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TIPS ON TALKS
Richard M. Felder
Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
North Carolina State
So you've got to give a formal talk in your class—a
presentation on a term project or in a laboratory or design course or a class
on public speaking. That can be a scary prospect if you're not used to doing
things like that. Everybody's nightmare is looking foolish in public, and a
public speech seems to most people like a perfect opportunity to do just that.
It really shouldn't be that frightening. Almost every day you have the
experience of talking when others are listening to you and you don't even think
about it—you just do it and it works out fine. There's something about
giving a SPEECH, though, that gets people into
a total panic. I'm not talking about feeling a bit nervous before the talk, you
understand: stage fright is perfectly normal and a little of it may even make
the talk better. (If you're too relaxed you could seem bored with your topic,
and speakers who sound bored lead to audiences who are bored.) If your
fear goes too far over the line, however, it can cut way down on your ability
There are a few things you can do to make your talk effective—and if you
know it's going to be a good talk, your pre-talk jitters are much more likely
to stay under control. Good speakers all learn these tricks sooner or later.
Sooner is better than later.
to your intended audience at their level. Avoid unnecessary jargon,
and also avoid material you know will be obvious or trivial to them. Be
persuasive—make your case.
- Include a clear introduction (motivate and
preview your talk), body, and summary (conclusions,
- Never present a large body of information without
summarizing the main points on a PowerPoint slide or a transparency.
Be aware that your audience can only absorb a small fraction of what they
hear and much more of what they can see.
- Use slides containing mostly short bulleted lists,
diagrams, charts, and bulleted lists. A picture is worth a lot more
than a thousand words. If possible, use presentation software (like
PowerPoint) to generate the slides. Avoid long complete sentences.
- Keep slides
uncluttered and non-cheesy (avoid flashy colors, random builds and
transitions, frequent sound effects). Contrast the writing and
background—light on dark is usually best for PowerPoint, vice versa
- Use a san serif font (such as Arial) and large type (at least 24 pt) for text in
slides. Serif fonts (such as Times New Roman, which this
document uses) is better for printed documents. DON’T USE ALL
CAPS—it’s not that easy to read, and it looks
- Skip (or at least minimize) the math.
Collections of equations are usually boring and/or incomprehensible in a
lecture. If you're talking about a mathematical model, focus on what it
does (predicts, correlates) and how well (or poorly) it works. If anyone
wants details of the math, they can ask for them later. (They won't.)
- Print PowerPoint files as handouts, 3 slides per
page. Put supplementary lecture notes next to slides, refer to them
- Plan a closing line. Even if you give a great
talk, ending it with "Um, I guess that's all I've got" or
"I think that's the last slide" will do nothing for your cause.
Say something like "That concludes my presentation—thank you
for your attention" or "I'll be happy to take questions now—thanks
for coming " or simply "Thank
- Rehearse several times and make sure the timing is
right. Try to come in at least two minutes under your target time for
the presentation. If you're running longer than that, find ways to cut it
professional. Dress appropriately, hands out of pockets, no slang,
- Never read word-for-word from a script. Very
few people have the skill to read directly from a prepared text without
putting their audience to sleep. Use the points on the slides to guide you
through the talk.
- Make frequent eye contact with people in every
part of the room. Don't just look at your notes or the screen or the
people directly in front of you.
- Try to sound interested in your subject. If
necessary, fake it. An obvious lack of interest on the part of the
speaker almost guarantees that the talk will not go well.
- Keep track of the time. If you see you're
running short or long, try to adjust the speed of your presentation to
- If you take questions, remember that "I'm
sorry—I don't know" is a perfectly acceptable answer.
Trying to bluff your way through a tough question is usually a losing
And that's all there is to it. These practices
may not make you the world's most spellbinding speaker, but they're bound to
make your talk much better than it would have been without them. They also may
not make speaking in public one of your favorite experiences, but they'll
probably make you feel better about it than you do now and every little bit
helps. Give them a try in your next presentation and see if they don't work for | <urn:uuid:33ab434e-7fa1-4bc4-aa57-e4f2df33d7d8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www4.ncsu.edu/unity/lockers/users/f/felder/public/Papers/speakingtips.htm | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282110.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00274-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937854 | 1,166 | 3.203125 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
The heart of the Reggio Emilia philosophy is best reflected in an environment that encompasses the child with three “teachers”, or protagonists.
It is the child’s relationship with parents, teachers, and the environment that ignites their own knowledge and learning through a carefully curated curriculum that engages and builds upon the child’s current knowledge, recognizing that knowledge cannot simply be provided for the child.
The first teacher--the parent--takes on the role of an active partner and guide in the education of the child.
The second is the classroom teacher. Often working in pairs, the classroom teacher assumes the role of the researcher and intentionally engages children in meaningful work and conversation.
The third teacher is the environment--a setting designed to not only be functional but also beautiful and reflective of the child’s learning. | <urn:uuid:63b7ea6f-acd0-4f5e-b868-853c60a07715> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.rivereastschool.org/our-space | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100583.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206031946-20231206061946-00086.warc.gz | en | 0.937027 | 173 | 3.109375 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Under plans announced today, trainee teachers will be forced to sit tough new literacy and numeracy exams before being allowed to enter the classroom amid concerns over standards in the three-Rs.
But how tough are the new tests really going to be? And how do they compare with the current system?
Find out for yourself by trying the below questions – remember, calculators are allowed for the current tests, but not for the proposed new questions...
Current numeracy question (calculator allowed)
An ICT teacher compares the cost of building a paper-based ICT portfolio with the cost of using commercial e-portfolio software. The number of pupils on the course is 125. On average each paper-based portfolio includes 75 printed pages.
Costs are: printing – 2.5p per page; ring binder – 75p.
The total cost of the e-portfolio software is £250.00 per year.
How much money would the school save by using the e-portfolio software? Give your answer to the nearest pound.
Current literacy question
Spell the missing word in the sentence (requires audio):
Nadine was _________ that she had passed her Geography examination.
Apart from the _________ details, the art lesson was truly inspired.
Proposed numerical question (no calculator allowed)
1. The cost, £C, of advertising in a newspaper is worked out using the formula: C = 0.4n + 0.75 where n is the number of words in the advertisement.
a) The cost of an advertisement is £11.55. How many words are in the advertisement?
b) If I have only £9.00, how many words can I afford?
2. The mean age of the 11 members of a football team is 22 years.
a) When one member of the football team was sent off, the mean age of the rest of the team was 21 years. How old was the player who was sent off?
b) The modal age of the 11 players is 17 and only the 3 youngest players are aged 17. The median age of the 11 players is 20. What is the maximum possible age of one of the players?
Proposed composition question
‘Every teacher is a teacher of English. Discuss.’
Current numeracy question: £78
Current literacy question: relieved; administrative.
Proposed numeracy questions: 1. a) 27; b) 20; 2. a) 32 b) 41
Proposed composition question: ...
Further examples of the current types of questions trainee teachers are asked in the skills tests can be found online: | <urn:uuid:bbe4fc77-181d-4e34-a706-45ab68da6110> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/9634138/Would-you-pass-the-new-trainee-teacher-test.html | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257832475.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071032-00007-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950319 | 551 | 2.90625 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Fast Failure for Learning
photo: Ben Filio
Educators say failure is part of the learning process. So how come schools always expect success the first time around?
A land of tiny elves or a world of postapocalyptic robots might not resemble a classroom, but the problem-solving happening in a video game player’s mind often mirrors the same process of tackling a tricky puzzle on a test. But unlike a test, when a player runs out of lives in a game, he or she just heads back to the menu screen, determined to figure it out the next time around.
Experiencing failure is an integral part of any learning process. From carpentry to robotics, failure is responsible for many of the innovations of modern life. But what’s unique about video games and digital technologies—or just play for that matter—is that they provide a unique way for students to fail while learning without major repercussions, and usually while having some fun. Play, whether with technology or not, requires kids to problem solve, experiment, and sometimes flat-out fail in a safe environment where being wrong isn’t judged.
Katie Salen, executive director of the Institute of Play and founder of Quest2Learn, spoke about the benefits of failure at SXSW in 2012. An expert in game design for learning, Salen believes schools miss a huge teaching opportunity when they view failure as exclusively negative.
“I think that’s a way of reframing failure for the design of learning that looks very different than the current narrative around failure in most schools, which is failure is a thing you want to avoid at all costs. In fact, when you fail, you’re often only given one try. So you get an F on a test and you sort of move on,” Salen said. “So what we’re starting to think about is how we can design environments of learning that support this notion of repeated failure?”
John Seely Brown talks about play as an essential route to making sense of an ever-changing world, and that play will be important throughout our lives, not just in childhood. In order to make sense of this changing world, he says, we need the freedom to explore, mess up, reflect, and try again. “Where imaginations play, learning happens,” he has said.
As much as flops, mess-ups and do-overs help students learn, encouraging both failures and game-use in classrooms requires a new way of thinking. Drew Davidson, director of Carnegie Mellon University’s Entertainment Technology Center, believes the entire idea of what it means to fail while learning should be reimagined in education.
“I think it’s the idea of recontextualizing what we mean by failure. So it’s not in the context of what schools normally think of which is failure means you failed the test, or failure means you’re not making the grade, but getting more of a design perspective in it, where failure means you’re working towards the right idea,” Davidson said in a video at Spotlight on Digital Media and Learning. He said at a college level, experimentation in design and development processes is more encouraged, but at younger levels it’s less common to allow students to fail.
“It’s almost a truism that people say you can learn from your mistakes. But in schools, it seems they want the antithesis: Success, success, success,” Davidson said in another post about how failing helps kids learn faster.
Sometimes, just letting students know some failure is expected can help them learn more quickly. In one study, children performed better on reading comprehension and difficult anagrams if they were told failure is a normal part of learning than if they weren’t given that message at all.
Diana Laufenberg, a teacher at the Science Leadership Academy in Philadelphia, speaking at a TEDxMidAtlantic talk, explained that with the benefits of the one-to-one laptop program in her classroom comes the possibility that students won’t always collect the right answers the first time.
“You have to have to get comfortable with this idea of allowing kids to fail as part of the learning process. We deal right now with in the educational landscape with an infatuation with a culture of one right answer that can be properly bubbled in on the average multiple choice test,” Laufenberg said. “To tell kids to never be wrong, to ask them to always have the right answer, doesn’t allow them to learn.”
Of course, this is not a problem confined to schools. Adults in general have forgotten how to play and fail. Adulthood has a tendency to squelch the play right out of us. As Pablo Picasso said, “Every child is an artist. The problem is how to remain an artist once he grows up.” | <urn:uuid:fbee876e-2da9-40aa-a077-d771b1673d50> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://hivepgh.sproutfund.org/blog/2013/06/13/fast-failure-for-learning/ | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689624.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923104407-20170923124407-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.959202 | 1,026 | 3.25 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
submitted by Donna Bollenbach, Suncoast Chapter
(originally printed in The Grapevine, the Suncoast Chapter's monthly newsletter)
Back in October, I ran into a friend at a native plant talk. He enthusiastically told me about a colony of Celestial Lilies, Nemastylis floridana, that were blooming in central Florida, and hastily drew me a map to locate the beautiful and endangered wildflowers. The map was very rough, so I tried to ask questions, but the talk we were both attending started, and I was left with this somewhat cryptic diagram. In any case, that weekend my husband, Bob, and I decided we were going to try find the spot, and invited a few unsuspecting friends for the hunt.
I first tried to see Celestial Lilies at Kissimmee Prairie Preserve. It was late fall, a little pass their peak blooming time, and all we found was one bud. With at least six pairs of eyes staring at it, it did not open. I should also say that Celestial Lilies are unusual in that they only open for a few hours in the late afternoon. For this reason, Roger Hammer has affectionately named it “the happy hour flower.”
|Fly visiting Dicerandra modesta|
We left for our journey at around 2 pm the following Sunday, with the map and some information I had pulled off Google. I remembered the words Huckleberry, Poinciana, and 17-92. So, when I found a preserve off Huckleberry Road in the vicinity of those roads, we thought we had it.
Blushing Scrub Mint
The first property we visited didn’t look like the habitat for the Celestial Lily, but it was perfect habitat for Blushing Scrub Balm, Dicerandra modesta, and we saw lots of it. It is also an endangered Florida native, but endemic to scrub habitat versus the moist open flatwoods that the Celestial Lily like to grow in. The flowers of the Blushing Scrub Balm are white with bright pink spots, reminding me of mint peppermint candies. This was our first time seeing it, so we did not mind being off track for the lilies.
The lilies looked like little blue stars that had dropped down from the cosmos. They were delicate, yet vibrant. They were scattered about in an understory of pine. Bright yellow sunflowers stood in contrast with the purple/blue flowers. A few isolated blooms were right along the trail. There was one rare white lily morph that seemed past its prime. The sight was a perfect end to serendipitous day. | <urn:uuid:d0b13a87-bb10-4c4b-910e-93b6b1fdb5e2> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://fnpsblog.blogspot.cz/2016/12/ | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813608.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221103712-20180221123712-00000.warc.gz | en | 0.973652 | 549 | 2.59375 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Presentation Speech by Professor H. Pleijel, Chairman of the Nobel Committee for Physics of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, on December 10, 1938
Your Majesty, Your Royal Highnesses, Ladies
With what we know today of the structure of atoms, we understand perfectly the hopeless task undertaken by alchemists of old, striving to transmute the different elements one to another, and to transform lead and mercury into gold. With the means at their command, they could not work on the essential part of the atom, that is to say the nucleus. The chemical binding forces and most of the physical phenomena, such as radiation, etc., originate in the outermost parts of the atom, in the light, negatively charged electrons orbiting around the nucleus. The characteristic feature of atoms and what makes atoms different from each other, however, is the number of positive unit charges of electricity, or the number of protons, contained in the nucleus. It is this charge which holds together the light, negative electrons that spread, like the planets round the sun, in circular layers round the central nucleus.
At the present level of our knowledge, everything points to the fact that the nuclei of the atoms are composed of particles of two types, one being a heavy particle that has been given the name of neutron as it lacks electric charge, and the other being called proton, of the same mass as the neutron but with a positive unit charge. A proton is nothing but the nucleus of the lightest atom, i.e. hydrogen. A helium nucleus has two protons and two neutrons; the atom of carbon has six protons and six neutrons, and so on. The atoms are numbered according to the number of protons, or unit charges in the nucleus, with hydrogen as number 1 and uranium as number 92, which is the heaviest element known to date.
Meanwhile, it has been found that the nucleus of an atom can contain a number of neutrons less than or in excess of the normal. These atoms, that present the same physical and chemical qualities as the normal atom except that the weight is different, have received the name of isotopes. As an example of an isotope, we can cite the heavy-hydrogen atom discovered by Urey which is a constituent of so-called heavy water. There exist hydrogen isotopes with one or two neutrons in the nucleus.
After all the fruitless attempts at the transmutation of one element into another, the firm conviction grew last century that the different atoms, 92 in number, were indestructible and immutable units of the structure of matter. There was thus great sensation when the Frenchman Becquerel, in 1892, discovered that the element uranium distintegrated giving off strong radiation. Research on this radiation proved that it consisted among others of the helium nuclei that were emitted at very high speed from the uranium atoms. Thus, when one part of the uranium nuclei disintegrates explosively, new substances are formed that disintegrate in their turn, giving off radiations, and so on, until a final stable product is formed which is found to be lead. Among the substances included in this chain, there is the highly radioactive substance radium, which Madame Curie discovered and succeeded in producing. Soon after the radioactivity of uranium was discovered, it was established that this same characteristic occurred in another element, thorium, and later it appeared that this was also the case with the element called actinium. The end-product of the disintegration of these two last-named elements is lead also. However, the lead obtained in these three series is not identical, in so far as the number of constituent neutrons is concerned. The lead that comes from the uranium has 124 neutrons in the nucleus, that which comes from thorium has 126 and that which comes from actinium has 125. So we have three isotopes of lead. Lead as found in nature is usually a mixture of these three types.
It must be noted in this respect that however strong the effect of a substance that is radioactive, it is in many instances only a very small part of the number of atoms that disintegrates. Thus, for a half of the number of uranium atoms to disintegrate, it would take four and a half thousand million years. For radium, the corresponding length of time would be one thousand six hundred years. Other radioactive materials would by contrast only take seconds or days for half of the number of atoms to disintegrate.
As the idea of immutability of the atoms of the elements had to be abandoned, one was back at the age-old problem of the alchemists, the transmutation of the elements. Lord Rutherford was the first to put forward the idea that it would be possible, with the help of the heavy-helium nuclei that are thrown off at great speed by the natural radioactive substances, to split atoms. He met with success in several cases. For the sake of example, we will be content to mention that if a nitrogen nucleus has been struck by the bombarding helium nuclei, a hydrogen nucleus is ejected from the former, and that the rests together with the captured helium nucleus form an oxygen nucleus. By this means helium and nitrogen were thus changed into oxygen and hydrogen. The atom of oxygen that was obtained by this method was however not the ordinary oxygen atom, an atom that has eight neutrons in the nucleus, but an oxygen atom with nine neutrons. This meant that an oxygen isotope had been obtained. This occurs in nature, although rarely; among 12,500 ordinary oxygen atoms, one oxygen isotope is found.
Rutherford's experiments on the splitting of atoms have later been continued by the husband-and-wife team Joliot-Curie, among others, who also used helium nuclei as projectiles. They found that often when new isotopes were formed, these isotopes were radioactive, and distintegrated emitting radioactive radiations. This discovery was of great importance, for it opened up the possibility of obtaining, by artificial processes, substances capable of replacing radium, a material that was both very costly and hard to come by.
Using helium nuclei and also hydrogen nuclei as projectiles, however, one can not split atoms with atomic numbers higher than 20; therefore, only part of the lighter elements of the series of atoms can so be split.
It was granted to today's Nobel Prize winner, Professor Fermi, to succeed in shattering even the heavier and the heaviest elements in the Periodic System.
Fermi used neutrons as projectiles in his experiments.
We have earlier spoken of the neutron as one of the two building-stones in atom nuclei. The existence of the neutron is however only a recent discovery. Rutherford had suspected the existence of a heavy particle without electric charge and had even given it the name neutron; it was given to one of his pupils, Chadwick, to find the neutron in the extremely strong radiation given off by beryllium subjected to the effect of a radioactive substance. The neutron has qualities that make it particularly suitable as a projectile in atomic fission. Both the helium nucleus and the hydrogen nucleus carry electric charges. The strong electric forces of repulsion developed when such a charged particle comes within reach of an atomic nucleus, deflect the projectile. The neutron being uncharged continues on its course without suffering any hindrance until it is stopped by direct impact on a nucleus. As the dimensions of the nuclei are extremely small compared with the distances that separates the different parts of the atoms, such impacts are of rare occurrence. As a result, beams of neutrons, experiment has shown, can pass through armour-plates metres thick without appreciable reduction in speed taking place.
The result which Fermi was able to achieve by using neutron bombardments have proved to be of inestimable value, and have shed new light on the structure of atom nuclei.
At first, the source of radiation was a mixture of beryllium powder and a radioactive substance. Today, neutrons are artificially produced by bombarding beryllium or lithium with heavy-hydrogen nuclei, whereby these substances emit neutrons with high energy. The neutron beams so produced are particularly powerful.
When using neutrons as projectiles, these are captured in the nucleus. In the case of the lighter elements, a hydrogen nucleus or a helium nucleus is ejected instead. With the heavier elements, however, the forces that interlink the atomic parts are so strong that, at least with neutron speeds that can be obtained by present methods, there is no ejection of any material part. The surplus energy disappears in the form of electromagnetic radiations (gamma-radiations). As there is no variation in the charge, an isotope is obtained of the initial substance. This isotope, in many cases unstable, disintegrates giving off radioactive radiations. Radioactive materials are thus obtained as a rule.
It was some six months after their first experiment with neutron irradiation that Fermi and his co-workers came by chance on a new discovery which proved to be of the greatest importance. They observed namely that the effect of neutron irradiation was often extremely increased, when the rays were allowed to pass through water or paraffin. Minute study of this phenomenon showed that the speed of the neutrons was slowed down on impact with the hydrogen nuclei which were present in these substances. Contrary to what one had reasons to believe, it appeared that the slow neutrons had a much more powerful effect than the fast neutrons. It was further found that the strongest effect was achieved at a certain speed, which is different for different substances. This phenomenon has therefore been compared with resonance found in optics and acoustics.
With low-speed neutrons, Fermi and his co-workers were successful in producing radioactive isotopes of all the elements with the exception of hydrogen and helium and part of the radioactive substances. More than four hundred new radioactive substances have thus been obtained. A certain number of these has effects stronger than radium as regards radioactivity. Of these substances, more than half were products of bombardment by neutrons. The half-lives of these artificial radioactive substances appear comparatively short, varying from one second to several days.
As we have said, during the irradiation of heavy elements by neutrons, the neutrons are captured and incorporated in the nucleus, and an isotope is thus formed of the primary substance, and this isotope is radioactive. When the isotope decays, however, negative electrons - as can be proved - are projected and new substances are formed with higher positive charges, and therefore substances with higher rank number.
This general pattern that Fermi has found to be the rule when heavy substances are subjected to irradiation by neutrons, took on special interest when applied by him to the last element in the series of elements, viz. uranium, which has rank number 92. Following this process, the first product of disintegration should be an element with 93 positive electric charges and a new element would thus have been found, lying outside the old series. Fermi's researches on uranium made it most probable that a series of new elements could be found, which exist beyond the element up to now held to be the heaviest, namely uranium with rank number 92. Fermi even succeeded in producing two new elements, 93 and 94 in rank number. These new elements he called Ausenium and Hesperium.
Along with Fermi's significant discoveries, and to a certain extent equivalent, can be placed his experimental skill, his brilliant inventiveness and his intuition. These qualities have found expression in the creation of refined research methods which made it possible to demonstrate the existence of these newly formed substances, which occur in extremely small quantities. The same goes for the measurement of the speed at which the different radioactive products disintegrate, particularly since in many cases several disintegration products with different half-lives are simultaneously involved.
Professor Fermi. The Royal Swedish Academy
of Sciences has awarded you the Nobel Prize for Physics for 1938
for your discovery of new radioactive substances belonging to the
entire field of the elements and for the discovery, which you
made in the course of your studies, of the selective powers of
the slow neutrons.
We offer our congratulations and we express the most vivid admiration for your brilliant researches, which throw new light on the structure of atomic nuclei and which open up new horizons for the future development of atomic investigation.
We ask you now to receive the Nobel Prize from the hands of His Majesty the King.
From Nobel Lectures, Physics 1922-1941, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1965
Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 1938 | <urn:uuid:b6b633a4-2b63-4d47-97d4-1e7879b6b6af> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1938/press.html | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122933.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00150-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965459 | 2,592 | 3.515625 | 4 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Jumpstart! Storymaking is a collection of games and activities to develop the creative process of 'storymaking'. It focuses upon 'storytelling for writing' as well as creating a whole school culture of storytelling, reading and writing. Storymaking is the process of retelling, innovating and creating new stories. Like the best-selling Jumpstart! Literacy, this book contains imaginative 'quick-fire' ideas that could be used as creative warm-ups and starters or developed into lessons. There are over 100 provocative and thought-provoking games and activities, intended to 'jumpstart' storytelling, reading and writing in any Key Stage 1, 2 or 3 classroom. Practical, easy-to-do and vastly entertaining, the 'jumpstarts' will appeal to busy teachers.
- Publication Date:
- 28 / 11 / 2008 | <urn:uuid:39a26ef1-4eb6-48ca-82ee-59846b7eb499> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.qbd.com.au/jumpstart-storymaking/pie-corbett/9780203886038/ | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607636.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523122457-20170523142457-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.916159 | 171 | 2.9375 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
The term patch
may refer to:
- Patch (synthesizer), a sound setting for musical synthesizers
- Patch cable, an electrical or optical cable used to connect devices for signal routing
- Autopatch or phone patch, used in amateur radio to access an outgoing connection
- Patch and mosaic, a habitat patch in landscape ecology
- A small garden where fruit or vegetables are grown (e.g. pumpkin patch)
- Patch (computing), a fix for a software program where the actual binary executable and related files are modified.
- Patch (Unix), a UNIX utility that applies a script generated by the diff program to a set of files, allowing changes from one file to be automatically applied to another file.
- Patch, a 3-D Bézier curve used in computer graphics, or a primitive in some 3-D software packages | <urn:uuid:a68d9e7f-0129-4720-a01d-6d9e7192c97e> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.reference.com/browse/cinder-patch | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131304598.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172144-00068-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.838076 | 180 | 2.796875 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Chapter 5 the binomial probability comment on the tree diagrams section the reversal of conditional probabilities when using tree diagrams. 658 chapter 9 discrete mathematics • determining probabilities • venn diagrams and tree diagrams • conditional probability • binomial distributions. Tree diagrams bayes's theorem poisson probabilities chapter 13 sampling practice of statistics in the life sciences effectively teaches essential. Quizlet provides statistics chapter 5 probability activities, flashcards and games start learning today for free.
Probability tree diagrams calculating probabilities can be hard, sometimes we add them, sometimes we multiply them, and often it is hard to figure out what to do. Solving probability problems using probability tree diagrams, how to draw probability tree diagrams for independent events (with replacement), how to draw probability tree diagrams for dependent events (without replacement), examples with. About the author deborah rumsey has a phd in statistics from the ohio state university (1993) upon graduating, she joined the.
Use a tree to find the probabilities of each possible the binomial distribution is 4 tree and venn diagrams by openstax read online course. Levels of probabilistic reasoning of high school students about binomial generally supported by tree diagrams levels of probabilistic reasoning of high. Chapter notes: 23 discrete probability distributions drawing a tree diagram 23c the binomial the binomial probabilities can be related to tree diagrams.Probability and game theory – course syllabus - probabilities & binomial coefficients - tree diagrams information sets,. It consists of branches that are labeled with either frequencies or probabilities tree diagrams can make the binomial distribution is quizovercom uses. Chapter 1 markov chains these probabilities uniquely determine the probabilities of all events of the binomial markov chainabernoulli process is a sequence of. Tree diagrams 5 natalie has three experimental, and binomial probabilities you can use the skills in this chapter † to find probabilities involved. Chapter 7: 1 understand hundred thousand table and tree diagrams to compute probabilities to know how to compute binomial probabilities by hand but you. Compute probabilities of binomial so how can we find probabilities let's look at a tree diagram of the the binomial probability distribution function. Stp 231 test 2 review chapter 3 relative frequency distributions and probabilities 4 venn diagrams 5 tree diagrams specifics binomial probabilities a.
Chapter 5 binomial distribution this has come from the second of the tree diagrams: x 3 note that tables of cumulative binomial probabilities are. Probability tree diagram tree diagrams - how many different one-cheese and one-topping math 201 chapter 4: probability - find probabilities from table a. Mr rogers ap statistics class objectives for probabilities use a tree diagram to list problems but tree diagrams are and an even more. 53 tree diagrams and counting techniques chapter 6- the binomial probability distribution and related topics 62 binomial probabilities.
To count permutations and combinations chapter 11-1 and tree diagrams chapter 11-4 probabilities and to use binomial distributions. Tree diagrams and binomial probabilities (chapter 20) example 2 405 self tutor john plays peter at tennis the first to win two sets wins the match. Chapter 6: random variables and the normal determine the outcomes with a tree diagram: compute probabilities using the binomial. S1 tutorials stuart the examsolutions guy 2017-09-08t11:59:28+00:00 tree diagrams binomial distribution binomial probabilities on a calculator.
Tree diagrams organize probability models that have several stages chapter 13: binomial distribution binomial probabilities are best found using software. Chapter 7: probability last tree diagrams are often helpful in understanding conditional probability [this is because the probabilities of all possibilities. Mathematics b senior syllabus 2008 -identification of the binomial situation and use of tables or technology for binomial probabilities -qcs: tree diagrams as a. The basic practice of statistics fifth edition contents tree diagrams xxx chapter 13 binomial distributions xxx binomial probabilities xxx.Download
2018. Term Papers. | <urn:uuid:b47f3e63-dbac-4abb-a113-13efd08dbf71> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://kwpaperryui.representcolumb.us/tree-diagrams-and-binomial-probabilities-chapter.html | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591332.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719222958-20180720002958-00319.warc.gz | en | 0.817311 | 800 | 3.984375 | 4 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Online destinations to help you brush up on your tech skills
Reading, writing and arithmetic will always have their place, but coding, programming and designing are gaining in importance. Here’s how to keep up.
Blackboards and pencils are going the way of slate and inkwells as schools around Australia keep pace with innovations in technology.
Recent studies have revealed that ‘high-tech workers’ will be some of the most in-demand by the year 2030.
When combined with the prediction that by 2021 at least 90 per cent of the workforce will need a basic level of digital literacy, it is easy to understand why it is so important for children to be tech-savvy.
As a parent coming into the 2017 school year, helping modern kids with school work can be daunting!
For those who were educated in the seventies, eighties and nineties, submitting an assignment typed on a computer was the upper echelon of digital know-how.
Many professional industries still operate without the intricate use of modern digital technology, leaving some parents in the dark when it comes to the software and skills that children are expected to have an understanding of in their everyday schooling.
To fill in the gaps on at least some of what your kids view as the norm, there are a number of resources you can access online.
Digital knowledge courses
These free courses cover 12 different ‘languages’, but not the French, German and Japanese types that parents might be used to from their schooling days.
You can choose from a number of course options, each of which is clearly laid out with an introduction and exercises to help you learn.
Code Academy has a library of articles you can refer to at any time as well as glossaries for each coding language.
A handy feature is the forums page, which invites you to put a question to other users - very helpful when that assignment deadline is looming!
Hosted in Sydney and Melbourne, Coding Kickstarter's free short courses give you an introduction to coding.
Run on Wednesdays and Sundays, the two hour session explains the basics of code, helping you to understand the terminology and showing you how to build the most basic of apps.
Now that many school assignments are expected to be handed in online or even in website form, having a couple of hours’ worth of knowledge under your belt might really help you to support your child with their studies.
You can reap the benefits of Khan Academy, even as an adult.
Under the Academy’s Computing section are courses on computer programming, computer science and creating web pages.
There is also a special ‘Hour of Code’ that gives quick introductions on how to create web pages or draw with code.
Khan Academy is US-based but offers courses that cost nothing and are ad free.
Courses for kids
As a beginner adult, sometimes it is easiest to learn at from scratch! You might even take the opportunity to learn alongside your child.
There are many websites and courses that make a game out of learning to code that you and your little one can investigate together.
Many parents don’t use technology on a daily basis and find themselves faced with a challenge when it comes to understanding the equipment and software programs their child requires in order to do their best at school.
From the ever-upgraded Microsoft Office suite, to the cloud-based Google Drive and Adobe Suite, if you don’t encounter these in your daily life they can easily bamboozle you.
Fortunately, getting the hang of things and helping your child is made simpler thanks to the many online tutorials available.
Some skills that you may wish to consider acquiring in order to get you through the school semester as a parent include:
Using an iPad
Mastering Microsoft Office
Creating documents, spreadsheets and powerpoint presentations in Google Drive
Editing images using Photoshop
Website building with Wordpress and Wix
- Wordpress tutorial videos from wpbeginner.com
- Getting started with learn.wordpress.com
- Free tutorials from wix.com
You may even find that the benefit of building these digital skills will not just come in assisting your child with their homework.
Increasingly, knowledge of technology comes in handy in all areas of life. From creating birthday invitations to starting a small business on the side, being tech-savvy can reap rewards in more ways than one.
Access to online education resources is taking Australia by storm; just make sure you use a safe password when you sign up to any online service. | <urn:uuid:198368c6-4081-4bca-828d-9f64bd49c48e> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://mcx.nbnco.com.au/blog/education/brush-up-on-your-tech-skills-online | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038492417.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20210418133614-20210418163614-00360.warc.gz | en | 0.950525 | 939 | 2.890625 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
These are the things I CAN eat: Since fruits often contain allergens from different classes of food allergens, fruit allergic individuals may display different reactions to the same fruit. But things we do not eat can also contain allergens, and if these allergens closely resemble certain protein structures in our food, cross reactions can occur. After all, they are heart happy foods right? Occupational allergy and asthma.
Cross Reactive Food
Choose toys that are made of wood, metal, or cloth that does not contain elastic. Those who work in manufacturing of latex products are also at greater risk, as well as children with congenital neurological abnormalities such as spina bifida and people with bladder problems. The foods that contain cross-reactive allergens are banana, kiwi, avocado, chestnut white potato and tomato. Often mild, these symptoms can be accompanied by skin reactions, asthma and rhinitis. Other signs include hay fever, itchy and swollen eyes, a runny nose and sneezing following latex exposure.
