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10000761
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Street arches used in Columbus, Ohio
Columbus, Ohio has a legacy of using wooden and metal arches on its urban streets. Initially installed in 1888 for lighting during a national Grand Army of the Republic convention, the arches or more permanent replacements were placed on city streets until around 1914, used as overhead lines for electric streetcar wires, until more conventional poles became more favorable. Modern-day arches were installed in the city's Short North neighborhood in 2002, in an effort to unify the district, draw visitors, and increase business sales.
History.
Arches were first used on streets in Columbus in 1888. The Grand Army of the Republic (G.A.R.), a national veterans organization, held its 22nd annual convention in the city that year, bringing about 250,000 people to the city that had held a population of about 90,000. Tent cities were put up around Columbus, so the city erected 25 wooden arches, gas-lit, to support their safety and security at night. The arches spanned High Street for about , from Union Station south to Livingston Avenue. The event also included a parade of 90,000 veterans down High Street, the largest for Union soldiers since the Civil War. The parade route passed under numerous of these arches on High Street.
After the G.A.R. convention, the arches remained installed on city streets to memorialize the significant event. Within several years, the city's prominent horse-driven streetcar companies consolidated. The new Columbus Railway, Power & Light Company looked for a way to power new electric streetcars, and constructed a network of arches in Downtown Columbus in 1896. One section of the city, "the Hub" around Fourth and Main Streets, had a smaller system of arch lighting.
By the early 1900s, the city became known as "Arch City" due to the streetcar arches' popularity and prevalence, as defined as the "Twin Cities" of Minneapolis-St. Paul and the "City of Brotherly Love", Philadelphia.
Initially, the arches were only used in high-traffic areas, mostly in Downtown Columbus, with other areas using freestanding wires. Residents of other neighborhoods soon wished to have streetcar arches, as they had become the single clearest identifier for the city, something other neighborhoods wanted to partake in. The electric company to say it would provide power so long as the residents provide the arches. Efforts to raise money for arches in Columbus neighborhoods were often unsuccessful, but businesses in the Short North raised enough from 1907 to 1908 to place arches along High Street for a stretch. Within one year, businessmen on Broad Street west from High to the Toledo & Ohio station raised funds for their own arches. These were dedicated in a ceremony of parades, speeches, and fireworks on July 7, 1909.
As early as 1911, city residents began to favor more conventional street lights, and so most streetcar arches were removed from Downtown Columbus by 1914.
In the 1990s, in an attempt to unify the Short North district and draw customers to the area, a real estate executive proposed the installation of new streetcar arches resembling the historical set. Seventeen were built, lining High Street from I-670 north to just past Fifth Avenue, with a cost of $2.2 million. The first of the new arches were lit on December 4, 2002. These were complemented by similar arches elsewhere in the city, including at the Lennox Town Center shopping complex.
One arch remains from the metal series installed on High Street in 1896, intact on Second Street outside the Majestic Theatre in Chillicothe, Ohio. The theater owner purchased and installed the arch in 1907.
Attributes.
The first arches, used to light areas during the Grand Army of the Republic convention, were made of wood and used gas lighting. The arches installed in 1896 were of metal, with electric lights. They became used to support electric streetcars' overhead lines. They were illuminated at night, providing a luminous glow especially in wet or icy conditions.
The modern arches in the Short North line High Street from I-670 north to just past Fifth Avenue. They are 28 feet tall and 57 to 69 feet wide, depending on the street width. They have optical fibers to transmit lights to their glass globes, rather than using individual light bulbs. The modern method prevents individual burn-outs and allows for even lighting.
References.
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10000761
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Brubaker/Brandt was an architecture firm based in Columbus, Ohio. The firm completed some of the tallest buildings affecting the city's skyline including the 42-story Rhodes State Office Tower and the Continental Center, along with other notable buildings throughout the Columbus area.
History.
The architectural firm Brubaker/Brandt was founded by Leland F. Brubaker (1924–2011) and Kent Brandt (1927–2010). Brubaker and Brandt both attended the Ohio State University and graduated with a degree in architecture in 1949 and 1951, respectively, after serving in the military. The firm employed architects, interior designers, and planners.
Work.
In 1971, Motorists Mutual Insurance Group hired Brubaker/Brandt to begin feasibility studies on expansion or relocation to the suburbs. The firm found that while residents were moving to the suburbs businesses were staying in downtown but were shifting from High Street to Broad Street, catalyzing their decision to remain in the business center. The building designed by the firm met the insurance company's long term needs for growth and attract new businesses to the area while providing conference facilities, parking, and dining for employees. Ground was broken in May 1971, and completed in 1973. The 21-story tower's (now the Encova Building) facade uses bronze-tinted solar glass and one of the first buildings in Columbus to use non-asbestos fireproofing and handicap accessibility.
Designed by Brubaker/Brandt and completed in 1975, the James A. Rhodes State Office Tower contrasts with the nearby Ohio Statehouse through its vertical orientation and red granite facade. The Ohio Supreme Court's chamber was originally on the second floor and is emphasized in the building's design.
In 1977, Brubaker/Brandt led the planning, design and construction of an extensive expansion of the John Glenn Columbus International Airport. The expansion included a 590-car parking garage, largening the terminal from 139,304 square feet to 494,169 square feet, and reconfigured utilities. During construction, the firm worked to minimize interruption for passengers and residents in the surrounding area. The project was completed in 1982 and cost $55 million.
The OCLC headquarters was completed in 1981 in Dublin, Ohio and housed a computer network for library records that freed up time and space at local libraries. The bomb-proof and fire-proof was highly technologically advanced for the time, utilizing electronic key passes and temperature controlled spaces. The building features a large atrium and is reminiscent of the Columbus Hyatt.
On June 5, 1989, Columbus City Council approved Brubaker/Brandt as the architect for city buildings, waiving any competitive bidding process from other firms. They were later awarded the Columbus Division of Police Headquarters project. Designed to be twice as large as the previous building, it was intended to reflect City Hall's design and has a two-story main entrance and a 275-seat auditorium. The Police Headquarters building was completed in 1991, but was plagued by controversy and mechanical problems with elements missing from the architect's drawings The mechanical problems of the building were identified to be caused from change orders during construction, rushing construction for the grand opening, and poor design.
Notable projects.
Projects by Brubaker/Brandt included:
References.
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10000761
|
A cocktail strainer is a metal bar accessory used to remove ice from a mixed drink as it is poured into the serving glass. A type of sieve, the strainer is placed over the mouth of the glass or shaker in which the beverage was prepared; small holes in the device allow only liquids to pass as the beverage is poured.
There are two common types of strainers. The Hawthorne strainer is a disc (called the "rim") with a handle and two or more stabilizing prongs. A metal spring fixed around the edge of the rim rolls inward to fit inside the glass. The rim of the strainer does not need to touch the rim of the glass, as the spring inside filters out the ice.
The Julep strainer is shaped like a bowl with a handle, and will fit tightly into a mixing glass or shaker when inserted at the proper angle. Liquid passes through holes or slits in the bowl.
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10000761
|
The Ohio Farm Bureau Federation Offices are two historic buildings in Downtown Columbus, Ohio. The buildings were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. They are located at the junction of Interstate 71 and Broad Street, a heavily trafficked area.
620 E. Broad was built for Benjamin Huntington, brother of the founder of Huntington Bancshares. 630 E. Broad was built for Andrew Denny Rogers, locally known as the founder of the Columbus Club and the Columbus Consolidated Street Railway Co. In the 1920s, the buildings became home to the offices of the Ohio Farm Bureau Federation, an organization that Nationwide Insurance was born from.
References.
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10000761
|
The W. H. Jones Mansion was built in 1889 at 731 East Broad Street, Columbus, Ohio as the residence of dry goods store owner William H. Jones and his wife Josephine. The original cost to build it was $11,250. He lived there until 1923. Jones modelled the house after another mansion in Barnesville, Ohio. The Olde Towne East Neighborhood Association successfully prevented it from being demolished to make way for a Long John Silver's restaurant. The home is an example of Queen Anne style architecture, with a corner turret, third story ballroom and a carriage house in the rear. Its foundation is high ashlar stone, its roof is slate, and the main body of the building is made of red pressed brick.
Since the Jones' occupancy, the building has also been home to a doctor's office as well as the Schorr-Ketner Furniture Company. The mansion was previously leased to community advocate Local Matters. The site is now home to the alternative school Columbus Learning Cooperative, a local alternative to traditional education. They serve students ages 10 to 18, providing resources for the self-directed education model.
References.
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10000761
|
Hotel and theater in Columbus, Ohio
The Great Southern Hotel & Theatre is an historic hotel and theater building in Downtown Columbus, Ohio. The building currently operates as the Westin Great Southern Columbus and the Southern Theatre.
It opened on September 21, 1896 and is the oldest surviving theater in Central Ohio and one of the oldest in the state of Ohio. The Southern Theatre is currently owned and operated as a home for live concerts, plays and opera by CAPA (the Columbus Association for the Performing Arts). CAPA also manages several other venues in Columbus including the Ohio, the Palace, and the Lincoln Theatres.
The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and Columbus Register of Historic Properties in 1982. It was also included in the South High Commercial Historic District, added to those registers in 1983 and 1987, respectively.
History.
Design.
Between 1889 and 1893 a series of fires destroyed five downtown Columbus theaters. As a result, a group of businessmen decided to develop a new hotel and theater with modern construction and safety features on the southern edge of downtown. The building was called "The Great Southern Fireproof Hotel and Opera House", and was designed by the local architectural firm of Dauben, Krumm, and Riebel. Construction began in 1894. Both the theater and the hotel were constructed of "fireproof" tile, brick, iron, steel, and concrete.
The theater's auditorium design was progressive for its day and was reminiscent of Louis H. Sullivan's 1891 Schiller Theatre in Chicago. From the proscenium opening, a series of concentric arches dotted with incandescent electric lights radiate into the house, resulting in superior lighting and excellent acoustics. Built to be self-sufficient, the theater, one of the first commercial buildings in Columbus to use electricity, generated its own power. Additionally, the building had three wells in the basement, from which it produced its own water supply. The theatre currently seats 933 and is an intimate "jewel box" type theater with two balconies.
In 1982, the Great Southern was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
Theater use.
The Great Southern Theatre originally hosted theatrical touring productions. Sarah Bernhardt played in the theater in its first two decades. In the 1910s and 1920s the theater, now called the Southern, featured first run silent films and live vaudeville. From the 1930s on, the Southern was a popular home for second-run double features. In the 1970s the theater briefly returned to first run fare as the Towne Cinema, showing black exploitation movies. Throughout the 1970s the Southern also hosted a weekly live Country Music Jamboree, sponsored by local radio station WMNI.
The theater closed in 1979 and in 1986 was acquired by CAPA. After sitting empty for nearly two decades, the Southern was completely restored by CAPA in 1997-98 during an extensive 14-month rebuilding process. The newly restored Southern Theatre reopened on September 26, 1998. The Southern Theatre is now featured on many of Columbus's architectural tours.
References.
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10000761
|
Historic building in Cambridge, Massachusetts
The Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts at Harvard University, in Cambridge, Massachusetts is the only building designed primarily by Le Corbusier in the United States—he contributed to the design of the United Nations Secretariat Building—and one of only two in the Americas (the other being the Curutchet House in La Plata, Argentina). Le Corbusier designed it with the collaboration of Chilean architect Guillermo Jullian de la Fuente at his 35 rue de Sèvres studio; the on-site preparation of the construction plans was handled by the office of Josep Lluís Sert, then dean of the Harvard Graduate School of Design. He had formerly worked in Le Corbusier's atelier and had been instrumental in winning him the commission. The building was completed in 1962.
Commission.
During the mid-1950s, the idea of creating a place for the visual arts at Harvard began to take shape. A new department dedicated to the visual arts was created, and the need for a building to house the new department arose. A budget was set for $1.3 million, and the proposal was included in a Harvard fundraising program. The project immediately elicited a response from Harvard alumnus Alfred St. Vrain Carpenter and his wife Helen Bundy Carpenter. The couple, whose son Harlow had just attended the Harvard Graduate School of Design, donated $1.5 million for the proposed design center. The donation propelled the project forward, and the Committee for the Practice of Visual Arts began to look for an architect to undertake the project. Originally, the committee had recommended that the building be designed by "a first rate American architect" who would be in the company of Charles Bulfinch and Walter Gropius, among others. However, José Luis Sert, who was at the time Dean of the Graduate School of Design and chairman of the committee suggested that his friend and previous collaborator, Le Corbusier, be asked to design the building. Delayed due to scheduling and payment conflicts, Le Corbusier eventually accepted and made his first of two visits to Cambridge in 1959.
Design and construction.
Because the Carpenter Center was to be his only building in America, Le Corbusier felt it should be a synthesis of his architectural principles and therefore incorporated his Five Points into its design. He took it as a particular challenge, determined that it should make a positive impact both on its surroundings—Georgian style houses—and in its mode of operation. He proposed to take pedestrians from all parts of the campus through the building, so that even though they might not be intending to visit it, they would see and thus partake in the artistic activities going on within it.
After much debate, a site was chosen between Quincy and Prescott Streets, abiding by the original proposal for the building. The allotted space was quite small, so the completed building presents itself as a compact, roughly cylindrical mass bisected by an S-shaped ramp on the third floor. Le Corbusier's earliest design showed a much more pronounced ramp that further separated the two parts of the central mass. However, the early design created the problem of too much disruption of the central mass. This problem auditorium reconciled by using a pinwheel effect so that in the finally executed design, the two halves meet at a vertical core that houses an elevator. The concrete ramp is cantilevered from this central spine and stands atop a few pilotis. The landing at the top of the ramp is located in the core of the building and leads to various studios and exhibition spaces seen through glass windows and doors, providing views into the building's instructional and displaying functions without interrupting the activities in progress.
The exterior of the Carpenter Center presents itself very differently from different angles. From Prescott Street looking toward the curved studio space, one can see the brise-soleil that are placed perpendicular to the direction of the central portion of the ramp, making only their narrow ends visible from the street. The Quincy Street view, however, reveals ondulatoires on this studio's exterior curve, which interfere with the building's curve less than the brise-soleil do on the opposite side. On the ramp from Quincy street just before entering the building, one sees grids of square and rectangles of the windows, brise-soleils, and studio spaces, rather than the curves of the two halves of the building.
Later history.
The building now houses the Department of Art, Film, and Visual Studies (formerly Visual and Environmental Studies) of the university, and is the venue for screenings by the Harvard Film Archive.
Le Corbusier never actually saw the building. He was invited to the opening ceremony, but he declined the invitation on account of his poor health.
The French artist Pierre Huyghe explored the creation of the building in his 2004 work "This Is Not A Time For Dreaming".
References.
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10000761
|
Bemis Hall is the home of the Bemis Lecture Series and the offices of the Lincoln Council on Aging, and is located in the town of Lincoln, Massachusetts. It was dedicated in May, 1892 as part of the will of George Bemis. In the will, Bemis stipulated that the town build,
"...a new Town Hall in which shall be a room of sufficient capacity and proper construction for public lectures...and to provide an annual course of public lectures in said Hall of an instructive and elevating character."
The building was designed by Boston architect Herbert Langford Warren.
|
en
| 7
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10000761
|
Historic house in Ohio, United States
The Samuel Landes House is a historic house in Columbus, Ohio, United States. The house was built c. 1848 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. The house is significant as a vernacular farmhouse. It was built for Samuel Landes, a prominent farmer in the area, and remained in his family until 1875.
References.
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10000761
|
Bishop Hall is an academic, administrative, and residence building, housing co-ed upperclassmen residents of Miami University in Oxford, Ohio.
Development.
Before the erection of Bishop Hall, the original system of living for the women of Miami University consisted of two cottages. The women affiliated with sororities attempted to live off campus in order to provide more living space for unaffiliated women, but returned to the cottages after one year. There was a “pressing need for more accommodations for women” and many “inconveniences of the cottage system”.
In her annual reports, Elizabeth Hamilton, the Dean of Women, pressed the need for an additional women's dormitory. The enactment of the appropriation granted for the construction of Bishop Hall is attributed to Guy Potter Benton.
The appropriation amount granted by the Board of Trustees House of Representatives for the construction of Bishop Hall was $37,500. There was a small wait for the concurrence of the Senate, but also an expression of the need for a “rapid completion”, indicating the urgency of the construction and need of the new residence hall. The hall was to accommodate 104 women. There was encouragement for the new building to be used for the women of the present university and not for the addition of more women. The expected completion date was projected to be January 1912.
Structure.
The address of Bishop Hall, abbreviated BIS, is 300 East Spring Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056.
The cost to construct Bishop Hall was $75,000.
Bishop Hall is 26,289 square feet.
The residence hall houses 102 occupants in 55 rooms.
Bishop Hall is actually the second dormitory for women.
Today, Bishop Hall is used as an academic, administrative, and residence building, specifically housing co-ed upperclass residents.
It was designed by Frank L. Packard, contracted with Vesta Construction, and was built in 1912.
Although there was no cornerstone or dedication ceremony, the building was named after Robert Hamilton Bishop.
Robert Hamilton Bishop was the first President of Miami University (1824-1841). He also served as a Professor of Logic and Moral Philosophy and History. Bishop was admired by the students, but fell into much disagreement over many issues with the trustees, faculty, and public which led him to resign. Bishop remained on campus as a professor, but, as turmoil continued, was removed from campus entirely in 1844.
Bishop Hall was utilized as a dining hall too.
Until a university infirmary was erected in 1923, the second floor of Bishop Hall was also used as a hospital and was entirely taken over during the influenza epidemic of 1918 for this purpose.
Shortly following the construction of Bishop Hall, the proposition of the need for a college infirmary was expressed by many prominent figures of the university, including the president. The current circumstances did not allow for proper care of students who were ill. There was also a need to handle potential epidemics that are common among small college towns. This created much irony as Bishop Hall was utilized as an infirmary, especially during the influenza epidemic of 1918.
There was a dismissal of the women of the college in order to accomplish the transition of Bishop Hall into a hospital that would allow treatment for patients. Over 100 cases were treated in the hospital of Bishop Hall. The first floor was reserved for the fifteen nurses and the second and third floors were occupied by patients. The primary care for all cases was accredited to Dr. MacMillan, after who the first infirmary was named. The transformation of Bishop Hall from an infirmary back to a residence hall followed the erection of Wade MacMillan Hospital.
References.
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| 9
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10000761
|
Hamer's General Store was a small commercial building on the eastern side of the village of Mechanicsburg, Ohio, United States. Declared a historic site in the 1980s because of its architecture, it is no longer standing.
Historic context.
When platted in 1814, Mechanicsburg featured a grid plan centered on two major streets: Sandusky, running northeast–southwest, and Main, running northwest–southeast. Many of the lots along Main Street are small, causing the buildings occupying them to be narrow and constructed with minimal setbacks from the street. Upon one of these lots was built Hamer's General Store in an unknown year in the second half of the nineteenth century. Its name derives from a longtime owner, a Mr. Hamer who operated it from 1960 until selling it in 1983. General stores similar to Hamer's were once common in rural Ohio, but by enduring long after the demise of most others, Hamer's gradually became one of an extremely rare breed.
Architecture.
Hamer's General Store was a weatherboarded building with a brick foundation, elements of stone and metal, and a composite roof rising to a gable. Among its most distinctive features was its prominent false front, which was produced by the construction of a tall parapet on the front and its embellishment with brackets and a cornice. The effect of a traditional country store was enhanced by the presence around the entrance of a porch with a shed roof. Throughout its history, the display windows and double doors at and around the entrance were never replaced. While numerous other commercial buildings exist in Mechanicsburg, such as in the downtown commercial district, they are generally substantially different from Hamer's because of their brick construction and Italianate styling.
Historic site.
In 1985, Hamer's General Store was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying as a rare surviving example of late-nineteenth-century commercial architecture. It was part of a multiple property submission of approximately twenty buildings, scattered throughout the village in such a low concentration that a historic district designation was not practical. Despite this designation, Hamer's is no longer standing; a Valero gas station occupies the site where the store was once located.
References.
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10000761
|
Sculpture in Columbus, Ohio, U.S.
The Lincoln Goodale Monument (also known as Dr. Lincoln Goodale, the Goodale Monument, Lincoln Goodale, and Memorial to Lincoln Goodale, M.D.), is an 1888 bust depicting the physician of the same name, installed in Columbus, Ohio's Goodale Park, in the United States.
The work is a contributing part of the Near Northside Historic District, established in 1980.
Description and history.
The bust, sculpted by John Quincy Adams Ward, depicts Goodale wearing a suit and bow tie. It is made of bronze with green patina and measures approximately x , x . The bust rests on a granite base measuring approximately x x . The base was designed by Richard Morris Hunt.
There are several inscriptions. Two on the bust read "J.Q.A. WARD / Sculptor" and "CAST BY THE HENRY-BONNARD BRONZE CO. NEW YORK. 1888”. Another on the base reads: “LINCOLN / GOODALE”. A plaque on the base, donated on July 14, 1991, reads, “Lincoln Goodale 1782-1868 This bronze bust was created in 1888 by Ohio sculptor J.Q.A. Ward in memory of Dr. Lincoln Goodale, the area's first physician."
The memorial cost $5,470 and was commissioned and paid for by the city and executors of Goodale’s estate. It was designed in 1887 and dedicated on September 26, 1888. The artwork was surveyed by the Smithsonian Institution's "Save Outdoor Sculpture!" program in 1992.
References.
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10000761
|
Local government building in the United States
The Guernsey County Courthouse is located on U.S. Route 40 in Cambridge, Ohio. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.
History.
Guernsey County was formed in 1810 and the county constructed its courthouse on Public Square in Cambridge. The courthouse was a Greek Revival style building with red brick facade. Two large double doors were located at the north and south ends and long rectangular windows with dark shutters lined the sides. A large spire stood eighty-seven feet tall with a cupola capped by a weathervane shaped like a fish. This courthouse lasted for seventy more years.
Need for a second courthouse became apparent as the county grew in population. The city of Cambridge contracted Joseph W. Yost to design and build the new courthouse. Yost designed the courthouse in the popular Second Empire style. During this time, Old Washington petitioned to be granted the county seat claiming that they were more central. This petition failed and the foundation to the second courthouse was laid in 1881, with the cornerstone bearing the date August 4, 1881. The building was dedicated on 1883-09-11.
Exterior.
The exterior is of fine sandstone block with a hipped roof and mansard-roofed towers. Stairs lead to main entrance and is covered by a small balcony. A statue of Justice stands in the broken pediment on the southern face, below the statue is a fan shaped stone bearing the date 1881. A central tower rises from the center of the building and houses a four faced clock and consists of louvered arch openings.
The courthouse is surrounded by various memorials to soldiers from the county in the American Civil War, World War I, World War II, Korean War, Vietnam War, and Operation Desert Storm. The most prominent is the Civil War Monument.
References.
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10000761
|
Schools in Columbus, Ohio, United States
The Metro Schools are a semi-public network of three schools located in Columbus, Ohio, United States, on Ohio State University's campus: Metro Early College High School (MECHS), and Metro Middle School (MECMS). The Metro Institute of Technology, the third branch of the school, closed in 2017.
In 2021, it was reported that the school would expand into the former Indianola Junior High School building.
References.
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10000761
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Historic house in Vermont, United States
The Aiken Stand Complex is a historic pair of buildings at the junction of Royalton Turnpike and Sayer Road in rural Barnard, Vermont. Built c. 1805 and 1835, they were the centerpiece of a small village that flourished in the first half of the 19th century, when the Turnpike was the principal north–south route through the region. The buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.
Description and history.
The Aiken Stand Complex stands in what is now a comparatively remote and rural area of eastern Barnard. At the southeast corner of Royalton Turnpike and Sayer Road stands the main building, a <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />2+1⁄2-story wood-frame structure, with a side gable roof, large central chimney, clapboarded exterior, five-bay front facade, and rubblestone foundation. Its interior and exterior are predominantly Federal in their style. Across the turnpike to the west stands a <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1+1⁄2-story Cape style structure, with a similar exterior, but with Greek Revival features, including sidelight windows flanking the entrance.
The location was the site of a tavern from at least 1781, when Solomon Aiken was documented to be operating one. His business benefited from the establishment of the Woodstock and Royalton Turnpike, a toll road, in 1800, and he built the main tavern building about 1805 to handle increased business. The Cape was added in 1835 to handle overflow traffic and provide more space for the Aiken family. Notable visitors to the tavern included President James Madison in 1817, and the Marquis de Lafayette in 1824. At its height, the tavern was the center of a small village, with a blacksmith's shop and school. The turnpike declined in importance after the construction of railroads in the state, and the tavern ended as a business in the 1870s. The buildings were used as private residences until the mid-20th century, and were then abandoned. They underwent restoration in the early 1980s.
References.
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10000761
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The Orton Memorial Laboratory is a historic building in the Weinland Park neighborhood of Columbus, Ohio. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.
Built in 1929, Orton Memorial Laboratory was originally used as the headquarters for the Standard Pyrometric Cone Company. The company was established by the son of the founding president of the Ohio State University. The laboratory was designed by Howard Dwight Smith, the same architect who designed the Thompson Library and the Ohio Stadium. A recent rehabilitation project turned the laboratory into a modern industrial office space.
Additions to the building include the west wing, added in 1956, and the east wing, added in 1962.
References.
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10000761
|
The Historic House Trust of New York City was formed in 1989 as a public-private partnership with the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation to preserve the historic houses located within New York City parks, although most of the houses were not originally city-owned. The Trust works with the individual houses to restore and promote the houses as a means of educating residents and visitors about the social, economic and political history of New York City and cast urban history in a new light. The Trust includes 23 historic sites, with 18 operating as museums and attracting 729,000 annual visitors.
Properties.
The Historic House Trust includes properties in each of New York City's five boroughs, and there is a house for every period in the City's history, depending on one's scheme of dividing history. A number of the properties have live-in caretakers to help prevent vandalism and other problems.
History.
In 1988, the City Parks department established a Historic House Office to preserve the 23 City-owned historic house-museums located in City parks. This office gave way to the Historic House Trust of New York City in 1989, funded by private donations, as well as grants, with the goal of each house becoming a professionally accredited museum. In an effort to increase awareness of the program during its first year of operation, the Trust developed a so-called passport program wherein visitors would receive stamps each time they visited one of the houses. If a visitor went to all 23 properties, they would receive an audience with the Mayor. HHT's passport program was brought back in 2008 as a method of commemorating the Trust's 20th anniversary.
The Trust also holds events such as the Historic Houses Festival, during which all the houses are open with different events at each, in order to raise awareness. New properties are added to the Trust when they come under city control if private care-taking or ownership has not succeeded, although the contents of the home may remain under private ownership.
References.
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|
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| 16
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|
10000761
|
Historic house in Ohio, United States
The Heyne-Zimmerman House is a historic house in Columbus, Ohio, United States. The house was built c. 1912 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. The Heyne-Zimmerman House was built at a time when East Broad Street was a tree-lined avenue featuring the most ornate houses in Columbus; the house reflects the character of the area at the time. The building is also part of the 18th & E. Broad Historic District on the Columbus Register of Historic Properties, added to the register in 1988.
The building was home to Carl G. Heyne, president of the American Cash Register Manufacturing Company, from 1912 to 1914. Charles Zimmerman, manager of Ohio Auto Sales, lived there with his wife from 1918 to the early 1930s. After his death, she continued living there into the early 1940s.
References.
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|
10000761
|
Historic church in Ohio, United States
Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church (previously known as Trinity German Evangelical Lutheran Church) is a historic Lutheran church at 404 S. Third Street in Columbus, Ohio.
It was built in 1856 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.
References.
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| 18
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Putnam and Mellor Engine and Hose Company Firehouse was a historic fire station located at Port Chester, Westchester County, New York. It was built in 1888 and is a three-story, three bay wide, masonry building in the Queen Anne style. It is constructed of red brick with stone stringcourses and terra cotta decoration. It features a low hipped roof with decorative gable ends and a corner bell tower.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.
The official name of this firehouse was the South Main Street Firehouse. The address was 46 South Main Street, Port Chester, NY. As described above, it housed the Putnam Engine & Hose Company, No.2 (founded Oct. 1854) and the Mellor Engine & Hose Company, No.3. The fire engines for these companies are Engine 63 and Engine 61, respectively.
In 1995 the rear wall of the South Main Street Firehouse collapsed, rendering the firehouse uninhabitable. Putnam and Mellor were temporarily displaced and eventually relocated to their current home – the South End Fire Station (51-53 Grace Church Street, Port Chester, NY). This new firehouse was completed in 2001.
Despite public outcry and despite being on the National Register, on November 17, 2007 the South Main Street Firehouse was demolished.
References.
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Lighthouse in Florida, US
The Garden Key Light, also known as the Tortuga Harbor Light, is located at Fort Jefferson, on Garden Key in the Dry Tortugas, Florida. The first lighthouse, started in 1824 and first lit in 1826, was a brick conical tower. The lighthouse and its outbuildings were the only structures on Garden Key until construction started on Fort Jefferson in 1846. Construction continued until 1861, but the fort was never completed.
In 1858 the Dry Tortugas lighthouse was built on a nearby island, and the first-order Fresnel lens was moved there from the Garden Key lighthouse. The Garden Key lighthouse received a fourth-order Fresnel lens and became the harbor light for Fort Jefferson. In 1877 the brick tower was razed and replaced with a boilerplate iron tower on top of a stairwell in the fort. In 1912, the keeper's house burned down, and the lighthouse was automated with tanks of compressed acetylene replacing the butts of kerosene to fuel the lights. The light was deactivated in 1924.
was part of the squadron stationed at Garden Key when it exploded and sank in the harbor of Havana, Cuba. James Fenimore Cooper's 1848 novel "Jack Tier: or the Florida Reefs", is set at the Garden Key lighthouse. Ernest Hemingway's 1932 short story "After the Storm" is about a shipwreck between Garden Key and Rebecca Shoal, to the east of Garden Key.
|
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| 20
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Memorial Park is located in Obetz, Ohio and stretches between the Obetz Government Center and the Street department building, which is at the western end of Orchard Lane. The Obetz Athletic Club is located in Memorial Park. Memorial Park is also home to the village's annual Zucchinifest.
With a total area of 80 acres, Memorial Park is the largest of Obetz' parks. Memorial has two basketball courts, three soccer fields, a baseball complex, two concession stands, a children's play area with playground equipment and benches, several paved parking areas, and a one-acre fishing pond stocked with Largemouth bass, Bluegill, and Channel catfish. Paved paths run through the park, and dirt nature trails are located in the wooded area around the EAS Training Center.
EAS Training Center.
Long the training facility for the Columbus Crew soccer team, EAS Training Center was announced, in February 2016, as the home ground for PRO Rugby team the Ohio Aviators.
References.
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The Maryville Alcoa Greenway is a cooperative effort by the two cities and Blount County, Tennessee to connect existing parks with a paved foot and cycle path.
History.
The city of Maryville initially developed its Bicentennial Greenbelt Park by clearing part of its downtown and damming Pistol Creek to flood the area. Alcoa had developed its own Springbrook Park. In 1996 efforts to connect the parks began. In early 1996 the two cities were successful in obtaining an $850,000 grant of Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) for the Greenway.
Between 1996 and 1998 the two parks were connected by a three-mile (5 km) extension entirely within the city of Alcoa. During the same period Maryville extended the Greenway from the Greenbelt to the Maryville Intermediate School. On October 15, 1998 the Maryville Alcoa Greenway was dedicated.
The Greenway was immediately well received by the public and by early 1999 plans were already underway for extensions. The result was Alcoa extended a spur through the Springbrook Corporate Center. The two cities also completed an eastern connector between the Greenbelt and Springbrook Park.
Today the Greenway is well lighted and marked, providing numerous opportunities for picnics, play, and exercise while connecting the two cities and providing a nine-mile linear recreational facility.
Alcoa Main (4 miles).
Beginning at Mile Marker 0 (the line between Maryville and Alcoa), the Greenway proceeds north for to the Springbrook Corporate Center Spur, then east to the Alcoa Duck Pond at mile 3, then north through Springbrook Park to Hunt Road, ending at mile 4.
