id string | url string | title string | contents string |
|---|---|---|---|
12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | Anarchism
Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is skeptical of all justifications for authority and seeks to abolish the institutions it claims maintain unnecessary coercion and hierarchy, typically including nation-states, and capitalism. Anarchism advocates for the replacement of the state with state... |
12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | Anarchism
While the term libertarian has been largely synonymous with anarchism, its meaning has more recently been diluted by wider adoption from ideologically disparate groups, including both the New Left and libertarian Marxists, who do not associate themselves with authoritarian socialists or a vanguard party, and ... |
12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | Anarchism
Modern era
During the French Revolution, partisan groups such as the Enrages and the saw a turning point in the fermentation of anti-state and federalist sentiments. The first anarchist currents developed throughout the 18th century as William Godwin espoused philosophical anarchism in England, morally deleg... |
12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | Anarchism
Despite concerns, anarchists enthusiastically participated in the Russian Revolution in opposition to the White movement, especially in the Makhnovshchina; however, they met harsh suppression after the Bolshevik government had stabilised, including during the Kronstadt rebellion. Several anarchists from Petro... |
12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | Anarchism
Around the turn of the 21st century, anarchism grew in popularity and influence within anti-capitalist, anti-war and anti-globalisation movements. Anarchists became known for their involvement in protests against the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Group of Eight and the World Economic Forum. During the p... |
12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | Anarchism
Anarchism is usually placed on the far-left of the political spectrum. Much of its economics and legal philosophy reflect anti-authoritarian, anti-statist, libertarian, and radical interpretations of left-wing and socialist politics such as collectivism, communism, individualism, mutualism, and syndicalism, a... |
12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | Anarchism
Individualist anarchism is a set of several traditions of thought within the anarchist movement that emphasise the individual and their will over any kinds of external determinants. Early influences on individualist forms of anarchism include William Godwin, Max Stirner, and Henry David Thoreau. Through many ... |
12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | Anarchism
Anarchist tactics have shifted during the course of the last century. Anarchists during the early 20th century focused more on strikes and militancy while contemporary anarchists use a broader array of approaches.
Classical era
During the classical era, anarchists had a militant tendency. Not only did they co... |
12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | Anarchism
Evolutionary
Anarchists commonly employ direct action. This can take the form of disrupting and protesting against unjust hierarchy, or the form of self-managing their lives through the creation of counter-institutions such as communes and non-hierarchical collectives. Decision-making is often handled in an ... |
12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | Anarchism
As anarchism is a philosophy that embodies many diverse attitudes, tendencies, and schools of thought; disagreement over questions of values, ideology, and tactics is common. Its diversity has led to widely different uses of identical terms among different anarchist traditions which has created a number of de... |
12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | Anarchism
Sexuality was not often discussed by classical anarchists but the few that did felt that an anarchist society would lead to sexuality naturally developing. Sexual violence was a concern for anarchists such as Benjamin Tucker, who opposed age of consent laws, believing they would benefit predatory men. A histo... |
12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | Anarchism
In 1901, Catalan anarchist and free thinker Francisco Ferrer established the Escuela Moderna in Barcelona as an opposition to the established education system which was dictated largely by the Catholic Church. Ferrer's approach was secular, rejecting both state and church involvement in the educational proces... |
12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | Anarchism
Other anarchists advocated for or used art as a means to achieve anarchist ends. In his book Breaking the Spell: A History of Anarchist Filmmakers, Videotape Guerrillas, and Digital Ninjas, Chris Robe claims that "anarchist-inflected practices have increasingly structured movement-based video activism." Throu... |
12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | Anarchism
Philosophy lecturer Andrew G. Fiala composed a list of common arguments against anarchism which includes critiques such as that anarchism is innately related to violence and destruction, not only in the pragmatic world, such as at protests, but in the world of ethics as well. Secondly, anarchism is evaluated ... |
39 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo | Albedo | Albedo
Albedo (; ) is the fraction of sunlight that is diffusely reflected by a body. It is measured on a scale from 0 (corresponding to a black body that absorbs all incident radiation) to 1 (corresponding to a body that reflects all incident radiation).