Managing latex allergies at home : MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Latex allergy is diagnosed by an allergy blood test. The goal will be to enable you to lead a life that is as normal and symptom-free as possible. This primarily involves avoiding contact with latex. Occupational asthma is a common problem seen in adult workers exposed to latex materials that use a cornstarch donning powder, which may carry latex protein into the ambient environment. But there is still a solid core list of about 10 foods—banana, avocado, cherries, kiwifruit, papaya, potato, tomato, apple, carrot, and melons—that deserve to be considered as potentially problematic in the wake of latex allergy. In addition, if your allergy is severe: Allergic reactions in the mouth are typically lichenoid but occasionally urticarial or anaphylactoid, and dermatological reactions in HCPs are usually contact dermatitis or eczema — so direct skin contact is best avoided.
The goal will be to enable you to lead a life that is as normal and symptom-free as possible. Inside the protein structure of an apple, there is a protein molecule called Mal d 1. Although a simple skin test for latex allergy demonstrates good performance characteristics, negative screen results do not preclude a future reaction. Overview What is natural rubber latex? Attempt to schedule procedures as the first case in the operating room for the day. Cross Reactions Summary Environment-food cross reactions can be as complicated or even more complicated to recognize as food allergies and food intolerances. Depending on the country in question, spices have become some of the most common food allergens. | <urn:uuid:90cba0dc-7d80-478f-946c-34c7bc03662d> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | http://eblip8.info/latex/latex-food-allergy-list.php | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710765.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130160457-20221130190457-00774.warc.gz | en | 0.939458 | 545 | 2.828125 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Controversy Associated With Dissociative Disorders
In a normal state, mental dissociation can occur, but a connection with the surroundings can easily be established if needed. However, for some individuals, mental dissociation is pervasive. It becomes hard for such individuals to recall experiences or break down their memories. Dissociative disorders create issues with how an individual recalls events, their identity, and experiences. Most of the controversies surrounding dissociative disorders are related to the causes of such disorders, the diagnosis process, identification, and treatment of dissociative disorder patients.
There exists a lot of conflict on the etiology of dissociative disorders. Most of the disorders are associated with traumatic and stressful events and experiences. Others might be a result of medical usage and treatment regimens, while others might be a result of substance use and abuse. Dissociative disorders might also result from other mental disorders, such as anxiety and bipolar disorders. Other arguments related dissociative disorders to socio-cultural causes. Therefore, dissociative disorders cannot be directly attributed to any behaviors, health conditions, or substance usage.
Another controversy is related to the categorization, diagnosis, and differentiation of dissociative disorders. Dissociative disorders, according to the DSM-5, are categorized as mental disorders associated with memory, identity, behavior, and emotional problems. The diagnoses for dissociative disorders may overlap between the three types of dissociative disorders. Dissociative disorders are associated with a multitude of comorbidities, including mental disorders identified by the DSM-5, such as conversion disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and anxiety disorder, among others. Therefore, it is hard to develop distinct causes of dissociative disorder and establish the validity of diagnoses.
Professional Beliefs about Dissociative Disorders
A lot of debates exist today among health professionals on dissociative disorders. The conflict among professionals is on the causes and diagnostics criteria for the disorders. Health professionals, especially in psychiatry and psychology, hold varied beliefs on dissociative disorders, with some relating it to traumatic experiences and others relating the disorders to multiple causes, including genetic, neurobiological development, and clinical causes. These debates and controversies have led to the development of various notions about dissociative disorders.
There exist beliefs that dissociative disorders are a fad. The take of dissociative disorders as a fad has been fueled by false memory researchers who identified dissociative disorders as manifestations of false memories, meaning they are not valid mental disorders (Ross, 2022). Drawing from the work by McHugh (2013), another belief long held is that dissociative disorders are a North American issue and overly diagnosed. Other beliefs, as illustrated by Barlow et al. (2016), present dissociative disorders as rare and vary across cultures, making them hard to diagnose. This has resulted in the view that dissociative disorders are not as serious as other mental disorders categorized by the DSM-5.
Another of the most prevalent beliefs is that dissociative disorders are mostly a result of treatments and medicines rather than past traumatic experiences. McHugh (2013) also points out that some literature has argued that the treatment of dissociative disorders risked causing more mental harm to the patient. Although most of these beliefs have been refuted by research on dissociative disorders, a large number of practicing professionals still argue on the basis of such beliefs.
Strategies for Maintaining a Therapeutic Relationship with a Client with a Dissociative Disorder.
The diagnosis and treatment process of dissociative disorder patients remains one of the most underserved fields with a substantial impact on public health (Loewenstein, 2022). The issue remains to be the confusing nature of dealing with the disorders’ patients and the varying undistinctive nature of its symptoms. However, a therapeutic relationship with patients is important to achieve better mental outcomes. A therapeutic relationship with clients with a dissociative disorder can be maintained by taking time to understand their emotions from a neutral perspective, understanding what triggers them, and educating them on such emotions and how to manage them. According to Kornhaber et al. (2016), therapeutic relationships with a patient could be improved by taking time to therapeutically listen to the patient, respond professionally to the patient’s expressed emotions, identify their unmet needs and wants, and placing the patient at the center of the therapy sessions.
Having sufficient knowledge of dissociative disorders is another way in which to develop and maintain a therapeutic relationship with a client who has dissociative disorders. Knowledge can help therapists look beyond beliefs and myths about dissociative disorders and differentiate between related manifestations from other mental disorders. Bolsinger et al. (2019) point out that improving research efforts in acute psychiatric settings and promoting awareness can create necessary competencies for both clinicians and patients, which can facilitate a good therapeutic relationship in such care settings.
Clinical, Ethical, and Legal Considerations in Nursing Practice Related To Dissociative Disorders
The beliefs held by professionals on dissociative disorders in the health care sectors, especially those tasked with diagnosing and treating dissociative disorders, have an impact on clinical, ethical, and legal considerations when dealing with related patients. One of the major legal and ethical considerations is the accountability of people with dissociative disorders for their actions. For instance, in a case trial, an individual cannot be held accountable if they claim to have dissociative disorders. However, the advice of a qualified mental health specialist is required to ascertain the psychological fitness of the convicted to stand or not stand for trial (Rocchio, 2020). In clinical settings, mental health nurses handling patients with dissociative disorders need to understand the vulnerabilities associated with such patients and provide person-centered therapy and care that best meets their emotional condition. This consideration reduces the chances of causing unintended mental harm to the patient during therapy.
Brand, B. L., Sar, V., Stavropoulos, P., Krüger, C., Korzekwa, M., Martínez-Taboas, A., & Middleton, W. (2016). Separating fact from fiction: An empirical examination of six myths about dissociative identity disorder. Harvard review of psychiatry.
Barlow, D. H., Durand, V. M., & Hofmann, S. G. (2016). Abnormal psychology: An integrative approach. Cengage learning.
Bolsinger, J., Jaeger, M., Hoff, P., & Theodoridou, A. (2020). Challenges and opportunities in building and maintaining a good therapeutic relationship in acute psychiatric settings: A narrative review. Frontiers in psychiatry, 10, 965.
Kornhaber, R., Walsh, K., Duff, J., & Walker, K. (2016). Enhancing adult therapeutic interpersonal relationships in the acute health care setting: an integrative review. Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare, 9, 537.
Loewenstein, R. J. (2022). Dissociation debates: Everything you know is wrong. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience.
McHugh, P. (2013). Do fads ever die?. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 201(4), 357-358.
Rocchio, L. M. (2020). Ethical and professional considerations in the forensic assessment of complex trauma and dissociation. Psychological injury and law, 13(2), 124-134.
Ross, C. (2022). False Memory Researchers Misunderstand Repression, Dissociation and Freud. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 1-15.
We’ll write everything from scratch
The DSM-5 is a diagnostic tool. It has evolved over the decades, as have the classifications and criteria within its pages. It is used not just for diagnosis, however, but also for billing, access to services, and legal cases. Not all practitioners are in agreement with the content and structure of the DSM-5, and dissociative disorders are one such area. These disorders can be difficult to distinguish and diagnose. There is also controversy in the field over the legitimacy of certain dissociative disorders, such as dissociative identity disorder, which was formerly called multiple personality disorder.
Examine the controversy surrounding dissociative disorders. You will also explore clinical, ethical, and legal considerations pertinent to working with patients with these disorders.
Review this week’s Learning Resources on dissociative disorders.
Use the Library to investigate the controversy regarding dissociative disorders. Locate at least three scholarly articles that you can use to support your Assignment.
The Assignment (2–3 pages)
Explain the controversy that surrounds dissociative disorders.
Explain your professional beliefs about dissociative disorders, supporting your rationale with at least three scholarly references from the literature.
Explain strategies for maintaining the therapeutic relationship with a client that may present with a dissociative disorder.
Finally, explain ethical and legal considerations related to dissociative disorders that you need to bring to your practice and why they are important. | <urn:uuid:dea50d3a-340a-4685-aa98-8ee05fab7a6f> | CC-MAIN-2024-30 | https://eminencepapers.com/controversy-associated-with-dissociative-disorders/ | 2024-07-21T14:12:59Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-30/segments/1720763517701.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20240721121510-20240721151510-00040.warc.gz | en | 0.93167 | 1,863 | 3.0625 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Some 200 environmental and land defense activists were killed around the world last year, including 54 in Mexico, which became the deadliest country in the annual report by the international NGO Global Witness.
More than three-quarters of the killings took place in Latin America, with double-digit death tolls in Colombia, Brazil, and Nicaragua.
It was the third consecutive year of increases for Mexico and a jump from 30 such activists killed in 2020.
“Most of these crimes happen in places that are far away from power and are inflicted on those with, in many ways, the least amount of power,” the report, published on Wednesday, said.
Global Witness warned: “Our data on killings is likely to be an underestimate, given that many murders go unreported, particularly in rural areas and in particular countries.”
The victims died fighting resource exploitation and in land disputes. Conflicts over mining were tied to 27 deaths worldwide, the most for any sector.
Fifteen of those mining-related killings were in Mexico.
In the western Mexican state of Jalisco, local politician Jose Santos Isaac Chavez was killed in April 2021. He had made opposition to a long-running mine a central part of an election campaign.
Days before the vote, he was found dead in his car, which had been driven off a cliff, and his body showed evidence of torture. Armed men had dragged him out of his home and driven him away in his own vehicle.
The same month, Sandra Liliana Pena Chocue, an indigenous governor in southwestern Colombia who had fought for the eradication of coca crops in Caldono, a town in Cauca county, was killed near her home by armed men.
Overall, killings of environmental activists in Colombia dropped in 2021 to 33 from 65 the year before. The Philippines saw fewer such killings too, 19 compared with 30 in 2020.
In the Democratic Republic of Congo, all eight recorded victims were killed in the Virunga national park in the east of the country.
The park is home to some of the world’s last mountain gorillas, but armed groups frequently vie for control of the area’s natural resources.
Global Witness called on governments to enforce laws that protect activists and require informed consent from indigenous groups, while also holding companies accountable throughout their global operations and showing zero tolerance for attacks on land defenders.
“Activists and communities play a crucial role as a first line of defense against ecological collapse, as well as being frontrunners in the campaign to prevent it,” Global Witness chief executive Mike Davis said in the report.
This article was reposted from Morning Star. | <urn:uuid:14e9a9c3-e199-489a-9b01-5394821f811d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/200-environmental-activists-killed-worldwide-last-year-says-global-witness-report/ | 2024-03-04T22:36:12Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476532.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304200958-20240304230958-00053.warc.gz | en | 0.98413 | 546 | 2.65625 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
The landscape of education has changed dramatically in recent years. Since the outbreak of COVID-19 online learning has become an increasingly popular mode of education for students of all ages.
Despite the gains made, online learning also comes with its unique set of challenges that can affect a student’s performance.
In this article, we explore effective strategies for students to thrive in online learning.
Time Management: The Key to Success in Online Learning
One of the most critical factors for success in online learning is effective time management. Unlike traditional classroom settings, online learning requires you to manage your time independently. Also, you need to create your own schedules. Without proper time management skills, you can quickly become overwhelmed and fall behind on your coursework.
Here are some tips for managing time effectively in an online learning environment:
Create a Study Schedule
Create a study schedule that outlines your daily and weekly goals. Plan specific times for studying, assignments, and other coursework. Having a schedule will help you stay organized and ensure that you allocate enough time for each task.
Set deadlines for yourself and stick to them. Treat online learning as you would do in a traditional classroom setting. Again, setting deadlines for yourself will help you stay on track and complete your coursework on time.
Prioritize your tasks based on their importance and deadlines. Focus on the most critical tasks first and avoid procrastination. Use tools such as to-do lists or task management apps to keep track of your tasks and prioritize them accordingly.
Avoid multitasking as it can reduce your productivity and focus. When studying or completing assignments, try to eliminate distractions, such as social media or other unrelated tasks, and focus on one task at a time.
Taking regular breaks during your study sessions can actually improve your productivity. Schedule short breaks in your study schedule to avoid burnout and to give your brain time to relax and recharge.
Be flexible with your schedule and be prepared to adapt to changes. Online learning comes with unexpected challenges. Typical examples include technical issues or personal commitments, so it’s important to be flexible and adjust your schedule accordingly.
Self-Motivation: Keeping Yourself Engaged in Online Learning
Another crucial aspect of thriving in online learning is self-motivation. Without the structure and accountability of a traditional classroom, you need to find ways to stay motivated and engaged.
Here are some strategies for self-motivation in online learning:
Set clear and achievable goals for yourself, both short-term and long-term. Goals can help you stay focused and motivated to complete your coursework. As a result, celebrate your achievements when you reach your goals. Set SMART goals.
Find Your Motivation
Identify your reasons for pursuing online learning and remind yourself of them regularly. Whether it’s to gain new skills, further your career, or pursue a personal interest, understanding your motivation can help you stay committed to your studies
Create a Reward System
Create a reward system for yourself to celebrate your progress. For example, treat yourself to something you enjoy after completing a challenging assignment or finishing a module. Rewards can help boost your motivation and make the learning process more enjoyable.
Stay Connected with Peers
Online learning can sometimes feel isolating, so it’s essential to stay connected with your peers. However, you’ll enjoy it, if you participate in online discussion forums, join virtual study groups, or engage in group projects. Also, your peers can provide support, motivation, and a sense of community, which can help you stay engaged in your coursework.
Stay Positive and Manage Stress
Online learning can be challenging, and there may be times when you feel overwhelmed or stressed. It’s important to stay positive and manage stress effectively.
Practice self-care techniques such as exercise, meditation, or talking to a supportive friend or family member. A positive mindset and stress management skills can help you stay motivated and focused on your learning goals.
Seek feedback from your instructors or classmates on your coursework. Arguably, feedback gives you an idea about your strengths and areas for improvement. Hence, helping you to stay motivated and continually improve your performance. As a result, consider feedback as an important learning opportunity. You can also use feedback to enhance your skills and knowledge.
Building a Supportive Learning Environment: Creating the Right Setup for Success
A supportive learning environment is crucial for thriving in online learning. Your study environment significantly impacts your concentration. It also motivates you and affects your overall success in your coursework.
Here are some strategies for building a supportive learning environment:
Create a Dedicated Study Space
Designate a specific area in your home as your study space. Make sure it is well-lit, comfortable, and free from distractions.
Set Up Your Technology
Ensure that you have the necessary technology and tools for online learning. For example a reliable internet connection, a functioning computer or laptop, etc. Familiarize yourself with the online learning platform and any communication tools used by your instructors and classmates.
Organize Your Materials
Keep your study materials, such as textbooks, notes, and assignments, organized and easily accessible. Use folders or digital tools to store and manage your coursework efficiently. Bear in mind, an organized study environment can reduce stress and help you stay focused.
Limit distractions in your study environment. Turn off notifications on your phone and close unnecessary tabs on your computer. Avoid engaging in unrelated activities during your study sessions.
Establish a Routine
Create a study routine and stick to it. A consistent study schedule helps to establish a routine and makes online learning a part of your daily life. Consistency is also key to building a supportive learning environment.
Reach out for support when needed. If you have questions or face challenges in your coursework, don’t hesitate to talk to your instructors or classmates. Online learning platforms often have support resources, such as online tutorials or academic advisors, that can provide assistance when needed.
Mastering Time Management: Maximizing Productivity in the Digital Age
Time management is critical for success in online learning, as it requires self-discipline and effective organization skills.
Here are some tips for mastering time management and maximizing productivity in the digital age:
Create a Study Schedule
Plan out your study sessions in advance by creating a study schedule. Set specific times for studying, completing assignments, and reviewing course materials. Make sure to include breaks in your schedule to avoid burnout and maintain focus.
Identify the most important tasks and prioritize them. Focus on completing high-priority tasks first to ensure that you are making progress on your coursework. Avoid multitasking, as it can decrease productivity and hinder your ability to concentrate.
Use Time-Blocking Techniques
Time-blocking involves allocating specific time slots for different tasks or activities. Use time-blocking techniques to schedule dedicated time for studying, assignments, and other responsibilities. This can help you stay focused and organized, and ensure that you are making efficient use of your time.
Use Productivity Tools
Take advantage of productivity tools and apps that can help you stay organized and manage your time effectively. Tools such as task managers, calendars, and time-tracking apps may be of help.
Procrastination can be a significant obstacle to online learning. As a result, identify the reasons why you tend to procrastinate and find strategies to overcome them. Then, break tasks into smaller, manageable chunks, set deadlines for yourself, and reward yourself for completing tasks on time.
Be Flexible and Adapt
Be prepared to adapt your study schedule and time management strategies as needed. Online learning can come with unexpected challenges, such as technical issues or personal responsibilities. Thus, stay flexible and adjust your plan accordingly to ensure that you can manage your time effectively.
Maximizing Engagement: Staying Active and Participating in Online Learning
Active engagement is crucial for thriving in online learning. It requires active participation and interaction with course materials, instructors, and classmates.
Here are some strategies for maximizing engagement in online learning:
Actively Participate in Discussions
Participate actively in online discussions, forums, or virtual study groups. Share your thoughts, ask questions, and engage in discussions with your classmates and instructors. This can help you stay connected, expand your understanding of the course material, and develop critical thinking skills.
Complete Interactive Coursework
Many online courses include interactive coursework, such as quizzes, assignments, or simulations. Complete these activities actively and thoughtfully, as they can provide valuable opportunities for applying and reinforcing your learning. Engage with the content, think critically, and reflect on your responses to deepen your understanding of the material.
Collaborate with Peers
Collaborate with your peers on group assignments, projects, or discussions. Engage in meaningful discussions, share ideas, and learn from each other’s perspectives. Undoubtedly, collaboration can foster a sense of community and create a more interactive and dynamic learning experience.
If you have questions or need clarification on course material, do not hesitate to seek help from your instructors or classmates. Use discussion forums, email, or virtual office hours to ask questions and engage in discussions. Active participation and seeking clarification can enhance your understanding of the course material and ensure that you are on the right track.
Set Goals and Reflect
Set goals for your online learning experience and regularly reflect on your progress. Reflect on your strengths and areas for improvement. Then, identify strategies to enhance your engagement.
Create a Support System
Create a support system of peers, mentors, or family members. These people should be able to encourage, motivate, and support you throughout your journey. Hence, connect with your classmates, and form study groups. You can also take advantage of virtual networking opportunities. A support system helps you to stay energised, accountable, and engaged in your online learning experience.
Taking Care of Your Well-being: Managing Stress and Maintaining a Healthy Balance
Online learning requires you to manage multiple responsibilities. You also have to adapt to a different learning environment. As a result, you must be conscious of your well-being.
Here are some strategies for managing stress and maintaining a healthy balance:
Make self-care a priority. Get enough sleep, eat healthily, and exercise regularly. Take breaks during your study sessions to relax, stretch, or do activities that you enjoy. Practising self-care can help you manage stress, maintain focus, and stay energized.
Identify and manage sources of stress. Break tasks into smaller, manageable chunks, set realistic expectations, and avoid overloading yourself with too many responsibilities. Practice stress-reducing techniques, such as deep breathing, mindfulness, or meditation. Seek support from friends, family, or mental health professionals if you feel overwhelmed.
Maintain a Healthy Work-life Balance
It’s essential to maintain a healthy balance between your online learning and other responsibilities. Set boundaries, create a schedule that allows for personal time, and avoid overworking. Additionally, make time for activities that you enjoy. Such activities may include hobbies, spending time with loved ones, or engaging in physical activities.
Practice Time Management
Effective time management is crucial for managing stress and maintaining a healthy balance. Prioritize your tasks, create a study schedule, and avoid procrastination. Therefore, by managing your time effectively, you can prevent last-minute cramming and reduce stress related to deadlines.
Foster Social Connections
Online learning can sometimes be a lonely journey. So, it is important to foster social connections to maintain your well-being.
First, participate in virtual discussions and engage in group activities.
Second, connect with your peers through social media or virtual meetups.
Next, build social connections to provide emotional support and reduce stress.
Finally, create a sense of community in your online learning experience.
Overcoming Challenges in Online Learning
Online learning may come with its fair share of challenges. However, these strategies can help you overcome them:
Technical issues such as poor internet connectivity, hardware problems, or software glitches can disrupt your online learning experience. In order to play it safe, ensure that you have a reliable internet connection and access to updated hardware and software. If your internet isn’t stable, try other internet service providers in your country. Be proactive in troubleshooting technical issues and seek help from technical support or classmates if needed.
Time management is a big issue for many people not only students. While managing your time effectively in an online learning environment is tough, you can still stand out. First of all, you need to balance multiple responsibilities. As such, create a study schedule, set clear goals, and prioritize your tasks. Additionally, avoid multitasking and focus on one task at a time. Lastly, use time management tools, such as calendars or to-do lists, to stay organized and on track.
As you already know, procrastination is never a friend to your success. But how do you overcome it? Well, set deadlines for yourself, break tasks into smaller, manageable chunks, and hold yourself accountable. Use positive reinforcement, such as rewarding yourself after completing a task, to motivate yourself.
Lack of Motivation
Whereas staying motivated in an online learning environment can be challenging, there are still some prudent ways to excel. Thus, engage in activities that inspire and motivate you, such as reading the success stories of others who have thrived in online learning.
Distractions are a major challenge in online learning. Fundamentally, there are distractions at home, ie. social media, household chores, or family responsibilities. Fortunately, you can create a dedicated study space that is free from distractions. Additionally, turn off notifications on your devices. Finally, communicate your study schedule with your family members. Don’t forget to practise self-discipline and stay focused on your tasks.
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grinding - Search Results
Articles About grinding
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One process for hard finishing gears is generating gear grinding. Due to its high process efficiency, generating gear grinding has replaced other grinding processes such as profile grinding in batch production of small- and middle-sized gears. Yet despite the wide industrial application of generating gear grinding, the process design is based on experience along with time- and cost-intensive trials. The science-based analysis of generating gear grinding demands a high amount of time and effort, and only a few published scientific analyses exist. In this report a thermo-mechanical process model that describes influences on the surface zone in generating gear grinding is introduced.
The grinding of gears with dish wheels (Maad type grinding machines) is widely viewed as the most precise method of gear grinding because of the very short and simple kinematic links between the gear and the tool, and also because the cutting edges of the wheels represent planar surfaces. However, in this grinding method, depending on the parameters of the gears and one of the adjustments (such as the number of teeth encompassed by the grinding wheels), so-called overtravel at the tip or at the root of the teeth being ground generally occurs. When this happens, machining with only one wheel takes place. As a result, the profile error and the length of the generating path increases while productivity decreases.
Dressable vitrified bond CBN grinding tools combine the advantages of other common tool systems in generating gear grinding. Yet despite those technological advantages, there is only a small market distribution of these grinding tools due to high tool costs. Furthermore, scant literature exists regarding generating gear grinding with dressable CBN. This is especially true regarding the influence of the grinding tool system on manufacturing-related component properties. The research objective of this report is to determine the advantages of dressable CBN tools in generating gear grinding.
The merits of CBN physical characteristics over conventional aluminum oxide abrasives in grinding performance are reviewed. Improved surface integrity and consistency in drive train products can be achieved by the high removal rate of the CBN grinding process. The influence of CBN wheel surface conditioning procedure on grinding performance is also discussed.
Power train designs which employ gears with cone angles of approximately 2 degrees to 5 degrees have become quite common. It is difficult, if not impossible, to grind these gears on conventional bevel gear grinding machines. Cylindrical gear grinding machines are better suited for this task. This article will provide an overview of this option and briefly introduce four grinding variation possibilities.
Until recently, form gear grinding was conducted almost exclusively with dressable, conventional abrasive grinding wheels. In recent years, preformed, plated Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) wheels have been introduced to this operation and a considerable amount of literature has been published that claim that conventional grinding wheels will be completely replaced in the future. The superior machining properties of the CBN wheel are not disputed in this paper.
This article investigates fillet features consequent to tooth grinding by generating methods. Fillets resulting from tooth cutting and tooth grinding at different pressure angles and with different positions of grinding wheel are compared. Ways to improve the final fillet of the ground teeth with regard to tooth strength and noise, as well as the grinding conditions, are shown. "Undergrinding" is defined and special designs for noiseless gears are described.
This article shows the newest developments to reduce overall cycle time in grinding wind power gears, including the use of both profile grinding and threaded wheel grinding.
Excessive machine tool vibration during a precision grinding operation can result in poor workpiece quality in the form of chatter, rough finishes, burn, etc. One possible reason for excessive vibration is directly associated with the relationship between natural frequencies of a machine tool system and the operating speed of the grinding wheel spindle.
Because of the better thermal conductivity of CBN abrasives compared to that of conventional aluminum oxide wheels, CBN grinding process, which induces residual compressive stresses into the component, and possibly improves the subsequent stress behavior. This thesis is the subject of much discussion. In particular, recent Japanese publications claim great advantages for the process with regard to an increased component load capacity, but do not provide further details regarding the technology, test procedures or components investigated. This situation needs clarification, and for the this reason the effect of the CBN grinding material on the wear behavior and tooth face load capacity of continuously generated ground gears was further investigated.
It isn't for everyone, but... Within the installed base of modern CNC gear profile grinding machines (approximately 542 machines worldwide), grinding from the solid isn't frequent, but a growing number of gear profile grinder users are applying it successfully using CBN-plated wheels.
Gear grinding is one of the most expensive and least understood aspects of gear manufacturing. But with pressures for reduced noise, higher quality and greater efficiency, gear grinding appears to be on the rise.
In the quest for ever more exacting and compact commercial gears, precision abrasives are playing a key production role - a role that can shorten cycle time, reduce machining costs and meet growing market demand for such requirements as light weights, high loads, high speed and quiet operation. Used in conjunction with high-quality grinding machines, abrasives can deliver a level of accuracy unmatched by other manufacturing techniques, cost-effectively meeting AGMA gear quality levels in the 12 to 15 range. Thanks to advances in grinding and abrasive technology, machining has become one of the most viable means to grind fast, strong and quiet gears.
This article deals with certain item to be taken into consideration for gear grinding, common problems that arise in gear grinding and their solutions. The discussion will be limited to jobbing or low-batch production environments, where experimental setup and testing is not possible for economic and other reasons.
Modern gearboxes are characterized by high torque load demands, low running noise and compact design. In order to fulfill these demands, profile and lead modifications are being applied more often than in the past. This paper will focus on how to produce profile and lead modifications by using the two most common grinding processes—threaded wheel and profile grinding. In addition, more difficult modifications—such as defined flank twist or topological flank corrections—will also be described in this paper.
When gears are case-hardened, it is known that some growth and redistribution of stresses that result in geometric distortion will occur. Aerospace gears require post case-hardening grinding of the gear teeth to achieve necessary accuracy. Tempering of the case-hardened surface, commonly known as grinding burn, occurs in the manufacturing process when control of the heat generation at the surface is lost.
Grinding is a technique of finish-machining, utilizing an abrasive wheel. The rotating abrasive wheel, which id generally of special shape or form, when made to bear against a cylindrical shaped workpiece, under a set of specific geometrical relationships, will produce a precision spur or helical gear. In most instances the workpiece will already have gear teeth cut on it by a primary process, such as hobbing or shaping. There are essentially two techniques for grinding gears: form and generation. The basic principles of these techniques, with their advantages and disadvantages, are presented in this section.
Generating gear grinding is one of the most important finishing processes for small and medium-sized gears, its process design often determined by practical knowledge. Therefore a manufacturing simulation with the capability to calculate key values for the process — such as the specific material removal rate — is developed here. Indeed, this paper presents first results of a model for a local analysis of the value. Additionally, an empirical formula — based on a multiple regression model for a global value describing the process — is provided.
Flexibility and productivity are the keywords in today’s grinding operations. Machines are becoming more flexible as manufacturers look for ways to produce more parts at a lower cost. What used to take two machines or more now takes just one.
In order to improve load-carrying capacity and noise behavior, gears usually have profile and lead modifications. Furthermore, in gears where a specified tooth-flank load application direction (for drive and coast flanks) is a design enhancement, or even compulsory, the asymmetric tooth profile is a further solution. Nowadays, many gears need to be hard finished. Continuous generating grinding offers a very high process efficiency, but is this process able to grind all modifications, especially asymmetric gears? Yes, it is!
The goal of gear drive design is to transit power and motion with constant angular velocity. Current trends in gear drive design require greater load carrying capacity and increased service life in smaller, quieter, more efficient gearboxes. Generally, these goals are met by specifying more accurate gears. This, combined with the availability of user-friendly CNC gear grinding equipment, has increased the use of ground gears.
This paper presents the results of a study performed to measure the change in residual stress that results from the finish grinding of carburized gears. Residual stresses were measured in five gears using the x-ray diffraction equipment in the Large Specimen Residual Stress Facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
The benefits of ground gears are well known. They create less noise, transmit more power and have longer lives than non-ground gears. But grinding has always been thought of as an expensive process, one that was necessary only for aerospace or other high-tech gear manufacturing.
The bevel gear grinding process, with conventional wheels, has been limited to applications where the highest level of quality is required.
New divisions, open houses and the continued rise of the Industrial Internet of Things - There's been a lot going on in gear grinding in the past year.
Recent breakthroughs in profile grinding software are helping Anderson Precision Gears and others meet wind power’s insatiable appetite for faster production of large, high-quality gears.
Modern manufacturing processes have become an ally of the product designer in producing higher quality, higher performing components in the transportation industry. This is particularly true in grinding systems where the physical properties of CBN abrasives have been applied to improving cycle times, dimensional consistency, surface integrity and overall costs. Of these four factors, surface integrity offers the greatest potential for influencing the actual design of highly stressed, hardened steel components.
The fundamental purpose of gear grinding is to consistently and economically produce "hard" or "soft" gear tooth elements within the accuracy required by the gear functions. These gear elements include tooth profile, tooth spacing, lead or parallelism, axial profile, pitch line runout, surface finish, root fillet profile, and other gear geometry which contribute to the performance of a gear train.
For over 50 years, grinding has been an accepted method of choice for improving the quality of gears and other parts by correcting heat treat distortions. Gears with quality levels better than AGMA 10-11 or DIN 6-7 are hard finished, usually by grinding. Other applications for grinding include, but are not limited to, internal/external and spur/helical gear and spline forms, radius forms, threads and serrations, compressor rotors, gerotors, ball screw tracks, worms, linear ball tracks, rotary pistons, vane pump rotators, vane slots, and pump spindles.
Grinding of bevel and hypoid gears creates on the surface a roughness structure with lines that are parallel to the root. Imperfections of those lines often repeat on preceding teeth, leading to a magnification of the amplitudes above the tooth mesh frequency and their higher harmonics. This phenomenon is known in grinding and has led in many cylindrical gear applications to an additional finishing operation (honing). Until now, in bevel and hypoid gear grinding, a short time lapping of pinion and gear after the grinding operation, is the only possibility to change the surface structure from the strongly root line oriented roughness lines to a diffuse structure.
This paper acknowledges the wide variety of manufacturing processes--especially in grinding--utlized in the production of bevel gears...
The latest machines, tooling and technology for gear grinding were featured at IMTS 2012.
Bevel gear manufacturers live in one of two camps: the face hobbing/lapping camp, and the face milling/grinding camp.