Green Meadows Spur (1 mile).
Beginning at mile 1.5 the spur extends through the Springbrook Corporate Center crossing US 129. On December 22, 2010, a bridge over US 129 funded by ARRA was completed which permits access to the Green Meadows community.
East Connector (2.5 miles).
The East Connector begins at mile 3 on the Alcoa Main and heads south , following the edge of the Alcoa Aluminum plant, crossing into Maryville at and connecting to the Greenbelt Park from mile marker 0.
Maryville (4 miles).
Beginning at Mile Marker 0 (the line between Maryville and Alcoa), the Greenway heads south, then west through the Bicentennial Park (Greenbelt) and back east to the Charles West Amphitheater, adjacent to the old Courthouse at mile marker 1. The Greenway heads southeast across US 321 and Montvale Road connecting with Sandy Springs Park at . The Greenway then heads east to Pearson Springs Park at mile 3.5 and the Maryville Intermediate School at mile 4
References.
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10000761
|
The York Lodge No. 563 is a historic Masonic lodge building on the northern side of Columbus, Ohio, United States. Constructed at the beginning of the twentieth century, it was home to the first Masonic lodge in its part of the city. Its architecture makes it a prominent part of the local built environment, and the building has been named a historic site.
Masons established their first Columbus presence in the downtown area, but the northern neighborhoods were harder to penetrate; multiple attempts to start a northern lodge were made, but the first efforts failed. York Lodge 563 finally broke this trend, becoming the first northern lodge to last more than a short time. When their strength had grown to the point that they could construct their own lodge building, they contracted with the architectural firm of Stribling and Lum to design the present building, which was completed in 1915.
Built of brick with elements of limestone and metal, the lodge building is typical of early twentieth-century variants of the Italianate style. Few modifications have been made to the ornamental interior, and the original stained glass windows have likewise been preserved. The most distinctive elements of the exterior are components such as cunningly-worked limestone trim and decorative brickwork. This exterior causes the building to be greatly different from its neighbors, commercial buildings with substantially smaller setbacks from the street.
In July 1984, the York Lodge No. 563 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture. Critical to its historic site status was the lack of modification either inside or out, and its architect was also related to designation: although Stribling and Lum operated from 1902 until 1933, almost none of their buildings comparable to or grander than the lodge building have survived.
References.
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|
10000761
|
Defunct cocktail bar in Worthington, Ohio, U.S.
The Light of Seven Matchsticks was a craft cocktail bar in Worthington, Ohio. The bar was designed with a speakeasy style and literary elements, especially relating to Wes Anderson films. It was located beneath Natalie's Coal-Fired Pizza and Live Music, an independent restaurant and music venue. The Light of Seven Matchsticks opened in January 2017 and closed on September 18, 2022.
The bar was considered one of the best in Columbus. In 2022, "Mashed" listed it as the best bar in Ohio. It was regarded for its decor and atmosphere, inventive cocktails, and food menu.
Attributes.
The Light of Seven Matchsticks was named for a fictitious book featured in the Wes Anderson film "Moonrise Kingdom". The bar was hidden beneath Natalie's Coal-Fired Pizza and Live Music, a music venue and restaurant with . There was no visible street-level signage for the bar.
The space had a heavy ambiance, with Wes Anderson-inspired decor, tall green velvet booths, wood trim, menus hidden in old library books, and secret menus in checkout-card slots at the backs of the books. Originally, the bar played music of the early 1900s, and had a varying menu of French, Thai, Indian, or other cuisines. Its operating hours began every night with 1920s jazz standard "The Charleston". By 2019, its food staples were duck fat popcorn with Grana Padano, housemade jerky, Korean barbecue pork ribs, Singapore noodles, and Sicilian meatballs. The bar had no cell service, considered a feature of the space.
The bar also had a waiting area by the entrance, separate from the rest of the space. A dividing wall between the two had a grated mail slot and sliding door, allowing guests to place orders before seating.
The bar's cocktail menu was divided in chapters titled after Joseph Campbell's concept of the hero's journey. Originally, "Call to Adventure" included drinks with rarer ingredients, "Profound Dream State" included reworked classic cocktails, and "Meet the Mentor" had adjusted recipes devised by leading bartenders around the United States. As of 2019, the bar had 30 cocktails on its menu, all reasonably priced.
The bar was considered one of the best in Columbus. Readers of "Columbus Underground" consistently rated the bar one of the best in the city. In 2022, "Mashed" listed it as the best bar in Ohio.
History.
The bar space or the restaurant above had previously housed about six other businesses. The building was constructed in 1958 for Ann Ton's Restaurant, which opened at the same address in 1945. The new restaurant, run by Tony and Ann Fracasso, served Italian and American foods, and had a private party room, a rathskeller, and a lounge. The restaurant, kitchen, and bar was originally outfitted by the Wasserstrom Company. At one time, the bar there reportedly drew in Perry Como and Dean Martin. The business was sold in 1970 and the space was converted for Peacock Kitchen or Peacock China Grill. The building later housed Bangkok Cuisine, followed by Guido's La Cucina Italiana. Guido's opened in 1996.
In February 2001, 30 people were arrested at the restaurant, including 10 Columbus firefighters. The people were arrested following a tip to police that illegal gambling was taking place at the restaurant. In March, 42 people were charged with gambling, including the restaurant's owner and assistant manager. Many of the bettors and operators pleaded guilty in their trials. In 2001, an Italian eatery called Fratello's Restaurant opened in the space. Its operator and part-owner, Nancy Moretti, was the daughter of Ann and Tony Fracasso. The business abruptly closed in February 2003.
Natalie's Coal-Fired Pizza and Live Music opened in the building in 2012; the business was owned by Charlie Jackson and his daughter Natalie Jackson. For five years the business was not actively using its basement space, which already had a bar; it was used for storage and as a green room for performers. Staff members collaborated on the idea to open a speakeasy-style bar. The Light of Seven Matchsticks opened on January 26, 2017, following a soft opening on January 19. It was originally managed by Kileen Lehman.
From around 2018 into the 2020s, the bar was managed by P.J. Ford, who created a frequently changing menu with inventive ingredients. He was highlighted as one of nine Columbus-area "tastemakers" by "Columbus Monthly" for his work at the bar. He introduced non-alcoholic cocktails to the bar in summer 2019, including "Al Green Tea": olive oil-washed sundew green tea, lemon juice, orange marmalade syrup, cardamom bitters, and egg white, served in a coupe glass.
The bar was positively reviewed in a "Columbus Monthly" feature in 2019. The magazine wrote that "the establishment blends sophistication, whimsy and a love of literature in a manner that can seem a little precious, but is a lot of fun." At this time, the bar was popular enough that a two-hour limit was imposed for guests at tables.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Natalie's began a policy to require proof of a negative COVID-19 test or a COVID-19 vaccine. The policy applied to both Natalie's locations as well as the Light of Seven Matchsticks. The Worthington locations saw protesters outside in mid-August, denouncing the vaccine mandate.
In September 2022, the owners of the bar and upstairs restaurant announced the closure of both spaces; the bar closed on September 18 of that year. The bar's general manager, P.J. Ford, became general manager of another craft cocktail bar in the area, Law Bird. The businesses were put up for sale; its owners stated the sale was made in order to pool resources into the larger Natalie's location in Grandview, another Columbus suburb. There the business owners hope to create a new bar concept with the hope to draw similar guests. The bar will continue to hold private events until the sale takes place.
In July 2023, the bar's staff announced they would host a single-night popup at the Bottle Shop, a similarly quirky bar in Columbus. The popup event on July 24, 2023, is to include foods and drinks formerly on the Light of Seven Matchsticks' menu in addition to new creations, listed on menus hidden in antique books as the bar once used.
References.
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|
10000761
|
The Palace of culture of Messina, inaugurated to the public as "Palacultura Antonello da Messina", on 12 February 2010, is a multipurpose center located at No. 343 of Viale Boccetta in Messina.
History.
Realized on a project by the engineers Aldo D'Amore and Fabio Basile of 1975, after various tribulations (including the discovery of some archaeological finds), it finally had the light at the end of the 2000s. More precisely, on 16 April 2009 they were concluded the works and its official inauguration are scheduled for the summer of 2009, was then inaugurated on 12 February 2012 with a conference for the presentation of the works on the Strait of Messina Bridge, in the presence of various authorities such as the President of ANAS and the Strait of Messina (concessionaire of the works of the Bridge), Pietro Ciucci, the President of the Italian railway network Mauro Moretti and the Minister of infrastructures and transports Altero Matteoli.
Features.
Located in the central part of viale Boccetta, which represents the first access road for motorists coming from the A20 and A18 motorways to the city of Messina, it is therefore necessarily a first visiting card on its architecture that the city offers visitors. Consisting of three buildings destined to house offices for culture, the largest city library, an 850-seat theater with 4 audiences, orchestra pit and booths for the television broadcasting of events, an auditorium for outdoor music, among the largest and most modern in Italy, and still an exhibition hall located on the terrace of the building's body B.
The inverted pyramid structure was obtained by exploiting the considerable flexibility offered by materials such as concrete and steel, obviously taking into account that Messina is a 1st category seismic zone.
Disputes.
In February 2009 the online newspaper "Tempostretto" noted a remarkable similarity of the work with the Boston City Hall hypothesizing a plagiarism of the Messina designers. The curious aspect of the story is the fact that the town hall of Boston is dated 1969 and after forty years of life, it risks being demolished.
Another controversy that characterized the troubled construction of the Palacultura, was the discovery, in February 1982, of some archaeological finds dating back to Roman times. The works resumed in February of the following year, but when still the piling was in progress, there was a new suspension in 1985 for the necessary of an adjacent staircase, these works were completed only in 1993, meanwhile the Municipality of Messina had taken steps to adapt the now obsolete project to the new regulations (safety, parking and so on), also implementing a variant of the project, presented in 1999, which envisaged the extension of the entire structure. Finally, in September 2004 the works were contracted out to the Catanese company "Cosedil S.p.A." of the geom. Andrea Vecchio and after less than 5 years the work had the light and its inauguration, scheduled for September 2009, will ensure that the work abandons forever the nickname of "queen of the unfinished" that has characterized it for 34 long years.
References.
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Historic house in Ohio, United States
The Carrie Lovejoy House is a historic house in Columbus, Ohio, United States. The house was built c. 1900 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. The Carrie Lovejoy House was built at a time when East Broad Street was a tree-lined avenue featuring the most ornate houses in Columbus; the house reflects the character of the area at the time.
The house was built c. 1900 and designed with Colonial Revival influences. It was built for Carrie Lovejoy. Carrie and her husband Nathan had lived next-door, at 805 E. Broad, until his death in 1904. At this time, Carrie moved into the 807 address, living there until 1914. Austin McElroy subsequently lived there, until 1918, followed by F.W. Freeman.
References.
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10000761
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"Hudson River Greenway" may refer to:
*Hudson River Valley Greenway, a system of parks, trails, kayak/canoe routes, etc. along New York's Hudson River, and the organization that serves to promote and preserve them
*Manhattan Waterfront Greenway, a multi-use trail and linear park along Manhattan's Hudson River shoreline
Topics referred to by the same term
<templatestyles src="Dmbox/styles.css" />
This page lists associated with the title .
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Tosheff's Restaurant and Hotel is a historic building in the Reeb-Hosack neighborhood of Columbus, Ohio. It was built in 1920 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001. The restaurant and hotel are one of few remainders of the historic Steelton industrial area, and closely connected to the eastern European neighborhood there. The industrial district was centered on Parsons Avenue, and relied upon the Buckeye Steel Castings Company, American Rolling Mill Company, the Chase Foundry and Manufacturing Company, the Federal Glass Company, and the Seagraves firetruck manufacturing plant.
Tosheff's was one of the first commercial buildings, at a time when the area was still primarily residential. George Tosheff has opened a restaurant there in leased space by 1918 and lived directly above it. By 1923, the new building housed a jeweler, barber, men's clothing store, and a billiards hall. Tosheff's restaurant was located on the first floor, and his hotel on the second (the South End Hotel, later Tosheff's Hotel). Tosheff sold the restaurant near the start of World War II, and operated the hotel until he sold the entire building in 1965.
The two-story brick building appears as two side-by-side, but was built and completed at the same time, and joints connect them. Behind the middle third of the building lies a one-story addition which held hotel rooms, part of which was constructed c. 1920 and part c. 1947.
References.
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Cristo Rey (Spanish, 'Christ the King') may refer to:
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* Cristo Rey Jesuit High School, Chicago, IL
* Cristo Rey Boston High School, Boston, MA
* Cristo Rey St. Martin College Prep, Waukegan, IL
* Notre Dame Cristo Rey High School, Lawrence, MA
* Cristo Rey New York High School, New York City
* Cristo Rey Kansas City High School, Kansas City, MO
* Cristo Rey High School, Sacramento, CA
* Cristo Rey Jesuit High School, Baltimore, MD
* Holy Family Cristo Rey High School, Birmingham, AL
* Providence Cristo Rey High School, Indianapolis, IN
* Cristo Rey Jesuit High School, Minneapolis, MN
* Don Bosco Cristo Rey High School, Takoma Park, MD
* Cristo Rey Brooklyn High School, Brooklyn, NY
* Detroit Cristo Rey High School, Detroit, MI
* Cristo Rey Jesuit College Preparatory of Houston, Houston, TX
* DePaul Cristo Rey High School, Cincinnati, OH
* Cristo Rey Philadelphia High School, Philadelphia, PA
* Cristo Rey Columbus High School, Columbus, OH
* Cristo Rey San José Jesuit High School, San Jose, CA
* Cristo Rey Atlanta Jesuit High School. Atlanta, GA
* Cristo Rey Jesuit High School Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI
* Cristo Rey Dallas College Prep, Dallas, TX
* Cristo Rey Tampa High School, Tampa, FL
* Cristo Rey Baton Rouge Franciscan High School, Baton Rouge, LA
* Cristo Rey OKC, Oklahoma City, OK
* Cristo Rey Fort Worth High School, Fort Worth, TX
* Cristo Rey De La Salle East Bay High School, Oakland, CA
* Cristo Rey Richmond High School, Richmond, VA
* Cristo Rey San Diego High School, San Diego, CA
See also.
Topics referred to by the same term
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This page lists associated with the title .
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The Defense Electronics Supply Center, Columbus (DSCC), is one of three Inventory Control Points of the Defense Logistics Agency. The major organization on base is known as DLA Land and Maritime. Defense Finance and Accounting Service (DFAS) is also a major tenant on base. The base has been affected several times by the United States Base Realignment and Closure program. It is located in the Columbus, Ohio suburb of Whitehall. The DSCC has a historical marker. The base was opened in 1918.
History.
DSCC has served in every major military engagement since World War I. In 1917, the site was a combination of swamp land and farmland. America's production effort in World War I reached a climax in 1918, when transportation lines to ports of embarkation for men and materials were filled to capacity. This site was advantageous because it afforded immediate access to three important railroad lines. The U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps made the first purchase of land, , to construct a government military installation in April, 1918. Warehouse construction began in May of that year, and by August, six warehouses were receiving material for storage. Those warehouses are still in use today.
The lull between World War I and World War II reduced center operations to mostly reconditioning and sale of the stockpiles which had been needed earlier to ensure the nations defense.
During World War II the center became the largest military supply installation in the world. In December 1942, an additional were purchased. With more than 10,000 civilian employees, it played a large part in the overall war effort. Some of the warehouses were turned into secured barracks to house prisoners of war.
Amidst the wars, the conflicts and humanitarian relief efforts, the installation has continuously worked to establish direct and fast moving supply lines to support American armed forces in all parts of the world.
The installation's operational activities were assigned to the U.S. Army Supply and Maintenance Command in July 1962. The following year, it became the Defense Construction Supply Center under what is now known as the Defense Logistics Agency.
DCSC/DESC merger.
DSCC was formed from the 1993 Base Realignment and Closure Commission which ordered merger of the former:
Decisions made during BRAC 95 further refined the transition toward total weapons systems management.
DSCC was renamed and reorganized in January 1996.
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The Belleview Post Office, at 6256 Main St. in Belleview, Kentucky, was built around 1880. It has also been known as the Grant Post Office. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.
The building was used as a basket shop in the late 1800s, and then as a doctor's office. It served as a post office from around 1920 until 1970. The building was moved to 6235 Sycamore St., where it currently stands.
References.
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10000761
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The Old Port Columbus Terminal, also known as the Old Port Columbus Airport Control Tower, is a historic building in Columbus, Ohio. It was built in 1929 as one of the first airport facilities in the United States. It was replaced by the current facilities in 1958. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. It is located on the southeast corner of John Glenn Columbus International Airport, formerly known as Port Columbus International Airport.
Attributes.
The terminal was designed in the Art Deco style popular at the time. The building has .
History.
The terminal was constructed in 1929 and opened on July 8 of that year. At its opening, it was the easternmost airport in the Transcontinental Air Transport airline's coast-to-coast route, requiring visitors from New York to take a train to Columbus, fly to Oklahoma, take a train to New Mexico, and board a second flight to Los Angeles.
The building was listed on Columbus Landmarks' Most Endangered Sites in 2015. In that year, Heartland Bank shuttered its plans to lease and renovate the building and withdrew its historic tax credit application, stating that it was not economically feasible to restore the structure. In 2016, the building's roof was replaced and mold was removed.
In 2020, the nonprofit Ohio Air & Space Hall of Fame and Museum (OAS) announced it signed a long-term lease to the building. The organization is planning for a $2 million renovation of the building, which was to be followed by the opening of its museum and hall of fame in late 2021. The organization also plans for a historical archive, a STEAM education center, and an event and meeting space in the terminal building. By 2022, the organization had raised $1.2 million, and estimated the total project at $4 million. The organization's director plans to start the first construction phase in 2023, with a goal of raising $700,000 to accommodate the work.
References.
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10000761
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The Mitchell Block Historic District is a historic district in Ventura, California. The district was designated as a historic district by the City of Ventura on May 31, 1980. It was also declared eligible as a National Historic District in 1982. It has been described as "the only intact and relatively unaltered block of houses remaining downtown". The district consists of Plaza Park, the Plaza Park Moreton Bay fig tree, and eight houses in the 600 block of East Thompson Boulevard. Two of the features have been designated independently as Ventura Historic Landmarks: the Plaza Park Moreton Bay fig tree and the Conklin residence at 680 East Thompson Boulevard.
In the 1880s, Irish immigrants John, Thomas, and Edward Mitchell purchased the lots on the south side of East Thompson Boulevard and built two houses. The Mitchells sold off the remaining lots in 1904 and 1905, at which time the remaining houses were built.
Several of the properties had fallen into disrepair in the 1970s, and the district's historic designation was credited with spurring property owners to renovate and preserve the block.
In 2007, the City's Historic Resources Group recommended limiting the historic district to the eight houses on the south side of East Thompson Boulevard and separately designating Plaza Park as a historic landmark.
Inventory of contributing properties.
The properties and features included in the district are as follows:
References.
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10000761
|
Bus line in Columbus, Ohio
The 2 E Main / N High is a Central Ohio Transit Authority (COTA) bus service in Columbus, Ohio. The line operates on High Street, the city's main north-south thoroughfare.
The 2 replaced High and Main Streets streetcar lines, both of which were early streetcars line in Columbus. These lines initially served Columbus with horsecars, and horse-drawn omnibuses followed a similar route. The horsecars were replaced with electric streetcars around the 1890s, and later with trolleybuses. In the mid-20th century, the trolleybus line was replaced with a bus line similar to the modern-day 2 E Main / N High.
Attributes.
The 2 route was the highest-trafficked in 1987 and 1999.
In 2008, facing overcrowding, service was doubled on the line. and expanded again in 2019.
The Night Owl line (formerly 21 Night Owl) supplements 2 E Main / N High with late-night service along High Street, while the 102 (formerly 2L) provides limited-stop service from Broad and High north to Westerville.
The route is frequented by Ohio State University students, as the campus is on the transit line. In 2000, about a fifth of the average weekday riders on the routes were OSU students.
History.
The first mass transit in Columbus was a horsecar line, which operated along a two-mile stretch on High Street beginning in 1863. The line ran from Union Station at Naughten Street (now Nationwide Boulevard) south to Livingston Avenue.
An initiative from about 2006 to 2009 proposed to bring streetcars back to Columbus. The Columbus Streetcar was proposed for three different routes; the most popular would have been a 2.1-mile route from German Village to the Short North via High Street (the same route the CBUS utilizes today). The Great Recession affected the city's budget, and paired with a failure to acquire state or federal funding, forced the plan to be cut.
References.
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10000761
|
Historic district in Columbus, Ohio
Indianola Forest Historic District is a historic district in the University District of Columbus, Ohio. The district lies east of the Ohio State University. Architectural styles of the houses in the district include Craftsman, Tudor Revival, and Dutch Colonial Revival.
The district was developed at the turn of the 20th century, with most land laid out between 1873 and 1908, and most structures constructed by 1913. The district was a streetcar suburb of Columbus, mostly with single-family houses, most of which have since been converted to contain multiple units. The historic district was established through listing on the Columbus Register of Historic Properties in 1987.
References.
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] | 19
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10000761
|
High-rise hotel in Columbus, Ohio
The Hilton Columbus Downtown is a high-rise hotel in Columbus, Ohio. The Hilton hotel includes two buildings, one west of High Street, which opened in 2012, and a new tower east of High Street, which opened in September 2022. The tower addition gives the hotel a total of 1,000 guest rooms, making it the largest hotel in Ohio.
Attributes.
The hotel sits at a cross-section between the city's busiest neighborhoods: Downtown, the Short North, and the Arena District. The hotel is owned by the Franklin County Convention Facilities Authority, which also owns the adjoining Greater Columbus Convention Center.
The hotel is the largest in Ohio, with 1,000 rooms, since completion of its tower. The tower connects to the older portion of the hotel by a sky bridge. The new building includes several restaurants, bars, and 463 guest rooms. The main restaurant, called FYR, has two stories, featuring live-fire cooking and local products. It is joined by a lobby bar, Spark, a rooftop lounge, Stories on High, and a grab & go market. It also includes a ballroom. The rooftop bar is the highest-up of any in the city.
Architecture.
The first Hilton building, completed in 2012, has a brick-and-glass facade to integrate with the surrounding neighborhood and connects to the convention center through a skywalk. It was designed by HOK and Moody Nolan.
The second Hilton building, completed in 2022, has a terra cotta cladding and high-performance glass to integrate with the first building and provide energy efficiency. The use of glass allows for ample natural light in public and event spaces. The building was designed by Cooper Carry and Meyers + Associates Architecture with interiors by Jeffrey Beers.
History.
In 2008, Experience Columbus, the convention and visitors bureau, began to recognize that the city was at a competitive disadvantage due to the lack of hotel rooms which put the city at danger of losing new and old business at the Greater Columbus Convention Center. In 2010, ground was broken for the publicly financed, 532-room Hilton Columbus Downtown to help meet the growing demand for events at the convention center. It opened in 2012 with a 250-piece art collection, with a cost of about $2 million. The artwork features Ohio-based artists, including Queen Brooks, Ann Hamilton, Aminah Robinson, George Bellows, Emerson Burkhart, Milton Caniff, Alice Schille and James Thurber. The hotel underwent a $125 million renovation in 2015.
A new 1,000-room hotel was first proposed in 2015 by Experience Columbus. In 2016, Columbus bid on hosting Democratic and Republican National Conventions, losing both. In 2017, the organization commissioned a "Hotel and Development Study" and found the city has fewer hotel rooms within a 10-minute walk of the convention center than other locations. The survey recommended the expansion of the Hyatt Regency or the Hilton Columbus Downtown to meet the need of a 1,000-room hotel for convention-center area lodging, estimating $22.5 million a year in direct spending. In March 2018, county officials first proposed a 22-story, 300-foot tower with 468 rooms, creating a 1,000-room hotel. The project would cost $165 million. By August of that year, new plans were released with a redesigned 26-story tower.
The hotel tower broke ground in August 2019. It was designed by architectural firm Cooper Carry. The tower is the tallest building built in Columbus in over 15 years. It was built at a cost of $264.5 million, an increase from the $220 million announced when construction began. Costs added with the rooftop bar and restaurant, additional meeting room and ballroom space, and with adjustments to meet market conditions.
The tower was previously set to open in August 2022, delayed to early September and then September 11 due to a small amount of water damage. In preparation for the opening, the hotel commissioned local fashion designers to create new uniforms for its staff. A ribbon cutting and opening gala will be held in mid-November 2022.
References.
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en
| 36
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|
10000761
|
Native American burial mound in Columbus, Ohio.
The Hartley Mound is a Native American burial mound in Columbus, Ohio. The mound was created around 2,000 years ago by the Pre-Columbian Native American Adena culture. The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. The mound measures 2 ft. high and 43 ft. in diameter. The site's location near a tributary to a major waterway, artifacts found nearby, and the small subconical form of the mound, suggests that it was built by the Adena culture (c. 500 B.C. – 400 A.D.). It is one of few mounds not seriously disturbed by agriculture, industry, or illegal excavation. Upon archaeological excavation, the site should provide information on Adena burial customs and domestic or mortuary structures.
Resources about the site, including its National Register of Historic Places nomination, are restricted under the Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979.
References.
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The Everglades & Dry Tortugas Biosphere Reserve (established 1976) is a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in Florida and the Gulf of Mexico. The reserve encompasses Everglades National Park and Dry Tortugas National Park, including historic Fort Jefferson and the seven Dry Tortugas islands.
Ecological characteristics.
Everglades National Park is a shallow basin tilted to the southwest and underlain by extensive Pleistocene limestones.
Dry Tortugas National Park consists of a group of seven coral reefs with three major banks (Pulaski, Loggerhead and Long Key) forming a pseudo-atoll with a mud-bank type formation.
The biosphere reserve lies at the interface between tropical and subtropical America between fresh and brackish water, shallow bays, deeper coastal waters and coral reefs, thus creating a complex of habitats supporting a high diversity of flora and fauna.
The area of transition from freshwater (glades) to saltwater (mangrove) is a highly productive zone that incubates great numbers of economically valuable crustaceans. Southern Florida vegetation is unique in the United States, but similar communities occur throughout the Caribbean and parts of tropical America.
Habitats include freshwater and wet prairies characterized by islands of tropical hardwood trees; salt marshes; mangrove forests; beach and dune complexes; brackish water estuaries; cypress swamps; marine systems; and coral reefs.
Human activities.
The reserve contains some 200 known archaeological sites, with two archaeological districts nominated in the National Register of Historic Places. Historic use has left a rich record from Native American use, settlement, farming and fishing activities.
A Native American group, the Miccosukee Tribe of Florida, has a special use trust area inside the Everglades National Park for tribal headquarters, visitor center, housing and businesses.
In 1990, some 40 park personnel and 50-100 concession personnel lived in residential areas in the parks, which then had a combined 84,000 visitors according to UNESCO. Visitation at Dry Tortugas reached a peak of 83,704 in 2000, and averaged about 63,000 per year in the period from 2007 to 2016; as of 2017, an average of one million people visited Everglades National Park each year. The area, at that time, received more than 84,000 visitors for snorkeling, swimming, sport fishing and touring historic sites. The Everglades Regional Collection Center houses some 50,000 biological and cultural museum artifacts and archives, as well as a library with 10,000 volumes. In 2019, the Dry Tortugas islands (census tract 9801) had a permanent population of 0. The area receives more than 84,000 visitors for snorkeling, swimming, sport fishing and touring the historic sites. The Everglades Regional Collection Center houses some 50,000 biological and cultural museum artifacts and archives, as well as a library with 10,000 volumes.
Fort Jefferson National Monument offers excellent research possibilities on coral reef ecology, subtropical islands, bird migrations, and fisheries (IUCN, 1990).
Sources.
This article incorporates text from a free content work (license statement/permission). Text taken from "UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory", UNESCO, UNESCO.
|
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10000761
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Gin-based cocktail
The Pegu Club or the Pegu is a gin-based cocktail that was the signature drink of Burma's Pegu Club. Located just outside Rangoon, the club was named after the Pegu, a Burmese river, and its members were those Britons who were senior government and military officials and prominent businessmen.
History.
First appearance (1923).
The cocktail first appeared in "Harry" of Ciro's 1923 book "ABC of Mixing Cocktails". The original used preserved lime juice instead of fresh. Later cocktail books, like "The Savoy Cocktail Book" would begin to omit the brand name "Rose's" when specifying the lime juice. There's a lack of clarity when bartenders may have begun using fresh lime juice because of this ambiguity.
The Pegu Club is best served in a chilled glass and is considered a hot weather drink. Its taste is reminiscent of grapefruit and some bartenders will garnish it with a twist of grapefruit peel or slice of fresh grapefruit, although it is commonly served with a slice of lime to complement the lime juice in the drink.
Revival (2000s-present).
The cocktail experienced a revival in the early 2000s. Bartender Audrey Saunders founded a bar by the same name on West Houston Street in New York City. New York City's Pegu Club was credited with having "kicked the cocktail revival in New York City into high gear when it opened in 2005 and quickly became one of the most influential cocktail bars in the world." It closed in 2020, in part due to restrictions imposed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. TimeOut, after it closed, wrote that as "one of the best bars in New York, Pegu Club was also one of the seminal bars of the craft cocktail movement. Countless bartenders worked here that went on to open their own spots that New Yorkers have come to love."
Notes.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
|
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10000761
|
The Chalet of the Golden Fleece is located in New Glarus, Wisconsin.
History.
The building was constructed for Edwin P. Barlow. Barlow had founded the annual festival commemorating Wilhelm Tell in New Glarus. The building serves as a museum of Swiss culture. It was added to the State and the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.
References.
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10000761
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The Valley Dale Ballroom is a historic building in Columbus, Ohio. Constructed in 1925, it became a nationally known ballroom during the Big Band era of the 1930s and 1940s. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 and the Columbus Register of Historic Properties in 1985.
The first Valley Dale Ballroom was built in 1918, though it burned to the ground in 1923. The present building was built in the following two years. It was significantly remodeled in 1941. The ballroom hosted numerous bands in its history, including Rudy Valee, Les Brown, Glenn Miller, Artie Shaw, Paul Whiteman, Guy Lombardo, Duke Ellington, Benny Goodman, Sammy Kaye, Tommy Dorsey, and The Velvet Underground, as well as prominent local musicians like Earl Hood, Chuck Selby, and Ronald Koal. The Peppe family has owned and operated the ballroom since the late 1920s.
References.
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10000761
|
Eli Todd Tappan (1824–1888) was an American educator, mathematician, author, lawyer and newspaper editor who served as president of Kenyon College, among other public distinctions. He was the son of Senator Benjamin Tappan and the father of author Mary Tappan Wright.
Family, life and education.
Tappan was born April 30, 1824, in Steubenville, Ohio, the son of Benjamin Tappan and his second wife Betsy (Lord) Tappan. His education was received in local public schools, through private tutors, and at St. Mary's College in Baltimore, Maryland. Afterwards he studied law with his father and Edwin M. Stanton, who was his father's partner, and in 1846 he was admitted to the bar. He married, February 4, 1851, Lydia McDowell of Steubenville. The couple had two children, Mary and Charles. He died October 23, 1888.
Career.
From 1846 to 1848 Tappan edited the "Ohio Press" in Columbus, Ohio, a weekly newspaper he founded. He went on to practice law in Steubenville, during which time he served as mayor (1852). He began his career in education in 1857 as a teacher in the public schools and quickly rose to distinction, serving as superintendent, March 1858-June 1859, professor of mathematics at Ohio University, 1859–1860 and 1865–1868, teacher of mathematics at Mount Auburn Young Ladies' Institute, 1860–1865, and president of Kenyon College, 1869-1875. As president he thoroughly revised the curriculum and oversaw completion of the college chapel, the Church of the Holy Spirit. Following his term as president he was Kenyon's professor of mathematics and political economy.