Surface albedo is defined as the ratio of radiosity Je to the ir... |
39 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo | Albedo | Albedo
Earth's surface albedo is regularly estimated via Earth observation satellite sensors such as NASA's MODIS instruments on board the Terra and Aqua satellites, and the CERES instrument on the Suomi NPP and JPSS. As the amount of reflected radiation is only measured for a single direction by satellite, not all dir... |
39 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo | Albedo | Albedo
It has been found that urbanization generally decreases albedo (commonly being 0.010.02 lower than adjacent croplands), which contributes to global warming. Deliberately increasing albedo in urban areas can mitigate urban heat island. Ouyang et al. estimated that, on a global scale, "an albedo increase of 0.1 in... |
39 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo | Albedo | Albedo
When an area's albedo changes due to snowfall, a snowtemperature feedback results. A layer of snowfall increases local albedo, reflecting away sunlight, leading to local cooling. In principle, if no outside temperature change affects this area (e.g., a warm air mass), the raised albedo and lower temperature woul... |
39 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo | Albedo | Albedo
Solar photovoltaic effects
Albedo can affect the electrical energy output of solar photovoltaic devices. For example, the effects of a spectrally responsive albedo are illustrated by the differences between the spectrally weighted albedo of solar photovoltaic technology based on hydrogenated amorphous silicon (... |
39 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo | Albedo | Albedo
Studies by the Hadley Centre have investigated the relative (generally warming) effect of albedo change and (cooling) effect of carbon sequestration on planting forests. They found that new forests in tropical and midlatitude areas tended to cool; new forests in high latitudes (e.g., Siberia) were neutral or per... |
39 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo | Albedo | Albedo
Aerosol effects
Aerosols (very fine particles/droplets in the atmosphere) have both direct and indirect effects on Earth's radiative balance. The direct (albedo) effect is generally to cool the planet; the indirect effect (the particles act as cloud condensation nuclei and thereby change cloud properties) is les... |
39 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo | Albedo | Albedo
The overall albedo of the Moon is measured to be around 0.14, but it is strongly directional and non-Lambertian, displaying also a strong opposition effect. Although such reflectance properties are different from those of any terrestrial terrains, they are typical of the regolith surfaces of airless Solar System... |
39 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo | Albedo | Albedo
Relationship to surface bulk density
In the event that most of the echo is from first surface reflections ( or so), the OC radar albedo is a first-order approximation of the Fresnel reflection coefficient (aka reflectivity) and can be used to estimate the bulk density of a planetary surface to a depth of a meter... |
290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A | A | A
A, or a, is the first letter and the first vowel of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is a (pronounced ), plural aes. It is similar in shape to the Ancient Greek letter Alpha, from which it derives. The ... |
290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A | A | A
At the end of the Roman Empire (5th century AD), several variants of the cursive minuscule developed through Western Europe. Among these were the semicursive minuscule of Italy, the Merovingian script in France, the Visigothic script in Spain, and the Insular or Anglo-Irish semi-uncial or Anglo-Saxon majuscule of Gre... |
290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A | A | A
is the third-most-commonly used letter in English (after and ) and French, the second most common in Spanish, and the most common in Portuguese. About 8.167% of letters used in English texts tend to be ; the number is around 7.636% in French, 11.525% in Spanish, and 14.634% for Portuguese.
Other languages
In most la... |
290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A | A | A
Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet
: Latin AE ligature
A with diacritics: A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a
Phonetic alphabet symbols related to A (the International Phonetic Alphabet only uses l... |
303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama | Alabama | Alabama
Alabama () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states.
