Niobe, daughter of Tantalus since it is so similar to tantalum.Niobium has physical and chemical properties similar to those of the element tantalum, and the two are therefore difficult to distinguish.", "Francium Francium is a chemical element with symbol Fr and atomic number 87. It was formerly known as eka-caesium and actinium K. It is the second-least electronegative element, behind only caesium. Francium is a highly radioactive metal that decays into astatine, radium, and radon. As an alkali metal, it has one valence electron.Bulk francium has never been viewed.", "Flerovium Flerovium is a superheavy artificial chemical element with symbol Fl and atomic number 114. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element. The element is named after the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, where the element was discovered in 1998. The name of the laboratory, in turn, honours the Russian physicist Georgy Flyorov (Флёров in Cyrillic, hence the transliteration of \"yo\" to \"e\").", "Humphry Davy Sir Humphry Davy, 1st Baronet (17 December 1778 – 29 May 1829) was a Cornish chemist and inventor. He is best remembered today for his discoveries of several alkali and alkaline earth metals, as well as contributions to the discoveries of the elemental nature of chlorine and iodine.", "Per Teodor Cleve Per Teodor Cleve (10 February 1840 – 18 June 1905) was a Swedish chemist, biologist, mineralogist, oceanographer, and professor. He discovered the chemical elements holmium and thulium and helped isolate helium from the uranium ore cleveite. Cleve was born in Stockholm and became an assistant professor at the Uppsala University in 1860. He died several months after contracting pleurisy in 1904.", "Glenn T. Seaborg Glenn Theodore Seaborg (/ˈsiːbɔrɡ/; April 19, 1912 – February 25, 1999) was an American chemist whose involvement in the synthesis, discovery and investigation of ten transuranium elements earned him a share of the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.", "Copernicium Copernicium is a chemical element with symbol Cn and atomic number 112. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element that can only be created in a laboratory. The most stable known isotope, copernicium-285, has a half-life of approximately 29 seconds, but it is possible that this copernicium isotope may have a nuclear isomer with a longer half-life, 8.9 min. Copernicium was first created in 1996 by the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research near Darmstadt, Germany.", "Martin Heinrich Klaproth Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1 December 1743 – 1 January 1817) was a German chemist who discovered uranium (1789), zirconium (1789), and cerium (1803).", "Ununseptium Ununseptium is a superheavy artificial chemical element with temporary symbol Uus and atomic number 117. Also known as eka-astatine or element 117, it is the second-heaviest known element and second-to-last element of the 7th period of the periodic table.", "Neodymium Neodymium is a chemical element with symbol Nd and atomic number 60. It is a soft silvery metal that tarnishes in air. Neodymium was discovered in 1885 by the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach. It is present in significant quantities in the ore minerals monazite and bastnäsite. Neodymium is not found naturally in metallic form or unmixed with other lanthanides, and it is usually refined for general use.", "Hafnium Hafnium is a chemical element with symbol Hf and atomic number 72. A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in zirconium minerals. Its existence was predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, though hafnium was not identified until 1923, making it the penultimate stable element to be discovered (rhenium was identified two years later).", "Protactinium Protactinium is a chemical element with symbol Pa and atomic number 91. It is a dense, silvery-gray metal which readily reacts with oxygen, water vapor and inorganic acids. It forms various chemical compounds where protactinium is usually present in the oxidation state +5, but can also assume +4 and even +2 or +3 states.", "Ununennium Ununennium, also known as eka-francium or simply element 119, is the hypothetical chemical element with atomic number 119 and symbol Uue. Ununennium and Uue are the temporary systematic IUPAC name and symbol, until a permanent name is decided upon. In the periodic table of the elements, it is expected to be an s-block element, an alkali metal, and the first element in the eighth period.Ununennium is the element with the lowest atomic number that has not yet been synthesized.", "Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran, also called François Lecoq de Boisbaudran (18 April 1838 – 28 May 1912), was a French chemist known for his discoveries of the chemical elements gallium, samarium and dysprosium.", "Group 7 element Group 7, numbered by IUPAC nomenclature, is a group of elements in the periodic table. They are manganese (Mn), technetium (Tc), rhenium (Re), and bohrium (Bh). All known elements of group 7 are transition metals.Like other groups, the members of this family show patterns in their electron configurations, especially the outermost shells resulting in trends in chemical behavior.", "Chalcogen The chalcogens (/ˈkælkədʒɨnz/) are the chemical elements in group 16 of the periodic table. This group is also known as the oxygen family. It consists of the elements oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), and the radioactive element polonium (Po). The synthetic element livermorium (Lv) is predicted to be a chalcogen as well.", "Iodine Iodine is a chemical element with symbol I and atomic number 53. The name is from Greek ἰοειδής ioeidēs, meaning violet or purple, due to the color of elemental iodine vapor.Iodine and its compounds are primarily used in nutrition, and industrially in the production of acetic acid and certain polymers. Iodine's relatively high atomic number, low toxicity, and ease of attachment to organic compounds have made it a part of many X-ray contrast materials in modern medicine.", "Alkaline earth metal The alkaline earth metals are six chemical elements in column (group) 2 of the Periodic table. They are beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra). They have very similar properties: they are all shiny, silvery-white, somewhat reactive metals at standard temperature and pressure.Structurally, they have in common an outer s- electron shell which is full;.", "Pnictogen A pnictogen /ˈnɪktədʒɨn/ is one of the chemical elements in group 15 of the periodic table. This group is also known as the nitrogen family. It consists of the elements nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi) and the synthetic element ununpentium (Uup) (unconfirmed).In modern IUPAC notation, it is called Group 15.", "Hassium Hassium is a chemical element with symbol Hs and atomic number 108, named after the German state of Hesse. It is a synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature) and radioactive; the most stable known isotope, 269Hs, has a half-life of approximately 9.7 seconds, although an unconfirmed metastable state, 277mHs, may have a longer half-life of about 11 minutes.", "Neptunium Neptunium is a chemical element with symbol Np and atomic number 93. A radioactive actinide metal, neptunium is the first transuranic element. Its position in the periodic table just after uranium, named after the planet Uranus, led to it being named after Neptune, the next planet beyond Uranus. A neptunium atom has 93 protons and 93 electrons, of which seven are valence electrons. Neptunium metal is silvery and tarnishes when exposed to air.", "Unbinilium Unbinilium /uːnbaɪˈnɪliəm/, also known as eka-radium or simply element 120, is the temporary, systematic element name of a hypothetical chemical element in the periodic table with the temporary symbol Ubn and the atomic number 120. Unbinilium and Ubn are the temporary systematic IUPAC name and symbol, until a permanent name is decided upon.", "Group 9 element Group 9, numbered by IUPAC nomenclature, is a group of chemical element in the periodic table. Members are cobalt (Co), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir) and meitnerium (Mt). These are all transition metals in the d-block.", "Dubnium Dubnium is a chemical element with symbol Db and atomic number 105. It is named after the town of Dubna in Russia (north of Moscow), where it was first produced. It is a synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature) and radioactive; the most stable known isotope, dubnium-268, has a half-life of approximately 28 hours.In the periodic table of the elements, it is a d-block element and in the transactinide elements.", "Julius Lothar Meyer Julius Lothar Meyer (August 19, 1830 – April 11, 1895) was a German chemist. He was one of the pioneers in developing the first periodic table of chemical elements. Both Mendeleev and Meyer worked with Robert Bunsen. He never used his first given name, and was known throughout his life simply as Lothar Meyer.", "The Elements (song) \"The Elements\" is a song by musical humorist and lecturer Tom Lehrer, which recites the names of all the chemical elements known at the time of writing, up to number 102, nobelium. It was written in 1959 and can be found on his albums Tom Lehrer in Concert, More of Tom Lehrer and An Evening Wasted with Tom Lehrer.", "Europium Europium is a chemical element with symbol Eu and atomic number 63. It was discovered in 1896 and is named after the continent of Europe. It is a moderately hard, silvery metal which readily oxidizes in air and water. Being a typical member of the lanthanide series, europium usually assumes the oxidation state +3, but the oxidation state +2 is also common: all europium compounds with oxidation state +2 are slightly reducing.", "Potassium Potassium is a chemical element with symbol K (derived from Neo-Latin kalium) and atomic number 19. It was first isolated from potash, the ashes of plants, from which its name is derived. In the Periodic table, potassium is one of seven elements in column (group) 1 (alkali metals): they all have a single electron in their outer electron shell, which they readily give up to create an atom with a positive charge - a cation, and combine with anions to form salts.", "Systematic element name A systematic element name is the temporary name and symbol assigned to newly synthesized and not yet synthesized chemical elements. In chemistry, a transuranic element receives a permanent name and symbol only after its synthesis has been confirmed. In some cases, this has been a protracted and highly political process (see element naming controversy and Transfermium Wars).", "Holmium Holmium is a chemical element with symbol Ho and atomic number 67. Part of the lanthanide series, holmium is a rare earth element. Holmium was discovered by Swedish chemist Per Theodor Cleve. Its oxide was first isolated from rare earth ores in 1878 and the element was named after the city of Stockholm.Elemental holmium is a relatively soft and malleable silvery-white metal.", "Zirconium Zirconium is a chemical element with symbol Zr and atomic number 40. The name of zirconium is taken from the name of the mineral zircon, the most important source of zirconium. The word zircon comes from the Persian word zargun زرگون, meaning \"gold-colored\". It is a lustrous, grey-white, strong transition metal that resembles hafnium and, to a lesser extent, titanium.", "Ruthenium Ruthenium is a chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most other chemicals. The Baltic German scientist Karl Ernst Claus discovered the element in 1844, and named it after Ruthenia, the Latin word for Rus'. Ruthenium usually occurs as a minor component of platinum ores; annual production is about 20 tonnes.", "Americium Americium is a radioactive transuranic chemical element with symbol Am and atomic number 95. This member of the actinide series is located in the periodic table under the lanthanide element europium, and thus by analogy was named after the Americas.Americium was first produced in 1944 by the group of Glenn T. Seaborg at the University of California, Berkeley. Although it is the third element in the transuranic series, it was discovered fourth, after the heavier curium.", "Albert Ghiorso Albert Ghiorso (July 15, 1915 – December 26, 2010) was an American nuclear scientist and co-discoverer of a record 12 chemical elements on the periodic table. His research career spanned five decades, from the early 1940s to the late 1990s.", "Symbol (chemistry) In chemistry, a symbol is a code for a chemical element. It is usually derived from the name of the element, often in Latin. For example, \"He\" is the symbol for helium (English name, not known in ancient Roman times), \"Pb\" for lead (plumbum in Latin), \"W\" for tungsten (wolfram in German, not known in Roman times). Only the first letter is capitalized. Temporary symbols assigned to newly or not-yet synthesized elements use 3-letter symbols based on their atomic numbers.", "Ausonium Ausonium (atomic symbol Ao) was the name assigned to the element with atomic number 93, now known as neptunium. It was named after a Greek name of Italy, Ausonia.The same team assigned the name hesperium to element 94, after Hesperia, a poetic name of Italy.The discovery of the element, now discredited, was made by Enrico Fermi and a team of scientists at the University of Rome in 1934.", "Scientific phenomena named after people This is a list of scientific phenomena and concepts named after people (eponymous phenomena). For other lists of eponyms, see eponym.", "Philosopher's stone The philosopher's stone or stone of the philosophers (Latin: lapis philosophorum) is a legendary alchemical substance capable of turning base metals such as lead into gold (chrysopoeia, from the Greek χρυσός khrusos, \"gold,\" and ποιεῖν poiēin, \"to make\") or silver. It is also able to extend one's life. It's called the elixir of life, useful for rejuvenation and for achieving immortality; for many centuries, it was the most sought-after goal in alchemy.", "Tungsten Tungsten, also known as wolfram, is a chemical element with symbol W and atomic number 74. The word tungsten comes from the Swedish language tung sten directly translatable to heavy stone, though the name is volfram in Swedish to distinguish it from scheelite, which in Swedish is alternatively named tungsten.A hard, rare metal under standard conditions when uncombined, tungsten is found naturally on Earth only in chemical compounds.", "Carl Wilhelm Scheele Carl Wilhelm Scheele (9 December 1742 – 21 May 1786) was a Swedish Pomeranian pharmaceutical chemist. Isaac Asimov called him \"hard-luck Scheele\" because he made a number of chemical discoveries before others who are generally given the credit. For example, Scheele discovered oxygen (although Joseph Priestley published his findings first), and identified molybdenum, tungsten, barium, hydrogen, and chlorine before Humphry Davy, among others.", "List of scientific units named after people This is a list of scientific units named after people. For other lists of eponyms (names derived from people) see eponym.Note that by convention, the name of the unit is properly written in all-lowercase, but its abbreviation is capitalized.", "Thallium Thallium is a chemical element with symbol Tl and atomic number 81. This soft gray post-transition metal is not found free in nature. When isolated, it resembles tin, but discolors when exposed to air. Chemists William Crookes and Claude-Auguste Lamy discovered thallium independently in 1861, in residues of sulfuric acid production. Both used the newly developed method of flame spectroscopy, in which thallium produces a notable green spectral line.", "CHON CHON is a mnemonic acronym for the four most common elements in living organisms: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.The acronym CHNOPS, which stands for carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur, represents the six most important chemical elements whose covalent combinations make up most biological molecules on Earth.Sulfur is used in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.Phosphorus is an essential element in the formation of phospholipids, a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes, as they can form lipid bilayers, which keep ions, proteins, and other molecules where they are needed for cell function, and prevent them from diffusing into areas where they should not be.", "IUPAC nomenclature for organic transformations The IUPAC Nomenclature for Transformations is a methodology for naming a chemical reaction. Traditionally a chemical reaction especially in organic chemistry is named after its inventor, the so-called named reaction, to name just a few: Knoevenagel condensation, Wittig reaction or Diels-Alder reaction. A lot of reactions derive their name from the reagent involved like bromination or acylation.", "Pelopium Pelopium was the proposed name for a new element found by the chemist Heinrich Rose in 1845. The name derived from the Greek king and later god Pelops. During the analysis of the mineral tantalite he concluded that it does contain an element similar to niobium and tantalum. The similar reactivity of niobium and tantalum complicated preparation of pure samples and therefore several new elements were proposed, which were later found to be mixtures of niobium and tantalum.", "List of scientific laws named after people This is a list of scientific laws named after people (eponymous laws). For other lists of eponyms, see eponym.", "Polonium Polonium is a chemical element with symbol Po and atomic number 84, discovered in 1898 by Marie Curie and Pierre Curie. A rare and highly radioactive element with no stable isotopes, polonium is chemically similar to bismuth and tellurium, and it occurs in uranium ores. Applications of polonium are few. They include heaters in space probes, antistatic devices, and sources of neutrons and alpha particles.", "Transactinide element In chemistry, transactinide elements (also, transactinides, or super-heavy elements) are the chemical elements with atomic numbers from 104 to 118.Their atomic numbers are immediately greater than the actinides, the heaviest of which is lawrencium (103).Chemistry Nobelist Glenn T. Seaborg first proposed the actinide concept, which led to the acceptance of the actinide series.", "Palladium Palladium is a chemical element with symbol Pd and atomic number 46. It is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston. He named it after the asteroid Pallas, which was itself named after the epithet of the Greek goddess Athena, acquired by her when she slew Pallas. Palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium form a group of elements referred to as the platinum group metals (PGMs).", "Actinide The actinide /ˈæktɨnaɪd/ or actinoid /ˈæktɨnɔɪd/ (IUPAC nomenclature) series encompasses the 15 metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers from 89 to 103, actinium through lawrencium.The actinide series derives its name from the first element in the series, actinium. The informal chemical symbol An is used in general discussions of actinide chemistry to refer to any actinide.", "Molybdenum Molybdenum is a chemical element with symbol Mo and atomic number 42. The name is from Neo-Latin molybdaenum, from Ancient Greek Μόλυβδος molybdos, meaning lead, since its ores were confused with lead ores. Molybdenum minerals have been known throughout history, but the element was discovered (in the sense of differentiating it as a new entity from the mineral salts of other metals) in 1778 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele.", "Lanthanide The lanthanide /ˈlænθənaɪd/ or lanthanoid /ˈlænθənɔɪd/ series of chemical elements comprises the fifteen metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71, from lanthanum through lutetium. These fifteen lanthanide elements, along with the chemically similar elements scandium and yttrium, are often collectively known as the rare earth elements.The informal chemical symbol Ln is used in general discussions of lanthanide chemistry to refer to any lanthanide.", "Coronium Coronium, also called newtonium, was the name of a suggested chemical element, hypothesised in the 19th century. It was named after the solar corona. This new atomic thin green line in the solar corona was then considered to be provenient from a new element unlike anything else seen under laboratory conditions. Because of this it was also mis-classified as Iron Line Number 1474.", "List of astronomical objects named after people There are probably a few thousand astronomical objects named after people. These include the names of a few thousand asteroids and hundreds of comets. Also, many topological features on solar system bodies have been named after people, including many hundreds of craters on the Moon, Mars and other planets and satellites. In addition to craters there are also various other topological features such as mountains, valleys, ridges on the Moon and other bodies which are also named after people.", "Transfermium Wars The names for the chemical elements 104 to 106 were the subject of a major controversy starting in the 1960s, described by some nuclear chemists as the Transfermium Wars because it concerned the elements following fermium (element 100) on the periodic table.This controversy arose due to disputes between American scientists and Soviet scientists as to which had first isolated these elements. The final resolution of this controversy in 1997 also decided the names of elements 107 to 109." ]	2
Which German cities have more than 250000 inhabitants?	[ "List of cities in Germany by population\nThis is a list of cities in Germany by population. In Germany, a city (Großstadt) is officially defined as an administration unit with a population greater than 100,000. The federal capital is shown in yellow, state capitals (except Schwerin, which does not meet the list criterion) in light blue.This list deals exclusively with the areas within city administrative boundaries.", "Nuremberg\nNuremberg (/ˈnjʊərəmbɜrɡ/; German: Nürnberg German pronunciation: [ˈnʏrnbɛrk]) is a city on the Pegnitz river and the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal in the German state of Bavaria, in the administrative region of Middle Franconia, about 170 kilometres (110 mi) north of Munich. It is the second-largest city in Bavaria (after Munich), and the largest in Franconia (Franken). The population as of February 2015, is 517,498, which makes it Germany's fourteenth-largest city.", "Wiesbaden\nWiesbaden (German pronunciation: [ˈviːsˌbaːdn̩]) is a city in central western Germany and the capital of the federal state of Hesse.", "Demographics of Germany\nThe demography of Germany is monitored by the \"Statistisches Bundesamt\" (Federal Statistical Office of Germany). According to the first census since the reunification, Germany's population was counted to be 80,219,695 on May 9, 2011, making it the 16th most populous country in the world. Germany's population is characterized by zero or declining growth, with an ageing population and smaller cohort of youths.", "Bielefeld\nBielefeld (German pronunciation: [ˈbiːləfɛlt]) is a city in the Ostwestfalen-Lippe Region in the north-east of North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany.", "Wuppertal\nWuppertal (German pronunciation: [ˈvʊpɐtaːl]) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located in and around the river Wupper valley, and is situated east of the city of Düsseldorf and south of the Ruhr area. With a population of approximately 350,000, it is the largest city in the Bergisches Land. Wuppertal is known for its steep slopes, its woods and parks, and its suspension railway, the Wuppertal Schwebebahn. Two-thirds of the total municipal area of Wuppertal is green space.", "Mannheim\nMannheim (German pronunciation: [ˈmanhaɪm] About this sound listen , Palatine German: Monnem or Mannem) is a city in the southwestern part of Germany, the third-largest in the German state of Baden-Württemberg after Stuttgart and Karlsruhe. Mannheim is among the twenty largest cities in Germany, with a 2012 population of approximately 295,000 inhabitants.", "Frankfurt\nFrankfurt am Main (German pronunciation: [ˈfʁaŋkfʊɐ̯t am ˈmaɪ̯n] ) is the largest city in the German state of Hesse (Hessia) and the fifth-largest city in Germany, with a 2015 population of 731,095 within its administrative boundaries. The urban area called Frankfurt Rhein-Main has a population of 2,221,910. The city is at the centre of the larger Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region which has a population of 5,500,000 and is Germany's second-largest metropolitan region. Since the enlargement of the European Union in 2013, the geographic centre of the EU is about 40 km (25 mi) to the east.", "Augsburg\nAugsburg (German pronunciation: [ˈʔaʊ̯ksbʊʁk]) is a city in the south-west of Bavaria, Germany. It was a Free Imperial City for over 500 years.It is a university town and home of the Regierungsbezirk Schwaben and the Bezirk Schwaben. Augsburg is an urban district and home to the institutions of the Landkreis Augsburg. It is the third-largest city in Bavaria (after Munich and Nuremberg) with a population of 284,000 citizens.", "Cologne\nCologne (English pronunciation: /kəˈloʊn/; German Köln [kœln], Colognian: Kölle [ˈkœɫə]), Germany's fourth-largest city (after Berlin, Hamburg, and Munich), is the largest city both in the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and within the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Area, one of the major European metropolitan areas with more than ten million inhabitants.Cologne is located on both sides of the Rhine River, fewer than eighty kilometers from Belgium.", "Bonn\nBonn (German pronunciation: [ˈbɔn]), officially the Federal City of Bonn, is a city on the banks of the Rhine and northwest of theSiebengebirge (Seven Mountains) in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, with a population of 311,287 within its administrative limits. Bonn serves alongside the capital