This machine concept facilitates highly productive profile grinding for large workpieces. The range for external and internal gears comprises models for manufacturing workpieces up to 2,000 millimeters – for industrial gear units, wind power, and marine propulsion applications
Instances of damage to discontinuous form ground and surface-hardened gears, especially of large scale, have recently increased. This may be attributed partly to a faulty grinding process with negative effects on the surface zones and the surface properties.
The hobbing and generation grinding production processes are complex due to tool geometry and kinematics. Expert knowledge and extensive testing are required for a clear attribution of cause to work piece deviations. A newly developed software tool now makes it possible to simulate the cutting procedure of the tool and superimpose systematic deviations on it. The performance of the simulation software is illustrated here with practical examples. The new simulation tool allows the user to accurately predict the effect of errors. With this knowledge, the user can design and operate optimal, robust gearing processes.
Liebherr is well-known as one of the world’s largest privately owned companies — a titan in heavy industry specializing in cranes, trucks and mammoth earth moving and mining equipment.
In comparison to the visionary Industry 4.0 - or the Fourth Industrial Revolution - the machine tool industry can appear rather down-to-earth.
An analysis of possibilities for the selection of tool geometry parameters was made in order to reduce tooth profile errors during the grinding of gears by different methods. The selection of parameters was based on the analysis of he grid diagram of a gear and a rack. Some formulas and graphs are presented for the selection of the pressure angle, module and addendum of the rack-tool. The results from the grinding experimental gears confirm the theoretical analysis.
Much of the existing guidelines for making large, high-performance gears for wind turbine gearboxes exhibit a need for improvement. Consider: the large grinding stock used to compensate for heat treatment distortion can significantly reduce manufacturing productivity; and, materials and manufacturing processes are two other promising avenues to improvement. The work presented here investigates quenchable alloy steels that, combined with specifically developed Case-hardening and heat treatment processes, exhibits reduced distortion and, in turn, requires a smaller grinding stock.
When hardened steel components are ground, there is always the possibility of damage to the steel in the form of residual stress or microstructural changes. Methods for detecting this sort of damage have always had one or more drawbacks, such as cost, time, complexity, subjectivity, or the use of hazardous chemicals.
When Dr. Hermann J. Stadtfeld speaks, people tend to listen. Considered one of the world’s foremost experts on bevel gears, Stadtfeld, the vice president of bevel gear technology at Gleason, recently revealed several cutting-edge advancements that the company has been working on.
Whether you spent time at Gear Expo in Indianapolis or EMO in Hannover, there was certainly new technology attracting attention. Machine tools are faster, more efficient and can integrate numerous functions in a single setup. Grinding technology is turning science upside down and inside out with high-speed removal rates and increased throughput.
The grinding/abrasives market is rapidly changing, thanks to new technology, more flexibility and an attempt to lower customer costs. Productivity is at an all-time high in this market, and it’s only going to improve with further R&D. By the time IMTS 2014 rolls around this September, the gear market will have lots of new toys and gadgets to offer potential customers. If you haven’t upgraded any grinding/abrasives equipment in the last five years, now might be a good time to consider the investment.
The quality of a gear and its performance is determined by the following five parameters, which should be specified for each gear: Pitch diameter, involute form, lead accuracy, spacing accuracy, and true axis of rotation. The first four parameters can be measured or charted and have to be within tolerance with respect to the fifth. Pitch diameter, involute, lead, and spacing of a gear can have master gear quality when measured or charted on a testing machine, but the gear might perform badly if the true axis of rotation after installation is no longer the same one used when testing the gear.
Grinding in one form or another has been used for more than 50 years to correct distortions in gears caused by the high temperatures and quenching techniques associated with hardening. Grinding improves the lead, involute and spacing characteristics. This makes the gear capable of carrying the high loads and running at the high pitch line velocities required by today's most demanding applications. Gears that must meet or exceed the accuracy requirements specified by AGMA Quality 10-11 or DIN Class 6-7 must be ground or hard finished after hear treatment.
Borazon is a superabrasive material originally developed by General Electric in 1969. It is a high performance material for machining of high alloy ferrous and super alloy materials. Borazon CBN - Cubic Born Nitride - is manufactured with a high temperature, high pressure process similar to that utilized with man-made diamond. Borazon is, next to diamond, the hardest abrasive known; it is more than twice as hard as aluminum oxide. It has an extremely high thermal strength compared to diamond. It is also much less chemically reactive with iron, cobalt or nickel alloys.
This paper intends to determine the load-carrying capacity of thermally damaged parts under rolling stress. Since inspection using real gears is problematic, rollers are chosen as an acceptable substitute. The examined scope of thermal damage from hard finishing extends from undamaged, best-case parts to a rehardening zone as the worst case. Also, two degrees of a tempered zone have been examined.
Guidelines are insurance against mistakes in the often detailed work of gear manufacturing. Gear engineers, after all, can't know all the steps for all the processes used in their factories.
When you push 850 horsepower and 9,000 rpm through a racing transmission, you better hope it stands up. Transmission cases and gears strewn all over the racetrack do nothing to enhance your standing, nor that of your transmission supplier.
In order to grind gears burn-free and as productively as possible, a better understanding of the process is required.
A considerable improvement in the performance of the machining of hard to grind materials can be achieved by means of CBN wheels.
Machine tool companies are expanding capabilities to better accommodate the changing face of manufacturing. Customers want smaller-sized equipment to take up less valuable floor space, multifunctional machines that can handle a variety of operations and easy set-up changes that offer simplified operation and maintenance.
In conventional gear grinders, grinding wheels with Alundum grains and a hardness of about 2000 HV have been used for finishing steel gears with hardnesses up to about 1000HV. In this case, the accuracy of the gears ground is greatly affected by wear of the grinding wheel because the difference in hardness is comparatively small when the gears are fully hardened.
This paper introduces the latest process developments for the hard-finishing of gears, specifically in regard to controlling the so-called flank twist.
New freedom of motion available with CNC generators make possible improving tooth contact on bevel and hypoid gears. Mechanical machines by their nature are inflexible and require a special mechanism for every desired motion. These mechanisms are generally exotic and expensive. As a result, it was not until the introduction of CNC generators that engineers started exploring motion possibilities and their effect on tooth contact.
With increasingly smaller returns from improving the speed of the actual gear grinding process, improving your setup time has become a primary way to keep improving efficiency. Here's the latest on how you can do that today.
Looking for some simple yet useful advice heading into IMTS 2016? Never second guess your machine tool investment. Flexibility is a mandatory requirement in gear manufacturing today. Accuracy, reliability and efficiency must improve with each new machine tool purchase. Innovation is always the end game. So it comes as no surprise that IMTS 2016 attendees will have plenty of gear grinding technologies to consider this fall.
Could you explain to me the difference between spiral bevel gear process face hobbing-lapping, face milling-grinding and Klingelnberg HPG? Which one is better for noise, load capacity and quality?
For two days in Saline, Michigan, Liebherr's clients, customers and friends came together to discuss the latest gear products and technology. Peter Wiedemann, president of Liebherr Gear Technology Inc., along with Dr.-Ing. Alois Mundt, managing director, Dr.-Ing. Oliver Winkel, head of application technology, and Dr.-Ing. Andreas Mehr, technology development shaping and grinding, hosted a variety of informative presentations.
Analysis of helical involute gears by tooth contact analysis shows that such gears are very sensitive to angular misalignment leading to edge contact and the potential for high vibration. A new topology of tooth surfaces of helical gears that enables a favorable bearing contact and a reduced level of vibration is described. Methods for grinding helical gears with the new topology are proposed. A TCA program simulating the meshing and contact of helical gears with the new topology has been developed. Numerical examples that illustrate the proposed ideas are discussed.
"Documentation is not a Substitute for an Intuitive Interface." The author explores the development of modern controls for a CNC gear grinding machine.
For maximum life in carburized and ground gearing, I have been advised that fully grinding a radius into the root gives maximum resistance against fatigue failures. Others have advised that a hobbed and unground radius root form is best. Which is best, and why?
A different method to produce a sample that has a very consistent amount of thermal damage.
A reader wants to know: Are profile ground and hobbed globoidal worm sets better than multi-axis CNC generated globoidal worm gear sets for reduction of noise and vibration?
Ground bevel and hypoid gears have a designed motion error that defines parts of their NVH behavior. The surface structure is defined by the hard finishing process.
In the design process of transmissions, one major criterion is the resulting noise emission of the powertrain due to gear excitation. Within the past years, much investigation has shown that the noise emission can be attributed to quasi-static transmission error. Therefore, the transmission error can be used for a tooth contact analysis in the design process, as well as a characteristic value for quality assurance by experimental inspections.
Gear Technology interviews Scott Yoders of Liebherr about the latest gear machining technologies of relevance to automotive manufacturers.
THE FINAL CHAPTER This is the last in the series of chapters excerpted from Dr. Hermann J. Stadtfeld's Gleason Bevel Gear Technology - a book written for specialists in planning, engineering, gear design and manufacturing. The work also addresses the technical information needs of researchers, scientists and students who deal with the theory and practice of bevel gears and other angular gear systems. While all of the above groups are of course of invaluable importance to the gear industry, it is surely the students who hold the key to its future. And with that knowledge it is reassuring to hear from Dr. Stadtfeld of the enthusiastic response he has received from younger readers of these chapter installments.
When a customer needed gears delivered in three weeks, here’s how Brevini Wind got it done.
Hofler Rapid 6000 Makes North American Debut at Highway Machine Company.
Hard Gear Finishing (HGF), a relatively new technology, represents an advance in gear process engineering. The use of Computer Numerical Controlled (CNC) equipment ensures a high precision synchronous relationship between the tool spindle and the work spindle as well as other motions, thereby eliminating the need for gear trains. A hard gear finishing machine eliminates problems encountered in two conventional methods - gear shaving, which cannot completely correct gear errors in gear teeth, and gear rolling, which lacks the ability to remove stock and also drives the workpiece without a geared relationship to the master rolling gear. Such a machine provides greater accuracy, reducing the need for conventional gear crowning, which results in gears of greater face width than necessary.
Profitable hard machining of tooth flanks in mass production has now become possible thanks to a number of newly developed production methods. As used so far, the advantages of hard machining over green shaving or rolling are the elaborately modified tooth flanks are produced with a scatter of close manufacturing tolerances. Apart from an increase of load capacity, the chief aim is to solve the complex problem of reducing the noise generation by load-conditioned kinematic modifications of the tooth mesh. In Part II, we shall deal with operating sequences and machining results and with gear noise problems.
Tom Lang of Kapp Technologies shares his views on the trends affecting ground gears.
New machine promises DIN 2 accuracy and unique features at low cost.
The honing of gears - by definition - facilitates ease of operation, low noise and smoother performance in a transmission. Honing also contributes to reduced friction in the powertrain. Both the intense cutting (roughing process) as well as the functionally fine- finishing of transmission gears can be performed in one setup, on one machine.
This paper initially defines bias error—the “twisted tooth phenomenon.” Using illustrations, we explain that bias error is a by-product of applying conventional, radial crowning methods to produced crowned leads on helical gears. The methods considered are gears that are finished, shaped, shaved, form and generated ground. The paper explains why bias error occurs in these methods and offers techniques used to limit/eliminate bias error. Sometimes, there may be a possibility to apply two methods to eliminate bias error. In those cases, the pros/cons of these methods will be reviewed.
After shaping or hobbing, the tooth flanks must be either chamfered or duburred. Here it is paramount that the secondary burr produced will not be formed into the flank, but to the face of the gear, because during hardening, the secondary burr will straighten up and, due to its extreme hardness, will lead to excessive tool wear.
The GS:TE-LM thread grinder from Drake Manufacturing is fitted with a robot load/unload system that provides maximum throughput for high-volume production of ground threads.
Gleason 350GMS helps put higher quality, more reliable gears into its next-generation TC10 automatic transmission.
When designing hardened and ground spur gears to operate with minimum noise, what are the parameters to be considered? should tip and/or root relief be applied to both wheel and pinion or only to one member? When pinions are enlarged and he wheel reduced, should tip relief be applied? What are the effects on strength, wear and noise? For given ratios with enlarged pinions and reduced wheels, how can the gear set sized be checked or adjusted to ensure that the best combination has been achieved?
Cubitron II wheels are put to the test in this case study.
The complete Industry News section from the July 2014 issue of Gear Technology.
Every so often manufacturing is jolted out of its inertia by a transformative technology – one that fundamentally changes not only the way products are made, but also the economics of the business.
Non-uniform gear wear changes gear topology and affects the noise performance of a hypoid gear set. The aggregate results under certain vehicle driving conditions could potentially result in unacceptable vehicle noise performance in a short period of time. This paper presents the effects of gear surface parameters on gear wear and the measurement/testing methods used to quantify the flank wear in laboratory tests.
Previews of manufacturing technology related to gears that will be on display at IMTS 2012.
Gear noise associated with tooth surface topography is a fundamental problem in many applications. Operations such as shaving, gear grinding and gear honing are usually used to finish the gear surface. Often, gears have to be treated by a combination of these operations, e.g. grinding and honing. This is because gear honing operations do not remove enough stock although they do create a surface lay favorable for quiet operation. See Fig. 1 for typical honing process characteristics. Gear grinding processes, on the other hand, do remove stock efficiently but create a noisy surface lay.
Spur gear surface endurance tests were conducted to investigate CBN ground AISI 9310 spur gears for use in aircraft applications, to determine their endurance characteristics and to compare the results with the endurance of standard vitreous ground AISI 9310 spur gears. Tests were conducted with VIM-VAR AISI 9210 carburized and hardened gears that were finish ground with either CBN or vitreous grinding methods. Test conditions were an inlet oil temperature of 320 K (116 degree F), an outlet oil temperature of 350 K (170 degree F), a maximum Hertz stress of 1.71 GPa (248 ksi), and a speed of 10,000 rpm. The CBN ground gears exhibited a surface fatigue life that was slightly better than the vitreous ground gears. The subsurface residual stress of the CBN ground gears was approximately the same as that for the standard vitreous ground gears for the CBN grinding method used.
Question: When evaluating charts from a gear inspection machine, it is sometimes found that the full length of the profile traces vary, and that sometimes they are less than the length of active profile (above start of active profile-SAP) by up to 20%. This condition could be caused by a concentricity error between tooth grinding and shaping, or by unequal stock removal when grinding. (See Fig. 1.) Is it possible that some of the variation is coming from the inspection machine? How can variation from the inspection machine be reduced?
When it comes to setting the standard for gear making, the auto industry often sets the pace. Thus when automakers went to grinding after hardening to assure precision, so did the machine shops that specialize in gearing. But in custom manufacturing of gears in small piece counts, post-heat treat grinding can grind away profits too.
When manufacturing powder metal (PM) gears lead crowning is not achievable in the compaction process. This has to be accomplished either by shaving, grinding or honing. Each of these processes has their merits and draw backs. When employing rolling using a roll burnishing machine lead crowning can be accomplished but due to errors in profile a hard finishing operation such as grinding is used by the industry. In this paper a helical PM gear that has sufficient tolerance class after rolling has been tested in a test rig for durability and the wear has been studied.
C & B Machinery Meets Rigorous Demands with Installation of Manufacturing Cell.
In order to increase the load carrying capacity of hardened gears, the distortion of gear teeth caused by quenching must be removed by precision cutting (skiving) and/or grinding. In the case of large gears with large modules, skiving by a carbide hob is more economical than grinding when the highest accuracy is not required.
In the past, the blades of universal face hobbing cutters had to be resharpened on three faces. Those three faces formed the active part of the blade. In face hobbing, the effective cutting direction changes dramatically with respect to the shank of the blade. Depending on the individual ratio, it was found that optimal conditions for the chip removal action (side rake, side relief and hook angle) could just be established by adjusting all major parameters independently. This, in turn, results automatically in the need for the grinding or resharpening of the front face and the two relief surfaces in order to control side rake, hook angle and the relief and the relief angles of the cutting and clearance side.
Grinding fluids from Norton|Saint-Gobain, digital micrometer from Mahr, grinding centers from Haas Multigrind, updated software from KISSsoft.
Traditionally, high-quality gears are cut to shape from forged blanks. Great accuracy can be obtained through shaving and grinding of tooth forms, enhancing the power capacity, life and quietness of geared power transmissions. In the 1950s, a process was developed for forging gears with teeth that requires little or no metal to be removed to achieve final geometry. The initial process development was undertaken in Germany for the manufacture of bevel gears for automobile differentials and was stimulated by the lack of available gear cutting equipment at that time. Later attention has turned to the forging of spur and helical gears, which are more difficult to form due to the radial disposition of their teeth compared with bevel gears. The main driver of these developments, in common with most component manufacturing, is cost. Forming gears rather than cutting them results in increased yield from raw material and also can increase productivity. Forging gears is therefore of greater advantage for large batch quantities, such as required by the automotive industry.
New grinding machines, multi-tasking machines, gear software and tools for gear manufacturers.
Manufacturing involute gears using form grinding or form milling wheels are beneficial to hobs in some special cases, such as small scale production and, the obvious, manufacture of internal gears. To manufacture involute gears correctly the form wheel must be purpose-designed, and in this paper the geometry of the form wheel is determined through inverse calculation. A mathematical model is presented where it is possible to determine the machined gear tooth surface in three dimensions, manufactured by this tool, taking the finite number of cutting edges into account. The model is validated by comparing calculated results with the observed results of a gear manufactured by an indexable insert milling cutter.
Vibration and noise from wind turbines can be significantly influenced - and therefore reduced - by selecting suitable gearing modifications. New options provided by manufacturers of machine tools and grinding machines, and especially state-of-the-art machines and controls, provide combined gearing modifications - or topological gearing corrections - that can now be reliably machined. Theoretical investigations of topological modifications are discussed here with the actual machining and their possible use.
High demands for cost-effectiveness and improved product quality can be achieved via a new low pressure carburizing process with high pressure gas quenching. Up to 50% of the heat treatment time can be saved. Furthermore, the distortion of the gear parts could be reduced because of gas quenching, and grinding costs could be saved. This article gives an overview of the principles of the process technology and the required furnace technology. Also, some examples of practical applications are presented.
Traditionally, a worm or a multi-stage gear box has been used when a large speed ratio is required. However, such boxes will become obsolete as size and efficiency become increasingly important considerations for a modern transmission. The single-enveloped worm gear has a maximum speed ratio of only 40 to 60. Its efficiency is only 30 to 60 per cent. The necessity of using bronze for the worm gear and grinding nitoalloy steel for the worm drives up material and manufacturing costs.
When parts you manufacture pass through numerous processes such as deep hole drilling, machining, hobbing and grinding, a CMM is essential when your customers require 100 percent in-process and final inspection.
Beveloid gears are used to accommodate a small shaft angle. The manufacturing technology used for beveloid gearing is a special setup of cylindrical gear cutting and grinding machines. A new development, the so-called Hypoloid gearing, addresses the desire of gear manufacturers for more freedoms. Hypoloid gear sets can realize shaft angles between zero and 20° and at the same time, allow a second shaft angle (or an offset) in space that provides the freedom to connect two points in space.
Cubic boron nitride (CBN) finishing of carburized gearing has been shown to have certain economic and geometric advantages and, as a result, it has been applied to a wide variety of precision gears in many different applications. In critical applications such as aerospace drive systems, however, any new process must be carefully evaluated before it is used in a production application. Because of the advantages associated with this process, a test program was instituted to evaluate the load capacity of aerospace-quality gears finished by the CBN process as compared to geometrically identical gears finished by conventional grinding processes. This article presents a brief description of the CBN process, its advantages in an aerospace application, and the results of an extensive test program conducted by Boeing Helicopters (BH) aimed at an evaluation of the effects of this process on the scoring, surface durability, and bending fatigue properties of spur gears. In addition, the results of an x-ray diffraction study to determine the surface and subsurface residual stress distributions of both shot-peened and nonshot-peened CBN-ground gears as compared to similar conventionally ground gears are also presented.
For this interview, we spoke with George Wyss, president, and Dennis Richmond, vice president of Reishauer Corporation about gear grinding and its place in gear manufacturing today.
"A Decade of Performance" is the theme of the American Gear Manufacturers Association Gear Expo 97, to be held October 19-22 at Detroit's Cobo Hall. Products and services related to every aspect of the gear manufacturing process, from turning and grinding the blanks to coating and inspection of the gears,will be represented at the show.
The capabilities and limitations of manufacturing gears by conventional means are well-known and thoroughly documented. In the search to enhance or otherwise improve the gear-making process, manufacturing methods have extended beyond chip-cutting - hobbing, broaching, shaping, shaving, grinding, etc. and their inherent limitations based on cutting selection and speed, feed rates, chip thickness per tooth, cutting pressure, cutter deflection, chatter, surface finish, material hardness, machine rigidity, tooling, setup and other items.
I'm a big believer in the value of IMTS as a marketplace where gear manufacturers can go and look at the latest machine tools and processes; compare hobbing machines, gear grinders and inspection equipment; see turning, milling or grinding machines in action; and ask questions of the various vendors all in one place. This year's IMTS promised to be the biggest ever, and I have no doubt that it will be a valuable experience to those who go there looking for ways to improve the way they manufacture products.
News Items About grinding
1 United Grinding to Display Innovations at GrindTec 2014 (January 27, 2014)
United Grinding, the largest single-source provider of complete and integrated grinding solutions, will showcase its latest grinding, ero... Read News
2 Burka-Kosmos Offers Latest Grinding Wheel (February 3, 2014)
The Mira Ice product line of gear grinding wheels was developed in order to meet the requirements of profile grinding larger gears. A new... Read News
3 Supertec to Present Seven New Grinding Machines at IMTS (June 16, 2010)
Supertec Machinery will exhibit seven new grinding machine models/types at this year's IMTS. They will be located in the Grinding Pav... Read News
4 CIMCOOL 609 Designed for Grinding Performance (June 29, 2011)
CIMCOOL Fluid Technology has created CIMTECH 609, an innovative hybrid developed for superior grinding performance and excellent machinin... Read News
5 Industry Gathers for United Grinding Symposium (June 24, 2014)
The world's largest event in the grinding machine industry drew to a close in Thun (Switzerland) with an enthusiastic audience. Every... Read News
6 Junker Acquires Majority Share in Brazilian Grinding Machine Manufacturer (March 19, 2015)
The Junker Group recently added Brazilian grinding machine manufacturer ZEMA to its corporate group. ZEMA was founded back in 1953, has m... Read News
7 True Gear & Spline Increases Grinding Capacity With New Niles ZP 12 (June 26, 2015)
True Gear& Spline Ltd. recently added CNC gear profile grinding to their machining capabilities with their newly installed Niles ZP 1... Read News
8 Hewland Engineering Expands Grinding Capabilities (May 13, 2015)
Hewland Engineering recently announced a multi-million pound investment in state-of-the-art spiral bevel grinding capability, due to arri... Read News
9 Kapp Offers Advancements in Gear Grinding (April 23, 2012)
Two grinding machines with flexible process capabilities will be on display at booth N-7036 at the IMTS in Chicago, Illinois, September 1... Read News
10 Junker Group Extends Grinding Machine Range with Corundum Line (June 4, 2018)
The Junker Group has extended its range of grinding machines: With its new Zema corundum line, the company is offering efficient solution... Read News
11 Gleason Offers Wobble Compensation in Gear Grinding (December 27, 2012)
Conventional grinding cycles for cylindrical gears typically involve a significant amount of time dedicated to the manual alignment of th... Read News
12 EMAG Offers Hard Turning and Grinding Advantages (March 12, 2013)
The advantages of the process combination hard turning + grinding lie in process stream consolidation, improved component quality and gre... Read News
13 Körber Schleifring Becomes United Grinding (November 12, 2013)
Körber Schleifring, a global provider of grinding machine technology and its North American arm United Grinding Techologies are now ... Read News
14 C&B Machinery Offers Clamp Bore Disc Grinding Machine (November 22, 2013)
C & B Machinery has received multiple orders for its latest generation Model CBV-3 Clamp Bore disc grinding machine. The automotive i... Read News
15 Ultra Grind Offers Two Meter Grinding Capacity (July 31, 2012)
The Hardinge Grinding Group introduces a new 2-meter capacity, UltraGrind 2000 grinding machine manufactured by Jones & Shipman, a Ke... Read News
16 Oelheld Develops HSS Grinding Oil (January 24, 2014)
SintoGrind HSS was especially developed for profile and flute grinding of steel alloys and in particular for High-Speed-Steel and medical... Read News
17 Grinding Wheel Improves Surface Finish (October 29, 2009)
The SK23w ceramic grinding wheel specification from Burka-Kosmos drastically increases the Q'w and V'w rates. This type of grindi... Read News
18 Junker Builds New Platform for Cylindrical and Non-Cylindrical Grinding of Workpieces (June 24, 2015)
Junker recently built a new platform for cylindrical and non-cylindrical grinding of workpieces with a swing diameter of 470 mm and a par... Read News
19 Haas Multigrind CA and CB Machines Utilize High-Capacity Grinding Wheel Shelf Magazines (August 3, 2017)
All Haas Multigrind grinding centers are available with an automatic wheel changer. This feature enables Haas customers to combine ... Read News
20 Röhm KZF-S External Clamping Collet Chucks Designed for Gear Surface Face Grinding (December 7, 2016)
Röhm Products of America now offers a powered external clamping chuck for gear surface face grinding. The KZF-S collet chuck is espe... Read News
21 Junker JUMAT Machine Offers Simultaneous Grinding of ID, OD and Faces of Gears (May 31, 2017)
Junker has introduced the JUMAT 6S 18-20S-18, the latest of Junker's JUMAT series of modular grinding machines, which is capable of g... Read News
22 Service Network and Worcester Polytechnik Launch Grinding Consortium (April 14, 2006)
Service Network is spearheading an effort with Worcester Polytechnic Institute to form a grinding research center located in Worcester, M... Read News
23 Nortons New Gear Grinding Wheels Increase Life of Parallel Axis Spur Gears (April 11, 2006)
The new BRGg VPHS high speed grinding wheels from Saint Gobain are designed to reduce cycle times by increasing metal removal rates. The ... Read News
24 Makinos New Grinding Machining Center Grinds, Drills, Bores and Mills on the Same Machine (January 9, 2007)
Makino introduced the G5 Grinder horizontal machining center, capable of grinding, drilling, boring and milling all on the same machine.... Read News
25 Schafer Gear Adds New Grinding Equipment (May 24, 2007)
Schafer Gear Works invested in new production equipment, including new gear grinding machines in the company's South Bend, IN, and Ro... Read News
26 Sigma Pool Merges All Grinding Activities (February 7, 2005)
Sigma Pool partners have merged all activities in the field of cylindrical gear grinding under the roof of Liebherr-Verzahntechnik GmbH i... Read News
27 Kapp's Rotor Grinding Technology Improves Efficiency by 30 Percent (June 15, 2007)
The Kapp RX 59 allows the rotors used in air compressors to be manufactured on the machines by using a high precision grinding process.Ro... Read News
28 Samputensil Introduces High Capacity Grinding Machine (January 6, 2006)
The new 250G generating grinding machine from Samputensili, introduced at EMO 2005 was developed to achieve a shorter cycle time. Acco... Read News
29 Hewland Installs Klingelnberg Oerlikon G60 Spiral Bevel Gear Grinding Machine (November 16, 2015)
Hewland Engineering recently announce the installation of a Klingelnberg Oerlikon G60 spiral bevel gear grinding machine. Utilizing Kling... Read News
30 United Grinding?s Newest Machine Grinds Shafts and Chucked Workpieces (April 11, 2006)
[photo] The Studen S242 from United Grinding is designed for the hard turning and grinding of high-precision applications for both shaf... Read News
31 Saint-Gobain Introduces Grinding App (August 27, 2012)
Saint-Gobain Abrasives has recently introduced a Norton Abrasives Grinding App. This application includes three calculators includi... Read News
32 New Depressed Center Wheels Introduced by Camel Grinding Wheels (April 6, 2006)
CGW-Camel Grinding Wheels has introduced Fast Cut Series Aluminum Oxide Type 27 Depressed Center Wheels with N-grade bond for right angle... Read News
33 Klingelnberg Opens Blade Grinding Center in Mexico (October 27, 2011)
In August 2011, Klingelnberg's Mexico site was moved to a new facility in Querétaro City. This investment is part of the compa... Read News
34 Gleason Improves Quality for Large Gear Grinding (April 23, 2010)
Gleason's latest generation of Profile Grinding Machines now can be equipped to perform a new process called OPTI-GRIND that signific... Read News
35 Gleason Offers Profile Grinding on Threaded Wheel Gear Grinding Machines (March 27, 2013)
Gleason Corporation recently announced the availability of a Profile Grinding option for its 300TWG Threaded Wheel Grinding Machine... Read News
36 Cinetec Grinding Moves Headquarters to Hagerstown, Maryland (May 29, 2007)
Cinetic Landis Grinding Corp. relocated its headquarters and manufacturing/assembly facility approximately 15 miles to Hagerstown, MD. ... Read News
37 Dapra Offers Grinding and Deburring Tools (October 3, 2011)
Dapra's series of Biax hand-held, air-powered tools include lightweight grinders and variable-speed deburring machines. The SRD 3-55/... Read News
38 Bryant Celebrates 100 Years of Grinding (November 24, 2008)
Bryant Grinder, a division of Vermont Machine Tool Corporation, is celebrating its 100th anniversary in 2009, making it one of the olde... Read News
39 Holroyd Sells Grinding Machines to Chinese Company (December 20, 2011)
U.K.-based Holroyd Machine Tools and Components of Milnrow, Lancashire, a division of the Precision Technologies Group, has announced the... Read News
40 Vomat Filtration Systems Provide 100 Percent Separation of Clean and Dirty Grinding Oil (December 20, 2017)
To manufacture precision tools, tool manufacturers must optimally coordinate all parameters involved in the process such as edge preparat... Read News
41 Elliot Tool Technology Carbide-Roll Burnishing Tools Designed to Eliminate Grinding, Honing and Polishing Processes (May 11, 2016)
Carbide-Roll Burnishing Tools by Elliott Tool Technology, which produce a mirror-like surface finish while eliminating secondary operatio... Read News
42 Saint-Gobain Norton Quantum3 Depressed Center Grinding Wheels Designed to Decrease Downtime, Improve User Comfort (March 29, 2016)
Saint-Gobain Abrasives has introduced Norton Quantum3 (NQ3) Depressed Center Grinding Wheels. Featuring a proprietary grain along with a ... Read News
43 Samputensili SG 160 Sky Grind Introduces Dry Grinding of Gears to Star SU Line (December 24, 2015)
Samputensili has recently launched a world premiere at EMO Milan 2015. The new machine, the SG 160 Sky Grind, is designed to eliminate th... Read News
44 Klingelnberg to Showcase Oerlikon G 30 Bevel Gear Grinding Machine at Gear Expo (September 9, 2015)
Klingelnberg will be exhibiting its capabilities with a presentation of cutting-edge technology “made in Germany” in the form... Read News
45 Chevalier Grinder Features Rough and Fine-Grinding Cycles (February 3, 2017)
The FSG-1224ADIII is fully automatic on the X- and Y-axis, includes 2-axis servo control and a new PLC controller that features a grind c... Read News
46 EMAG VLC 100 GT Combines Vertical Turning and Finish Grinding in One Package (March 31, 2017)
When it comes to machining times, combining various machining processes in one setup offers enormous savings potential. With the combinat... Read News
47 Gleason 410SCG Shaving Cutter Grinding Machine Speeds Up Shaving Cutter Re-Sharpening (November 8, 2017)
Gleason is meeting the global need for fast, high quality re-sharpening of shaving cutters up to 400 mm in diameter and Module 14 with th... Read News
48 DVS Technology Group Presenting Gear Grinding Solutions at EMO (September 20, 2017)
The EMO fair booth of DVS Technology Group in Hall 17, Booth C46 will be focusing on the high-precision machining of components for power... Read News
49 Meister Abrasives HPL Grinding Wheels Naturally Release Lubricant as they Grind (August 17, 2017)
Meister Abrasives new HPL (High Performance Lubrication) Grinding Wheels rely on premium grade CBN crystals fixed with durable, porous, i... Read News
50 ANCA Motion LinX Linear Motor Technology Now Equipped on Grinding Machines for Improved Chip Evacuation (May 18, 2017)
Highly polished flutes and gash surfaces improve chip evacuation and aid tool performance. The smoother surface enables swarf (or chips) ... Read News
51 Gleason Genesis 200GX Threaded Wheel Grinding Machine to be Introduced at Gear Expo (August 5, 2015)
Gleason recently announced it will introduce advanced machines, tooling, and global customer support services covering a wide array of pr... Read News
52 Junker and Zema to Exhibit Gear Grinding Machines Together at EMO Milano (July 30, 2015)
At EMO Milano 2015, Junker Group and Zema will be exhibiting together for the first time in Europe: Zema will be demonstrating a cylindri... Read News
53 PTG to Showcase Grinding in Germany (February 12, 2014)
PTG Deutschland GmbH, the German-based division of Britain’s Precision Technologies Group, has chosen GrindTec 2014 to showcase its... Read News
54 Forest City Gear Expands Small Diameter ID/OD Grinding Capability (December 13, 2017)
Forest City Gear has expanded its capabilities for the hard finishing of smaller diameter gears with particularly tight ID and length tol... Read News
55 3M Introduces Cubitron II Conventional Wheels for Gear Grinding (November 1, 2013)
3M Abrasive Systems is introducing 3M Cubitron II Conventional Wheels for Gear Grinding, giving engineers new tools to take the manufactu... Read News
56 Norton Grinding Abrasives Feature Bond Technology (June 20, 2013)
Norton Abrasives, a brand of Saint-Gobain, has developed and launched Norton Vitrium3, the next generation of bonded abrasives prod... Read News
57 United Grinding Invites Customers to Grinding Symposium (March 5, 2014)
The United Grinding Group – Körber Schleifring up until EMO 2013 – has clearly understood the signs of the times in the ... Read News
58 United Grinding Announces New President (March 27, 2014)
United Grinding North America, Inc. recently announced that current president and CEO, Rodger Pinney, has been elected as vice chairman... Read News
59 Junker Delivers 500th Grinding Machine to Volkswagen Group (June 10, 2015)
Grinding machine manufacturer Junker recently celebrated a milestone as the Volkswagen Group recently purchased their 500th Junker grindi... Read News
60 DiaGrind 535-5 Offers Advantages in Gear Honing and Grinding (June 11, 2014)
The multifunctional metalworking fluid DiaGrind 535-5 has many enthusiastic users all over the world. They range from small shops to mult... Read News
61 Vomat Offers Temp Stability During Grinding (May 23, 2014)
In order to produce high-performance cutting tools, tool manufacturers go to great lengths to get all manufacturing parameters right. Production conditions have tremendous influence on the final quality of the tool... Read News
62 EMAG Introduces Small Grinding Center (April 15, 2014)
Demand for components such as gearwheels, planetary gears, chain gears or flanged components for cars typically runs in quantities of millions... Read News
63 Holroyd Launches Worm Gear Grinding Stations (May 31, 2013)
Holroyd Precision Limited has launched a brand new, full CNC machine range that is specifically designed to provide ultra-high levels of ... Read News | <urn:uuid:d3ca20ce-fb3a-48bd-a3f3-457e84b3915e> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.kaywa.geartechnology.com/subjects/grinding/ | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591455.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720002543-20180720022543-00562.warc.gz | en | 0.923884 | 11,476 | 2.65625 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
In cattle production, nothing is more important than fertility. Without it, herds can’t grow and milk doesn’t flow.