Alabama is nicknamed the Ye... |
303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama | Alabama | Alabama
Etymology
The European-American naming of the Alabama River and state was derived from the Alabama people, a Muskogean-speaking tribe whose members lived just below the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers on the upper reaches of the river. In the Alabama language, the word for a person of Alabama lin... |
303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama | Alabama | Alabama
The Spanish were the first Europeans to reach Alabama during their exploration of North America in the 16th century. The expedition of Hernando de Soto passed through Mabila and other parts of the state in 1540. More than 160 years later, the French founded the region's first European settlement at Old Mobile i... |
303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama | Alabama | Alabama
Cahaba, now a ghost town, was the first permanent state capital from 1820 to 1825. The Alabama Fever land rush was underway when the state was admitted to the Union, with settlers and land speculators pouring into the state to take advantage of fertile land suitable for cotton cultivation. Part of the frontier ... |
303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama | Alabama | Alabama
Following the war, the state remained chiefly agricultural, with an economy tied to cotton. During Reconstruction, state legislators ratified a new state constitution in 1868 which created the state's first public school system and expanded women's rights. Legislators funded numerous public road and railroad pr... |
303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama | Alabama | Alabama
The rural-dominated Alabama legislature consistently underfunded schools and services for the disenfranchised African Americans, but it did not relieve them of paying taxes. Partially as a response to chronic underfunding of education for African Americans in the South, the Rosenwald Fund began funding the cons... |
303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama | Alabama | Alabama
Despite massive population changes in the state from 1901 to 1961, the rural-dominated legislature refused to reapportion House and Senate seats based on population, as required by the state constitution to follow the results of decennial censuses. They held on to old representation to maintain political and ec... |
303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama | Alabama | Alabama
As part of settlement of this case, five Alabama cities and counties, including Chilton County, adopted a system of cumulative voting for election of representatives in multi-seat jurisdictions. This has resulted in more proportional representation for voters. In another form of proportional representation, 23 ... |
303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama | Alabama | Alabama
Alabama's land consists of of forest or 67% of the state's total land area. Suburban Baldwin County, along the Gulf Coast, is the largest county in the state in both land area and water area.
Areas in Alabama administered by the National Park Service include Horseshoe Bend National Military Park near Alexander ... |
303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama | Alabama | Alabama
Summers in Alabama are among the hottest in the U.S., with high temperatures averaging over throughout the summer in some parts of the state. Alabama is also prone to tropical storms and hurricanes. Areas of the state far away from the Gulf are not immune to the effects of the storms, which often dump tremendou... |
303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama | Alabama | Alabama
Alabama is home to a diverse array of flora and fauna in habitats that range from the Tennessee Valley, Appalachian Plateau, and Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians of the north to the Piedmont, Canebrake, and Black Belt of the central region to the Gulf Coastal Plain and beaches along the Gulf of Mexico in the south... |
303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama | Alabama | Alabama
In 1984, under the DavisStrong Act, the state legislature established the Alabama Indian Affairs Commission. Native American groups within the state had increasingly been demanding recognition as ethnic groups and seeking an end to discrimination. Given the long history of slavery and associated racial segregat... |
303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama | Alabama | Alabama
In Alabama, the Southern Baptist Convention has the highest number of adherents with 1,380,121; this is followed by the United Methodist Church with 327,734 adherents, non-denominational Evangelical Protestant with 220,938 adherents, and the Catholic Church with 150,647 adherents. Many Baptist and Methodist con... |
303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama | Alabama | Alabama
A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study in 2008 showed that obesity in Alabama is a problem, with most counties having more than 29% of adults obese, except for ten which had a rate between 26% and 29%. Residents of the state, along with those in five other states, were least likely in the nation to ... |
303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama | Alabama | Alabama
Agriculture
Alabama's agricultural outputs include poultry and eggs, cattle, fish, plant nursery items, peanuts, cotton, grains such as corn and sorghum, vegetables, milk, soybeans, and peaches. Although known as "The Cotton State", Alabama ranks between eighth and tenth in national cotton production, accordin... |
303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama | Alabama | Alabama
The Hunt Refining Company, a subsidiary of Hunt Consolidated, Inc., is based in Tuscaloosa and operates a refinery there. The company also operates terminals in Mobile, Melvin, and Moundville. JVC America, Inc. operates an optical disc replication and packaging plant in Tuscaloosa.
The Goodyear Tire and Rubber ... |
303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama | Alabama | Alabama
Alabama has historically been a popular region for film shoots due to its diverse landscapes and contrast of environments. Movies filmed in Alabama include: Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Get Out, 42, Selma, Big Fish, The Final Destination, Due Date, Need For Speed and many more.