Berlin as the seat of government of Germany.", "Bochum\nBochum (German pronunciation: [ˈboːxʊm]; Westphalian: Baukem) is a city in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany and part of the Arnsberg region. It is located in the Ruhr area and is surrounded by the cities (in clockwise direction) of Herne, Castrop-Rauxel, Dortmund, Witten, Hattingen, Essen and Gelsenkirchen. With a population of nearly 365,000, it is the 16th most populous city in Germany.", "Berlin\nBerlin (/bərˈlɪn/, German: [bɛɐ̯ˈliːn]) is the capital of Germany and one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.5 million people, it is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany on the banks of Rivers Spree and Havel, it is the centre of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, which has about six million residents from over 180 nations.", "Braunschweig\nBraunschweig or Brunswick (German pronunciation: [ˈbʁaʊ̯nʃvaɪ̯k]; Low German: Brunswiek [ˈbrɔˑnsviːk]; English: Brunswick), is a city of 250,556 people, located in the state of Lower Saxony, Germany. It is located north of the Harz mountains at the farthest navigable point of the Oker river, which connects to the North Sea via the rivers Aller and Weser.", "Essen\nEssen (German pronunciation: [ˈʔɛsn̩]; Latin: Assindia) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Its population of approximately 567,000 (as of 31 December 2012) makes it the 9th-largest city in Germany.", "Hamburg\nHamburg (/ˈhæmbɜrɡ/; German pronunciation: [ˈhambʊʁk], local pronunciation [ˈhambʊɪ̯ç]; Low German/Low Saxon: Hamborg [ˈhambɔːx]), officially Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg (Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg), is the second largest city in Germany and the eighth largest city in the European Union. It is also the thirteenth largest German state.", "Mönchengladbach\nMönchengladbach (German pronunciation: [mœnçn̩ˈɡlatbax]), formerly known as München Gladbach is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.", "Bremen\nThe City Municipality of Bremen (German: Stadtgemeinde Bremen, IPA: [ˈbʁeːmən]) is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany.A commercial and industrial city with a major port on the River Weser, Bremen is part of the Bremen/Oldenburg Metropolitan Region (2.4 million people). Bremen is the second most populous city in Northern Germany and tenth in Germany.Bremen is a major cultural and economic hub in the northern regions of Germany.", "Düsseldorf\nDüsseldorf (German: [ˈdʏsl̩dɔɐ̯f], Low German: Düsseldörp [ˈdʏsl̩dœɐ̯p]) is the capital city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and center of the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region with a population of 11 million people.Düsseldorf is an international business and financial centre and renowned for its fashion and trade fairs. Located within the Blue Banana, the city is headquarters to five Fortune Global 500 and several DAX companies.", "Munich\nMunich (/ˈmjuːnɪk/; also /ˈmjuːnɪx/ in UK English; German: München, pronounced [ˈmʏnçn̩], Bavarian: Minga [ˈmɪŋ(ː)ɐ]) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Bavaria, on the banks of River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps. Munich is the third largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Hamburg, with a population of around 1.5 million.", "Stuttgart\nStuttgart (/ˈʃtʊtɡɑrt/; German pronunciation: [ˈʃtʊtɡaʁt], Swabian: Schduagert [ˈʃd̥ua̯ɡ̊ɛʕt]) is the capital and largest city of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southwest Germany. The sixth-largest city in Germany, Stuttgart has a population of 600,068 (October 2014) while the greater Stuttgart Metropolitan Region has a population of 5.3 million (2008), being the fourth-biggest in Germany after the Rhine-Ruhr area, Berlin/Brandenburg and Frankfurt/Rhine-Main.", "Hanover\nHanover or Hannover (/ˈhænəvər/; German: Hannover, pronounced [haˈnoːfɐ]), on the River Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), Germany and was once by personal union the family seat of the Hanoverian Kings of Great Britain, under their title as the dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg (later described as the Elector of Hanover). At the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the Electorate was enlarged to become the capital of the Kingdom of Hanover.", "Dresden\nDresden (German pronunciation: [ˈdʁeːsdən]; Upper Sorbian: Drježdźany) is the capital city of the Free State of Saxony in Germany. It is situated in a valley on the River Elbe, near the Czech border.Dresden has a long history as the capital and royal residence for the Electors and Kings of Saxony, who for centuries furnished the city with cultural and artistic splendor. The city was known as the Jewel Box, because of its baroque and rococo city center.", "Dortmund\nDortmund ([ˈdɔɐ̯tmʊnt]; Low German: Düörpm [ˈdyːœɐ̯pm̩]; Latin: Tremonia) is an independent city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is in the middle part of the state and is considered to be the administrative, commercial and cultural centre of the region. Its population of 575,944 (2013) makes it the 8th largest city in Germany.", "Gelsenkirchen\nGelsenkirchen (German pronunciation: [ˌɡɛlzn̩ˈkɪʁçn̩]) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located in the northern part of the Ruhr area. Its population in 2012 was c. 257,600.Gelsenkirchen was first documented in 1150, but it remained a tiny village until the 19th century, when the Industrial Revolution led to the growth of the entire area.", "Duisburg\nDuisburg (German pronunciation: [ˈdyːsbʊɐ̯k]) is a German city in the western part of the Ruhr Area (Ruhrgebiet) in North Rhine-Westphalia. It is an independent metropolitan borough within Regierungsbezirk Düsseldorf.", "Demographics of Berlin\nIn December 2013, the city-state of Berlin had a population of 3,517,424 registered inhabitants (+47, 800) in an area of 891.82 square kilometers (344.33 sq mi). The city's population density was 3,944 inhabitants per km². Berlin is Germany's largest city and the second most populous city in the European Union, as calculated by city-proper population.Berlin's urban area stretches beyond the city limits, comprising about 3.7 million people in 2001.", "Karlsruhe\nKarlsruhe (German pronunciation: [ˈkaɐ̯lsˌʁuːə]; formerly Carlsruhe) is the second-largest city in the state of Baden-Württemberg, in southwest Germany, near the Franco-German border. It has a population of 296,033. Karlsruhe Palace was built in 1715, and the city is now the seat of the two highest courts in Germany: the Federal Constitutional Court and the Federal Court of Justice.", "Leipzig\nLeipzig (/ˈlaɪpsɪɡ/; German: [ˈlaɪptsɪç]) is the largest city in the federal state of Saxony, Germany. It has a population of 544,479 inhabitants (1,001,220 residents in the larger urban zone). Leipzig is located about 150 kilometers (93 miles) south of Berlin at the confluence of the White Elster, Pleisse, and Parthe rivers at the southerly end of the North German Plain.Leipzig has been a trade city since at least the time of the Holy Roman Empire." ]	[ "Gütersloh Gütersloh (German pronunciation: [ˈɡyːtɐsloː]) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, in the area of Westphalia and the administrative region of Detmold. Gütersloh is the administrative centre for a district of the same name and has a population of 96,320 people.", "Saarlouis Saarlouis (German pronunciation: [zaːɐ̯ˈlʊɪ]; French: Sarrelouis, French pronunciation: [saʁlwi]) is a city in the Saarland, Germany, capital of the district of Saarlouis. In 2006, the town had a population of 38,327. Saarlouis, as the name implies, is located at the river Saar.It was built as a fortress in 1680 and named after Louis XIV of France.", "Heusenstamm Heusenstamm is a town of over 18,000 people in the Offenbach district in the Regierungsbezirk of Darmstadt in Hesse, Germany.", "Waiblingen Waiblingen is a town in the southwest of Germany, located in the center of the densely populated Stuttgart Region, directly neighboring Stuttgart. It is the capital of the Rems-Murr district. As of September 30, 2004 Waiblingen accommodated 52,948 inhabitants (25,953 men and 26,995 women).As of December 31, 2004, the area of the town (including all external proprieties, such as forests) was 42.76 km².", "Neu-Ulm Neu-Ulm is a town in Bavaria, capital of the Neu-Ulm district. Neighbouring towns include Ulm, Senden, Pfaffenhofen an der Roth, Holzheim, Nersingen and Elchingen. The population is 51,110 (30 June 2005).", "Durlach Durlach is a borough of the German city of Karlsruhe with a population of roughly 30,000.", "Meerbusch Meerbusch, a town in Rhein-Kreis Neuss, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, has been an incorporated city since 1970. Meerbusch is the municipality with the most income millionaires in North Rhine-Westphalia.", "List of cities in Switzerland These are lists of cities in Switzerland. Municipalities with more than 10,000 inhabitants are considered to be \"cities\" (in German: Städte, in French: villes, in Italian: città). See Municipalities of Switzerland for a table of the largest and smallest.Largest cities in Switzerland: ZurichGenevaBaselLausanneBernWinterthurLucerneSt. GallenLuganoBiel/BienneThunKönizLa Chaux-de-FondsSchaffhausenFribourgVernierChurNeuchâtelUsterSion", "Kaltenkirchen Kaltenkirchen (nicknamed KaKi) is a town located on the outskirts of Hamburg in Germany. It is part of the Segeberg district, in Schleswig-Holstein. It has about 20,000 inhabitants.", "Saxony-Anhalt Saxony-Anhalt (German: Sachsen-Anhalt, pronounced [ˌzaksn̩ ˈanhalt]) is a landlocked federal state of Germany surrounded by the federal states of Lower Saxony, Brandenburg, Saxony and Thuringia.Its capital is Magdeburg. Saxony-Anhalt covers an area of 20,447.7 square kilometres (7,894.9 sq mi) and has a population of 2.34 million.Saxony-Anhalt should not be confused with Saxony or Lower Saxony, also German states.", "Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz is the capital of the Neumarkt district in the administrative region of the Upper Palatinate, in Bavaria, Germany. With a population of about 40,000, Neumarkt is the seat of various projects, and acts as the economic and cultural center of the western Upper Palatinate, along with Nürnberg, Ingolstadt, and Regensburg.", "Darmstadt Darmstadt (German pronunciation: [ˈdaʁmʃtat]) is a city in the state of Hesse in Germany, located in the southern part of the Rhine-Main-Area (Frankfurt Metropolitan Region). Darmstadt has a population of approximately 150,000 (2013). The Darmstadt Larger Urban Zone has 430,993 inhabitants.Darmstadt holds the official title \"City of Science\" (German: Wissenschaftsstadt) as it is a major centre of scientific institutions, universities and high technology companies.", "Rheinhausen Rheinhausen (German pronunciation: [ʁaɪnˈhaʊzən]) is a district of the city of Duisburg in Germany, with a population of 79,566 (December 31, 2004) and an area of 38.68 km². It lies on the left bank of the river Rhine.Rheinhausen consists of the neighbourhoods: Rumeln-Kaldenhausen, Hochemmerich (including Asterlagen), Bergheim (including Trompet-Oestrum), Friemersheim, and the central part: Rheinhausen-Mitte, which has a population of 8955.", "Freiburg im Breisgau Freiburg im Breisgau (German pronunciation: [ˈfʁaɪ̯bʊʁk ʔɪm ˈbʁaɪ̯sɡaʊ̯]; Alemannic: Friburg im Brisgau [ˈfʁiːb̥əg̊]; French: Fribourg-en-Brisgau) is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany with a population of about 220,000. In the south-west of the country, it straddles the Dreisam river, at the foot of the Schlossberg. Historically, the city has acted as the hub of the Breisgau region on the western edge of the Black Forest in the Upper Rhine Plain.", "Homburg, Saarland Homburg German pronunciation: [ˈhɔmbʊʁk] is a town in Saarland, Germany, the administrative seat of the Saarpfalz district. With a population of c. 44,000 inhabitants, is the third city in its federal state. The medical department of the University of Saarland is situated here. The city is also home to the Karlsberg beer brewery. Major employers include Michelin and Robert Bosch GmbH.", "Wolfratshausen Wolfratshausen is a town of the district of Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, located in Bavaria, Germany. The town had a population of 17,118 as of 31 December 2003.", "Saarland The Saarland (German: das Saarland – German pronunciation: [das ˈzaːɐ̯lantʰ]; French: la Sarre - French pronunciation: [la saʁ]) is one of the sixteen federal states (or Bundesländer) of Germany. With its capital at Saarbrücken, it has an area of 2,570 km² and its population (as of 30 April 2012) is approximately 1,012,000. In terms of both area and population size – apart from the city-states of Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg – it is Germany's smallest federal state.", "Friedrichshafen Friedrichshafen is a university city on the eastern shoreline of Lake Constance (the Bodensee) in Southern Germany, near both the borders of Switzerland and Austria. It is the district capital (Kreisstadt) of the Bodensee district in the federal state of Baden-Württemberg. Friedrichshafen has a population of c. 58,000.", "Basel Basel (/ˈbɑːzəl/ or /ˈbɑːl/; or less often used Basle; German: Basel pronounced [ˈbaːzəl]; French: Bâle [bɑl]; Italian: Basilea [baziˈlɛːa]; Romansh: Basilea [baziˈlɛːa]) is Switzerland's third most populous city (behind Zürich and Geneva) with about 195,000 inhabitants. Located where the Swiss, French and German borders meet, Basel also has suburbs in France and Germany.", "Ingolstadt Ingolstadt (German pronunciation: [ˈɪŋɡɔlˌʃtat]; Austro-Bavarian [ˈɪŋl̩ʃtɔːd]) is a city in the Free State of Bavaria, in the Federal Republic of Germany. It is located along the banks of the River Danube, in the centre of Bavaria. As of 31 March 2011, Ingolstadt had 125,407 citizens.", "Regensburg Regensburg (German pronunciation: [ˈʁeɡənsbʊɐ̯k]) is a city in south-east Germany, situated at the confluence of the Danube, Naab and Regen River. With over 140,000 inhabitants, Regensburg is the fourth-largest town in the State of Bavaria after Munich, Nuremberg and Augsburg.", "Hagen Hagen (German pronunciation: [ˈhaːɡən]) is the 41st-largest city in Germany, located in the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is located on the south eastern edge of the Ruhr area, 15 km south of Dortmund, where the rivers Lenne and Volme (met by the river Ennepe) meet the river Ruhr. As of 31 December 2010 the population was 188,529.The city is home to the FernUniversität Hagen, which is the only state funded distance education university in Germany.", "Neumünster Neumünster (German pronunciation: [nɔʏˈmʏnstɐ]) is an urban municipality in the middle of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. With almost 77,000 registered inhabitants, it is the fourth largest municipality in Schleswig-Holstein (behind Kiel, Lübeck and Flensburg).", "Fischeln Fischeln is the most southerly district of Krefeld, Germany. Population 27,000. Older than Krefeld, Fischeln was first mentioned as \"Viscolo\" around 900AD. Fischeln became a district of Krefeld in 1929. Objects of interest in Fischeln include the church tower of the Saint Clemens church which was erected in 1170AD.", "Gotha Gotha [ˈɡoːtaː] is the fifth-largest city in Thuringia, Germany, located 20 kilometres (12 miles) west of Erfurt and 25 km (16 miles) east of Eisenach with a population of 44,000. The city is the capital of the district of Gotha and was also a residence of the Ernestine Wettins from 1640 until the end of monarchy in Germany in 1918.", "Burg bei Magdeburg Burg bei Magdeburg is a town of about 23,900 inhabitants on the Elbe–Havel Canal in northeastern Germany, 25 kilometers northeast of Magdeburg. It is the capital of the Jerichower Land district in the state of Saxony-Anhalt.The town is known for its mediaeval churches and towers. Due to the numerous towers and steeples Burg has also the sobriquet City of Towers.", "Pfungstadt Pfungstadt is a German town of 25,117 inhabitants, in the district of Darmstadt-Dieburg in the state of Hesse.The town was first mentioned in 785 as property of the Monastery of Lorsch and got its town rights in 1886 due to its railway station. It is situated just west of the Odenwald hills, one of the closest being Frankenstein with its castle ruin of monstrous fame (Mary Shelley) on its summit.", "New Germany, KwaZulu-Natal New Germany is a town situated just inland from Durban in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. It has been incorporated firstly into Pinetown and now into eThekwini. It was established in 1848 by a party of 183 German immigrants who settled on a cotton growing estate named Westville after the lieutenant-governor of Natal Martin West. The cotton was not successful and the settlers turned to growing vegetables and flowers.It was established in 1848 and became a municipality in 1960.", "Bad Kreuznach (Verbandsgemeinde) The German Verbandsgemeinde of Bad Kreuznach includes the villages of Volxheim, Hackenheim, Tiefenthal, Pleitersheim, Pfaffen-Schwabenheim, Biebelsheim, Neu-Bamberg, Frei-Laubersheim and Fürfeld. These villages lie south of the town of Bad Kreuznach. The entire municipality is 48 square kilometers large and has 8000 inhabitants.Kreuznacher white wines are well known.", "North Western Metropolitan Area North Western Metropolitan Area (NWMA) is a name given to the densely populated area of Europe situated at the demographic core of the old-line members of the European union. It has about 137 million inhabitants and comprises parts of Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. The center of the NWMA is formed by the triangle with apexes at London, Brussels and Paris; this central area is sometimes called the Central Capitals Region (CCR).", "Kreuzlingen Kreuzlingen is a municipality in the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in north-eastern Switzerland. It is the seat of the district and is the second largest city of the canton, after Frauenfeld, with a population of about 20,800. Together with the adjoining city of Konstanz just across the border in Germany, Kreuzlingen is part of the largest conurbation on Lake Constance with a population of almost 120,000.In 1874, the municipality of Egelshofen was renamed Kreuzlingen.", "Gimmeldingen Gimmeldingen is a village of 2636 inhabitants (as of 2004) and part of the town of Neustadt an der Weinstraße in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.", "Laufenburg, Germany Laufenburg is a small city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, part of the Waldshut district. It has approximately 4300 inhabitants (including 6 outskirts 8300 inhabitants). Laufenburg is separated from a Swiss city with the same name by the river Rhine.", "Euskirchen Euskirchen is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, capital of the district Euskirchen. While Euskirchen resembles a modern shopping town, it also has a history dating back over 700 years, having been granted town status in 1302. As of December 2007, it had a population of 55,446.", "Oberschleißheim Oberschleißheim is a municipality in the district of Munich, in Bavaria, Germany. It is located 13 km north of Munich (centre). As of 2005 it had a population of 11,467.Oberschleißheim is best known for the Schleissheim Palace and the Flugwerft Schleissheim next to the airport housing the airplane department of the German Museum.", "Germersheim Germersheim is a town in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, of around 20,000 inhabitants. It is also the seat of the Germersheim district. The neighboring towns and cities are Speyer, Landau, Philippsburg, Karlsruhe and Wörth.", "Berlin population statistics Berlin is the second most populous city in the European Union, as calculated by city-proper population (not metropolitan area).", "Pforzheim Pforzheim (German pronunciation: [ˈpfɔʁtshaɪ̯m]) is a town of nearly 120,000 inhabitants in the state of Baden-Württemberg, southwest Germany at the gate to the Black Forest. It is known for its jewelry and watch-making industry. Because of that it gained the nickname \"Goldstadt\" or Golden City.", "Günzburg Günzburg is a Große Kreisstadt and capital of the district of Günzburg in Swabia, Bavaria. This district was constituted in 1972 by combining the city of Günzburg – which had not previously been assigned to a Kreis (district) – with the district of Günzburg and the district of Krumbach.Günzburg lies where the river Günz enters the Danube, and has a population of about 19,800.", "Hamm Hamm (German pronunciation: [ˈham], Latin: Hammona) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located in the northeastern part of the Ruhr area. As of December 2003 its population was 180,849. The city is situated between the A1 motorway and A2 motorway. Hamm railway station is an important hub for rail transport and renowned for its distinctive station building.", "Barbarossa city \"Barbarossa city\" (German: Barbarossastadt) is a nickname for five German cities that the Staufer Emperor Frederick Barbarossa stayed in or near for some time.", "Simbach, Dingolfing-Landau Markt Simbach is a municipality in the district of Dingolfing-Landau, Bavaria, Germany. As of 2002, it had a population of around 3,800 and an area of 51.24 km².", "Delmenhorst Delmenhorst (German pronunciation: [ˈdɛlmənhɔʁst]) is an urban district (Kreisfreie Stadt) in Lower Saxony, Germany. It has a population of 74,500 and is located 10 kilometres (6 miles) west of downtown Bremen with which it forms a contiguous urban area, whereas the city of Oldenburg is 25 kilometres (16 miles) to the northwest. The city has a total area of 62.36 square kilometres (24.08 square miles); and a population density of approx.", "Heiligensee Heiligensee is a locality within Reinickendorf, a borough of the German capital, Berlin. It has 17,780 inhabitants and an area of 10.7 km2 (4.1 sq mi).", "Münnerstadt Münnerstadt is a town in the district of Bad Kissingen in Bavaria, Germany. It borders with the towns of Burglauer, Bad Bocklet, Nüdlingen, Maßbach, Großbardorf, and Strahlungen. As of 2000 it has a population of 8,300, and covers an area of 95 km².The town is located in the southern portion of the Rhön Mountains. The Lauer River (a tributary of the Franconian Saale) flows directly through the town.", "Salzgitter Salzgitter (German pronunciation: [zalt͡sˈɡɪtɐ]) is an independent city in southeast Lower Saxony, Germany, located between Hildesheim and Braunschweig. Together with Wolfsburg and Braunschweig, Salzgitter is one of the seven Oberzentren of Lower Saxony (roughly equivalent to a metropolitan area). With 109,142 inhabitants and 223.94 square kilometres (86.46 sq mi) (as of 30 January 2004), its area is the largest in Lower Saxony and one of the largest in Germany.", "Hamburg Metropolitan Region The Metropolregion Hamburg (German for Hamburg Metropolitan Region) is the compilation of eight districts in the German federal state of Lower Saxony, six districts in Schleswig-Holstein, two districts in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and the city-state of Hamburg in northern Germany. It covers an area of ca 26,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi), and is home to more than 5.1 million inhabitants.", "Fallersleben Fallersleben is a district in the City of Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany, with a population of 11,269 (as of 2010). The village of Fallersleben was first mentioned in 942 under the name of Valareslebo. Fallersleben became a city in 1929, and was incorporated into Wolfsburg in 1972. Before 1972, it belonged to Gifhorn. In 1939, Fallersleben had 2,600 inhabitants.", "Vechta Vechta (German pronunciation: [ˈfɛçta]) with a population of nearly 32,000 is the biggest city and also the capital of the Vechta district in Lower Saxony, Germany.It is known for the 'Stoppelmarkt' fair, which takes place every summer and has a history dating back to 1298. With an attendance of 800,000 visitors it is one of the biggest annual fairs in north-western Germany.The town was in the recent past known as a centre of far northern German Catholicism.", "Kempten Kempten is the largest town in Allgäu, a region in the south-west of Bavaria, Germany. The population was ca 64.000 in 2012. The area was possibly settled originally by Celts, but was later taken over by the Romans, who called the town Cambodunum. Kempten is the oldest urban settlement (town) in Germany.", "Ilmenau Ilmenau is a town in Thuringia, Germany. It is the largest town within the Ilm district with a population of 26,000, while the district capital is Arnstadt.", "Unterschleißheim Unterschleißheim is a town in Bavaria, Germany. It is located about 17 km north of the city limits of Munich, and has a population of 27,106 (December 31, 2007).", "Ahrensburg Ahrensburg (German pronunciation: [ˈaːʁənsˌbʊɐ̯k]) is a town in the district of Stormarn, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is located northeast of Hamburg and is part of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region. Its population is around 31,000. Schloss Ahrensburg, the town's symbol, is a Renaissance castle dating from 1595.", "Schalksmühle Schalksmühle is a municipality in district Märkischer Kreis, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is the town with the highest rate of millionaires relating to the population in North Rhine-Westphalia(2004).", "Kiel Kiel (German: [ˈkiːl]) is the capital and most populous city in the northern German state of Schleswig-Holstein, with a population of 240,832 (June 2014).Kiel lies approximately 90 kilometres (56 mi) north of Hamburg. Due to its geographic location in the north of Germany, the southeast of the Jutland peninsula, and the southwestern shore of the Baltic Sea, Kiel has become one of the major maritime centres of Germany.", "Altona, Hamburg Altona (German pronunciation: [ˈaltona]) is the westernmost urban borough (Bezirk) of the German city state of Hamburg, on the right bank of the Elbe river. From 1640 to 1864 Altona was under the administration of the Danish