For decades, fertility in U.S. dairy cattle has been on a drastic decline. Every failure to conceive throws off the herd’s delicate rhythm of production, making it harder for farmers to deliver milk and other foods we love.
Holly Neibergs, animal scientist at Washington State University, is studying the cause of this complex problem.
Exploring the genetic roots of fertility in hopes of halting the decline, she launched a three-year, $500,000 research project this spring, funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
Farmers have watched in concern as dairy cattle fertility has fallen dramatically over the past 30 years.
Today, on average, cows and heifers—first-time mother cows—will successfully conceive more than 90 percent of the time. In beef cattle, 60 percent or fewer cows will still be pregnant 35 days later. In dairy cows, the rate is even worse, about 30 percent.
“It’s taking more tries to get cattle pregnant,” Neibergs said. “Every pregnancy loss costs farmers as much as $600. If your heifers are losing a third of their pregnancies, that adds up fast.”
“Infertility is a huge and costly problem,” she added.
With more time to stay with their mothers before weaning, calves born on time are bigger, healthier, heavier, and have more value.
“But every time you miss, the chance that that calf is going to stay with the herd and be productive becomes more and more remote,” Neibergs said. “A well-timed pregnancy is better for the cow, the calf, the herd—and the bottom line.”
Answers in the DNA
Studying cattle fertility for more than a decade, Neibergs believes fertility decline is related to a cow’s uterine environment, which is partly determined by genetics. Cows with poor fertility may have DNA mutations that make it harder for them to successfully stay pregnant.
Working with collaborators Christopher Seabury at Texas A&M, Jeremy Taylor and Thomas Spencer at the University of Missouri, and Thomas Geary at the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Neibergs and her students will compare DNA from cows with great pregnancy rates to those with poor fertility. That involves analyzing hundreds of thousands of genetic fingerprints from more than 3,000 beef and dairy cows across a range of breeds.
“We’re looking for DNA associated with fertility, conception, and maintaining pregnancy,” she said. “We’re going to find the differences in their DNA that are making their uterine environment different—fertile for one, infertile for another.”
Once they find those genetic markers, cattle breeders will be able to select for fertility, breeding cattle that maintain pregnancy successfully and predictably. Animal scientists could also find new opportunities to develop fertility treatments.
Solving the fertility challenge will help dairy farmers meet the growing global demand for milk and other dairy products at a lower cost, ensuring consumers have an affordable supply of the foods we enjoy.
“With just a blood sample, we will be able to tell which calves will have high fertility, as soon as they’re born,” Neibergs said. “Instead of a decline, we’d see a fertility increase—and healthier, more valuable and more productive beef and dairy herds.” | <urn:uuid:5ba38351-1211-4ef1-8462-16094265dbdf> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://news.cahnrs.wsu.edu/article/dna-could-solve-puzzling-cattle-fertility-decline/ | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864256.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621172638-20180621192638-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.952942 | 752 | 3.53125 | 4 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
NUI Galway Research Highlights Harmful Effects of Noise Exposure
Monday, 20 December 2010
A Postgraduate research project recently completed in the School of Physics focusing on noise levels at Irish traditional music and Irish rock performances, has shown high levels of noise exposure among musicians and the potential for increased risks to hearing. This study also highlights the need for increased awareness training in relation to the harmful effects of repeated high noise exposure among musicians. Some of the results exceeded the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (General Application) Regulations 2007 relating to the control of noise at work. The data from the project shows that personal noise exposures of all the rock/pop musicians sampled exceed the 87dB(A) exposure limit value as detailed in the 2007 regulations and half of the traditional Irish musicians sampled exceeded the 87dB(A) exposure limit value. To obtain these results, Helena O'Sullivan, an MSc student with Dr Marie Coggins at the School of Physics in NUI Galway, measured noise levels at static monitoring points on the stage during the music performance, and ranged from 85 to 90 dB(A) during traditional Irish music performances and from 101 – 107 dB(A) during Irish rock/pop music performances. The personal noise exposure level of one band member (either the singer or the drummer) was also measured, and they ranged from 100 to 102 dB(A) for members of the Irish rock/pop bands and 88 - 95 dB(A) for members of the Traditional Irish music bands. The Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (General Application) Regulations 2007 relating to the control of noise at work, sets out an exposure action value of 85dB(A) and an exposure limit value of 87dB(A) for a daily or weekly personal exposure. These limits apply to people working in a noisy environment and do not apply to the general public. Workers who are regularly exposed to noise levels of 85dB (A) have an increased risk of noise induced hearing loss. Dr Marie Coggins, Director of the MSc in Occupational Health and Safety Programme at NUI Galway says: "The harmful effects of repeated exposure to high sound levels, have long been recognised, and much progress has been made in reducing noise exposures in many work environments. However, high noise levels and exposure to noise continues to be an issue for the entertainment sector. This project highlights the need for further investigation in the area." Using the data collected in the study, an estimate for the eight hour equivalent noise dose for comparison with the recommended guidelines in the 2007 regulations, was calculated. This estimate does not take into consideration other sources of noise exposure that the band members may have received at another point in their day, and so may be underestimating the risk. Results from a questionnaire survey, as part of the research, detailing experiences musicians report in relation to noise exposure show that 52% of respondents regularly experience a ringing sensation in their ears after a performance, and 60% reported that they do not use hearing protection. Helena O'Sullivan has just completed a one year taught MSc programme in Occupational Health and Safety at NUI Galway.
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Nearly everyone wishes to live a happy and healthy life, but there are times when a person falls sick to some illness or gets injured. The most essential thing people need in times of difficulty, such as illness or injury, is financial support that could cover the medical expenses.
Health insurance is a valuable type of insurance plan that covers or pays for the medical or surgical expenses, prescription drugs, and some dental expenses incurred by the insured person. People with health insurance are called ‘insured or subscribers’ and pay a certain amount of money, which saves them from medical expenses.
Importance of Healthcare System:
The Healthcare system is an essential component of medical business in a society and includes the provision of broad range of services to people of all ages. The healthcare system ensures that the medical services are met according to the condition and demands of the patients. In recent times, there have been numerous changes in the medical field, and the healthcare system must adapt technological advancement to properly look after the patients and ensure proper treatment is carried out.
As the population grows, the importance of the healthcare system intensifies particularly in times of any global pandemic like one caused by Coronavirus, which has put tremendous pressure on the capacity and capability of health institutions and healthcare providers. There has been rapid integration of innovation and technology in the healthcare system to ensure the physical and mental health being of people.
Types of Healthcare:
The healthcare billing companies play a vital role in the healthcare system that is divided into three categories that are primary care, secondary care, and tertiary care.
- In Primary care, the healthcare provider serves as the first contact and provide day to day healthcare to patients
- In Secondary care, the primary healthcare physician may refer the patient to a specialist doctor or surgeon who has more knowledge on the patient’s symptoms and health condition.
- In Tertiary care, the patient is referred by both the primary and secondary healthcare providers to a bigger medical center that has advanced facilities.
What is the role of Medical Billing and Coding in the Healthcare System?
In the US, healthcare providers receive certain compensation for delivering medical services in the best of manners to the patients, the medical services includes diagnosing, evaluating, and treating patients.
Medical Billing is a term used to denote the process in which the health practitioners such as the doctors and nurses fill forms according to medical services rendered to the patients so that claims can be submitted to the insurance companies and payments may be received. Medical billing is a process that converts the healthcare service into a billing claim.
Medical coding, on the other hand, is a process where medical services, equipment, diagnosis, and medical procedures are converted into universal alphanumeric codes. A clinical coder is a qualified and certified professional who analyzes the medical and clinical statements and assign codes according to a given classification system.
Both medical billing and coding are considered the backbone of the healthcare revenue cycle that ensures that the healthcare provides are timely compensated for the medical and clinical services they provide to the patients. Codes help in accurate and efficient billing.
The procedure and diagnosis are used to the effectiveness of a medical procedure or to track the spread of the disease. But the main purpose of medical billing and coding companies in Georgia is for reimbursement to the healthcare providers.
Why Medical Bill is Significant:
When a person is ill, going to a doctor may seem like only one interaction between a patient and doctor, but it is part of a large network of information, rendering of medical services and payments. The complete medical diagnosis and treatment is a three-way process that includes
- Healthcare Provider (includes hospitals, clinics, physicians, emergency rooms, physical therapists, and outpatient facilities)
- Insurance Company or payer
The role of the medical biller is to discuss and arrange proper payment between the three parties. The biller ensures that Healthcare providers are compensated correctly for their services. The biller collects the information about the patient and medical procedure from the ‘superbill,’ then that information is compiled in the form of a bill for the insurance company, which is called a ‘claim.’ The claim contains the patient’s
- Medical history
- Demographic information
- Insurance coverage: and
- What medical procedures (procedure codes) or services were rendered and why (diagnosis codes)
There are different types of health insurance, where some procedures and services are covered, and some are not. It is the job of the medical biller to interpret the patient’s insurance plan or coverage and use the information to prepare an accurate claim. A medical biller uses both procedure and diagnosis codes presented by medical coders to make a claim.
- Procedure codes are CPT (Current Procedural Terminology) or HCPCS (Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System) codes, and it tells the ‘payer’ what service was provided
- Diagnosis codes are ICD (International Classification of Diseases) codes that show medical necessity.
The medical biller also ensures that the claim is compliant, which means that information is factually correct. If the claim is approved, it is sent back to the biller with the amount that the payer will pay. The biller then takes the balance and sends it to the patient.
Reasons for Professional Medical Billing Services:
The seamless provision of medical services is not easy as the healthcare providers have to not only administer the appropriate care to the patients but perform the administrative tasks as well. Medical billing consumes valuable time, which can be used to resolve more pressing issues. The process of finding and training the right candidates to manage the billing and coding task can also be time-consuming and challenging. Also, if the claims are wrongly processed, then it can put a negative image on the medical practice.
Traditionally, most medical practices such as hospitals, clinics, and other medical institutions used to take care of billing through paper and files, but now most of the claim submissions and transactions are made through electronic means.
The cost-effective solution for most healthcare providers is employing third party professional medical billing firms that can perform effective claims management. Pettigrew Insurance is one of the finest and dependable company that provides medical billing and consulting services and efficiently process, submits, and do follow-ups on insurance claims to save the medical staff’s time.
The medical billing software companies employ a qualified and skilled team who are familiar with the specific payers and can work diligently, knowing about a company’s particular policies to get payment in minimum time. The billing company can also perform follow-ups on refused claims and pursue delinquent bills. The advantages of employing medical billing companies are
- Improved and fast workflow without overburdening the medical staff
- No confusion when dealing with particular and specific payer’s payment policies
- Reduction in claim processing and submission errors
- Extensive follow-ups are done to ensure that providers are reimbursed swiftly
- The claims are processed at a faster rate, and even rejected claims are pursued
- Streamlines the entire revenue cycle of healthcare management
- Patient satisfaction improves significantly when claims are processed timely and quickly
- Per patient cost is considerably reduced
- All clients are given designated account, and a representative is assigned who is familiar with the specific medical practice.
One of the best advantages of medical billing and consulting solutions is that the complications in steps of claims submission and billings are reduced, and the stress levels of the staff are lessened.
You can find more information on medical billing and its advantages Here.
The cost of billing and coding services varies between companies, but it is mostly determined on the setup fee, the total number of claims submitted, a monthly fee, and a collection fee. Today, nearly every medical practice uses some sort of management software solution that can keep track of patients, schedule appointments, and store key medical information. In the fast-paced medical environment, the medical billing conference or solution are helping with a smooth flow of the healthcare revenue cycle and timely delivery of quality healthcare to patients. | <urn:uuid:b17b53b9-8fc3-4f1d-bcf3-7730a42bd09b> | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | https://www.pettigrewmedical.com/the-growing-importance-and-value-of-medical-billing-services/ | 2024-04-16T14:37:58Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817095.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20240416124708-20240416154708-00201.warc.gz | en | 0.954602 | 1,646 | 3.34375 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
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The first men and women who traveled in space — in the 1960s — depended on the sacrifices of other animals that gave their lives for the advancement of human knoweldge about the conditions in outer space beyond this planet's protective ozone layer, about the effects of weightlessness on living organisms, and about the effects of stress on behavior. Preparations for human space activities depended on the ability of animals that flew during and after the 1940s to survive and thrive. Let's look at Russia's space dogs first, then the other animals in space.
Near the end of the 1950s, the U.S.S.R. was preparing to send a dog into orbit above Earth. The Soviets used nine so-called Space Dogs to test spacesuits in the unpressurized cabins of spaceflight capsules. For practice suborbital flights, the dogs Albina and Tsyganka were blasted upward to the edge of Earth's atmosphere at an altitude of 53 miles where they were ejected to ride safely down to Earth in their ejection seats.
Subsequent suborbital flights by the space dogs reached altitudes as high as 300 miles. Then came the stunning 1957 launches of Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2 to orbit.
Laika and Sputnik 2
Scientists in the Soviet Union were sure that organisms from Earth could live in space. To demonstrate that, they sent the world's second artificial space satellite — Sputnik 2 — to space from the Baikonur Cosmodrome on November 3, 1957.
[Tass News Agency photo via Russian Space Agency]
On board was a live mongrel dog named Laika (Barker in Russian) on a life-support system. Laika also was known as Kudryavka (Little Curly in Russian). The American press nicknamed the dog Muttnik.
While other animals had made suborbital flights, Laika was the first animal to go into orbit. She suffered no ill effects while she was alive in an orbit at an altitude near 2,000 miles.
Laika had been a stray dog — mostly a Siberian husky and around three years old — rounded up from the Moscow streets and trained for spaceflight. She was carried aloft in a capsule which remained attached to the converted SS-6 intercontinental ballistic missile which rocketed her to orbit.
The 1,120-lb. Sputnik 2 was outfitted with scientific gauges, life-support systems, and padded walls, but was not designed for recovery. Laika was supported inside the satellite by a harness that allowed some movement and access to food and water. Electrodes transmitted vital signs including heartbeat, blood pressure and breathing rate.
The American press nicknamed the dog Muttnik. She captured the hearts of people around the world as the batteries that operated her life-support system ran down and the capsule air ran out. Life slipped away from Laika a few days into her journey. Later, Sputnik 2 fell into the atmosphere and burned on April 14, 1958.
Today, Laika again captures the hearts of people with a monument to her erected 40 years after her spaceflight by the Russians to honor fallen cosmonauts at Star City outside Moscow. The likeness of Laika can be seen peeping out from behind the cosmonauts in the monument.
Laika also is remembered on a plaque at the Moscow research center where she was trained.
Later Russian Dogs in Space
During the Sputnik series of satellites, the Russians prepared to send men to orbit by sending dogs first. At least thirteen Russian dogs were launched toward orbit between November 1957 and March 1961.
By order of flight, they were:
Laika (Barker in Russian)
Bars (Panther or Lynx)
Lisichka ( Little Fox)
Strelka (Little Arrow)
Pchelka (Little Bee)
Mushka (Little Fly)
Damka (Little Lady)
Zvezdochka (Little Star).
Verterok or Veterok (Little Wind)
Ugolyok or Ugolek (Little Piece of Coal)
Five of the dogs died in flight:
Laika, Bars, Lisichka, Pchelka, and Mushka.
Here are their stories:
Bars and Lisichka
On July 28, 1960 a test flight related to the Vostok spacecraft was launched. The booster exploded during launch and the dogs Bars (Panther or Lynx) and Lisichka ( Little Fox) on board the spacecraft were killed.
Belka and Strelka
Korabl-Sputnik-2 (Spaceship Satellite-2), also known as Sputnik 5, was launched on August 19, 1960. On board were the dogs Belka ( Squirrel) and Strelka (Little Arrow). Also on board were 40 mice, 2 rats and a variety of plants.
After a day in orbit, the spacecraft's retrorocket was fired and the landing capsule and the dogs were safely recovered. They were the first living animals to survive orbital flight.
Strelka later gave birth to six puppies, one of which was given to Caroline Kennedy, daughter of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, by Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev.
Today, the bodies of Strelka and Belka remain preserved at the Memorial Museum of Astronautics in Moscow. Belka sits in a glass case in the museum while Strelka is part of a traveling exhibit that has visited the U.S., China, Australia, Israel and other countries.
Pchelka and Mushka
Space dogs Pchelka (Little Bee) and Mushka (Little Fly) were launched on December 1, 1960 aboard Korabl-Sputnik-3, also known as Sputnik 6. This spacecraft also spent a day in orbit . However, the retrofire burn was not performed with the correct orientation and the capsule reentered the atmosphere at too steep an angle and was destroyed.
Damka and Krasavka
On December 22, 1960 another Korabl Sputnik was launched carrying the dogs Damka (Little Lady) and Krasavka (Beauty). The booster's upper rocket stage failed and the launch was aborted. The dogs were safely recovered after their unplanned suborbital flight.
Chernushka and Sputnik 9
Korabl-Sputnik-4, also known as Sputnik 9 was launched on March 9, 1961 and carried the black dog Chernushka (Blackie) on a one orbit mission. Also onboard the spacecraft was a dummy cosmonaut, mice and a guinea pig.
Zvezdochka and Sputnik 10
Korabl-Sputnik-5, also known as Sputnik 10 was launched on March 25, 1961 and carried the dog Zvezdochka (Little Star) and a dummy cosmonaut — a wooden mannequin — on a one orbit mission. This final rehearsal for the Vostok 1 flight was successful. Days later, Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space on April 12, 1961, spending 108 minutes orbiting above Earth in his Vostok 1 capsule.
Verterok and Ugolyok
The biosatellite Kosmos 110 (also known as Voskhod 3) was launched on February 22, 1966 and carried the dogs Verterok or Veterok (Little Wind) and Ugolyok or Ugolek (Little Piece of Coal).
The dogs were to be observed in orbit for 23 days via video transmission and biomedical telemetry. Their spacecraft landed on March 16, 1966 after a 22 day flight.
Theirs still stands as the canine spaceflight record and was not surpassed by humans until the flight of Skylab 2 in June 1974.
Monkeys and Other Animals
A variety of large and small animals — not just dogs — have been flown to space for science experiments in orbit.
Fruit flies were launched on a V2 rocket from White Sands, New Mexico, to the edge of space in July 1946 to study the effects of high-altitude radiation. The rocket reached an altitude of about 100 miles.
How high is high? » Where does space begin? »
Monkeys named Albert
The very first primates ever fired to an altitude near space were the monkeys Albert 1 and Albert 2. They died in 1949 in the nose cones of captured German V-2 rockets during U.S. launch tests.
The V-2 rockets carried Air Force Aero Medical Laboratory monkeys named Albert I, II, III, and IV high in the atmosphere to see how they might withstand space conditions. All of the monkeys survived the upward trip, but were killed when parachutes failed to open and the nose cones impacted the ground.
Yorick and 11 Mice
A monkey and mice died in 1951 when their parachute failed to open after the the U.S. Air Force launched an Aerobee rocket from Holloman Air Force Base in New Mexico.
Later that year — on September 20 — the U.S. Air Force launched the first animal flight near space that ended with a live occupant. The nosecone on the Aerobee rocket carried a monkey named Yorick and 11 mice to a height of 45 miles. Space is said to began at 50 miles. When the animals were recovered alive, it went down in the record book as the first successful flight near space for living creatures.
The last Air Force launch of an Aerobee rocket on — May 22, 1952 — carried two mice named Mildred and Albert, and two Phillipine monkeys named Patricia and Mike. Scientists watched the signal from a video camera in the nosecone to see the effects of acceleration, weightlessness and deceleration as the monkeys and mice flew to an altitude of 36 miles.
To measure effects of 2,000-mile-per-hour acceleration, Mike was strapped in a prone position and Patricia was supported upright in a seated position. The mice were seen floating in a holding drum as they encountered weightlessness. The animals survived the parachute landing. Patricia and Mike lived the rest of their lives at the National Zoological Park at Washington, D.C.
Gordo the Squirrel Monkey
America turned away from preparing for human space flight for half a decade. In those years before NASA, the military focused on missiles as weapons.
Laika re-focused the nation's attention on spaceflight. A year after her launch, the U.S. Army launched a squirrel monkey named Gordo aboard a Jupiter AM-13 booster on a suborbital flight on December 13, 1958. The monkey completed the flight up and down safely. However, during his recovery, a flotation device in the rocketºs nose cone failed and Gordo died.
Monkeys Able and Baker
The U.S. launched two monkeys six months later — a female rhesus named Able and a female squirrel monkey named Baker — aboard a Jupiter AM-18 rocket suborbital flight in 1959. The monkeys flew to an altitude of 300 miles up at speeds over 10,000 mph. The monkeys were weightless for nine minutes. They were recovered successfully. Afterward, sensors that had been used to transmit vital signs data were removed in surgery. During the operation, Able died from the anesthetic.
Sam and Miss Sam
Mercury capsules atop Little Joe rockets were used to blast the rhesus monkeys Sam and Miss Sam to space. Sam lifted off on December 4, 1959, and traveled 55 miles into space. He tested a Mercury couch and restraint harness that would be used to protect astronauts during high acceleration periods in manned Mercury flights. Sam was recovered alive in the Atlantic Ocean off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, by the USS Borie. Back in the lab, he reportedly embraced Miss Sam joyfully.
Miss Sam, in turn, journeyed upward in a Mercury capsule on January 21, 1960. However, she flew only to an altitude of nine miles during a 58-minute test of an escape system for future Mercury manned flights. She also was recovered in the Atlantic Ocean, by a Marine helicopter.
A Chimpanzee Ham
Ham was named in honor of Holloman Aerospace Medical Center, New Mexico, where the chimpanzees lived and also in honor of Holloman commander Lt. Col. Hamilton Blackshear. In training for his suborbital flight to space, the four-year-old chimpanzee practiced with three other chimps pulling levers to receive rewards for correct choices. Eventually, Ham was blasted off inside Mercury capsule number 5 atop a Redstone rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on January 31, 1961. His mission was to prove that live animals aboard a spacecraft could carry out their jobs during launch, weightlessness and reentry.
Unfortunately, Ham's rocket overshot and boosted the chimp in his capsule to a speed of 5,857 mph. That was 1,457 mph faster than planned, which resulted in Ham experiencing 1.7 more minutes of weightlessness than projected. He was weightless for a total of 6.6 minutes. The excess power also shot the capsule 122 miles off course. Even so, Ham was able to perform his tasks almost perfectly.
The Mercury capsule landed far outside the Atlantic Ocean target zone at 12:12 p.m., 60 miles from the nearest recovery ship, the destroyer Ellison. Lying on its side in the water, the capsule was battered by waves. Tears in the landing bag capsized the craft. An open cabin pressure relief valve let sea water in. It was beginning to submerge when Navy rescue helicopter pilots found it. At 2:52 p.m. a helicopter managed to snag the craft and lift it and 800 pounds of sea water out of the ocean. After dangling all the way to a ship, the capsule was lowered to the deck. Nine minutes later Ham came out in good condition. He happily accepted an apple and half an orange.
Ham survived in good condition to retire to the National Zoological Park at Washington, D.C., on April 2, 1963. The success of his Mercury capsule flight led directly to the launch of Alan Shepard on America's first human suborbital flight on May 5, 1961.
Enos in Orbit
The first non-human primate in orbit was the chimp Enos launched November 29, 1961, in a Mercury capsule in preparation for manned flight. Enos was said to be the first "living being" sent to orbit by the United States.
Primates are mammals, such as humans, apes, monkeys and lemurs, having large brains, eyes that look forward with a highly developed sense of vision, flexible hands and feet, and usually opposable thumbs they can bend to help pick up objects. Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first primate in orbit when he flew in space in April 1961. Of course, other primates had been sent almost to space earlier and other animals, the Russian space dogs, had been in orbit before Enos or Gagarin.
Enos blasted off atop an Atlas 5 rocket and completed two orbits before being brought down one orbit early because his Mercury capsule was not performing exactly as planned. In even so, Enos successfully performed his jobs in space. After the success of the chimp's flight, John Glenn was launched on February 20, 1962, to become the first American to orbit Earth.
Felix the Cat
France launched a black and white stray tomcat of the Paris streets on October 18, 1963, on Veronique AGI sounding rocket No. 47 from the Hammaguir test range in Algeria. Was it a male named Felix. Or a female named Felicette? Whichever, it was the first cat in space as the capsule in the rocket's nose cone separated at 120 miles altitude and descended by parachute. Electrodes in the cat's brain transmitted neurological impulses to a ground station. The cat was recovered. Another cat flight on October 24, 1963, failed and was not recovered. Flights were directed by France's Centre d'Enseignement et de Recherches de Medecine Aeronautique (CERMA).
The U.S. launched a series of biological capsules to investigate the influence of space flight on living organisms.
Biosatellite I, launched Dec. 14, 1966, was lost when the retrorocket failed to ignite and it could not land.
Biosatellite 2, launched Sept. 7, 1967, was recovered. The scientific payload included 13 biology and radiation experiments exposed to microgravity during 45 hours in Earth orbit. Living things in the biological capsule included insects, frog eggs, microorganisms and plants. The three-day flight was cut short by the threat of a tropical storm in the recovery area and a communication problem between the satellite in orbit and the tracking systems on the ground.
Biosatellite 3, launched June 29, 1969, three weeks before the first men were to land on the Moon. A male pig-tailed monkey (Macaca nemestrina) named Bonnie was the passenger set to orbit in Biosatellite 3 for a month. Unfortunately, Bonnie had to brought down, ill from loss of body fluids, after only 8.8 days. He died shortly after landing on July 7.
Russia, cooperating with the U.S. and European nations, has flown a number of biosatellites in orbit, testing different kinds of plants and animals in weightlessness. The biological test flights have carried white Czechoslovakian rats, rhesus monkeys, squirrel monkeys, newts, fruit flies, fish and others.
Orbiting Frog Otolith
The Orbiting Frog Otolith satellite (OFO-A), launched by the U.S. on Nov. 9, 1970, from Wallops Island, Virginia, on a Scout rocket, carried two bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana). Biologists wanted a better understanding of the effect of microgravity on the otolith, a sensory organ that responds to changes in an animal's orientation within Earth's gravitational field. The Frog Otolith Experiment Package (FOEP) kept the two frogs alive in orbit. They were housed in a water-filled, self-contained centrifuge which supplied the test acceleration during orbit. The FOEP stayed in orbit for seven days. The satellite was not recovered.
Arabella, the Orb Weaver
NASA's Skylab 3 space station crew flight on July 28, 1973, carried a student experiment with Arabella, the orb weaving garden spider (Araneus diadematus) for 59.5 days. The spider, which had a distinctive white cross mark on its abdomen, was able to weave the traditional orb web in the near-zero-gravity environment only with practice. Such webs are logarithmic spirals – sometimes incorrectly referred to as concentric circles – of silk threads that are small in the center and larger at the outer area of the web. A spider uses its own sense of its weight to determine the amount of silk to spin into the web, so gravity is important in the construction. The Skylab student experiment observed how microgravity affected Arabella's weight sensing ability.
The U.S.S.R. launched a series of biological capsules to investigate the influence of space flight on living organisms. The series of Bion satellites was designed to study the effects of radiation and the space environment on biology. The Bion satellite is modified from a Zenit type of spysat. It is lofted to space by a Soyuz rocket from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in northern Russia. Bion launches began in 1973. The first Bion carried tortoises, rats, insects, and fungi. Other missions have carried plants, mold, quail eggs, fish, newts, frogs, cells, and seeds. Starting with Bion 6, the missions carried pairs of monkeys.
- Bion 1/Cosmos 605 launched on Oct. 31, 1973, looked into the influence of space flight on living organisms and tested life-support systems for biological entities. The capsule as recovered.
- Bion 2/Cosmos 690 launched Oct. 23, 1974, investigated the upper atmosphere and outer space.
- Bion 3/Cosmos 782 launched Nov. 25, 1975, carried 25 rats and other animals. It was the first time that the United States participated in the Soviet Cosmos Program. Scientists from France, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. participated in these investigations.
- Bion 4/Cosmos 936 launched August 3, 1977, carried 30 rats among experiments from the U.S.S.R., the U.S., Czechoslovakia, France, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and the German Democratic Republic. The biosatellite was recovered near Kustanay in Central Asia after orbiting for 18.5 days.
- Bion 5/Cosmos 1129 launched Sept. 25, 1979, carried 37 rats biology experiments in embryo development and radiation medicine from Czechoslovakia, France, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the German Democratic Republic, the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. Experiments included the first attempt to breed rats in space.
- Bion 6/Cosmos 1514 launched Dec. 14, 1983, carried monkeys named Abrek and Bion and several pregnant rats. It was the first U.S.S.R. orbital flight of a non-human primate. More than 60 experiments were performed by scientists from Bulgaria, Hungary, the German Democratic Republic, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, France, the U.S.S.R. and the U.S. American scientists conducted three experiments on the primates and another experiment on the rat subjects. The capsule was recovered.
- Bion 7/Cosmos 1667 launched July 10, 1985, carried monkeys named Verniy and Gordiy. It was the second USSR biosatellite mission with a primate payload. It also featured a large rodent payload. Countries participating in the mission were the USSR, U.S., France, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and Hungary. The U.S. conducted only a single experiment cardiovascular experiment on one of the two flight monkeys.
- Bion 8/Cosmos 1887 launched Sept. 29, 1987, carried monkeys named Drema and Erosha, ten rats and other animals.