Healthcare
UAB Hospital, ... |
303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama | Alabama | Alabama
Until 1964, the state elected state senators on a geographic basis by county, with one per county. It had not redistricted congressional districts since passage of its constitution in 1901; as a result, urbanized areas were grossly underrepresented. It had not changed legislative districts to reflect the decenn... |
303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama | Alabama | Alabama
Alabama has the death penalty with authorized methods of execution that include the electric chair and the gas chamber. Some critics believe the election of judges has contributed to an exceedingly high rate of executions. Alabama has the highest per capita death penalty rate in the country. In some years, it i... |
303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama | Alabama | Alabama
Alabama has 67 counties. Each county has its own elected legislative branch, usually called the county commission. It also has limited executive authority in the county. Because of the constraints of the Alabama Constitution, which centralizes power in the state legislature, only seven counties (Jefferson, Lee,... |
303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama | Alabama | Alabama
From 1901 through the 1960s, the state did not redraw election districts as population grew and shifted within the state during urbanization and industrialization of certain areas. As counties were the basis of election districts, the result was a rural minority that dominated state politics through nearly thre... |
303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama | Alabama | Alabama
In the early 21st century, Republicans hold all seven of the statewide elected executive branch offices. Republicans hold six of the eight elected seats on the Alabama State Board of Education. In 2010, Republicans took large majorities of both chambers of the state legislature, giving them control of that body... |
303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama | Alabama | Alabama
While Alabama's public education system has improved in recent decades, it lags behind in achievement compared to other states. According to U.S. Census data (2000), Alabama's high school graduation rate (75%) is the fourth lowest in the U.S. (after Kentucky, Louisiana and Mississippi). The largest educational ... |
303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama | Alabama | Alabama
Major television network affiliates in Alabama include:
ABC
WGWW 40.2 ABC, Anniston
WBMA 58/WABM 68.2 ABC, Birmingham
WDHN 18 ABC, Dothan
WAAY 31 ABC, Huntsville
WEAR 3 ABC Pensacola, Florida/Mobile
WNCF 32 ABC, Montgomery
WDBB 17.2 ABC, Tuscaloosa
CBS
WIAT 42 CBS, Birmingham
WTVY 4 CBS, Dothan
WHNT ... |
303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama | Alabama | Alabama
Protective Stadium is home of the UAB Blazers football program and the Birmingham Bowl. It seats 45,000. LaddPeebles Stadium in Mobile is the home of the University of South Alabama football team, and serves as the home of the NCAA Senior Bowl, LendingTree Bowl, and Alabama-Mississippi All Star Classic; the sta... |
303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama | Alabama | Alabama
Atkins, Leah Rawls, Wayne Flynt, William Warren Rogers, and David Ward. Alabama: The History of a Deep South State (1994).
Flynt, Wayne. Alabama in the Twentieth Century (2004).
Owen Thomas M. History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography (4 vols, 1921).