In addition to his administrative and professorial duties, Tappan served as a member of the Ohio State Board of School Examiners in 1864, president of the Ohio State Teachers Association in 1866, and a member of the National Education Association, in which body he also served on the council in 1880, as treasurer from 1880 to 1881, and as president in 1883. He was Ohio's Commissioner of Common Schools from 1887 until his death.
Works.
Tappan was the author of a number of mathematical textbooks, including "Treatise on Plane and Solid Geometry" (1864), "Treatise on geometry and trigonometry" (1868), "Notes and Exercises on Surveying" (1878), and "Elements of Geometry" (1884). Other works include "Inaugural address of Eli T. Tappan, President of the Ohio Teachers' Association," at Zanesville (1866), "School Legislation," a history of the subject in Ohio through 1873, published as part of "A History of Education in the State of Ohio" (1876), and "On the Complexity of Causes," an address before the Department of Higher Instruction of the National Educational Association at Chautauqua (1880).
Papers.
Tappan's papers can be found in various archival collections, including the Eli T. Tappan family papers, the Benjamin Tappan papers, and the records of the Steubenville Coal and Mining Company, all held at the Ohio Historical Society, and the Charles William Eliot papers in the Clifton Waller Barrett Library, at the University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, Va.
|
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10000761
|
Colonial Hills is a subdivision of 873 single-family homes located in the city of Worthington, Ohio, a northern suburb of the state capital, Columbus. Built by the Defense Homes Corporation to meet the needs of World War II production and the post-war boom, it continues to be a viable community today.
History.
"Colonial Hills" was constructed in the early 1940s, but plans to build a subdivision there date to the great real estate boom of the 1920s. It took the involvement of the federal government and the demands for war housing to move the project into reality.
Early settlement.
The modern history of the land that "Colonial Hills" is built on began with the Northwest Ordinance of July 13, 1787. Congress established government for the Northwest Territory, a region that included the future states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. The ordinance also outlawed slavery in the region. On June 1, 1796, the Congress established a U.S. Military District to satisfy land claims of revolutionary war veterans. This included the northern half of the future Franklin County. In 1797, Israel Ludlow surveyed the Military Lands and divided them into townships square. "Colonial Hills" would be located in Sharon Township until its annexation to Worthington in the 1950s. Beginning with the settlement of Worthington in 1803, the land became a farm lot. It remained a farm until 1942 when construction of houses began.
The initial subdivision was titled "Colonial Hills" and was platted on October 11, 1927, by the Jennings-Lawrence Company, This initial plat consisted of only Riverglen Drive, Southington Avenue, Colonial Avenue, Park Boulevard, Meadoway, Loveman Avenue and Kenbrook Drive. These plans remained shelved until February 18, 1940, when a colonial style model home was opened to the public at 36 East Southington Avenue as part of the 1940 Model Home Show of Columbus. Due to the depression, however, private individuals did not possess the resources to buy new houses and the development remained stalled. The homes that the Federal Government financed in 1942 were much less elaborate than 36 East Southington Avenue.
United States Federal Government intervention.
In the fall of 1941, the Federal Government recognized that there was a lack of suitable housing for executives engaged in war production in Columbus, and began a search for an appropriate place to construct such homes. The Defense Homes Corporation chose the vacant "Colonial Hills" site and chose "Overland Realty" to act as its agent. The 1925 plat was modified to add Selby Boulevard, Selby Park and Indianola Park. Most of the original Plat, excepting Kenbrook Drive, was shelved as a phase II development to be built later. Curiously, the name was changed to the more elaborate "Colonial Hills and Dales". The initial 200 homes were located on Selby Boulevard, North Selby, South Selby and Kenbrook Drive. Ten homes on the west side of Indianola Avenue were also part of the initial build, 5493, 5503, 5515, 5531, 5539, 5547, 5555, 5571, 5579 and 5587. This plat shows Kenbrook Drive bisecting Indianola Park. Apparently during the expansion after the war it was decided to terminate Kenbrook Drive at Indianola Avenue and extend Indianola Park farther north.
Also note the presence of alleys. These were designed to be wide to provide access to utilities and provide a place for residents to burn their trash. The alleys were taken out of service in the 1950s by Worthington City Ordinance 117–57. Presumably, with annexation to Worthington, trash pickup began and the alleys were no longer needed. The alleys were divided and attached to their adjacent properties. Some fences still follow the old alley edges.
Architecture & project cost.
A young architect, Todd Tibbals, with offices at 15 N. High Street in downtown Columbus was chosen to design the homes. Nine styles of home were designed to be replicated throughout the initial order of 200 homes. The project was budgeted at $1,250,000.
Construction.
The houses were actually prefabricated off site and delivered in pieces by the New York Central railroad to the "Potter Lumber" company at State Route 161 and Proprietors Road. They were trucked to the site and installed.
To save time and money while building military bases and offices, the U.S. Government turned to the United States Gypsum corporation for a product dating from 1916 called sheetrock. Before the war, American homes were routinely plastered inside—a painstaking process that could consume weeks where no other trade could work inside the house. Despite the expense and labor intensity of plastering, and the successful use of sheetrock in most of the buildings at the Chicago's World's Fair of 1933–34, sheetrock had not caught on. But the urgencies of wartime construction changed all that (Gellner, 2003). Colonial Hills and Dales was one of the first sites in the nation to utilize sheetrock rather than plaster construction.
Construction was well underway by January, 1942. The work site included a lunch room for the 400 workers. By October 1942, two homes were sufficiently completed to be opened to the public for inspection although landscaping had yet to be completed.
Racial restrictions.
The deed restrictions for the subdivision dated December 24, 1938 contained this clause (restrictive covenant):
No part of said addition or any building thereon shall be owned, leased to, or occupied by, any person other than one of the Caucasian race, but this prohibition is not intended to exclude or prevent occupancy by such other persons as domestic servants of any resident of said addition...
This restriction was placed in the deed before "Colonial Hills" became a government funded project, but no effort was ever made to remove it. Indeed, in the August 28, 1942 deed drawn up by the Defense Homes Corporation and Overland Realty the restriction remains. The restriction was nullified by the Federal Fair Housing Act of April 11, 1968.
The first homes are occupied.
The assembly line style of construction and modern techniques such as the use of sheetrock meant houses were finished quickly. By the spring of 1943, 58 of the 200 units were occupied. "Colonial Hills" was built in an assembly line fashion that predated Levittown by five years.
The homes remained rental units throughout the war. Many of the tenants held white collar jobs at the Curtis Wright Aviation Plant located at the airport.
After World War II.
At the end of the war, all the homes on Selby and Kenbrook were sold for $6000 to $8000 to current residents and returning veterans, and later, to others. Many were bought by investors and remained rentals well into the 1950s.
The demand for postwar housing caused the Overland Realty Co. to dust off the 1927 plat. On August 8, 1946, this plat was slightly modified to connect Kenbrook and Loveman together in a "U" shape at the western end of those streets. The original plat had the two streets merging, much as North and South Selby do, and then the merged street, named Bromley Avenue, would proceed through the Kenyon Brook subdivision to Southington Avenue. This change accounts for the relatively large lot sizes around the circle at the end of Lake Ridge Road.
An additional 645 lots were added to "Colonial Hills" and construction ran through the early 1950s. Many of these new homes featured two story design, basements and aluminum framed windows. This brought the size of "Colonial Hills" to over 800 families with an eventual population of 3,100.
Civic Association and annexation to Worthington.
Some time thereafter, the name of the development was shortened, once again, to "Colonial Hills". In 1946 the "Colonial Hills Civic Association" was established. It was incorporated in 1952, the same year some residents of Colonial Hills began seeking annexation to the village of Worthington.
Sharon Township was being rapidly converted from farmland to higher value retail and housing development. Both Columbus and Worthington wanted to add this valuable new property to their cities. Deciding between remaining part of the township, annexing to Columbus or annexing to Worthington was difficult. Tax rates in Columbus were $20 per $1000 of valued property, while the township was charging $26.20 and in Worthington, $29.20. The typical taxpayer in Colonial Hills paid $200 in annual property tax.
Concerned about the cost of providing services to Colonial Hills, many of Worthington's 2000 residents fought the annexation for two years until November 2, 1954, when Colonial Hills was annexed to Worthington. This increased the population of Worthington to more than 5000, and changed its status from Village to City. "Colonial Hills Elementary School" was promptly constructed and opened in 1955.
From the 1950s until at least the late 1970s, Colonial Hills hosted a July Fourth celebration that was a major event for the north side of Columbus. A parade with hundreds of children in costume, floats and horse-drawn wagons made its way along Andover to Selby Park, where tents were set up. Fireworks at Indianola Park followed.
Appearance of highways.
Prior to the completion of Interstate 70 and Interstate 71 across Ohio, the City of Columbus began construction "expressways" that would link to the new Interstate System. The portion of Interstate 71 that bounds Worthington's eastern edge was called "The North Freeway", cost 13.8 million dollars, and was constructed south from State Route 161, arriving at 11th avenue by August, 1961. It took a year to get from 11th Avenue to 5th Avenue, mostly due to the need to construct a massive underpass under the Pennsylvania Railroad's Grogan Yard. Ironically, today only two tracks cross the viaduct, the rest of the structure supports a large, weedy field. By August 1962, the freeway had reached Fifth Avenue, and reached downtown in November 1962. It wasn't until 1966 that I-71 was complete between Cincinnati and Cleveland.
I-270 (the Outerbelt) was proposed in the early 1960s with the north section to be routed through the deaf school just north of Graceland Shopping Center. This proposal was fought by residents of Clintonville and Beechwold through 1961. In October, 1961, after an extensive letter writing campaign by local residents, Ohio Governor Michael DiSalle announced that the freeway would be built north of Worthington. In August, 1967, the first section of Outerbelt between North High Street and I-71 opened. The outerbelt was finally completed in August, 1975 at a total cost of 150 million dollars.
State Route 315 was the most contentious of the area's freeways, and its construction was not completed until 1981. Its construction involved relocating the Olentangy River between the Outerbelt and 161.
Today.
Today, few of the original homes remain unmodified, as their value has justified extensive remodeling. The combined property value of six Colonial Hills homes would exceed the $1,250,000 spent to construct the original 200, a testament to the decision-making process of the Defense Homes Corporation over sixty years ago.
|
en
| 43
|
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10000761
|
Office building in Columbus, Ohio
The Broad-Brunson Place Condominiums is a set of condominium units in the Woodland Park neighborhood of Columbus, Ohio. The condominiums were listed on the Columbus Register of Historic Properties in 1984
Attributes.
The seventeen-unit structure was designed with French and Spanish influences. Its design was attributed to Robert Gilmore Hanford, though the attribution is unconfirmed. Hanford was responsible for the design of several similar buildings in the neighboring city of Bexley, including the Ohio Governor's Mansion.
The complex forms a rough U-shape, with most units facing west toward Brunson Avenue; some units open to the north and south sides. The east side of the block is primarily lawn and porch space for the units. The building has 2.5 stories, with stuccoed brick exterior walls and a colorful roof of red, green, and gray slate.
History.
It was built as an apartment complex c. 1920, but by 1976 it was used for condominiums instead. The complex was listed on the Columbus Register of Historic Properties in 1984.
References.
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|
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|
10000761
|
The Porterville General Store is a historic structure in Porterville, Kemper County, Mississippi. The wood-frame building on a brick foundation was constructed in 1913. Dr. W. F. Rogers built it to replace a previous store that burned. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 17, 2006. The building is located on Old Mississippi Highway 45. It is now an art studio. It was near the Mobile and Ohio Railroad (M&O) line's station.
References.
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|
en
| 45
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|
10000761
|
Riverview Park, is a park located on the Chippewa River in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, on the north side of the city. The park also incorporates an island in the Chippewa River.
Facilities.
Riverview Park offers three pavilions for picnics and parties, all of which offer grilling facilities, seating accommodations and access to electricity; of track for walking or bicycling; and a boat landing.
The park is open year-round, and also offers playground and public bathrooms. Cross-country skiing is allowed in winter. The picnic shelter and bathroom facilities ere built in 1971.
In 2020 the Eau Claire City Council announced $2M worth of improvements to the park.
References.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
|
en
| 46
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Historic house in Ohio, United States
The C.E. Morris House is a historic house in Columbus, Ohio, United States. The house was built in 1897 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. The C.E. Morris House was built at a time when East Broad Street was a tree-lined avenue featuring the most ornate houses in Columbus; the house reflects the character of the area at the time. The building is also part of the 18th & E. Broad Historic District on the Columbus Register of Historic Properties, added to the register in 1988.
The house was built for Charles E. Morris, owner of Morris Ironworks, who lived there until 1924. It was later rented out for rooms, and further on, used for commercial space.
References.
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10000761
|
The building at 941–955 Boylston Street in the Back Bay district of Boston, Massachusetts was designed by Arthur H. Vinal in 1886, while he was City Architect, as the city's first combined fire and police station. The building, constructed in 1887, is in the Richardsonian Romanesque style, as was Vinal's most notable other work, the Chestnut Hill Water Works pumping station, built at about the same time. It has been designated a Boston Landmark by the Boston Landmarks Commission.
The fire station at 941 Boylston, which is still active, houses Boston Fire Department Engine Company 33 and Ladder Company 15. The police station, 955 Boylston, was home to Boston Police Department Division 16 until 1976. From 1976 to 2007, the police station was home to the Institute of Contemporary Art; in 2007 it was acquired by Boston Architectural College for $7.22 million.
A courtyard between the two buildings originally led to shared stables for fire department and police horses. Division 16 would later add a single-story building immediately to the west (out of frame in the photo above). By 1976, the advent of motorized patrols had led to a consolidation of Boston's smaller police divisions, including division 16, into larger police districts, resulting in the closure and redevelopment of the police station.
Plaques on the Boylston St. facade memorialize four Boston firefighters who died in the line of duty: Cornelius J. Noonan (d. 1938), Richard F. Concannon (d. 1961), Richard B. Magee (d. 1972), and Stephen F. Minehan (d. 1994).
References.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
External links.
Media related to at Wikimedia Commons
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10000761
|
Historic house in Ohio, United States
The Gilbert H. Hamilton House is a historic building in the Glen Echo neighborhood of Columbus, Ohio. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 and the Columbus Register of Historic Properties in 2018. The house, completed in 1927, overlooks the Glen Echo Ravine. It was built for Gilbert H. and Caroline J. Hamilton; the family lived there until 1952.
References.
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10000761
|
Hussey's General Store claims to be the largest general store in the state of Maine. It was founded in 1923 and moved to its present location in 1954.
The slogan for "Hussey's General Store" is, "if we ain't got it, you don't need it". Hussey's has a large amount of merchandise including guns, wedding gowns, and cold beer, as is stated by a sign outside the store. The building is located at the intersection of Routes 32 and 105 in Windsor. The store also operates as an Ace Hardware franchisee.
|
en
| 50
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|
10000761
|
Distillery in Monteplier, Vermont (e. 2011)
Caledonia Spirits is a craft distillery in Montpelier, Vermont. The distillery is known for its Barr Hill-brand spirits, including gin, vodka, and an Old Tom gin called Tom Cat. The company's flagship product is its Barr Hill Gin, which is the top-selling Vermont-made spirit and the most awarded gin made in the US.
History.
The distillery was originally located in Hardwick in Vermont's Caledonia County (in the Northeast Kingdom). It was founded by Todd Hardie, a lifelong beekeeper who wanted to popularize honey-based beverages and highlight the important and threatened role of bees in the environment. Ryan Christiansen serves as the company's president and head distiller. The two met in 2011, while Hardie was using raw honey in his small production winery at the time. In the 2010s, the company moved to Montpelier, opening a 27,000-square-foot distillery. In 2019, the company expanded its presence there, opening a cocktail bar and retail store.
Operations.
The distillery distributes in 32 U.S. states, as well as Montreal, and other foreign cities with cocktail cultures. Product volume tripled from 2015 to 2019 and continues to grow rapidly, leading to about 60,000 4.5L cases shipped per year.
Each year since 2017, Caledonia Spirits has hosted a Bee's Knees Week, an event to raise funds to plant pollinator habitats across the U.S. The event, hosted in late September each year, is an effort to combat pollinator decline. The 2021 fundraiser had a goal of planting of bee habitats.
Products.
The company's Barr Hill Gin uses raw honey sourced from Vermont. The raw honey maintains aromatics from the bees' foraging practices, with an estimated 100 to 115 different pollen and plant particles found in their raw honey.
The company's vodka is distilled from only raw honey sourced from a 250-mile radius around the Barr Hill distillery. The process requires of honey per 750 mL bottle. The honey is not heated prior to fermentation, preserving natural aromatics. The vodka is also distilled only one to two times, keeping flavors that could otherwise be removed through subsequent distillations.
Reception.
Caledonia Spirits' gin is well-received. In a Forbes review of top gins in 2019, Barr Hill was listed first, recommended for its botanical notes and for use in a white Negroni.
References.
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|
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|
10000761
|
Historic house in Ohio, United States
The House at 753 East Broad Street is a historic house in Columbus, Ohio, United States. The house was built c. 1870 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. It was built at a time when East Broad Street was a tree-lined avenue featuring the most ornate houses in Columbus; the house reflects the character of the area at the time.
References.
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|
en
| 52
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|
10000761
|
The Central Assurance Company is a historic building in Columbus, Ohio. It was built in 1942 and listed as part of the E. Broad St. Multiple Resources Area on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. It is significant for its Art Deco architecture, one of few remaining commercial buildings in the style in Columbus.
References.
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|
en
| 53
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|
10000761
|
Historic church in Ohio, United States
Monnett Memorial M. E. Chapel (Monnett Chapel) is a historic church at 999 OH 98 in Bucyrus, Ohio.
It was built in 1901 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.
History.
The congregation traces its history back to 1828, when Issac Monnett held services in his own home. The original chapel was built in 1849 by Jeremiah Monnett, a relative of Mary Monnett Bain. It had between 12 and 17 members during the 1890s. That number dropped to 6 in the year prior to the completion of the new chapel.
Construction on the new building was begun in 1902. Its main floor seating capacity was 300, and featured an organ-loft. It was built of blue limestone and the pulpit was oak. The new, heated chapel was dedicated August 28, 1904 and featured a "Sunday School Room". The cost for structure was $8,500, much of the cost was funded by a gift from the late Placidia Shaw, a granddaughter of Jeremiah Monnett. By 1908, its membership had grown to 53.
References.
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en
| 54
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10000761
|
The Westerville High School - Vine Street School is a historic school in Westerville, Ohio. It was built in 1896 by the Columbus architecture firm of Yost and Packard. The high school is an example of Romanesque Revival architecture.
The building was opened to the public on during a grand ceremony on March 19, 1896. Today, the school is referred to as the Emerson Magnet school, which specializes in teaching children foreign languages and cultures.
References.
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10000761
|
Historic house in Maryland, U.S.
The Shipley House was located in Alpha, Howard County, Maryland, near Marriottsville. The house was among five other buildings supporting a farm in Alpha, Maryland. The property was part of a land grant named Woodford patented in 1727. John Taylor acquired the land and of the estate were sold to Phillip Hammond in 1744. In 1777, Charles Hammond bequeathed of Woodford and his slaves to his son. Nathan Shipley acquired a portion and through inheritance, Joshua H. Shipley acquired of the Woodford estate, raising 12 children on-site. The slave plantation harvested tobacco and grain crops. The frame farm house was constructed in 1830. Outbuildings included a wellhouse (1900), a frame shed (1835), and a bank barn (1884).
John and Mary O'Mara farmed and maintained the property as Sunnyside Farm, raising hoses and cattle until sale in 1979. The farm was purchased by Howard County in 1979 as possible expansion space for the controversial Alpha Ridge Landfill project. The county boarded up the properties without maintenance. In August 1992, the firm of Goodwin and Associates determined that the deterioration that occurred in twelve years of ownership by Howard County negated any effort to preserve the property. The land was converted to the Alpha Ridge Community Park in 1994, demolishing the Shipley House and outbuildings to replace them with a complex of revenue generating ball fields and facilities.
References.
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] | 19
|
10000761
|
The Diller Hotel is a former hotel building in downtown Seattle, Washington. In the early 1900s, it was known as one of Seattle's few luxury hotels. This historic building is located at the corner of First Avenue and University Street, across from the Seattle Art Museum, and is one of the few remaining buildings left from the 1890s, a period of reconstruction and commercial development after the area was destroyed by the fire of 1889. The hotel was owned by Leonard Diller (1839–1901) and family and was designed by architect Louis L. Mendel. The building is now home to The Diller Room, a craft cocktail bar housed in the former hotel lobby.
History.
In January 1887 pioneer Seattle merchant Leonard Diller, who previously traded as a butcher operating the City Market, entered the hotel trade when he leased the old Brunswick Hotel in Pioneer Square from Watson C. Squire. His plans for a new hotel at Front and University Streets, then a largely residential area on the opposite end of downtown, were first announced in February 1889. Though largely resembling what would eventually be built, the earliest plans called for the building to have a complete iron front, which would have been a first for Seattle had it been realized.
The Great Seattle Fire began on June 6, 1889, originating from an old carpenter shop on the corner of Front and Madison Street, known as the Pontius Block. Connected to the Pontius Block was the Denny Block made up of primarily wooden buildings which caught fire soon after it had begun. Historic hotels were destroyed in the fire such as the Arlington, the Pacific House and Diller's own Brunswick Hotel (all being large wood-framed buildings). The fire ended destroying a total of 36 blocks and four of the waterfront wharves coming to a total of 116 acres of destroyed land at an estimated cost of $20,000,000. Diller's new hotel however was well north of the burnt district and construction resumed at a normal pace.
After the devastation of the Seattle fire the city required buildings to be made primarily of masonry in order to achieve a "fire-resistant" city, causing a shortage of domestic building materials. This called for massive amounts of brick to be imported from Japan. The Diller Hotel was one of the first of the new brick buildings completed, opening exactly one year after the fire on June 6, 1890. The main goal of the area was to promote residential living and developing suburban neighborhoods by providing public transportation of railways and cable cars. By 1900, more than 29 road railways and cable cars were in full operation. Residential areas did not develop in the area but hotels were being built due to immigrants, tourists, and entrepreneurs; within four years of the fire 63 hotels had opened.
The Diller Hotel opened to the public exactly one year after the fire on June 6, 1890. The new hotel was though as one of the luxury hotels with amenities such as the running water, toilets, and the first elevator. The Diller Hotel struggled immensely in the first years of opening until 1897 when gold was found in Alaska and Seattle had become known as the "Gateway to Alaska" for miners and workers to and from Alaska. The Klondike Gold Rush not only was responsible for the major growth the Seattle as a city but also helped many businesses including the Diller Hotel. In 1905 The Diller, now owned by Diller's widow, was extended 30 feet to the alley under the supervision of architect James Donnellan. The new addition, which added 40 rooms to the hotel (for 150 rooms total), was designed to conform with the existing architecture.
In 1916, Washington State declared a prohibition policy which resulted in the ban of the sale of alcohol statewide; this was three years earlier than the United States passed the Eighteenth Amendment and entered the Prohibition Era which lasted from 1919 to 1933. As a result, to the new law, speakeasies, which were illegal bars, popped up very quickly all around the country. The Diller Bar became a speakeasy having the front of a Chinese laundromat as a disguise for the illegal bar inside.
The population of the Seattle had allowed for numerous hotels to be built along First Avenue and continuing to Second Avenue, including new skyscraper hotels. These new hotels housed the "first class" citizens as First Avenue fell into disarray and soon become known as "Flesh Avenue" around the end of the Second World War. It was a garish street full of neon signs, bars, porn shops, and pawn shops.
Now the hotel is simply known as "The Diller". It has been turned into apartments used by many students and artists today though it is still legally considered a hotel. It has become known for The Diller Room, a nostalgic-style cocktail bar was created by Robert B. and Josie S. Wilson in 2009. It occupies part of the former lobby and what was once The Diller Bar and The Flamingo Room post WW2 through the 1970s. The area has improved and is fast becoming one of the best parts of the city being home to major attractions such as the Pike Place Market and the Seattle Art Museum as well as top hotels such as the new Four Seasons, Hotel 1000 and the Harbor Steps on First Avenue.
In 2017, the block surrounding the Diller Building was demolished for the development of 2&U, a 38-story high-rise office building.
Notable people.
Leonard Diller.
Leonard Diller (1839–1901) was born in Ohio and moved to Oregon City, Oregon to start a successful mercantile business in 1864. Diller then moved north to Tacoma, Washington, in 1873 then onto Seattle in 1876. He immediately became the owner of the Sneider Market, the Desmond Hotel, and in 1885 the Brunswick Hotel. The Brunswick Hotel, located on South Main and First Street, was destroyed in the 1889 fire so Diller built this new hotel after the fire.
Louis L. Mendel.
Louis Mendel (1867–1940) is primarily known for his work with his partner of thirteen years Charles H. Bebb. He was first employed with an architecture firm in Cleveland, Ohio, before moving to San Diego in 1886 and then onto Seattle in 1889. He returned to California in 1893 due to the economic panic that occurred after the Seattle fire though returned in 1889 to begin his work with Charles Bebb. Some buildings designed by the partners include: University Heights School (1902), the Seattle Athletic Club (1903–04, destroyed), and the Frye Hotel 1906–11).
References.
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en
| 57
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] | 15
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10000761
|
Historic house in Ohio, United States
The Hanna House is a historic house in Columbus, Ohio, United States. The house was built in 1900 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The building and its carriage house were built for James B. Hanna, president and co-founder of the Hanna Paint Company. The Hanna House was built at a time when East Broad Street was a tree-lined avenue featuring the most ornate houses in Columbus. The house remained in the Hanna family until 1975, and afterwards became an insurance office. The building is also part of the 21st & E. Broad Historic Group on the Columbus Register of Historic Properties, added to the register in 1988.
References.
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70
] | 15
|
10000761
|
Historic house in Ohio, United States
The Krumm House is a historic building in the Brewery District neighborhood of Columbus, Ohio. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and Columbus Register of Historic Properties in 1982. The brick house was built c. 1885. The building was home to Alexander W. Krumm, the Columbus City Solicitor from 1878 to 1883. The property is also one of few remaining late 19th century houses on South High Street.
References.
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10000761
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Historic houses in Logan County, Ohio
The Piatt Castles are two historic houses near West Liberty in Logan County, Ohio. The houses were built by brothers Donn and Abram S. Piatt in the 1860s and 1870s, designed in a Gothic style. The houses are located and east of West Liberty. In 1982, the castles were listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
The houses were both operated as historic house museums, both still owned by the Piatt family, from 1912 to 2019. Mac-O-Chee, built by Donn Piatt, was sold in October of that year to local residents, to support the continued restoration of the Mac-A-Cheek estate. Mac-A-Cheek remains open to public tours.
Piatt family.
The Piatt family descended from France as French Huguenots who wished to escape religious persecution in a Catholic nation. Upon moving to the United States, the family took root in the colony of New Jersey, where the grandfather of Abram and Donn, Jacob Piatt, offered support to the country in the American Revolutionary War. As reward for his deeds, the newly founded government gave Jacob land in Kentucky, where he built his home.
While Jacob was a farmer and his son Benjamin was a lawyer, the family was also involved in flat boat trading up and down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers as well as real estate. By 1828, Benjamin had moved his family to Logan County, Ohio. It was here that he built a log cabin for his family. At the time of their move to Logan County, Donn was 9 years old and Abram was 7.
Castles.
Mac-O-Chee (the home built by Donn, and designed by John L. Smithmeyer) and Mac-A-Cheek (built by Abram) were begun in 1864. Mac-A-Cheek was completed in 1871, and Mac-O-Chee was completed in 1879. The homes were built only about 3/4 of mile apart from each other. Abram's home was built slightly smaller, but is more secluded and set away from the road. Donn's home is larger and sits closer to the road. Both homes have three stories and towers, boast painted ceilings, and have intricate woodwork. An 1880 county history speaks of Mac-O-Chee existing in a state of "almost baronial splendor". The two sat close to the Shawnee village of Mackachack, where Simon Kenton was forced to run the gauntlet after being captured by the Indians.
Sale of Mac-O-Chee.
It was announced on July 26, 2019, that the Piatt Family would auction off Mac-O-Chee. The family cited renovation and maintenance costs of maintaining both properties for their decision. On October 19, 2019, Mac-O-Chee Castle, along with its farmhouse and land, was sold at auction to brothers Ryan and Jason Cole of West Liberty, Ohio for $561,000 ($510,000 with closing costs). The Coles also bought most of the estate's antique items, large and small, for approximately $30,000. The Piatt family plans to restore their remaining castle, Mac-A-Cheek, by using funds from the auction.
Public tours.
Tours began in 1912 at Mac-A-Cheek four years after the death of Abram. When William McCoy Piatt (the fourth son of Abram) inherited the home, he had already amassed a large collection of artifacts and objects of interest. After commissioning a custom cabinet to display his collection, William opened his home to visitors who wished to view his curiosity cabinet. Thus the family entered into the tourist business, though it was a minor industry compared to the farm and grist mill located on the property.
Touring continued with the family living in the home until 1985, when the family moved out of their home. Tours of Mac-A-Cheek are still offered to the public. The Piatt family still owns and manages the museum at Mac-A-Cheek, a popular site for weddings, receptions and other events.
References.
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10000761
|
Historic building in Columbus, Ohio, U.S.
The Welsbach Building is a historic building in Downtown Columbus, Ohio. It was built in 1906 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The building served as the middle western department of the Welsbach Company, a manufacturer of gas lights, from 1907 to 1929.
The building was extensively renovated around 1997 to become a Red Roof Inn.
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|
10000761
|
Historic site in Columbus, Ohio
The Trolley District is a mixed-use complex in Columbus, Ohio. The site houses the East Market, a public market and food hall, as well as two bars, restaurants, a brewery, and event space, with plans for neighboring apartments. The property is located in the city's Franklin Park neighborhood and is a contributing part of the Columbus Near East Side District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
The site's buildings were built between 1882 and 1920 to serve public transit in Columbus, including horsecars, streetcars, and buses. It became vacant in the 1980s and gradually fell into disrepair. A redevelopment project began in 2007, though it failed to make progress. Another redevelopment project began in 2014, and on-site construction began in March 2020. The first two bars on-site opened in December 2021, the marketplace opened in April 2022, the brewery opened in February 2023, and a restaurant opened in May of that year.
Attributes.
The trolley barn complex is located at the northeast corner of Oak Street and Kelton (formerly Rose) Avenue. The site lies adjacent to the city-owned Franklin Park, which contains the Franklin Park Conservatory. The site contains six brick buildings, solidly constructed.
The largest building on the site is a former streetcar paint shop, known as the west car barn. The building contains East Market, a public food hall and marketplace similar to the city's North Market and former East, West, and Central Markets. The building was planned to have six stalls for prepared foods, a produce vendor, and a coffee stall. A 2020 report indicated it will now hold 20 stalls and a restaurant on the main floor, storage and refrigeration in the basement, and an upper floor for marketplace seating and event space. A small speakeasy-themed bar will occupy some ground-floor space, to be open to the public except during private events. A raised patio will be constructed around the building's east end, wrapping around to the north.
The property also contains a taproom for the Columbus Brewing Company, in the former carriage and later trolley repair shop building. The site includes a large bar, fireplace, several brewing tanks, and an outdoor beer garden.
Other buildings will hold foodservice operations and other businesses; one will become a second location for The Butcher & Grocer, a local butcher shop.
The site was planned to contain 168 parking spaces, including on a plot of land north of the East Market building, which formerly held another car barn. A space near the taproom was planned to be flexible to contain delivery space, overflow parking, and event space.
A 102-unit apartment complex is set to be constructed on an empty lot across Oak Street, to the south of the trolley barn complex. The buildings, at three to five stories, will contain about 15 affordable units. The complex was a requirement for the brewery to lease its space.
History.
The buildings were constructed between 1882 and 1920 to serve the city's electric trolley network. The earliest building served horsecars, while every building served streetcars until their discontinuation, and subsequently buses until the 1980s. Several of the buildings were subsequently demolished or fell into disrepair.