- Bion 9/Cosmos 2044 launched Sept. 15, 1989, carried 29 U.S. and U.S.S.R. life science experiments conducted on two rhesus monkeys, ten rats, fish, amphibians, insects, worms, protozoans, cell cultures and plants. The monkeys were named Zhankonya and Zabiyaka. It was was the seventh Soviet Biosatellite to orbit the Earth with joint U.S./U.S.S.R. experiments. Hungary, the German Democratic Republic, Canada, Poland, Britain, Romania, Czechoslovakia and the European Space Agency also participated.
- Bion 10/Cosmos 2229 launched Dec. 29, 1992, carried monkeys named Ivasha and Krosha. After 12 days in Earth orbit, the capsule was recovered north of the city of Karaganda. This Cosmos 2229 mission also was referred to as Bion 10, because it was the tenth in a series of Soviet/Russian unmanned satellites carrying biological experiments.
- Bion 11 launched 24 December 1996 carried monkeys named Lalik and Multik.
First Manned Animal Lab in Orbit
NASA began a series of shuttle flights carrying live animals to space with the launch of Challenger flight STS-51B on April 28, 1985. Two squirrel monkeys and 24 albino rats were housed in Spacelab, a reusable space laboratory developed for NASA shuttles by the European Space Agency. Known as Spacelab-3, it actually was the second flight of Spacelab.
Scientists wanted to see if there were any physical and behavior changes brought about by space flight. The adult male monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) and male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were housed in life-supporting cages. They were not restrained and instrument probes were not implanted in the monkeys.
"The two monkeys on Spacelab 3 were purposely not given names. However, if my memory serves me right, they did have numbers which were 385-80 and 3065," according to J.W. Cremin, Spacelab 3 mission manager.
During the flight, both monkeys ate less food and were less active in space than on the ground. One monkey adapted quickly to microgravity. The other exhibited symptoms like the condition astronauts refer to as Space Adaptation Syndrome. That indisposed monkey did not eat and drank little water for four days of flight. On the fifth day, the astronauts hand-fed banana pellets to him and he began to act more like the first monkey.
After Challenger returned to Earth on May 5, 1985, the monkeys and rats were healthy and in good condition. Post-flight tissue analyses were not performed on the flight monkeys. That means they were not killed.
Green Tree Frogs
In 1990, a Japanese reporter took green tree frogs to the Mir space station.
Oyster Toad Fish and Crickets
U.S. shuttle Columbia and a crew of seven astronauts launched April 17, 1998, on flight STS-90, a Neurolab mission taking along a menagerie of 170 newborn rats and pregnant mice, 229 tiny swordtail fish, 135 snails, four prehistoric-looking oyster toad fish, and 1,500 cricket eggs and larvae. The animals were in the Spacelab module in Columbia's cargo bay. The seven astronauts studied how the very-low-gravity environment of near-Earth orbit influenced the animals' brains and central nervous systems.
Animals aboard shuttle Columbia's last flight
Columbia flight STS-107 was lost with its crew of seven astronauts on February 1, 2003. Much of the science data gathered during 16 days in orbit was lost. However, NASA was able to harvest some experimental results because the astronauts had beamed their data down by radio while still in space. Other experiments were recovered amidst the debris on the ground.
Surprisingly, hundreds of worms, known as C. elegans, were found alive. They were the only live experiments found. About the size of a pencil point, the worms have a life cycle of 7-10 days. Those found were four to five generations removed from the original worms sent to space in Columbia to test a synthetic nutrient solution.
The shuttle carried other small animals, including silkworms, spiders, carpenter bees, harvester ants, and Japanese killfish. It also carried roses, moss and other plants, as well as bacteria and slime mold.
The moss Ceratodon was flown on Columbia to study how gravity affects cell organization. The moss was sprayed during the flight with a chemical that destroyed its protein fiber. Then formaldehyde was used to preserve the dead moss. Some of the moss was found in the debris.
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What Is Apraxia?
Apraxia is a neurological condition that is not well understood. people who have it, even though their muscles are normal,
Find it difficult or impossible to make certain motor movements. dyspraxia is recognized as milder types of apraxia.
Apraxia (called if mild “dyspraxia”) is a neurological disorder defined by the loss of capacity to perform or perform qualified motions and gestures, despite having the willingness and physical capacity to perform them.
Apraxia is the result of brain cerebral hemispheric dysfunction, particularly the parietal lobe, and may result from many illnesses or brain damage, there are several types of apraxia that can happen alone or in conjunction.
Apraxia can happen in various forms, one type is apraxia of the orofacial. people with orofacial apraxia can not carry out certain movements involving facial muscles on a voluntary basis.
They may not, for example, be able to tap or wink their lips, another form of apraxia affects the ability of a person to deliberately move arms and legs.
The most common is buccofacial or orofacial apraxia, resulting in the failure to perform on-command facial motions such as brushing lips, whistling, coughing, or winking.
Other kinds of apraxia include limb-kinetic apraxia (incapacity to create fine, accurate arm or leg motions), ideomotor apraxia (incapacity to create correct motion in reaction to a verbal command), ideational apraxia (incapacity to coordinate action.
Childhood apraxia of speech.
Childhood speech apraxia (CAS) is a rare speech disorder where it is difficult for a kid to make precise moves when talking.
The brain in CAS is struggling to develop speech movement plans. the voice muscles are not weak with this disease, but they do not perform usually because the brain has trouble directing or coordinating the motions.
To talk properly, the brain of your child must learn how to create plans telling his or her voice muscles how to move the lips, jaw and tongue in ways that result in precise sounds and phrases spoken with ordinary velocity and rhythm.
CAS is often treated with speech therapy in which, with the help of a speech-language pathologist, children practice the right way to say words, syllables and phrases.
Apraxia is the result of brain damage, it is called acquired apraxia when apraxia develops in a person who has previously been able to perform the tasks or abilities.
Childhood speech apraxia is a motor speech disturbance, there’s something in the brain of the child that doesn’t allow messages to get to the muscles of the mouth to properly produce speech.
The cause is mostly unknown. CAS is not a “outgrown” disorder, but will not progress without treatment for children with CAS.
Little data are available on how many children have speech apraxia in their childhood, the percentage of kids diagnosed with the disease seems to be rising, but how the incidence has changed over time is difficult to assess.
The most common causes of acquired apraxia are:
- Increased accessibility of CAS studies.
- Brain tumor.
- Traumatic brain injury.
- Evaluation and identification of earlier age.
- Certain mitochondrial disorders.
- Increased awareness by practitioners and relatives of childhood language apraxis.
- Condition that causes the brain and nervous system to deteriorate gradually (neurodegenerative disease).
Signs and symptoms.
The three most prevalent characteristics in kids with speech apraxis, according to the American Speech-LanguageHearing Association (ASHA, 2007), are:
- Difficulty generating words and phrases that are longer, more complicated.
- Inappropriate intonation and stress in word / phrase manufacturing (e.g., timing, rhythm and speech flow difficulties).
- Inconsistent consonant and vowel mistakes in repeated syllable or word productions (for instance, a kid says the same word differently every time he attempts to create it).
Some additional language manufacturing features connected with speech apraxia in adolescence
- Vowel sound mistakes.
- Multiple and/or uncommon errors in noise.
- Late development of the early words and sounds of the child.
- A decreased inventory of sound (for example, a lack of expected variety of consonant and vowel sounds at some age).
- Differences in automatic speech performance (such as “hello” and “thank you”) as opposed to voluntary speech. In most instances, apraxia of speech affects volunteer speech more.
- Excessive mouth movements or attempts to position the mouth for the production of sound.
- Errors in terms of sound manufacturing (such as omitted, switched, or added to phrases and phrases).
- The number of words produced is persistent or frequently regressed. | <urn:uuid:fa255253-187e-444f-a5be-49748f624a10> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://health-reform-info.com/apraxia-symptoms-2019/ | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496672170.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122222322-20191123011322-00458.warc.gz | en | 0.924578 | 1,030 | 3.90625 | 4 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
type of mills for plant cement,Cement mill - WikipediaA cement mill is the equipment used to grind the hard, nodular clinker from the cement kiln into . If more than this amount forms, crystallization of gypsum on their re-hydration causes .. The cement mills on a cement plant are usually sized for a clinker consumption considerably greater than the output of the plant's kilns.type of mills for plant cement,Grinding trends in the cement industry - Cement Lime GypsumIn the case of new orders, vertical mills have increased their share to over 60 . grinding processes and mill types used by the industry have increased rather . Worldwide, there are around 600 separate grinding plants in the cement industry.
type of mills for plant cement | <urn:uuid:a0d378b3-21ce-403b-9c81-8e551ab1b6dd> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://rejoicebc.co.za/17666_type-of-mills-for-plant-cement.html | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578528702.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420060931-20190420082931-00538.warc.gz | en | 0.927693 | 155 | 2.828125 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
But a new study from a team led by molecular microbiologist Jacob Malone from the John Innes Center in the UK has found we might not be the only farmers involved in selection of positive traits. Plants themselves are more than capable of tailoring their ecosystem to 'farm' their favored species of microbe.
According to the team's analysis, barley (Hordeum vulgare) – the crop behind much of the world's beer supply – carefully manages the communities of microbes surrounding its roots by the amount of sugar it releases.
In spite of industrial agriculture's aura of control, it turns out a major dimension of crop breeding has fallen under the scientific radar: the microbiome in the soil directly around a plant's roots, or 'rhizosphere'.
Beneficial microbes can make or break a plant's success. For instance, plants that can harness Pseudomonas bacteria enjoy benefits like enhanced nutrient availability, suppressed pathogens, and primed immune systems.
But Pseudomonas is a fickle friend: it can colonize a wide variety of host plants, so there's competition among plants to rope in the best of these tiny livestock.
Malone's team wanted to find out why and how different barley varieties grown in the same soil environment recruited different beneficial rhizobacteria and fungi.
The experiment involved two cultivars of barley plants: one which is a 200-year-old landrace malting barley, Chevallier, and another which is a modern cultivar released in 2004 referred to as Tipple.
Agricultural crops can be loosely categorized as either landraces or modern cultivars. 'Landrace' comes from the German word landrasse, meaning 'country-breed', and though its definition is ever-evolving, a landrace crop can loosely be understood as a local species of domesticated plant that has adapted over time to its ecological and cultural environment (and not through deliberate selection).
Modern cultivars, on the other hand, are not necessarily local, have been specifically selected and bred for certain genetic traits, and are sometimes hybridized, often for industrial-level production.
Modern cereal varieties like the Tipple barley "have been intensively bred for positive agricultural traits including high yield and seed starch content, short straw, and good malting properties," the team writes.
"While incorporation of these positive traits has substantially improved yield and crop quality, the wider effect of these changes on plant physiology and ecological impact, and hence the sustainability of the resulting crops, are poorly understood," they add.
The team grew both kinds of barley from seed for three weeks after germination in a controlled greenhouse lab, and then took a rhizosphere sample from three different plants for each cultivar. After incubating these microbes on agar, they randomly selected 20 isolates per plant, resulting in 120 isolates to represent the rhizospheres of each cultivar.
"We observed distinct differences in the abundance of rhizosphere and root-associated microbes between the two varieties, with Tipple recruiting significantly more Pseudomonas bacteria than Chevallier," the team reports.
They found the plants were recruiting Pseudomonas with specific genetic and physical features, much like a human farmer selects their crops based on desired characteristics.
Tipple cultivar plants had higher levels of simple sugars called monosaccharides in their root secretions, favoring Pseudomonas adapted to grow on these carbon sources.
On the other hand, the Chevallier roots harbored a far more microbially diverse rhizosphere, a reflection of the plants' complex root secretions. The landrace plants also appeared to have far more control over their 'farm's' soil fungus: Candida species were almost entirely excluded, while Saitozyma species were strongly enriched.
The Tipple plants, on the other hand, appeared to be incapable of influencing the fungi that grew around their roots, resulting in reduced fungal diversity.
"Our results support a cultivar-dependent link between plant growth and the composition of the recruited microbiome, suggesting the microbiome shaping we see here has real consequences for plant health," the team writes, adding that this process is more complex than they previously suspected.
"Determining the extent to which the phenomena we describe here can be observed for crops growing in farm fields is a key challenge for future research," the authors say.
This research was published in PLOS Biology. | <urn:uuid:74e301f8-7245-46ab-8e65-f38e272b13e9> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.sciencealert.com/these-hardy-plants-have-figured-out-how-to-farm-microbes-in-their-soil | 2024-12-07T08:08:45Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066426671.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20241207071733-20241207101733-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.949185 | 903 | 3.625 | 4 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
The properties of metals provide unique benefits and advantage for their recycling. Unlike other recycled materials, such as paper and plastic, metals can be repeatedly recycled without degradation of their properties. Metals from secondary sources are just as good as metals from the primary sources.
Practiced since ancient times, scrap metal recycling embodies the spirit of sustainable development. That is, "development, which meets the requirements of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to fulfill their own needs," as defined by the World Commission on Environment and Development. Recycling widens the efficient use of metals and minerals, reduces pressures on landfills and incinerators, which results in significant major energy savings compared to primary production.
Some of the important categories of scrap metal recycling include -
- Lead / Acid Battery Recycling
- Nickel Content Battery Recycling
- Electronic Scrap Recycling
- Used Iron & Steel Recycling
- Scrap Steel & Iron Recycling
- Mill Prepared Steel Scrap Recycling
- Railroad Scrap & Ship Breaking
- Copper Scrap Recycling
- Bronze and Brass Scrap Recycling
- Aluminum Scrap Recycling
- Zinc Scrap Recycling
- Magnesium Scrap Recycling
- Tin Scrap Recycling
- Lead Scrap Recycling
- Stainless Steel Alloy Scrap Recycling
- Titanium Scrap Recycling
- Tungsten Scrap Recycling
- Exotic Metals Scrap Recycling
- Scrap Gold Recovery
- Silver Recovery
- Scrap Platinum Group Metals
- Scrap Catalytic Converter Recycling
- Mixed Precious Metals Recycling
The recycling of scrap metals has been in practice since ancient times and today it has become a multi-billion dollar business across the world. The recycling companies collect the metal scrap from individuals, machine shops, manufacturers, government entities, and other industries. Scrap metal is composed of several items that include, - aluminum cans, used pipe, automobiles, appliances, sheet metal buildings, pots, computer components, pans, bicycles, lawn furniture, copper wire, obsolete equipment, old structural steel building frames, tin cans, etc.
These recycled metals have found uses in the production of automobiles, structural steel, aluminum siding, and toys. According to experts, every time a ton of steel is recycled, 2500 pounds of iron ore, 1000 pounds of coal and 40 pounds of limestone are preserved.
To promote scrap metal recycling and to further promote the greater awareness of the industry's role in conserving the future through recycling, government in different countries have established industry associations representing companies that process, trade and industrially consume scrap commodities.Types of Scrap Metals
Scrap metal can be categorized into two types, viz. - ferrous and nonferrous. Scrap iron and steel are referred as ferrous scrap that include - scrap from old cars, steel beams, household appliances, railroad tracks, ships, and food packaging and other containers.
Nonferrous scrap metals include scrap metals other than steel and iron. Some common examples of non-ferrous scrap, include - aluminum (including foil and cans), copper, zinc, lead, nickel, cobalt, titanium, chromium, and precious metals. Although there is less nonferrous scrap than ferrous scrap, it is often financially more worthy. Millions of tonnes of nonferrous scrap metal is recycled by processors and consumed by secondary smelter, refiners, fabricators, ingot makers, foundries, and other industries.
Scrap metal, ferrous as well as nonferrous, can be categorized as either "home scrap" or "purchased scrap."
Home scrap is scrap yielded at the mill, refinery, or foundry, and is usually remelted and used again at the same plant. Home scrap never leaves the plant.
Steel scrap is necessary in the process of making new steel and can be recycled several times without loosing its properties. Due to its magnetic characteristics, the metal is easy to recover even from unsorted waste and residual waste from waste plants.
Aluminum foil, laminates will oxidize in an incinerator and discharge energy similar to coal. Aluminum cans will generally melt releasing some energy and when cooled can be separated from the bottom ash.
Purchased scrap represents the fractions of the metals, which need to be collected before they can be recycled. Large goods, such as vehicles and fridges have historically been collected by scrap metal merchants because of the value of the metal recovered. New legislations concerning the recycling of fridges and of end-of-life vehicles is changing the specific role of the metals recyclers in the collection and processing of these goods, however their importance in recovering the metal components has not changed.Savings From Recycling
The savings from scrap metal recycling stems from two common processes in primary metal reduction. First, the comminution (particle size reduction) of minerals, often hard rock minerals, is usually essential for subsequent chemical and physical treatment. About 60% of the total energy used in the production of most metals is absorbed when crushing and grinding the ores. Second, primary production is preceded on reducing the metals from their chemically stable oxide or sulfide mineral form, an inherently energy intensive exercise. Thermo chemical reduction (e.g. iron ore in the blast furnace) is typically less demanding than electrolytic reduction however it still needs higher temperatures than secondary smelting.
Electrolytic reduction, which is used for zinc and aluminum, is very energy intensive. To exemplify, energy savings made when metals are produced from secondary sources versus primary sources are - zinc, 60 %; steel, 74%; lead, 76%; copper, 85% and aluminum, 95%.
In addition, the reduction in pollution made from recycling can be significant.
- For aluminum, there is a 79 % material conservation, a 95 % reduction in emissions and a 97 % reduction of effluents through recycling.
- For steel, one sees a 90% savings in virgin materials, an 86% emissions reduction, a 40% effluent reduction, a 76% water pollution reduction and a 97% mining waste reduction through recycling.
- Of course, many of these advantages also transform into significant economic savings for producers.
When a recyclable metallic material makes up part of a stream emitted from an industrial facility, the material is pertained to as "new scrap," expressing that it never comprises part of a final product. Recycling such new scrap within the same facility, or to another facility as a raw material, is a typical example of waste minimization at source, widely recognized as the most efficient technique of pollution prevention. Reprocessing of "old scrap," material, which has come to the end of its beneficial life, diverts this metal from disposal in landfill.
The increasing cost and problems of landfilling, and the degrading grade and increasing complexity of mineral reserves, will persist to tip the scales in favor of increased recycling.Future Outlook
The recycling of metal is primarily market-driven across the world and this will continue to be the case for the foreseeable future. This strength, however, is largely a reflection of continuously increasing metals consumption and waste production. As long as this is the case, and as long as the prices of scrap metal remain high, the recycling rates are expected to see at least a marginal yearly improvement. | <urn:uuid:adcb7dac-41a2-4a67-ad8a-28f28c9fedff> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.themetalcasting.com/scrap-metal-recycling.html | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818696653.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926160416-20170926180416-00290.warc.gz | en | 0.933007 | 1,529 | 3.1875 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
In some Native American communities, diabetes is so common that people grow up feeling that it is in some ways, inevitable. Warne often hears from his patients. Yet hope for the future is an important factor in preventing and controlling diabetes - something health care practitioners need to take into account when treating patients. The study demonstrates that people who live near an abundance of fast-food restaurants and convenience stores compared to grocery stores and fresh produce vendors, have a significantly higher prevalence of obesity and diabetes. To help reduce the prevalence of obesity and diabetes, the authors urge state and local lawmakers to enact public policies to make healthy foods more readily available.
These policies include providing retail incentives, promoting smaller-scale markets that sell healthy foods, maximizing the opportunities that come with the new WIC food package, using zoning to limit the number of fast-food restaurants in overburdened communities, and requiring nutritional information on restaurant menus. The U. But as Dr. Donald Warne tells us, diabetes was extremely rare here years ago.
What's changed? Not biology but environment. Type 2 diabetes and its principal risk factor, obesity, have emerged as twin epidemics in communities of color. This book investigates the epidemiology of diabetes in these minority communities, arguing that the determinants of diabetes include not only personal choices, but also broader social and contextual factors, such as community racism, residential segregation, and cultural patterns. The author also provides suggestions for community-based initiatives to reduce the "obesogenic" environment many minorities live in.
Competing agendas drive the distribution of resources when it comes to diabetes care and prevention. We spend most of our dollars on late-stage care, which not coincidentally is highly profitable to companies that provide those services. To reduce diabetes rates among Native Americans and other populations, we have to advocate for policies that will invest more resources in primary prevention and underlying social conditions.
A full list of publications about diabetes, including diabetes in Native Americans and other minority communities. Spero describes the social sources of the toxic environment, including the stress and inequality built into our modern culture and the traumas and loss of community that make people vulnerable to illness.
It reveals the medical mistreatment of diabetes - from kicking diabetics off medical insurance to underfunding diabetes education, from over-emphasizing drugs to giving corporate-influenced dietary advice. The lesson plan includes worksheets, links to primary sources, evaluation rubrics, and references to relevant standards. In Word doc format.
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The much lower prevalence of type 2 diabetes and obesity in the Pima Indians in Mexico than in the U. This study provides compelling evidence that changes in lifestyle associated with Westernization play a major role in the global epidemic of type 2 diabetes. This report looks at the effects of "food deserts" areas with minimal access to grocery stores on the health of residents in Chicago's neighborhoods. The study develops an empirical score to quantify the balance of food choice groceries vs.
They find that African American communities are especially likely to have poor balance of food choice, and that residents of these "food deserts" suffer noticable health effects. Historically, federal Indian policies have been destructive to Native American communities - ranging from removal to assimilation and termination. These policies have had a negative impact on health and health-related behaviors. More recent trends towards self-determination and tribal control provide reason to hope. Forty years of poking and prodding by medical researchers have yielded few improvements, as disease rates continue to rise.
Pember looks at efforts in the Ho-Chunk or Winnebago tribe of North Dakota to use traditions to counteract fatalism and fight diabetes. Regular activity can lower blood pressure and help control blood sugar, and it offers many other health benefits. Current guidelines encourage everyone to do at least minutes of moderate intensity aerobic exercise each week, or 75 minutes of vigorous intensity exercise. Moderate exercise includes walking and swimming.
Those who have not been active for a while should speak to their doctor for advice on a sensible exercise plan. Doctors often recommend the DASH diet for managing blood sugar and overall wellbeing. A person with diabetes will need to monitor their intake of carbohydrates and check their blood glucose levels to ensure they meet the targets that their treatment plan sets out.
The American Diabetes Association ADA recommend a maximum of one alcoholic drink per day for women and two alcoholic drinks per day for men. One drink would be one ounce beer, one 5-ounce glass of wine, or one 1. Mixers can also add carbohydrates and calories. Sparkling water is a more healthful option than sweetened soda. An individual may wish to speak to their doctor about how much alcohol is safe for them to consume. There is evidence that tobacco smoking can increase the risk of both high blood pressure and diabetes. Smokers with diabetes have a higher risk of serious complications, including:.
A person who has or is at risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, or both can speak to their doctor about how to quit smoking. Type 1 diabetes : The person will need insulin and possibly blood pressure and other medications, depending on any complications they have. Type 2 diabetes : Some people will need to use insulin, or a doctor may prescribe metformin or other non-insulin medications to help reduce blood sugar levels.
Experts propose radical anti-sugar plan to tackle type 2 diabetes
They may also need medications for high blood pressure or other complications. Current guidelines also recommend using one of the following if a person with type 2 diabetes has a high risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, diabetes-related kidney disease, or both.
High blood pressure : Medications include ACE inhibitors, beta blockers , and diuretics. Hypertension and diabetes often occur together, and they appear to share some risk factors and causes.
Lifestyle adjustments can help control blood pressure and blood sugar levels, but most people will need to follow a treatment plan for life. A doctor will prepare a treatment plan with the individual, who must stay in touch with their healthcare team and check in with a healthcare professional if they believe they need to adjust their treatment.
Article last updated by Yvette Brazier on Tue 28 May Visit our Diabetes category page for the latest news on this subject, or sign up to our newsletter to receive the latest updates on Diabetes. All references are available in the References tab. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes— abridged for primary care providers.
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Cheung, B. Diabetes and hypertension: Is there a common metabolic pathway? Insulin resistance and hypertension in patients with type 1 diabetes [Abstract]. DASH eating plan. Diagnosing diabetes and learning about prediabetes. High blood pressure n. Emdin, C. Husain, K. Alcohol-induced hypertension: Mechanism and prevention. Hyperglycemia high blood glucose.
Prediabetes: Your chance to prevent diabetes. Physical activity guidelines for Americans 2nd edition. Smoking and diabetes Types of blood pressure medications. Understanding blood pressure readings.
Diabetes: Sugar-Coated Crisis: Who Gets it, Who Profits and How to Stop it
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How this works. A routine health check may reveal high blood pressure. Everything you need to know about hypertension. Diabetes involves high levels of blood sugar. Sparkling water is a healthful alternative to alcohol.
Related Diabetes: Sugar-Coated Crisis: Who Gets it, Who Profits and How to Stop it
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With perovskites having achieved conversion efficiency increases from 3.8% to 21% in a short period, Lux Research reported today that, "the efficiency question has been answered." While questions remain as to perovskite's cost effectiveness and the "feasibility of real-world efficiencies," Lux reports that new partnership opportunities with universities are available.
The durability of perovskites, when exposed to real-world conditions, is also an ongoing concern with the technology, indicating the importance of encapsulation for perovskite PV applications.
Lux has presented its findings today in a new report, The Rise of Perovskites: Identifying Academic Partners to Work With.
"Demonstration of their [perovskites] potential for high performance by academic labs has caused research groups to consider spinning off start-ups, meaning companies need to consider opportunities now, Lux Research Associate and lead author Tyler Ogden notes.
The Lux report notes that opportunities for companies to partner with perovskite researchers still exist, including with Nam-gyu Park of Sungkyunkwan University and Yang Yang of University of California Los Angeles.
"The Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel and Nanyang Technological University in Singapore are also promising developers," writes Lux.
Some early-stage companies have already established partnerships with perovskite developers. These include Australia's Dyesol, which is partnering with organic PV pioneer Michael Grätzel at the Ècole Polytechnique Fédérale (EPF), and Oxford PV, which has teamed up with Henry Snaith at Oxford University. Poland's Salue Technologies has links to the University of Valencia and Fron Materials, from the National Taiwan University.
In an interesting finding, Lux notes that Chinese researchers are leading the academic publication race in the perovskite field, while "more impactful" research has emanated from countries such as Israel, Switzerland, Singapore and the UK.
Perovskite tandem applications are particularly promising, with Lux noting a perovskite/CIGS tandem cell has achieved 21.7% efficiency. PERC pioneer Martin Green, from the University of New South Wales, is pursuing perovskite/crystalline silicon PV applications. A team from Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin (HZB) and the EPF recently achieved 18% efficiency on a perovskite/heterojunction cell using a low-temperature process.
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“There is a genetic explanation for why women from poor backgrounds are less likely to beat breast cancer,” BBC News reported. It said researchers have found there an association between a woman’s postcode and a particular mutation of a gene linked with a poorer prognosis for breast cancer.
These researchers found that women who lived in deprived areas were more likely to have p53 mutations, and were less likely to have survived cancer-free. The p53 gene normally acts to suppress the development of tumours, but if it is mutated it increases the risk that a cell may become cancerous.
These findings suggest that part of the reason why women from deprived areas have worse overall and disease-free survival from breast cancer may be related to mutations in the p53 gene. Exactly how socioeconomic status interacts with the p53 gene to have this effect will require further investigation.
Although the suggestion is made in the news reports that poor lifestyle factors, such as smoking or drinking may be responsible, the current study did not investigate the reason for the higher level of p53 mutations in the more deprived group, so it is not possible to say whether this is the case.
Where did the story come from?
The research was carried out by Dr Lee Baker and colleagues from Dundee University, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School in Dundee, and Roche (the manufacturers of the genetic test used). The study was funded by Breast Cancer Research, Scotland. The paper was published in the peer-reviewed British Journal of Cancer.
This research was reported by the BBC News and The Guardian, which both covered it accurately. BBC News suggested that “poor lifestyle may trigger” the mutations, and The Guardian mentions a survey that found that factors associated with deprivation such as smoking, drinking and an unhealthy diet could make the p53 mutation more likely. However, the survey mentioned was not part of the current research study, which did not assess the causes of the p53 mutations.
What kind of research was this?
This cohort study investigated whether there is a relationship between socioeconomic status, certain genetic mutations in breast cancer, and survival or recurrence of the cancer. Women from deprived areas have poorer survival rates from breast cancer than women from more affluent areas. However, it is not clear what causes this difference. Previous studies have suggested that certain mutations in the p53 gene are associated with more aggressive breast cancers, and can predict how successful treatment will be. The researchers wanted to know whether the effect that socioeconomic status has on prognosis is related to differences in this gene.
The study used donated tissue from a tissue bank that had already been collected. Some clinical and pathological information about the women was also collected prospectively which increases the likelihood that it is accurate. One limitation is that the researchers had to rely solely on the information that had been previously collected, and this may not have included all of the factors that could have affected the results, and that they would have liked to take into account.
The data on gene mutation and socioeconomic status was examined cross-sectionally, as the tissue samples were collected at the time of surgery. The women were then followed up over time to determine their outcomes. As the tissue was collected at the time of surgery, looking at the DNA from this tissue gives a snapshot of what mutations were present in the cancer cells at the time of treatment, and that could have affected the women’s outcomes after surgery.
What did the research involve?
The researchers used primary breast cancer tissue that had been donated to a tissue bank for research purposes. They extracted DNA from these samples, and used a genetic test to look for mutations in the p53 gene. They looked at where the women who had given these samples lived, and how deprived the area was. This data was then analysed to see whether the level of deprivation in the area where a woman lived was related to whether she had p53 mutations. The researchers also looked at whether a woman’s p53 status was related to the characteristics of her tumour, how long she survived overall, and how long she survived without a recurrence of her cancer.
The samples were obtained from 246 Caucasian women with primary breast cancer who had surgery to remove it between 1997 and 2001, and who had not previously received treatment. The women were all diagnosed and treated at the same centre. The removed tissue was stored in a tissue bank and the women followed up for at least five years to see what their outcomes were. Information on the women’s tumours and their outcomes were collected prospectively.
The tissue was tested with a ‘microarray’, a system that can test DNA samples for many different mutations at the same time. The microarray assessed the DNA sequence at 1268 positions within the p53 gene, and could detect single ‘letter’ changes and deletions in the sequence at these points. The analyses compared women in three ways by looking at: all women in the study, all women with p53 mutations, and all women without p53 mutations.
The level of deprivation in the areas where the women lived was calculated based on the commonly used Carstairs index of socio-economic status, which gives deprivation scores for individual postcode areas. Women in the most deprived areas (worst 10% of scores) were compared with women in less deprived areas (the remaining 90%).
The researchers also investigated whether differences in treatment or tumour characteristics could account for differences in outcomes.
What were the basic results?
Of the 246 women followed for five years or more, 205 (83%) were still alive at their last follow up, 184 (75%) were alive without recurrence of their cancer, and 41 (17%) had died. There were 17 women (7%) from the most deprived areas.
Certain tumour characteristics were more common among these women (grade 3 tumours and HER2-positive tumours), while there was no difference in other tumour characteristics (tumour size, lymph node status, and oestrogen or progesterone receptor status) or treatments received. Women from the most deprived areas were more likely to have a relapse or die than women from less deprived areas.
The researchers found that just over a quarter of tumours carried a p53 mutation (64 out of 246 tumours or 26%). Women with p53 mutations were more likely to have a higher tumour grade, tumour spread to armpit (axillary) lymph nodes, HER-2 positive tumours and oestrogen receptor negative cancers.
Women with p53 mutations had lower overall survival and disease-free survival five years after their surgery than those without mutations in the gene. Mutations in the p53 gene were more common in women from the most deprived areas. Almost 60% of these women had p53 mutations in their tumours (10 out of 17 tumours).
Fewer women in the most deprived areas who had p53 mutations were still alive five years after their cancer diagnosis (24%) compared with women from less deprived areas with p53 mutations (72%). Women from the most deprived areas who had p53 mutations were also less likely to have survived five years without recurrence of their disease (20%) than women from less deprived areas with p53 mutations (56%). These differences were statistically significant, even after adjustment for tumour characteristics that could be affecting results.
However, there were no differences in overall or disease-free survival between the deprivation categories in analyses looking only at women without p53 mutations.
How did the researchers interpret the results?
The researchers concluded, “p53 mutation in breast cancer is associated with socio-economic deprivation and may provide a molecular basis, with therapeutic implications, for the poorer outcome in women from deprived communities”.
These findings appear to suggest that part of the reason why women with breast cancer from deprived areas have worse overall survival and disease-free survival, may be related to mutations in the p53 gene. Exactly how socioeconomic status interacts with the p53 gene to have this effect is not clear and will require further investigation. Other points to note about the current study are that:
- The measure of the women’s level of deprivation was based on the women’s postcode. Though this is an accepted method for measuring deprivation, it may not give as exact a measure as a more thorough assessment of individual women’s socioeconomic characteristics (e.g. household income, education and so on).