Jackson, Harvey H. Inside Alabama: A Personal... |
305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles | Achilles | Achilles
In Greek mythology, Achilles ( ) or Achilleus () was a hero of the Trojan War who was known as being the greatest of all the Greek warriors. A central character in Homer's Iliad, he was the son of the Nereid Thetis and Peleus, king of Phthia and famous Argonaut. Achilles was raised in Phthia along his childhoo... |
305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles | Achilles | Achilles
Some researchers deem the name a loan word, possibly from a Pre-Greek language. Achilles' descent from the Nereid Thetis and a similarity of his name with those of river deities such as Acheron and Achelous have led to speculations about his being an old water divinity . Robert S. P. Beekes has suggested a Pre... |
305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles | Achilles | Achilles
Peleus entrusted Achilles to Chiron, who lived on Mount Pelion and was known as the most righteous of the Centaurs, to be reared. In some accounts, Achilles' original name was "Ligyron" and he was later named Achilles by his tutor Chiron. According to Homer, Achilles grew up in Phthia with his childhood compan... |
305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles | Achilles | Achilles
There, Achilles, properly disguised, lived among Lycomedes' daughters, perhaps under the name "Pyrrha" (the red-haired girl), Cercysera or Aissa ("swift"). With Lycomedes' daughter Deidamia, with whom he had begun a relationship, Achilles there fathered two sons, Neoptolemus (also called Pyrrhus, after his fat... |
305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles | Achilles | Achilles
In Dares Phrygius' Account of the Destruction of Troy, the Latin summary through which the story of Achilles was transmitted to medieval Europe, as well as in older accounts, Troilus was a young Trojan prince, the youngest of King Priam's and Hecuba's five legitimate sons (or according other sources, another s... |
305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles | Achilles | Achilles
As the battle turns against the Greeks, thanks to the influence of Zeus, Nestor declares that the Trojans are winning because Agamemnon has angered Achilles, and urges the king to appease the warrior. Agamemnon agrees and sends Odysseus and two other chieftains, Ajax and Phoenix. They promise that, if Achilles... |
305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles | Achilles | Achilles
At the onset of his duel with Hector, Achilles is referred to as the brightest star in the sky, which comes on in the autumn, Orion's dog (Sirius); a sign of evil. During the cremation of Patroclus, he is compared to Hesperus, the evening/western star (Venus), while the burning of the funeral pyre lasts until ... |
305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles | Achilles | Achilles
The exact nature of Achilles' relationship with Patroclus has been a subject of dispute in both the classical period and modern times. In the Iliad, it appears to be the model of a deep and loyal friendship. Homer does not suggest that Achilles and his close friend Patroclus had sexual relations. Although ther... |
305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles | Achilles | Achilles
Achilles was represented in the Aethiopis as living after his death in the island of Leuke at the mouth of the river Danube. Another version of Achilles' death is that he fell deeply in love with one of the Trojan princesses, Polyxena. Achilles asks Priam for Polyxena's hand in marriage. Priam is willing becau... |
305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles | Achilles | Achilles
Numerous paintings on pottery have suggested a tale not mentioned in the literary traditions. At some point in the war, Achilles and Ajax were playing a board game (petteia). They were absorbed in the game and oblivious to the surrounding battle. The Trojans attacked and reached the heroes, who were saved only... |
305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles | Achilles | Achilles
In the following chapter of his book, Pliny refers to the same island as Achillea and introduces two further names for it: Leuce or Macaron (from Greek [] "island of the blest"). The "present day" measures, he gives at this point, seem to account for an identification of Achillea or Leuce with today's Snake Is... |
305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles | Achilles | Achilles
The Greek geographer Dionysius Periegetes, who likely lived during the first century CE, wrote that the island was called Leuce "because the wild animals which live there are white. It is said that there, in Leuce island, reside the souls of Achilles and other heroes, and that they wander through the uninhabit... |
305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles | Achilles | Achilles
The Greek tragedian Aeschylus wrote a trilogy of plays about Achilles, given the title Achilleis by modern scholars. The tragedies relate the deeds of Achilles during the Trojan War, including his defeat of Hector and eventual death when an arrow shot by Paris and guided by Apollo punctures his heel. Extant fr... |
305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles | Achilles | Achilles
In Roman and medieval literature
The Romans, who traditionally traced their lineage to Troy, took a highly negative view of Achilles. Virgil refers to Achilles as a savage and a merciless butcher of men, while Horace portrays Achilles ruthlessly slaying women and children. Other writers, such as Catullus, Pro... |
305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles | Achilles | Achilles
Literature
Achilles appears in Dante's Inferno (composed 13081320). He is seen in Hell's second circle, that of lust.
Achilles is portrayed as a former hero who has become lazy and devoted to the love of Patroclus, in William Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida (1602). Despicably, he has his Myrmidons murder ... |
305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles | Achilles | Achilles
Visual arts
Achilles with the Daughters of Lycomedes is a subject treated in paintings by Anthony van Dyck (before 1618; Museo del Prado, Madrid) and Nicolas Poussin (; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston) among others.