When built, the site was a considerable distance from Columbus's center by carriage. The site, originally for the Columbus Railway & Light Co., became owned by the Columbus Transit Co. The property was used as a repair shop, to lift cars, paint them, and manufacture and repair metal and wooden parts.
The site was sold to Minnie McGee for $231,000 in a sheriff's sale in 2003. Plans to redevelop the site date to at least 2007. At that time, the Columbus Compact Corporation planned to develop it into the Trolley Market, an organic food and arts and crafts market with outdoor activity spaces, performance spaces, community greenhouses, and other features. In 2010, Columbus Compact sought community members' help in redeveloping the site, gathering a group called the Friends of Franklin Park Trolley Barn. The corporation offered the property owner $189,000 for the property in 2013.
By March 2013, the property was ordered to be cleaned up, as the owner had let it decline. Amid numerous code violations, bricks and roof tiles were beginning to fall into neighboring properties, and prostitution and drug dealing was reportedly taking place there. The 2013 court order came with a fine of $250 per day until the property was repaired. By September the court ordered McGee to sell the property or face $30,000 in fines accumulated from the earlier court order.
In 2014, Brad DeHays of Connect Realty purchased the site and its buildings from Minnie McGee, at its appraised value. In 2017, DeHays announced his plan for the site: an East Market (similar to the city's North Market and former East, West, and Central Markets), along with a Columbus Brewing Company taproom and a foodservice space. A 102-unit apartment complex was planned to be built across Oak Street. The developer applied for historic tax credits to help fund the entire project, and planned to keep as many of the existing structures as possible, later saying he plans to keep every building on the site. DeHays stressed the importance of working with the community and supporting it with fresh produce and healthy food options, as the area is currently underserved by grocery stores. After being passed over for historic tax credits in 2017, the project received its $2 million in credits in 2018. The trolley barn complex project was estimated to cost $14 million, while the apartment complex development was set to cost $15 million. Construction began in March 2020; the first phase – the East Market building – is set to be completed in August 2021, while the easternmost buildings will be complete by November 2021. Renovations have included new floors and structural supports, repaired ceilings, and large patches in walls. Earlier opening estimates called for June or July 2021, delayed by construction difficulties, including a fire damaging the roof and heavy rains that collapsed a wall.
In 2019, the city approved a substantial tax agreement with the property owners, after talks with DeHayes and former mayor Michael Coleman. The city classified the site as a "downtown redevelopment district" (DRD), which would not lower the property's taxes. Instead it would divert 70% of the site's property taxes for 30 years to subsidize the fresh food market in the development. The agreement would also include a free market stall for Columbus City Schools' culinary students to use, high-speed internet for East High School, and mobile laptop stations at the market. The agreement was criticized by the school district teachers union president, who described the agreement as an unnecessary giveaway as the project is certain to be profitable. He also stated that the educational benefits are not as meaningful as staff and facility upgrades. Scott Woods, writing for "Columbus Alive", noted similar concerns, and that the city should be taxing the property at a higher rate. DeHays stated that the produce market couldn't survive without a subsidy, and that the project would otherwise not be financially viable. North Market's director agreed, though he noted that the Trolley District project is for-profit, unlike North Market, and thus could support less-profitable aspects of its operations.
The first two commercial operations opened in the development in December 2021: The Railhouse, a tavern, and Switch, a speakeasy-style bar. The East Market opened in April 2022. The Columbus Brewing Company opened on the site in February 2023, followed by the Local Cantina restaurant and bar, part of a larger chain, in May 2023.
References.
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en
| 62
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70
] | 19
|
10000761
|
Historic house in Columbus, Ohio
The Joseph Warren Yost House is a historic house in Columbus, Ohio. It was added to the Columbus Near East Side District (part of the National Register of Historic Places) in 1978, and the Bryden Road District (part of the Columbus Register of Historic Properties) in 1990.
The house was built c. 1895 for Joseph Warren Yost, a prominent Columbus architect, who also designed the house. The building has rich decorations and detail, including a combination of stone, brick, and terracotta, as well as French-inspired bellcast roofs.
The home's design has numerous similarities to the Charles Frederick Myers house, situated on Bryden a few blocks to the east, and presumably also designed by Yost.
References.
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|
en
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|
10000761
|
Building in Columbus, Ohio
E.O. Snyder Grocer is a historic building in the Near East Side of Columbus, Ohio. The building was added to the Columbus Register of Historic Properties in 2018.
Attributes.
The three-story building is located at the southeast corner of East Main St. and Wilson Avenue. The Merchant is the first coworking space in Olde Towne East. It has for shared workspaces.
History.
The building was a merchant stand for the decades: E.O. Snyder first owned it, from 1907 to 1917. In a recent ownership, the building housed a convenience store, with residential units in the floors above. In 2018, it began conversion into a coworking space called The Merchant. The building owners received $191,000 in state historic tax credits for the renovation, set to cost $1.5 million. The work would create an open space on the ground floor for workers and separated offices on the upper two floors. The couple renovating it tore down a building behind the grocery, leaving a large enclosed patio. They preserved and restored original brick, woodwork, and flooring, and replaced windows.
References.
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|
10000761
|
Loston Harris is an American jazz pianist and vocalist. Harris plays primarily from the Great American Songbook in a traditional style. He is a regular performer at various venues in New York City including Jazz at Lincoln Center, has recorded five albums, and appeared in a feature film.
Biography.
Loston Harris began his studies at Virginia Commonwealth University as a percussion major. After hearing Harris playing the piano, visiting professor Ellis Marsalis urged the percussionist to switch instruments. Harris later transferred to Howard University where he studied piano with Geri Allen and Billy Taylor.
In 1995 Harris toured with Wynton Marsalis, and in 1996 with Marcus Roberts. He has released five albums, the most recent in 2013. Additionally, he appeared as himself in the 2005 film "Little Manhattan". Harris currently leads the house band at the Carlyle Hotel’s Bemelmans Bar.
|
en
| 65
|
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] | 8
|
10000761
|
Shoe manufacturer in Columbus, Ohio
The H.C. Godman Company was a shoe manufacturer based in Columbus, Ohio. The manufacturer was the first of significance in the city, founded by Henry Clay Godman as Hodder and Godman Leather in 1876. It operated until 1962, only one of two local shoe manufacturers in Columbus to survive into the 1960s.
The company had its main factory at 347 W. Broad Street in the city's Franklinton neighborhood. At its height, it produced shoes in six locations around Columbus. The H.C. Godman Co. Building, located in Downtown Columbus, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018.
References.
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en
| 66
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|
10000761
|
The New England Lodge, at 634 N. High St. in Worthington, Ohio, was built in 1820. It was asserted to be, in 1999, the Masonic lodge longest in use for Masonic purposes west of the Allegheny Mountains.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.
In 2016, there were plans to convert much of the lodge building into condominiums, although reserving part to serve as a Masonic museum and offices.
References.
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| 67
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|
10000761
|
Historic commercial building in New York, United States
Manion's General Store is a historic general store and post office located at Ferndale in Sullivan County, New York. It was built before 1908 and is a large, frame building. It is two and one half stories tall, five bays wide and three bays deep, with a gable roof and deep overhanging eaves. It is built into a hillside and has a stone foundation. The store operated into the 1970s and the post office to the 1980s.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.
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|
10000761
|
Historic house in Ohio, United States
The Benjamin Smith House is a historic building in Downtown Columbus, Ohio. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. The house was built c. 1860 for Benjamin E. Smith, a wealthy financier. Smith lived in the house until 1883, when he moved to New York City. Rented by Ohio as a governor's mansion, it housed Ohio governors George Hoadly and Joseph Foraker. In 1886, the Columbus Club, a private club in the city, purchased the house and grounds, and are still housed there today.
The house was designed by Nathan B. Kelley, also one of the principal architects of the Ohio Statehouse.
References.
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|
10000761
|
Historic building in Columbus, Ohio
The Avery Pontiac Building is a historic building in Columbus, Ohio. It is located in Columbus's Near East Side, roughly between the Franklin Park and Olde Towne East neighborhoods. The building was added to the Columbus Near East Side District (on the National Register of Historic Places) in 1978. It was individually listed on the Columbus Register of Historic Properties in 1984.
The building was constructed as the Avery Pontiac dealership in 1909. It became used for a warehouse and later as an artist and photographer living space. In March 2017, the city forced over a dozen tenants out, after finding numerous serious code violations and deeming it unsafe for habitation. In November 2017, a developer announced it wants to convert the buildings into apartment units and a first-floor restaurant. The project, estimated to cost $1.5 million, would create 15 living units. A renovation process was reported to be approved by city commissions, though not yet approved by city council, as of January 2018.
References.
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66,
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] | 19
|
10009733
|
Airline manufacturer
SuperJet International (SJI) is a joint venture between Alenia Aermacchi (51%, now branded as Leonardo SpA) of Italy and Sukhoi Holding Company (49%) of Russia. The company is responsible for marketing, providing after-sales support and services as well as training, design, and development input for the Sukhoi Superjet 100 and its business variant Sukhoi Business Jet (SBJ). It is headquartered in Venice, Italy. Initially with 51%, leaving 49% to Sukhoi, Leonardo revised its shareholding agreement in 2016 and cut its share to 10%.
History.
Formed in July 2007 and based in Tessera, Venice, SuperJet International is responsible for marketing, sales, customization, and delivery of the Sukhoi Superjet 100 (SSJ100) in Europe, the Americas, and other markets such as Oceania, Africa, and Japan. The company is also in charge of training and worldwide after-sales support, as well as the design and development of the Sukhoi Business Jet and cargo variant.
SJI established a branch in Moscow for logistical and technical support, training courses, and commercial services. An additional sales-office was placed in Washington, D.C., US, in order to cover the North American market. Several more offices will be opened in due course in other markets.
In May 2022, Italy's police froze assets of 146 million euros ($153 million) owned by SuperJet International due to EU sanctions against Russia following its invasion of Ukraine.
In March 2023, a possible deal was announced that would see UAC sell its stake in SuperJet International to an Emirati investment fund, Markab Capital Investments. A new factory would be built at Al Ain International Airport, Abu Dhabi, where aircraft would be assembled before completion at SJI's Venice site. The deal would be conditional on SJI's assets being unfrozen by the European Union. It is unclear how Russian production of the SSJ-New would be affected by the deal, or how the new owners would establish a supply chain for the aircraft.
Customer services.
SuperJet International Customer Services is responsible for worldwide after-sales support for Sukhoi Superjet 100 Operators. SJI task is to provide the operators with after-sales services. The “SuperCare” agreement is a comprehensive “per-flight-hour” program developed by SJI specifically for SSJ100 aircraft operators.
SJI selected Lufthansa Technik Logistik GmbH (LTL) as the global logistics provider to manage the Sukhoi Superjet 100 spares distribution centres worldwide. SJI utilizes the new partnership taking advantage of LTL's facilities based at Frankfurt International Airport.
Training.
The SJI Training Center provides the support for SSJ100 flight and maintenance training through courses for:
Flight crews (Type Rating and Recurrent), cabin crews (Transition and Refresher) and Maintenance and Ground Operations staff.
In parallel with, and starting from 2012, among the services provided by SJI, the training on an Airbus A321 Full Flight Simulator for the Airbus A320 family, is provided to airlines, flight schools and private pilots.
References.
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Political movement in Brittany (France)
The Reunification of Brittany or Breton Reunification is a political movement to reunite the Loire-Atlantique department with the administrative region of Brittany, to form the entire cultural and historical region of Brittany. This "reunification" is considered a prerequisite for further Breton autonomy.
Background.
Brittany was an independent kingdom from the ninth century, then became a duchy until the dissolution of the French monarchy.
In 1941, the Vichy government separated the region of Loire-Atlantique from historic Brittany which today remains a part of Pays de la Loire administrative region. Loire-Atlantique including Brittany's ancient Duchy capital of Nantes, was separated from the rest of Brittany partly in retaliation for a large number of Bretons supporting the Free French National Council of Charles de Gaulle and also as an attack on Bretons who supported the independence of Brittany.
Movement.
The division of Brittany has been disputed by Breton militants, who say it was imposed via non-democratic government without consulting the people of Brittany. They argue that the administrative regions of Loire-Atlantique and Brittany are culturally, historically and geographically united and that Breton unity would bring about economic benefit.
Early official calls.
On 30 June 2001, 60 years after the division of historic Brittany, a mass demonstration occurred in Nantes calling to reunite Brittany. After this, the Loire-Atlantique council voted unanimously for reunification but in October the Rennes municipal council opposed this.
On 8 October 2004, the Regional Council of Brittany unanimously voted for a resolution "in favour of the administrative reunification of Brittany". They proposed cooperation with the General Council of Loire-Atlantique in matters of mandatory and optional competencies and for the organisation of a unity referendum.
2014 regional organisation.
Former Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault and mayor of Nantes said it was "in the interest of the people" to merge the Loire-Atlantique with Brittany. His successor as mayor of Nantes, Johanna Rolland, added, "For the future of our territories and the people living in them, let's fight for a merger of Pays de la Loire and Bretagne”. Marc Le Fur, a member of parliament for the UMP party, said that President Hollande was "upholding Vichy [the wartime French state]". "He hasn't listened to his Breton ministers, or the Breton members of parliament, or to local businesses, or to cultural leaders. He is deaf. He won't listen to anyone." The organisation 44=BZH accused the French government of listening only to Loire-Atlantique's political leaders, who they claim are desperate to keep their jobs and are ignoring the views of the people of Brittany.
Public support.
In 2014, between 13,000 and 30,000 people paraded in support of reunification. In 2016 there was also a parade of between 2,500 and 10,000 people.
In October 2018, 1,500 to 3,000 people paraded in Nantes for the reunification of Brittany, calling for a referendum to reunite Loire-Atlantique with Brittany.
In November 2018, over 100,000 citizens of Loire-Atlantique had signed a petition proposed by Bretagne réunie (Brittany reunited) to reunite Loire-Atlantique with Brittany.
Loire-Atlantique officials.
In December 2018, the Departmental Council of Loire-Atlantique voted against modifying the regional boundaries directly, but in favour of a referendum on including Loire-Atlantique in the Brittany region.
In 2021, Nantes town council voted in favour of requesting that the French government organise a referendum on Nantes leaving the Pays-de-la-Loire region to become part of Brittany.
In June 2022, Loire-Atlantique council supported a resolution for a referendum.
Regional Council of Brittany.
In October 2021, the Regional Council of Brittany supported a resolution requesting that the French government “begins, with a view to 2024, the legislative process for consulting the electors of Loire-Atlantique on whether or not they wish to join Brittany”.
In 2022, Aziliz Gouez, leader of the group of Breton autonomists, supported the reunification of Brittany, which is seen as a prerequisite for a process of autonomy for Brittany. Her call for Breton autonomy was voted for by all the regional councillors (except for far-right Rassemblement National).
In September 2022, the Regional Council of Brittany voted in favour of an impact assessment on reunification, to be jointly financially supported Loire-Atlantique. The results of the impact assessment are due to be published by March 2023 with hope of a consultation.
In May 2023, a "transpartisan" body was formed in Nantes to "create the conditions for dialogue between communities and the State about the organisation of this citizen consultation", with the hope that a referendum can be held quickly. Twenty-five deputies of the five departments of historical Brittany signed a bill for a consultation with the inhabitants of Loire Atlantique on reunification.
In September 2023, in response to an offer by Emmanuel Macron to work towards greater autonomy for Corsica, Loïg Chesnais-Girard, president of the Brittany regional council, noted the disparity between the proposal and the "system of inefficient centralism from another age".
International support.
In 2014, a motion was signed in the UK House of Commons by 10 MPs supporting the reunification of the historic region of Brittany during the French government's reorganisation of France's super regions.
In the same year, a written statement of opinion from politicians of Plaid Cymru in the Senedd also called on the French government to restore the historic boundaries of Brittany.
In 2015, the European Free Alliance reaffirmed its support for the administrative reunification of Brittany with a single assembly.
Opposition.
Those opposed to Breton reunification argue that it could lead to a dispute between the capitals of Rennes and Nantes and that a united Brittany would not be big enough to deal with international economic competition and so propose a larger zone of the "Great West".
References.
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10009733
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First passenger railway system in the world
The Swansea and Mumbles Railway was the venue for the world's first passenger horsecar railway service, located in Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom.
Originally built under an act of Parliament of 1804 to move limestone from the quarries of Mumbles to Swansea and to the markets beyond, it carried the world's first fare-paying railway passengers under an agreement effective from 25 March 1807. It later moved from horse power to steam locomotion, and was finally converted to electric power, using the largest tram cars ever built for service in Britain, before closing in January 1960, in favour of motor buses.
At the time of the railway's closure, it was claimed to have been the world's longest serving railway, although this distinction has to be qualified because other railways which were used solely for goods traffic (e.g. the Middleton Railway in Leeds, Yorkshire, dating from 1758) had been operating for longer.
History.
United Kingdom legislation
In 1804 the British Parliament approved the laying of a railway line between Swansea and Oystermouth in South Wales, for the transport of quarried materials to and from the Swansea Canal and the harbour at the mouth of the River Tawe, and later that year the first tracks were laid. At this stage, the railway was known as the Oystermouth Railway and controlled by the Committee of the Company of Proprietors of the Oystermouth Railway or Tramroad Company, which included many prominent citizens of Swansea, including the copper and coal magnate John Morris (later Sir John Morris, Bart.). In later years it became known as the Swansea and Mumbles Railway (although the original company was not wound up until 1959), or just the Mumbles Railway, but to local people it was simply the Mumbles Train.
Early days.
There was no road link between Swansea and Oystermouth at the beginning of the nineteenth century and the original purpose of the railway was to transport coal, iron ore and limestone. Construction seems to have been completed in 1806 and operations began without formal ceremony, using horse-drawn vehicles. As constructed, the line ran from the Brewery Bank adjacent to the Swansea Canal in Swansea, around the wide sweep of Swansea Bay to a terminus at Castle Hill (near the present-day Clements Quarry) in the tiny isolated fishing village of Oystermouth (known as Mumbles). There was also a branch from Blackpill which ran up the Clyne valley for nearly a mile to Ynys Gate which was intended to promote the development of the valley's coal reserves.
In February 1807, approval was given to carry passengers along the line, when one of the original proprietors, Benjamin French, offered to pay the company the sum of twenty pounds in lieu of tolls for the right to do so for twelve months from the following quarter day, 25 March 1807. This is usually cited as the date when the first regular service carrying passengers between Swansea and Oystermouth began, thus giving the railway the claim of being the first passenger railway in the world. Passenger services operated from The Mount, the world's first recorded railway station. The venture was evidently a success because the following year French joined with two others in offering the increased sum of twenty five pounds to continue the arrangement for a further year, but the construction of a turnpike road parallel to the railway in the mid-1820s robbed it of much of its traffic and the passenger service (by that time in the hands of one Simon Llewelyn) ceased in 1826 or 1827, ironically just as events elsewhere in the United Kingdom (particularly in the north east of England) were paving the way for the development of railways as a truly national and international transport system for both goods and passengers.
In its early days the line operated in the same manner as the contemporary canals and turnpike roads. Tolls and charges were laid down in the enabling Act of Parliament and any trader could use the line on provision of a suitable waggon and after paying the appropriate toll to the owning Company. The railway was laid in the form of a plateway, with the rails being approximately apart.
After cessation of the passenger service the line became derelict and the original company of proprietors virtually moribund. The Clyne valley branch was relaid in 1841/2 and extended for a further mile (as a private line) to the Rhydydefaid colliery where George Byng Morris, the son of one of the original proprietors, had started to exploit the coal and iron reserves of the valley. From about 1855, George Byng Morris took the line in hand, relaid it with edge rails (i.e. as a conventional railway) to the standard gauge of and reintroduced a horse-drawn passenger service between Swansea and a terminus at The Dunns in Oystermouth.
Introduction of steam.
Steam power first replaced the horses in 1877 when trials were undertaken with one of Henry Hughes's patent tramway locomotives, aptly named "Pioneer". These were successful and two further locomotives of the same type were obtained, although a dispute between the Swansea Improvements & Tramways Company (which owned the locomotives) and the line's then owner, John Dickson (who had come into possession following the death of George Byng Morris) meant that horses continued to operate certain services until 1896. At this time there was a junction between the Mumbles Railway and the Swansea town tramway system at the Slip, allowing S.I. & T. cars to run through from Swansea town centre to Oystermouth. The nature of the dispute was such that the Swansea & Mumbles company demanded that the S.I. & T. horse cars should follow their own steam-hauled services on the line. In 1889, a new company, the Mumbles Railway & Pier Company, was incorporated to extend the railway beyond Oystermouth to a new pier close to Mumbles Head. The first section, to Southend, was opened in 1893 and the remainder, including the pier, in 1898.
The Clyne valley branch continued to be used for coal traffic from Rhydydefaid pit until its closure in 1885 after which the entire branch fell into disuse. In 1896 the promoters of the Gower Light Railway proposed incorporating it into their scheme but nothing came of it. The original branch to Ynys Gate (as authorised in 1804) was relaid in connection with the Clyne Valley slant (opened 1903) and used for coal traffic until the colliery closed in 1915. The extension of 1841/2 remained abandoned until 1920 when a narrow-gauge tramway was laid on its formation to carry coal from Ynys slant to Ynys Gate. This was used only until 1921 when the slant closed. There was then no further traffic on the branch, although the track remained in situ and was still usable as late as 1936 when it is recorded that a diesel locomotive made a trip up the branch as far as Ynys Gate.
A somewhat motley collection of steam locomotives was used to maintain services between 1877 and 1929, beginning with the Hughes tramway locomotives mentioned above (which were actually owned by the S.I. & T. and therefore not able to be used on the railway after 1878). Dickson had purchased two saddle tank locomotives of more conventional outline from the Falcon Engine & Car Works (successor to Hughes's Locomotive and Tramway Engine Works), and two more from Manning Wardle & Co of Leeds in the early 1880s. A further locomotive (originally numbered 5, later 3) came from the Hunslet Engine Company of Leeds in 1885. When the new Swansea & Mumbles Railway Company took over operations in 1890 it ordered two 0-4-0 saddle tank locomotives from Black, Hawthorn & Co of Gateshead. These were delivered in 1891 and numbered 1 and 2; they worked on the line until after the First World War. Two larger 0-6-0 side tank locomotives were obtained from the Hunslet Engine Company in 1898; numbered 4 and 5, they bore the brunt of the passenger service until well into the 1920s. The nominally independent Mumbles Railway & Pier Co. ordered a 0-4-0 saddle tank from the Brush Electrical Engineering Co of Loughborough (successor to the Falcon Engine & Car Works) in 1906 and this carried plates reading "MR & P No. 3" to denote its ownership. Finally, a second-hand Avonside 0-6-0ST was obtained and named "Swansea". All were tank locomotives of 0-4-0 or 0-6-0 wheel arrangement. Ownership was vested variously in the Swansea & Mumbles Railway Company or the Mumbles Railway & Pier Company (and sometimes transferred between the two for accounting purposes) and as early as the 1890s there is evidence that the railway was having to hire in locomotives to supplement its own fleet. By the 1920s, locomotives were regularly being hired from a local dealer, Charles Williams of Morriston, and frequently appear in photographs of the railway taken at that time.
Centenary – royal visit.
The line celebrated its centenary in 1904, producing a special commemorative brochure for the occasion. Two years previously, a notable experiment had been carried out, namely the introduction of battery-powered 'accumulator' cars. These were not a success, but one of the cars was retained after the electrical equipment had been stripped out and used to convey parties of visiting dignitaries, including King Edward VII when he and his consort, Queen Alexandra, visited Swansea for the ceremonial cutting of the first sod of the King's Dock in July 1904. The car was used again for the visit of King Edward's successor, King George V, in 1920, when he officiated at the opening of the Queen's Dock.
Electrification.
The line was electrified in 1928 at 650 V DC using overhead transmission – giving it the distinction of having used three forms of regular locomotive power over the years (i.e. horse, steam and electricity). Trials began on 6 July 1928 and full electric services were introduced on 2 March 1929, using a fleet of eleven double-deck cars built by the Brush Electrical Engineering Co of Loughborough, in Leicestershire. These were the largest ever built for service in Britain and each could seat 106 passengers. Furthermore, they were frequently operated in pairs, giving a total seating capacity of 212 per train.
Two further cars were added later, bringing the fleet strength up to thirteen. A four-wheeled petrol-mechanical locomotive was acquired from Hardy Railmotors of Slough, then in Buckinghamshire, to handle the residual goods traffic on the railway, but this proved to be underpowered and was replaced after a few years by a diesel-mechanical locomotive from John Fowler & Co, of Leeds. The Hardy locomotive was retained for a few years and used for shunting the cars in the depot, which was on the site of the former carriage sheds, adjacent to the Rutland Street terminus, and for inspection of the overhead line equipment, but it had been dismantled by 1954, when parts were used in the construction of a replica horse-drawn car to celebrate the line's 150th anniversary.
Sale.
United Kingdom legislation
In 1958, The South Wales Transport Company (the principal operator of motor bus services in the Swansea town area and predecessor of the modern-day First Cymru company) purchased the railway from the old owning companies (the Swansea & Mumbles Railway Limited and the Mumbles Railway & Pier Company), having previously been the lessee in succession to the Swansea Improvements & Tramways Company since the 1930s, and the following year went to Parliament with an abandonment bill. Despite vociferous local opposition, the bill became law as the South Wales Transport Act 1959 (7 & 8 Eliz. 2. c. l).
Closure.
The railway was closed in two stages. The section from Southend to the pier was closed on 11 October 1959 to facilitate the construction of a special road to the Pier for the buses that were to replace the trains. Then, at 11.52 on Tuesday 5 January 1960, the last train (a ceremonial special, carrying local dignitaries) left Swansea for Mumbles driven by Frank Dunkin, who had worked on the railway since 1907. Within a very short time of the train returning to the Rutland Street depot, work began on dismantling the track and cars.
Preservation.
One car (no. 2) was saved for preservation by members of Leeds University in Yorkshire and stored for a while at the Middleton Railway in that city, but it was heavily vandalised and eventually destroyed by fire. The front end of car no. 7 was also saved for preservation at Swansea Museum; following many years of neglect it was initially restored in the early 1970s by members of the Railway Club of Wales and is now on display in the Tram Shed alongside the National Waterfront Museum in Swansea's Maritime Quarter.
A Mumbles Railway Society was formed in 1975 to formally archive material and to maintain the hope that one day the line would re-open.
Stations.
<templatestyles src="Routemap/styles.css"/>
The railway had a multitude of stopping places over the years, but at the time of electrification in 1929 the officially recognised stations from Swansea to Mumbles (as published in Bradshaw) were:
Railway versus tramway.
The railway is frequently referred to as a tramway, but the original name of the company of proprietors was the "Oystermouth Railway or Tramroad Company", the word tramroad being used in its pre-railway context. The original right of way was unique and it was only after the construction of the turnpike road in the 1820s that the line assumed its roadside character. The introduction of steam locomotion in the 1870s was facilitated by a clause in the original act which authorised the "haling or drawing" of waggons by "men, horses, "or otherwise"" and owed nothing to the Tramways Act 1870 (33 & 34 Vict. c. 78).
The passenger rolling stock used in steam days bore little resemblance to conventional railway carriages, employing open-top, "toast-rack" and "knifeboard" seating, and being built by companies more commonly associated with the construction of urban tramcars, such as G.F. Milnes & Co., Starbuck & Falcon, etc. After electrification the resemblance to an urban tramway became more marked with the introduction of the huge Brush-built electric cars and because of the style of operation (the signalling was used only to regulate entry to the passing loops and not to control the actual running of cars). The track was always laid with conventional railway-type rail and not grooved tram-rail and the railway also handled conventional goods wagons (exchanged with the London & North Western Railway (the London Midland & Scottish Railway after January 1923) at Mumbles Road station and with the Great Western Railway at the Swansea terminus). In the early nineteenth century a tramway was a line for mineral wagons (trams), the term railway being used when edge rails replaced plates. The term tramway did not become almost exclusively associated with urban transport systems until after the passing of the Tramways Act 1870 (33 & 34 Vict. c. 78).
Suggested re-opening.
On 16 February 2009, the City & County of Swansea started the process of looking at the feasibility of trams for the Swansea bay area again. The ERC (Environment, Regeneration and Culture) Overview Board, which is a policy making committee chaired by Councillor Rob Speht, discussed the options for feasibility work and scheduled tasks to assess the technical, financial and social feasibility of bringing trams back to Swansea.
In 2016 the group were working through a formal constitution and going through the steps to register as a Charitable body.
References.
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Los Angeles Olympics may refer to three different Olympic Games held or to be held in Los Angeles:
See also.
<templatestyles src="Dmbox/styles.css" />
List of sports-related pages with the same or similar names
This article includes a list of sports-related pages with the same or similar names. If an [ internal link] for a specific sport article referred you to this page, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended sport article, if one exists.
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] |
[
71,
72,
73,
74,
75,
76,
77,
78,
79,
80,
81,
82,
83,
84,
85,
86,
87,
88,
89,
90,
91,
92,
93
] | 3
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10009733
|
Tables of names for tropical cyclones
Tropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones are named by various warning centers to simplify communication between forecasters and the general public regarding forecasts, watches and warnings. The names are intended to reduce confusion in the event of concurrent storms in the same basin. Once storms develop sustained wind speeds of more than , names are generally assigned to them from predetermined lists, depending on the basin in which they originate. Some tropical depressions are named in the Western Pacific, while tropical cyclones must contain a significant amount of gale-force winds before they are named in the Southern Hemisphere.
Before it became standard practice to give personal (first) names to tropical cyclones, they were named after places, objects, or the saints' feast days on which they occurred. Credit for the first usage of personal names for weather systems is generally given to Queensland Government meteorologist Clement Wragge, who named systems between 1887 and 1907. When Wragge retired, the practice fell into disuse for several years until it was revived in the latter part of World War II for the Western Pacific. Formal naming schemes and lists have subsequently been used for major storms in the Eastern, Central, Western and Southern Pacific basins, and the Australian region, Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean.
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History.
Before the formal start of naming, tropical cyclones were often named after places, objects, or saints' feast days on which they occurred. The credit for the first usage of personal names for weather systems is generally given to the Queensland Government meteorologist Clement Wragge, who named systems between 1887 and 1907. This system of naming weather systems subsequently fell into disuse for several years after Wragge retired until it was revived in the latter part of World War II for the Western Pacific. Formal naming schemes have subsequently been introduced for the North Atlantic, Eastern, Central, Western and Southern Pacific basins as well as the Australian region and Indian Ocean.
As of 2014[ [update]], tropical cyclones are officially named by one of eleven warning centers and retain their names throughout their lifetimes to facilitate the effective communication of forecasts and storm-related hazards to the general public. This is especially important when multiple storms are occurring simultaneously in the same ocean basin. Names are generally assigned in order from predetermined lists, once they produce one, three, or ten-minute sustained wind speeds of more than . However, standards vary from basin to basin, with some systems named in the Western Pacific when they develop into tropical depressions or enter PAGASA's area of responsibility. Within the Southern Hemisphere, systems must be characterized by a significant amount of gale-force winds occurring around the center before they are named.
Any member of the World Meteorological Organization's hurricane, typhoon and tropical cyclone committees can request that the name of a tropical cyclone be retired or withdrawn from the various tropical cyclone naming lists. A name is retired or withdrawn if a consensus or majority of members agree that the system has acquired a special notoriety, such as causing a large number of deaths and amounts of damage, impact, or for other special reasons. A replacement name is then submitted to the committee concerned and voted upon, but these names can be rejected and replaced with another name for various reasons: these reasons include the spelling and pronunciation of the name, the similarity to the name of a recent tropical cyclone or on another list of names, and the length of the name for modern communication channels such as social media. PAGASA also retires the names of significant tropical cyclones when they have caused at least ₱ (US$) in damage or have caused at least 300 deaths.
North Atlantic Ocean.