- The study was relatively small, with few women in the most deprived category (17 women). Technically, this means that the results are less reliable than they would be with a larger sample, and the authors acknowledge that further studies will be needed to confirm the results.
- The researchers were able to take into account some factors that could affect potentially have affected the results, but there may be others, such as inflammatory markers, that were not measured. The researchers say it is possible that some of these unmeasured factors could explain some of the effect seen.
- The study only included Caucasian women, so the results may not apply to other ethnic groups.
The study not assess why women in the more deprived areas have more p53 mutations. Previous studies have shown that women from more deprived areas have poorer breast cancer prognosis than those from less deprived areas, although the reasons for this are not clear. This study has investigated whether p53 plays a role in this.
Although some news sources have suggested that lifestyle factors such as smoking or alcohol use could be to blame, this study did not assess why p53 mutations were more common in the deprived group. Therefore no conclusions can be drawn about what factors might be responsible. Further research will help to solve this. | <urn:uuid:1c3eafe0-99a0-4cb5-9aee-995a0ccf2d13> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.mynewsdesk.com/uk/news/bbc-news-poverty-link-to-cancer-survival-3503 | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806388.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121132158-20171121152158-00315.warc.gz | en | 0.982128 | 1,971 | 3.40625 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Approximately 1 million people in the United States are currently living with or in remission from hematologic malignancies, including leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) is a procedure for restoring a cancer patient’s marrow cells to normal levels and is one of the most commonly used treatments for leukemia and lymphoma. Chemotherapy and/or radiation are used to disrupt the patient’s immune system prior to HCT to provide the most hospitable environment for successful transplant, but as a consequence the patient’s immune system is compromised and not fully competent to fight off infections for up to a year. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a β-herpesvirus that causes lifelong infection of the host and usually stays under the radar, living quietly in a latent state, but can morph from benign to pathogenic in those with compromised immune systems. CMV is the most frequent viral complication in post-HCT recipients. Great strides in prevention of HCT-related CMV complications have been made in the last several decades with administration of antiviral prophylaxis and donor graft screening. However, little is known about risk factors for CMV transmission in those patients who are CMV seronegative and receive a seropositive graft from a seropositive donor.
To investigate potential risk-factors for CMV transmission in CMV positive donor/CMV negative recipient transplantations, VIDD assistant member Dr. Steven Pergam, in collaboration with VIDD member Dr. Michael Boeckh and Center president /director Dr. Larry Corey and multiple other center faculty and staff, performed a retrospective clinical trial of the Center’s HCT recipients. Between January 1995 and December 2007, 447 patients in which recipients were CMV- and donors were CMV+ underwent HCT at the Hutchison Center. Most patients underwent HCT for acute and chronic leukemias, and all subjects were monitored for CMV seroconversion for up to one year using one of two detection methods for CMV infection: antigen detection (antigenemia) and PCR. The authors found that 19 percent of study subjects had detectable CMV within a year post-transplantation and of these 17 percent before 100 days; the median time to seroconversion was 49 days. Only 1.3 percent of patients developed CMV disease within 100 days post-transplant. In an analysis of risk factors for CMV transmission, the authors found a significantly higher risk when patients received donor grafts with a higher number of total nucleated cells in the donor graft (HR, 2.7; 95 percent CI, 1.6-4.7). These data are the most comprehensive description of CMV complications in this population, help to define the importance of the donor graft as the most frequent source of CMV transmission in CMV positive donor/CMV negative recipients, and may lead to future interventions to predict and prevent CMV transmission for these at-risk patients.
Pergam SA, Xie H, Sandhu R, Pollack M, Smith J, Stevens-Ayers T, Ilieva V, Kimball LE, Huang ML, Hayes TS, Corey L, Boeckh MJ. Efficiency and Risk Factors for CMV Transmission in Seronegative Hematopoietic Stem Cell Recipients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2012 Mar 3. | <urn:uuid:0089c5df-bc21-4229-9c8c-893845205acf> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.fredhutch.org/en/labs/vaccine-and-infectious-disease/news/publication-spotlight/determining_risk_factors_for_cmv.html | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988840.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00066-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929452 | 707 | 2.5625 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Federal, provincial, and local governments each have defined responsibilities in protecting the quality of our air and the quality and supply of water in B.C. communities and across the country.i Non-profit agencies and residents are also interested in contributing to projects that benefit air and water.
Climate change is one of the most significant threats to human health in the twenty-first century.i
Natural environments contain the ingredients that enable life as we know it. The way we design our lives to fit within the natural environment is fundamental in determining our health and well-being. Learn more about how municipalities can foster healthy natural environments in the following areas.
• clean air & water
• climate action
• parks & greenspace
Providing parks and greenspace are not only ways to beautify communities and make life more pleasant, but such spaces also play a central role in human health and well-being. Mounting evidence now tells us that trees, parks, and natural elements play an essential role in a healthy human habitat.1 | <urn:uuid:9d4ea50c-f22b-4f5e-832f-e90365d8aba9> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://planh.ca/take-action/healthy-environments/natural-environments | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320539.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625152316-20170625172316-00223.warc.gz | en | 0.923041 | 207 | 3.140625 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
World’s pristine aquatic ecosystems are under enormous pressure. At sea, 80% of global fisheries are overfished, and as much as 30% are beyond irreversible collapse. 90% of world’s population of big fish like tuna, shark, swordfish and grouper are destroyed. And as pressure on fisheries to reach their targets is increasing, as much as 75% of caught fish is by catch, and shoveled into the ocean, dead or deadly injured. And just as things can’t become worse, more and more fish are treated as toxic waste, as the levels of PCB, mercury and other heavy metals in most fish are seriously increasing. Some high trophic fish as tuna swordfish, and eel, have to be discarded as toxic waste.
Today, about 40 million tons of fish are caught for the production of fish meal and fish oil, and 50% of all fish meal and 80% of all fish oil is used for feeding other fish. High trophic fish like tuna, cod, salmon and shrimp, require 3-6 kg of fish to produce 1 kg of fish. And since the world’s fisheries are dramatically declining, we know that aquaculture of fish that eat fish, doesn’t have so much room to grow any more. The main problem is, that we are mainly eating high predatory fish. If we compare current aquaculture practices with agriculture, it’s like growing tiger and wolf for human consumption.
the integrated culture of low trophic species in recirculating aquaculture systems, where we filter and re-use the water constantly, aiming for a zero exchange. Low trophic species require no or only small amounts of fish meal. In this way we create animal protein from vegetable protein, just like we do on land with cow and sheep. Furthermore, low trophic species are unapproachable for build up of toxic substances, as they are at the bottom of the food chain. In recirculating systems, we discharge almost no water, and we are able to reuse the waste to certain extent, thereby fully committed to a zero waste output. Another advantage to this, is that we grow our fish in a controlled and biosecure system, so no oil leak or other toxic waste stream can reach our fish. The water pump, the heart of the recirculation system, and other electrical devices can obtain their current from solar, wind or other ecological power. In northern countries, warm water species can be grown in water which is heated with heat pumps, solar boilers, or greenhouses. Even better, is the integration of fish or crustaceans, with the cultivation of plants and vegetables. The water that is stocked at site for the vegetables, can be used to grow fish. Thereby, the fish waste and the carbon dioxide exhausted by the animals, will provide an improved growth for the plants. Shortly, what we want to achieve in this design, is the imitation of natural ecosystems on industrial scale.
Finalize new species breeding program in prototype RAS | <urn:uuid:3a73b2fc-f34e-43f7-a6b6-1aa9360b3338> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.aeschylus-philanthropy.eu/index.php/b/project/aqua4c | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049276537.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002116-00207-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947064 | 625 | 3.3125 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
This section describes a range of design and construction principles to maximise the bushfire resilience of your new wall system. Walls are vulnerable to the ignition of combustible wall elements and the passage of flames and embers through the building envelope and into the living areas of the home. When designing a wall system, your main objective should be to prevent embers from entering into the cavities and interior of the building, and to prevent ignitions, collapse, displacement, breach, and damage caused by wind-born debris.
On this page
Preventing external wall ignition
Flame, radiation, debris and adjacent combustible elements can either individually or as combined actions to impact wall cladding. When constructing a house is can be difficult to anticipate all of the possible adjacent combustible elements1 that may be near a wall over its lifespan as well as the amount of debris that can blow up against it during a bushfire. It is recommended that only non-combustible materials be used for cladding of the walls. The wall cladding should also be tight fitting to tolerances of less than 2mm to minimise the rate of debris build up behind the wall cladding. The construction requirements in AS 3959:2018 anticipate direct action from the bushfire front but does not consider potential additional exposure from other adjacent combustible elements.
The requirements in AS 3959:2018 allow for combustible cladding; however, this can ignite during a bushfire, spreading fire to other parts of the house and threatening the effective egress of occupants.
Preventing wall cavity ignition
Wall cladding may contain many gaps between the wall cavity and the outside world. Gaps in cladding that are less than 2mm are effective in minimising ember and debris entry, however any flame local to this gap could pass through a gap of this size. When this happens small flame sources can occur in the wall cavity which can either burn out or ignite adjacent materials leading to a larger fire and possible house destruction. Cavity fires are difficult to monitor and suppress, thus contributing to the possible entrapment of occupants and a loss of life.
Efforts to limit the amount and size of embers and debris that can enter a wall cavity helps to limit the size of small flame sources. Hence, it is essential to use non-combustible material for all elements within the wall cavity including the framing, gas supply piping and insulation. It is also essential to design any penetrations in the internal wall lining with gaps finer than 2mm.
The requirements in AS 3959:2018 allow for cladding to be installed over combustible framing materials. Cladding is often damaged through the normal wear and tear of a building. When this cladding is damaged it can compromise the entire structure, especially when installed over a combustible frame, making the home more vulnerable to bushfire.
- Use non-combustible cladding, solid masonry walls and earth walls are best.
- Use non-combustible wall cavities.
- Seals all gaps (larger than 2mm) in the wall system to prevent ember attack.
- Protect against wind attack and tree strike by siting the home away from hazards (if possible) and by using a design that can resist high wind loads.
- Use a simple design profile which avoids re-entrant corners.
- Avoid combustible cladding and frames.
- Do not rely on sarking as an ember barrier to a combustible wall cavity.
- Do not rely on non-combustible cladding to protect combustible framing materials. A break in the cladding will allow flames and embers to penetrate the exterior of the house and ignite the vulnerable framing materials.
Construction and materials
The following table contains information on different wall systems and the level of bushfire protection they provide. Consider the Bushfire Attack Level (BAL) at the site of your build and design a wall system that will protect against the predicted level of exposure.
Type of frame | Cladding | Additional fire protection | Other features | Exposure protection – BAL |
Solid wall | None | NA | NA | BAL-FZ, consequential fire and wind attack |
Non-combustible cladding. For renders, check the flammability and ignitability of the paint. | BAL-FZ, consequential fire and wind attack | |||
Steel frame | Thick non-combustible cladding (e.g., brick veneer) | 30min fire rated cladding | NA | BAL-FZ |
60min fire rated cladding | NA | BAL-FZ | ||
Thin non-combustible cladding (e.g., corrugated steel) | Seal and cover joints | NA | BAL-29 | |
External fire barrier (e.g., plasterboard) | BAL-FZ and surface fire |
1 AS3959:2018 wall prescriptions only attempt to anticipate the direct action from a fire front and do not consider potential additional exposure from other adjacent combustible elements. | <urn:uuid:f232704a-3be1-4000-bc9c-86061a837ee3> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://research.csiro.au/bushfire/new-builds/walls/ | 2024-02-25T06:01:00Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00758.warc.gz | en | 0.903384 | 1,036 | 3.296875 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
A r c h i v e d I n f o r m a t i o n
Helping Your Child Learn Geography - October 1996
What Does Your Fourth-Grader Know?
CAN YOUR CHILD
- Give clear and precise verbal directions to you describing a route between home and school?
- Describe the purpose of latitude and longitude and, using a world map or globe, identify the absolute location of specific places (e.g., Chicago, Illinois, or the Cape of Good Hope)?
- Locate the seven continents and four oceans on a world map, and point to and identify several countries in South America, Europe, Africa, and Asia?
- Describe the relative location of your local community in terms of its situation in your state and region (e.g., My town is halfway between the state capital and largest city in the state. My state is in the south-central part of the United States.)?
- Measure the straight-line distance between two places on an interstate highway map using the bar scale?
- Locate specific physical features on a map of North America (e.g., the Ozark Plateau, the Central Valley of California, the Susquehanna River, and Lake Okeechobee)?
- Locate specific human features on a map of North America (e.g., the corn belt, New England, the capital of the United States, and where the Declaration of Independence was signed)?
- Cite specific examples from anywhere in the world to illustrate environmental issues (e.g., deforestation and air and water pollution)?
- Explain how the local physical environment has affected the way people live in your community (e.g., how it has influenced choices of building materials, housing styles, and types of flowers and vegetables grown)?
- Find an answer to a geographic question using an encyclopedia, world atlas, gazetteer, computer database, or other library resources (e.g., identify the five largest cities in your state or the U.S. state that has the most tornadoes per year)?
- Tell a story about what it is like to travel or to live in another region of the country or world?
- Take you for a walk in a familiar environment and describe some of the physical and human features of the landscape?
- Describe, in her or his own words, what geography is about?
Reprinted from Geography for Life: National Geography Standards,
1994, Geography Education Standards Project, Washington, DC, Copyright National Geographic Society. | <urn:uuid:1d3c01a2-b6a8-424e-92f6-b509a58fbfb1> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www2.ed.gov/pubs/parents/Geography/standard.html | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812259.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218192636-20180218212636-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.895639 | 527 | 4.03125 | 4 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
A major report released today has found that three of Canada’s largest banks, Scotiabank, TD, and RBC, are amongst the top ten banks in the world funding climate change.
The effects of climate chaos will be far worse than previously predicted. To keep global warming to a maximum of 1.5 degrees, by the year 2030, just over a decade away, governments and corporations will need to make drastic changes to reduce carbon emissions to 45% of 2010 levels. Despite the immense scope and magnitude of the climate crisis, these three Canadian banks continue to pour billions of dollars into fossil fuels -- even after the Paris Accord was signed.
But it doesn’t have to be this way -- these banks could fund clean, green energy projects instead, and stop bankrolling projects that endanger our future. It’s time for TD, Scotiabank and RBC to phase out funding in fossil fuels, and ensure that the rise in global temperature does not exceed 1.5 degrees!
Storms, droughts, wildfires, loss of species, climate-related poverty, widespread displacement, spreading of diseases. These are only some of the devastating, imminent effects of climate change predicted, as a harrowing 2018 United Nations report revealed.
And according to a recent report published by some of the world’s leading environmental action groups, including Rainforest Action Network, Sierra Club, Oil Change International, and Indigenous Environmental Network, the world’s largest, most powerful banks are speeding up the climate chaos. Almost two thousand companies with investments in fossil fuel extraction, infrastructure, and power, received a shocking $1.912 trillion from 33 global banks since the Paris Accord was adopted.
Although overall financing from the 33 banks has fallen slightly in the coal mining and power sectors, the 2019 Fossil Fuel Report Card revealed that global private banks have a long way to go to become “consistent with a pathway toward low greenhouse gas emissions,” one of the Paris Accord’s directives.
It is environmentally and financially risky and unsound for Canadian banking giants TD, Scotiabank and RBC to continue to fund extreme fossil fuel projects and companies, which include the Alberta tar sands, Arctic and ultra-deepwater oil. If these banks do not start defunding these climate change businesses and comply with global requirements to limit global temperatures from rising more than 1.5 degrees, we will all pay the price.
We have heard our members loud and clear that they want us to address the harmful effects of climate change. Just this week, we asked our members whether they think SumOfUs should support the Canadian Green New Deal -- a plan to eliminate poverty and create millions of jobs while tackling the biggest threat of our time: climate change. And 91% of you said yes. We have just signed on to support some major actions this spring and summer to make sure that the Green New Deal is in Canadian discourse ahead of the Federal elections in October.
Will you call on Scotiabank, TD and RBC to stop funding any fossil fuel expansion projects and phase out existing funding on a timeline that works with limiting climate change to 1.5 degrees? | <urn:uuid:dbdb4b88-58d5-4df2-b3c6-f87c5c625cc5> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://actions.sumofus.org/a/it-s-time-td-rbc-and-scotiabank-stop-funding-climate-chaos | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572439.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915235555-20190916021555-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.935183 | 647 | 2.6875 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Traditional Chinese Medicine is a medical system that incorporates numerous methods for treating disease and illness. One of the tools found in the toolbox of the TCM practitioner is known as moxibustion.
Moxibustion is a technique that involves the burning of mugwort, known as moxa, which is an herb that facilitates healing. The purpose of moxibustion is to stimulate the flow of Qi (pronounced “chee”), strengthen the blood and maintain general health. Qi is translated as life energy. There are two types of moxibustion, direct and indirect. Direct moxibustion uses moxa shaped into a small cone and is placed on top of an acupuncture point and burned. This type of moxibustion has two subcategories, scarring and non-scarring. Scarring moxa burns until it distinguishes on its own. This may lead to localized scarring and blisters. Non-scarring moxa allows for the moxa to be placed on the acupuncture point, lit, extinguished and removed before it burns the skin.
Non-scarring moxibustion creates a pleasant heating sensation that penetrates deeply into the skin, but does not create a scar or any pain. Indirect moxibustion is the more popular of the forms. In indirect moxibustion, a practitioner lights one end of a stick of moxa and holds it close to the acupuncture point for several minutes until the area turns red.
Moxibustion is used to help people with cold or stagnant conditions. Burning moxa is believed to expel cold and warm the energetic meridians, which creates the smooth flow of Qi and blood. Moxibustion also supports the yang energy, which strengthens and increases the original Qi. Moxibustion can be used to treat many conditions including back pain, muscle stiffness, headaches, tendonitis, arthritis, digestive disorders, anxiety, menstrual cramps, irregular periods and infertility. Moxibustion is not recommended for diabetic patients, since they have decreased sensitivity to pain and compromised circulation.
Moxibustion is very effectively used in patients that have a cold constitution. Many chronic conditions, even the ones that manifest as heat conditions, can have chronic cold as the underlying situation. A cold constitution is triggered or aggravated by over cooling the body systems. Because of technological advances, our bodies are exposed to cold at a much higher rate than in the past. Things like refrigeration, air-conditioning, iced beverages and even ice cream have created a society of people with cold constitutions. Also many pharmaceutical drugs including over-the-counter pain medications are known to decrease body temperature. Large consumption of fruits and raw vegetables and ongoing mental and emotional stress can also create cold constitutions. Therefore using moxibustion is frequently warranted in the treatment of many illnesses and diseases.
Moxibustion on the acupuncture point Stomach 36 also has the function of preventing diseases and maintaining health. In ancient China, this technique was known as reverse moxibustion. Even if a person is quite healthy, regular moxibustion on this point can invigorate healthy Qi and strengthen the immune system, thus increasing longevity. Perhaps this is why the point has been nicknamed the “longevity point”.
As with acupuncture, only a licensed practitioner should be called upon for treatments such as moxibustion. If you believe that moxibustion may be helpful with your medical conditions, be sure to discuss it with your acupuncturist. | <urn:uuid:a0acc627-9d90-491d-a29a-a0d445850919> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://retreatacupuncturecenters.com/all-about-moxibustion/ | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948543611.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214093947-20171214113947-00610.warc.gz | en | 0.951154 | 749 | 2.609375 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
A brief introduction to novel food macromolecules (G. Doxastakis, V. Kiosseoglou).
Lupin Seed proteins (G. Doxastakis).
Biosolar proteins from aquatic algae (I.S. Chronakis).
Low-cholesterol yolk protein concentrate (Paraskevopoulou, V. Kiosseoglou).
Amaranth proteins: as novel macromolecules for food systems (M.F. Marcone, Y. Kakuda, G. Harauz, R.Y. Yada).
Fish proteins from unexploited and underdeveloped sources (K. Vareltzis).
Physically modified proteins (P.J. Wilde).
Protein hydrolysates as special nutritional ingredients (M.I. Mahmoud, C.T. Cordle).
Mesquite gum (prosopis gum) (E.J. Vernon-Carter, C.I. Beristain, R. Pedroza-Islas).
Gellan gum, a bacterial gelling polymer (M. Rinaudo, M. Milas).
Chitin and chitosan (F.M. Goycoolea, W. Arguelles-Monal, C. Peniche, I. Higuera-Ciapara).
Konjac glucomannan (K. Nishinari).
Ethapolan-an amphiphylic microbial exopolysaccharide (T.A. Grinberg, T.P. Pirog, E.E. Braudo)
Structural and functional aspects of cereal arabinoxylans and &bgr;-glucans (M.S. Izydorcayk, C.G. Biliaderis)
Maillard-type protein-polysaccharide conjugates (A. Kato)
Novel use of biopolymers in the development of low fat spreads and soft cheeses (S. Kasapis)
Legal aspects and specifications of biopolymers used in foods (R.J. Gamvros, G.A. Blekas)
Applying recent advances in biological and physical sciences, food scientists have created "novel food ingredients" enzymatically, chemically or microbiologically. Chief among these are "novel proteins and polysaccharides" which, like the more established traditional macromolecules, can perform multifunctional roles such as thickening, stabilization, gelation or encapsulation and in this way determine to a large extent the shelf life, texture and nutritional value of natural and processed foods.
Featuring the latest advances on chemistry, structure and functional properties of "novel proteins and polysaccharides", with an emphasis on fundamental structure-function relationships, this book will be valuable to all those working in product development and fundamental food research.
- No. of pages:
- © Elsevier Science 2000
- 2nd October 2000
- Elsevier Science
- eBook ISBN:
- Hardcover ISBN:
@from:(J.F. Kennedy and M. Thorley, Chembiotech Laboratories, U.K.)
@qu:...provides a fundamental understanding of novel uses of traditional biopolymers as well as establishing the nature of structure/physiochemical relationships of novel macromolecules in applications where they replace or complement their existing counterparts.
This book is well presented, each chapter having its own extensive set of references. It is highly recommended as an invaluable aid to anyone working in food product development and fundamental research. @source:Carbohydrate Polymers Vol 46/3
Aristotle University, School of Chemistry, Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece | <urn:uuid:8caf803d-22c6-47de-b65b-8b2ff542ec1d> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://www.elsevier.com/books/novel-macromolecules-in-food-systems/doxastakis/978-0-444-82932-0 | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189083.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00428-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.807817 | 787 | 2.75 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
The history of hell in Western culture is derived from Christian mythology, which accepted a shadowy and ill-defined concept of the afterlife in Judaism and combined it with some misunderstood verses from the Hebrew Scriptures, mostly to do with the Valley of Gehenna where criminals were sometimes burnt. It fundamentally contradicts the Western concept of a moral God (a place of "infinite punishment for finite sins"). Across the rest of the world the concept of hell has mostly been very poorly defined or dismissed; it does not fit in with much of the rest of the world's concepts of reincarnation and the cycles of life. Nonetheless in modern times it is a universally understood concept, even if not actually taken seriously.
“The Teutonic Goddess of the Dead and daughter of Loki was named Hel, a Pagan god of torture and punishment. Another "L" was added when the books of the Old Testament were formulated. The prophets who wrote the Bible did not know the word "Hell"; they used the Hebrew Sheol and the Greek Hades, which meant the grave; also the Greek Tartaros, which was the abode of fallen angels, the underworld (inside the earth), and Gehenna, which was a valley near Jerusalem where Moloch reigned and garbage was dumped and burned. It is from this that the Christian Church has evolved the idea of "fire and brimstone" in Hell.
The Protestant Hell and the Catholic Hell are places of eternal punishment; however, the Catholics also believe there is a "Purgatory" where all souls go for a time, and a "Limbo" where unbaptized souls go. The Buddhist Hell is divided into eight sections, the first seven of which can be expiated. The ecclesiastical description of Hell is that of a horrible place of fire and torment; in Dante's Inferno, and in northern climates, it was thought to be an icy cold region, a giant refrigerator.”
“A word which appears to have come from the Old English hel meaning 'concealed' (and, some suggest, 'dark hole'). Hell as a place of everlasting torment appears to have been an invention of the early Christian, perhaps a misunderstanding of the esoteric ABYSS which figures in Qabalistic texts and in the ancient mystery wisdom. The near equivalent to Hell in classical times was HADES, which was more of a post-mortem shadow land (where there was no torment, though gnashing of teeth) than the place of torture visualized in the modern European concept of Hell. The Hebraic Sheol has been translated in biblical texts as meaning Hell, but this translation is inaccurate.”
"Dictionary of Demons" by Fred Gettings (1988) entry on "Hell"
Notice in the histories below that some descriptions of the afterlife are a single place for everyone, both good and bad. But more common there is a special place and a special set of punishments for bad people. No doubt, such horrendous places were imagined up by the victims of life, so they could console themselves by placing their tormentors into them in order to bring revenge and justice to the world. Humanity has now grown beyond such simple wishful-thinking, but the imagery of hell remains part of the popular symbolism of all cultures. The role of the afterlife in general in religion is explored more holistically on this page: The Afterlife in Different Religions.
“The pyramid texts composed by the priests of Heliopolis for the tombs of the V Dynasty c.2400 BC [are the first historical record of an idea of heaven and hell]. This invention of the hell/heaven sanction by the Egyptians has been of the highest significance in subsequent moral control, and in Egypt, as with most other societies, its function was to support the monarchy.”
Sheol is Hebrew, Jewish, and therefore one of the primary sources of Christian mythology.
“"Sheol" is a Hebrew word used for the abode of the dead. It is thought of as a place situated below the ground (e.g. Ezek. 31:15), a place of darkness, silence and forgetfulness (Job 10:21; Ps. 94:17, 88:12). Although the dead in sheol are apparently cut off from God (Ps. 88:3-5), he is not absent (Ps. 139:8), and is able to deliver souls from sheol (Ps. 16:10). It is sometimes translated as "hell"; however, it is not seen as a place of eternal punishment, and its use in the New Testament (e.g. Matt. 16:18; Acts 2:27) suggests a meaning relating simply to the power of death.”
"Bible Facts" by Jenny Roberts (1997)
Sheol is the place where the dead go. There has been very little or no usage of Sheol in Satanic imagery, but it forms part of the prehistory of Hell.
“The word translated as "hell" in the New Testament comes from the Hebrew word "Gehenna". Gehenna meant "the valley of Hinnom", and was originally a particular valley outside Jerusalem, where children were sacrificed to the god Moloch (2 Kgs 23:10; 2 Chron. 28:3;Jer. 32:35). In later Jewish literature Gehenna came to be associated with a place of torment and unquenchable fire that was to be the punishment for sinners. It was thought by many that lesser sinners might eventually be delivered from the fires of Gehenna, but by New Testament times punishment for sinners was deemed to be eternal.”
"Bible Facts" by Jenny Roberts (1997)
The Markandeya Purana is a collection of semi-canonical Hindu stories probably written down from ancient sources between 300 to 750CE4. Chapter 10 contains a description of the afterlife. The speaker explains the many similarities in the route taken by the dead who are good people, and those who are bad. Whilst this description is technically more of that of an afterlife in general which, like Hades, is the destination for all people both good and bad, the description of the fate of the bad people is a very familiar, classical, description of what goes on in hell in all traditional religions.
“He, who has given away food with a meat purified by reverence, obtains satisfaction even without food. (52) He who has never uttered a falsehood, he who has not made a distinction of love, he who believes in God and who is reverential, meets with happy death. (52) [...] He who does not forsake virtue through lust, anger or spite, he who keeps his promise and is gentle, meets with easy death. (55)
But he who does not give water to one who is thirsty, food to one who is hungry, are assailed by them when death presents itself. (56) [...] Those worst of men, who cause ignorance and stupefaction, attain great fear and are crushed by fierce pangs. (58) [...] The dreadful and vicious-souled followers of Yama, breathing hellish smell around, with nooses and maces in hands; approach them. (60) And when they come within the range of their vision they all tremble and continually bewail for their brothers, mothers and sons. (61) [...] Then he is dragged by the emissaries of Yama sending out dreadful, inauspicious yells through grounds rough with Kusha, thorns, ant-hills, pins and stones, glowing with flames at places, covered with pits, blazing with the heat of the sun and burning with its rays. (66-67) Dragged by the dreadful (emissaries) and eaten by hundreds of jackals, the sinful person goes to Yama's house through a fearful passage. (68) But those, who have distributed umbrellas and shoes, those who have given away cloth, and as well as those who have given away food, go easily by that way. (69) Going through such sufferings, losing all control over self and assailed by sin a man is taken on the twelfth day, to the city of Dharma. (70) When his body is burnt he experiences a great burning sensation; and when his body is beaten or cut he feels a great pain. (71) His body being thus destroyed, a creature, although walking into another body, suffers eternal misery on account of his own adverse actions. (72) [...] After the twelfth day, being drawn, a man beholds the dreadful and terrible-looking iron city of Yama. (77) As soon as he enters there he beholds Yama in the midst of the Destroyer, Death and others having blood-red eyes, and resembling a mass of crushed collyrium, with face with dreadful teeth, and a dreadful frowning countenance; - the lord, encircled by hundreds of distempers having disfigured and dreadful visages, carrying his rod, mighty-armed, with the noose in his hand and highly fearful to look at. A creature attains to a state, good or bad, assigned by him. (78-80)
One giving false evidence or uttering falsehood goes to Raurava. Hear now, I will give what is the true description of Raurava. (81) It measures two thousand Yoyanas. There is a pit which is knee-deep and difficult of being crossed. (82) Levelled with heaps of flaming charcoal it is heated by a piece of land burning dreadfully with coal. (83) Into it the followers of Yama throw the perpetrator of impious deeds. And burnt by the dreadful fire he runs about. (84) His feet get torn and injured at every step and within a day and night he can but once take away his feet. (85) When he thus goes over a thousand Yoyanas he is let alone. Then to have his sins washed off he is taken to another such hell. (86) After having gone through all the hells the sinner takes upon a beastly life. Then going through the lives of worms, insects, and flies, beasts of prey, gnats, elephants, trees, horses, cows, and through diverse other sinful and miserable lives, he, coming to the race of men, is born as a hunch-back, or an ugly person or a dwarf or a Chandala Pukkasa. (87-89) Then carrying the remnant of his virtue and vice he goes up gradually to the higher caste, Sudras, Vaishyas, Kshatryas, Brahmanas, and the state of the king of gods; sometimes perpetrating iniquities he falls into the hell beneath.”
Markandeya Purana, chapter 10 verses 52-905
Although this description concludes with the eventual rebirth into higher states of being than insects and creatures, the description of the endless torture and punishment could easily have been penned by a Christian, such are the similarities in style.
“When the world was divided between the three brothers, the underworld and hell fell to Hades, while Zeus took the heavens and Poseidon, the sea. [...] He was formidable in battle and took part in the fight against the Titans. Hades ruled the dead, assisted by demons over whom he had authority. He forbade his subjects to leave his domain and became enraged when anyone tried to steal his prey from him. Among mortals, he was the most hated of the gods, and gods themselves had an abhorrence of him (Iliad, XX, 61). [...] He was also known as Pluto.”
"The Wordsworth Dictionary of Mythology" by Fernand Comte (1994)
“Hades was the son of Cronos and Rhea, and the brother of Zeus and Poseidon. [...] The most characteristic feature of the god of the darkness that lay beneath the earth was his cynëe, a helmet given to him by the Cyclopes which made him invisible. And sure enough, Hades was enclosed for ever in an invisible, shadowy country beneath the ground. [...] Hades [is] closely associated with the concept of death, the souls of the departed descended into his dark, musty kingdom, which was a kind of perpetual house of imprisonment guarded ceaselessly by Cerberus, Hades' fierce, ruthless and loyal hound.”
This is similar to Sheol in that all the dead go to Hades, not just sinners or saints. The afterlife is itself separated into areas, and delivery to some of these areas is dependent on actions during one's life.
Tartaros in Greek culture was never a popular concept, and features only in a few stories. It is the closest precedent to Hell as defined by later Christians.
“Tartaros. In Greek mythology this was a place, supposed to be as far below HADES as Heaven was above Hell, in which the Titans who had rebelled against the gods were kept prisoners. By Roman times, however, the place was sometimes equated with Hades and even used as a name for the ruler of Hades, often called PLUTO.”