monarchy. Altona was an independent city until 1937. In 2006 the population was 243,972.", "St. Pauli St. Pauli (Sankt Pauli; German pronunciation: [ˌzaŋkt ˈpaʊli]), located in the Hamburg-Mitte borough, is one of the 105 quarters of the city of Hamburg, Germany. Situated on the right bank of the Elbe river, the Landungsbrücken are a northern part of the port of Hamburg. St. Pauli contains a world famous red light district around the street Reeperbahn. In 2006 the population was 27,612.", "Stadtbezirk A Stadtbezirk is a form of German city district, an administrative unit within a larger city. In Germany Stadtbezirke usually only exist in a metropolis with more than 150,000 inhabitants.For example, Wattenscheid, which was a town in its own right until 1974, is now a Stadtbezirk within the city of Bochum in the Ruhr area of North Rhine-Westphalia.da:Bydistrikt", "Erfurt Erfurt (German pronunciation: [ˈɛʁfʊʁt]) is the capital city of Thuringia and the main city nearest to the geographical centre of modern Germany, located 100 kilometres (62 miles) south-west of Leipzig, 150 km (93 miles) north of Nuremberg and 180 km (112 miles) south east of Hanover. Together with neighboring cities Weimar and Jena it forms the central metropolitan area of Thuringia with approximately 400,000 inhabitants.", "Wiesbaden-Breckenheim Breckenheim, Germany is one of Wiesbaden's eastern suburbs, and was incorporated into the city of Wiesbaden on 1 January 1977. It has a population of about 3,600.", "Wiesbaden-Nordenstadt Nordenstadt is one of Wiesbaden's eastern suburbs, and was incorporated into the city of Wiesbaden on 1 January 1977. Its population is approximately 8,500 and it hosted the first corporate headquarters of Daewoo Germany in the early 1990s.", "Rhine-Neckar The Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region (German: Metropolregion Rhein-Neckar), often referred to as Rhein-Neckar-Triangle is a polycentric metropolitan region located in south western Germany, between the Frankfurt/Rhine-Main region to the North and the Stuttgart Region to the South-East. Rhine-Neckar has a population of some 2.4 million with major cities being Mannheim, Ludwigshafen and Heidelberg. Other cities include the former Free imperial cities of Speyer and Worms.", "Düsseldorf-Bilk Bilk, Oberbilk and Unterbilk are parts of Düsseldorf and together with Hamm, Flehe and Volmerswerth they constitute City District 3, which is the most populated district of Düsseldorf with 105,281 inhabitants.The renowned Heinrich-Heine-University is located in Bilk.", "Leverkusen Leverkusen (/ˈleɪvərˌkuːzən/; German pronunciation: [ˈleːvɐˌkuːzn̩]) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany on the eastern bank of the Rhine. To the South, Leverkusen borders the city of Cologne and to the North is the state capital Düsseldorf.With about 161,000 inhabitants, Leverkusen is one of the state's smaller cities. The city is known for the pharmaceutical company Bayer and its associated sports club TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen.", "Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis The Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis is a district in the center of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is part of the southern Ruhr urban area and has ca. 324,000 inhabitants (2012). The district's seat (capital city) is Schwelm; the largest of its nine towns is Witten.", "Bierstadt This article is about the city. For the artist, see Albert Bierstadt. For the mountain in Colorado, see Mount BierstadtBierstadt is a borough of the city of Wiesbaden, capital of the state of Hesse, Germany. The district is located in the eastern part of the city, directly east of downtown Wiesbaden, and has about 12,300 inhabitants. Formerly an independent municipality, the town was incorporated into Wiesbaden on April 1, 1928.", "Geretsried Geretsried is a town in the district Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, located in Bavaria, Germany. The town is the most populated town in the district, with 23,219 inhabitants as of 31 December 2012.", "Bayreuth Bayreuth (German pronunciation: [baɪˈʁɔʏt]; Upper Franconian: [ba(ː)ˈɾaɪ̯t]) is a sizeable town in northern Bavaria, Germany, on the Red Main river in a valley between the Franconian Jura and the Fichtelgebirge Mountains. The town's roots date back to 1194 and it is nowadays the capital of Upper Franconia with a population of 72,576 (2009). It is world-famous for its annual Bayreuth Festival, at which performances of operas by the 19th-century German composer Richard Wagner are presented.", "Weilburg Weilburg is, with just under 14,000 inhabitants, the third biggest city in Limburg-Weilburg district in Hesse, Germany, after Limburg an der Lahn and Bad Camberg.", "Central German Metropolitan Region The Central German Metropolitan Region (German: Metropolregion Mitteldeutschland) is one of the so-called metropolitan regions in Germany. It is centered on the major cities of Leipzig and Halle, extending over Central German parts of the states of Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia and Saxony.", "Düsseldorf-Gerresheim Gerresheim is one of the City of Düsseldorf, Germany's forty-nine boroughs. It is located in the eastern part of the municipality. Gerresheim is much older than Düsseldorf itself, having been an independent city with a rich history for over 1,000 years. Gerresheim merged voluntarily with Düsseldorf in 1909.The borough had 28,209 inhabitants and covered 6.47 square kilometers as of December 31, 2007.", "Neustadt an der Weinstraße Neustadt an der Weinstraße (formerly known as \"Neustadt an der Haardt\") is a town located in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. With 53,892 inhabitants as of 2002, it is the largest town called Neustadt.", "Stuttgart Region Stuttgart Region (Baden-Württemberg, Germany) is a metropolitan area in Germany and consists of the city of Stuttgart and the surrounding districts of Ludwigsburg, Esslingen, Böblingen, Rems-Murr and Göppingen (each 10–20 km from Stuttgart city center). About 2.7 million inhabitants live in that area (3,700 km²). In fact, with 708 people per square kilometre, the Stuttgart Region (German: Region Stuttgart) is one of the most densely populated areas in Germany.", "Neustadt am Rübenberge Neustadt am Rübenberge is a town in the district of Hannover, in Lower Saxony, Germany. At 357 km², it is the 9th largest settlement in Germany by area (following Berlin, Hamburg and Cologne), though only about 45,000 inhabitants live there. It is in a region known as the Hanoverian Moor Geest.", "Ruhr The Ruhr (German pronunciation: [ˈʁuːɐ̯], German: Ruhrgebiet), or the Ruhr district, Ruhr region or Ruhr valley, is an urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. With a population density of 2,800/km² and a population of eight and a half million, it is the largest urban agglomeration in Germany. It consists of several large, industrial cities bordered by the rivers Ruhr to the south, Rhine to the west, and Lippe to the north. In the southwest it borders the Bergisches Land.", "Mühlhausen Mühlhausen (official German long version Mühlhausen/Thüringen) is a city of 33,000 inhabitants in Thuringia, Germany.", "North Rhine-Westphalia North Rhine-Westphalia (German: Nordrhein-Westfalen) [ˈnɔʁtʁaɪ̯n vɛstˈfaːlən]) is the most populous state of Germany, as well as the fourth largest by area. North Rhine-Westphalia was formed in 1946 as a merger of the northern Rhineland and Westphalia, both formerly parts of Prussia. Its capital is Düsseldorf; the biggest city is Cologne. Four of Germany's ten biggest cities—Cologne, Düsseldorf, Dortmund, and Essen—are located in North Rhine-Westphalia.", "List of districts of Germany Germany is divided into 402 administrative districts; these consist of 295 rural districts (German: Kreise [in North Rhine-Westphalia and Schleswig-Holstein] and Landkreise), and 107 urban districts (German: Kreisfreie Städte and Stadtkreise [in Baden-Württemberg] – cities that constitute a district in their own right.", "Rhine-Ruhr The Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region (German: Metropolregion Rhein-Ruhr) is the largest metropolitan region in Germany with over 11 million inhabitants. It is of polycentric nature and the only megacity in Germany. It covers an area of 7,110 square kilometers and lies entirely within the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia.", "List of cities and towns in Germany This is a complete list of the 2,060 towns and cities in Germany (as of January 1, 2015).Only municipalities with independent administration and that have the Stadtrecht (town or city rights) are included.For details of the cities (Großstädte, i.e.", "Ginsheim-Gustavsburg The double city of Ginsheim-Gustavsburg in the northwest of Groß-Gerau district in Hesse has about 16,000 inhabitants.", "List of municipalities in Germany List of municipalities in Germany with over 10,000 inhabitants in the year 2000. The list is sorted by population and gives the state of every municipality. Where the German name differs from the English, it is given in parentheses." ]	3
Who was the successor of John F. Kennedy?	[ "Electoral history of John F. Kennedy\nElectoral history of John F. Kennedy, 35th President of the United States (1961–1963); United States Senator (1953–1960) and United States Representative (1947–1953) from Massachusetts.Massachusetts's 11th congressional district, 1946 (Democratic primary): John F. Kennedy – 22,183 (42.41%) Michael J. Neville – 11,341 (21.68%) John F. Cotter – 6,677 (12.76%) Joseph Russo – 5,661 (10.82%) Catherine E.", "State funeral of John F. Kennedy\nThe state funeral of John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 35th President of the United States, took place in Washington, D.C. during the three days that followed his assassination on Friday, November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.The body of President Kennedy was brought back to Washington and placed in the East Room of the White House for 24 hours. On the Sunday after the assassination, his flag-draped coffin was carried on a horse-drawn caisson to the U.S. Capitol to lie in state.", "Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination\nThis article considers the detailed timeline of events before, during, and after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States." ]	[ "White House Chief of Staff The White House Chief of Staff is the highest ranking employee of the White House. The position is a modern successor to the earlier role of the President's private secretary. The role was formalized as the Assistant to the President in 1946 and acquired its current name in 1961.The Chief of Staff is appointed by and serves at the pleasure of the President; it does not require Senate confirmation.The current White House Chief of Staff is Denis McDonough.", "Clark Clifford Clark McAdams Clifford (December 25, 1906 – October 10, 1998) was an American lawyer who served as an important political advisor to Democratic Presidents Harry S. Truman, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson and Jimmy Carter.", "Charles R. Baxter Charles Rufus Baxter (November 4, 1929 – March 10, 2005) was an American medical doctor. Baxter was one of the doctors who unsuccessfully tried to save John F. Kennedy after he was shot in Dallas, Texas in 1963.Born in Paris, Texas, Baxter graduated from the University of Texas at Austin in 1950.", "Malcolm Perry (physician) Malcolm Oliver Perry II (September 3, 1929 – December 5, 2009) was an American physician and surgeon. Perry was one of the doctors that attended to the President of the United States John F. Kennedy at Parkland Memorial Hospital in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963 after Kennedy was shot while riding in an open car.", "United States Senate elections, 1962 The U.S. Senate election, 1962 was an election for the United States Senate which was held in the middle of President John F. Kennedy's term. His Democratic Party made a net gain of three seats from the Republicans, increasing their control of the Senate.", "Abraham Zapruder Abraham Zapruder (Russian; Авраам Запрудер; May 15, 1905 – August 30, 1970) was an American clothing manufacturer who witnessed the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963. Zapruder unexpectedly captured the event in a home movie while filming the presidential motorcade as it traveled through Dealey Plaza.", "Kermit L. Hall Kermit Lance Hall (August 31, 1944 – August 13, 2006) was a noted legal historian and university president. He served from 1994 to 1998 on the Assassination Records Review Board to review and release to the public documents related to the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy.", "Stephen Edward Smith Stephen Edward Smith (September 24, 1927 – August 19, 1990) was the husband of Jean Ann Kennedy. He was a financial analyst and political strategist in the 1960 United States Presidential campaign of his brother-in-law John F. Kennedy.", "Thirteen Days (book) Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis is Robert F. Kennedy's account of the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. The book was released in 1969, a year after his assassination.Thirteen Days describes the meetings held by the Executive Committee (ExComm), the team assembled by US President John F. Kennedy to handle the tense situation that developed between the United States and the USSR following the discovery of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba, 90 miles (140 km) from Florida.", "Joe Kennedy, Jr. Not to be confused with Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr., older brother of U.S. President John F. KennedyJoe Kennedy, Jr. (1923 – April 17, 2004) was an American jazz violinist and educator. Kennedy was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He performed and recorded with pianist Ahmad Jamal and was director of jazz studies at Virginia Tech from 1984.", "Lee Radziwill Caroline Lee Bouvier (born March 3, 1933) is an American socialite, public relations executive, interior decorator, and former actress. She is the younger sister of the late First Lady, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, and sister-in-law of President John F. Kennedy. Her niece Caroline Bouvier Kennedy is named after her. She was named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1996.", "John Connally John Bowden Connally, Jr. (February 27, 1917 – June 15, 1993), was an American politician. As a Democrat he served as the 39th Governor of Texas, as Secretary of the Navy under President John F. Kennedy, and as Secretary of the Treasury under President Richard M. Nixon. As Treasury Secretary, Connally is best remembered for removing the U.S. dollar from the gold standard in 1971, an event known as the Nixon shock.", "Draft Eisenhower movement The Draft Eisenhower movement was the first successful political draft of the 20th century to take a private citizen to the Oval Office. It was a widespread American grassroots political movement that eventually persuaded Dwight D. Eisenhower to run for President. The movement culminated in the 1952 presidential election in which Eisenhower won the Republican nomination and defeated Democrat Adlai Stevenson to become the 34th President of the United States.", "Rosemary Kennedy Rose Marie \"Rosemary\" Kennedy (September 13, 1918 – January 7, 2005) was the first daughter born to Rose Fitzgerald and Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. She was born with intellectual disabilities, though this remained a family secret for decades due to stigma. She was the first sister of President John F. Kennedy, and Senators Robert F. Kennedy and Ted Kennedy. She underwent a prefrontal lobotomy at age 23, which left her permanently incapacitated.", "Patricia Kennedy Lawford Patricia Helen \"Pat\" Kennedy Lawford (May 6, 1924 – September 17, 2006) was an American socialite and the sixth of nine children of Rose and Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. She was a sister of President John F. Kennedy, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and longtime Senator Ted Kennedy.", "James Gerard Kennedy, Sr. For the passenger that died on Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 529, see that articleJames Gerard Kennedy, Sr. (February 7, 1907 – December 24, 1997) aka James G. Kennedy, was the founder, president, and chairman of James G. Kennedy & Company, Inc. in New York City.", "Ludovic Kennedy Sir Ludovic Henry Coverley Kennedy (3 November 1919 – 18 October 2009) was a British journalist, broadcaster, humanist and author best known for re-examining cases such as the Lindbergh kidnapping and the murder convictions of Timothy Evans and Derek Bentley, and for his role in the abolition of the death penalty in the United Kingdom.", "Hu–Wen Administration The Hu–Wen Administration (simplified Chinese: 胡温体制; traditional Chinese: 胡溫體制; pinyin: Hu-Wen Tizhi), or Hu-Wen New Administration (simplified Chinese: 胡温新政; traditional Chinese: 胡溫新政; pinyin: Hu-Wen Xinzheng) is the name given to the Chinese leadership that officially succeeded Jiang Zemin, Li Peng and Zhu Rongji in 2003.", "John F. Harris John F. Harris is an American political journalist and the editor in chief of Politico, an Arlington, Virginia-based political news organization. With Politico executive editor, Jim VandeHei, Harris founded Politico for its launch on January 23, 2007. Harris is the author of a book on Bill Clinton called The Survivor, and the co-author with Mark Halperin of The Way to Win: Clinton, Bush, Rove and How to Take the White House in 2008.", "Mary Pinchot Meyer Mary Eno Pinchot Meyer (October 14, 1920 – October 12, 1964) was an American socialite, painter, former wife of Central Intelligence Agency official Cord Meyer and mistress of United States president John F. Kennedy who was often noted for her desirable physique and social skills. Meyer's murder, two days before her 44th birthday, in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C., during the fall of 1964 would later stir speculation relating to Kennedy's presidency and assassination.", "John DiIulio John J. Dilulio Jr. (born 1958) is a political scientist. He currently serves as the Frederic Fox Leadership Professor of Politics, Religion, and Civil Society and Professor of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania. Previously, he served as the first director of the White House Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives under President George W. Bush from early 2001 to August 2001. He was the first senior Bush advisor to resign and was succeeded by Jim Towey.", "Victoria Reggie Kennedy Victoria Anne Reggie \"Vicki\" Kennedy (born February 26, 1954) is an American lawyer and the second wife and widow of longtime U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy, who was 22 years her senior.", "Carlos Bringuier Carlos Jose Bringuier (born June 22, 1934) is a Cuban exile in the United States of America who campaigned against Fidel Castro's government. Bringuier is principally known for his brief connection with Lee Harvey Oswald, the assassin of President John F. Kennedy.", "Andrei Zhdanov Andrei Alexandrovich Zhdanov (Russian: Андре́й Алекса́ндрович Жда́нов; IPA: [ɐnˈdrej ɐlʲɪˈksandrəvʲɪtɕˈʐdanəf]; 26 February [O.S. 14 February] 1896 – 31 August 1948) was a Soviet politician. After World War II, he was thought to be the successor-in-waiting to Joseph Stalin, but Zhdanov predeceased Stalin.", "William J. Crowe William James Crowe, Jr. (January 2, 1925 – October 18, 2007) was a United States Navy admiral who served as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff under Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush, and as the ambassador to the United Kingdom under President Bill Clinton.", "John Ehrlichman John Daniel Ehrlichman (March 20, 1925 – February 14, 1999) was counsel and Assistant to the President for Domestic Affairs under President Richard Nixon. He was a key figure in events leading to the Watergate first break-in and the ensuing Watergate scandal, for which he was convicted of conspiracy, obstruction of justice and perjury. He served a year and a half in prison for his crimes.", "Paul G. Kirk Paul Grattan Kirk, Jr. (born January 18, 1938) is an American lawyer and politician who served as a United States Senator from Massachusetts from 2009 to 2010, having been appointed to fill the vacancy created by the death of Ted Kennedy. From 1985 to 1989, he served as chairman of the Democratic National Committee (DNC). He has also served as the co-chairman of the Commission on Presidential Debates, the chairman of the board of directors of the John F.", "McGeorge Bundy McGeorge \"Mac\" Bundy (March 30, 1919 – September 16, 1996) was an American expert in foreign and defense policy, serving as United States National Security Advisor to Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson from 1961 through 1966. He was president of the Ford Foundation from 1966 through 1979.", "Kennedy Space Center The John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC) is the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Launch Operations Center which supports Launch Complex 39 (LC-39), originally built for the Saturn V, the largest and most powerful operational launch vehicle in history, for the Apollo manned Moon landing program proposed by President John F. Kennedy. It was named in honor of Kennedy by his successor, President Lyndon B.", "Douglas Harriman Kennedy Douglas Harriman Kennedy (born March 24, 1967) is the tenth child of Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Kennedy, named in honor of W. Averell Harriman, a family friend and former governor of New York.", "United States House Select Committee on Assassinations The United States House of Representatives Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) was established in 1976 to investigate the assassinations of John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Jr. The HSCA completed its investigation in 1978 and issued its final report the following year, concluding that Kennedy was probably assassinated as a result of a conspiracy.", "John Tower John Goodwin Tower (September 29, 1925 – April 5, 1991) was the first Republican United States senator from Texas since Reconstruction. He served from 1961 until his retirement on January 3, 1985, after which time he was appointed as the chairman of the Reagan-appointed Tower Commission that investigated the Iran-Contra Affair. He was George H. W. Bush's nominee for Secretary of Defense in 1989 but was rejected by the Senate, 53–47.", "Eunice Kennedy Shriver Eunice Mary Kennedy Shriver, DSG (July 10, 1921 – August 11, 2009) was a member of the Kennedy family, sister of President John F. Kennedy and Senators Robert F. Kennedy and Ted Kennedy. Eunice Kennedy Shriver was the founder in 1962 of Camp Shriver which started on her Maryland farm known as Timberlawn and, in 1968 evolved into the Special Olympics. Her husband, Sargent Shriver, was United States Ambassador to France and the Democratic vice presidential candidate in the 1972 U.S.", "USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67) USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67) (formerly CVA-67) is the only ship of her class (a variant of the Kitty Hawk class of aircraft carrier) and the last conventionally powered carrier built for the United States Navy. The ship is named after the 35th President of the United States, John F.", "David Powers David Francis Powers (April 25, 1912 – March 27, 1998) was Special Assistant and assistant Appointments Secretary to President of the United States John F. Kennedy. Powers served as Museum Curator of the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum from 1964 until his retirement in May 1994. Powers was a military veteran who had served in the U.S. Army Air Corps during World War II from 1942 to 1945. Powers was also a very close, personal friend of John F.", "J. Walter Kennedy James Walter Kennedy (June 8, 1912 – June 26, 1977) was the commissioner of the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1963 until 1975. He is sometimes mistakenly referred to as Walter J. Kennedy.", "Robert McNamara Robert Strange McNamara (June 9, 1916 – July 6, 2009) was an American business executive and the eighth Secretary of Defense, serving from 1961 to 1968 under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, during which time he played a large role in escalating the United States involvement in the Vietnam War. Following that, he served as President of the World Bank from 1968 to 1981.", "P. J. Kennedy Patrick Joseph \"P. J.