Within the North Atlantic Basin, tropical or subtropical storms are named by the United States National Hurricane Center (NHC/RSMC Miami), when they are judged to have 1-minute sustained winds of at least . The name selected comes from one of six rotating alphabetic lists of twenty-one names, that are maintained by the World Meteorological Organization's (WMO) RA IV Hurricane Committee. These lists skip the letters Q, U, X, Y and Z, rotate from year to year and alternate between male and female names. Should all of the names for a given year be used up, then any additional storms would be named using names from a supplemental list. The names of significant tropical cyclones are retired from the lists, with a replacement name selected at the next meeting of the Hurricane Committee.
Eastern and Central Pacific Ocean.
Within the Eastern Pacific Ocean, there are two warning centers that assign names to tropical cyclones on behalf of the World Meteorological Organization when they are judged to have intensified into a tropical storm with winds of at least . Tropical cyclones that intensify into tropical storms between the coast of Americas and 140°W are named by the National Hurricane Center (NHC/RSMC Miami), while tropical cyclones intensifying into tropical storms between 140°W and 180° are named by the Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC/RSMC Honolulu). Significant tropical cyclones have their names retired from the lists and a replacement name selected at the next World Meteorological Organization Hurricane Committee.
Eastern North Pacific (east of 140°W).
When a tropical depression intensifies into a tropical storm to the north of the Equator between the coastline of the Americas and 140°W, it will be named by the NHC. There are six lists of names which rotate every six years and begin with the letters A—Z used, skipping Q and U, with each name alternating between a male or a female name. The names of significant tropical cyclones are retired from the lists, with a replacement name selected at the next meeting of the Hurricane Committee. If all of the names on the annual name list are used, any additional tropical or subtropical storms will receive a name from a supplemental list.
Central North Pacific Ocean (140°W to 180°).
When a tropical depression intensifies into a tropical storm to the north of the Equator between 140°W and 180°, it is named by the CPHC. Four lists of Hawaiian names are maintained by the World Meteorological Organization's hurricane committee, rotating without regard to year, with the first name for a new year being the next name in sequence that was not used the previous year. The names of significant tropical cyclones are retired from the lists, with a replacement name selected at the next Hurricane Committee meeting.
Western Pacific Ocean (180° – 100°E).
Tropical cyclones that occur within the Northern Hemisphere between the anti-meridian and 100°E are officially named by the Japan Meteorological Agency when they become tropical storms. However, PAGASA also names tropical cyclones that occur or develop into tropical depressions within their self-defined area of responsibility between 5°N–25°N and 115°E–135°E. This often results in tropical cyclones in the region having two names.
International names.
Tropical cyclones within the Western Pacific are assigned international names by the Japan Meteorological Agency when they become tropical storms with 10-minute sustained winds of at least . The names are used sequentially without regard to year and are taken from five lists of names that were prepared by the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee, after each of the 14 members submitted 10 names in 1998. The order of the names to be used was determined by placing the English name of the members in alphabetical order. Members of the committee are allowed to request the retirement or replacement of a system's name if it causes extensive destruction or for other reasons such as number of deaths.
Philippines.
Since 1963, PAGASA has independently operated its own naming scheme for tropical cyclones that occur within its own self-defined Philippine Area of Responsibility. The names are taken from four different lists of 25 names and are assigned when a system moves into or develops into a tropical depression within PAGASA's jurisdiction. The four lists of names are rotated every four years, with the names of significant tropical cyclones retired if they have caused at least ₱ in damage and/or at least 300 deaths within the Philippines; replacements to retired names are taken from the agency's list of reserved names. If the list of names for a given year are exhausted, names are taken from an auxiliary list, the first ten of which are published every year.
North Indian Ocean (100°E – 45°E).
Within the North Indian Ocean between 45°E – 100°E, tropical cyclones are named by the India Meteorological Department (IMD/RSMC New Delhi) when they are judged to have intensified into cyclonic storms with 3-minute sustained wind speeds of at least . If a cyclonic storm moves into the basin from the Western Pacific, then it will keep its original name. However, if the system weakens into a deep depression and subsequently reintensifies after moving into the region, then it will be assigned a new name. In May 2020, the naming of Cyclone Amphan exhausted the original list of names established in 2004. A new list of names has been prepared and is being used in alphabetical order for storms after Amphan.
South-West Indian Ocean (west of 90°E).
Within the South-West Indian Ocean in the Southern Hemisphere between Africa and 90°E, a tropical or subtropical disturbance is named when it is judged to have intensified into a tropical storm with winds of at least . This is defined as being when gales are either observed or estimated to be present near a significant portion of the system's center. Systems are named in conjunction with Météo-France Reunion by either Météo Madagascar or the Mauritius Meteorological Service. If a disturbance reaches the naming stage between Africa and 55°E, then Météo Madagascar names it; if it reaches the naming stage between 55°E and 90°E, then the Mauritius Meteorological Service names it. The names are taken from three pre-determined lists of names, which rotate on a triennial basis, with any names that have been used automatically removed. These names are then replaced by the WMO's RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee, with names submitted by member nations.
Australian region (90°E – 160°E).
Within the Australian region in the Southern Hemisphere between 90°E – 160°E, a tropical cyclone is named when observations or Dvorak intensity analysis indicate that a system has gale force or stronger winds near the center which are forecast to continue. The Indonesian Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika names systems that develop between the Equator and 10°S and 90°E and 141°E, while Papua New Guinea's National Weather Service names systems that develop between the Equator and 10°S and 141°E and 160°E. Outside of these areas, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology names systems that develop into tropical cyclones. In order to enable local authorities and their communities in taking action to reduce the impact of a tropical cyclone, each of these warning centres reserve the right to name a system early if it has a high chance of being named. If a name is assigned to a tropical cyclone that causes loss of life or significant damage and disruption to the way of life of a community, then the name assigned to that storm is retired from the list of names for the region. A replacement name is then submitted to the next World Meteorological Organization's RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee meeting.
Indonesia.
If a system intensifies into a tropical cyclone between the Equator – 10°S and 90°E – 141°E, it will be named by the Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika (BMKG/TCWC Jakarta). Names are assigned in sequence from list A, while list B details names that will replace names on list A that are retired or removed for other reasons.
Papua New Guinea.
If a system intensifies into a tropical cyclone between the Equator – 10°S and 141°E – 160°E, then it will be named by Papua New Guinea National Weather Service (NWS, TCWC Port Moresby). Names are assigned in sequence from list A and are automatically retired after being used regardless of any damage caused. List B contains names that will replace names on list A that are retired or removed for other reasons.
Australia.
When a system develops into a tropical cyclone below 10°S between 90°E and 160°E, then it will be named by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BOM/TCWC Melbourne). The names are assigned in alphabetical order and used in rotating order without regard to year.
Southern Pacific Ocean (160°E – 120°W).
Within the Southern Pacific basin in the Southern Hemisphere between 160°E – 120°W, a tropical cyclone is named when observations or Dvorak intensity analysis indicate that a system has gale force or stronger winds near the centre which are forecast to continue. The Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) names systems that are located between the Equator and 25°S, while the New Zealand MetService names systems (in conjunction with the FMS) that develop to the south of 25°S. In order to enable local authorities and their communities in taking action to reduce the impact of a tropical cyclone, the FMS reserves the right to name a system early if it has a high chance of being named. If a tropical cyclone causes loss of life or significant damage and disruption to the way of life of a community, then the name assigned to that cyclone is retired from the list of names for the region. A replacement name is then submitted to the next World Meteorological Organization's RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee meeting. The name of a tropical cyclone is determined by using Lists A–D in order, without regard to the year before restarting with List A. List E contains names that will replace names on Lists A–D when needed.
South Atlantic Ocean.
When a tropical or subtropical storm exists in the South Atlantic Ocean, the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center's Marine Meteorological Service names the system using a predetermined list of names. The names are assigned in alphabetical order and used in rotating order without regard to year. The name "Kurumí" replaced "Kamby" in 2018 without the latter being used. In 2022, 32 new names were added.
Notes.
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References.
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|
en
| 75
|
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] |
[
71,
72,
73,
74,
75,
76,
77,
78,
79,
80,
81,
82,
83,
84,
85,
86,
87,
88,
89,
90,
91,
92,
93
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10009733
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Political party in Senegal
Senegalese Popular Movement (in French: "Mouvement Populaire Sénégalais") was a political party in Senegal. MPS was formed as the Senegalese section of the African Democratic Rally (RDA), following the expulsion of the Senegalese Democratic Union (UDS). MPS was led by Doudou Gueye.
A significant part of MPS led by Abdoulaye Thiaw split and joined the Senegalese Popular Bloc (BPS) in 1956. The rest of MPS finally merged with the Senegalese Progressive Union (UPS, follow-up of BPS) in 1959.
|
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|
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10009733
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Airborne battlefield and ground surveillance aircraft formerly operated by the Royal Air Force
The Raytheon Sentinel is a retired airborne battlefield and ground surveillance aircraft formerly operated by the Royal Air Force (RAF). While based on the Bombardier Global Express ultra long-range business jet, the prime contractor for the Sentinel was the American defence firm Raytheon, which supplied most of the mission systems and performed the integration work.
Originally known as the ASTOR (Airborne STand-Off Radar) programme, procurement of the type started during 1999. Following its delivery in 2007, the Sentinel fleet was operated by an RAF squadron manned by both air force and army personnel. The Sentinel was interoperable with other allied systems such as JSTARS and the NATO Alliance Ground Surveillance (AGS) system. Sentinels were deployed overseas on multiple occasions, such as in support of the British Army in Afghanistan, coalition forces in Libya, and to assist French forces deployed in Mali. The type also saw smaller-scale deployments in Ghana and even domestically to assist disaster relief operations.
In 2010, the British government's Strategic Defence and Security Review (SDSR) announced its intention to "withdraw the Sentinel airborne ground surveillance aircraft once it is no longer required to support operations in Afghanistan." The 2010 decision was reversed in 2014 by Prime Minister David Cameron and in the 2015 SDSR, the British government announced that the type's retirement would be delayed and that it would remain in service "into the next decade". Due to the repeated equivocations over its future, the Sentinel did not receive upgrades during its service life. The type was retired in March 2021.
Development.
ASTOR can be traced back to the British Army's "Corps Airborne Stand-Off Radar" (CASTOR) programme, a Cold War-era initiative which sought to bring about an improved surveillance capabilities for monitoring hostile ground forces, with a particular focus on Warsaw Pact forces in East Germany. In 1984, a single Britten-Norman Islander (G-DLRA/ZG989) was modified with a large nose radome for battlefield surveillance to explore this concept. Experiences gained during the 1991 Gulf War confirmed the requirement for such an aircraft, but the end of the Cold War had somewhat undermined the traditional justification to process, along with a series of rapid defense budget cuts that made funding of any new acquisitions particularly challenging during that time.
Despite this, during December 1999, a production contract was signed with the American defence firm Raytheon to supply what would become the Sentinel. The programme involved five aircraft and eight mobile ground stations (six on wheeled all-terrain vehicles and two in air-transportable containers), along with a training facility at RAF Waddington. Four of the five Sentinels were integrated at Raytheon's facility in Broughton, Flintshire; various support series provided by the company during the type's service life, including deep maintenance and upgrade work, were also undertaken at Broughton.
The Sentinel programme cost £850 million. The support contract for the Sentinel covered 3,200 flying hours per year, and between 2015 and 2018, the five-strong fleet of aircraft had an estimated average running cost of £54.4m/year. This figure does not include standard mid-life updates, which did not take place, that would have increased costs considerably.
Design.
The "Sentinel R1" was a modified Bombardier Global Express powered by two Rolls-Royce BR700 turbofan engines. The cockpit featured a centrally positioned pull-down screen capable of displaying a moving map, along with Link 16 datalink information and defensive aids subsystem (DASS) data. The DASS comprised a towed radar decoy, missile approach warning system, and chaff and flare dispensers which could be operated in automatic, semi-automatic or manual mode. In typical operations, the Sentinel would be flown at altitudes in excess of to ensure a high resolution view of a large battlefield area. It was crewed by a pilot, a co-pilot, an Airborne Mission Commander (AMC) and two image analysts. Mission endurance was approximately nine hours. The main cabin housed 3 workstations at which analysts could analyse the images on board; however, unlike the JSTARS, most of the actual battle management occurred on the ground.
The Sentinel's main radar was a Raytheon dual-mode synthetic-aperture radar / moving target indication (SAR/MTI) radar known as Sentinel Dual Mode Radar Sensor (DMRS). It used active electronically scanned array (AESA) technology, and was related to the ASARS-2 radar used by the Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance aircraft. Raytheon claimed that the radar could be modified to match the maritime surveillance capability of the cancelled Nimrod MRA4, and the ground stations could be adapted to receive data from different types of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), including the Watchkeeper, MQ-9 Reaper and the future Scavenger programme. The imagery produced by the radar's synthetic aperture mode was incompatible with the UK's rules of engagement necessitating a visual positive identification capability; while the addition of an electro-optical/infrared sensor to the Sentinel's canoe fairing to provide complimentary imagery was proposed, this option was never exercised.
Operational history.
On 3 August 2001, the first flight of the aerodynamically modified Global Express prototype occurred, which validated the modifications required for the ASTOR system. On 26 May 2004, the first production Sentinel R1 performed its maiden flight, lasting for 4.4 hours. During 2007, service trials of the Sentinel were conducted. The first operational sortie over Afghanistan in support of the British Army commenced on 15 November 2008. By January 2009, the type had entered regular service with 5 Squadron of the Royal Air Force (RAF), based at RAF Waddington.
In addition to its presence in the Afghan theatre, the Sentinel routinely performed surveillance flights over the Baltic Sea, monitoring military forces stationed in the Kaliningrad Oblast and Belarus; during such missions the type was frequently intercepted by Russian Sukhoi Su-27s.
In 2010, the UK government's Strategic Defence and Security Review announced its intention to "withdraw the Sentinel airborne ground surveillance aircraft once it is no longer required to support operations in Afghanistan." In February 2012, it was announced that Sentinel would be offered as the UK contribution to NATO's Alliance Ground Surveillance (AGS) collaboration, complementing NATO RQ-4 Global Hawks and French Heron TPs.
The Sentinel's role above Libya in 2011 was described as "pivotal" by the head of the RAF. On 30 March 2011, the longest Sentinel flight, of 12 hours and 30 minutes was flown during Operation Ellamy over Libya. While operating along the Libyan coast, it was observed that the Sentinel's dual-mode radar was capable of tracking vessel movements around Libyan harbours, providing viable battlefield intelligence.
On 25 January 2013, the British Government announced that the RAF would deploy one Sentinel aircraft from RAF Waddington, in support of Operation Newcombe in Mali. In February 2014, it was reported that the Sentinel had been used to map the scale of flooding in Southern England. On 18 May 2014, the MoD announced that a Sentinel had departed to Ghana as part of Operation Turus to assist in the search for the 223 schoolgirls abducted by the Islamic militant group Boko Haram in Nigeria on 14 April 2014.
In 2014, Prime Minister David Cameron announced the retention of the aircraft, even after operations end in Afghanistan in Autumn 2018. This reprieve fuelled speculation that not only would the Sentinel be retained but that upgrades of the fleet, particularly for use in a maritime surveillance capacity, might occur. In the absence of UK government backing, Raytheon self-financed development work for over five years on a mid-life upgrade of the Sentinel's mission systems, referred to as "Overseer", but this was not applied.
Upgrades for the Sentinel were planned to take place; during 2014, the UK government announced that a contract for the type to receive a maritime-capable software upgrade was to be placed in the spring of 2015; However, due to a combination of its operational commitments and constrained budgets, neither the Sentinel or its missions systems received any upgrades for an extended period, which led to some of its onboard systems becoming increasingly obsolescent by the end of the decade.
On 26 March 2015, the MOD announced the deployment of two Sentinel aircraft in support of Operation Shader to provide surveillance to coalition forces fighting as part of the Military intervention against ISIL. In addition to the Sentinel, the RAF also deployed other surveillance assets, including the Boeing Rivet Joint, General Atomics Reaper, Beechcraft Shadow and Boeing Sentry, for surveillance missions over Iraq and Syria around this time.
Despite the RAF reportedly hoping to retain the entire five-strong fleet, it was announced, while the type's service date would be extended into 2021, that the number of operational Sentinels would be cut to four aircraft with effect from 1 April 2017. Accordingly, in July 2017, one of the five aircraft was permanently withdrawn.
The long-term retention of the platform would have necessitated significant expenditure to modernise aging systems, which strengthened the decision to withdraw the entire Sentinel fleet during March 2021. Planners determined that new aircraft, such as the Poseidon MRA1 maritime patrol aircraft and the forthcoming Protector UAV, would carry out the surveillance duties formerly performed by the type. Thus, on 25 February 2021, Sentinel ZJ694 completed the type's final operational flight when it returned to RAF Waddington from a mission flown near Kaliningrad Oblast and Belarus. During the following month, the type was formally withdrawn from RAF service. During their service life of 12.5 (stated in a RAF tweet as 14) years, the five aircraft flew approximately 32,300 hours roughly distributed across 4,870 sorties. Following their withdrawal from RAF service, the aircraft were sold to a US consortium of Springfield Air, Raytheon US, and Bombardier in an unairworthy condition.
On 16 November 2021, according to UK Defence Journal, the MoD accepted a proposal from Raytheon/Bombardier to purchase and refurbish the airframes for ultimate use by the United States Army."
Specifications.
"Data from" "Royal Air Force"General characteristics* Crew: 5* Aspect ratio: * Airfoil:
Performance* Maximum speed: Mach 0.89* Endurance: 9 hours
See also.
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
Related lists
References.
Citations.
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10009733
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Area on the Rio Grande River Delta
Boca Chica is an area on the eastern portion of a subdelta peninsula of Cameron County, at the far south of the US State of Texas along the Gulf Coast. It is bordered by the Brownsville Ship Channel to the north, the Rio Grande and Mexico to the south, and the Gulf of Mexico to the east. The area extends about east of the city of Brownsville. The peninsula is served by Texas State Highway 4—also known as the Boca Chica Highway, or Boca Chica Boulevard within Brownsville city limits—which runs east–west, terminating at the Gulf and Boca Chica Beach.
The Boca Chica area has seen various developments over the course of its history. These include Mexican land grants, Mexican and American ranches, a battlefield of the American Civil War, a 1920s beach resort, and a state park (Boca Chica State Park); additionally, a small settlement named Boca Chica Village existed in the area from 1960 to 2020. In recent years, the area has become more widely known due to being the site of Starbase, a major facility of aerospace company SpaceX for the development, manufacturing and testing of its rockets. Starbase is envisioned to one day serve as the primary launch and recovery facility for SpaceX's Starship launch vehicle.
Boca Chica means "small mouth of the river" in Spanish, as the Rio Grande's flow is modest, and in droughts, the mouth of the river may disappear altogether.
The making of the area of Boca Chica.
Transportation across Boca Chica has been an important part of the history of the area. A land transportation route existed across Boca Chica in the 19th century, starting at the Mexican port of Brazos Santiago, north of Boca Chica, and heading inland to the Rio Grande Valley area that would later become Brownsville. The shallow-water sail port at Brazos Santiago was used by sailing ships that used Brazos Santiago Pass to enter the South Bay of Laguna Madre—a shallow, hypersaline, natural bay—from the Gulf to transit goods to the mainland north of the Rio Grande. Historical artifacts of human usage from those eras remained as of 2013[ [update]] illustrating road use during the Mexican–American War (circa 1846) and railroad use during the American Civil War. Two historical artifacts. Cypress pilings from a circa 1846 floating bridge and the "Palmetto Pilings" from a "circa"-1865 railroad bridge were both yet extant in 2013. Both are located within of the beach near the eastern terminus of Texas State Highway 4.
In the late 19th century, much of the arable land on the subdelta peninsula of Boca Chica was used for ranching. Historical ranches include Tulosa Ranch, Palmito Ranch, White's Ranch, and Cobb's Ranch. No historical Native American usage is known, and consultation with a number of tribes in 2013 identified no verbal record of native use of the area.
In 1904, the St. Louis, Brownsville and Mexico Railway was completed to Brownsville, which "opened the area to northern farmers who began to come to the area at the turn of the 20th century. They cleared the land, built irrigation systems and roads, and introduced large-scale truck farming and citrus farming. The new farming endeavors began a new period of prosperity around Brownsville."
The availability of cheap land in the area created a strong interest in land speculation. Special trains were dispatched to bring land speculators to the area and by the early 1920s as many as 200 people a day were coming to see the land.
One of the more notable land speculation ventures was the construction of the Del Mar Resort on Boca Chica Beach. Advertised as being on the same latitude as Miami, the resort was built in the 1920s by Colonel Sam Robinson, who moved to the Rio Grande Valley in 1917. The resort had 20 daycabins available for rent, a bathhouse, and a ballroom. It was quite successful resort until 1933, when a hurricane destroyed most of the buildings. The remaining buildings were turned into a base for the US Coast Guard during World War II. As a result of the Great Depression and the hurricane damage, the owners of the property were not able to reopen the resort after the end of the war.
The devastating 1933 hurricane spurred the Works Progress Administration to take part in the dredging and construction of the Port of Brownsville, a venture that the city had been trying to complete since 1928. The port was officially opened in 1936.
During the years that the ship channel was under construction, a nationally known rocketplane entrepreneur, William Swan, disappeared over Boca Chica as he attempted a rocket-powered human flight in 1933. As part of a skydiving exhibition over the Del Mar Resort on Boca Chica, he jumped out of an airplane in "an attempted manned rocket backpack flight. He disappeared into the clouds and was never seen again." Swan had previously set records in 1931 with the first American rocket-powered aircraft flight over Atlantic City, New Jersey, and the "first air-launched rocketplane flight" in 1932.
The completion of the port and the dredging of the Brownsville Ship Channel created a new human-made northern boundary of the Boca Chica peninsula. It cut the peninsula off from any land transport routes except from Brownsville to the east, which was also the transportation railhead for Boca Chica to the rest of the country.
American Civil War battlefield.
The Battle of Palmito Ranch is considered by some as the final battle of the conclusion of the American Civil War. It was fought 12–13 May 1865, on the banks of the Rio Grande east of current Brownsville, Texas, and a few miles from the seaport of Los Brazos de Santiago.
Union and Confederate forces in southern Texas had been observing an unofficial truce since the beginning of 1865, but Union Colonel Theodore H. Barrett, newly assigned to command an all-black unit, and never having been in combat, ordered an attack on a Confederate camp near Fort Brown for unknown reasons. The Union attackers captured a few prisoners, but the following day, the attack was repulsed near Palmito Ranch by Colonel John Salmon Ford, and the battle resulted in a Union defeat. Union forces were surprised by artillery, said to have been supplied by the French Army occupying the nearby Mexican town of Matamoros.
Boca Chica Beach.
Boca Chica Beach is part of the Boca Chica tract of the Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge. The tract is a former Texas state park located in the Boca Chica Subdelta separated from Mexico by the Rio Grande. The park was acquired by the state of Texas and opened in May 1994. The state park land is now managed by the US federal government as part of the Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge.
The portion of the beach north of the current Texas State Highway 4—on what was historically Brazos Island, but is now connected to the mainland—was known as Del Mar Beach prior to the second half of the 20th century. This area was the location of the successful Del Mar Resort in the 1920s and early 1930s, which had 20 daycabins for rent along with a bathhouse and a ballroom. Many of the resort buildings were destroyed by the 1933 hurricane. Although the owners partially rebuilt and continued to operate during the 1930s, the remaining buildings were turned into a base for the US Coast Guard during World War II. As a result of the Great Depression and hurricane damage, the owners did not reopen the resort after the end of the war.
An older map of Boca Chica shows the existence of a ship passage—Boca Chica Pass—from the Gulf into the South Bay of the Laguna Madre, several miles south of Brazos Santiago Pass, just north of the current SpaceX orbital launch site. This was from the time when Brazos Island, the duned area east of South Bay, was an island separated from the mainland. From 1846 to 1879, the King & Kennedy Steamboat service made calls at a landing in the South Bay. For sometime in the 1900s, a road bridge, called the Boca Chica Pass Bridge, went over the pass to connect the road from Brownsville to Brazos Island. Storm movement of sands and tidal flats, principally from the 1933 and 1967 hurricanes have closed off the pass and connected Brazos Island to the mainland, although water still exits the southeast end of South Bay and flows beside SH 4 into the Gulf under certain weather conditions, particularly extended days of southerly winds which build up the water level at the south end of the bay at high tide allowing limited flows of bay water back to the Gulf via the highway cut through the dunes.
Boca Chica Village.
Boca Chica Village is the name of a small unincorporated community as of 2014[ [update]] located on Texas State Highway 4, about east of Brownsville. It was formed in 1967 under another name as a land development project, and a community of about 30 ranch-style houses was built before the settlement was devastated by Hurricane Beulah later that same year, which greatly affected the progress of the would-be town.
In 2014, the village and surrounding area were chosen by SpaceX as the location for the construction of a spaceflight build-and-launch facility. Much of the SpaceX build facility is located on land that was previously a part of Boca Chica Village, while the SpaceX test and orbital launch facilities are located two miles further east, adjacent to Boca Chica Beach.
SpaceX Starbase.
In 2012, SpaceX named the Boca Chica area as a possible location for the construction of their future private commercial launch site.
In August 2014, SpaceX announced that they had selected the area as the location for their South Texas Launch Site, and that their "control center" would actually be on land within the Boca Chica Village, while the launch complex would be located two miles to the east. Limited construction began that year, but more extensive construction activities did not begin until approximately 2018. By May 2018, the site was expected to be used exclusively for launches of the SpaceX second-generation fully-reusable launch vehicle (which was eventually named SpaceX Starship in late 2018), and the launch complex was no longer planned to become a third launch site for Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy.
Flight testing of the Starship second stage, with the newly designed Raptor rocket engine, began in 2019 and has continued into 2023. With the village only a few miles from the test site, in August 2019, Cameron County officials—following requirements set by the US regulatory authority, the FAA—began to request village residents to go outside their homes during any tests that involve loading of propellant fuel, due to perceived danger from shock-wave induced broken windows in the event of an explosion.
SpaceX made an initial orbital test flight of the entire two-stage Starship system in 2023. The first flight test flew on April 20, 2023, and ended after approximately two minutes when the Super Heavy booster lost control of its engines, while still over the designated flight test corridor. The second flight lifted off the pad on November 18, 2023, and successfully achieved stage separation, though both the booster and ship were terminated later in the flight.
Plans for new city.
As early as August 2020, SpaceX indicated it was looking to build a resort in South Texas with the intent to turn "Boca Chica into a '21st century Spaceport'".
In March 2021, SpaceX CEO Elon Musk more formally announced plans to incorporate a new city in the area of Boca Chica to be called "Starbase, Texas". Starbase would include the existing Boca Chica Village, the SpaceX test site and launch site, and more of the surrounding Boca Chica area. Starbase is expected to include the land in Boca Chica Village proper—where both the legacy residential community and the SpaceX build site are located—as well as the land where the SpaceX test site and launch site is located, and more since Starbase is to be a municipality "much larger than Boca Chica."
By April 2021, SpaceX was referring to the area as "Starbase" on their test flight webcasts, and Musk was openly encouraging people to move to "Starbase". and projected that the population could grow by several thousand people in the next several years. Starbase had also become a common term for the area amongst SpaceX fans and followers.
In January 2024, Cameron County and Brownsville officials both passed resolutions requesting the federal government to officially recognise "Starbase" as a place name. In May 2024, Cameron County submitted a formal proposal to the U.S. Board on Geographic Names, which was publicly posted on their website in July 2024. However, at the May 2024 meeting of the Board's Domestic Names Committee, doubts were expressed over whether the proposed name violates the Board's policy against recognising names intended to promote a commercial enterprise. In October 2024, the Board was awaiting feedback on the proposal from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Texas Geographic Names Committee.
On December 12, 2024, SpaceX sent a letter to county judge Eddie Treviño Jr. requesting an election to incorporate the city. The petition claimed that roughly 500 people currently live in the area, and it proposed having SpaceX security manager Gunnar Milburn serve as its first mayor.
References.
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10009733
|
French flying boat airliner with 6 piston engines, 1942
The Sud-Est SE.200 Amphitrite (named after Amphitrite) was a flying boat airliner built in France in the late 1930s, originally developed as the Lioré et Olivier LeO H-49 before the nationalisation of the French aircraft industry. It was a large, six-engine design with a high-set cantilever monoplane wing, and twin tails. It was developed in response to a French air ministry specification of 1936 for a transatlantic airliner for Air France with a range of and a capacity for 20 passengers and 500 kg of cargo. Designs were submitted by Latécoère, Lioré et Olivier and by Potez-CAMS as the Laté 631, LeO H.49 and the Potez-CAMS 161 respectively, and examples of all designs were approved for construction. A large mock-up, resting on simulated water, was displayed at the 1938 "Salon de l'Aéronautique".
Four SE.200s were under construction at Marignane at the outbreak of the Second World War, and work on them continued after the fall of France, along with a fifth aircraft now started. The first aircraft, christened "Rochambeau" flew on 11 December 1942. Following testing, it was seized by the German occupation and taken to the Bodensee, where it was destroyed in an air raid by RAF Mosquitos on 17 April 1944. A USAAF raid on Marignane on 16 September destroyed the second SE.200 and badly damaged the other airframes.
Enough work on the third SE.200 had been carried out to make salvage worthwhile after the war. This aircraft eventually flew on 2 April 1946 but was damaged in a hard landing in October 1949 and was not repaired. Plans existed to also complete the fourth airframe, but this did not happen and it and the fifth airframe were scrapped. The remains of the first SE.200 were raised by Dornier in 1966.
Specifications.
"Data from" Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1947General characteristics* Crew: 8-10 (including cabin crew)* Capacity: 80 max (40 max as a night sleeper)* Aspect ratio: * Airfoil: root:NACA 2418; tip:NACA 2409* Fuel capacity: in inter-spar wing tanks* Propellers: 3-bladed variable-pitch reversible propellers
Performance* Power/mass: 12.2 kg/kW (20 lb/hp) (at per engine)
References.
Notes.
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10009733
|
German graphic designer (1914–2002)
Arthur Eisenmenger (born 20 October 1914 in Basel, died 19 February 2002 in Eislingen) was a German former chief graphic designer for the European Community.
Amongst his artistic creations are implementations of the European flag, the CE mark, and the euro sign (€).
References.
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10009733
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Aerospace manufacturer in Canada
Bombardier Inc. () is a Canadian business jet manufacturer. Headquartered in Montreal, the company was founded in 1942 by Joseph-Armand Bombardier to market his snowmobiles and became one of the world's biggest producers of aircraft and trains.
In the 1970s and 1980s, the company diversified into public transport vehicles and commercial jets and became a multinational corporation. It grew particularly fast at the end of the 1980s when the turnover multiplied sixfold within six years. At that time it was North America's most important producer of railway vehicles, Canada's most important aerospace producer and the worldwide leading snowmobile manufacturer. The growth came mainly from buying failing government-owned companies at a low price and orchestrating a turnaround.
However, the launch of the CSeries aircraft sent the company into deep debt, pushing it to the brink of bankruptcy by 2015. As a result, the company sold nearly all of its operations except business jet manufacturing.
Bombardier manufactures two families of corporate jets, the Global and Challenger. On May 18, 2021, the Global 7500/8000 series during testing became the first business jet to break the sound barrier and the fastest civil aircraft since the Concorde.
With deliveries of 138 business jets in 2023, Bombardier was the number one manufacturer of business jets in the world.
Corporate affairs.
The key trends of Bombardier are (as at the financial year ending December 31):
Divested lines of business.
Commercial aviation.
In 1986, Bombardier acquired Canadair for C$120 million from the Government of Canada after it recorded the largest corporate loss in Canadian history.
In 1989, the company acquired Short Brothers.
By 1990, the first product of the company, the Ski-Doo snowmobile, had become its weakest part gaging up deficits and high inventories.
In 1990, it acquired Learjet. In 1992, the company acquired de Havilland Canada from Boeing.
In 1995, the company founded Flexjet. In December 2013, the division was sold for $195 million.