"Dictionary of Demons" by Fred Gettings (1988)
The Gospel of Matthew contains some of the classic New Testament imagery of Hell. It is a place of everlasting fire (Matthew 25:31), where body and soul are destroyed (Matthew 10:28), where there is weeping and gnashing of teeth ((Matthew 8:12). But history isn't as simple as to presume that these description came about without drawing on historical present and pagan religion.
“The more enlightened sages of the Mysteries viewed such horrors [as hell] as merely stories to encourage better moral behavior. Plutarch calls the terrors of the Underworld an 'improving myth'. The Christian philosopher Origen likewise argued that the literal terrors of hell were false, but they ought to be publicized in order to scare simpler believers. [...]
Origen, however, was posthumously condemned by the Roman Catholic Church as a heretic for his compassionate belief that all souls would eventually be redeemed. The Roman Church required all Christians to believe that some souls would suffer in hell forever, while the faithful would enjoy eternal salvation. This is the one doctrine on the afterlife which Celsus regards as distinctively Christian. He writes:
'Now it will be wondered how men so desperate in their beliefs can persuade others to join their ranks. The Christians use sundry methods of persuasion, and invent a number of terrifying incentives. Above all, they have concocted an absolutely offensive doctrine of everlasting punishment and rewards, exceeding anything the philosophers (who have never denied the punishment of the unrighteous of the reward of the blessed) could have imagined'.”
“In the King James Version of the Bible, the Hebrew word sheol and Greek word hades (two very different concepts) are both generally translated as Hell.”
Plutarch (46-125CE) and the early Christians viewed hell as a symbolic place. It was only over time that Christianity became the literalistic belief system that it is now, initially all of its teachings were either Roman Mystery religion or Jewish in origin. The Valley of Hinnom (see above) was a place where sinners were actually burnt, the hell that the pagan religions believed in was a symbolic place (where those who died went) used to persuade people to behave better, and the Jews had little actual teachings on the concept of Hell. The result was that Christianity, a religion that was popular amongst the illiterate and undereducated in the Roman empire, lost its inner symbolic nature and became seen as an actual real place where sinners were punished forever, after death.
“In the Koran, hell is said to have seven divisions or portals (15:44); in Zohar 2.150 we find the same description. These notions go back to old Indo-Iranian sources, because in both Hindu and Zoroastrian scriptures we find the seven creations and seven heavens. [...] In sura 43.76 we find reference to Malik as the keeper of hell who presides over the tortures of the damned; similarly the Jews talk of the Prince of Hell. Malik is obviously a corruption of the Fire God of the Ammonites, Molech, mentioned in Leviticus,1 Kings, and Jeremiah.”
The Christian medieval exciting and grand artistic portrayals of Hell are accepted within Satanism as powerful imagery, although Satanic doctrine itself denies any form of afterlife and therefore does not believe in any form of Hell. Hell is sometimes used as a symbolic place where power, demonic forces and strength come from, and is sometimes jokingly considered a place where stupid people and religious sheep are punished. If something is from hell it is normally considered powerful and good, but something in Hell is normally considered to be suffering. There is no consistent usage of the term because Satanism does not hold that hell is real, and the images used by Satanists are taken from other religion's conceptions.
“There is no heaven of glory bright, and no hell where sinners roast. Here and now is our day of torment! Here and now is our day of joy! Here and now is our opportunity! Choose ye this day, this hour, for no redeemer liveth!”
Despite the lack of belief in a literal Hell, the imagery and symbolism of Hell is used a lot in Satanic writings and art. Satanism does not accept the later Christian mutations of the original concept of hell as a non-symbolic place. Therefore, Satanism accepts hell only in symbolism. The imagery is used to inspire and to create emotional responses.
In Anton LaVey's list of Infernal Names there are a few who are related to concepts of Hell.
There is no consistent use of the concept of Hell in Satanism. The references to hell are varied and uncoordinated. In general, Satanism uses imagery of Hell derived from medieval times, of hordes of people being tormented by demons. A brief look at the graphics used on the Church of Satan website reveals a few comments that imply that the masses who are being tortured are the unthinking sheep of Humanity.
The secular usage of the word Hell frequently alludes to it being a temporary state on Earth when a person's life is very difficult. 'Living in Hell...', 'Hell on Earth'.
Satanic imagery frequently uses Hell as a place where power is obtained, where powerful demonic forces are called from and where our impurities are cleansed.
“The flames of Hell burn fierce and purify!”
Purification and mental well-being are benefits of being without guilt; of being able to understand and accept your own past without the hindrance of guilt inspired by the belief that an eternal God is going to ruminate over your errors. Without the need for forgiveness from anyone but oneself; the negativity and pent up emotion that turns a good man into a bitter one instead turns into a relaxing and calming sensation of inner peace. Cleansed. Part of this cleansing process, the fierce burning of hell, involves revoking past demons and, would you guess, allowing those god-shaped holes in your heart to heal.
“Open wide the gates of Hell! The lower heavens beneath you, let them serve you!”
Liberal Christianity views Hell as being the state you are in whilst, after death, you choose not to accept God. In Conservative Christianity it is a place where people are sent, after their life and actions are judged, for an eternity of punishment and torment.
In Satanism, Hell is a place of power, safety, self-development and pleasure. The thinking man who treads the left hand path's first obstacle is to avoid mindless faith and thoughtless belief, and this is also the path to Hell. Intelligence and curiosity will take you there... and you will be rewarded with independence, self reliance, strength, will power and powers that enable you to be successful on this Earth.
The Heavens beneath is the Satanic power of being able to tap into yourself and create a demon.
“The Eighteenth Enochian Key opens the gates of Hell and casts up Lucifer and his blessing.”
Lucifer the Crown Prince brings enlightenment. Lucifer's blessing is Redemption, as we become secure in the knowledge that we are our own, masterless, and no God exists. As the entire world realizes this, Hell is unleashed, and all of humankind is redeemed from past guilts and misinformation. Enlightenment.
“The flames of Hell burn brighter for the kindling supplied by these volumes of hoary misinformation and false prophecy.”
All religion, blind faith, herd mentality and sources of stupidity are firewood. A source of power for the fire that burns is the knowledge of just how much rubbish and stupidity there is in the world. The ego does wonders for your productivity and energy as you see how crap most people are!
The Koran. Translation by N. J. Dawood. Penguin Classics edition published by Penguin Group Ltd, London, UK. First published 1956, quotes taken from 1999 edition.
The Bible (NIV). The NIV is the best translation for accuracy whilst maintaining readability. Multiple authors, a compendium of multiple previously published books. I prefer to take quotes from the NIV but where I quote the Bible en masse I must quote from the KJV because it is not copyrighted, whilst the NIV is. [Book Review]
(1994) The Wordsworth Dictionary of Mythology. Wordsworth Editions Ltd
(1988) Dictionary of Demons. Quotes from 1989 hardback reprint. Published by Guild Publishing.
(1997) Greek Mythology and Religion. Published by Haïtalis, Astrous 13, 13121 Athens, Greece.
Nukariya, Kaiten. Professor of Kei-O-Gi-Jiku University and of So-To-Shu Buddhist College, Tokyo.
(1913) Zen - The Religion of the Samurai. Subtitled "A study of Zen philosophy and discipline in China and Japan". Amazon digital edition. Produced by John B. Hare and proofread by Carrie R. Lorenz.
(1997) Bible Facts. Hardback. Originally 1990. Published by Grange Books, London.
(1993) A History of Sin. Hardback. Canongate Press.
(1995) Why I am not a Muslim. Prometheus Books | <urn:uuid:4cfce291-d2e7-431a-be2b-23cb77e42624> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.dpjs.co.uk/hell.html | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701161718.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193921-00222-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960237 | 4,627 | 3.453125 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Conflict is a normal part of life. It happens at work, at home, and with friends. But it doesn't have to escalate into a heated argument or a full-blown fight. When conflict escalates to that level, it can damage relationships, lead to stress and anxiety, and create a negative environment. Fights and arguments can also be counterproductive, as it can make it difficult to find solutions to the problems that are causing the conflict.
Fortunately, there are ways to resolve conflict peacefully and productively. If you’re striving to resolve conflict without escalation, keep these tips in mind:
This is often the hardest part, but it is essential. When you are calm, you can think more clearly and communicate more effectively. If you feel yourself getting angry, take a few deep breaths or excuse yourself from the situation for a few minutes to cool down.
This means paying attention to what the other person is saying, both verbally and nonverbally. Ask clarifying questions and try to see things from their perspective.
Acknowledge their feelings
Even if you don't agree with them, it is important to let them know that you understand how they are feeling. This helps to build trust and defuse the situation.
Focus on the problem at hand
Avoid blaming and criticizing the other person or getting distracted by other conflicts from the past. Instead, focus on the problem that is causing the conflict now and try to find a solution that works for both of you.
Be willing to compromise
It is unlikely that you will get everything you want, so be willing to meet the other person halfway. This shows that you are invested in finding a solution that works for both of you.
Use "I" statements
This helps to communicate your feelings and needs without blaming the other person. For example, instead of saying "You're always late," say "I feel frustrated when I have to wait for you."
Words like "always," "never," and "everything" make the other person feel defensive and shut down communication.
Resolving conflict without escalation is an important skill to learn. By following the tips you can learn to handle conflict in a constructive way and maintain healthy relationships.
If you are struggling with your conflict resolution skills, consider seeking help from a therapist. You can contact us by scheduling a free consultation through the button below — Salt River Therapy has professionals that can help! | <urn:uuid:ee885176-7d1b-4a76-94b4-9160f9eface5> | CC-MAIN-2025-21 | https://saltrivertherapy.com/recovery-19348/resolving-conflict-without-escalation- | 2025-05-12T18:46:03Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-21/segments/1746990412332.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20250512170345-20250512200345-00491.warc.gz | en | 0.968898 | 489 | 2.546875 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
History of Arabian Horses
Articles of History:
by Lady Anne Blunt orig pub in 1879
A PREFACE AND SOME ACCOUNT OF THE ARABS AND THEIR HORSES
BY W. S. BLUNT
IN TWO VOLUMES
FRANK CASS & CO. LTD. 1968
- ON HORSES.
- PART I
"A neighing quadruped, used in war, and draught and carriage."
Arab horse-breeding -- Obscurity respecting it -- There is no Nejdean breed -- Picture of the Anazeh horse--He
is a bold jumper -- Is a fast horse for his size -- His nerve excellent, and his temper -- Causes of deterioration -- How
the Bedouins judge a horse -- Their system of breeding and training -- Their horsemanship indifferent -- Their prejudices
-- Pedigree of the thoroughbred Arabian horse.
Considering the obsurity in which the whole subject of Arab horse-breeding is hidden in
England, I trust that I shall be excused for venturing to give a slight sketch of this interesting subject. It was one that
engaged our attention more than any other on our late journey, and which we took especial pains to understand in principle
as well as in detail.
It is singular that former travellers should not have attempted this. Niebuhr and Burckhardt,
exhaustive as they generally are, are silent here, or tell us little that is correct, while later travellers, either from
lack of interest or lack of knowledge, ignores the subject altogether. Mr. Palgrave, in his contempt of all things Bedouin,
disposes of the Anazeh horses in a few sentences, which reveal his little acquaintance with his subject, and repeats a fantastic
account of the Royal Stables at Riad and the tale of a distinct Nejdean breed existing there, a tale which so far as I could
learn no Bedouin north of Jebel Shammar believes a word of: Mr. Palgrave must have been deceived on this point oby the townsmen
of Riad, for the northern Bedouins know Ibn Saoud perfectly by name and know of his mares. But they all assert that the Riad
stud is quite a modern collection, got together by Feysul and acquired principally from themselves. Abdallah-ibn-Feysul-inb-Saoud
still sends to the Anazeh for additions to it from time to time; and I know of one instance in which he sent four mares from
Riad as far as Aleppo to a celebrated horse standing there.
General Daumans's book on the horses of the Sahara does not do more than touch on those
of Arabia; and, with the exception of an Italian work which I have heard of, but which is out of print, I know of nothing
on the subject better than Captian Upton's pamphlet called "Newmarket and Arabia." This, with some really interesting
facts and generally correct notions, is but a sketch taken from information gained at second hand. The pamphlet, as far as
it relates to Arabia, consists mainly of a discussion as to what sort of horse it was Noah took with him into the ark, and
where the horse went after he was let out of it. *
*Since writing the above I have been shown an article in Fraser's Magazine of September, 1876, in which Captain Upton corrects
his original impressions about Arabian horse-breeding, in consequence of a visit paid by him to the Sebaa, Moali and other
tribes in the neighbourhood of Aleppo. The account thus corrected is exceedingly good, though it still contains not a few
Not to go back so far as that, I think we may be content with accepting the usual belief
that Arabia was one of the countries where the horse was originally found in his wild state, and where he was first caught
and tamed. By Arabia, however, I would not imply the peninsula, which , according to every account we have of it, is not at
all a country suited to the horse in his natural condition. there is no water above the ground in Nejd, nor any pasture fit
for horses except during the winter months; and the mares kept by the Bedouins there are fed, during part of the year at least,
on dates and camel's milk. Every authority agrees on this point. The Nejd horses are of pure blood, because of the isolation
of the peninsula, and the want of proper food has stunted the breed. Nejd bred horses are neither so tall nor so fast as those
of the Hamad, although the blood is the same. Dr. Colvill, who went to Riad in 1854, assures me that he saw but one single
mare during the whole of his journey there and back, and that that was a small insignificant animal. He has seen, however,
poinies of thirteen hands in el Hasa which he describes as "little lions," of great power and beauty; the "tattoes" of the
It is not then in the peninsula of Arabia, where water is only to be had from wells, that
the original stock can have been found, but rather in Mesopotamia and the great pastoral districts bordering the Euphrates,
where water is abundant and pasture perennial. I was constantly struck, when crossing the plains of Mesopotamia, with its
resemblance to Entrerios, and the other great horse-producing regions of the river Plate. Here the wild horse must have been
originally captured, (just as in the present day the wahash or wild ass is captured,) and taken thence by man to people the
Later on, invasions from the north seem to have brought other breeds of horses to these
very plains, members perhaps of other original stocks, those of the Russian steppes or of Central Asia. These we find represented
on the Chaldean bas-releifs, and still existing in the shape of stout ponies all along the northern edge of the desert --
animals disowned by the Bedouins as being horses at all, yet serviceable for pack work, and useful in their way. This Chaldean
type, from whatever source it springs, stands in direct contrast with that of the true Arabian. It is large-headed, heavy-necked,
straight- shouldered, and high on the leg -- a lumbering clumsy beast, fit rather for draught, if it were large enough, than
for riding; and in this way the ancient Chaldeans seem to have chiefly employed it. The desert, however, has always preserved
its own breed intact; and wherever the Bedouin is found, whether in Nejd or in the Hamad or Mesopotamia, the same animal,
with the same traditions and the same prejudices concerning him, is to be found. It is of this animal only that I propose
The pure bred Bedouin horse stands from fourteen to fifteen hands in height, the difference
depending mainly on the country in which he is bred, and the amoung of good food he is given as a colt. In shape he is like
our English thoroughbred, his bastard cousin, but with certain differences. The principal of these is, as might be expected,
in the head, for where there is a mixture of blood the head almost always follows the least beautiful type of the ancestors.
Thus, every horse with a cross of Spanish blood will retain the heavy head of that breed, though he have but one-sixteenth
part of it to fifteen of a better strain. The head of the Arabian is larger in proportion than that of the English thoroughbred,
the chief difference lying in the depth of jowl. This is very marked, as is also the width between the cheek-bones where the
English horse is often defective to the cost of his windpipe. The ears are fine and beautifully shaped, but not very small.
The eye is large and mild, the forehead prominent as in horses of the Touchstone blood with us, and the muzzle fine, sometimes
almost pinched. Compared with the Arabian, the English thoroughbred is Roman nosed. The head, too, and this is perhaps the
most distinguishing feature, is set on at a different angle. When I returned to England the thoroughbreds seemed to me to
hold their heads as if tied in with a bearing rein, and to have no throat whatever, the cause perhaps of that tendency to
roaring so common with them.
The neck of the Arabian horse is light, and I have never seen among them anything approaching
to the crest given by his pictures, to the Godolphin Arabian. The shoulder is good, as good as in our own horses and the wither
is often as high, although from the greater height of the hind-quarter this is not so apparent. The forearm in the best specimens
is of great strength, the muscle standing out with extraordinary prominence. The back is shorter than it is in our thoroughbreds,
and the barrel rounder. The Arabian is well ribbed up. He stands higher at the croup than at the wither. The tail is set on
higher, but not, as I have heard some people say, on a level with the croup. Indeed, the jumping bone, to use an Irish phrase,
is often very prominent. The tail is carried high, both walking and galloping; and this point is much looked to, as a sign
of breeding. I have seen mares gallop with their tails as straight as a colt's, and fit, as the Arabs say, to hang your cloak
The hind-quarter in the arabian is much narrower than in our horses, another point of breeding,
which indicates speed rather than strength. The line of the hind-quarter is finer, the action freer, and the upper limb longer
in proportion than in the English racehorse. The hocks are larger, better let down, and not so straight. The cannon bone is
shorter. The legs are strong, but with less bone in proportion than back sinew. This last is perhaps the finest point of the
Arabian, in whom a "breakdown" seldom or never occurs. the bones of the pastern joints are fine, sometimes too fine for strength,
and the pastern itself is long evern to weakness. Its length is a point much regarded by the Arabs as a sign of speed. The
hoofs are round and large, and very hard, though, from the barbarous method of shoeing and paring of the foot practiced by
the desert blacksmiths, a stranger might doubt this. The toe is often cut ludicrously short, out of economy, to save frequent
The only defect of the Arabian as a racehorse, compared with our own, is his small size.
Inch for inch there can be no question which is the faster horses.
It is commonly said in England that the Arabian has but one pace, the gallop; and in a certain
sense this is true. Trotting is discouraged by the Bedouin colt-breakers, who, riding on an almost impossible pad, and without
stirrups, find that pace inconvenient. But with a little patience, the deficiency can easily be remedied, and good shoulder
action given. No pure bred Arabian however is a high stepper. His style of galloping is long and low, the counterpart of our
English thoroughbred's. He is a careless but by no means a bad or dangerous walker. It is considered a great point of breeding
that a horse should look about him to right and left as he walks; and this, combined with the great lengths of his pasterns,
makes him liable to trip on even ground, if there are slight inequalities in his road. I have never however seen him even
in danger of falling. The horse is too sure of his footing to be careful, except on rough ground, and then he never makes
a false step. The broken knees one comes across are almost always the result of galloping colts before they are strong enough
over rocky gbround, and, though a fearful disfigurement in our eyes, are thought nothing of by the Bedouins. The reputation,
so often given to the Arabian, of being a slow walker, is the reverse of true. Though less fast than the Barb, he walks well
beyond the average pace of our own horses. His gallop, as I have said, is long and low, and faster in proportion to his
height than that of any other breed. If one could conceive an Arabian seventeen hands high, he could not fail to leave
the best horse in England behind him. As it is, he is too small to keep stride with our race-horses.
The Arabian is a bold jumper, indeed the boldest in the world. Though in their own country
they had had absolutely no knowledge of fences, not one of the mares we brought home with us has made any difficulty about
going at the fences we tried them at. One of them, the evening of her arrival in England, on being let loose in the park,
cleared the fence which is five feet six inches high. We pulled down the lower rails after this, and walked her back under
the top one, a thick oak rail which was several inches higher than her wither. Another, though only fourteen hands two incehs,
clears seven yards in her stride over a hurdle. The mare I rode on the journey, carried me over the raised watercourses by
the Euphrates in the cleverest way in the world, off and on without the least hanging or hesitation, and always with a foot
ready to bring down in case of need. As hunters, however, in England, they would all be too small for any but children to
ride, and their want of comparative height at the wither would be a serious defect.
Of their galloping powers, as compared with those of English thoroughbreds, I cannot speak
from experience. I do not, however, suppose that over three miles, the longest English race, and Arabian would have much chance
against any but quite inferior animals. Over five miles it might be different, but over twenty I am convinced that none but
very exceptional English horses, would be able to go with them.The Arabians seem capable of going on for surprising distances,
under heavy weights, without tiring; and they have the advantage of being able to stand almost any amount of training without
going "stale." The thoroughbred Anazeh horse will train as fine as any English racehorse. Be this as it may, there is no doubt
that the pure bred Arabian possesses extraordinary powers of endurance. On a journey he may be ridden day after day, and fed
only upon grass. Yet he does not lose heart or condition, and is always ready to gallop at the end of the longest march, a
thing we have never ventured to propose to our horses on any previous journey.
In disposition the Arabians are gentle and affectionate, familiar indeed almost to the extent
of being troublesome. They have no fear of man whatsoever, and will allow anyone to come up to them when grazing, and take
them by the head. If they happen to be lying down, they will not move though you come close to them. They are not to be intimidated
by any lifting up of hands or sticks, for they do not understand that you can hurt them. It often amused us in the desert
to see the mares come up to their masters and use them for a rubbing-post. this extreme gentleness and courage, though partly
the effect of education, is also inherited, for a colt born and brought up in the stable is just as tame. It never thinks,
as English colts do, of running round behind its dam for protection, but comes at once to anyone who enters the box.
I have never seen an Arabian vicious, shy, or showing signs of fear. They do not wince at
firearms, though they are not at all accustomed to them; and in England no railway train or sudden noise gives them the least
alarm. In this they are very diffferent from Barbs, Turks, and all other foreign horses I have had to do with.
There is among English people a general idea that grey, especially flea-bitten grey, is
the commonest Arabian colour. But this is not so among the Anazeh. Bay is still more common, and white horses, though fashionable
in the desert, are rare. Our white Hamdaniyeh mare, Sherifa, which came from Nejd, was immensely admired among the Gomussa
for the sake of her colour almost as much as for her head, which is indeed of extraordinary beauty. The drawing at the beginning
of this chapter is her very faithful portrait. Perhaps out of a hundred mares among the Anazeh one would see thirty-five bay,
thirty grey, fifteen chestnut, and the rest brown or black. Roans, piebalds, duns, and yellows, are not found among the pure
bred Arabians, though the last two occasionally are among Barbs. The bays often have black points and generally a white foot,
or two or three white feet, and a snip or blaze down the face. The chestnuts vary from the brightest to the dullest shades,
and I once saw a mottled brown. The tallest and perhaps handsomest horse we saw was a Samhan-el-Gomeaa, a three-year-old bay
with black points, standing about fifteen hands one inch. He was a little clumsy, however, in his action, though that may
have been the fault of his breaking. He had bone enough to satisfy all the requirements, even those of a Yorkshire man, but
showed no sign of lacking quality. With very few exceptions, all the handsomest mares we saw were bay, which is without doubt
by far the best colour in Arabia as it is in England. The chestnuts, as with us, are hot tempered, evern violent. Black is
a rare colour, and I never saw in the desert a black mare which I fancied. In choosing Arabians I should take none but bays,
and if possible bays with black points.
It must not be suposed that there are many first-class mares among the Bedouins. During
all our travels we saw but one which answered to the ideal we had formed, an Abeyeh Sherrak of the Gomussa. Nor were there
many which approached her. Among the Shammar we saw only two first-class mares, among the Fedaan perhaps half a dozen, and
among the Roala, once the leading tribe in horse-breeding, none. The Gomussa alone, of all the Anazeh, have any large number
of really fine mares. We had an excellent oppportunity of judging, for we were with the Gomussa when fighting was going on,
and when every man among them was mounted on his mare. I do not consider that we saw more than twenty "fok el aali," or, to
translate it literally, "tip-top" mares, nor more than fifty which we should have cared to possess. I doubt if there are two
hundred really first-class mares in the whole of Northern Arabia. By this I of course do not mean first-class in quality and
appearance as well as blood.
I cannot help suspecting that a certain amount of deterioration has taken place within the
last fifty, perhaps the last twenty years. There is no doubt that in the early years of the present century, the Roala were
possesssed of immense numbers of mares, and had the reputation of having the monopoly of some of the best strains of blood.
It was to their sheykh, Ibn Shallan, whom he called the "Prince of the Desert," that Abbas Pasha sent his son to be educated,
and from them that he bought most of the mares, of which he made such a wonderful collection. Yet from one cause and another
the Roala, though still rich and powerful, have now no mares to speak of. They have within the last few years abandoned the
old Bedouin warfare with the lance, and taken to firearms. Horses are no longer indispensable to them, and have been recklessly
sold. The Shammar of Mesopotamia have suffered for the last two generations by the semi-Turkism of their Sheykhs, Sfuk and
Ferhan, and have been divided by internal dissensions to such an extent, that their enemies, the Anazeh, have greatly reduced
them. Abbas Pasha also bought up many fine mares from among them at extravagant prices; and they now have not a single specimen
among them of the Seglawi Jedran breed, for which they were formerly famous. The Montefik in the south, once also celebrated
for their horses, have allowed the purity of their breed to be tampered with , for the sake of increased size, so necessary
for the Indian market which they supplied. It was found that a cross-bred animal of mixed Persian and Arabian blood, would
pass muster among the English in India as pure Arabian, and would command a better price from his extra height. The Persian
or Turcoman horse stands fifteen hands two inches, or even, I am told, sixteen hands; and these the Montifik have used to
cross their mares with. The produce is known in India as the Gulf Arab, but his inferior quality is now recognised. Lastly,
among the Sebaa themselves, who have maintained the ancient breeds in all their integrity, various accidents have concurred
in diminishing the number of their mares. Several seasons of drought and famine, within the last fifteen years, have reduced
the prosperity of the tribes, and forced them to part with some of their best breeding stock. Many a valuable mare was thus
sold, because her owner had no choice but to do so or to let her starve, while others, left "on halves" with inhabitants of
the small towns, never returned to the desert. Mijuel, of the Misrab, told me of a mare of his, which he had been obliged
to leave in this way with a townsman, and which , from having been left standing a whole year in a filthy stable, had become
foundered in all four feet and could not be removed. Finally the continual wars, which for years past have devastated the
tribes, have caused an immense consumption of horses. When a mare is taken in war she is usually galloped into the nearest
town, and sold hurriedly by her captor, for what she will fetch, for fear of her being reclaimed when peace is made. While
we were at Aleppo, mares were thus every day brought for us to look at, terribly knocked about, and often with fresh spear-wounds
gaping on flank or shoulder.
Besides all these reasons, the Bedouin system of breeding, as at present practised among
the Anazeh and Shammar, must have had a degenerating effect upon their blood stock, which is only now beginning to
show its results. That this system has in most of its features been the same from time immemorial in Arabia, is no doubt true,
but there is one point on which it is more likely the practice has been modified by recent circumstances. In former times
when the tribes were rich prosperous, it cannot be doubted, but they kept a larger proportion of horses as compared with mares
than is now seen. At present time there can hardly be more than one full-grown horse kept for stud purposes to every two hundred
mares. Indeed, the proportion is probably far smaller, and this fact alone is sufficient to account for much of the barrenness
and much of the inferiority of the produce, complained of in the desert. In England such a proportion would not be tolerated.
Then , if there be any truth in the doctrine that in-and-in breeding is wrong, this too may be looked upon as an increasing
evil in the desert. The Shammar have long been separated from the rest of Arabia, and, though occasionally recruiting their
breeding stock by capture from the Anazeh, they have been for a couple of hundred years practically cut off from all communication
with other horse-breeders. They have despised the horses of their Kurdish and Persian neighbours too thoroughly to allow any
infusion of blood from them, and thus have been forced to breed in-and-in during all these generations. The Anazeh, too, though
not so absolutely severed from Central Arabia, have, since the reduction of Jebel Shammar by the Wahabis, been precluded from
free communication with the peninsula, and have become more and more isolated; and the evil has been exaggerated by the extraordinary
fanaticism shown by both Anazeh and Shammar in favour of certain special strains of blood which monopolise their attention.
At the present moment all the blood stock of the Anazeh tribes must be related in the closest degrees of consanguinity. That
this fanaticism operates most injuriously there can hardly be a doubt. The horses bred from are not chosen for their size
or their shape, or for any quality of speed or stoutness, only for their blood. we saw a horse with a considerable reputation
as a sire, among the Aghedaat, for no other reason than that he was a Maneghi Hedruj of Ibn Sbeyel's strain. The animal himself
was a mere pony, without a single good point ot recommend him, but his blood was unexceptionable, and he was looked upon with
awe by the tribe.
These two points then, the insufficiency of stud horses and in-and-in breeding, may be looked
upon as exceptional, yet adequate causes of degeneracy among the rank and file of the Bedouin horses north of Jebel Shammar.
It is difficult to understand how it happens that the pure Arabian race should have in fact
retained as much of its good quality as it has. In all ages and in all parts of Arabia, to say nothing of the points I have
already mentioned, an unpractical system of breeding has prevailed, due in part to prejudice, and in part to peculiarities
of climate and soil. To begin with, there has been the extraordinary prejudice of blood I have spoken of, and which, though
doubtless an excellent one as between pure Arabians and "kadishes," is hardly valid as between the different strains of pure
blood. An inferior specimen of a favourite strain is probably preferred all over Arabia to a fine specimen of a lower strain,
or rather of a less fashionable one. Thus the Bedouin's judgment of the individual horse itself, when he does judge it, is
rather a guess at this pedigree than a consideration of his qualities. In examining a horse, the bedouin looks first at his
head. There, if anywhere, the signs of his parentage will be visible. Then, maybe, he looks at his colour to see if he have
any special marks for recognition, and last of all at his shape.
Of the speed of the animal, though much is talked of it, it is seldom that anything accurate
is known. The Bedouins have no set races by which they can judge of this, and the relative merits of their mares can hardly
be guessed at in the fantasias where they figure. Even in war it is rather a question of endurance, than of speed, which is
the better animal; and, where a real flight and a real pursuit takes place, the course is so seldom a straight one, that it
is as often that the best trained or the best ridden mare gets the advantage, as the one which really has the speed. A mare,
celebrated for speed in the desert, is as often as not merely a very well-broken charger. The Bedouins have, moreover, no
idea, even if they had the intention, of riding their horses so as to give them full advantage of their stride. They must
be very hard pressed indeed, if they keep on at a steady gallop for more than a mile or two together. Their parties and expeditions,
even where haste is necessary, are constantly interrupted by halts and dismountings; and a steady pace all day long is a thing
not to be thought of. They go, however, immense distances in this way, cantering and stopping and cantering again, and are
out sometimes for a whole month together, during which time their mares are very insufficiently fed, and often kept for days
at a time without water. They are also exposed to every hardship in the way of climate, heat, and cold, and pitilesss wind.
The mares then, depend rather on stoutness and long endurance of privations, than on speed, for finding favour with their
The education they receive, no doubt, prepares them for this, but at the same time it interferes
with their growth, and prevents them from developing the full posers of strength and speed they might otherwise acquire. The
colt, as soon as it is born, and this may be at any time of the year (for the Bedouins have no prejudice in favour of early
foaling), is fastened, by a cord tied either round the neck or round the hind leg above the hock, to a tent-rope, and kept
thus close to the tent all day, its dam going out the while to pasture. The little creature by this early treatment becomes
extraordinarily tame, suffering itself to be handled at once and played with by the children. It is fed, as soon as it can
be made to drink, on camel's milk, which the bedouins pretend will give it the endurance of that beast; and, at any rate by
the end of the month, it is weaned altogether from the mare. The real reason of this can hardly be the good of the foal, but
the necessity of making use of the mare for riding. The Bedouins allow at most a month before and a month after foaling for
rest. The colt then has not the advantage we think so essential to proper growth, of running with its mother during its first
season. It continues, however, quite tame, and, as soon as it is a year old, is mounted a little by the children, and later
on by any boy who is a light weight. The Bedouins declare that, unless a colt has done really hard work before he is three
years old, he will never be fit to do it afterwards; so in the course of his third year he is taken on expeditions, not perhaps
serious ghazus, where he would run some risk of breaking down or being captured, but on minor journeys; and he is taught to
gallop in the figure of eight, and change his legs so as to grow supple. This treatment is indeed a kill or cure one; and,
if the colt gets through it, there is little fear of his braking down afterwards. It is seldom that one sees a three-year
old without splints, though curbs and spavins are not common. I have seen several animals with the shank bone permanently
bent, through hard work when very young. I agree, however, with the Bedouins, in believing that to their general health and
poweres of endurance this early training is necessary. The fillies go through the same course of treatment, and themselves
become mothers before they are four years old. The colts are sold off when opportunity offers to the townsmen of Deyr, Aleppo
or Mosul, as the case may be, or to dealers who come round to the tents of the tribes, during their summer stay in the extreme
north. The best are usually taken by the townsmen, as the dealers, especially those who supply the Indian market, seldom or
never purchase hadud colts. These cost about three times as much as the others, and it is easy to forge a pedigree. The townsmen,
particularly those of Deyr, who are almost Bedouins themselves, know the difference well, and care for nothing but the best.