Peter Paul Rubens has authored a series of works on the life of Achilles, comprising the titles:... |
305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles | Achilles | Achilles
Film and television
In films Achilles has been portrayed in the following films and television series:
The 1924 film Helena by Carlo Aldini
The 1954 film Ulysses by Piero Lulli
The 1956 film Helen of Troy by Stanley Baker
The 1961 film The Trojan Horse by Arturo Dominici
The 1962 film The Fury of Achilles... |
305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles | Achilles | Achilles
Helene Monsacre (1984), Les larmes d'Achille. Le heros, la femme et la souffrance dans la poesie d'Homere, Paris: Albin Michel.
Gregory Nagy (1984), The Name of Achilles: Questions of Etymology and 'Folk Etymology, Illinois Classical Studies. 19.
Gregory Nagy (1999), The Best of The Acheans: Concepts of the ... |
307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln ( ; February 12, 1809 April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. Lincoln led the Union through the American Civil War to defend the nation as a constitutional union and... |
307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln managed his own successful re-election campaign. He sought to heal the war-torn nation through reconciliation. On April 14, 1865, just five days after the war's end at Appomattox, he was attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife, Mary, when he was fatally shot by Conf... |
307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
On December 2, 1819, Thomas married Sarah Bush Johnston, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children of her own. Abraham became close to his stepmother and called her "Mother". Lincoln disliked the hard labor associated with farm life. His family even said he was lazy, for all his "reading... |
307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
In the early 1830s, he met Mary Owens from Kentucky. Late in 1836, Lincoln agreed to a match with Owens if she returned to New Salem. Owens arrived that November and he courted her for a time; however, they both had second thoughts. On August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a letter saying he would not blame h... |
307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked at a general store in New Salem, Illinois. In 1832, he declared his candidacy for the Illinois House of Representatives, but interrupted his campaign to serve as a captain in the Illinois Militia during the Black Hawk War. When Lincoln returned home from the Black Ha... |
307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
He was admitted to the Illinois bar on September 9, 1836, and moved to Springfield and began to practice law under John T. Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged as a formidable trial combatant during cross-examinations and closing arguments. He partnered several years with Stephen T. Logan, and in... |
307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln emphasized his opposition to Polk by drafting and introducing his Spot Resolutions. The war had begun with a killing of American soldiers by Mexican cavalry patrol in disputed territory, and Polk insisted that Mexican soldiers had "invaded our territory and shed the blood of our fellow-citizens ... |
307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
Leading up to his presidential campaign, Lincoln elevated his profile in an 1859 murder case, with his defense of Simeon Quinn "Peachy" Harrison who was a third cousin; Harrison was also the grandson of Lincoln's political opponent, Rev. Peter Cartwright. Harrison was charged with the murder of Greek Cr... |
307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
In 1854, Lincoln was elected to the Illinois legislature but declined to take his seat. The year's elections showed the strong opposition to the KansasNebraska Act, and in the aftermath, Lincoln sought election to the United States Senate. At that time, senators were elected by the state legislature. Af... |
307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
In 1858, Douglas was up for re-election in the U.S. Senate, and Lincoln hoped to defeat him. Many in the party felt that a former Whig should be nominated in 1858, and Lincoln's 1856 campaigning and support of Trumbull had earned him a favor. Some eastern Republicans supported Douglas for his opposition... |
307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
Though the Republican legislative candidates won more popular votes, the Democrats won more seats, and the legislature re-elected Douglas. However, Lincoln's articulation of the issues had given him a national political presence. In May 1859, Lincoln purchased the Illinois Staats-Anzeiger, a German-lang... |
307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
On May 910, 1860, the Illinois Republican State Convention was held in Decatur. Lincoln's followers organized a campaign team led by David Davis, Norman Judd, Leonard Swett, and Jesse DuBois, and Lincoln received his first endorsement. Exploiting his embellished frontier legend (clearing land and splitt... |
307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
As Douglas and the other candidates campaigned, Lincoln gave no speeches, relying on the enthusiasm of the Republican Party. The party did the leg work that produced majorities across the North and produced an abundance of campaign posters, leaflets, and newspaper editorials. Republican speakers focused... |