On June 29, 2016, Bombardier delivered the first CSeries CS100 aircraft (now called the Airbus A220) to Swiss International Air Lines. Air Canada placed an order for the aircraft one day earlier.
In April 2016, Delta Air Lines placed an order for the aircraft. On September 26, 2017, after Boeing complained that Bombardier was selling the CS100 to Delta Air Lines below cost due to subsidies from the governments of Canada and Quebec, the United States Department of Commerce proposed a 219% tariff on the aircraft. Boeing's complaint stated that the CS100 planes were being sold at US$19.6 million each, below the US$33.2 million production cost. The governments of Canada and the United Kingdom threatened to stop ordering Boeing aircraft since the company was putting aerospace jobs at risk. On January 26, 2018, the United States International Trade Commission overturned the tariffs. Boeing did not appeal.
In July 2018, Airbus acquired a 50.01% stake in the CSeries for one Canadian dollar, with an option to acquire the remaining interest by 2024. Airbus built a second CSeries assembly line at its A320 assembly facility in Mobile, Alabama.
In November 2018, the company announced the sale of its turboprop passenger aircraft unit to an affiliate of Viking Air. It also announced 5,000 layoffs.
In March 2019, the company sold its Business Aircraft Training business to CAE Inc. for $645 million. The business included flight simulators and training devices for the Bombardier Learjet, Challenger, and Global product lines.
On June 25, 2019, Bombardier agreed with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries to sell the CRJ programme, a deal was expected to close in early 2020 subject to regulatory approval. Bombardier will retain the Mirabel assembly facility and produce the CRJ on behalf of Mitsubishi until the current order backlog is complete.
In October 2019, Bombardier announced the sale agreement of its remaining aerostructure division to US company Spirit AeroSystems. The division at time of sale involved component manufacture for new and after-market Bombardier group and Airbus group aircraft models, and also operated in aircraft maintenance, repair and overhaul. Due to how the 2020 pandemic affected the industry, the agreement was renegotiated with the sale to Spirit concluded finally in October 2020. Bombardier's former aerostructures division purchased by Spirit consisted at time of sale of operations in Belfast, UK; Casablanca, Morocco; and Dallas, USA.
The 2019 to 2020 aerostructures division sell-off was described at the time as supporting Bombardier's "strategic decision to reposition itself as a pure-play business aircraft company".
In February 2020, Airbus acquired an additional 25% stake in the A220 for US$591 million. This transaction was the final step to get Bombardier Aviation out of the commercial jet industry.
In December 2022, Bombardier broke ground on the new service center at the Abu Dhabi International Airport. This new facility in Abu Dhabi will be Bombardier's first full-service facility in the United Arab Emirates.
Bombardier Capital.
From 1973, when it was based in Colchester, Vermont, Bombardier Capital offered financial services such as lending and leasing.
In 1997, the company began transitioning some services to Jacksonville, Florida.
In 2001, it ceased taking on new consumer loans.
In 2005, Bombardier sold its inventory finance division to GE Commercial Finance.
Military.
The company acquired the rights to the Volkswagen Iltis in 1981. Production ceased in 1989.
When UTDC was acquired by Bombardier in 1991 several military products were added:
UTDC 24M32 - HLVW military trucks based on the Steyr 91 (Percheron)
In 2003, the company sold its arms industry division in Canada. Military Aviation Services was sold to SPAR Aerospace. Land-based arms industry products made by Urban Transportation Development Corporation ceased operations.
Public transport bus in Ireland.
In the late 1970s, in the Republic of Ireland, CIÉ (now Bus Éireann and Dublin Bus) commissioned a range of single and double-decker buses to be designed and produced.
CIÉ looked for partners to build these buses in Ireland, eventually finding two: Bombardier, and the United States–based General Automotive Corporation (GAC) from Ann Arbor, Michigan. The two companies formed a new company Bombardier Ireland Limited, 51% owned by Bombardier and 49% owned by GAC. In August 1983, Bombardier sold its shares to GAC, with the company renamed GAC Ireland Limited.
The prototypes were devised in Germany and production of 51 express coaches (KE type) and 366 double-decker buses (KD type) were assembled between 1980 and 1983 at a facility in Shannon, County Clare. They remained in service until 1997 and 2000, respectively. Some surviving examples are now exhibited at the National Transport Museum of Ireland at Howth Castle.
Rail equipment.
The company diversified into rail transport after the 1970s energy crisis reduced demand for snowmobiles.
In 1974, the company received its first order – to build MR-73 trains for Société de transport de Montréal for use on the Montreal Metro.
In 1975, the company acquired Montreal Locomotive Works. It was sold to General Electric in 1988.
In 1982, the company won a contract from New York's Metropolitan Transportation Authority to build 825 R62A cars for the New York City Subway for $663 million.
In 1985, the company ceased manufacturing locomotives and concentrated on producing passenger train rolling stock. It acquired a 45% stake in La Brugeoise et Nivelles (formerly BN Constructions Ferroviaires et Métalliques) based in Bruges in 1986, the assets of U.S. railcar manufacturers Budd Company and Pullman Company in 1987, and ANF Industrie based in Crespin, Nord, France in 1989. A series of acquisitions in the United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland, Canada, and Mexico further increased operations.
In 1996, the company was selected as the lead developer for the Acela Express trains, the fastest trains in North America, in a $710 million contract. Problems with the trains resulted in lawsuits between the company and Amtrak.
In 2001, Bombardier acquired Adtranz (DaimlerChrysler Rail Systems), a manufacturer of trains which were widely used throughout Germany and Great Britain, becoming one of the largest manufacturers of railway rolling stock in the world. This division produced the Bombardier Turbostar.
In 2005, it launched the Bombardier Zefiro high-speed rail, with speeds of 200–380 kilometres per hour, for the Ministry of Railways (China).
On February 13, 2020, Alstom agreed to buy the Bombardier Transportation division for €7 billion. The acquisition deal was completed on January 29, 2021.
Bombardier Recreational Products.
In January 1934, a blizzard prevented Joseph-Armand Bombardier from reaching the nearest hospital in time to save his two-year-old son, Yvon, who died from appendicitis complicated by peritonitis.
Bombardier was a mechanic who dreamed of building a vehicle that could "float on snow". In 1935, in a repair shop in Valcourt, Quebec, he designed and produced the first snowmobile using a drive system he developed that revolutionized travel in snow and swampy conditions.
In 1937, he patented and sold 12 of the 7-passenger "B7" snow coaches. They were used in rural Quebec to take children to school, carry freight, deliver mail, and as ambulances. In 1941, Bombardier opened a factory in Valcourt.
In 1942, "L'Auto-Neige Bombardier Limitée" ("Bombardier Snow Car Limited") was founded in Valcourt.
During World War II, the Government of Canada issued wartime rationing regulations. Bombardier customers had to prove that snowmobiles were essential to their livelihood in order to buy one. The company then shifted its focus to the arms industry.
In 1947, during a blizzard in Saskatchewan, the company received positive press coverage when army snowmobiles resupplied isolated radio communication towers.
In 1948, the Government of Quebec passed a law requiring all roads to be cleared of snow; Bombardier's sales fell by nearly half in one year. Armand Bombardier therefore decided to diversify his business, first by producing tracked snowplows sized specifically for use on municipal sidewalks, replacing horse-drawn vehicles, then by making all-terrain vehicles for the mining, petroleum, and forestry industries.
The machines had removable front skis that could be replaced with front wheels for use on paved or hard surfaces, thus providing greater utility to his large snowmobiles. In 1951, the wooden bodies were replaced with sheet steel, and these vehicles were powered by Chrysler flathead six-cylinder engines and 3-speed manual transmissions.
In the early 1950s, Bombardier focused on developing a snowmobile for 1 or 2 passengers. A breakthrough occurred in 1957 when Bombardier developed a one-piece molded rubber continuous track with enough durability to provide snow-gripping traction for lightweight vehicles. The vehicle was called the "Ski-Dog" because it was meant to replace the dog sled for hunters and trappers. However, in 1958, "Ski-Doo" was accidentally painted on the first prototype, and immediately became the popular name.
The public soon discovered the great fun of speedy vehicles zooming over snow, and a new winter sport was born, centered in Quebec. In the first year, Bombardier sold 225 Ski-Doos; four years later, 8,210 were sold. Bombardier slowed promotion of the Ski-Doo line to prevent it from crowding out other company products, while still dominating the snowmobile industry against competitors Polaris Industries and Arctic Cat.
In 1963, Roski was created in Roxton Falls, Quebec as a manufacturer of composite parts for the Ski-Doo. In the 1960s, V-8 engines were added.
On February 18, 1964, J. Armand Bombardier died of cancer at age 56. Until then, he oversaw all areas of operation and controlled the research department, making all the drawings himself. The younger generation took over, led by Armand's sons and sons-in-law, reorganizing and decentralizing the company. The company adopted computer inventory, accounting, and billing. Distribution networks were improved and increased, and an incentive program was developed for sales staff. That year, a survey was mailed to Ski-Doo owners to find out how the product was being used. Germain Bombardier, who had been groomed by his father, took over the company upon his father's death in 1964. However, he quit and sold his shares in 1966 after a disagreement with other family members. Laurent Beaudoin, the son-in-law of the founder, then became president, a position he held until 1999. He had joined the company as controller in 1963 and was president for 25 years.
In 1967, the company was renamed "Bombardier Limited". By that time, the snowmobiles were very useful for the Inuit.
In 1968, Clayton Jacobson II invented the jet ski and the company licensed his patents to create the Sea-Doo personal watercraft.
On January 23, 1969, the company became a public company, listing on the Montreal Exchange and the Toronto Stock Exchange.
In 1969 to 1970, the standard round windows reminiscent of portholes were replaced with larger rectangular windows that provided more interior light. A change was made to the Chrysler Industrial 318 engines with the automatic Loadflite transmissions.
In 1970, the company acquired Rotax, an engine manufacturer based in Gunskirchen, Austria.
In 1971, Bombardier acquired Moto-Ski. Also in 1971, Bombardier launched Operation SnoPlan, a program to promote snowmobile safety after a mounting death toll due to snowmobile accidents.
In the 1970s, the company began producing Can-Am motorcycles, which included Rotax engines.
In 2003, the company sold Bombardier Recreational Products to a group of investors: Bain Capital (50%), Bombardier Family (35%) and Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec (15%) for $875 million.
References.
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[
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79,
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83,
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86,
87,
88,
89,
90,
91,
92,
93
] | 0
|
10009733
|
Nuclear energy and fuels company
Great British Nuclear (GBN), formerly British Nuclear Fuels Ltd (BNFL), is a nuclear energy and fuels company owned by the UK Government. It is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero.
From its creation in 1971 to 2010, it functioned as a manufacturer of nuclear fuel (notably MOX), ran reactors, generated and sold electricity, reprocessed and managed spent fuel (mainly at Sellafield), and decommissioned nuclear plants and other similar facilities.
It was resurrected in July 2023 under the trading name Great British Nuclear, to coordinate the UK nuclear industry to help achieve government net-zero targets. The company formally changed its name to Great British Nuclear on 20 March 2024.
History.
British Nuclear Fuels Limited (BNFL) was set up in February 1971 from the demerger of the production division of the UK Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA). In 1984, BNFL became a public limited company as British Nuclear Fuels plc, wholly owned by the UK government.
Its US subsidiary BNFL, Inc. was established in 1990 and specialised in decontamination and decommissioning of nuclear sites.
In 1996, seven advanced gas-cooled reactors (AGR) and one pressurised water reactor (PWR) were privatised as British Energy, raising £2.1 billion. The oldest reactors, the Magnox sites, were not attractive for commercial operations and remained in public ownership as Magnox Electric. On 30 January 1998, Magnox Electric was merged into BNFL as BNFL Magnox Generation.
Quality data falsification crisis.
In 1999, it was discovered that BNFL staff had been falsifying some MOX fuel quality assurance data since 1996. A Nuclear Installations Inspectorate (NII) investigation concluded that "the level of control and supervision ... had been virtually non-existent." BNFL had to pay compensation to the Japanese customer, Kansai Electric, and take back a flawed shipment of MOX fuel from Japan. BNFL's Chief Executive John Taylor resigned, after initially resisting resignation when the NII's damning report was published.
As a consequence of this crisis, a possible partial privatisation of BNFL was delayed by two years.
Expansion.
In 1999, BNFL acquired Westinghouse Electric Company, the commercial nuclear power businesses of CBS (Westinghouse acquired CBS in 1995 and reoriented itself as a broadcaster), for $1.1 billion. Westinghouse's businesses are fuel manufacture, decommissioning of nuclear sites and reactor design, construction and servicing. Westinghouse was acquired as a possible core for the privatisation of a portion of BNFL.
In 2000, BNFL also purchased the nuclear businesses of ABB for £300 million. This company, which was merged into Westinghouse, had nuclear interests in the United States, Europe and Asia. In June 2000, BNFL took a 22.5% stake in Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (Pty) Ltd in South Africa.
In January 2003, the research and development arm of BNFL was relaunched as Nuclear Sciences and Technology Services (NSTS).
However, BNFL's financial difficulties increased, and the prospect of partial privatisation diminished.
Reorganisation.
On 1 April 2005, the company was reorganised as part of the restructuring of the wider nuclear industry. BNFL became British Nuclear Group (BNG) and a new holding company was established and adopted the British Nuclear Fuels name. This new BNFL operated largely through its major subsidiaries of Westinghouse and BNG as well as Nexia Solutions, its commercial nuclear technology business formed out of NSTS.
The Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA) was established on 1 April 2005 and took ownership of all of BNFL's nuclear sites, including the Sellafield site. The NDA then opened up the decommissioning of the different sites to tender to drive down costs. BNFL became one of a number of decommissioning contractors through BNG. BNFL's nuclear waste transfer companies, Direct Rail Services and International Nuclear Services, were also both transferred to the NDA.
On 19 April 2005, BNFL, Inc. was renamed BNG America and made a subsidiary of BNG.
Sale of Westinghouse.
In July 2005, BNFL confirmed it planned to sell Westinghouse, then estimated to be worth $1.8bn (£1bn). However the bid attracted interest from several companies, including Toshiba, General Electric and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and when the "Financial Times" reported on 23 January 2006 that Toshiba had won the bid, it valued the company's offer at $5bn (£2.8bn). On 6 February 2006, Toshiba confirmed it was buying Westinghouse Electric Company for $5.4bn and announced it would sell a minority stake to investors.
Break up of British Nuclear Group.
On 3 February 2006, BNFL announced it had agreed to sell BNG America to Envirocare to form EnergySolutions.
In March 2006, BNFL announced its intention to sell BNG. With the sale of Westinghouse, BNG America and BNG this was to effectively bring BNFL to an end. Mike Parker, CEO of BNFL, said: "By the end of 2007... there will be little need for the BNFL corporate centre from this time". On 22 August 2006, BNFL announced that instead of selling BNG as a going concern it would instead sell it off piece by piece.
In January 2007, BNFL announced that it would sell BNG's Magnox reactor sites operating business, Reactor Sites Management Company Ltd. It was later sold in June 2007, along with its subsidiary that held the operating contracts with the NDA, Magnox Electric, to EnergySolutions. All UK Magnox power stations were due to cease operation by the end of 2015.
BNG Project Services, BNG's specialist nuclear consulting business, was sold in January 2008 to VT Group, which was itself later acquired in 2010 by Babcock International Group.
BNG was renamed Sellafield Ltd and became the NDA's Site Licence Company (SLC) for the decommissioning contract at Sellafield. In November 2008, the NDA contracted the management of Sellafield Ltd to Nuclear Management Partners Ltd, a consortium of URS, AMEC and Areva.
Formation of the National Nuclear Laboratory.
In July 2006, the UK Government stated its intention to preserve and develop key research and development capabilities potentially as part of a National Nuclear Laboratory (NNL). In October 2006, Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, Alistair Darling confirmed the NNL would be formed out of Nexia Solutions and the British Technology Centre at Sellafield. The NNL was launched in July 2008 as a Government-owned company, and initially was managed under contract by a consortium of Serco, Battelle and the University of Manchester; this is known as a GOCO (Government-Owned, Contractor-Operated) arrangement.
Final disposals.
Control of BNFL's one third stake in Urenco was transferred to the Shareholder Executive in April 2008 through Enrichment Holdings Ltd while the government explored the possibility of selling the stake.
BNFL's one third stake of AWE Management Ltd was sold to Jacobs Engineering Group in December 2008. AWE is responsible for the support and manufacturing of the UK's nuclear deterrent.
As BNFL was wound down it was converted back to a private limited company on 31 December 2008 and regained its original name, British Nuclear Fuels Limited. The final sale transactions for BNFL's former businesses were completed in May 2009.
Despite this, the company itself was not wound up and continued as a legal entity.
Resurrection as Great British Nuclear.
In February 2023, plans to wind up the company within two years were still active. By this point the company had not traded in 13 years.
However, on 18 July 2023, BNFL was resurrected as Great British Nuclear, with the aim of delivering the government's long-term nuclear programme and supporting its ambition to deliver up to 24 GW of nuclear power in the UK by 2050. Great British Nuclear is running a small modular reactor (SMR) competition which will place between one and four co-funding contracts in late 2024, supporting the development and regulatory approval process, to prepare bids for a SMR final investment decision in 2029.
In March 2024, Great British Nuclear bought the Oldbury and Wylfa sites from Horizon in a deal worth £160m.
Leadership.
GBN is led by Gwen Parry-Jones as interim chief executive officer, who was formerly the CEO of Magnox Ltd.
Its chair is Simon Bowen.
Former sites.
BNFL formerly had operations at 18 sites in the UK:
Former logo.
The former BNFL logotype was created in 1996 by Lloyd Northover, the British design consultancy founded by John Lloyd and Jim Northover.
References.
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[
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10009733
|
Norwegian state-owned limited company established in 1993
The University Centre in Svalbard (; UNIS) is a Norwegian state-owned limited company that is involved in research and provides some higher education in Arctic studies. The company is wholly owned by the Ministry of Education and Research, and the universities of Oslo, Bergen, Tromsø, NTNU and NMBU appoint the board of directors. It is led by a director appointed by the board for a four-year term. The centre is the world’s northernmost research and higher education institution, in Longyearbyen at 78° N latitude. The courses offered fall into five main science disciplines: Arctic biology, Arctic geology, Arctic geophysics, Arctic technology and Arctic safety.
Organization.
The centre was established in 1993 in Longyearbyen, a town of 2,100 inhabitants on the western coast of Spitsbergen island. Despite its name, it is not a university (a status that can only be conferred by the government under certain conditions to larger institutions), but a state-owned enterprise involved in research and some university-level education. The main idea behind establishing UNIS was that the unique geographic location of the island permits the study of Arctic sciences in situ, right outside the company walls. Its official language is Norwegian, but English is used in all tuition and 68% of its 690 students originate from outside Norway (in 2015, foreign students came from 43 countries). The number of students at UNIS was affected by COVID-19 regulations, with 743 students in 2019, 299 students in 2020, and 482 students in 2021, with a corresponding increase of Norwegian students fraction from 32% in 2019 up to 43% in 2020.
In 2021 the largest student group came from Norwegian universities (60%), followed by students from Germany (18%) and the Netherlands (10%). The tuition is free of charge and is carried out by 27 full-time professors, 43 adjunct professors, and 160 guest lecturers. The latter are invited from Norwegian and foreign institutions within various joint research projects. Those projects are also instrumental for the enrollment of master and PhD students – UNIS does not accept its own graduates for those courses and requires potential candidates to present a letter of support from their home institution. One important collaboration is the educational exchange program with Russia. The funding for UNIS is provided by the Norwegian government, research councils, and private industry.
Campus and events.
The company conducts both teaching and scientific research. The original UNIS building opened in 1995. The new Svalbard Science Centre, designed by Jarmund/Vigsnæs architects, was officially opened on April 26, 2006, by the King and the Queen of Norway. On September 2, 2009, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Ban Ki-moon visited UNIS. Together with the Norwegian Minister of Environment Erik Solheim, Ban Ki-moon led a debate on the impact of a melting Arctic on the environment.
The Norwegian Polar Institute, the Svalbard Museum, and the Svalbard Science Forum share the building.
Services.
Although UNIS has no formal tuition fee, students are required to pay a semester fee of 580 NOK (about 65 EUR). For overnight scientific cruises, fieldwork, and excursions, students must pay a daily rate of NOK 200 for food. UNIS has a library, established in 1993. A significant part of the library is electronic: the company is subscribed to a number of electronic databases that can be accessed from the library computers. UNIS has several research laboratories and a research ship "Hanna Resvoll" and two Polarcircles "UNIS Sila" and "UNIS Kolga".
Before 2021 most students at UNIS used to live in five renovated mining barracks in Nybyen, a settlement on the southern outskirts of Longyearbyen (30–40 minutes by foot). Since September 2014, some students live in the newly built campus Sjøskrenten, which is a 2-minute walk from UNIS. Both campuses are owned and administered by the Arctic Student Welfare Organization in Tromsø. Nybyen student housing is located in an area with high avalanche risks from the nearby mountain of Gruvefjellet. This led to the construction of a new student housing Elvesletta, completed in the summer of 2021 and located in the city center, which allowed to stop using Nybyen. Elvesletta student housing has a capacity of 300 students and the construction project cost 400 million Norwegian Krones.
Safety and well-being.
There is a small hospital and a dentist in Longyearbyen, and a search and rescue team led by the Governor of Svalbard. Any seriously ill person is transported by airplane to mainland Norway. The nearest regional hospital is located in Tromsø, a two-hour flight away.
Polar bears are abundant in the area and are a potential threat to human life. As a result, local citizens often carry rifles, and every UNIS student and member of staff spends their first day learning how to use a rifle to defend themselves against bears.
Because UNIS activities include fieldwork carried out on boats, snowmobiles or on foot in a harsh environment, all new students and staff members are required to present a self-declaration confirming that they are in good health.
Student life.
There are various self-organized student groups at UNIS. Many change each semester according to students' areas of interest, whereas some are fixtures. The UNIS student council is elected once per semester and represents the students' interests at university meetings and outside parties. Students are able to rent outdoor equipment, such as skiing or camping gear, from the student equipment group, which is also self-organized by students with an interest in outdoor pursuits. Due to nature being easily accessed in the Arctic, outdoor sports and hiking are popular recreational activities for many students.
References.
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The medieval lituus was a musical instrument of an indeterminate nature, known only from records which ascribe it various properties. Johann Sebastian Bach's "O Jesu Christ, Meins Lebens Licht" contains the only known piece of music written for an instrument under this name.
Medieval use.
Chroniclers of the Crusades from the 11th through the 13th centuries often used the various Classical Latin terms for trumpets and horns—including "tuba", "cornu", "buccina", and "lituus"—alongside the more up-to-date French term "trompe" with reference to instruments employed in the Christian armies. However, it is difficult or impossible to determine just what instruments were meant, and it is not likely they were the same as the Roman instruments called by these names.
In the early 15th century, Jean de Gerson listed the lituus among those string instruments that were sounded by beating or striking, either with the fingernails, a plectrum, or a stick. Other instruments Gerson names in this category are the "cythara", "guiterna", "psalterium", "timpanum", and "campanula".
Later use.
By the late 16th century the word was being applied to a variety of different instruments. A 1585 English translation of Hadrianus Junius's "Nomenclator" defines "lituus" as "a writhen or crooked trumpet winding in and out; a shaulme" (i.e., shawm). The early Baroque composer and author Michael Praetorius used the word as a Latin equivalent of the German "Schallmeye" (shawm) or for the "Krumbhoerner" (crumhorns)—in the latter case also offering the Italian translations "storti", and "cornamuti torti".
With an added adjective, the term "lituus alpinus", was used in 1555 by the Swiss naturalist Conrad Gessner in the earliest published description of the Alphorn: "nearly eleven feet long, made from two pieces of wood slightly curved and hollowed out, fitted together and skillfully bound with osiers".
In the eighteenth century the word once again came to describe contemporary brass instruments, such as in a 1706 inventory from the Ossegg monastery in Bohemia, which equates it with the hunting horn: "litui vulgo Waldhörner duo ex tono G". Nevertheless, in 1732 Johann Gottfried Walther referred back to Renaissance and Medieval definitions, defining "lituus" as "a cornett, formerly it also signified a shawm or, in Italian "tubam curvam", a HeerHorn". ("Heerhorn" or "Herhorn" was a Middle High German name for a metal, slightly curved military signal horn, approximately five feet long, played with the bell turned upward.) In 1738, the well-known horn player Anton Joseph Hampel served as a godfather at the baptism of a daughter of the renowned Dresden lutenist Silvius Leopold Weiss. In the baptismal register he was described as "Lituista Regius"—"royal lituus player". In the second half of the 18th century "lituus" was described in one source as a Latin name for the trumpet or horn.
Johann Sebastian Bach specified the use of two litui for his composition "O Jesu Christ, Meins Lebens Licht" (BWV 118). This motet or cantata, written in the 1730s, is believed to be the only surviving score that specifies the use of the lituus, and the only known piece ever written for the instrument. Since there are no known surviving examples of a Baroque lituus, the exact appearance and sound is unknown. However, researchers have relied on depictions of instruments they believed to be similar to the lituus in order to approximate its characteristics.
Reconstruction.
The modern design and construction of Bach's lituus was initiated when the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis (SCB) in Switzerland approached a PhD student at the University of Edinburgh to assist with the recreation. The student and his research team had developed a software application for working with brass instrument design. The SCB provided the Edinburgh team with details and assumptions about the correct design of the lituus. The software application was then to convert those designs into an accurate representation of the shape, pitch, and tone of the medieval instrument. The Edinburgh team produced two identical prototypes, approximately 2.5 meters long. The lituuses are straight and thin, with a flared bell at the end. The horns are made of pine and feature cow horn mouthpieces. The Edinburgh team noted that the reconstructed instrument could easily have been made in Bach's time using then-current technology.
The tone of the finished instruments is described as "piercing" and they have a limited range. One member of the development team referred to the tone as being "broadly like a trumpet" but more "haunting". The reconstructed lituus has also been described as difficult to play.
SCB musicians used the reconstructed lituus in a performance of "O Jesu Christ, Meins Lebens Licht", believing they are the first to do so since Bach's time.
References.
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Public university in Rimouski, Canada
The Université du Québec à Rimouski (; commonly referred to as UQAR) is a public university located in Rimouski, Quebec, Canada with a campus in Lévis.
Since its establishment in 1969, Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR) has granted over 50,000 diplomas. In addition to its Lévis and Rimouski campuses, UQAR offers academic training throughout eastern Quebec, including the Chaudière-Appalaches, Gaspésie-Iles-de-la-Madeleine, Haute-Côte-Nord, and Manicouagan. It also has permanent offices in Gaspé and Rivière-du-Loup.
UQAR is part of the Université du Québec network, the largest university network in Canada, with over 100,000 students. UQAR welcomes about 7,000 new students every year, including about 550 foreign students from over 45 countries. UQAR has strength in marine science, regional development, and nordic studies.
The university's athletics teams are known as the "Nordet", a French word used to refer to a northeasterly wind (and a reference to UQAR's location in Québec).
History.
First milestones.
Religious and community leaders first proposed establishing a university in Rimouski in the 1930s. By the 1950s, the Seminaire de Rimouski had begun offering postsecondary level courses in partnership with Université Laval. Following the onset of the Quiet Revolution in Québec, postsecondary access expanded in the Bas-Saint-Laurent region. The Parent Commission report established that Québec's citizens were entitled to full educational opportunities at all levels. Implementing the report's recommendations necessitated secularizing the province's educational system, which had largely been run by religious organizations. An act creating the Université du Québec was passed by the provincial legislative assembly in 1968. One year later, the Université du Québec à Rimouski opened on the grounds of the former monastery of the Ursulines of Quebec.
2009 fire.
During the night of May 14, 2009, at approximately 1:30, the fire alarm system was triggered and reported by the on-duty Rimouski campus security agent while at the same time smoke was spotted by patrolmen from the Sûreté du Québec passing by. The fire resulted in a general alarm for the Rimouski fire department, prompting assistance from the fire departments of Bic and St-Anaclet. By midday, the fire was contained and mostly put out. It resulted in the destruction of the main wing's belfry as well as major fire damage to the roof and water damage to the floors below.
The affected wing houses procurement and printing services, student services, the student's bookstore, the rector's and vice-rectors offices, finances and human resources as well as classes and working spaces of graduate students. The university's geography department uses the classes located on the 5th floor, directly under the fire-damaged part of the building, and the offices located directly under the collapsed belfry are occupied by researchers. Many graduate students are also working on the 5th floor.
The damage was estimated at the time to be at least $3 million.
The Rimouski campus today.
The administrative capital of the Lower St. Lawrence region and a bustling maritime community, Rimouski is also a genuine “student city” that hums with the activities of over 15,000 students every year (all levels considered). Students represent nearly one in three people living in this town of 50,000.
The Rimouski campus now has 11 pavilions, in addition to student residences. The Rimouski campus also houses the Rimouski Institute of Marine Sciences (ISMER) and the Centre for Support for Innovation through Research (CAIR)
Lévis campus.
The university opened a second campus in Lévis, in Québec's capital region in 1980. The Lévis campus of UQAR has become a major pole for the institution. In 2019-2020, the Lévis campus was attended by about 3,000 students.
UQAR offers academic training throughout eastern Quebec, including the Chaudière-Appalaches, Gaspésie-Iles-de-la-Madeleine, Haute-Côte-Nord, and Manicouagan. It also has permanent offices in Gaspé and Rivière-du-Loup.
Programs of study.
UQAR offers over 160 undergraduate to doctoral-level training programs in the fields of administration, biology, environmental and bioresource chemistry, regional development, education, ethics, engineering, geography, history, computer science, literature and creative writing, oceanography, psychosociology, accounting, nursing, and social work.
Owing to its privileged geographic location, UQAR enables students to explore and study natural environments that are near the campuses. While maintaining a primary focus on academic achievement, the training programs offered by UQAR stand out for their excellence and distinctive nature.
Foreign students.
UQAR has established more than 70 cooperation and exchange programs with about 15 countries around the world.
Each year, UQAR welcomes about 550 foreign students.
Research.
From the onset, UQAR has faced up to the challenges of its natural setting by concentrating on its strengths, namely its environmental resources. This is the reason for which marine science, regional development, and nordic studies are the three major areas of research at UQAR. These fields are integrated to meet the challenges of the territory covered by the university. These areas of research bring together a mass of researchers. In addition, research in engineering, education, literature, heritage, management science, and health science has been booming in recent years.
The independent firm RE$EARCH Infosource Inc. has repeatedly rated UQAR among the best performing Canadian universities in the field of research. For the 2011 to 2019 period, it was ranked eight times among the top three research universities offering mainly undergraduate courses. Over a ten-year period from 1999 to 2009, UQAR's research funding increased from $3.8 million to $17.4 million.
Marine sciences.
From its beginning, Université du Québec à Rimouski has been at the forefront of the study and understanding of the marine environment.
The recognition of marine sciences as an area of excellence has enabled UQAR to develop a sizeable research capacity in the field. Today, UQAR has brought together a remarkably strong group of researchers, whose expertise touch on a vast array of questions in the field of marine sciences.
The Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski enjoys international recognition as the flagship of Quebec research in this field.
Over the past decade, more than $50M have been invested in infrastructure, including equipment, to support the marine science sector in the Rimouski region, in particular at UQAR-ISMER.
Regional development.
QAR’s expertise in regional development is anything but a random process. It is the result of a long tradition of reflection and research that goes back several decades. At the beginning of the Quiet Revolution in the 1960s, the Quebec and Canadian governments identified the Lower St. Lawrence and Gaspésie regions as future laboratories for social experimentation in the area of regional development.
UQAR is looking to better grasp the issues and problems facing regions in connection with current economic and societal changes. Researchers associated with this line of research analyze socioterritorial dynamics affecting regions and create tools for development assistance.
Regional development is a primary institutional focus in both basic and applied research, with a number of organized research units. This field of multidisciplinary study meets regional, national, and international concerns.