\" Kennedy (January 14, 1858 – May 18, 1929) was an American businessman and politician, a major figure in the Democratic Party in Boston, and the grandfather of President John F. Kennedy.The son of Irish immigrants, he was the only surviving male in the family, following two outbreaks of cholera, and started work at fourteen as a stevedore in the docks. He owned three saloons and a whisky import house, and eventually had major interests in coal and banking.", "SS-100-X SS-100-X is the U.S. Secret Service code name for the Presidential limousine used by the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy. The limousine is the one that Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy were riding in when the President was assassinated in Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963.The car is a 1961 Lincoln Continental four door convertible (model 74A) with \"suicide doors\" (rear-hinged doors) and a retail price of $7,347.", "Sam Houston Clinton Sam Houston Clinton, Jr. (September 17, 1923 – October 5, 2004) was a Texas Court of Criminal Appeals Judge, who as a lawyer represented both atheist leader Madalyn Murray O'Hair and Jack Ruby, the man who shot and killed presidential assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald.", "Rendezvous with Death Rendezvous with Death (German: Rendezvous mit dem Tod: Warum John F. Kennedy sterben musste) is a 2006 German documentary film that claims that G2, a secret service organization of the Cuban government, organized the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy. The film first aired on January 6, 2006 on German television station Westdeutscher Rundfunk.", "Janet Lee Bouvier Janet Norton Lee Bouvier Auchincloss (December 3, 1907 – July 22, 1989) was an American socialite. She was the mother of former United States First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis and Lee Radziwill. She often stood in for her daughter Jacqueline as hostess for official White House functions. She was the mother-in-law of United States President John F. Kennedy.", "John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame The John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame is a presidential memorial at the gravesite of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, in Arlington National Cemetery. The permanent site replaced a temporary grave and eternal flame used during President Kennedy's funeral on November 25, 1963. The site was designed by architect John Carl Warnecke, a long-time friend of President Kennedy's. The permanent John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame grave site was consecrated and opened to the public on March 15, 1967.", "Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Twenty-fifth Amendment (Amendment XXV) to the United States Constitution deals with succession to the Presidency and establishes procedures both for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, as well as responding to Presidential disabilities.", "Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints) The succession crisis in the Latter Day Saint movement occurred after the death of Joseph Smith, the movement's founder, on June 27, 1844.For roughly six months after Joseph Smith's death, several people competed to take over his role. The leading contenders were Sidney Rigdon, Brigham Young, and James Strang. The majority of Latter Day Saints elected to follow Young's leadership, but several smaller churches emerged from the succession crisis.", "Lee Bowers Lee Edward Bowers, Jr. (January 12, 1925 – August 9, 1966) was a witness to the assassination of John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963.Conspiracy theorists claim that Bowers died under \"mysterious circumstances\".", "John R. Steelman John Roy Steelman (June 23, 1900 – July 14, 1999) was first person to serve as \"The Assistant to the President of the United States\", in the administration of President Harry S. Truman from 1946 to 1953. The office later became the White House Chief of Staff.He was the only White House Chief of Staff to serve the full term of a president. He also holds the record for the longest term as Chief of Staff at six years.", "Presidential Succession Act The Presidential Succession Act establishes the line of succession to the powers and duties of the office of President of the United States in the event that neither a President nor Vice President is able to \"discharge the powers and duties of the office.\" The current Presidential Succession Act was adopted in 1947 and is codified at 3 U.S.C.", "United States Senate elections, 1960 The U.S. Senate elections of 1960 coincided with the election of John F. Kennedy as president. The Republicans gained one seat at the expense of the Democrats. The Democrats nonetheless retained a commanding lead in the Senate with 64 seats to 36. As Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson was elected Vice President, Mike Mansfield became the new Majority Leader.", "John Foster Dulles John Foster Dulles (/ˈdʌləs/; February 25, 1888 – May 24, 1959) served as U.S. Secretary of State under Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959. He was a significant figure in the early Cold War era, advocating an aggressive stance against Communism throughout the world. He negotiated numerous treaties and alliances that reflected this point of view.", "Dean Rusk David Dean Rusk (February 9, 1909 – December 20, 1994) was the United States Secretary of State from 1961 to 1969 under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. Rusk is the joint-second-longest serving U.S. Secretary of State of all time, behind only Cordell Hull and tied with William H. Seward.", "John Vernou Bouvier III John Vernou \"Black Jack\" Bouvier III (May 19, 1891 – August 3, 1957) was an American Wall Street stockbroker and socialite. He was the father of former First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, socialite Lee Radziwill, and the father-in-law of President John F. Kennedy. His nickname, \"Black Jack\", referred to his omnipresent dark tan and his flamboyant lifestyle.", "John P. Jumper John P. Jumper (born February 4, 1945) is a retired United States Air Force general, who served as 17th Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force from September 6, 2001 to September 2, 2005. He retired from the Air Force on November 1, 2005. Jumper was succeeded as Chief of Staff by General T. Michael Moseley.", "Evelyn Lincoln Evelyn Maurine Norton Lincoln (June 25, 1909 – May 11, 1995) was the personal secretary to John F. Kennedy from his election to the United States Senate in 1953 until his 1963 assassination in Dallas. Mrs. Lincoln, who was in the motorcade when Kennedy was assassinated, made it a point to visit Kennedy's grave at Arlington National Cemetery every year afterward on the anniversary of his death.", "John F. Fitzgerald John Francis \"Honey Fitz\" Fitzgerald (February 11, 1863 – October 2, 1950) was an American politician, father of Rose Kennedy and grandfather of President John F. Kennedy.Fitzgerald was a Democratic congressman who went on to win two terms as mayor of Boston. He made major improvements to the port, and became a patron of the baseball team now known as the Boston Red Sox.", "Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. Lieutenant Joseph Patrick \"Joe\" Kennedy, Jr. (July 25, 1915 – August 12, 1944) was a junior officer in the United States Navy, a Naval Aviator, and a land-based patrol bomber pilot during World War II. He was the eldest of nine children born to Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. (1888–1969) and Rose Fitzgerald (1890–1995).He was the elder brother of future U.S. President, John F. Kennedy.", "Harry S. Truman Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945–53). As the final running mate of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944, Truman succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when Roosevelt died after months of declining health.", "Sargent Shriver Robert Sargent \"Sarge\" Shriver, Jr. (/ˈsɑrdʒənt ˈʃraɪvər/; November 9, 1915 – January 18, 2011) was an American politician and activist. As the husband of Eunice Kennedy Shriver, he was part of the Kennedy family, serving in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations.", "George Dealey George Bannerman Dealey (September 18, 1859 – February 26, 1946) was a Dallas, Texas, businessman. Dealey was the long-time publisher of The Dallas Morning News and owner of the A. H. Belo Corporation. Dealey Plaza in Dallas is named in his honor, and became instantly world-famous on Friday, November 22, 1963, when it became the site of the assassination of President John Kennedy.", "Thirteen Days (film) Thirteen Days is a 2000 American historical drama-thriller film directed by Roger Donaldson dramatising the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, seen from the perspective of the US political leadership. Kevin Costner stars, with Bruce Greenwood featured as President John F. Kennedy, Steven Culp as Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, and Dylan Baker as Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara.While the movie carries the same name as the book Thirteen Days by former Attorney General Robert F.", "John Kennedy Barton John Kennedy Barton (April 7, 1853 – December 23, 1921) was a Rear Admiral in the United States Navy in the late 19th century.", "United States presidential election, 1964 The United States presidential election of 1964 was the 45th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 3, 1964. Democratic candidate and incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson had come to office less than a year earlier following the assassination of his predecessor John F. Kennedy. Johnson, who had successfully associated himself with Kennedy's popularity, won 61.1% of the popular vote, the highest won by a candidate since James Monroe's re-election in 1820.", "Jesse Curry Jesse Edward Curry (October 3, 1913 – June 22, 1980) was an American police officer who was the chief of the Dallas Police Department from 1960 to 1966. Curry was chief at the time of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in downtown Dallas on November 22, 1963, and the murder of his assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald, while in police custody two days later.", "Clay Shaw Clay LaVerne Shaw (March 17, 1913 – August 15, 1974) was a businessman in New Orleans, Louisiana. He was the only person prosecuted in connection with the assassination of President John F. Kennedy and was acquitted.", "Jean Hill Norma Jean Lollis Hill (February 11, 1931 – November 7, 2000) was an eyewitness to the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. Hill was known as the \"Lady in Red\" because of the long red raincoat she wore that day, as seen in Abraham Zapruder's film of the assassination.", "Kennedy Doctrine The Kennedy Doctrine refers to foreign policy initiatives of the 35th President of the United States, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, towards Latin America during his term in office between 1961 and 1963. Kennedy voiced support for the containment of Communism and the reversal of Communist progress in the Western Hemisphere.", "Caroline Kennedy Caroline Bouvier Kennedy (born November 27, 1957) is an American author, attorney, and the current United States Ambassador to Japan. She is a prominent member of the Kennedy family and the only surviving child of President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy. She is a niece of Senators Robert F. Kennedy and Ted Kennedy and older sister to John F. Kennedy Jr.Caroline Kennedy was just short of her sixth birthday when her father was assassinated on November 22, 1963.", "William Greer William Robert Greer (September 22, 1909 – February 23, 1985) was an agent of the U.S. Secret Service, best known for having driven President John F. Kennedy's automobile in the motorcade through Dealey Plaza in Dallas on November 22, 1963, when the president was assassinated.", "Charles Goodell Charles Ellsworth Goodell (March 16, 1926 – January 21, 1987) was a U.S. Representative and a Senator from New York. In both cases he came into office following the deaths of his predecessors, first in a special election and second as a temporary appointee.He was elected to four terms in Congress after winning his first race in 1960. He resigned on September 9, 1968, to accept an appointment by Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller to fill the vacancy caused by the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy.", "Lyndon B. Johnson Lyndon Baines Johnson (/ˈlɪndən ˈbeɪnz ˈdʒɒnsən/; August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, was the 36th President of the United States (1963–1969), a position he assumed after his service as the 37th Vice President (1961–1963).", "The Death of a President The Death of a President: November 20–November 25, 1963 is historian William Manchester's 1967 account of the assassination of John F. Kennedy. The book gained public attention before it was published when Kennedy's widow Jacqueline, who had initially asked Manchester to write the book, demanded that the author make changes in the manuscript.", "Ted Kennedy Edward Moore \"Ted\" Kennedy (February 22, 1932 – August 25, 2009) was a United States Senator from Massachusetts and a member of the Democratic Party. He was the second most senior member of the Senate when he died and was the fourth-longest-serving senator in United States history, having served there for almost 47 years. The most prominent living member of the Kennedy family for many years, he was the last surviving son of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.", "Sarah T. Hughes Sarah Tilghman Hughes (August 2, 1896 – April 23, 1985) was an American lawyer and federal judge who swore in Lyndon B. Johnson as President of the United States on Air Force One after the Kennedy assassination. She is the only woman in U.S. history to have sworn in a United States President, a task usually executed by the Chief Justice of the United States.The photo depicting Hughes administering the oath of office to Johnson is the most famous photo ever taken aboard Air Force One.", "Allen Dulles Allen Welsh Dulles (/ˈdʌləs/; April 7, 1893 – January 29, 1969) was an American diplomat and lawyer who became the first civilian Director of Central Intelligence and its longest-serving director to date. As head of the Central Intelligence Agency during the early Cold War, he oversaw the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état, Operation Ajax, the Lockheed U-2 program and the Bay of Pigs Invasion. Following the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Dulles was one of the members of the Warren Commission.", "Rush to Judgment Rush to Judgment: A Critique of the Warren Commission's Inquiry into the Murders of President John F. Kennedy, Officer J.D. Tippit and Lee Harvey Oswald is a 1966 book by American lawyer Mark Lane. It is about the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy and takes issue with the conclusions of the Warren Commission, suggesting there was a conspiracy to assassinate John F. Kennedy.", "John P. Kennedy John Pendleton Kennedy (October 25, 1795 – August 18, 1870) was an American novelist and Whig politician who served as United States Secretary of the Navy from July 26, 1852 to March 4, 1853, during the administration of President Millard Fillmore, and as a U.S. Representative from the Maryland's 4th congressional district. He was the brother of U.S. Senator Anthony Kennedy.", "Judith Exner Judith Exner (January 11, 1934 – September 24, 1999) was an American woman who claimed to be the mistress of U.S. president John F. Kennedy and Mafia leaders Sam Giancana and John Roselli. She was also known as Judith Campbell Exner.", "United States presidential election, 1960 The United States presidential election of 1960 was the 44th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8, 1960. The Republican Party nominated incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon, while the Democratic Party nominated John F. Kennedy, U.S. Senator from Massachusetts. The incumbent President, Republican Dwight D.", "Charles Brehm Charles F. Brehm (January 14, 1925 - August 11, 1996) was a very close witness to the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963.", "Michael LeMoyne Kennedy Michael LeMoyne Kennedy (February 27, 1958 – December 31, 1997) was the sixth of eleven children of Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Skakel.", "David M. Kennedy David Matthew Kennedy (July 21, 1905 – May 1, 1996), was an American politician and businessman. He served as the 60th Secretary of the Treasury and later as the 8th United States Permanent Representative to NATO both under President Richard Nixon. He was Chief Executive and Chairman of the Board of Continental Illinois during the 1950s and 60s.", "J. D. Tippit J. D. Tippit (September 18, 1924 – November 22, 1963) was an American police officer who was an 11-year veteran with the Dallas Police Department. On November 22, 1963, Tippit was fatally shot on a Dallas street approximately 45 minutes after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. According to five federal government investigations, Tippit was shot by former United States Marine Lee Harvey Oswald, but Oswald denied shooting Tippit.", "Martin J. Kennedy Martin John Kennedy (August 29, 1892 – October 27, 1955) was an American politician from New York.", "Kenneth O'Donnell Kenneth Patrick \"Kenny\" O'Donnell (March 4, 1924 – September 9, 1977) was an American political consultant who served as the special assistant and appointments secretary to U.S. President John F. Kennedy from 1961 until President Kennedy's assassination in November 1963. O'Donnell was a close friend of President Kennedy and his younger brother, politican Robert F. Kennedy, and was part of the group of Kennedy's close advisors called the \"Irish Mafia\".O'Donnell served as President Lyndon B.", "Marina Oswald Porter Marina Nikolayevna Oswald Porter (née Prusakova; Russian: Марина Николаевна Прусакова on July 17, 1941) is the widow of Lee Harvey Oswald, the assassin of U.S. President John F. Kennedy.", "Patrick Bouvier Kennedy Patrick Bouvier Kennedy (August 7, 1963 – August 9, 1963) was the last child of United States President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy. He was the brother of Caroline and John Jr.", "Yen Chia-kan Yen Chia-kan (Chinese: 嚴家淦; pinyin: Yán Jiāgàn; October 23, 1905 – December 24, 1993), also known as C. K. Yen, was a Taiwanese politician. He succeeded Chiang Kai-shek as President of the Republic of China upon Chiang's death on April 5, 1975. He served out the remainder of Chiang's term until May 20, 1978.", "Warren Commission The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, known unofficially as the Warren Commission, was established by President Lyndon B. Johnson on November 29, 1963 to investigate the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy that had taken place on November 22, 1963. The 88th U.S. Congressional session passed Senate joint resolution 137 authorizing the Presidential appointed Commission to report on the assassination of President John F.", "Reactions to the assassination of John F. Kennedy Around the world, there was a stunned reaction to the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the President of the United States, on November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas.The first hour after the shooting, before his death was announced, was a time of great confusion. Taking place during the Cold War, it was at first unclear whether the shooting might be part of a larger attack upon the U.S., and whether Vice-President Lyndon B.", "Ethel Kennedy Ethel Skakel Kennedy (born April 11, 1928) is an American human-rights campaigner and widow of Senator Robert F. Kennedy, who was assassinated while running for nomination as Democratic presidential candidate in 1968.As Ethel Skakel, she was a classmate of Kennedy’s sister Jean at Manhattanville College of the Sacred Heart. She and Kennedy married in 1950 and had seven sons and four daughters.", "Roy Kellerman Roy Herman Kellerman (March 14, 1915 – March 22, 1984) was a U.S. Secret Service Agent assigned to protect President John F. Kennedy when he was assassinated on November 22, 1963. In his reports, later testimony and interviews, Kellerman outlines in detail his role in the immediate aftermath of the assassination, controlling key evidence of the crime and guiding doctors during the official autopsy at Bethesda Naval Hospital.", "Lee Harvey Oswald Lee Harvey Oswald (October 18, 1939 – November 24, 1963) was the sniper who assassinated John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, on November 22, 1963. According to five U.S. government investigations, Oswald shot and killed Kennedy as he traveled by motorcade through Dealey Plaza in the city of Dallas, Texas.Oswald was a former U.S. Marine who defected to the Soviet Union in October 1959.", "Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. Joseph Patrick \"Joe\" Kennedy, Sr. (September 6, 1888 – November 18, 1969) was an American businessman, investor, and politician. Kennedy was the husband of Rose Kennedy. Their children included President John F. Kennedy (1917–1963), Attorney General and Senator Robert F. Kennedy (1925–1968), and longtime Senator Ted Kennedy (1932–2009). He was a leading member of the Democratic Party and of the Irish Catholic community. He was the inaugural Chairman of the U.S.", "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Jacqueline Lee \"Jackie\" Kennedy Onassis (née Bouvier, pronounced /ˌˈdʒækliːn ˈliː ˈbuːvieɪ/) (July 28, 1929 – May 19, 1994) was the wife of the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, and First Lady of the United States during his presidency from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.", "John F. Kennedy Jr. John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr. (November 25, 1960 – July 16, 1999), often referred to as JFK Jr. was an American lawyer, journalist, and magazine publisher. He was the only surviving son of President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, and younger brother of Caroline Kennedy. His father was assassinated just before his third birthday.From his early childhood onwards, Kennedy was the subject of great media scrutiny, and he became a popular social figure of Manhattan.", "Assassination of John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was assassinated at 12:30 p.m. Central Standard Time (18:30 UTC) on Friday, November 22, 1963, in Dealey Plaza, Dallas, Texas. Kennedy was fatally shot by Lee Harvey Oswald while traveling with his wife Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, and Connally's wife Nellie, in a presidential motorcade.", "John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald \"Jack\" Kennedy (JFK), (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963. The Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, the establishment of the Peace Corps, developments in the Space Race, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Civil Rights Movement, and increased U.S." ]	7
Who is the mayor of Berlin?	[ "Michael Müller (politician)\nMichael Müller (born 9 December 1964 in Berlin) is a German politician of the SPD. He has been Governing Mayor of Berlin since 11 December 2014.", "Dietrich Stobbe\nDietrich Stobbe (25 March 1938 – 19 February 2011) was a German politician from Weepers, East Prussia.Stobbe served as Mayor of West Berlin from 2 May 1977 till 23 January 1981. From 1 November 1978 till 31 October 1979 he was also President of the Bundesrat.Stobbe was a member of the Social Democratic Party (SPD).He died on 19 February 2011 at the age of 72 after long illness.", "Ferdinand Friedensburg\nFerdinand Friedensburg (born 17 November 1886 in Schweidnitz (present-day Świdnica); died 11 March 1972) was the interim Mayor of Berlin due to the illness of mayor Louise Schroeder during the Berlin Blockade in 1948.", "Eberhard Diepgen\nEberhard Diepgen (born 13 November 1941 in Berlin-Wedding) is a German politician of the CDU. He studied law at the Free University of Berlin. He was mayor of West Berlin from 1984 to 1989 and a reunited Berlin from 1991 to 2001.", "Lists of mayors by country\nThis is a list of mayors organised by country.", "Ernst Reuter\nErnst Rudolf Johannes Reuter (29 July 1889 – 29 September 1953) was the German mayor of West Berlin from 1948 to 1953, during the time of the Cold War.", "Otto Ostrowski\nOtto Ostrowski (born 28 January 1883 in Spremberg; died 16 June 1963 in Knokke, Belgium) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and Mayor of Berlin in 1946–1947.Ostrowski graduated in Romance studies and after World War I joined the SPD. From 1922 he served as mayor of Finsterwalde until he was elected mayor of the Berlin borough of Prenzlauer Berg in 1926. He held this office up to the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, when he was forced to resign.", "Politics of Berlin\nBerlin is a city-state and the capital of the Federal Republic of Germany. The President of Germany, whose functions are primarily ceremonial under the German constitution, has his official residence in Schloss Bellevue. Berlin is the seat of the German executive, housed in the Chancellery (the Bundeskanzleramt). Facing the Chancellery is the Bundestag, the German Parliament, housed in the renovated Reichstag building since the government's move to Berlin in 1998.", "Arthur Werner\nArthur Victor Hugo Werner (born 15 April 1877 in Berlin; died 27 July 1967) was the first Mayor of Berlin after World War II. In 1907 Werner had graduated as an engineer at the Technical University of Charlottenburg.", "Louis Jacob Breithaupt\nLouis Jacob Breithaupt (1855–1939) was an Ontario manufacturer and political figure. He represented Waterloo North in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1899 to 1902 as a Liberal member.He was born in Buffalo, New York, the son of Philip Louis Breithaupt, who went on to serve as mayor of Berlin (later Kitchener, Ontario). Louis Jacob moved to Berlin with his family in 1857 and was mayor of Berlin himself from 1888 to 1889.", "West Berlin state election, 1950\nEarly elections to the Berlin House of Representatives were held on December 3, 1950. In October 1950, Germany's new constitution went into force in West Berlin which made the election required. This was the first election to the new Berlin House of Representatives as opposed to the City Council.The top candidate of the SPD was not the popular mayor Ernst Reuter, but Franz Neumann; The CDU nominated Walther Schreiber.", "Otto Suhr\nOtto Suhr (17 August 1894 - 30 August 1957) was a German politician as a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). He served as the Governing Mayor of Berlin (i.e. West Berlin) from 1955 until his death.", "Heinrich Albertz\nHeinrich Albertz (22 January 1915 – 18 May 1993) was a German Protestant theologian, priest and politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). He served as Governing Mayor of Berlin (West Berlin) from 1966 to 1967.", "Walter Momper\nWalter Momper (born 21 February 1945) is a German politician and former Governing Mayor of Berlin (West Berlin 1989–1990, reunited Berlin 1990–1991). Whilst Governing Mayor, he served as President of the Bundesrat in 1989/90. He attended the opening of the Brandenburg Gate on 22 December 1989, and, on October 3, 1990, became the first mayor of a reunited Berlin.He was born in Sulingen (near