307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln supported the Corwin Amendment to the Constitution, which passed Congress and was awaiting ratification by the states when Lincoln took office. That doomed amendment would have protected slavery in states where it already existed. On March 4, 1861, in his first inaugural address, Lincoln said th... |
307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
William Tecumseh Sherman talked to Lincoln during inauguration week and was "sadly disappointed" at his failure to realize that "the country was sleeping on a volcano" and that the South was preparing for war. Donald concludes that, "His repeated efforts to avoid collision in the months between inaugura... |
307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
It was clear from the outset that bipartisan support was essential to success, and that any compromise alienated factions on both sides of the aisle, such as the appointment of Republicans and Democrats to command positions. Copperheads criticized Lincoln for refusing to compromise on slavery. The Radic... |
307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
In directing the Union's war strategy, Lincoln valued the advice of Gen. Winfield Scott, even after his retirement as Commanding General of the United States Army. On June 2324, 1862, President Lincoln made an unannounced visit to West Point, where he spent five hours consulting with Scott regarding the... |
307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
Hooker was routed by Lee at the Battle of Chancellorsville in May, then resigned and was replaced by George Meade. Meade followed Lee north into Pennsylvania and beat him in the Gettysburg Campaign, but then failed to follow up despite Lincoln's demands. At the same time, Grant captured Vicksburg and ga... |
307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
With the abolition of slavery in the rebel states now a military objective, Union armies advancing south "enable[d] thousands of slaves to escape to freedom". The Emancipation Proclamation having stated that freedmen would be "received into the armed service of the United States," enlisting these freedm... |
307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
Grant in 1864 waged the bloody Overland Campaign, which exacted heavy losses on both sides. When Lincoln asked what Grant's plans were, the persistent general replied, "I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer." Grant's army moved steadily south. Lincoln traveled to Grant's headquar... |
307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
On March 4, 1865, Lincoln delivered his second inaugural address. In it, he deemed the war casualties to be God's will. Historian Mark Noll places the speech "among the small handful of semi-sacred texts by which Americans conceive their place in the world;" it is inscribed in the Lincoln Memorial. Linc... |
307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln believed the federal government had limited responsibility to the millions of freedmen. He signed Senator Charles Sumner's Freedmen's Bureau bill that set up a temporary federal agency designed to meet the immediate needs of former slaves. The law opened land for a lease of three years with the ... |
307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
Serving under Gen. Pope was Minnesota Congressman Henry H. Sibley. Minnesota's Governor had made Sibley a Colonel United States Volunteers to command the US force tasked with fighting the war and that eventually defeated Little Crow's forces at the Battle of Wood Lake.
The day the Mdewakanton force sur... |
307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
In the selection and use of his cabinet, Lincoln employed the strengths of his opponents in a manner that emboldened his presidency. Lincoln commented on his thought process, "We need the strongest men of the party in the Cabinet. We needed to hold our own people together. I had looked the party over an... |
307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln named his main political rival, William H. Seward, as Secretary of State and left most diplomatic issues in his portfolio. However, Lincoln did select some top diplomats as part of his patronage policy. He also closely watched the handling of the Trent Affair in late 1861 to make sure there was ... |
307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
The late President lay in state, first in the East Room of the White House, and then in the Capitol Rotunda from April 19 to 21. The caskets containing Lincoln's body and the body of his son Willie traveled for three weeks on the Lincoln Special funeral train. The train followed a circuitous route from ... |
307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln did believe in an all-powerful God that shaped events and by 1865 was expressing that belief in major speeches. By the end of the war, he increasingly appealed to the Almighty for solace and to explain events, writing on April 4, 1864, to a newspaper editor in Kentucky: This spirituality can bes... |
307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
William C. Harris found that Lincoln's "reverence for the Founding Fathers, the Constitution, the laws under it, and the preservation of the Republic and its institutions strengthened his conservatism." James G. Randall emphasizes his tolerance and moderation "in his preference for orderly progress, his... |
307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
Schwartz argues that in the 1930s and 1940s the memory of Abraham Lincoln was practically sacred and provided the nation with "a moral symbol inspiring and guiding American life." During the Great Depression, he argues, Lincoln served "as a means for seeing the world's disappointments, for making its su... |