Nordic studies.
UQAR is dedicated to the study of the Far North and cold lower latitudes. This research area brings together a diversity of researchers with a multidisciplinary interest in northern environments around a number of highly complementary disciplines.
Research at the Biology, Chemistry, and Geography Department is aimed at better understanding the processes of environments in cold climates in order to respond to major conservation and sustainable management challenges. It helps to determine a state of reference for the northern environments and their changing dynamics.
Regional development researchers and students analyze the socioterritorial dynamics in Québec, including the North, and create development assistance tools. Focus is placed on the effects of development policies on the regional economy, the social acceptability of natural resource exploitation projects, and local community adaptation to climate change.
Health research at UQAR is characterized by a multidisciplinary approach to the study of healthcare in rural areas, including northern regions, both in regards to care and services and to the populations concerned, mainly vulnerable groups.
UQAR’s expertise in engineering is focused in a number of areas related to mechanical and electrical engineering, allowing for the implementation of a range of projects, such as identification and exploitation of wind power energy potential in northern environments, including technological innovation ensuring optimal energy management of the equipment used in resource exploitation.
Honorary doctorates and other distinctions awarded by UQAR.
Honorary doctorates.
Université du Québec à Rimouski awards honorary doctorates to people who have made a significant contribution to university or in the exercise of their profession or in general by their contribution to society. The University has awarded the following honorary doctorates:
Université du Québec à Rimouski medal.
The Université du Québec à Rimouski medal is awarded to people in recognition of their remarkable contribution to the development of a sector related to one of the University's main missions: teaching, research and service to the community. The University awarded the following medals:
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10009733
|
Defunct semi-public domestic airline of France (1954–1997)
Air Inter () (legally "Lignes Aériennes Intérieures") was a semi-public French domestic airline in France that operated from 1954 until it merged with Air France in 1997. It was last headquartered in Paray-Vieille-Poste, Essonne. Earlier in its life, it was headquartered in the 1st arrondissement of Paris.
Air Inter was incorporated on 12 November 1954. It operated its first commercial flight between Paris and Strasbourg on 16 March 1958. However, it was 1960 when the airline started regular commercial services.
The company established its operational and engineering base at Paris-Orly Airport, where its flights were concentrated at Orly Ouest, Orly Airport's West Terminal.
Air Inter was founded as a semi-public entity to provide efficient domestic air transport at the lowest cost. Its financial backers included French public and private sector transport businesses in road, rail and air transport, as well as banks.
Air France and Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Français (SNCF), the state railway company, were Air Inter's two largest public sector shareholders, each holding 25% in the airline. Union des Transports Aériens (UTA) was its largest private sector investor. UTA initially held a 15% minority stake in Air Inter. UTA subsequently increased its shareholding to 36%, becoming the largest single shareholder.
On 12 January 1990, Air Inter, with UTA and Air France, became part of an enlarged Air France group, which in turn became a subsidiary of Groupe Air France. Air Inter changed to Air Inter Europe following a merger with Air France and UTA. On 1 April 1997, it was absorbed into Air France. On that day, the firm ceased to exist as a legal entity within Groupe Air France.
History.
On 23 February 1960, France's Ministry of Public Works and Transport decided to transfer Air France's domestic monopoly to Air Inter. This provided the impetus for Air Inter to start scheduled services within metropolitan France, as well as between the mainland and Corsica. Though a private sector company because of its limited liability status, Air Inter was compelled to operate unprofitable regional domestic routes to justify its domestic monopoly on profitable routes from Paris.
Air Inter primarily operated high-frequency scheduled internal flights from Paris Orly to cities in metropolitan France, principally Lyon, Marseille, Nice, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Strasbourg and Mulhouse. Following the opening of Charles de Gaulle Airport near the northern Paris suburb of Roissy-en-France and the transfer of the bulk of Air France's international operations from Orly to Charles de Gaulle Airport from 1974, as well as the simultaneous transfer of UTA's Le Bourget-based operation to that airport, Air Inter began serving these routes from Charles de Gaulle as well (with the exception of Nice) to feed domestic passengers into those airlines' international networks.
Air Inter also linked Orly with additional second and third-tier provincial French towns as well as with all three commercial airports on Corsica (Ajaccio, Bastia, Calvi). The airline operated regional domestic scheduled routes between major French cities as well.
Many of Air Inter's routes serving smaller towns were contracted to TAT.
Prior to the liberalisation of the internal air market in the European Union (EU) during the early 1990s, Air Inter was a pillar of the French air transport industry with Air France, UTA and TAT.
During that period Air Inter had a large share of the domestic market. It was the only airline plying most of the domestic trunk routes within metropolitan France on a regular scheduled basis, especially from and to Paris. The exceptions were Paris-Nice and Paris-Basel/Mulhouse. Air Inter's flights between Paris Orly and Nice competed with Air France's Paris-Charles de Gaulle — Nice, and Orly—Nice flights. Air Inter competed head-on with Swissair, the former Swiss flag carrier, between Paris Charles de Gaulle and Basel/Mulhouse.
The difference between the competing Air Inter and Swissair services on this route was that the former's passengers had to use the terminal at Basel/Mulhouse airport through the domestic channel that connected the airport to the French city of Mulhouse, whereas the latter's used the international channel that linked the airport with the Swiss city of Basel. For this reason, Air Inter's flights were categorised as domestic while Swissair's were international.
In addition, UTA had limited rights to carry passengers, cargo and mail on the internal legs of its long-haul services, between Paris Charles de Gaulle and Lyon, Marseille, Nice as well as Bordeaux. However, flights were too infrequent to pose a threat to Air Inter.
SNCF, one of Air Inter's two largest public sector shareholders, was also the company's main competitor on domestic trunk routes inside France. This intensified when SNCF began high-speed, high-frequency Train à Grande Vitesse (TGV) services on purpose-built tracks from 1981. The launch of TGV services between Paris and Lyon, one of Air Inter's busiest as well as shortest routes, in 1981 led to a reduction in frequency and smaller aircraft on Air Inter's competing service.
The only other domestic air routes on which Air Inter competed with Air France in the pre-liberalisation era were routes linking the mainland with Corsica.
In 1977, Air Inter purchased a 20% stake from Air France in the latter's charter affiliate Air Charter International, in return for ceasing to be a rival supplier of charter airline seats in the French inclusive tour market.
Annual passenger numbers on Air Inter's domestic scheduled network grew steadily to 21 million, actually beating Air France one year. This established the firm as the largest scheduled domestic airline in Europe.
Air Inter was also one of the few European ultra short-haul, mainline scheduled operators to be profitable most of the time and was a forerunner of today's low-cost airlines in Europe. Fares were lower than domestic air fares elsewhere in Europe and competing rail fares, with short turnarounds (35 minutes for a full 314-seat A300 was common), no seat allocation, no frills service on board and minimum crews.
On 1 January 1995, Air Inter lost its monopoly on the domestic trunk routes from Paris Orly. From that day, any EU-based rival was free to compete on these routes, without restrictions on capacity, frequency or fares.
The sale of controlling stakes in Air Inter and UTA to Air France, as well as integration of both of the former into the latter, was part of a French government plan to create a unified, national carrier with the economies of scale and global reach to counter threats from the liberalisation of the EU's internal air transport market.
Fleet.
Air Inter pioneered Category 3 all-weather landings and started operating Category 3 minima with Caravelles — upgrading with enhanced head-up displays on Mercure and A320s.
Listed below are the main aircraft types that were part of Air Inter's fleet at one point or another throughout its 37 years of continuous operations:
Air Inter entered the jet age with the Caravelle III.
Air Inter was an early operator of the Airbus A300, the European aircraft manufacturer's first commercial jetliner and the airline's first widebodied aircraft. The fleet reached 22 aircraft at its peak with aircraft being acquired second hand up to 1992.
Air Inter was also a launch customer for the Dassault Mercure, the French answer to the Boeing 737, as well as the Airbus A320 (eventually building a fleet of 33 of the 320 variant alone), the only airline customer in the world for the former and joint launch customer with Air France and British Caledonian for the latter.
The Mercure entered commercial airline service with Air Inter on June 4, 1974. Dassault Aviation's inability to find other customers for the Mercure resulted in the French government granting Air Inter a subsidy of £10,775,000. This helped the airline bear the financial burden of operating an "orphan fleet" of only ten aircraft. In addition to the ten aircraft that formed part of Air Inter's original order for the Mercure, the airline had the aircraft's prototype converted to airline standard as well. This subsequently joined the fleet, increasing the company's Mercure sub-fleet to eleven. It was withdrawn from service in 1995, after 20 years' uninterrupted service.
The A320 entered service with Air Inter in 1988.
The A330 was the last aircraft type to join the Air Inter fleet in 1994. Air Inter was the launch operator of the type.
Incidents and accidents.
There were 12 recorded incidents/accidents involving Air Inter aircraft throughout 37 years of uninterrupted commercial operations, three of which were fatal. One of the other nine reported incidents included an aircraft hijacking, resulting in the loss of one life.
The airline's three fatal accidents were:
The following was a notable, non-fatal incident:
References.
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10009733
|
Saint Kitts and Nevis is a two-island country in the West Indies. Located in the Leeward Islands chain of the Lesser Antilles, it is the smallest sovereign state in the Americas, in both area and population. The country is a Commonwealth realm, with the British monarch (currently King Charles III) as head of state.
The country's economy is characterised by its dominant tourism, agriculture and light manufacturing industries. Sugar was the primary export from the 1940s on, but rising production costs, low world market prices, and the government's efforts to reduce dependence on it have led to a growing diversification of the agricultural sector. In 2005, the government decided to close down the state-owned sugar company, which had experienced losses and was a significant contributor to the fiscal deficit.
Notable firms.
This list includes notable companies with primary headquarters located in the country. The industry and sector follow the Industry Classification Benchmark taxonomy. Organizations which have ceased operations are included and noted as defunct.
Status: P=Private, S=State; A=Active, D=Defunct
!rowspan=2|Name
!rowspan=2|Industry
!rowspan=2|Sector
!rowspan=2|Headquarters
!rowspan=2|Founded
!rowspan=2 class="unsortable"| Notes
!colspan=2 |Status
!style="text-align:center"|
!style="text-align:center"|
References.
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[
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75,
76,
77,
78,
79,
80,
81,
82,
83,
84,
85,
86,
87,
88,
89,
90,
91,
92,
93
] | 20
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10009733
|
Airport at Raglan Mine, Quebec, Canada
.</ref>
Katinniq/Donaldson Airport () is located east of Raglan Mine, Quebec, Canada.
Airlines and destinations.
Historical scheduled service.
In 1979, Nordair was operating scheduled Boeing 737-200 passenger jet service to the area with direct one stop flights twice a week from Montreal Dorval Airport.
References.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
|
en
| 88
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74,
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76,
77,
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79,
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81,
82,
83,
84,
85,
86,
87,
88,
89,
90,
91,
92,
93
] | 23
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10009733
|
Public research university in Quebec City, Canada
(; English: "Laval University)" is a public research university in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. The university traces its roots to the Séminaire de Québec, founded by François de Montmorency-Laval in 1663, making it the oldest institution of higher education in Canada and the first North American institution to offer higher education in French. The university, which was founded in Old Québec, moved to a new campus in the 1950s in the suburban borough of Sainte-Foy–Sillery–Cap-Rouge. It is ranked among the top 10 Canadian universities in research funding and holds four Canada Excellence Research Chairs.
History.
The university's beginnings go back to 1663 with the founding of the Grand and 1668 with the founding of the Petit Séminaire by François de Montmorency-Laval, a member of the House of Laval and the first Bishop of New France.
During the French regime, the institution mainly trained priests to serve in New France. After the Conquest of 1760, the British expanded education in Canada to include the liberal arts. French Canadians had at the time no opportunity to pursue higher education, and Bishop Bourget of Montreal suggested expanding the into . Louis Casault, a priest who taught physics at the , went to Europe to seek a royal charter and study the best university systems there.
The was granted a royal charter on December 8, 1852, by Queen Victoria, at the request of Lord Elgin, then Governor-General of the Province of Canada. Through the charter, the was created with "the rights and privileges of a university". Pope Benedict XV approved the plan and authorized the institution to establish chairs of theology and confer degrees.
In 1878, the university opened a second campus in Montreal, which became the on May 8, 1919, by a writ of Pope Benedict XV. In 1971, a second charter transferred all authority to the council.
By 1925, the university had outgrown its location. The Old City was very crowded, making it difficult to add new buildings to the campus. The university moved to Sainte-Foy in the 1950s, which at the time was a semi-rural community west of the Quebec city centre. The School of Architecture returned to the old building (now affectionately referred to as "Le Vieux Séminaire") in 1989.
is governed by a board of governors and a faculty senate. This structure was modelled on the provincial University of Toronto Act of 1906, which established a bicameral system of university government consisting of a senate (faculty), responsible for academic policy, and a board of governors (citizens) exercising exclusive control over financial policy and having formal authority in all other matters. The president, appointed by the board, was to serve as a link between the two bodies and lead the institution.
In the early part of the 20th century, the need for higher education expanded beyond the classical fields of theology, law and medicine, and the university introduced science and social-science departments such as forestry and household science. In addition, graduate training based on the German-inspired American model of specialized course work and the completion of a research thesis was introduced.
"Laval", a waltz by French-Canadian ragtime composer Wilfrid Beaudry, was dedicated to the students at Laval University and the University of Montreal. The music for piano was published in Quebec by J. Beaudry, circa 1906.
In 1929, the Quebec Seminary was designated as a national historic site of Canada.
The university opened its department of social, political, and economic sciences in 1938, signalling a change of approach that continued into the 1960s, based on an idea of higher education as the key to social justice and economic productivity for individuals and society.
The royal charter that founded in 1852 was designated a National Historic Event in 1972. This location, at 1 rue des Remparts, Quebec, still continues operation as a centre for educating Roman Catholic priests. A section of the Vieux Séminaire has been the location for the Université's school of architecture since 1987. The Camille-Roy pavilion houses the restored Promotions Room, which can be rented as a venue for various types of events.
In 2017, the university became the first in Canada to divest its endowment from fossil fuel companies.
Buildings and features.
After it was granted a university charter, several buildings were built in Old Quebec, including the School of Chemistry (1923), the addition on Ste. Famille Street (1931), the Mining School (1938), and the cafeteria building (1945), all by architect Joseph Simeon Bergeron. However, the neighbourhood was already crowded and activities later moved in nearby Sainte-Foy, which was more spacious.
Campus building.
Today's campus covers and has over 30 buildings (also called "pavillons"), including many iconic exemplars of modern architecture. Its earliest buildings and landscapes were designed by Edouard Fiset () from the 1950s, and of its lands, 56 percent are wooded areas, grasslands, and sports fields .
Other infrastructure.
Practically all buildings are linked by of underground walkways, which are particularly useful in the winter and whose walls are mostly covered by murals painted by student associations and student visitors over the years, as well as graffiti. The campus is also home to the "Roger-Van den Hende" botanical garden () which contains some 67 species of deciduous and coniferous trees and 60 different species of birds. The Louis-Jacques-Casault building also hosts the regional branch of the National Archives of Quebec. The sport building is called PEPS and is said to be the largest sport complex in eastern Canada. It is adjacent to the covered TELUS stadium. Construction for the Telus stadium started in 2010 and was opened to the public in January 2012 ().
Off campus.
Apart from the school of architecture, located in Old Quebec since 1988, the only out of campus facilities are the school of visual arts in the downtown neighbourhood of Saint-Roch, and the experimental Montmorency forest ( north of Quebec City).
Programs.
As of 2002, Université Laval offered over 350 programs to more than 38,000 students. The university also attracts more than 2,500 foreign students annually, and has almost 1,000 students drawn from Canadian provinces outside of Quebec. Many students come to the university for the "Français pour non-francophones" program that offers instruction in French as a second language to students from Canada and around the world. It is also the only university in Quebec which trains forestry engineers. Since the mid-1980s, Université Laval has offered distance learning; over 30 programs and 400 courses are offered by distance learning, of which 80% are accessible from the internet.
Research.
Université Laval holds four of the 19 Canada Excellence Research Chairs awarded nationwide: Canada Excellence Research Chair in Remote Sensing of Canada's New Arctic Frontier, Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Canada Excellence Research Chair in Photonic Innovations, and Communication and Canada Excellence Research Chair in Neurophotonics. The university has also received research funding from Huawei but has kept the details of the funding confidential.
University press.
Les Presses de l'Université Laval (University Press), which was founded in 1950, deals with Canadian civilization, literature, medieval studies, law, social sciences, physical sciences and engineering. It publishes some 120 books per year.
University cooperative.
The Coopérative de l'Université Laval (University Co-op) is engaged in the sale of products to customers throughout the university, such as books, lecture notes and computers. They have two locations. One is on campus in the administrative building and the other near La Fabrique, the Arts building in Old Québec.
Athletics and sports teams.
Athletics take place at the Pavillon d'éducation physique et des sports (Physical Education and Sports Complex), in short PEPS. Laval's varsity sports teams are named the Rouge-et-Or (Red & Gold). As of 2024, the men's football team of Laval have won 12 Vanier Cups and has thus the most titles in the country, followed by the Western Mustangs (8 Vanier Cups).
Notable people.
Public figures, including Prime Ministers of Canada, Premiers of Quebec, Supreme Court Justices, federal Cabinet Ministers, Senators, and Lieutenant-Governors as well as national and international athletes have graduated from l'Université Laval. Some of the more prominent are:
See also.
<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/>
Notes.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
References.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
|
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| 89
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A business class airline is an airline concept which emerged during the mid-first decade of the 21st century a number of airlines that operated all-business class service.
History.
In the decade of 2000s, several dedicated business class airlines, including Eos Airlines, MAXjet Airways, SilverJet and L'Avion have been launched. Early on, the idea was considered potentially lucrative, however the business model became vulnerable when in 2008 oil prices surpassed $100 a barrel. Between late 2007 and 2008, MAXjet, Silverjet and Eos Airlines all ceased operations, with Silverjet ceasing operations in 2008 and L'Avion in 2009.
Virgin Atlantic and British Airways both proposed founding rival all-business class subsidiaries until the oil crisis put an end to Virgin Atlantic's plans. L'Avion continued to trade, and was purchased by British Airways for its subsidiary OpenSkies at a price of £54m in July 2008. OpenSkies operated an all Boeing 757 business-class service from Paris Orly Airport during October 2008 to June 2012. Since June 2012, the premium economy Eco class was reintroduced to OpenSkies.
Currently, only one all-business class airline, La Compagnie, which was founded in 2013, provides an all business class service between Orly Airport in Paris and Newark Liberty International Airport. Service was initially provided by two Boeing 757-200 aircraft; these were replaced with two Airbus A321neos starting from 2019.
Additionally, a startup known as Odyssey Airlines planned to launch all-business class flight from London City Airport to New York using Airbus A220-100 aircraft, though the initial launch date of 2016 was not met and, as of March 2024, service had yet to launch.
Airlines with all-business class service.
Until October 2013, Singapore Airlines flew the longest and biggest all-business class flights on their Airbus A340-500 from Singapore to New York, also the world's longest scheduled flight, and to Los Angeles.
Lufthansa once offered all-business class service from 2002 on routes from Germany to India, Middle East and North America using leased Privatair Boeing Business Jets and Airbus Corporate Jets. However, those services have been reconfigured to include an economy class section on board. The Swiss International Air Lines in the Lufthansa group also offered all-business class flights with Boeing Business Jet between Zurich and Newark, before being replaced by three Airbus A340 aircraft in 2012.
Hong Kong Airlines formerly operated flights from Hong Kong to London with their all-premium Airbus A330-200, with business and first class sets on board. This product was discontinued in September 2012. Subsequently, these A330s were wet leased to Hainan Airlines, which operated all-business class flights between Beijing and Shenzhen in the same configuration.
Until October 2015, Scandinavian Airlines operated an all-business class route between Houston and Stavanger, using a Boeing 737-700. The route was primarily aimed at people working in the oil industry. The aircraft was then used to fly between Newark and Copenhagen before being reconfigured.
All Nippon Airways once operated an all-business class configuration Boeing 737-700ER from Tokyo Narita to Mumbai, from 2007 to their retirement in 2013. After the aircraft's retirement, the route has been upgauged to a Boeing 787-8, which also includes economy and premium economy class seats.
KLM once offered the service by using Boeing Business Jet, wet leased from PrivatAir, on the route of Amsterdam to Houston.
In 2014, Qatar Airways launched the all-business class Qatar Airways Flights 15 and 16, travelling between Doha and London Heathrow Airport, with A319LR. The flight was then upgraded to use Boeing 787, after a year's operation. The aircraft were also used on routes to Jeddah and Dubai before being reconfigured.
In October 2009, British Airways launched the first longhaul jet operations using a STOLport runway, named "Club World London City" (aka CWLCY), offering a business class only Airbus A318 service between New York JFK and London City Airport. As the short runway at London City limits the amount of fuel an aircraft can take off with there, the westbound service touches down in Ireland to refuel. To minimise wasted time, CWLCY passengers on BA001 go through United States border preclearance at Shannon Airport as the aircraft refuels. The flight then lands as a domestic flight into New York JFK, without the need to clear customs or immigration again. Eastbound flights are direct from New York JFK to London City Airport LCY. They use the same flight numbers (BA001-BA004) as were previously used by Concorde. Concorde, which was a single cabin all-premium service, could have been said to be the world's first all-business class service, although Concorde's on the ground and on board service was significantly better than that in both Business and First Class.
Saudia launched an all-business class flight with the Airbus A319-100 between Jeddah and Riyadh in year 2016, operated by PrivatAir.
List of all-business class airline carriers.
For the majority of its history Midwest Airlines offered an all-business class service and cabin configuration in its DC-9 and Boeing 717 aircraft. This was discontinued in its later years in an effort to financially survive before being shut down as an individually certificated independent airline by its new Republic Airways Holdings owners.
List of present all-business class routes.
Of major, flag, legacy, national, network, mainline or non-mainline airline carriers.
References.
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Mining complex in Nunavik, Quebec, Canada
Raglan Mine is a large nickel mining complex in the Nunavik region of northern Quebec, Canada. It is located approximately south of Deception Bay. Discovery of the deposits is credited to Murray Edmund Watts in 1931 or 1932. It is owned and operated by Glencore Canada Corporation. The mine site is located in sub-arctic permafrost of the Cape Smith Belt, with an average underground temperature of .
Transportation and accommodations.
The complex is served by and operates the Kattiniq/Donaldson Airport, which is east of the principal mine site. There is a gravel road leading from the mine site to the seaport in Deception Bay. It is the only road of any distance in the province north of the 55th parallel. As the complex is remote from even the region's Inuit communities, workers must lodge at the mine site, typically for weeks at a time. From the mine site employees are flown to Val D'or, or in the case of Inuit employees, their home community. Ore produced from the mine is milled on-site then trucked to Deception Bay. From Deception Bay the concentrate is sent via cargo ship during the short shipping season (even by ice breaker it is only accessible 8 months of the year) to Quebec City, and then via rail to be smelted at Glencore's facilities in Falconbridge, Ontario. Following smelting in Ontario, the concentrate is sent back to Quebec City via rail, loaded onto a ship and sent to the Glencore Nikkelverk in Kristiansand, Norway to be refined.
Inuit relations.
In February 1995 Falconbridge Ltd. signed an Impact and Benefits Agreement (IBA) called the "Raglan Agreement (1995)" with the local Inuit community. The mine’s direct contribution to Nunavik’s economy was forecasted to be $130 million by the end of 2007. Originally the complex was created with the participation of the Inuit owned Makivik Corporation, with the hopes of attracting employment for local residents. Glencore is working with the Kativik Regional Government and the Kativik School Board to educate the local Inuit population so they will be able to work at the mine. Glencore aims to have at least 20% Inuit workers in the workforce. Currently the mines' Inuit work force is close to 20% with most of the remainder being French Canadian from southern Quebec. Given the cultural mix at the complex, ethnic origin and discrimination are significant on-site issues. In an attempt to further ease any social or cultural strain, Inuit workers are flown home to their communities at the end of each two-week shift.
Workforce.
Raglan Mine currently employs 1,280 workers. In May 2022, 630 members of the United Steelworkers union voted to strike after the union and Glencore failed to negotiate a new collective agreement. In July, Glencore’s improved offer was rejected by a vote of 76.7% of the union. On September 8, 2022, the United Steelworkers union announced that after a 15-week strike, the latest offer was approved by a vote 60.7%.
Safety.
Raglan mine has won the national John T. Ryan Trophy in 2002, for having the lowest accident frequency of all metal mines in Canada. In 2007 it was awarded the F.J. O'Connell award by the Mining Association of Quebec for recording the most improvement of mine safety in Quebec.
The operation as committed to a goal of “Zero Harm,” and has in turn adopted SafeNickel to create a culture of prevention.
Production.
The mine was originally designed to produce 130,000 tons per year of ore concentrate, containing 21,000 tons of nickel, 5,000 tons of copper, 200 tons of cobalt, and a small amount of precious metals.
Raglan currently produces 1.5 million tonnes of ore annually from four underground mines and two open pit operations. The original Impact and Benefits Agreement (IBA) limited production to 1.3 million tonnes of ore per year.
Raglan Mine’s current operation (Phase I), first established in 1997, was expected to gradually cease after 2020. Glencore launched the Sivumut Project to ensure the continuation of the mine’s operations up to 2041.
Sivumut would include Phase II, and Phase III. Phase II will expand the currently active Qakimajurk mine as well as establish Mining Project 14, a new underground mine with both expected to be operational from 2020 to 2035. The scope of the project will remain within the current property limits, will have little above-ground footprint due to being underground, will leverage existing infrastructure, and not affect any other natural watercourses.
References.
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] |
[
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10009733
|
This is a list of aviation-related events in 2025.
The flag carrier of Cambodia changed its name from Cambodia Angkor Air to Air Cambodia.
A Cessna 208 Caravan seaplane operated by Swan River Seaplanes crashed during takeoff from Rottnest Island, Western Australia. Three of the seven people onboard were killed and three were injured.
Boom Technology's XB-1 demonstrator successfully went supersonic, achieving a speed of Mach 1.1.
An Airbus A321 operating as Air Busan Flight 391 caught fire shortly before takeoff from Gimhae International Airport in Busan, South Korea. All 176 people on board evacuated safely, with only 7 suffering minor injuries.
A Beechcraft 1900 operated by Light Air Services crashed shortly after takeoff from Unity oilfield in South Sudan, killing twenty of the twenty-one people on board.
A Bombardier CRJ700 operating as American Eagle Flight 5342 collided with a United States Army Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter as the Bombardier CRJ700 was attempting to land at Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport and crashed into the Potomac River. None of the 64 people on board the CRJ700 nor the 3 on the helicopter survived the collision.
A Learjet 55 operated as Med Jets Flight 056 crashed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S., causing an explosion, setting multiple houses on fire. The 6 people on board the aircraft were killed. One person on the ground was killed and at least nineteen other people were injured.
Deadliest accident.
The deadliest aviation accident of 2025 so far is the mid-air collision between a Bombardier CRJ700 operating as American Eagle Flight 5342 and a Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter above the Potomac River in Washington, D.C., just south of Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport. All 64 people on board the Bombardier CRJ700 and 3 on board the helicopter were killed.
References.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
|
en
| 92
|
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] |
[
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10009733
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Passenger and cargo airline based in Juba, South Sudan
South West Aviation Co. Ltd. is a passenger and cargo airline based in Juba, South Sudan.
Incidents and accidents.
On 22 August 2020, an Antonov An-26 operating a cargo flight from Juba to Aweil, South Sudan, crashed upon take-off, killing seven.
References.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
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en
| 93
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] |
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10021775
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Iconic cafe in Kraków, Poland
Noworolski is a café located at the ground floor of the Cloth Hall, Kraków, Lesser Poland. It is considered one of the most famous cafes in Kraków.
The tradition of the Noworolski dates to 19th century, through the opening of the renovated cafe under its current name took place in the years 1910–1912. It became popular among the elite of Kraków, with artists and professors, thereby competing with Jama Michalika. It hosted famous persons such Jacek Malczewski, Wojciech Kossak, Włodzimierz Tetmajer, Julian Fałat, Fryderyk Pautsch, Karol Hukan, Ludwik Puget, and Karol Hubert Rostworowski.
During the Nazi occupation the cafe was requisitioned and access allowed only to Germans. The family Noworolski again lost the place in 1949, when the cafe was nationalized by the communists and renamed. After the fall of communism, the café was restituted to the family in 1992.
References.
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The Pacific Cable Station was built in 1902 in Southport, Gold Coast City, Queensland, Australia, continuing to operate for sixty years, finally closing in 1962. While most of the site has been dismantled, the Southport Cable Hut remains and has been listed on the Queensland Heritage Register and the Gold Coast Local Heritage Register.
Early telegraphy in Australia.
Telegraph communication developed in the mid-19th century as a result of many years of discovery and experimentation in electrical communication culminating in the work of Samuel Morse. The rapid long distance communication provided by telegraph systems had a major impact on society. The telegraph was quickly utilised by news services; Associated Press and Reuters press service were founded to take advantage of the technology. Telegraph companies soon offered financial services, providing the facility to send money orders via the telegraph.
In Australia the telegraph helped to alleviate the isolation of the colonies. New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia were connected by telegraph by 1860. Queensland's first telegraph connection was made in 1861 between Brisbane and Ipswich. Brisbane was linked to Sydney the same year.
The first telegraph link between Australia and Britain opened in 1872. The link was via the Eastern Cable Company's network. It was routed through Singapore, India, Suez and Gibraltar. It was initially proposed to make landfall in north Queensland. However, the South Australian government successfully negotiated for the link to connect with Adelaide via Port Darwin and an overland route through the centre of Australia.
Before the Pacific Cable was opened, the Eastern Cable Company and its associates maintained a monopoly over international telegraph traffic with Australia. As a result, the cost of communication between Britain and Australia remained very high and beyond the means of most people.
Planning and construction.
United Kingdom legislation
United Kingdom legislation
United Kingdom legislation
Sandford Fleming, Chief Engineer of the Canadian Pacific Railway, was an early advocate of an alternative cable route between Australia and Great Britain via Canada and the Pacific Ocean. He expressed his views as early as the Colonial Conference of 1887. A major advantage put forward by Fleming and other proponents of the Pacific route was that it would be more secure in times of war. The existing link passed through countries that were not part of the British Empire. The high cost of telegrams through the Eastern Cable Company's system provided further motivation for a competing route. The proposed Pacific Cable would break the Eastern Cable Company's monopoly and lower the cost of communication between Britain and Australia. When the Pacific Cable opened, the cost of telegrams reduced to less than half the former rate. The ability to communicate directly with the United States and so access more trade opportunities was another argument in favour of the Pacific Cable.
It was proposed that the Pacific Cable would pass only through British dependencies. Approval was given at the Postal and Telegraphic Conference held in Brisbane in 1893. By the mid-1890s, agreement was reached that the cable should be laid. However debate about management of the cable laying project and ownership of the completed cable continued for some years. Finally, it was agreed that funding should be shared between the governments of Britain, Canada, New Zealand and Australia. The Pacific Cable Board was formed in 1896 with representatives from Britain, Canada and Australia. A survey of the route from Vancouver began in 1899. The Pacific Cable Act 1901 gave this board responsibility for managing the project and operating the completed cable and authorized the construction of the cable link between Australia and New Zealand, to the United Kingdom via Canada.
The site of the cable station in Southport was selected by R. E. Peake who was a member of Clarke, Ford and Taylor, the engineering firm responsible for the overall project and tasked with drawing up the plans and specifications of the cable station. Peake arrived in Australia in April 1901 to establish a location for the cable terminus in Australia and, on 30 May 1901, he visited Southport with the Acting Deputy Postmaster General, T. C. Scott. At the same time, a temporary cable station that had been previously constructed in England and dismantled for shipment to Australia was transported to Southport on the Maid of Sker and erected in the beach at Southport to act as a test house and temporary buildings for the equipment. At the end of July it was reported that a three-acre two rood site bordered by Bauer Street, Chester Terrace and Lenneberg Street had been selected for the station buildings. An additional eight-acre site bounded by Brighton Parade and the Nerang River was acquired for the cable landing.