Bremen), today Lower Saxony, and is a member of the SPD (Social Democrats)." ]	[ "Capital of Germany The capital of Germany is the city state of Berlin. It is the seat of the President of Germany, whose official residence is Schloss Bellevue. The Bundesrat \"\\federal council\") is the representation of the Federal States (Bundesländer) of Germany and has its seat at the former Prussian Herrenhaus (House of Lords). Though most of the ministries are seated in Berlin, some of them, as well as some minor departments, are seated in Bonn, the former capital of West Germany.", "Paweł Piskorski Paweł Bartłomiej Piskorski (born on February 25, 1968 in Warsaw) is a Polish politician.He was Mayor of Warsaw from 30 March 1999 to 14 January 2002. In 1997 he was elected to the Sejm from the Freedom Union electoral list, and in 2001, after participating in a secession from that party, he successfully ran under the Civic Platform banner. In 2004 he was the Secretary General of Civic Platform. He has been elected Member of the European Parliament in 2004.", "Erwin Bumke Erwin Konrad Eduard Bumke (7 July 1874 in Stolp, Pomerania (now Słupsk, Poland) – 20 April 1945 in Leipzig) was the last president of the Reichsgericht, Germany's old Imperial Court.Bumke's family background was Pomeranian middle class. His father was a doctor and his mother a factory owner's daughter.", "Paul Lincke Carl Emil Paul Lincke (7 November 1866 – 4 September 1946) was a German composer and theater conductor. He is considered the \"father\" of the Berlin operetta and holds the same significance for Berlin as does Johann Strauss for Vienna and Jacques Offenbach for Paris. His well-known compositions include \"Berliner Luft\" (\"Berlin Air\"), the unofficial anthem of Berlin, from his operetta Frau Luna; and \"The Glow-Worm\", from his operetta Lysistrata.", "Otto Gessler Otto Karl Gessler (or Geßler) (6 February 1875 – 24 March 1955) was a liberal German politician during the Weimar Republic. From 1910 until 1914, he was mayor of Regensburg and from 1913 to 1919 mayor of Nuremberg. He served in numerous Weimar cabinets, most notably as Reichswehrminister (Minister of Defence) from 1920 to 1928.", "Race to Berlin The Race to Berlin refers primarily to the competition between two Soviet Marshals to be the first to enter Berlin during the final months of World War II.In early 1945, with Germany's defeat inevitable, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin set his two Marshals Georgy Zhukov and Ivan Konev in a race to capture Berlin. Although it was mostly their race, both Marshals were supported by another Front.", "Berlin Conference (1954) The Berlin Conference of 1954 was a meeting of the \"Big Four\" foreign ministers of the United States (John Foster Dulles), Britain (Anthony Eden), France (Georges Bidault), and the Soviet Union (Vyacheslav Molotov), on January 25-February 18, 1954.", "Berlin Philharmonic The Berlin Philharmonic (German: Berliner Philharmoniker), is an orchestra based in Berlin, Germany and is consistently ranked as one of the best orchestras in the world. Formerly Berliner Philharmonisches Orchester; BPO, its primary concert venue is the Philharmonie, located in the Kulturforum area of the city. Since 2002, its principal conductor is Sir Simon Rattle.", "Breuk Iversen Breuk Iversen (born July 25, 1964) is a designer and writer. Iversen was nicknamed the Mayor of Williamsburg, Brooklyn, one of the liveliest and largest art communities in the world. He is famous for his production, with Jan McLaughlin, at the Dam Stuhltrager Gallery of the Salon des Refuses: the Offal Project, a site-specific exhibit that explored issues of economy, aesthetics, politics and popular culture through society's by-products.", "Sophie Masloff Sophie Masloff (née Friedman; December 23, 1917 – August 17, 2014) was an American politician. A long-time member of the Democratic Party and civil servant, she was elected to the Pittsburgh City Council and later served as the mayor of Pittsburgh from 1988 to 1994. She was the first woman and the first Jewish person to hold that office.", "Gerd Müller (politician) Gerd Müller (born 25 August 1955 as Gerhard Müller in the town of Krumbach, district of Günzburg, Bavaria, Germany) is a German politician and member of the Christian Social Union in Bavaria. He is the Federal Minister of Economic Cooperation and Development.", "Paul Löbe Paul Löbe (December 14, 1875 – August 3, 1967) was a German politician and member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), who served as President of the Reichstag.", "Theodor Heuss Theodor Heuss (31 January 1884 – 12 December 1963) was a liberal German politician who served as the first President of the Federal Republic of Germany after World War II from 1949 to 1959. Beside stern Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, Heuss' cordial manners largely contributed to the stabilization of democracy in West Germany during the Wirtschaftswunder years.", "Fritz Deutschmann Fritz Deutschmann was elected mayor of Auggen, Germany, in 2005. He was born on 17 July 1959 in Freiburg im Breisgau and raised in Auggen. Deutschmann is married to Gisela Deutschmann, with two daughters.", "Bogdan Zdrojewski Bogdan Andrzej Zdrojewski [ˈbɔɡdan zdrɔˈjɛfskʲi] (born 18 May 1957) is a Polish politician who was the first president of Wrocław after the fall of communism in Poland, and held the seat from 1990 to 2001. Afterwards he was a senator and member of the Polish Sejm. Since November 2007, he has been the Minister of Culture and National Heritage.", "Jacek Majchrowski Prof. dr hab. Jacek Maria Majchrowski (born 13 January 1947 in Sosnowiec) is the Mayor of the Royal Capital City of Kraków since 2002 (reelected in 2006, 2010 and in 2014), a lawyer and historian, and a professor at Jagiellonian University.", "City Palace, Berlin The Berlin City Palace (German: Berliner Stadtschloss or simply Berliner Schloss) was a royal and imperial palace in the centre of Berlin, the historical capital of Prussia, and subsequently Germany. It was located on the Museum Island at Schlossplatz, opposite the Lustgarten park. It was the winter residence of the Kings of Prussia and the German Emperors. In 2013 work started on reconstruction and a part of the exterior of the palace has been rebuilt.", "Wolfgang Schuster Wolfgang Schuster (born 5 September 1949 in Ulm) was the Lord Mayor of Stuttgart, Germany, from January 1997 until January 2013. He was the successor to Manfred Rommel and he is a member of the CDU.", "Peter Gloystein Peter Gloystein (born 25 November 1945 in Bremen, Germany) is a German banker and Christian Democratic Union party politician. His banking career was mainly with Commerzbank and BHF-Bank in Frankfurt. From September 2004 until May 2005 he was the Lord Mayor and Senator for Economics and Harbours, as well as Senator for Culture in the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, but he resigned following an incident in which he poured champagne over a homeless person.", "Emil Seidel Emil Seidel (1864–1947) was a patternmaker who served as the mayor of Milwaukee from 1910 to 1912. He was the first Socialist mayor of a major city in the United States. Seidel is also remembered as the Vice Presidential candidate for the Socialist Party of America in the 1912 presidential election.", "Greg Lashutka Gregory S. Lashutka (born March 28, 1944) is a lawyer, who served as the 51st mayor of Columbus, Ohio, from 1992 to 2000. He is an Eagle Scout and had earlier been an American football player.", "Dieter Salomon Dieter Salomon (born 9 August 1960 in Melbourne, Australia) is a German politician and mayor of Freiburg im Breisgau. He is a member of the Alliance '90/The Greens.", "Chris Gueffroy Chris Gueffroy (June 21, 1968 – February 6, 1989) was the last person to be shot while trying to escape from East Berlin to West Berlin across the Berlin Wall.", "Johannes Rau Johannes Rau (German pronunciation: [joˈhanəs ˈʁaʊ]; 16 January 1931 – 27 January 2006) was a German politician of the SPD. He was President of Germany from 1 July 1999 until 30 June 2004, and Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia from 1978 to 1998.", "Philipp Mißfelder Philipp Mißfelder (25 August 1979 – 13 July 2015) was a German politician and a member of the German Bundestag. From January through March 2014, he served in the German government as the Coordinator for Transatlantic Cooperation in the Field of Intersocietal Relations, Cultural and Information Policy. He was succeeded by Peer Steinbrück.", "Roman Herzog Roman Herzog (born 5 April 1934) is a German politician as a member of the Christian Democratic Union, (CDU) and served as President of Germany from 1994 to 1999. He was the first President of the Federal Republic of Germany to be elected to office after the reunification of Germany that took place in 1990.", "Nikolai Berzarin Nikolai Erastovich Berzarin (Russian Николай Эрастович Берзарин) (April 1, 1904 – June 16, 1945) was a Soviet officer in the Red Army during the Stalinist era and the Second World War. In 1945 he became the first town major of the Soviet occupying forces in Berlin.", "Berlín Berlín is a municipality in the Usulután department of El Salvador.", "Kurt Schmoke Kurt Lidell Schmoke (born December 1, 1949) is best known as the first elected African-American mayor of Baltimore, Maryland. He is the current President of the University of Baltimore (UB), and former Dean of the Howard University School of Law.", "Frank Jensen Frank Jensen (born 28 May 1961) is a Danish politician, member of the Danish Social Democrats, and has been Lord Mayor of Copenhagen since 1 January 2010.", "Georg von Hertling Georg Friedrich Graf von Hertling (31 August 1843 – 4 January 1919) was a Bavarian politician who served as Minister-President of Bavaria 1912–1917 and then as Minister-President of Prussia and Chancellor of the German Empire from 1917 to 1918. He was the first party man to hold the office.", "Walter Wallmann Walter Wallmann (24 September 1932 – 21 September 2013) was a German politician who has served as Lord Mayor of Frankfurt (1977–1986).Between 1986 and 1987 he was the first Federal Minister for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. The ministry was established by chancellor Helmut Kohl on June 6, 1986 in response to the Chernobyl disaster and formed from departments of the Ministries of the Interior, of Agriculture and of Health.", "Paweł Adamowicz .Paweł Bogdan Adamowicz (born 2 November 1965, in Gdańsk) is the mayor of the city of Gdańsk, Poland, and a Civic Platform party politician. He studied law at the University of Gdańsk, where he also became a prominent student movement member. He was one of the organizers of the 1988 strike and became the headperson of the strike committee. Between 1990 and 1993 served as a vice-rector at his alma mater.", "Joachim Meisner Joachim Meisner (born 25 December 1933) is a German cardinal of the Catholic Church. He is the immediate past Archbishop of Cologne, serving from 1989 until his resignation was accepted by Pope Francis, for reasons of age. He previously served as Bishop of Berlin from 1980 to 1989, and was created a cardinal in 1983. He is widely considered to be Germany's leading conservative Catholic figure.", "Funkturm Berlin The Berliner Funkturm or Funkturm Berlin (Berlin Radio Tower) is a former broadcasting tower in Berlin. Constructed between 1924 and 1926 to designs by the architect Heinrich Straumer, it was inaugurated on 3 September 1926, on the occasion of the opening of the third Große Deutsche Funkausstellung (Great German Radio Exhibition) in the grounds of the Messe Berlin trade fair in the borough of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf.", "Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg is the second borough of Berlin, formed in 2001 by merging the former East Berlin borough of Friedrichshain and the former West Berlin borough of Kreuzberg. The historic Oberbaum Bridge, formerly a Berlin border crossing for pedestrians, links both districts across the river Spree as the new borough's landmark (as featured in the coat of arms).", "Wolfgang Tiefensee Wolfgang Tiefensee (born January 4, 1955 in Gera) is a German SPD politician. He was the Federal Minister for Transport, Building and Urban Development in the grand coalition cabinet led by Angela Merkel since November 22, 2005. Originally an electrical engineer, he turned to politics in 1989, during the democratization process of the German Democratic Republic. Tiefensee was elected mayor of Leipzig in 1998, and was re-elected with 67.1% of the vote in April 2005.", "Michael Nutter Michael Anthony Nutter (born June 29, 1957) is the 124th and current Mayor of Philadelphia. He is the third African-American to hold the position. Elected on November 6, 2007, he was reelected to a second term on November 8, 2011. He is a previous member of the Philadelphia City Council from the 4th district and had served as the 52nd Ward Democratic Leader until 1990. Mayor Nutter also served as the President of the United States Conference of Mayors from June 2012 to June 2013.", "Daniel Auster Daniel Auster (Hebrew: דניאל אוסטר‎ ‎, 7 May 1893 – 15 January 1963) was Mayor of Jerusalem in the final years of Mandatory Palestine, the first Jewish mayor of the city, and the first mayor of Jerusalem after Israeli independence.", "Kadir Topbaş Kadir Topbaş (born 8 January 1945) is a Turkish architect, businessman, politician and the current mayor of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality in Turkey.", "Günter Rexrodt Günter Rexrodt (September 12, 1941 – August 19, 2004) was a German politician. He lived in Berlin.", "Guido Westerwelle Guido Westerwelle (German: [ˈɡiːdo ˈvɛstɐˌvɛlə]; born 27 December 1961) is a German politician who served as the Foreign Minister in the second cabinet of Chancellor Angela Merkel and was Vice Chancellor of Germany from 2009 to 2011. He is the first openly gay person to hold either of those positions. He had been the chairman of the Free Democratic Party of Germany (FDP) since May 2001, but stepped down in 2011. A lawyer by profession, he was member of the Bundestag from 1996 to 2013.", "Berlin (comics) Berlin is the title of a comic book series created by Jason Lutes and published by Black Eye Productions and then Drawn and Quarterly. Planned as a series of 24 magazines, then re-released in book form, it describes life in Berlin from 1928 to 1933, during the decline of the Weimar Republic. As of 2015, the halfway point of the final book in the trilogy had been reached.", "Georg Jarzembowski Georg Jarzembowski (b. 3 February 1947, Braunschweig) is a German politician and Member of the European Parliament for Hamburg. He is a member of the conservative Christian Democratic Union, part of the European People's Party.", "Ulrich Maly Dr. Ulrich Maly (born 8 August 1960) is a German politician, member of the SPD who has served as the Mayor of Nuremberg since 2002.", "Frank-Walter Steinmeier Frank-Walter Steinmeier [ˈfʁaŋkˌvaltɐ ˈʃtaɪ̯nˌmaɪ̯.ɐ] (born 5 January 1956) is a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) who has served as Minister for Foreign Affairs since 2013. Steinmeier was a close aide of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, serving as Chief of Staff in the German Chancellery from 1999 to 2005. He subsequently served as Foreign Minister (2005–2009) and Vice Chancellor (2007–2009) in the grand coalition government of Angela Merkel.", "Meir Dizengoff Meir Dizengoff (Hebrew: מאיר דיזנגוף‎, Russian: Меер Янкелевич Дизенгоф, 25 February 1861 – 23 September 1936) was a Zionist politician and the first mayor of Tel Aviv.", "Otto Meissner Otto Lebrecht Eduard Daniel Meissner (13 March 1880, Bischwiller, Alsace – 27 May 1953, Munich) was head of the Office of the President of Germany during the entire period of the Weimar Republic under Friedrich Ebert and Paul von Hindenburg and, finally, at the beginning of the Nazi government under Adolf Hitler.", "John-F.-Kennedy-Platz John-F.-Kennedy-Platz (John F. Kennedy Square), formerly Rudolph-Wilde-Platz, in Berlin-Schöneberg is the square in front of the former city hall of West Berlin (Rathaus Schöneberg). It was here that US President John F. Kennedy gave his famous speech to the Berliners, in which he stated: \"Ich bin ein Berliner\". The square was renamed John-F.-Kennedy-Platz on 30 November 1963, eight days after Kennedy's assassination.", "Wilhelm von Gottberg Wilhelm von Gottberg (born March 30, 1940) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union.Gottberg was born in Woopen in Landkreis Bartenstein (now Kaliningrad Oblast), East Prussia. His family fled from East Prussia during World War II.Gottberg is president of the Territorial Association of East Prussia (since 1992) and Vice President of the Federation of Expellees (since 1992) in Germany.", "Paul Soglin Paul Soglin (born April 22, 1945) is the mayor of Madison, Wisconsin.", "Dave Cieslewicz David J. Cieslewicz (/tʃɛsˈlɛvɪtʃ/;Polish pronunciation: [t͡ɕɛɕˈlevit͡ʂ]; born February 17, 1959) is an American politician who served as mayor of Madison, Wisconsin from 2003 to 2011. He is a member of the Democratic Party.", "Jens Böhrnsen Jens Böhrnsen (born 12 June 1949) is a German politician of the SPD. From 2005 to 2015, he has served as the President of the Senate and Mayor of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, that is, the head of government of the city-state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen. He became President of the Federal Council in 2009, and as such, he was acting head of state (31 May - 30 June 2010) following the resignation of German President Horst Köhler.", "Bellevue Palace (Germany) Bellevue Palace (Schloss Bellevue), located in Berlin's Tiergarten district, has been the official residence of the President of Germany since 1994. It is situated on the banks of the Spree river, near the Berlin Victory Column, along the northern edge of the Großer Tiergarten park. Its name – the French for \"beautiful view\" – derives from its scenic prospect over the Spree's course.", "Lothar de Maizière Lothar de Maizière (German pronunciation: [də mɛˈzi̯ɛːɐ̯]; born 2 March 1940) is a German Christian Democratic politician. In 1990, he served as the only democratically elected prime minister of the German Democratic Republic, and as such was the last leader of an independent East Germany.De Maizière was born in Nordhausen, Thuringia, and attended the ancient Berlinisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster, where he was one of the last pupils before the school closed in 1958.", "Christian Wulff Christian Wilhelm Walter Wulff (German pronunciation: [ˈkʁɪstjan ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈvaltɐ vʊlf]; born 19 June 1959) is a German politician and lawyer. He served as the President of Germany from 2010 to 2012. A member of the Christian Democratic Union, he served as Prime Minister of the state of Lower Saxony from 2003 to 2010.", "Wilhelm Pieck Friedrich Wilhelm Reinhold Pieck (German pronunciation: [ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈpiːk]; 3 January 1876 – 7 September 1960) was a German politician and a Communist. In 1949, he became the first President of the German Democratic Republic, an office abolished upon his death. His successor as head of state was Walter Ulbricht, who served as chairman of the Council of State.", "Rathaus Schöneberg Rathaus Schöneberg is the city hall for the borough of Tempelhof-Schöneberg in Berlin. From 1949 until 1993 it served as the seat of the state senate of West Berlin and until 1991 also as the office of the Governing Mayor.", "Otto Grotewohl Otto Grotewohl (German pronunciation: [ˈɔtoː ˈɡʁoːtəvoːl]; 11 March 1894 – 23 September 1964) was a German politician and the first prime minister of the German Democratic Republic from 1949 until his death in 1964.", "Fritz Kuhn Fritz Kuhn (born 29 June 1955) is a German politician. He was co-chairman of Alliance '90/The Greens, the German Green party, from June 2000 to December 2002. On 21 October 2012 he was elected Mayor of Stuttgart.", "Berlin, Berlin Berlin, Berlin is a television series produced for the ARD. It aired in Germany from 2002 to 2005 Tuesdays through Fridays at 6:50PM on the German public TV network Das Erste. The show won both national and international awards.", "Adolph Sutro Adolph Heinrich Joseph Sutro (April 29, 1830 – August 8, 1898) was the 24th mayor of San Francisco, and first German-American Jewish mayor, serving in that office from 1894 until 1896. He is today perhaps best remembered for the various San Francisco lands and landmarks that still bear his name.", "Manfred Stolpe Manfred Stolpe (born May 16, 1936) was Federal Minister of Transport, Building and Housing of the Federal Republic of Germany from 2002 until 2005. From 1990 until 2002 he was Premier of the State of Brandenburg.", "Angela Merkel Angela Dorothea Merkel (née Kasner; born 17 July 1954) is a German politician and former research scientist who has been the Chancellor of Germany since 2005 and the Leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) since 2000. She is the first woman to hold either office.Having earned a doctorate as a physical chemist, Merkel entered politics in the wake of the Revolutions of 1989, briefly serving as a deputy spokesperson for the first democratically elected East German Government in 1990.", "Friedrich Ebert Friedrich Ebert (4 February 1871 – 28 February 1925) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the first President of Germany from 1919 until his death in office in 1925.Ebert was elected leader of the SPD on the death of August Bebel, and the SPD later became deeply divided because Ebert led it to support war loans for World War I.", "Marion Barry Marion Shepilov Barry, Jr. (March 6, 1936 – November 23, 2014) was an American politician who served as the second Mayor of the District of Columbia from 1979 to 1991, and again as the fourth mayor from 1995 to 1999. A Democrat, Barry had served three tenures on the Council of the District of Columbia, representing as an at-large member from 1975 to 1979 and in Ward 8 from 1993 to 1995, and again from 2005 to 2014.", "Teddy Kollek Theodor \"Teddy\" Kollek (Hebrew: טדי קולק‎; May 27, 1911 – January 2, 2007) was an Israeli politician who served as the mayor of Jerusalem from 1965 to 1993, and founder of the Jerusalem Foundation. Kollek was re-elected five times, in 1969, 1973, 1978, 1983 and 1989.", "Joachim Erwin Joachim Erwin (September 2, 1949 – May 20, 2008) was a German politician and the Mayor of Düsseldorf from 1999 until his death in 2008. He was born in Stadtroda, Thuringia, Germany.Erwin was a member of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). Erwin was married with Hille Erwin and had two children. Erwin was elected Mayor of Düsseldorf in 1999.", "Rick Berlin Rick Berlin (born Richard Gustave Kinscherf III, in Sioux City, Iowa in 1945) is a Boston-based singer-songwriter, formerly the frontman of Orchestra Luna, Luna, Berlin Airlift, Rick Berlin: The Movie, and The Shelley Winters Project.", "Carl Zeidler Carl Frederick Zeidler (1908 - 1942) was the mayor of the city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, from 1940 to 1942, winning election by unseating six-term Socialist mayor Dan Hoan. After just two years in office Zeidler resigned his position as mayor to enlist in the United States Navy Reserve to fight in World War II. His merchant marine ship and all hands were lost off the coast of South Africa in December 1942.", "Isaiah Berlin Sir Isaiah Berlin OM, CBE, FBA (6 June 1909 – 5 November 1997) was a Russo-British Jewish social and political theorist, philosopher and historian of ideas, \"thought by many to be the dominant scholar of his generation\". He excelled as an essayist, conversationalist and raconteur; and as a brilliant lecturer who improvised, rapidly and spontaneously, richly allusive and coherently structured material.", "Jules Pipe Julian Benjamin Pipe CBE is the first directly elected Mayor of the London Borough of Hackney since his election in October 2002.He worked as a journalist until taking on the full-time position as Mayor.", "Georg Michaelis Georg Michaelis (8 September 1857 – 24 July 1936) was Chancellor of Germany for a few months in 1917. He was the first non-noble to hold the office.", "Manfred Rommel Manfred Rommel CBE (24 December 1928 – 7 November 2013) was a German politician belonging to the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), who served as Lord Mayor of Stuttgart from 1974 until 1996. He was the only son of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel and his wife Lucia Maria Mollin.", "Chaim Berlin Chaim Berlin (1832, Valozhyn – 1912, Jerusalem) (חיים ברלין) was an Orthodox rabbi and chief rabbi of Moscow from 1865 to 1889. He was the son of Rabbi Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin.", "Karl Fiehler Karl Fiehler (31 August 1895 - 8 December 1969) was a German politician of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) and Lord Mayor of Munich from 1933 until 1945.", "Gustav Heinemann Gustav Walter Heinemann (23 July 1899 – 7 July 1976) was a German politician. He was Mayor of the city of Essen from 1946 to 1949, West German Minister of the Interior from 1949 to 1950, Minister of Justice from 1966 to 1969 and President of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1969 to 1974.", "Ich bin ein Berliner \"Ich bin ein Berliner\" (German pronunciation: [ˈʔɪç ˈbɪn ʔaɪn bɛɐˈliːnɐ], \"I am a Berliner\") is a quotation from a June 26, 1963, speech by U.S. President John F. Kennedy in West Berlin. He was underlining the support of the United States for West Germany 22 months after Soviet-supported East Germany erected the Berlin Wall to prevent mass emigration to the West. The message was aimed as much at the Soviets as it was at Berliners and was a clear statement of U.S.", "Frank Zeidler Frank Paul Zeidler (September 20, 1912 – July 7, 2006) was an American Socialist politician and Mayor of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, serving three terms from April 20, 1948 to April 18, 1960. He was the most recent Socialist mayor of any major American city.", "Ole von Beust Carl-Friedrich Arp Ole Freiherr von Beust, generally called Ole von Beust (born April 13, 1955), is a German politician who was First Mayor of Hamburg from 31 October 2001 to 25 August 2010, serving as President of the Bundesrat from 1 November 2007 on for one year. He was succeeded as mayor by Christoph Ahlhaus.", "Hartmut Mehdorn Hartmut Mehdorn (born 31 July 1942 in Warsaw) is a German manager and current CEO of Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg GmbH (FBB), the owner and future operator of Berlin Brandenburg Airport. He served as CEO of Germany's second largest airline Air Berlin until he stepped down in January 2013. Until May 2009 he served as CEO of Deutsche Bahn AG, Germany's biggest railway company.", "Christian Ude Christian Ude (born 26 October 1947 in Munich) is a German politician who served as mayor of Munich from 1993 to 2014. He is a member of the German Social Democratic Party.", "Michael Häupl Michael Häupl (born 14 September 1949) is the mayor of Vienna. He is a member of the Social Democratic Party of Austria. He is married to Barbara Hörnlein and has two children from his first two marriages.", "Richard Witting Richard Witting (1856, Berlin – 1923) was a Prussian politician and financier. He was mayor of Poznań in 1891–1902. From 1902-1910 he was director of Nationalbank für Deutschland (National Bank for Germany).", "Hanno Drechsler Hanno Drechsler (24 March 1931 – 4 January 2003) was the Lord Mayor of the City of Marburg, Germany between 1970 and 1992, and the instigator of its restoration after urban renewal; he was also an important Social Democratic politician and political scientist.", "Boroughs and localities of Berlin Berlin is both a city and one of Germany’s federal states (See: City state). Since a 2001 administrative reform, it is made up of twelve boroughs (German: Bezirke, pronounced [bəˈʦɪʁkə]), each with its own local government, though all boroughs are subject to Berlin’s city and state government.Each borough is governed by a council (Bezirksamt) with five councillors (Bezirksstadträte) and a borough mayor (Bezirksbürgermeister).", "Rotes Rathaus The Rotes Rathaus (Red City Hall) is the town hall of Berlin, located in the Mitte district on Rathausstraße near Alexanderplatz. It is the home to the governing mayor and the government (the Senate of Berlin) of the Federal state of Berlin. The name of the landmark building dates from the facade design with red clinker bricks.", "Berlin Berlin (/bərˈlɪn/, German: [bɛɐ̯ˈliːn]) is the capital of Germany and one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.5 million people, it is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany on the banks of Rivers Spree and Havel, it is the centre of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, which has about six million residents from over 180 nations.", "Frank Cownie Thomas Michael Franklin \"Frank\" Cownie (born 1948) is the current mayor of Des Moines, Iowa in the United States.He owns and operates Cownie Furs, a store that has been in his family for generations.Cownie is a Des Moines native. He grew up on the city's west side, attending Theodore Roosevelt High School and Iowa State University.", "Georg Sterzinsky Georg Maximilian Sterzinsky (9 February 1936 – 30 June 2011) was a German cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and the Archbishop of Berlin.", "Matthias Platzeck Matthias Platzeck (born 29 December 1953) is a German politician. He was Minister-President of Brandenburg from 2002 to 2013 and party chairman of the SPD from November 2005 to April 2006.On July 29, 2013 he announced that he would resign from his office in August for health reasons.", "Richard von Weizsäcker Richard Karl Freiherr von Weizsäcker (About this sound listen ; 15 April 1920 – 31 January 2015) was a German politician (CDU). Born into the aristocratic Weizsäcker family, he took his first public offices in the Evangelical Church in Germany.A member of the CDU since 1954, he was elected as member of parliament in 1969. He continued to hold a mandate as member of the Bundestag until he became Governing Mayor of West Berlin, following the 1981 state elections.", "Klaus Wowereit Klaus Wowereit (born 1 October 1953) is a German politician, member of the SPD (Social Democratic Party), and was the Governing Mayor of Berlin from 21 October 2001 to 11 December 2014. In 2001 state elections his party won a plurality of the votes, 29.7%. He served as President of the Bundesrat (the fourth highest office in Germany) in 2001/02." ]	7
What is the second highest mountain on Earth?	[ "Eight-thousander\nThe eight-thousanders are the 14 independent mountains on Earth that are more than 8,000 metres (26,247 ft) high above sea level. All eight-thousanders are located in the Himalayan and Karakoram mountain ranges in Asia. They are the mountains whose summits are in the death zone.The first recorded attempt on an eight-thousander was when Albert F. Mummery and J. Norman Collie tried to climb Pakistan's Nanga Parbat in 1895.", "K2\nK2, also known as Chhogori/Qogir, Ketu/Kechu, and Mount Godwin-Austen (Native Balti name: Chhoghori; Balti/Tibetan script: ཆོ་གོ་རི); Urdu: چھوغوری), is the second highest mountain in the world at 8,611 metres (28,251 ft), after Mount Everest. It is located on the China-Pakistan border between Baltistan, in the Gilgit–Baltistan region of northern Pakistan, and the Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County of Xinjiang, China.", "Angel Sar\nAngel Sar or Angel Peak is a mountain in Karakoram range of Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, near K2, the second highest mountain on Earth.", "List of tallest mountains in the Solar System\nThis is a list of tallest mountains in the Solar System; in some cases, the tallest peaks of different classes on a world are also listed. At 21.9 km, the enormous shield volcano Olympus Mons on Mars is the tallest mountain on any planet. For 40 years, following its discovery in 1971, it was the tallest mountain known in the Solar System. However, in 2011, the central peak of the crater Rheasilvia on the asteroid and protoplanet Vesta was found to be of comparable height.", "K2 (film)\nK2 is a 1991 motion picture loosely based on the story of two friends' ascent of the second-highest mountain on Earth, K2. The story is based on a play written by Patrick Meyers and presented as a senior thesis at Stanford University. The film was directed by Franc Roddam, and written by Meyers and Scott Roberts, adapting Meyers' original stage play.", "Lists of mountains\nMountains can be listed according to various criteria: They can be part of peakbagging lists, which are goals for mountain climbers/hikers.", "List of mountain ranges of Pakistan\nPakistan is home to many mountains above 7,000 metres (22,970 ft). Five of the world's fourteen mountains taller than 8,000 meters \"\\eight-thousanders\") are in Pakistan, four of which are in Karakoram, near Concordia.Most of Pakistan's high peaks are located in the Karakoram range, the highest of which is K2 (8,611 m), the second highest peak on earth.", "Lists of highest points\nA list of highest points typically contains the name, elevation, and location of the highest point in each of a set of geographical regions. Such a list is important in the sport of highpointing.", "Mount Everest\nMount Everest, also known in Nepal as Sagarmāthā and in Tibet as Chomolungma, is Earth's highest mountain. It is located in the Mahalangur mountain range in Nepal. Its peak is 8,848 metres (29,029 ft) above sea level. It is not the furthest summit from the centre of the Earth. That honour goes to Mount Chimborazo, in the Andes. The international border between China and Nepal runs across Everest's precise summit point.", "2008 K2 disaster\nThe 2008 K2 disaster occurred on 1 August 2008, when 11 mountaineers from international expeditions died on K2, the second-highest mountain on Earth.Three others were seriously injured. The series of deaths, over the course of the Friday ascent and Saturday descent, was the worst single accident in the history of K2 mountaineering." ]	[ "Kula Kangri Kula Kangri is claimed by many authorities to be the highest mountain in Bhutan but this is disputed by others, who claim that Kula Kangri is wholly in Tibet. The first ascent was by a combined Japanese/Chinese team in 1986. The mountain occupies two ranges, the Himalaya and the Bhutan Himalaya.Chinese and Japanese authorities claim nearby Gangkhar Puensum is higher, and the claim that Kula Kangri is in or on the border with Bhutan is challenged here.", "Mount Whitney Mount Whitney is the highest summit in the contiguous United States and the Sierra Nevada, with an elevation of 14,505 feet (4,421 m). It is on the boundary between California's Inyo and Tulare counties, 84.6 miles (136.2 km) west-northwest of the lowest point in North America at Badwater in Death Valley National Park at 279 ft (85 m) below sea level.", "Beinn Shiantaidh Beinn Shiantaidh (Gaelic: holy mountain) is the second highest peak of the Paps of Jura on the island of Jura, Scotland. It stands at 757 metres above sea level, and with over 300 metres of relative height is therefore a Graham.", "Mount Blackburn Mount Blackburn is the highest peak in the Wrangell Mountains of Alaska in the United States. It is the fifth highest peak in the United States and the twelfth highest peak in North America. The mountain is an old, eroded shield volcano, the second highest volcano in the United States behind Mount Bona and the fifth highest in North America. It was named in 1885 by Lt. Henry T. Allen of the U.S. Army after Joseph Clay Stiles Blackburn, a U.S. senator from Kentucky.", "Paektu Mountain Mount Paektu, Baekdu, or Changbai is an active volcano on the border between North Korea and China. At 2,744 m (9,003 ft), it is the highest mountain of the Changbai and Baekdudaegan ranges.It is also the highest mountain on the Korean Peninsula and in northeastern China. A large crater lake, called Heaven Lake is in the caldera atop the mountain.", "Mount Whisler Mount Whisler is a mountain of the British Empire Range on Canada's Ellesmere Island. It is the second highest peak of the British Empire Range, of Ellesmere Island, and of the Arctic Cordillera. It is located about 12 km (7.5 mi) northeast of Barbeau Peak (2,616 m (8,583 ft)), the highest peak in the Cordillera. The Henrietta Nesmith Glacier completely surrounds Mount Whisler.The United States Army Signal Corps first mapped Mount Whisler in 1882 during their Lady Franklin Bay Expedition.", "Makalu Makalu (in Nepal officially मकालु, in China officially Makaru; Chinese: 马卡鲁山, Pinyin: Mǎkǎlǔ Shān; Makalungma in Limbu) is the fifth highest mountain in the world at 8,485 metres (27,838 ft). It is located in the Mahalangur Himalayas 19 km (12 mi) southeast of Mount Everest, on the border between Nepal and China. One of the eight-thousanders, Makalu is an isolated peak whose shape is a four-sided pyramid.Makalu has two notable subsidiary peaks.", "Nun Kun The Nun Kun mountain massif consists of a pair of Himalayan peaks: Nun, 7,135 m (23,409 ft) and its neighbor peak Kun, 7,077 m (23,218 ft). Nun is the highest peak in the part of the Himalayan range lying on the Indian side of the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir.", "Mount Sikaram Mount Sikaram is a mountain in the Spin Ghar range on the Afghanistan–Pakistan border south of the Kabul River and Khyber Pass. At 4,755 m (15,600 ft), it is the highest peak of the Spin Ghar.", "Timeline of climbing Mount Everest Mount Everest is the world's highest mountain, with a peak at 8,848 metres (29,029 ft) above sea level.", "Alan Rouse Alan Paul Rouse (19 December 1951 – 10 August 1986) was the first British climber to reach the summit of the second highest mountain in the world, K2, but died on the descent.", "Gyachung Kang Gyachung Kang (Nepali: ग्याचुङ्काङ, Gyāchung Kāng; Chinese: 格重康峰; pinyin: Gézhòngkāng Fēng) is a mountain in the Mahalangur Himal section of the Himalaya, and is the highest peak between Cho Oyu (8,201 m) and Mount Everest (8,848 m). It lies on the border between Nepal and China.", "Pico Humboldt Pico Humboldt is Venezuela's second highest peak, at 4,940 metres above sea level. It is located in the Sierra Nevada de Merida, in the Venezuelan Andes of (Mérida State). The peak with its sister peak Pico Bonpland, and the surrounding páramos are protected by the Sierra Nevada National Park.It is named after the famous German explorer and naturalist Alexander von Humboldt.", "Mons Huygens Mons Huygens is the Moon's tallest mountain (but not its highest point). It is about 3.3 miles (5.5 km) high and is located in the Montes Apenninus. The Montes Apenninus were formed by the impact that created Mare Imbrium.", "Mount Nirvana Mount Nirvana, at 2,773 m (9,098 ft) is the unofficial name of the highest mountain in the Northwest Territories, Canada.", "Xueshan Xueshan or Hsuehshan (Chinese: 雪山; pinyin: Xuě Shān; literally: \"Snow Mountain\") a mountain in Heping District, Taichung City, Taiwan. It is the second highest mountain in Taiwan and in East Asia, at 3,886 m (12,749 ft) above sea level. It is located in the Shei-Pa National Park and it is visible in good weather from hills near Taiwan's capital Taipei.In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it was known to Westerners as Mt. Sylvia.", "Cho Oyu Cho Oyu (Nepali: चोयु; Tibetan: ཇོ་བོ་དབུ་ཡ, Wylie: jo bo dbu yag, ZYPY: Qowowuyag: Chinese: 卓奧友山; pinyin: Zhuó'àoyǒu Shān) is the sixth highest mountain in the world at 8,201 metres (26,906 ft) above sea level. Cho Oyu means \"Turquoise Goddess\" in Tibetan. The mountain is the westernmost major peak of the Khumbu sub-section of the Mahalangur Himalaya 20 km west of Mount Everest.", "Batura Sar Batura Sar, also referred to as Batura I, is the 25th highest mountain on earth and the 10th highest in Pakistan. It is the highest peak of the Batura Muztagh, which is the westernmost subrange of the Karakoram range. It forms the apex of the Batura Wall, which is a continuously high part of the backbone of the Batura Muztagh.Alternate forms of the name of this peak are Batura, Batura I, and Batura I East.", "Acotango Acotango is the central and highest of a group of stratovolcanoes straddling the border of Bolivia and Chile. It is 6,052 metres (19,856 ft) high. The group is known as Kimsa Chata and consists of three mountains: Acotango, Umurata (5,730 metres (18,799 ft)) north of it and Capurata (5,990 metres (19,652 ft)) south of it.The group lies along a north-south alignment.", "Mount Tambuyukon Mount Tambuyukon or Tamboyukon (Malay: Gunung Tambuyukon) is Malaysia's third highest mountain at 2,579 m (8,462 ft). It lies close to the famous Mount Kinabalu. The mountain supports a wide range of unique flora and fauna, including a number of pitcher plant species of the genus Nepenthes.", "Yerupajá Yerupajá is a mountain of the Waywash mountain range in west central Peru, part of the Andes. At 6,635 metres (21,768 ft) (other sources: 6,617 m (21,709 ft)) it is the second-highest in Peru and the highest in the Waywash mountain range.", "Illimani Illimani (Aymara) is the highest mountain in the Cordillera Real (part of the Cordillera Oriental, a subrange of the Andes) of western Bolivia. It lies near the cities of El Alto and La Paz at the eastern edge of the Altiplano. It is the second highest peak in Bolivia, after Nevado Sajama, and the eighteenth highest peak in South America. The snow line lies at about 4,570 metres (15,000 ft) above sea level, and glaciers are found on the northern face at 4,983 m (16,350 ft).", "Tatamailau Tatamailau (Tetum: Foho Tatamailau), or Tata Mailau, sometimes referred as Mount Ramelau, is the highest mountain in East Timor and also of Timor island at 2,986 m (9,797 ft). The mountain is located approximately 70 km (43 mi) south of the capital Dili in the district of Ainaro. While East Timor was a Portuguese colony it was called the highest mountain of Portugal in 20th century, since the highest mountain of Portugal proper is of a more modest height.", "Mount Giluwe Mount Giluwe is the second highest mountain in Papua New Guinea at 4,367 metres (14,327 ft) (Mount Wilhelm being the highest). It is located in the Southern Highlands province and is an old shield volcano with vast alpine grasslands. Ancient volcanic plugs form its two summits, with the central peak the highest and an east peak about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) away at 4,300 m (14,108 ft).", "Denali Denali /dɨˈnaːli/ (also known as Mount McKinley, its former official name) is the highest mountain peak in North America, with a summit elevation of 20,310 feet (6,190.5 m) above sea level. At some 18,000 ft (5,500 m), the base-to-peak rise is the largest of any mountain situated entirely above sea level.", "Bikku Bitti Bikku Bitti, also known as Bette Peak, is the highest mountain in Libya at 2,266 metres (7,434 ft).It is located on the Dohone spur of the Tibesti Mountains in southern Libya, near the Chadian border.Bikku Bitti is in one of the least known and least accessible parts of the Sahara desert. It was climbed in December 2005 by Ginge Fullen and his Chadian guides, who approached from the Chadian side.", "Mount Tabwemasana Located on the isolated west coast of Espiritu Santo, Mount Tabwemasana is not only the highest peak in Vanuatu, but also one of the highest mountains in the Pacific. At 1,879 metres (6,165 ft), Tabwemasana towers above the surrounding mountains and provides fantastic views toward the Coral Sea in East.", "Rimo I Rimo I is the main summit of the Rimo massif with an elevation of 7,385 metres (24,229 ft). It lies in the northern part of the remote Rimo Muztagh, a subrange of the Karakoram range. It is located about 20 km northeast of the snout of the Siachen Glacier and is the world's 71st highest mountain. Rimo means \"striped mountain\".", "Klyuchevskaya Sopka Klyuchevskaya Sopka (Russian: Ключевская сопка; also known as Kliuchevskoi, Russian: Ключевской) is a stratovolcano, the highest mountain on the Kamchatka Peninsula of Russia and the highest active volcano of Eurasia. Its steep, symmetrical cone towers about 100 kilometres (60 mi) from the Bering Sea.", "Mount Tukosmera Mount Tukosmera is the tallest mountain on Tanna, Vanuatu. It is located in the southern part of the island. It was a volcano in the Pleistocene, but is no longer active, unlike Mount Yasur.The mountain has special religious significance for the adherents of the John Frum movement, as a place from which gods come.", "Ismoil Somoni Peak Ismoil Somoni Peak (Tajik: Қуллаи Исмоили Сомонӣ, Qullai Ismoili Somonī; Russian: пик Исмаила Самани pik Ismaila Samani) is the highest mountain in Tajikistan and in the former Russian Empire and later in the Soviet Union, named after Ismail Samani, the greatest ruler of the Samanid dynasty.", "Pico de Orizaba The Pico de Orizaba or Citlaltépetl (from Nahuatl citlal(in) = star, and tepētl = mountain), is a stratovolcano, the highest mountain in Mexico and the third highest in North America, after Denali (formerly known as Mount McKinley) of the United States and Mount Logan of Canada. It rises 5,636 metres (18,491 ft) above sea level in the eastern end of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, on the border between the states of Veracruz and Puebla.", "Dhaulagiri The Dhaulagiri massif in Nepal extends 120 km (70 mi) from the Kaligandaki River west to the Bheri. This massif is bounded on the north and southwest by tributaries of the Bheri River and on the southeast by Myagdi Khola. Dhaulagiri I is the seventh highest mountain in the world at 8,167 metres (26,795 ft) above sea level. It was first climbed on May 13, 1960 by a Swiss/Austrian/Nepali expedition.The mountain's name is धौलागिरी (dhaulāgirī) in Nepali.", "Mount Shasta Mount Shasta (Karuk: Úytaahkoo or \"White Mountain\") is a potentially active volcano located at the southern end of the Cascade Range in Siskiyou County, California. At 14,179 feet (4,322 m), it is the second highest peak in the Cascades and the fifth highest in California. Mount Shasta has an estimated volume of 85 cubic miles (350 km3) which makes it the most voluminous stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc.The mountain and its surrounding area are managed by the U.S.", "Mount Fairweather Mount Fairweather (officially gazetted as Fairweather Mountain in Canada but referred to as Mount Fairweather), is one of the world's highest coastal mountains at 4,671 metres (15,325 feet.) It is located 20 km (12 mi) east of the Pacific Ocean on the border of Alaska, United States and western British Columbia, Canada.", "Whitetop Mountain Whitetop Mountain is the second highest mountain in the U.S. state of Virginia, after nearby Mount Rogers. It is located at the juncture of Grayson, Smyth, and Washington Counties in the state of Virginia. Whitetop was the location of the White Top Folk Festival from 1932 to 1939, with the exception of 1937.", "Saltoro Kangri Saltoro Kangri is the highest peak of the Saltoro Mountains, better known as the Saltoro Range, which is a part of the Karakoram. It is the 31st highest mountain in the world, but it is in a very remote location deep in the Karakoram. It is located on the Actual Ground Position Line between Indian controlled territory in the Siachen region and Pakistani-controlled territory west of the Saltoro Range.", "Mount Kilimanjaro Mount Kilimanjaro /ˌkɪlɪmənˈdʒɑːroʊ/, with its three volcanic cones, \"Kibo\", \"Mawenzi\", and \"Shira\", is a dormant volcanic mountain in Tanzania. It is the highest mountain in Africa, and rises approximately 4,877 metres (16,001 ft) from its base to 5,895 metres (19,341 ft) above sea level. The first recorded ascent to the summit of the mountain was by Hans Meyer and Ludwig Purtscheller in 1889. The mountain is part of the Kilimanjaro National Park and is a major climbing destination.", "Mount Adams (Washington) Mount Adams, known by some native American tribes as Pahto or Klickitat, is a potentially active stratovolcano in the Cascade Range. It is the second-highest mountain in the U.S. state of Washington, trailing only Mount Rainier.Adams is a member of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, and is one of the arc's largest volcanoes,located in a remote wilderness approximately 34 miles (55 km) east of Mount St. Helens.The Mount Adams Wilderness comprises the upper and western part of the volcano's cone.", "Siniolchu Siniolchu is one of the tallest mountains of the Indian state of Sikkim. The 6,888 metres (22,598 ft) mountain is considered to be particularly aesthetically attractive, having been described by Douglas Freshfield as \"the most superb triumph of mountain architecture and the most beautiful snow mountain in the world\".", "Bahaya Bahaya (Somali language: Buurta Baxaya) is the second-tallest mountain in Somalia. It is located east of Bosaso, close to the Red Sea.", "K12 (mountain) K12 is the second highest peak in the Saltoro Mountains, a subrange of the Karakoram range in the Siachen region, near Jammu and Kashmir. It lies near the Line of Control. Its name comes from its designation given during the original survey of the Karakoram range.K12 lies to the southwest of the Siachen Glacier; the K12 glacier heads on its northeast slopes and feeds the Siachen.", "Jannu Jannu or Kumbhakarna (Limbu: Phoktanglungma) is the 32nd highest mountain in the world. It is an important Western outlier of Kangchenjunga, the world's third highest peak. Jannu is a large and steep peak in its own right, and has numerous challenging climbing routes. The official name of this peak is Kumbhakarna, but the designation Jannu is still better known.", "K2 (disambiguation) K2 is a mountain located on the border of China and Pakistan.K2 or K-2 may also refer to:", "Wildspitze Wildspitze is the highest mountain in the Ötztal Alps and in North Tyrol, as well as the second highest mountain in Austria after the Großglockner. The nearest higher mountain is the Ortler, 48.5 kilometres (30 mi) away in South Tyrol.", "Ojos del Salado Nevado Ojos del Salado is a massive stratovolcano in the Andes on the Argentina–Chile border and the highest active volcano in the world at 6,893 m (22,615 ft). It is also the second highest mountain in the Western Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere and the highest in Chile.", "Khunyang Chhish Khunyang Chhish or Kunyang Chhish is the second-highest mountain in the Hispar Muztagh, a subrange of the Karakoram mountains of Pakistan. Alternate variations of the name include Kunyang Kish and Khiangyang Kish, among others. Its height is also sometimes given as 7823m. It is ranked 21st in the world and 8th in Pakistan.", "Mount Stanley Mount Stanley is a mountain located in the Rwenzori range. With an elevation of 5,109 m (16,763 ft), it is the highest mountain of both the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda, and the third highest in Africa, after Kilimanjaro (5,895 m) and Mount Kenya (5,199 m). The peak and several other surrounding peaks are high enough to support glaciers. Mount Stanley is named for the journalist and explorer, Sir Henry Morton Stanley.", "Mount Bintumani Mount Bintumani (also known as Loma Mansa) is the highest peak in Sierra Leone and the Loma Mountains, at 1,945 metres (6,381 ft). It lies in the Loma Mountains and its lower slopes are covered in rainforests, home to a wide variety of animals. These include pygmy hippopotamuses, dwarf crocodiles, rufous fishing-owls and numerous primates.", "Tirich Mir Tirich Mir (Pashto/Khowar/Urdu: ترچ میر‎) (alternatively Terich Mir, Terichmir and Turch Mir) is the highest mountain of the Hindu Kush range, and the highest mountain in the world outside of the Himalayas-Karakoram range, located in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The mountain was first climbed in 1950 by a Norwegian expedition consisting of Arne Næss, P. Kvernberg, H. Berg, and Tony Streather.", "Mount Feathertop Mount Feathertop is the second-highest mountain in the Australian state of Victoria and is a member of the Australian Alps located