In late 1901 the commonwealth government called for tenders to construct three buildings, including a central building housing the cable and land lines, with facilities for staff, and two separate houses to accommodate the cable superintendent and the land line superintendent. In April 1902, the tender was awarded to E Boyle to construct the wooden buildings within six months for a sum of £4,574 within. By the end of 1902, it was reported that the building to house the cable and land lines was near completion and the instruments housed in the test house on the beach were about to be relocated. The houses to accommodate the superintendents were not as well advanced. The cable station officially opened on 4 November 1902.
Cable laying.
The route selected for the cable linked Southport, Norfolk Island, Fiji, Fanning Island, and Vancouver Island. A branch connected to New Zealand. Since cartographers of the day traditionally coloured member countries of the British Empire in red, the route became known as the All Red Route.
Cable laying started in 1902 with two ships, Anglia and Colonia. They began laying cable from Bamfield, Vancouver Island, Canada, to Fanning Island, Suva, Norfolk Island and Southport, Queensland, Australia. Colonia, built specifically for the project, laid cable from Vancouver Island to Fanning Island in the mid-Pacific. Anglia laid cable from Southport to Norfolk Island, Fiji, New Zealand and Fanning Island.
The Cable Station landfall was at Main Beach, Cable Street passing under the river to the station at Bauer St, Southport. The cable was landed at Southport in March 1902. The Pacific Cable was completed on 31 October 1902 and officially opened at Southport on 3 November 1902 by the Postmaster-General of Australia, the Honourable James Drake; the total cost was around 2 million pounds sterling.
The cable was laid into a trench through the dunes of Narrow Neck near Southport and terminated at a cable hut located close to the beach. From here, it connected to a cable which crossed under the Nerang River to the cable station at Bauer Street.
Use.
The first message was sent on 31 October and opened for the public on 7th 1902. It was opened to public traffic on 8 December 1902. Until 1912 Southport handled telegraph traffic for all over Australia. In 1912, a cable from Auckland was extended to Sydney and for a period after this, traffic for the southern States went directly to Sydney from Auckland.
There was only one serious interruption to the service during World War I, in 1914 when the "Nurnberg", a German cruiser, cut the cable at Fanning Island.
Technical changes to the system in 1923, including the installation of automatic repeaters, relegated Southport to a repeater station. The Southport station continued to be operated by the Pacific Cable Board until 1932. Management was then taken over by Cable & Wireless.
During World War II, following the raid on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese in December 1941, the Australian authorities, aware of the importance of the cable as the only link Australia had with the United Kingdom other than the Overland Telegraph and Middle East Route, straddling potentially hostile countries and aware of the possibility of enemy action, declared that schools in the Southport area should not open at the beginning of 1942. Some schools were evacuated to country areas. Following success in the Battle of the Coral Sea, it was felt this part of the country was safe from invasion.
In 1946 the Australian Government passed the Overseas Telecommunications Act, passing responsibility of the cable from the Pacific Cable Board to the Overseas Telecommunications Commission (OTC).
In October 1962, the Commonwealth Pacific Cable System (COMPAC) cable between Sydney and Vancouver was completed. The original Pacific Cable was thus rendered redundant and the Southport to Norfolk Island cable was closed. The Cable Station at Bauer Street was sold to De La Salle Brothers who operated a community youth centre there.
In 1964 the property was sold to the de la Salle Brothers. Some of the equipment was used by the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, The Royal Society, R.A.N. and C.I.S.R.O.
Cable hut.
Southport Cable Hut is a heritage-listed former telegraph station at Cable Park, Main Beach Parade, Main Beach, Gold Coast City, Queensland, Australia. The brick hut was the Australian terminal of the Pacific cable. By January 1950, the original cable hut located close to the beach at Narrow Neck had gone, leaving only a cement slab and a flag pole partly surrounded by a barbed wire fence. It is believed that it was destroyed in a severe storm. Serious erosion of the cable reserve by February 1951 threatened these remains and the cable connections located there. The current brick hut located at Cable Park was built during the first half of 1951 to remedy this situation.
Site description.
Cable Park is a small grassy reserve located on Main Beach Parade at Main Beach at the Gold Coast. The Cable Hut is a small brick structure set well back from Main Beach Parade in the park.
The hut is about square in plan view and about high. There are no windows, airflow being provided by ventilator bricks. It has a flat concrete roof. A plain wooden door, secured by a barrel bolt and padlock, is centered in the northern wall. A section of submarine cable is mounted on the eastern wall above a rectangular brass plaque.
The interior of the hut is unlined and has a wooden floor. The pine skirting boards are of recent construction. Fastened to the wall opposite the door are three groups of cables passing through the floor. These cables run vertically up the wall and are held in place by a long wooden beam extending the length of the wall. The beam is fastened to the brickwork by bolts.
The group at the eastern end of the wall comprises two thick black cables. The outer insulating material of each cable has been removed to a length of about one metre from the end. An inner armoured sheath has been folded back over the outer insulation to expose another layer of insulation. This has been removed to expose three insulated wires. The wires are fixed to the wall on a block of wood.
At the opposite end of the wall is a group of three cables. The insulation and sheathing on one of these cables has been removed in a similar way to the cables mentioned previously. However, only a short length of insulation has been removed from the other two cables.
The third group of cables comprises two grey cables, one considerably thinner than the other. These pass through the floor between the two outer groups about an equal distance from each. The larger of the two cables is fixed with a metal saddle to a rectangular piece of wood fastened to the wall. Just above this, the cable enters a red, rectangular metal box bolted to the wall.
About fourteen smaller grey cables emerge from the top of this box; they are fixed to the wall by a bracket. Above this, twelve of the cables turn and run horizontally to the east, over two rusted metal brackets. Six of the cables are draped over these brackets and hang towards the floor. The other six run further to the left to a point immediately above the two thick cables at the eastern end of the wall. At this point, they turn towards the floor meeting the two cables coming up from the floor. They are fastened to the wall on a block of wood.
Immediately to the west of the red metal box is a wooden panel fixed to the wall. Mounted on this is a large, brass pressure gauge. The thinner of the two grey cables which emerge from the floor is fitted into the bottom of this gauge. Two of the cables which come out of the top of the red metal box turn to the west and curve downwards around the bottom of the wooden panel to enter the gauge at approximately the 'two o'clock' position.
A paved path runs from the eastern side of the hut towards a large raised circular platform. This has an aggregate top and set into this is a round metal plaque. Depicted on the plaque is a map of the world showing the route of the Pacific Cable.
Shrubs and palm trees grow in a small garden bed around the hut. A garden bed of shrubbery runs along the southern and western border of the park.
Heritage listing.
The cable hut was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 May 2007. It was described as having met the following criteria:
Current use of buildings.
In the early 1980s the De La Salle Brothers decided to redevelop the area and the Cable Station buildings were removed. Two of the buildings were located to The Southport School where they continue to function as music rooms.
There was a long association between the school and the cable station. C. E. Goff was in charge of the Cable Station trainees, and Mr T. C. Judd an early superintendent encouraged sporting contests between the school and the Cable Station. The major prize for Senior Mathematics was named the Goff Prize in honor and recognition of C. E. Goff. The buildings were divided into 12 sections and moved to The Southport School. Ron Burling, the school architect, re-erected the buildings. The building was reopened at The Southport School on 12 September 1982. The National Trust listed the building because of its historical and architectural significance. In 1983 The Southport School was awarded the John Herbert Award for the relocation and sympathetic restoration of these historic buildings. The buildings are currently being used by The Southport School as their music department and are listed on the Gold Coast Local Heritage Register.
References.
This Wikipedia article was originally based on "The Queensland heritage register" published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 7 July 2014, archived on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the "Queensland heritage register boundaries" published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 5 September 2014, archived on 15 October 2014).
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External links.
Media related to at Wikimedia Commons
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Charleville War Memorial is a heritage-listed war memorial at Edward Street, Charleville, Shire of Murweh, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by George Brockwell Gill and built in 1924 by R C Ziegler and Son. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.
History.
The Charleville War Memorial was unveiled on 9 October 1924 by the Queensland Governor Sir Matthew Nathan. It is thought to have been designed by George Brockwell Gill and cost £1000. The predominantly marble memorial honours the 310 local men who served in the First World War, including the 40 fallen.
The memorial was:"Erected by the citizens of Charleville and district, and Charleville sub-branch of the Returned Services League".The cast-iron fence was subsequently erected some time between 1925 and 1933.
In 1864, the Queensland Government Gazette proclaimed the boundaries of the Warrego Pastoral District. This followed the arrival of farmers from New South Wales in search of sheep runs on the Upper Warrego River district. The town of Charleville was gazetted in 1868 and laid out by government surveyor William Alcock Tully in the usual grid form, allowing for the roads to be wide enough for large bullock trains to turn in. By 1880, the area had developed into a small town which continued to prosper as a resting point on the stock routes. Development was further encouraged by the Western railway, which reached Charleville in 1888, and the establishment of Cobb and Co in 1890. Other businesses were established to support the growing infrastructure; however, the pastoral properties continued to be the town's main asset.
Australia, and Queensland in particular, had few civic monuments before the First World War. The memorials erected in its wake became our first national monuments, recording the devastating impact of the war on a young nation. Australia lost 60,000 from a population of about 4 million, representing one in five of those who served. No previous or subsequent war has made such an impact on the nation.
Even before the end of the war, memorials became a spontaneous and highly visible expression of national grief. To those who erected them, they were as sacred as grave sites, substitute graves for the Australians whose bodies lay in battlefield cemeteries in Europe and the Middle East. British policy decreed that the Empire war dead were to be buried where they fell. The word "cenotaph", commonly applied to war memorials at the time, literally means "empty tomb".
Australian war memorials are distinctive in that they commemorate not only the dead. Australians were proud that their first great national army, unlike other belligerent armies, was composed entirely of volunteers, men worthy of honour whether or not they made the supreme sacrifice. Many memorials honour all who served from a locality, not just the dead, providing valuable evidence of community involvement in the war. Such evidence is not readily obtainable from military records, or from state or national listings, where names are categorised alphabetically or by military unit.
Australian war memorials are also valuable evidence of imperial and national loyalties, at the time, not seen as conflicting; the skills of local stonemasons, metalworkers and architects; and of popular taste. In Queensland, the digger (soldier) statue was the popular choice of memorial, whereas the obelisk predominated in the southern states, possibly a reflection of Queensland's larger working-class population and a lesser involvement of architects.
Many of the First World War monuments have been updated to record local involvement in later conflicts, and some have fallen victim to unsympathetic re-location and repair.
Although many different memorials were constructed throughout Queensland, the only other known one of this design is the Esk War Memorial. The Charleville memorial is attributed to Ipswich architect George Brockwell Gill due to design similarities with the Esk Memorial, known to be designed by Gill.
George Brockwell Gill was born in England and emigrated to Australia in 1886 and was soon employed by Ipswich architect Samuel Shenton. When Shenton retired in 1889, Gill took over the practice. He designed many substantial buildings in Ipswich including Ipswich Girls' Grammar School and the Ipswich Technical College. He was active in public and church affairs and became president of the Queensland Institute of Architects in 1918. When he retired in 1943, his practice was taken over by Brisbane firm, Conrad and Gargett.
The memorial was constructed in Toowoomba by well-known masonry firm, R C Ziegler and Son and then transported to Charleville. The firm of R C Ziegler and Son was established in Toowoomba in c. 1902 and produced many memorials throughout south western Queensland. The family company moved to Bundaberg, where it was still operating in the mid 1980s.
Description.
The First World War Memorial is situated in a park in Charleville; the park has an ornamental fence and gates and a path leads to the memorial. Also within the park are two guns or war trophies and a flagstaff.
The memorial itself is surrounded by a cast iron picket fence with fleur-de-lis finials and a centrally placed gate.
The Italian marble monument stands from the ground. It sits on a terrazzo base step, the top of which is laid with light and dark tiles in a chequerboard pattern. Above this is the sandstone base of the monument. This is square in plan with corner buttresses and a simply moulded skirting and cornice. The base displays plaques on all faces, commemorating later conflicts, and one earlier one – the Boer War.
Projecting from the centre of the base is a square pillar with engaged columns at each corner. The pillar is of Italian marble and bears leaded names of those who served in the First World War, including the fallen, for whom the front panel is reserved. At the top of each face are carved shields bearing the stylised letters AIF (Australian Imperial Forces). The columns are made in three sections and have Doric order capitals and bases. They support a small cornice, surmounted by a larger cornice and frieze
Heritage listing.
Charleville War Memorial was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.
War Memorials are important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland's history as they are representative of a recurrent theme that involved most communities throughout the state. They provide evidence of an era of widespread Australian patriotism and nationalism, particularly during and following the First World War.
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.
The monuments manifest a unique documentary record and are demonstrative of popular taste in the inter-war period.
Erected in 1924, the war memorial at Charleville demonstrates the principal characteristics of a commemorative structure erected as an enduring record of a major historical event. This is achieved through the use of appropriate materials and design elements.
The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.
The memorial is of aesthetic significance for its high degree of workmanship, materials and design. Memorials of this type are rare in Queensland. The only other known one of similar design is at Esk.
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
As a memorial representing both the town and district, it has a strong and continuing association with a large part of the community as evidence of the impact of a major historic event and as the focal point for the remembrance of that event.
The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.
It also has special association with architect George Brockwell Gill, and with monumental masonry firm R Ziegler and Sons as an example of their work.
References.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
Attribution.
This Wikipedia article was originally based on "The Queensland heritage register" published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 7 July 2014, archived on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the "Queensland heritage register boundaries" published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 5 September 2014, archived on 15 October 2014).
External links.
Media related to at Wikimedia Commons
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University of Queensland Mayne Medical School is a heritage-listed university building at 288 Herston Road, Herston, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Raymond Clare Nowland and built from 1938 to 1939. It is also known as University of Queensland Medical School. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 June 1999.
The Marks-Hirschfeld Museum of Medical History is located within the building. Operated by volunteers, it has a collection of over 7,000 items of medical memorabilia, medical and surgical instruments. The focus is on the study of medical history in Queensland, but the collection includes items with broader significance to both Australia and internationally.
History.
A monumental, three-storey, red facebrick building in a Renaissance idiom occupying a ridge adjacent to the Royal Brisbane Hospital and overlooking Victoria Park at Herston, the Mayne Medical School was opened by the Premier of Queensland, Hon. William Forgan Smith, on 11 August 1939.
The establishment of the Mayne Medical School was a significant moment for the State of Queensland and for the medical profession.
There were earnest attempts to form a medical school for Queensland over many decades. During the 1870s and 1880s medical personnel from the Brisbane Hospital and the British Medical Association in Queensland advocated the establishment of a medical school. In 1893 the President of the Queensland Medical Society renewed calls for the establishment of a university and a faculty of medicine. In 1913, in the early days of the newly formed University of Queensland, there were further pleas for a medical school.
In 1935, the Forgan Smith Government appointed a committee to investigate proposals to create a Faculty of Medicine within the University. When the Faculty of Medicine was established, the Government agreed to fund the building of a medical school despite the committee recommendation that makeshift provisions for accommodation were to be preferred to further delay in its establishment: "...the Government, after due consideration, decided to provide buildings worthy of the new venture". Recognised as the founders of the Faculty of Medicine, Ernest Sandford Jackson, Ernest James Goddard, James Vincent Duhig and Errol Solomon Meyers were instrumental in convincing the Government to fund the construction of the Medical School.
Meyers was an ardent campaigner for the establishment of a Medical School for Queensland and was actively involved in medical education throughout his professional life. He initiated the first postgraduate courses for medicine in Queensland, was instrumental in the formation of an Anatomy School, became the first licensed anatomist in Queensland, was actively engaged in the establishment of the Faculty of Dentistry at the University of Queensland and was member of the first Faculty of Dentistry. Meyers, second Dean of the Faculty of Medicine from 1942 to 1955, presided over an era of significant change and in this founding role is recognised for his major contribution to the establishment and development of medical education in Queensland. The galleried lecture theatre in the Medical School has been named the ES Meyers Lecture Theatre in his honour.
The importance of medical research, particularly into tropical medicine, was a significant impetus for the establishment of the Medical School. Work undertaken by Dr Raphael Cilento on leptospiral disease among cane cutters had a significant impact on Premier Forgan Smith and was instrumental in convincing him of the need for Queensland to train its own doctors and provide specialist training in tropical medicine. Professor Ernest James Goddard, Professor of Biology in the University of Queensland, had a professional interest in tropical biology and campaigned for research and training in tropical health and urged the establishment of faculties in Medicine and Veterinary Science to facilitate such work.
The Forgan Smith Government was a major force in the expansion of the University and the construction of the Medical School was part of the building program initiated by the Government within the overall development of the University of Queensland. Forgan Smith demonstrated a particular interest in the establishment of a Medical School, recognising its importance for the practice of medicine in the State and as a prestigious project within his Government's building program. Together with the provision of hospitals and maternity clinics; dental clinics and the Dental Hospital and College; the Medical School was part of the Government's commitment to providing universal health care to Queensland. The importance to the Government of the establishment of the Medical School is clear in this comment by Ned Hanlon, Minister for Health and Home Affairs, at the commencement of construction: "Queensland had a wonderful future... For a community, the building up of a university and a faculty (of Medicine) were of supreme importance... the Government could be proud that they had brought a complete university into practical politics...". Mr Hanlon said the building (Medical School) would be well in keeping with the purpose for which it was being erected. It would not only be adequate, but would be of a dignified character.
Comment about the new Medical School included as a feature of architectural dignity and importance the new Medical School, erected by the State Public Works Department, provides a most interesting study to all those interested in the development of Brisbane.
The Medical School was constructed during an intensive public works building program undertaken by the Forgan Smith Labor Government in Queensland during the 1930s to counter the effects of the Great Depression. Design responsibility for the Medical School was assigned to Raymond Clare Nowland, an architect in the Department of Public Works (DPW). Raymond Clare Nowland joined the architectural office of the DPW in November 1932 where he became a senior architect in 1938. He produced the most significant buildings of his career between 1932 and 1942 including the University of Queensland Medical School, Herston (1939); Brisbane Dental Hospital and College (1941); Police Barracks, Petrie Terrace (1942); Cairns Court House Complex (1945); Rockhampton Court and Administrative Complex; Toowoomba Police Station Complex; and Maryborough Government Offices Building.
This design for the Medical School was developed after extensive consultation with members of the Faculty of Medicine and research into the design and operation of medical schools and colleges in America. The design was based on the model for medical education advocated by the Rockefeller Foundation which emphasised laboratory training in the basic medical sciences and use of hospitals for clinical training. The planning of the Medical School, with its specialist laboratories and proximity to the General Hospital, reflects this approach.
The first sketch plans for the proposed Medical School were prepared by Nowland in February 1936. A modest, three-storey, brick and concrete building "in an adaption of the Romanesque style" accommodating teaching spaces for an envisioned 150 students was sited on the northern part of the site adjacent to the Brisbane General Hospital with the main entrance to Weightman Street. This design was rejected by the Faculty of Medicine who suggested that "a simple Greek front with double columns on either side of the main entrance porch would give the building a more dignified and characteristic appearance and would look better and more striking from a distance". New sketch plans were prepared for a much larger scheme "for a three-storey building of brick, concrete and steel structure with flat roofs in the Renaissance Style" again to the rear of the site but with the main entrance to Herston Road. The School was constructed to this design except that the lantern roof was replaced with a dome. The building has been planned to accommodate further wings to each end.
The monumentality and civic grandeur given to the Medical School reflect the importance of the building to the Government, to the University of Queensland and to the medical profession.
When the building opened the ground floor contained: the main hall; main office; various laboratories and associated facilities including a mortuary. The library, laboratories, lecture rooms, associated offices and equipment rooms occupied the first floor. The second floor accommodated the main galleried lecture theatre, museum, two laboratories and associated support rooms. An animal house stood on the flat roof to the west. Consideration had been given to the provision of services and use of suitable materials to facilitate the effective operation of the building. All windows except those on the south-east were glazed with anti-actinic glass of a soft bluish-green to counteract the glare and reduce heat transmission. Other services and fittings included sound-proofing, ventilating systems, refrigeration, stainless steel and chromium-plated fittings, and specialised electrical and drainage systems. A double wall running the length of the building to the rear corridor houses horizontal and vertical service ducts. Furniture and fittings throughout the building are of Queensland timbers and were constructed in the Government's Ipswich Road Workshop.
There is finely crafted decorative work throughout the public spaces including stained timber panelling and decorative carved timber work to the entrance lobbies and hall, decorative plaster work to walls and ceilings, leadlight and cut glass work to doors and fanlights.
Since 1939, all medical students at the University of Queensland have passed beneath the decorative elliptical arch between main entrance hall and the rear corridor which bears the inscription articulating the philosophy upon which the School was established "cum pietate et sanctitate hanc artem meam profitebor" freely translated as "May all members of the general community profit by the art and skill of those who learn, with deference and respect, their profession in this place."
The building has been altered including refurbishment of the galleried lecture theatre, library, some offices and laboratory areas and the roof accommodation. An annexe has been constructed to the east with a direct connecting link to the Medical School and a research and teaching facility has been erected to the west separated from the School building by an open walkway. The exterior of the building is substantially intact. The alterations have diminished the interiors and distorted some internal spatial relationships but much original internal fabric remains including the main entrance hall and main office, the rear entrance porch and telephone booth, terrazzo flooring throughout the building including fine examples of terrazzo in the entrances, panelling, joinery including doors and windows, shelving, furniture, anti-actinic glazing to the windows and leadlight and cut glass decorative glazing to doors and fanlights. Although altered internally, the building retains overall spatial integrity and continues to function as a teaching and research facility for medical education in Queensland.
The Medical School has been associated with the training of medical graduates from the University of Queensland since 1939 and is recognised for its achievements in teaching, service and research. The School has exerted a significant influence on the teaching hospitals in Queensland and research groups associated with the School continue to make major contributions to medical science.
On the deaths of brother and sister Dr James O'Neil Mayne (1939) and Mary Emelia Mayne (1940), their substantial estates were bequeathed to the Medical School. The name "Mayne Medical School" is a recognition of these bequests which continue to fund the medical school to this day through assets such as the Brisbane Arcade.
Description.
Opened in 1939, the University of Queensland Medical School is an imposing, three-storey, red facebrick building in a Renaissance style occupying a commanding position on the northern ridge of a sloping triangular-shaped site of over six acres in Herston Road, Brisbane adjacent to the western boundary of the Royal Brisbane Hospital.
Approached by a steep driveway from Herston Road, a wide sweep of concrete stairs arrives at the main pedimented, temple-front portico entrance containing six giant order columns in a Doric order sitting on a rusticated base of arches framing the porch entrance. Two large decorative bronze lamps flank the central arch entrance to the portico which is marked by a large scroll keystone lettered above with the words "University of Queensland". A single range, the building is symmetrical about this entrance and rests on a rendered rusticated base, has regular bays of plain, flat-arched sash windows with rendered sills to each level and an entablature containing large mutules over a plain frieze containing the lettering "The Medical School". The tympanum contains a carved stone shield. A solid parapet above the cornice screens the accommodation on the flat roofs.
The rear elevation is symmetrical about a projecting broken pedimented entrance dominated by the lift tower which is emphasised by relieved rendered quoining. A small flight of concrete steps flanked by freestanding decorative wrought iron lamps arrives at the entrance porch which is sheltered by a moulded concrete awning supported by large console brackets. Repetitive rhythmic detailing of flat arched timber sash windows to this elevation gives it a stark presence to the street. The elevation is disrupted by the later flights of open metal fire stairs to the east and west ends.
The building is crowned with a 12-segment copper roofed dome over the central portico entrance block. The former flat roof to the east now accommodates offices, additional office and research accommodation has been erected to the west flat roof and both areas are now roofed with copper sheeted low pitched gable roofs.
Two open light wells to each side of the central entrance block ventilate and light adjacent offices, the ground floor toilet areas and the rear corridor.
The building is organised by a single-loaded corridor to the rear, the main rooms are entered from the organising corridor and subsidiary rooms are accessed from transverse passages. The vertical rises are on axis with the main entrance.
The concrete landing of the portico entrance opens through a set of double timber panelled doors into a small lobby which opens into the main entrance hall. A doorbell button is located to the left of the lobby entrance doors within the portico. The lobby is decorated with carved timber work to the panelled door surrounds, has a decorative cut glass fanlight to the main timber panelled doors and rosette pateras to the each side of the fanlight. The floors to the lobby and entrance hall are finished with red, green and yellow terrazzo in geometric patterns and the walls are panelled with stained timber to picture rail height. A decorative elliptical arch marks the junction of the hall and the rear corridor. The inscription within the moulded plaster architrave reads "CUM PIETATE ET SANCTITATE HANC ARTEM MEAM PROFITEBOR". The ceiling is decorated with a plaster relief border of tied straight twigs.
The central stairwell weaves around the lift well and has terrazzo treads and landings and features a grooved silky oak handrail with scrolled ends. The original lift is encased within a decorative lattice metal cage and retains its original interior. The lift operator lever mechanism within the lift chamber has been dismantled.
The rear entrance lobby has a fine terrazzo floor in red, green and yellow, has stained timber wall panelling and features a timber and glass public telephone booth to the southwest corner.
The toilets to the ground and second floors retain fine terrazzo flooring and privacy screens.
Original terrazzo sills to former ground floor laboratory areas remain. The large timber sash windows to the perimeter of the building have generous timber sills to the interiors and provide substantial light to offices, laboratories and the rear corridor. Windows to the corridor and east and west elevation retain much of the original blue-green tinted anti-actinic glazing.
The committee room to the southwest corner of the second floor retains original timber panelling and is now an office.
The library on the first floor has been altered and is now a meeting room with adjacent offices and catering area. This area opens onto the southern balcony, which affords sweeping views across Victoria Park, Victoria Park Golf Course, Queensland University of Technology Kelvin Grove Campus and over towards Gregory Terrace and beyond to Mt Coot-tha. Shelving and display cupboards from the ground floor have been relocated to the former library. The doors to the balcony have a shallow external awning supported by decorative consoles and are flanked by bronze torch globe lamps. The balcony is defined by the giant order columns separated by decorative wrought iron balustrading. Both sets of doors to the former library have decorative leadlight glazing panels and fanlights.
The first floor laboratory remains in use as a teaching laboratory and retains original display and storage cupboards. The benches have been altered and the internal space diminished by the insertion of a false ceiling and servicing.
The original double wall containing service ducts and wiring with sliding access door to the top remains to each floor.
The grassed and tree planted slopes to each side of the main driveway from Herston Road enhance the impressive elevated siting of the School and establish a dramatic forestage for viewing the School from Herston Road, Bramston Terrace and beyond while providing a shady retreat for hospital visitors, students and School and Hospital personnel.
A fence of solid shaped concrete piers with decorative wrought iron balustrading runs along the boundary to Weightman Street with sets of decorative wrought iron gates to the pedestrian entrance on the upper terrace and the garage entrance at the lower end. The grounds to the rear of the building are formed into two lawn terraces separated by a substantial retaining wall with a flight of concrete stairs. There are clipped lawns and round garden beds planted with roses to the upper terrace and a number of shade trees to each terrace. Planted edge gardens flank the path from Weightman Street to the rear entrance. A laneway at basement level provides access to the ground floor motor room.
Heritage listing.
University of Queensland Medical School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 June 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.
Opened in 1939 as the foundation building for the Faculty of Medicine, the University of Queensland Medical School is important in the development of medical education in Queensland and demonstrates the development of the Faculty of Medicine and the University of Queensland.
The Medical School is important for its association with the extensive public works building program of the Forgan Smith Government during the 1930s and in particular the Government's contribution to the development of the University of Queensland and public health services in Queensland.
The Medical School is one of the most notable buildings in the body of public buildings designed by the Department of Public Works in Queensland and one of an impressive suite of important educational buildings erected throughout Queensland designed in a classical idiom.
The Medical School is recognised for its achievements in teaching, service and research. The School has exerted a significant influence on the teaching hospitals in Queensland and research groups associated with the School continue to make major contributions to medical science.
The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.
The University of Queensland Medical School is important as the only medical school in Queensland.
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.
The planning and siting of the building is important in demonstrating the adoption of the American model for training medical practitioners which advocated increased laboratory training in basic medical sciences and the use of hospitals for clinical training. The walking and visual links with the Herston Hospital Complex are important in maintaining this association.
The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.
The Medical School has aesthetic and architectural significance. Occupying a commanding position on a triangular site of approximately 6 acres adjacent to the western boundary of the Royal Brisbane Hospital, this grand public building with its symmetrical massing and repetitive rhythmic detailing has a monumental street presence. The views to the place from adjacent properties and from Herston Road are important in maintaining the monumentality of the place. The place is important for the vistas it affords across Victoria Park, Victoria Park Golf Course and Queensland University of Technology Kelvin Grove Campus towards Gregory Terrace and west to Mt Coot-tha; and the sweeping vista and breathtaking views across the north of Brisbane.
The building has a substantially intact exterior and is important for its remaining fine rare interiors including the main entrance hall, the rear entrance hall, lift and liftwell, the central stairwell, toilets, joinery including doors and windows, architraves and skirtings, shelving, panelling, furniture, anti-actinic glazing to the windows, decorative leadlight and cut glass glazing to doors and fanlights. The arch within the main entrance hall is important for articulating the philosophical ideals upon which the Medical School was established "CUM PIETATE ET SANCTITATE HANC ARTEM MEAM PROFITEBOR".
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
The Medical School is important in the training of medical students and has a special association with medical students from the University of Queensland.
The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.
The Medical School is important for its association with prominent medical practitioners and scientists including ES Meyers, ES Jackson, EJ Goddard, JV Duhig and R Cilento.
The Medical School is important for its association with the work of the architect Raymond Clare Nowland. The Medical School is one of the most notable buildings designed by Nowland, an architect of considerable talent working in the Department of Public Works during the period of extensive public works building in the 1930s.
References.
Citations.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
Attributions.
This Wikipedia article was originally based on "The Queensland heritage register" published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 7 July 2014, archived on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the "Queensland heritage register boundaries" published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 5 September 2014, archived on 15 October 2014).
External links.
Media related to at Wikimedia Commons
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The Bolesławiec rail viaduct is a railway bridge over the river Bóbr in Bolesławiec in Lower Silesia, Poland.
Entirely made of stone, it is one of the longest bridges of its type in Poland and in Europe.
History.
Rail transport came to Bolesławiec (then known as Bunzlau and part of Prussian Silesia) in 1845. Work was already being carried out on the extension of a rail line towards Węgliniec. Part of this work was a crossing of the river Bóbr. The Prussian architect Frederick Engelhardt Gansel was chosen for the project. Work began on June 18, 1844. Building work directly employed more than 600 people with another 3200 indirectly related to its construction. The construction took two years and was completed in July 1846.
Near the end of the war in 1945, retreating Germans blew up the central span crossing. After the war, reconstruction was fast and the bridge was returned to service in 1947.
In 2006, the viaduct was illuminated at the cost of nearly 180 thousand złoty. It is illuminated with 58 compact projectors which are mounted on the inner sides of the pillars of the bridge.
In October 2009, renovation work on the viaduct was completed. It had been sandblasted, its design completely renovated and maintained. In addition, the viaduct gained a new traction network, track layout, and rail extensions from both sides. Due to these upgrades, trains were able to travel up to 160 km/h.
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10021775
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Pedestrian bridge in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
The Breakfast Creek Green Bridge is a pedestrian and cycle bridge over Breakfast Creek in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The bridge connects Newstead Park at Newstead to the Lores Bonney Riverwalk in Albion in the inner north east of the city.
The bridge design is a tied arch bridge with two different arch spans 67 metres and 89 metres inclined and supported together.
Construction was being undertaken by Georgiou Group. and the project's cost was $67 million. The bridge was completed in early 2024 and opened on 10th February 2024.
References.
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