entirely within the Alpine National Park. It rises to 1,922 metres (6,306 ft) and is usually covered in snow from June to September.", "Muztagh Ata Muztagh Ata, or Muztagata (Uyghur: مۇز تاغ ئاتا, literally \"ice-mountain-father\"; Chinese: 慕士塔格峰; pinyin: Mùshìtǎgé Fēng), is the second highest (7509 metres) of the mountains which form the northern edge of the Tibetan Plateau (not the second highest of the mountains of the Tibetan Plateau). It is sometimes regarded as being part of the Kunlun Shan, although physically it is more closely connected to the Pamirs.", "Mount Dana Mount Dana is a mountain on the eastern edge of Yosemite National Park in the U.S. state of California. At an elevation of 13,061 feet (3,981 m), it is the second highest mountain in Yosemite (after Mount Lyell), and the northernmost summit in the Sierra Nevada which is over 13000 feet in elevation. Mount Dana is the highest peak in Yosemite that is a simple hike to the summit.", "Kamet Kamet (Hindi: कामेत) is the second highest mountain in the Garhwal region of India, after Nanda Devi. It lies in the Chamoli District of Uttarakhand, close to the border with Tibet. It is the third highest mountain in Indian-controlled territory, although it ranks lower if counting mountains inside Indian-claimed territory in Pakistan, and it is the 29th highest in the world. In appearance it resembles a giant pyramid topped by a flat summit area with two peaks.", "Mount Foraker Mount Foraker is a 17,400-foot (5,304 m) mountain in the central Alaska Range, in Denali National Park, 14 mi (23 km) southwest of Denali. It is the second highest peak in the Alaska Range, and the third highest peak in the United States.", "Gasherbrum I Gasherbrum I (Urdu: گاشر برم -1‎; simplified Chinese: 加舒尔布鲁木I峰; traditional Chinese: 加舒爾布魯木I峰; pinyin: Jiāshūěrbùlǔmù I Fēng), also known as Hidden Peak or K5, is the 11th highest mountain in the world at 8,080 metres (26,510 ft) above sea level. It is located on the Pakistani–Chinese border in Gilgit–Baltistan region of Pakistan and Xinjiang region of China. Gasherbrum I is part of the Gasherbrum massif, located in the Karakoram region of the Himalaya.", "Malubiting Malubiting (also known as Malubiting West) is the second highest peak in the Rakaposhi-Haramosh Mountains, a subrange of the Karakoram range of Pakistan.", "Mount Sidley Mount Sidley is the highest dormant volcano in Antarctica, a member of the Volcanic Seven Summits, with a summit elevation of 4,181–4,285 metres (13,717–14,058 ft). It is a massive, mainly snow-covered shield volcano which is the highest and most imposing of the five volcanic mountains that comprise the Executive Committee Range of Marie Byrd Land.", "Mount Adams (New Hampshire) Mount Adams, elevation 5,793 feet (1,766 m) above sea level, is a mountain in New Hampshire, the second highest peak in the Northeast United States after its nearby neighbor, Mt. Washington. Located in the northern Presidential Range, Mount Adams was named after John Adams, the second president of the United States. It was given this name on July 31, 1820. To the northeast is Mount Madison and to the southwest is Mount Jefferson.", "Nanga Parbat Nanga Parbat (literally, Naked Mountain Urdu: ننگا پربت [nəŋɡaː pərbət̪]) is the ninth highest mountain in the world at 8,126 metres (26,660 ft) above sea level. It is the western anchor of the Himalayas around which the Indus river skirts into the plains of pakistan. It is located in the Gilgit-Baltistan region of the Pakistan and is locally known as 'Deo Mir' ('mir' meaning 'mountain').Nanga Parbat is one of the eight-thousanders, with a summit elevation of 8,126 metres (26,660 ft).", "Mount Entoto Mount Entoto (Amharic: እንጦጦ?) is the highest peak overlooking the city of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, and has views of the city. It reaches 3,200 meters above sea level and is part of the Entoto mountain chain.", "Gaurishankar Gaurishankar (also Gaurishankar or Gaurishankar; Devanagari गौरीशंकर; Tibetan: Jomo Tseringma;) is a mountain in the Himalayas, the second highest peak of the Rolwaling Himal, behind Melungtse (7,181m). The name comes from the Hindu goddess Gauri, a manifestation of Durga, and her Consort Shankar, denoting the sacred regard to which is afforded it by the peoples of Tibet and Nepal. The Buddhist Sherpas call the mountain Jomo Tseringma.", "Mount Townsend Mount Townsend, a mountain in the Main Range of the Great Dividing Range, is located in the Snowy Mountains region of New South Wales, Australia.With an elevation of 2,209 metres (7,247 ft) above sea level, Mount Townsend is the second highest peak of mainland Australia.", "Mount Rungwe Mount Rungwe is a potentially active volcano in the Mbeya Region of the southern highlands of Tanzania. At an altitude of 2,960 metres (9,710 ft), it is southern Tanzania's second highest peak. Rungwe stands at the junction of the eastern and western arms of the East African Rift. It dominates the mountainous country at the north-west end of the trough that contains Lake Nyasa.", "Ben Macdui Ben Macdui (Scottish Gaelic: Beinn Mac Duibh) is the second highest mountain in the United Kingdom after Ben Nevis, and the highest in the Cairngorms. After the defeat of Domnall mac Uilliam in 1187, Donnchad II, Earl of Fife, acquired Strathavon, territory stretching from Ballindalloch to Ben Macdui; because the mountain marked the western boundary of Donnchad's territory, historian and place-name scholar Professor G. W. S.", "Middle Triple Peak Middle Triple Peak is the second highest peak in the Kichatna Mountains, a subrange of the Alaska Range in Alaska, United States. It is a striking rock tower, with immense, sheer walls on the east and west sides.Its East Buttress route (roughly 3,600 feet/1,100 m high) is a classic hard rock climbing route. Due to the remoteness of the range and the usually terrible weather, this peak has seen only a few ascents.", "Skyang Kangri Skyang Kangri, or Staircase Peak, is a high peak of the Baltoro Muztagh, a subrange of the Karakoram range. It lies on the Pakistan-China border, about 7 km northeast of K2, the world's second-highest mountain. The name \"Staircase Peak\" refers to the East Ridge, which resembles a giant staircase with five steps.", "Lhotse Lhotse (Nepali: ल्होत्से; Chinese: 洛子峰; pinyin: Luòzǐ Fēng; Tibetan: ལྷོ་རྩེ, Wylie: lho rtse, ZYPY: Lhozê) is the fourth highest mountain in the world at 8,516 metres (27,940 ft), after Mount Everest, K2, and Kangchenjunga. It is connected to Everest via the South Col. Lhotse means “South Peak” in Tibetan. In addition to the main summit at 8,516 metres (27,940 ft) above sea level, Lhotse Middle (East) is 8,414 m (27,605 ft) and Lhotse Shar is 8,383 m (27,503 ft).", "Kangchenjunga Kangchenjunga (Nepali: कञ्चनजङ्घा, Sikkimese and Tibetan: གངས་ཆེན་མཛོད་ལྔ་, Hindi: कंचनजंघा) is the third highest mountain in the world. It rises with an elevation of 8,586 m (28,169 ft) in a section of the Himalayas called Kangchenjunga Himal that is limited in the west by the Tamur River and in the east by the Teesta River. The Kangchenjunga Himal is located in eastern Nepal and Sikkim, India.The main peak of Kangchenjunga is the second highest mountain in Nepal after Mount Everest.", "Aconcagua Aconcagua (Spanish pronunciation: [akoŋˈkaɣwa]) is the highest mountain outside of Asia, at 6,960.8 metres (22,837 ft), and by extension the highest point in both the Western Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. It is located in the Andes mountain range, in the Mendoza Province, Argentina, and lies 112 kilometres (70 mi) northwest of its capital, the city of Mendoza.", "Pieter Both (mountain) Pieter Both is the second highest mountain of Mauritius, at 820 metres tall. The mountain is shorter that Piton de la Petite Rivière Noire by eight meters. It is named after Pieter Both, the first Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies. It is located in the Moka Range. The notable feature of this mountain is the gigantic rock formation at the very top of it, which resembles a human head.To climb the mountain following the main ridge takes about an hour, and is mildly difficult.", "Mount K2 Mount K2 is a mountain located in the upper Athabasca River Valley of Jasper National Park, 1½ km east of Mount Kitchener. The mountain was named in 1938 by Rex Gibson (former Alpine Club of Canada president), apparently to signify this as a secondary peak of Mount Kitchener, and not K2.", "Les Deux Alpes Les Deux Alpes (also Les 2 Alpes or Les 2 Alpes 3600) is a ski resort in the French Isère département. The village sits at 1,650 m (5,413 ft) and lifts run to 3,600 m (11,811 ft). It has the largest skiable glacier in Europe and is France's second oldest ski resort behind Chamonix, where the largest mountain in western Europe is located, Mont Blanc. It has the longest, normally open full on-piste vertical available in the world. It is a 71 km (44 mi) drive southeast of Grenoble.", "Himalchuli Himalchuli is the second highest mountain in the Mansiri Himal, part of the Nepalese Himalayas. It lies south of Manaslu, one of the Eight-thousanders. Himalchuli has three main peaks: East (7893 m), West (7540 m) and North (7371 m). It is also often written as two words, \"Himal Chuli\".Himalchuli is the 18th highest mountain in the world(using a cutoff of 500m prominence, or re-ascent). Himalchuli is also notable for its large vertical relief over local terrain.", "Mount Tasman Mount Tasman (Horokoau in Māori) is New Zealand's second highest mountain, rising to a height of 3,497 metres (11,473 ft). It is located in the Southern Alps of the South Island, four kilometres to the north of its larger neighbour, Aoraki / Mount Cook. Unlike Aoraki / Mount Cook, Mount Tasman sits on the South Island's Main Divide, on the border between Aoraki/Mount Cook National Park and Westland Tai Poutini National Park.", "Lenin Peak Lenin Peak (Kyrgyz: Ленин Чокусу, Russian: Пик Ленина; Tajik: қуллаи Ленин, renamed қуллаи Абӯалӣ ибни Сино in July 2006), rises to 7,134 metres (23,406 ft) in Gorno-Badakhshan (GBAO) on the border of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, and is the second-highest point of both countries. It is considered one of the easiest 7,000 m peaks in the world to climb and it has by far the most ascents of any 7,000 m or higher peak on Earth, with every year seeing hundreds of climbers make their way to the summit.", "Mount Stimson Mount Stimson (10,142 feet (3,091 m)) is the second highest peak in Glacier National Park, located in Montana, United States. It is part of the Lewis Range, which spans much of the park. It is located in the remote southwestern portion of the park, approximately 5 miles (8.0 km) west of the Continental Divide and 12 miles (19 km) southeast of Lake McDonald.", "Mount Ontake Mount Ontake (御嶽山, Ontake-san), also referred to as Mount Kiso Ontake (木曽御嶽山, Kiso Ontake-san), is the second highest volcano in Japan (after Mount Fuji) at 3,067 m (10,062 ft).", "Mount Saint Elias Mount Saint Elias may also refer to Mount CarmelMount Saint Elias, also designated Boundary Peak 186, is the second highest mountain in both Canada and the United States, being situated on the Yukon and Alaska border. It lies about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwest of Mount Logan, the highest mountain in Canada. The Canadian side is part of Kluane National Park, while the U.S. side of the mountain is located within Wrangell-St.", "Shishapangma Shishapangma, also called Gosainthān, is the 14th highest mountain in the world at 8,027 metres (26,335 ft) above sea level. It was the last 8,000 metre peak to be climbed, due to its location entirely within Tibet and the restrictions on visits by foreign travelers to the region imposed by authorities of the Government of China and of the Tibet Autonomous Region.", "Mount Timpanogos Mount Timpanogos, sometimes informally referred to as Timp, is the second highest mountain in Utah's Wasatch Range. Timpanogos rises to an elevation of 11,752 ft (3,582 m) above sea level in the Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest. With 5,270 feet of topographic prominence, Timpanogos is the 47th-most prominent mountain in the contiguous United States.The mountain towers over Utah Valley, including the cities of Lehi, Provo, Orem, Pleasant Grove, American Fork, Lindon and others.", "Nanda Devi Nanda Devi (Hindi: नन्दा देवी ) is the highest mountain in Uttarakhand, the second highest mountain in India, and the highest located entirely within the country (Kangchenjunga is on the border of India and Nepal); owing to this geography it was considered the highest known mountain in the world, until computations on Dhaulagiri by western surveyors in 1808. It was also the highest mountain in India before Sikkim joined the Republic of India.", "Mount Logan Mount Logan is the highest mountain in Canada and the second-highest peak in North America, after Denali. The mountain was named after Sir William Edmond Logan, a Canadian geologist and founder of the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC). Mount Logan is located within Kluane National Park and Reserve in southwestern Yukon, less than 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of the Yukon/Alaska border. Mount Logan is the source of the Hubbard and Logan Glaciers.", "Maat Mons Maat Mons is a massive shield volcano. It is the second-highest mountain, and the highest volcano, on the planet Venus. It rises 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) above the mean planetary radius at 0.5°N 194.6°E / 0.5; 194.6, and nearly 5 km above the surrounding plains. It is named after the Egyptian goddess of truth and justice, Ma'at.", "Mount Kenya Mount Kenya is the highest mountain in Kenya and the second-highest in Africa, after Kilimanjaro. The highest peaks of the mountain are Batian (5,199 metres (17,057 ft)), Nelion (5,188 metres (17,021 ft)) and Point Lenana (4,985 metres (16,355 ft)). Mount Kenya is located in central Kenya, about 16.5 kilometres (10.3 mi) south of the equator, around 150 kilometres (93 mi) north-northeast of the capital Nairobi.", "Mount Makarakomburu Mount Makarakomburu is the second highest point in the Solomon Islands, located approximately 20 miles south of Honiara, the capital, on the island of Guadalcanal, which is the largest island in the country.", "Mount Massive Mount Massive is the second highest summit of the Rocky Mountains of North America and the U.S. state of Colorado. The prominent 14,428-foot (4,398 m) fourteener of the Sawatch Range is located in the Mount Massive Wilderness of San Isabel National Forest, 10.6 miles (17.1 km) west-southwest (bearing 247°) of the City of Leadville in Lake County, Colorado, United States.", "Gasherbrum II Gasherbrum II (Urdu: گاشر برم -2‎; simplified Chinese: 加舒尔布鲁木II峰; traditional Chinese: 加舒爾布魯木II峰; pinyin: Jiāshūěrbùlǔmù II Fēng), also known as K4, is the 13th highest mountain in the world at 8,035 metres (26,362 ft) above sea level. It is the third-highest peak of the Gasherbrum massif, and is located in the Karakoram, on the border between Gilgit–Baltistan province, Pakistan, and Xinjiang, China.", "Mount Williamson Mount Williamson, at 14,389 feet (4,386 m), is the second highest mountain in both the Sierra Nevada range and the state of California. It is the sixth highest peak in the contiguous United States.", "Mount Trusmadi Mount Trusmadi or Trus Madi (Malay: Gunung Trusmadi) is Malaysia's second highest mountain at 2,642 metres (8,668 ft). It lies in the state of Sabah, close to Mount Kinabalu, on the island of Borneo. The mountain supports a wide range of unique flora and fauna, including Nepenthes macrophylla, a species of pitcher plant.The natural hybrid Nepenthes × trusmadiensis is named after the mountain.", "Jim Wickwire Jim Wickwire (born June 8, 1940) was the first American to summit K2, the second highest mountain in the world (8,611 m - 28,251 feet). Wickwire is also known for surviving an overnight solo bivouac on K2 at an elevation above 27,000 ft or 8,200 m; considered \"one of the most notorious bivouacs in mountaineering history\". Between 1977 and 1982, Wickwire lost four climbing partners to fatal accidents on three separate mountains.", "Mount Tyree Mount Tyree (4852m) is the second highest mountain of Antarctica located 13 kilometres northwest of Vinson Massif (4,892 m), the highest peak on the continent. It surmounts Patton Glacier to the north and Cervellati Glacier to the southeast.", "Mount Erebus Mount Erebus /ˈɛrɨbəs/ is the second highest volcano in Antarctica (after Mount Sidley) and the southernmost active volcano on earth. It is the 6th highest ultra mountain on an island." ]	10
Give me all professional skateboarders from Sweden.	[ "Tony Magnusson\nTony Magnusson (born February 23, 1963), is a Swedish semi-retired professional skateboarder and part-owner of Osiris Shoes. Magnusson gained significant fame throughout the 1980s by inventing several tricks and becoming one of the first professional skateboarders to start a rider-owned company.", "Stefan Åkesson\nStefan \"Lillis\" Åkesson is a Swedish Pro freestyle skateboarder, actor and web designer. He is the founder of the International Network for Flatland freestyle Skateboarding and of Reverse Freestyle Skateboards, as well as the co-founder of the World Freestyle Skateboard Association (WFSA)[1].Åkesson started to skateboard in 1978 and won his first Swedish Championships in 1983.", "Alex Perelson\nAlex Perelson (born December 5, 1990, San Diego, California) is a professional skateboarder living in San Diego. Perelson began vert skateboarding in 1999 and turned professional in 2005.", "Ali Boulala\nAli Boulala (born January 28, 1979) is a Swedish professional skateboarder, who has appeared in the Flip Skateboards videos Sorry and Really Sorry, Osiris' Subject to Change, and numerous Baker Skateboards videos.", "Per Welinder\nPer Nils Welinder (born April 17, 1962), is a Swedish professional skateboarder. He has the distinction of being the only person to have ever beaten Rodney Mullen in a professional contest." ]	[ "Björn Rosengren Björn Folke Rosengren, born 14 April 1942 in Täby, county of Stockholm; Swedish, active in the labour union and a Social Democratic politician; chairman of the Swedish community salaried employees' association (SKTF) 1976-1982 and the white-collar's central organisation TCO 1982–1994 (a position he was forced to leave after a visit to a strip club, called Tabu), county governor in the Norrbotten County 1995-1998, minister of business 1998-2002, member of the parliament 2002.Currently resides at Arnöbergs country manor on Arnö in lake Mälaren.", "Börje Salming Anders Börje Salming (born April 17, 1951), nicknamed \"The King\", is a retired Swedish professional ice hockey defenceman. He played for Kiruna AIF, Brynäs IF, the Toronto Maple Leafs, the Detroit Red Wings, and AIK. Salming was one of the first European players to make an impact in the National Hockey League (NHL), paving the way for future generations of players.", "Markus Näslund Markus Sten Näslund (born July 30, 1973) is a Swedish retired ice hockey player and former general manager for Modo Hockey of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL, formerly named Elitserien). He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Pittsburgh Penguins, Vancouver Canucks and New York Rangers, as well as in the Elitserien with Modo Hockey.", "Zero Skateboards Zero Skateboards is a skateboard company located in Carlsbad, California, United States (US). The brand was founded by professional skateboarder and entrepreneur Jamie Thomas, and distributed by his Black Box Distribution company. In late June, 2014, Thomas announced that the brand will be distributed by the Dwindle Distribution company, based in El Segundo, California, US.", "Teemu Laakso Teemu Laakso (born August 27, 1987) is a Finnish professional ice hockey defenceman. He is currently plays with the Växjö Lakers of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL).", "Kent Carlsson Kent Carlsson (born 3 January 1968) is a former tennis player from Sweden. A seasoned claycourter, he won all nine of his ATP tour singles titles on the surface, including the 1988 Hamburg Masters. Carlsson achieved a career-high singles ranking of World No. 6 in September 1988.", "WESC WeSC (short for \"We are the Superlative Conspiracy\") is a Swedish clothing brand that is primarily influenced by skateboarding and snowboarding. The company's head office is in Stockholm and employs between 51 and 200 staff members. The company's CEO is Joseph Janus.", "Mikael Samuelsson Karl Mikael Samuelsson (born December 23, 1976) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey right winger. Samuelsson began his career in Sweden, starting with Södertälje SK as a junior in 1994. He went on to also play for Swedish teams IK Nyköping, Frölunda HC and Brynäs IF. After being selected 145th overall in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft by the San Jose Sharks, he moved to North America for the 2000–01 NHL season.", "Phil Esbenshade Phil Esbenshade, also known as Phil E., was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was a well known professional skateboarder in the second skateboard heyday of the late 1980s. His oddball antics and his unusual appearance garnered him magazine and video coverage worldwide. Several skateboards bearing the E logo on them were made in his honor. He retired from the sport in the 1990s and later became a Prosecutor in Northern California.", "Niclas Hävelid Niclas Anders Hävelid (born April 12, 1973) is a retired Swedish professional ice hockey defenceman who last played for Linköpings HC of the Swedish Elitserien during the 2012-13 season. He won a Gold Medal with Team Sweden at the 2006 Winter Olympics.", "Alexander Steen Alexander Lennart Steen (born March 1, 1984) is a Swedish Canadian professional ice hockey player and alternate captain for the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for Modo in the Elitserien (SEL, now named the SHL) on a short-term contract during the 2012–13 NHL lockout.", "Niklas Edin Johan Niklas Edin (born 6 July 1985) is a Swedish curler from Karlstad. He is the current European and World champion, and currently plays skip.", "Per Thorén Per Thorén (26 January 1885 – 5 January 1962) was a Swedish figure skater in the early 20th century who won a bronze medal at the 1908 Olympic Games. In Europe, the half loop jump, a variation of the loop jump, was often referred to as the Thorén jump.", "Brandon Novak Brandon Novak (born December 10, 1978) is a professional skateboarder, actor, stuntman, and friend of Bam Margera and is a prominent member of the CKY Crew. Novak is referred to by many nicknames in the CKY world, including Dreamseller, referring to his history of drug abuse, and \"Nudie Novak\", for his reputation of generally being bottomless or completely nude and his promiscuous behavior.", "Langhorns Langhorns is an instrumental surf music band from Lund, Sweden. The members are: Michael Sellers - guitar (Sellars was previously in Swedish band The Sinners) Martin Berglund - bass Rikard Swardh - drums Erik Wesser - drums The band is strongly influenced by surf music and Latin music.Some of their music has been used on Nickelodeon's cartoon SpongeBob SquarePants and on the TV series Sex and the City.", "Peter Aerts Peter Aerts (born October 25, 1970) is a retired Dutch super heavyweight kickboxer. Known for his devastating high kicks, which earned him the nickname \"The Dutch Lumberjack\", he is widely considered to be one of the greatest heavyweight kickboxers ever, along with Mirko Filipović, Remy Bonjasky, Andy Hug, Ernesto Hoost and Semmy Schilt.Born in Eindhoven, Netherlands, Aerts began training in Muay Thai and kickboxing at the age of fourteen.", "Rickard Engfors Rickard Engfors (born November 22, 1976, in Haninge, Stockholm) is a Swedish model, stylist and former drag queen.His career began in 1996 as an artist in Swedish drag troupe After Dark and he was quickly appointed to \"Christer Lindarws crown prince\" and was also known as \"Sweden's best looking girl\".", "Per Hallberg This page is for the Swedish sound editor. For the Swedish ice hockey player, see Per Hållberg.Per Hallberg, born December 30, 1958 in Borgholm, is a Swedish film sound editor whose work has appeared in over 40 movies. He has won three Academy Awards for Best Sound Editingfor the films Braveheart (1995), The Bourne Ultimatum (2007) and Skyfall (2012).", "Tommy Guerrero Tommy Guerrero (born September 9, 1966) is an American professional skateboarder, company owner, and musician.", "John Zimmerman (figure skater) John Luther Zimmerman IV (born November 26, 1973) is an American professional pair skater. With skating partner Kyoko Ina, he is the 2002 World bronze medalist and a three-time U.S. national champion. They also competed at the 2002 Olympics. Zimmerman is now a coach.", "Dockstavarvet Dockstavarvet is a Swedish shipyard located in the small village of Docksta, in the municipality of Kramfors, by the Gulf of Bothnia.The company was founded in 1905 by Nils and Carl Sundin as N & C Sundins Båtbyggeri; the current name of the company simply means \"Docksta shipyard\".In the 1970s Dockstavarvet began specializing in aluminum vessels, such as pilot boats, patrol crafts, and lifeboats.In the mid 1980s the company was commissioned to build a military assault craft, known as the Combat Boat 90, for the Swedish Marines. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dockstavarvet?oldid=583949461> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Štefan_Ružička> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Štefan Ružička (born February 17, 1985 in Nitra, Czechoslovakia now Slovakia) is a Slovak former professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) and the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).", "Christian Berglund Christian Jonas Berglund (born March 12, 1980) is a professional Swedish ice hockey Left Wing currently playing for BIK Karlskoga in Hockeyallsvenskan (Swedish 2nd highest division).", "Niclas Bergfors Niclas Bergfors (born March 7, 1987) is a Swedish professional ice hockey right winger currently playing for Admiral Vladivostok of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He was drafted by the National Hockey League (NHL)'s New Jersey Devils in the first round, 23rd overall, at the 2005 NHL Entry Draft, playing for the organization for four-and-a-half seasons before joining the Atlanta Thrashers 2010, Florida Panthers in 2011 and Nashville Predators via free agency in 2011.", "Djurgårdens IF Hockey Djurgårdens IF Ishockeyförening (English: Djurgården IF Ice Hockey Club) is a professional ice hockey team based in Stockholm, Sweden, affiliated with the Djurgårdens IF umbrella organization. Djurgården is the most successful Swedish hockey team of all time, as 16-time Swedish Champions, 9-time runners-up, and leaders of the marathon table for the top flight of Swedish hockey, as well as two-time European Cup winners.", "Ray Barbee Ray Barbee (born 5 October 1971) is an American skateboarder from San Jose, California. He was one of the first skateboarders to bring freestyle/flatland tricks to street, technical ollie combinations and numerous no comply variations.", "Rick Howard Rick Howard is a Canadian professional skateboarder, who is a part-owner of Girl Skateboards and cofounded the Lakai Limited Footwear company with fellow professional skateboarder Mike Carroll.", "Paul Rodriguez (skateboarder) Paul Rodriguez, Jr. (born December 31, 1984), also known by his nickname P-Rod, is an American professional street skateboarder and actor. Rodriguez has won a total of eight medals at the X Games, four of them gold, with the most recent first place victory occurring in Los Angeles, United States (U.S.) in July 2012. P-rod is a father and had a big impact on the skate scene.", "Modo Hockey Modo Hockey (or MODO with uppercase letters) is a professional ice hockey club in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden. The club plays in Sweden's premier ice hockey league, the Swedish Hockey League (SHL; formerly Elitserien). They were founded in 1921 and have won two SHL championships; in 1979 and 2007. The team's home arena is the Fjällräven Center (previously known as Swedbank Arena) since 2006. Before then, the team played at Kempehallen, beginning in 1964.", "Jonas Höglund Jonas Kent Lennart Höglund (born August 29, 1972) is a retired Swedish professional ice hockey player.", "Tony Hawk Anthony Frank \"Tony\" Hawk (born May 12, 1968), nicknamed \"The Birdman\", is an American former professional skateboarder and actor. Hawk is well known for completing the first documented 900 and for his licensed video game titles, published by Activision. He is widely considered to be one of the most successful and influential pioneers of modern vertical skateboarding.In 2002, he created the \"Boom Boom HuckJam\", an extreme sports exhibition and tour that was launched in Las Vegas.", "Rodney Mullen John Rodney Mullen (born August 17, 1966) is a professional skateboarder, entrepreneur, inventor, and public speaker who practices freestyle and street skateboarding. Mullen is credited with inventing numerous skateboarding tricks, including the flatground ollie, kickflip, heelflip, impossible, and 360-flip (also commonly known as the 'tre-flip' or '3-flip').", "Allmänna Idrottsklubben Allmänna Idrottsklubben (usually referred to as just AIK) is a professional sports club outside Stockholm, Sweden. Founded in 1891, at the downtown address of Biblioteksgatan 8, AIK is one of the largest, and oldest, clubs in Scandinavia.", "Stefan Jarl Stefan Jarl (born 18 March 1941, Skara) is a Swedish film director best known for his documentaries. He made the Mods Trilogy, three films which follow a group of alienated people in Stockholm from the 1960s to the 1990s, They Call Us Misfits (1968), A Respectable Life (1979) and Det sociala arvet (1993). A Respectable Life won the 1979 Guldbagge Awards for Best Film and Best Director.", "Chris Haslam (skateboarder) Chris Haslam (born December 19, 1980) is a Canadian professional skateboarder whose natural stance is \"goofy\". He is recognized as an innovative skateboarder whose skateboarding is defined by creativity and progression.", "Kiira Korpi Kiira Linda Katriina Korpi (born 26 September 1988) is a Finnish figure skater. She is a three-time European medalist (bronze in 2007 and 2011, silver in 2012), the 2010 Trophée Eric Bompard champion, the 2012 Rostelecom Cup champion, a two-time Cup of China medalist, and a five-time Finnish national champion (2009, 2011–2013, 2015). She retired from competitive skating on August 27, 2015.", "Refused Refused is a Swedish hardcore punk band originating from Umeå and formed in 1991. Refused is composed of vocalist Dennis Lyxzén, guitarist Kristofer Steen, drummer David Sandström, and bassist Magnus Flagge. Guitarist Jon Brännström was a member from 1994, through reunions, until he was fired in late-2014.", "Falko Zandstra Falko Zandstra (born December 27, 1971) is a former Dutch speed skater. Because of his thin legs he was also called de Gespierde Spijker which translates to the Muscular Nail.", "Shiloh Greathouse Shiloh Greathouse is a professional skateboarder based in Los Angeles, California. Shiloh Greathouse gained prominence in the 90's skating for World Industries and made a resurgence with the release of the Transworld Skateboarding video First Love. His \"First Love\" video footage was widely considered to be among the best released in 2005.Greathouse adorned the cover of the inaugural 1992 issue of Big Brother, a skateboarding magazine.", "Brian Lotti Brian Lotti is an American professional skateboarder, filmmaker, and artist. Lotti rose to fame in the skateboarding world in the late 1980s while riding for the now-defunct skateboard company H-Street. He is known for his fluid skateboarding style and inventing the \"Bigspin\" skateboard trick.", "Anders Frisk Anders Frisk (born 18 February 1963) is an insurance agent by trade and a former football referee. Frisk chose to go into early retirement from refereeing due to pressure from death threats made against him and his family. These death threats were made by Chelsea fans because Frisk sent off Didier Drogba in the first leg of the UEFA Champions League against FC Barcelona. He is fluent in several languages including his native Swedish, English and German.", "Olle Råde Olle Råde (born 11 December 1978) is a professional Magic: The Gathering player from Sweden. He was inducted to the Magic: The Gathering Pro Tour Hall of Fame as part of the inaugural class in 2005. Olle was also the first player awarded with the coveted Player of the Year award and was the first non-American player to win a pro tour event.", "Pale Olofsson Pale Olofsson (born 8 January 1947) is a Swedish rock musician, actor and artist. He is mostly known as one of the members of Nationalteatern.He was born in Stockholm, (grew up in Årsta) and moved to Malmö in 1960.He has appeared in films and TV series such as Lyftet, Lasermannen, and Let the Right One In.", "Per Eklund Per Torsten Eklund, born on June 21, 1946 in Skönnerud (Koppom), Eda Municipality of Värmland in Sweden, is a Rally and Rallycross driver who lives in Arvika. His nickname is \"Pekka\". In rallying he never made it to the very top but he has been very successful in his later rallycross career.", "Kim Källström Kim Mikael Källström (Swedish pronunciation: [kɪm ˈɕɛl.ˈstrœm]; born 24 August 1982) is a Swedish professional footballer, and plays midfielder for Grasshopper and the Sweden national team. He is noted for his play-making ability and free-kick taking.He started his career at several clubs in Sweden, winning consecutive Allsvenskan titles with Djurgårdens before moving to France where he represented Rennes and Lyon.", "Tony Rickardsson Tony Rickardsson svenska (born on 17 August 1970 in Avesta, Dalarna County, Sweden) is a retired Swedish motorcycle speedway rider. He is widely acknowledged as being the most successful speedway rider of the current era, having won six Speedway World Championship titles in 15 attempts.", "Jens Thorén Jens Thorén is a former professional Magic: The Gathering player from Sweden. He is best known for winning the 2002 Magic Invitational and finishing in the top 4 of two Pro Tours in a row (San Diego and Osaka) in the 2001–02 season. That season, he also finished second in the Player of the Year race to Kai Budde. He won the Masters tournament in Houston the following season. After winning the Magic Invitational, a version of the card he designed was printed in Mirrodin as Solemn Simulacrum.", "Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees The Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees (Swedish: Tjänstemännens Centralorganisation, TCO) is a national trade union centre, the umbrella organisation for eighteen trade unions in Sweden that organise professional and other qualified employees within both the private and the public sectors. The affiliated trade unions gather in total about 1.3 million employees (including students and pensioners).", "Markku Koski Markku Koski (born October 15, 1981) is a professional snowboarder from Sievi, Finland. He is well known within the snowboarding community for his consistent showing in half-pipe competitions and for his video parts with Standard Films. Koski won the bronze medal at 2006 Winter Olympics in the Halfpipe competition, and he won a gold medal in the Big Air competition at the 2009 Snowboard World Championships.", "Ryan Sheckler Ryan Allen Sheckler (born December 30, 1989) is an American professional skateboarder and entrepreneur, and was the star of the MTV-produced reality television series Life of Ryan. Sheckler was listed in Fox Weekly's \"15 Most Influential Skateboarders of All-Time\" article.", "Almost Skateboards Almost Skateboards is a United States (US) skateboard company founded by professional skateboarders and business partners, Daewon Song and Rodney Mullen. The company manufactures skateboard decks using 7-ply, 8-ply, and carbon fiber constructions, while the decks are bound with resin epoxy glue. As of November 2014, the brand is distributed by Dwindle Distribution.", "Fredrik Sjöström Fredrik Per Oscar Sjöström (Swedish: [ˈɧœˈstɾœm]; born May 6, 1983) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey winger. Drafted by the National Hockey League (NHL)'s Phoenix Coyotes in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft, Sjöström played over 500 regular season NHL and Stanley Cup playoff games with the Coyotes, New York Rangers, Calgary Flames and Toronto Maple Leafs.", "Kerry Getz Kerry Getz (born June 10, 1975) is an American professional skateboarder.", "Brian Shima Brian Matthew Isoa Shima (Born December 22, 1981) is a professional inline skater. He came to fame in the early rollerblading community because of his unique style on skates and winning many competitions. He also holds the record for the most pro skates held by any person.", "Joakim Thåström Sven Joachim Eriksson Thåström (born 20 March 1957), better known as Thåström, is one of Sweden's best known rock musicians, he is mostly known for the bands Ebba Grön and Imperiet. He has moved between a number of genres, from punk to rock, industrial and autobiographical singer-songwriter music.", "Elissa Steamer Elissa Steamer (born July 31, 1975) is an American professional skateboarder who is acknowledged as the first woman to have attained professional status in the history of skateboarding.", "Josh Kalis Josh Kalis (born April 27, 1976) is a professional skateboarder who specializes in \"street skateboarding\". Kalis was sponsored by Alien Workshop for a significant period of time before switching to board sponsor, DGK, in 2009.", "Kareem Campbell Kareem Campbell (born November 14, 1973 in Harlem, New York) is a professional skateboarder. He is known for his signature trick, the fakie hardflip late backside 180º, or \"Ghetto Bird\".Campbell has been featured as a playable character in the Tony Hawk's Pro Skater video game series.", "Promoe Promoe (Mårten Edh, born Nils Mårten Ed, 28 April 1976) is a Swedish rapper, and member of Swedish hip hop group Looptroop Rockers, formed in Västerås, Sweden, 1992. He released his fourth album in 2009 entitled Kråksången, and later the same year followed up with the mixtape Bondfångeri. Promoe has a background of graffiti-writing and many of his songs deal with graffiti.", "Daewon Song Daewon David Song (born February 19, 1975) is a Korean-born American professional skateboarder, recognized for his skillful technical street skateboarding. He is a co-owner of Almost Skateboards, along with Rodney Mullen, and also skates for the company alongside other sponsored team riders. Song was named the 2006 \"Skater of the Year\" by Thrasher magazine, an award that is widely considered to be one of the most significant honors in skateboarding.", "Line Østvold Line Lunde Østvold (7 November 1978 – 19 September 2004) was a Norwegian professional snowboarder who specialized in snowboard cross (downhill obstacle) events.In 2001, she was ranked the number one World Female Boardercross Athlete as well as ESPN Winter X Games Boardercross Champion.", "Jonas Nordquist Jonas Martin Nordquist (born April 26, 1982 in Leksand, Sweden) is a Swedish professional ice hockey centre, currently playing for EC KAC in Austrian Hockey League (EBEL). Nordquist was drafted by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 2nd round of the 2000 NHL Entry Draft (49th overall).", "Swede Knox Swede Knox (born on March 2, 1948 in Edmonton, Alberta) is a former NHL linesman who graduated from Athabasca University in 1999 with a Bachelor of Administration degree. He had officiated over 2,248 NHL games, since 1972, and wore a helmet from the mid-1980s until his retirement in the early-2000s.", "Forsberg The Swedish surname Forsberg may refer to:Amanda Forsberg, Swedish ballerinaBengt Forsberg (born 1952), Swedish classical pianistBilly Forsberg, British Speedway Rider for the Belle Vue Aces Chris Forsberg, American racecar driverChuck Forsberg, American computer specialistEmil Forsberg (born 1991), Swedish international footballerEric Forsberg (born 1966), American screenwriter and directorFilip Forsberg (born 1994), Swedish professional ice hockey playerFranklin S.", "Alex Lundqvist Alex Lundqvist (born 14 April 1972) is a male Swedish model. He is a professional paintball player for the team Jersey Authority in the National Professional Paintball League (NPPL) and a former member of the Russian Legion team in the Paintball Sports Promotion (PSP) National X Ball League (NXL). He is also the brother of professional paintball player Maximus Lundqvist of Stockholm Joy Division.", "Henrik Pontén Henrik Pontén, born October 17, 1965 in Kalmar, Sweden, is a jurist active in the organization Svenska antipiratbyrån (Swedish Anti-Piracy Bureau), and is often seen representing the organization in the media. He became well known in Swedish media during the Bahnhof raid and the raid against The Pirate Bay. Pontén studied law at Stockholm University.In May 2009, as a response to Pontén's anti-piracy stance, pranksters legally changed his name to \"Pirate Pontén\".", "Niklas Jihde Niklas Jihde (born July 19, 1976 in Uppåkra, Sweden) is a Swedish former floorball player. Jihde has won the Floorball World Championship with Sweden five times, in 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, and 2006.Since 2005, Jihde has been ranked as a 2nd world's best floorball player by Innebandymagazinet behind Finnish phenomenon Mika Kohonen.", "Henrik Tallinder Henrik Per Tallinder (born January 10, 1979) is a Swedish professional ice hockey defenceman who is currently an unrestricted free agent of the National Hockey League (NHL).", "Marcus Allbäck Marcus Christian Allbäck (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈmarkɵs ˈal.ˈbɛk]; born 5 July 1973 in Gothenburg), is a retired Swedish footballer and coach, who currently is assistant coach for the Sweden national football team. He is a well-travelled striker known for his sharp finishing ability", "Ace of Base Ace of Base is a Swedish pop group, originally consisting of Ulf \"Buddha\" Ekberg and three siblings, Jonas \"Joker\" Berggren, Malin \"Linn\" Berggren and Jenny Berggren. They released four studio albums between 1992 and 2002, which sold over 30 million copies worldwide, making them the third-most successful band from Sweden of all time, after ABBA and Roxette.Happy Nation / The Sign is one of the best-selling debut albums of all time, and was certified nine times platinum in the United States.", "Håkan Loob Håkan Per Loob (born 3 July 1960) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey player for Färjestad BK of the Elitserien and the Calgary Flames of the National Hockey League (NHL). He is now the President of Hockey Operations for Färjestad. Considered one of the greatest Swedish hockey players of all time, he was inducted into the International Ice Hockey Federation Hall of Fame in 1998 and the Swedish ice hockey Hall of Fame in 2012.", "Tomas Gustafson Sven Tomas Gustafson (born 28 December 1959) is a retired speed skater, and one of the most successful distance skaters of the 1980s. He was born in Katrineholm, Sweden.", "Mikael Renberg Mikael Bo Renberg (born May 5, 1972) is a retired Swedish professional ice hockey player, last playing for Skellefteå AIK in Elitserien. He spent ten seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) and eight in the Swedish Elitserien.", "Geoff Rowley Geoffrey Joseph Rowley Junior (born 6 June 1976) is an English professional skateboarder, co-owner of Flip Skateboards and owner of the Civilware Service Corporation. Rowley is a recipient of the prestigious \"Skater of the Year\" award, judged and presented by Thrasher Magazine.", "Division of Laura Lee Division of Laura Lee is a band of Swedish musicians/skateboarders originally from Vänersborg, Sweden heavily influenced by post-punk bands, britpop and the DC music scene (Dischord Records). The name comes from Laura Lee, a soul singer, and the phrase \"Division Of\" which was spotted on a cardboard box at their practice space.", "Kim Christiansen Kim Christiansen (born May 8, 1976) is a Norwegian snowboarder. He grew up in Drammen.He started his professional career in 1991 at age 16 when he became sponsored by Quicksilver and he retired from professional snowboarding in 2006.", "Basshunter Jonas Erik Altberg (born 22 December 1984), better known by his stage name Basshunter /ˈbeɪs.hʌn.tər/ (stylized sometimes as BassHunter), is a Swedish singer-songwriter, record producer, and DJ. He is best known for his number one hits \"Boten Anna\", \"Vi sitter i Ventrilo och spelar DotA\", \"Now You're Gone\" and \"All I Ever Wanted\". Basshunter has so far released a total of six albums, two of which have been released in the United Kingdom.", "Marcus Nilson Marcus Rolf Börje Nilson (born March 1, 1978) is a Swedish professional ice hockey player, currently contracted by the Swedish hockey league team Djurgårdens IF.", "Amund Sjøbrend Amund Martin Sjøbrend (born 1 December 1952) is a former ice speed skater from Norway.Together with Sten Stensen, Kay Stenshjemmet, and Jan Egil Storholt, Amund Sjøbrend was one of the legendary four S-es (which sounds like \"four aces\" in Norwegian), four Norwegian top skaters in the 1970s and early 1980s. His first international success came in 1974, when he won silver at the European Allround Championships.", "Luca Giammarco Luca Giammarco, from Italy, is the top-ranked slalom skateboarder in the world. A multi-talented competitor, Giammarco was a competitive rock climber and placed in the 1999 and 2001 UIIA World Cup climbing competitions.", "Jon Comer Jon Comer (January 19, 1976) is the first professional skateboarder with a prosthetic limb (due to an amputated lower leg). He is featured in the award winning documentary \"Never Been Done\". Jon earned the respect of skateboarding legends like Tony Hawk, Steve Caballero, and Mike Vallely who admire Jon’s success and determination. Jon currently resides in Dallas, Texas. He has a son named Gabriel.", "Natas Kaupas Natas Kaupas (born 1969) is a Lithuanian professional skateboarder. He grew up in South Santa Monica, California in the area known as Dogtown and is of Lithuanian descent. He attended Santa Monica High School. He is often referred to as one of the first true professional street skateboarders.", "Christian Hosoi Christian Rosha Hosoi (/hoʊˈsɔɪ/ hoh-SOY; born October 5, 1967) is an American professional skateboarder. He is also known by the nicknames \"Christ\" and \"Holmes\".", "Carl Pettersson Carl Pettersson (born 29 August 1977) is a Swedish professional golfer who is a member of the PGA Tour. He has won five times on the PGA Tour, making him Sweden's joint most successful player alongside Jesper Parnevik. Pettersson carries dual citizenship after having become an American citizen in January 2012.", "Swedish Confederation of Professional Associations The Swedish Confederation of Professional Associations (Swedish: Sveriges Akademikers Centralorganisation, SACO) is a confederation of 26 independent professional associations in Sweden. It gathers some 556,000 members, all of whom are academics or graduate professionals with a university or college degree. The members include economists, lawyers, architects, graduate engineers, doctors, scientists, teachers and many others.", "Terje Håkonsen Terje Håkonsen (born 11 October 1974 in Vinje, Norway) is a Norwegian professional snowboarder. He is considered to be one of the most influential snowboarders in the history of the sport. In the book \"The way of the snowboarder\", Rob Reed wrote that \"Haakonsen took the young sport of snowboarding and revolutionized nearly every aspect of it\".Håkonsen dominated freestyle competitions during the 1990s.", "Calle Steen Carl Erik \"Calle\" Steén (born May 16, 1980 in Stockholm, Sweden) is a Swedish professional ice hockey player currently playing for the Malmö Redhawks.Steen was drafted in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft in the 5th round as the 142nd pick overall by the Detroit Red Wings. At that time he played for Hammarby IF in the second highest league in Sweden, Allsvenskan.", "Thomas Steen Anders Thomas Steen (born June 8, 1960) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey player and coach. Steen is the former city councillor for the Winnipeg ward of Elmwood-East Kildonan. Steen played professional ice hockey in the Elitserien, National Hockey League and Deutsche Eishockey Liga.", "List of people connected to Malmö This is a list of people connected to Malmö, Sweden.Björn Afzelius (1947–1999), musicianArash Labaf (1977–), singerCaspar Bartholin (1585–1629), medical scholarThe Cardigans since 1994, pop-rock-punk musical bandAnita Ekberg (1931–2015), model and actressPer Engdahl (1909–1994), pro-Nazi politicianAdrian Erlandsson (1970–), musicianGunilla Florby (1943–), Professor of English literatureHjalmar Gullberg (1898–1961), poet, member of the Swedish AcademyPer Albin Hansson (1885–1946), politician, Prime Minister of Sweden (1932–1946)Håkan Hardenberger (1961), trumpet playerZlatan Ibrahimović (1981–), football playerMaja Ivarsson (1979–), lead singer of The SoundsJonny Jakobsen (1963–), musicianKim Johnsson (1976–), ice hockey playerFredrik Jonsson (1977–), tennis playerPontus Madsen (1979–), webcomic artistLukas Moodysson (1969–), directorAugust Palm (1849–1922), politician, founder of the Swedish Social Democratic PartyMikael Pernfors (1963–), tennis playerPromoe (1976–), rapper and member of LoopTroop RockersBjörn Ranelid (1949–), authorHenrik Reuterdahl (1795–1870), Archbishop of Uppsala (1856–1870)Mats Söderlund (1969–), singer, club manager, and modelFrans Suell (1744–1818), businessman who built the Malmö harbourJanna Svensson (1973–), former glamour modelTimbuktu (1975–), rapper and reggae artistJan Troell (1931–), film directorFelix von Luckner (1881–1966), sailorJacques Werup (1945–) poet, author, jazz musicianBo Widerberg (1930–1997), film directorChristian Wilhelmsson (1979–), football playerSofia Helin (1972–), actress, through her character Saga Norén, homicide detectiveJoakim Hellstrand (better known as Rythian), a member of the Yogscast", "Chris Senn (skateboarder) Chris Senn (born December 11, 1972 in Costa Mesa, California, grew up in Grass Valley, California) is a professional skateboarder, known for his aggressive and spontaneous style. Current and past sponsors include Powell Skateboards Channel one Adrenalin Skateboards Emerica, Ace, Type-S, Paradox, Kamanu Charters and Toy Machine Skateboards.", "Bastien Salabanzi Bastien Salabanzi (born November 18, 1985 in Toulon, France) is a French professional skateboarder whose stance is regular.", "Sven Kramer Sven Kramer (Dutch pronunciation: [svɛn ˈkraːmər]; born 23 April 1986) is a Dutch long track speed skater who has won an all-time men's record seven World Allround Championships as well as a men's record seven European Allround Championships.", "Bob Burnquist Roberto Dean Silva Burnquist (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈʁɔbɛʁtʃ ˈdzĩː ˈsiwvɐ bɐ̃(ɹ)ˈkwistʃ], born October 10, 1976), popularly known as Bob Burnquist, is a Brazilian-American professional skateboarder. In 2010, he became the first skateboarder to land a \"fakie 900\" (900-degree reverse-natural rotation), making Burnquist the fifth person in history to successfully complete the 900 trick.", "Chad Muska Chad Muska (born May 20, 1977) is an American professional skateboarder and entrepreneur. In November 2012, Skin Phillips (Editor-in-chief of Transworld SKATEboarding magazine) described Muska as \"one of the most marketable pros skateboarding has ever seen\".", "Rune Glifberg Rune Glifberg (born October 7, 1974) nicknamed \"The Danish Destroyer\", is a Danish professional skateboarder. Glifberg is one of just three skaters to compete at every X Games and has a total of 12 X Games medals.", "Arto Saari Arto Saari (born November 9, 1981) is a Finnish professional skateboarder and photographer. Saari's skateboarding stance is regular and he was awarded Thrasher magazine's \"Skater of the Year\" award in 2001." ]	11

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