Others are sold to the low tribes, who take them in to the towns for further sale, as soon as they have broken them. The fillies
are generally kept in the tribe.
History Of Arabian Horses
Of diseases there are few among the Bedouin horses. I have never heard of an instance of
roaring, and only once of broken wind. An accident known as "twisted gut," is, however, rather common, and some other diseases
of an inflammatory nature which prove suddenly fatal. Horses, mares, colts, and all alike are starved during great part of
the year, no corn being ever given, and only camel's milk when other food fails. they are often without water for several
days together, and in the most piercing nights of winter they stand uncovered, and with no more shelter than can be got on
the lee side of the tents. Their coats become long and shaggy, and they are left uncombed and unbrushed till the new coat
comes in spring. At these times they are ragged-looking scarecrows, half-starved, and as rough as ponies. In the summer, however,
their coats are as fine as satin, and they show all the appearance of breeding one has a right to expect of their blood.
The Bedouin never uses a bit or bridle of any sort, but instead, a halter with a fine chain
passing round the nose. With this he controls his mare easily and effectually. He rides on a pad of cotton, fastened on the
mare's back by a surcingle, and uses no stirrups. This pad is the most uncomfortable and insecure seat imaginable, but fortunately
the animals are nearly always gentle and without vice. I have never seen either violent plunging, rearing, or indeed any serious
attempt made to throw the rider. Whether the Bedouin would be able to sit a bare- backed unbroken four-year old colt, as the
gauchos of South America do, is exceedingly doubtful.
The Bedouin has none of the arts of the horse-dealer. He knows little of showing off a horse,
or even of making him stand to advantage, but, however anxious he may be to sell him, brings him just as he is, dirty and
ragged, tired, and perhaps broken-kneed. He has a supreme contempt himself for everything except blood in his beast, and he
expects everybody else to have the same. He knows nothing of the simple art of telling a horse's age by the teeth, and still
less of any dealer's trick in the way of false marking. this comes from the fact that in the tribe, each colt's age is a matter
of public notoriety. We avoided, as much as possible, having direct commercial dealings with our friends in the desert, but,
form all we heard and the little we saw of such transactions, it is evidently very difficult to strike a satisfactory bargain.
As soon as one price is fixed, another is substituted; and, unless the intending purchaser rides resolutely away, there is
no chance of the bargain being really consluded. Once done, however, and the money counted and re-counted by half a dozen
disinterested friends, the horse or mare may be led away. I do not think the Bedouins have in general much personal love for
their mares, only a great deal of pride in them, and a full sense of their value.
As I have already said, they will not tell a falsehood in respect of the breeding of their
animals, a habit partly due to the honour in which all things connected with horseflesh are held, partly, too, not doubt,
to the public notoriety of the breed or breeds in each family, which would at once expose the falsehood; and public opinion
is severe on this head.
Having premised thus much of the general characteristics of the thoroughbred Arabian, I
will now explain what I have been able to discover of his pedigree.
PEDIGREE OF THE ARABIAN HORSE.
Tradition states that the first horse-tamer was Ismail-ibn-Ibrahim, or Ishmael,
who, after he was turned out of his father's tents, captured a mare from among a herd which he found running wild, "mittl
wahash" (like the wild ass). The Emir Abd-el-Kader, in confirming this story, told me that the children of Ishmael had a mare
from this principal stock which grew up crooked, for she had been foaled on a journey and, being unable to travel, had been
sewn into a khourj(ital), or goat's-hair sack, and placed upon a camel. From her descended a special strain of blood, known
as the Benat-el-Ahwaj, or "daughters of the crooked," and this was the first distinction made by the Bedouins among their
The Benat-el-Ahwaj, or Ahwaj, as it is more commonly called, may therefore be considered
the oldest breed known. I have never heard of it in the Arabian deserts, but the Emir assures me that it exists under that
name in the Sahara; and that the breeds now recognised in Arabia are but ramifications of this original stock.
It is difficult to give more than a guess as to the antiquity of the names now in use. The
five breeds known as the Khamsa are not possessed by the tribes of Northern Aftica; and it is therefore probable, that at
the time of the first Arabian conquests (in the 7th and 8th centuries of our era), they had not yet become distinguished from
the general stock. The Emir, however, does not doubt of their extreme antiquity, and I think it is certain that the Kehilans
must have been contemporary with Mahomet; for a breed called Koklani exists in Persia, and we may fairly suppose it to have
been brought there by the early Arabian invaders. It has not, however, been kept pure in Persia.
The Kehilans, then, we may presume, were an early sub-breed of the Ahwaj, receiving their
name from the black marks certain Arabian horses have round their eyes; marks which give them the appearance of being painted
with kohl, after the fashion of the Arab women. Or, indeed, "Kehilan" may be merely a new name for the Ahwaj, used first as
an epithet, but afterwards superseding the older name in Arabia. This supposition is favoured by Niebuhr, who evidently treats the Kochlani, as he calls them, as the generic name of the pure Bedouin race, as
contrased with the Kadishes or town horses of the peninsula.
"The Kochlani," he says, "are reserved for riding
solely. They are said to derive their origin from King Solomon's studs. However this may be, they are fit to bear the greatest
fatigues * * *. The Kochlani are neither large nor handsome"
(It must be remembered that Niebuhr was a Dane, and took his ideas of beauty in all probability from the great Flanders'
horses ridden by our ancestors. The Eastern breed in his day, more than a hundred years ago, was hardly yet quite established
even in England), --
"but amazingly swift; it is not for their figure, but for their velocity and other good qualities that the Arabians
esteem them. These Kochlani are chiefly bred by the Bedouins
settled between Basra Merdin and Syria, in which countries the nobility never choose to ride horses of any other race. The whole race is divided into several families, each of which has its proper
name; that of Dsjulfa seems to be the most numerous. Some of
these families have a higher reputation than others, on account of their more ancient and uncontaminated nobility. Although it is known by experience, that the Kochlani are often inferior
to the Kadischi, yet the mares at least, of the former, are always preferred, in the hopes of a fine progeny.
"The Arabians have indeed no tables of genealogy to prove
the descent of their Kochlani; yet they are sure of the legitimacy of the progeny; for a mare of this race is never covered
unless in the presence of witnesses, who must be Arabians. This
people do not indeed always stickle at perjury; but in a case of such serious importance, they are careful to deal conscientiously.
there is no instance of false testimony given in respect to the descent of a horse. Every Arabian is persuaded that himself and his whole family would be ruined, if he should prevaricate in
giving his oath in an affair of such consequence.
"The Arabians make no scruple of selling their Kochlani
stallions like other horses; but they are unwilling to part with their mares for money. When not in a condition to support them, they dispose of them to others, on the terms of having a share in
the foals, or of being at liberty to recover them after a certain time.
"These Kochlani are much like the old Arabian nobility,
the dignity of whose birth is held in no estimation unless in their own country. These horses are little valued by the Turks. their country being more fertile, better watered, and less level,
swift horses are less necessary to them than to the Arabians. They
prefer large horses, who have a stately appearance when sumptuously harnessed.
"It should seem that there are also Kochlani in Hedjas
and in the country of Dsjof; but I doubt if they be in estimation in the domains of the Imam, where the horses of men of rank
appeared to me too handsome to be Kochlani. The English, however,
sometimes purchase these horses at the price of 800 or 1000 crowns each. An English merchant was offered at Bengal twice the purchase-money for one of these horses; but he sent him to England,
where he hoped that he would draw four times the original price."
I have given this extract almost in extenso, as it is interesting in spite of some
blunders, which are easily explained by the fact that niebuhr never visited the great horse-breeding tribes. It shows, at
any rate, that the names of the breeds were at that time as clearly established as now, and that these are in no wise a mere
modern invention, as some assert, got up by horse-dealers for the benefit of Englishmen in India. the notion of such an imposture
is not to be entertained by anyone who has conversed, even for half an hour, on horseflesh with a Bedouin. The fanatics about
breeding are not the English but the Bedouins themselves; and it is inconceivable these can have been converted by any conspiracy
of horse-dealers. an equally absurd idea, also current in India, is that the Anazeh breed has within the last sixty or seventy
years received an infusion of English blood. some talk of English thoroughbred horses, left by the French under Napoleon in
Egypt, others of horses introduced into Syria forty years ago, but nobody who knows anything of the aAazeh can for an instant
conceive that the existence of any number of English thoroughbreds at Damascus or Cairo, would have the slightest influence
on their own breeding stock. By the Anazeh the finest horse that ever ran at Newmarket would be accounted a mere kadish,
and would not even be looked at for stud purposes.*
*Some thoroughbreds brought by Mr. Skene to Aleppo eighteen or twenty years ago were laughed at by the Arabs even of the
towns, and no one dreamed of sending his mares to them. Prejudice was too strong. We took great pains, while travelling with
the Anezeh, to ascertain what they knew of our English thoroughbred stock, but with the exception of Mr. Skene's they had
never heard of any, and laughed heartily at the idea of any mixture with them or other kadishes having been permitted.
But to resume. The Kehilans, whenever first so called, have been without doubt a recognised breed in Arabia for many centuries,
and were in all probability the parent stock which produced the other four great strains of blood, which with the Kehilan
make up the Khamsa. These also have existed as distinct breeds in Arabia from "time immemorial," but whether that means one
hundred or five hundred, or a thousand years, it is quite impossible to say. The common belief of their descent form the five
mares of Solomon is of course a fable, (2) and is not much talked
of in the desert itself.
(2) Abd-el-Kader told me that these five mares were Benat-el-Ahway, purchased by Solomon of the Ishamelites, and
that one of them, the most celebrated, was given by him to the Sheykh of the Uzd, in which tribe her descendants are still
found. she was called Azd-el-Musefir (food for the traveller) on account of her being fast enough to run down the gazelle.
The names of the Khamsa, or five great strains of blood (originally Ahwaj, and possible all Kehilan,) are as follows: --
1. KEHILAN, fem. Kehileh (or Kehilet before
This strain is most numerous, and, taken generally, the most exteemed. It contains a greater proportion, I think, of bays
than any other strain. The Kehilans are the fastest, though not perhaps the hardiest horses, and bear a closer resemblance
than the rest to English thoroughbreds, to whom indeed they are more nearly related. The Darley Arabian, perhaps the only
thoroughbred Anazeh horse in our stud book, was a Kehilan. The Kehilan is not by any means the most beautiful of the
strains. Its subdivisions ae very numerous, and will be given, in the list at the end of this chapter. The favourite substains
are the Kehilan Ajuz, the Kehilan Nowag, the Kehilan Abu Argub, Abu Jenub, and Ras-el-Fedawi.
2. SEGLAWI, fem. Seglawieh
Kaaba Khan is from Seglawi Jedran
One stain of this blood, the Seglawi Jedran, is considered the best of all in the desert; and the Seglawis generally are
held in high repute. They are, however, comparatively rare, and exist only in a few families of the Anazeh. Among the Shammar
there are Seglawis, but no Seglawi Jedrains, the last mares of this breed having been bought up at fabulous prices by Abbas
Pasha. The four strains, Jedrain, Obeyran, Arjebi and el-Abd are identical in origin, being descended from four Seglawi mares,
sisters--but only the first has been kept absolutely pure. Even the Seglawi Jedrain is to be found pure in the families of
Ibn Nederi and Ibn Sbeni only. The Seglawi Obeyran has been crossed with the Kehilans and other strains, and the El Abd though
purer than the Obeyran is yet not absolutely so even in the family of Ibn Shaalan, where it is at its best. The Seglawi Jedran
of Ibn Nederi is powerful and fast, but not particularly handsome. Ibn Sbeni's strain is more perfect in appearance, and of
3. ABEYAN, fem. Abeyeh.
The Abeyan is generally the handsomest breed, but is small and has less resemblance to the English thoroughbred than either
of the preceding. The Abeyan Sherrak is the substrain most appreciated, and an Abeyan Sherrak we saw at Aleppo, bred by the
Gomussa, could not have been surpassed in good looks. He was not however of a racing type. Again an Abeyeh Sherrak mare belonging
to Beteyen ibn Mershid was the most perfect mare we saw. But her sire was a Kehilan Ajuz. The pure Abeyan Sherrak strain is
only found in the family of Abu Jereys of the Meseka, and in a single family of the Jelaas.
4. HAMDANI, fem. Hamdanieh,
is not a common breed either among the Anazeh or Shammar. Most of the animals of this breed I have seen have been grey,
but a very handsome brown horse was shown us by the Gomussa. This was a Hamdani Simri, which is the only substain recognised
as hadud. The very beautiful white mare, Sherifa, which we had with us on the latter part of our journey, was a Hamdanieh
Simri. She was bred in Nejd, and had been in the possession of Ibn Saoud. Her head is the most perfect of any I have seen.
She stands fourteen hands two inches, and is pure white in colour, with the kohl patches round the eyes and nose very strongly
and blackly marked. Her ears are long like a hind's, and her eyes as full and soft. She was admired all over the desert. In
shape, head apart, she is more like an English hunter than a racehorse.
5. HADBAN, fem. Hadbbeh,
also uncommon among the Anazeh, the best having formerly been possessed by the Roala. Hadban Enzekhi is the best substrain,
and to it belonged a remarkable mare owned by Mohammed Jirro at Deyr. She stood about fourteen hands two and a-half inches,
was a bay with black points, carried her tail very high, and was full of fire. She looked like a racehorse, though not an
English one. The two other substains, Mshetib and El Furrd, are not so much esteemed as the Enzekhi.
Besides these five great breeds, which are called the Khamsa, there are sixteen other breeds,
all more or less esteemed, and most of them with one or more strains of blood, accounted equal to the Khamsa. These are: --
1. MANEGHI, >fem. Maneghieh (the long necked).
Said by some (but without sufficient authority) to be an off-shoot of the Kehilan Ajuz. The characteristics of this breed
are marked. They are plain and without distinction, have coarse heads, long ewe necks, powerful shoulders, much length and
strong but coarse hind quarters. They have also much bone, and are held in high repute for the qualities of endurance and
staying power. Niebuhr's discription of the Kochlanis seems to have been written expressly for them. Of the two substains
the most esteemed is the Maneghi Hedruj, of which the family of Ibn Sbeyel of the Gomusa possesses the finest mares. these
are generally known as Maneghi Ibn Sbeyel, but there is no distinct strain of that name. The other substrain, Maneghi es
slaji (greyhound), is described as being "the original" Maneghi breed.
2. SAADAN, fem. Saadeh.
The substrain, Saadan Togan, is in high repute. The handsomest and strongest mare we have is of this breed. She
is a chestnut fourteen hands two inches, of perfect beauty and immense power, but she cannot gallop with the Kehilans. She
bears a strong resemblance to one of the portraits of Eclipse, that published in the "Book of the Horse." She was bred
by the Towf Anazeh, who never come north of the Hamad. She was known far and wide among the Anezeh tribes as "the Saadeh."
3. DAKHMAN, fem. Dakhmeh.
The substrain Em Amr. We saw a very beautiful Dakhmeh filly at the Gomussa. All the horses of this breed we saw
or heard of were dark bay or brown.
4. SHUEYMAN, fem. Shueymeh.
Of this the only substain is the Shueyman Sbab. Faris, Sheykh of the Northern Shammar, has a mare of this breed.
She is coarse, but of immense strength and courage, and when moving becomes handsome. She is a dark bay of fourteen hands
three inches, or thereabouts.
5. JILFAN, fem Jilfeh
Substrain Jilfan Stam el Bulad (sinews of steel). A --, son of Mijuel of the Misrab, rode a fine bay three-year
old colt, a Jilfan Stam el Bulad.
6. TOESSAN, fem. Toesseh.
Substrain Toessan Algami. The only horse we saw of this breed was a bay, handsome but very small.
7. SAMHAN, fem. Samheh.
Substrain Samhan el Gomeaa. The tallest and strongest colt we saw among the Gommussa was of this breed. He has already
been described in the journal.
8. WADNAN, fem.Wadneh.
Substrain Wadnan Hursan.
9. RISHAN, fem. Risheh.
Substrain Rishan Sherabi.
10. KEBEYSHAN, fem Kebeysheh.
Substrain Kebeyshan el Omeyr.
11. MELEKHAN, fem. Melekha.
12. JEREYBAN, fem. Jereybeh.
13. JEYTANI, fem. Jeytanieh.
14. FEREJAN, fem. Ferejeh.
15. TREYFI, fem. Treyfieh.
16. RABDAN, fem. Rabdeh.
It will be observed that in the foregoing list, all the breeds, except the last six, have
at least one substrain, whose name is added to that of the breed, and these substrains only are used in choosing sires. a
Kehilan without an affix to his name is not hadud, that is, not "worthy;" and of the disqualified class mares only
are used for breeding -- their produce, however, inherit their disabilites, and the Arabs do not consider that a stain in
the blood can be extinguished by lapse of time. On the other hand, a Rishan, with the affix of Sherabi, or a Samhan, with
that of El Gomeaa, are perfectly qualified, although a Kehilan Ajuz or a Seglawi Jedran would be preferred. Of the minor breeds
none are kept absolutely pure, except the Maneghi Hedruj of Ibn Sbeyel. In all cases, the breed of the colt is that of his
dam, not of his sire.
There is no such distinction in the desert as that made in India, of high caste and low
caste, first class and second class. An animal, about whose breeding there is any doubt, is disqualified altogether, and is
not bred from.
I add a table, showing the whole of the strains and substains, premising that one and all
of them are reputed to have descended from the same original stock.
||"The Five Favourite horses of the Prophet Mohammed
"Al Khamsa" is an Arabic term roughly translated as "the five."
Early occidental travelers to the extended Arabian peninsula frequently reported that the
term "al khamsa" (el Khamsa, el Khoms, etc.) was used to designate the five best or favorite "breeds," strains or families,
of the unique and ancient breed of horses of the native Bedouin. These travelers indicated that there were many strains and
that the list of "the five" varied from tribe to tribe or from sheykh to sheykh.One
variation of the story of "Al Khamsa" refers to the five favorite horses of the prophet Muhammad (PBUH) (AD 570-632).
According to this legend, a tribe of Bedouin, after a long journey in the desert, released
their mares to run to a watering hole to quench their thirst.
As a test of their loyalty the mares were called back to their masters before reaching the
water, and of the many mares, only five returned faithfully without drinking.
These became the five original favorite mares of the Bedouin, and each was given a strain
name which would carry on with its descendants. Just which strains these were depended on the teller of the tale as there
are actually more than five strains and all are related and of equal importance.
The term "Al Khamsa" signified purity of bloodlines to the Bedouin
NEXT: The Arabian horse was essential to the Bedouins, particularly in raids or wars, both of which were frequent events.
|Source: A lot of the information contained in this section comes from Carol
Lyons and the Al Khamsa organization
"It is so important that people have an opportunity to learn
about the historical Arabian which was not something created in Europe or in the USA or even in Egypt. This original
Arabian horse - the Arabian of the Bedouins of the extended Arabian penninsula - is a rare breed representing
only some 2% to 3% of all the registered Arabians worldwide. Perhaps even less than that. Other registered Arabians
of many bloodlines are fine horses - but they are not the originals. Originals cant be recreated once gone."
The Arabian Breed Standard:
Comparatively small head, profile of head straight or preferably slightly concave below the eyes;small muzzle
large nostrils, extended when in action; large, round, expressive, dark eyes set well apart ; comparatively short distance
between eye and muzzle; deep jowls, wide between the branches; small ears(smaller in stallion than mares), thin and well shaped,
tips curved slightly inward; long arched neck, set on high and running well back into moderately high withers; long sloping
shoulder well laid back, loins broad and strong; croup comparatively horizontal; natural high tail caarriage. Viewed
from rear, tail should be carried straight; hips strong and round; well muscled thigh and gaskin; straight, sound, flat bone,
large joints, strong and well defined; sloping pasterns of good length; round feet of proportionate size. Height from
14.1-15.1 hands, with an occasional individual over or under. Fine coat in varying colors of bay, chestnut, grey and
black . Dark skin, except under white marking, Stallions especially should have an abundance of natural vitality, animation,
spirit, suppleness and balance.
Sejarah Kuda Arab
[ Purebred Arabian Horses]
Kuda tulin Arab hanya terdapat di Tanah Arab sejak lebih 1,000 tahun yang silam, kuda baka arab ini
melebar dari Yamen hingga ke tanah besar Arab menuju ke utara Arab Saudi, Syria, Irak, Iran, Mesir dan lain-lain.
Kuda Arab memang terkenal dengan ketahanan fisikal dan spiritual, sesuai dengan kedudukan geografi
tanah Arab yang dipenuhi dengan padang pasir, gurun, panas dan lasak.
Kuda Arab mula diberi perhatian oleh masyarakat dunia, bilamana Rasullah SAW sendiri telah mengarahkan
para penduduk Arab supaya memelihara dan membiak baka kuda Arab tulin demi untuk menjaga keamanan dunia baru Islam.
Dalam waktu yang singkat sahaja Nabi Muhammad SAW telah dapat menubohkan pasukan 'Tentera Berkuda'
atau lebih dikenali sebagai calvary dikalangan orang-orang Arab Qureish . Dengan kekuatan pasukan berkuda yang disiplin yang
dipimpin sendiri oleh Rasullullah SAW, tentera-tentera Islam telah dapat membina kekuatan pertahanan bagi menjaga keaman dunia
Setelah wafatnya Rasullah SAW, peranan perkembangan Pasukan Berkuda yang terdiri dari kuda-kuda Arab
baka baik telah dibina oleh Khalifah Abu Bakar, Omar, Osthman dan Ali sehinggalah kepada Tariq Al-Ziad dan Mohd Ghazni.
Kekuatan dan kepantasan serta dengan ketahanan yang kuat pada kuda-kuda Arab telah dapat membantu
menguatkan pasukan berkuda tentera Islam, sehinggalah empayar Islam telah melebar dari bumi Arab terus ke Europah.
Bila kuda-kuda mula memasuki Europah melalui Andulasia atau Spanyol, barulah orang-orang Europah
dapat mengenali kehebatan kuda-kuda Arab yang begitu pantas, tahan lasak dan dapat berjalan atau berlari tanpa air beratus-ratus
Sedangkan kuda-kuda Inggeris waktu itu tidak dapat bertahan walaupun perjalanan hanya 30 kilometer.
Selepas pendedahan kekuatan dan kepatasan kuda-kuda Arab, orang-orang Barat mula mengintai-intai
untuk mendapatkan baka kuda-kuda Arab tulin. Setelah membeli beberapa kuda Arab Jantan yang baik-baik, mereka membiakan kuda
mereka dengan memasuki benih atau baka arab didalam kuda-kuda Inggeris.
Hasilnya lahirlah apa yang kita kenali sekarang sebagai baka 'Thoroughbred' yang pantas dan hebat.
Dan setiap baka kuda thoroughberd yang masyur pada hari ini, walaupun berharga berjuta-juta dollar
Amerika, ia tetap mengalir darah arab.
Begitulah penting dan hebatnya Kuda Arab pada hari ini.
Pada hari ini kuda-kuda pure arab banyak diternak diseluroh dunia termasuk di Australia, Amerika,
Germany, Poland, Hungary, Russia dan lain-lain.
Hanya di Mesir sahaja satu-satunya negara Arab yang telah membiak baka kuda arab tulin.
Malah tidak hairanlah pada hari ini, para pemimpin Arab termasuk para Syeikh di Dubai, UAE, Arab
Saudi membeli kuda-kuda Arab mereka di Australia, Amerika dan Europah.
[Betapa malangnya orang-orang Arab !! ]
Dari berita terakhir yang saya dapati hanya dalam satu atau dua tahun ia Syeikh dari Dubai mula menternak
baka-baka kuda Arab di negara mereka dan baka-baka Jantan terbaik saperti anak-anak El Shaklan telah diimport ke Dubai untuk
Seorang kenalan saya di Sydney menyatakan bahawa, " The Arabs come here to buy the Arabs"
Untuk itulah maka, kami di Purebred Arabian Horse Ranch, di Gelang Mas, Pasir Mas,
Kelantan mula merintis jalan untuk membiak baka kuda Arab ini di Malaysia dan langkah pertama kami bermula di Gelang Mas,
Kuda Arab Jantan
Our Arab Stallion - Kaaba Khan
Untuk perkhidmatan baka RM2,000.00, boleh dilakukan bila-bila masa, sila hubungi kami ditalian 019-9401915
|See the beauty of Arabian Horses
|the head, muzzle, ears, tail and body, are beautiful
Tempat Pembiakan Kuda Arab di Malaysia
Purebred Arabian Horse Ranch
Kg Gelang Mas, Pasir Mas, Kelantan Darulnaim | <urn:uuid:1f098c38-da70-4cac-b8e7-4320ed4b9f8c> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://fakulti0.tripod.com/purearabian/id1.html | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255773.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520061847-20190520083847-00207.warc.gz | en | 0.954609 | 14,042 | 2.71875 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
If you consult medical science the outlook for a couple trying to conceive is bleak. As of 2010, there were almost 50 million couples around the world unable to have children after five years of trying. The quest for conception can be frustrating, expensive and heartbreaking, to say the least.
As couples try to get to the bottom of infertility, the possible causes are split evenly. Physicians believe that in roughly one third of infertile couples, male infertility may be the cause. In one third of infertile couples, female infertility may be the cause. In the remaining one third of infertile couples, there is no known cause of infertility.
Couples who have unsuccessfully tried to conceive for months or even years will dig deeper, searching for help with their condition. A simple Internet search will yield astonishing results, often directly related to male infertility.
After reviewing several clinical studies over the past 15 to 20 years, researchers agree that male sperm counts are on the decline. These changes are recent and sudden, affecting the international population.1 The sperm count in Scotland has dropped an astonishing 30 per cent in the past 25 years. In France, sperm counts have dropped 25 per cent in 17 years. For this reason, scientists suggest that declining sperm rates may be related to environmental and lifestyle choices as opposed to underlying genetic issues. Scientists emphasize that the exact cause of lower sperm count in men around the world is still unknown, though preventative measures must be taken to discourage this trend from continuing.
For couples desperate to conceive, this underlying male fertility issue can be eye-opening. Many couples today wait longer to have children in order to save money, start a career, and stabilize their household. By the time they are ready to have children, the conception window has narrowed.
An “unknown” fertility diagnosis can be devastating. It can cost thousands of pounds in medical reproductive treatment to conceive a child. Without a guarantee of reproductive success, male or female infertility can literally bankrupt a couple on their journey to fulfilling their dream of a family.
ADDRESS THE STRESS
The medical community agrees that diet and lifestyle play a role in male fertility, but in some cases, it may be mind over matter. Research from Italy reveals that a man’s ability to produce healthy sperm levels may be directly related to his ability to handle stress.
Scientists discovered that men with higher levels of short-term and long-term stress and anxiety had less semen in their ejaculation. This group of men also had lower sperm concentration and sperm counts. Men with the highest levels of anxiety were most likely to have slow- moving, deformed sperm. 2
Researchers believe that there is a strong link between stress and male infertility. This issue may be further compounded by added stress experienced during fertility treatments. It creates a vicious cycle. A man may be anxious about his ability to produce sperm in order to conceive; this anxiety can contribute to or cause fertility issues for a couple.
Stress as an underlying factor in male fertility cannot be overlooked. Stress management is an important coping skill that can be used to protect health and improve all areas of life. Men are encouraged to explore stress management techniques and make physical activity a regular part of their daily life.
Regular exercise puts beneficial stress on the body to improve the health of the heart. Physical exercise can also release high levels of emotional stress and anxiety. Stress levels can be further reduced through meditation, breathing techniques, and even acupuncture. The World Health Organization supports acupuncture as a viable form of alternative treatment for more than 50 conditions – including headaches, arthritis, sciatica, and the common cold. Acupuncture has been proven effective in the treatment of stress and infertility.
THE WESTERN UNNATURAL FOOD DIET LACKS CRITICAL NUTRIENTS
Scientists agree that environmental and lifestyle factors may be to blame for declining sperm counts. It’s hard to ignore the fact that most people today, men and women alike, eat a Western Unnatural Food Diet. Male and female infertility is a modern epidemic. Infertility factors like low sperm count and blocked fallopian tubes are a sign of the times, related to deteriorating diet and declining health. Researchers are 99 per cent certain
that low levels of critical nutrients and unnatural foods are to blame for an apparent drop in fertility for both men and women. Junk food and poor diet also contribute to 50 per cent of all birth defects.
The Western Unnatural Food Diet is the number one disease and inflammation- producing diet in modern society. It is eaten more and more each day. It consists mainly of inflammatory, starchy foods like potatoes, cereals, pastas, breads, and pastries. It is high in unhealthy fats and low in critical antioxidants and phytochemicals needed to neutralize free radical damage.
This diet can be remedied with nutrient-rich Really Healthy Foods to restore reproductive health:
- Dark-skinned fruits
Male fertility is a serious issue that could be at the root of a couple’s inability to conceive. Both partners can benefit from making lifestyle changes to reduce stress and improve diet. For a woman, healthy nutrition and lifestyle choices can ensure a healthy pregnancy and delivery. For a man, stress management and anti-inflammatory foods can improve sperm production and motility to contribute to successful conception.
This nutritional enzyme/ mineral matrix has been formulated to supplement what you don’t find in your everyday diet. SerraPlus+ contains 80,000iu serrapeptase per tab/cap plus MSM and trace minerals, for extra benefits.
5g of Arginine, combined with large doeses of L-Citrulline, L-Lysine, OPC (Grapeseed Extract), Polyphenols (Grape Skin Extract), and a proprietary blend of Citric Acid, Be Flora, Potassium Sorbate and Silica makes Healthy FlowTM possibly the best all-round amino acid health supplement with a library of studies to back it up.
500mg L-carnitine per serving plus 100mg CoQ10, 30 servings per bottle.
1. S Dindyal. The sperm count has been decreasing steadily for many years in Western industrialised countries: Is there an endocrine basis for this decrease? The Internet Journal of Urology. 2003 Volume 2 Number 1.
2. Fertility and Sterility. Volume 99, Issue 6 , Pages 1565-1572.e2, May 2013. | <urn:uuid:a64373ca-93fa-48d3-a221-b277c3284431> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.healthscene.com.au/articles/low-sperm-levels-are-a-global-epidemic/ | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999482.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20190624104413-20190624130413-00356.warc.gz | en | 0.943094 | 1,321 | 2.59375 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Working safely near overhead powerlines
There are many hazards associated with working near powerlines. Electricity can be extremely dangerous and can cause serious injury or even death.
To protect people working near powerlines and manage these hazards, safe clearance distances have been established in the Electricity (General) Regulations 2012.
This page outlines the regulations and clearance distances.
Dangers of working near powerlines
Electricity can flash over a gap. A person or piece of machinery can be some distance from a powerline and still be in danger.
In addition, aerial lines swing in wind and sag due to heat. This movement must be allowed for in any clearance distance.
Safe clearance distances for machinery
The minimum safe distances for operating cranes, machinery, vehicles or vessels with elevating components near powerlines are set out in the Electricity (General) Regulations 2012. The regulations also prescribe clearance distances for structures such as buildings and scaffolds – see below.
The minimum clearance distance is measured from the part of the machinery (including its load) that is closest to the conductor (powerline wire). The regulations set different clearance distances depending on the voltage of the powerline.
The prescribed clearance distances are legal requirements and must be adhered to at all times. Any breach of these distances can result in severe injuries and even death.
For help and advice with regard to the regulations contact the Office of the Technical Regulator.
Safe approach limits for people
In addition to the minimum clearance distances set out in the Electricity (General) Regulations 2012 for machinery and structures, there are safe approach limits to be maintained by people working near powerlines.
The minimum safe approach limit is measured from the closest conductor on the powerline to the closest part of the person - this includes any article of clothing worn by the person or conductive tool or object held by the person.
It is very important to take into account the safe approach limits when planning to carry out work near powerlines. They may affect the work practices you need to use - eg when constructing structures such as scaffolds.
|Voltage||240 V to 415 V||7.6 kV to 11 kV||19 kV to 33 kV||66 kV||132 kV||275 kV|
|Approach limit - with risk assessment||1.0 m||2.0 m||3.0 m||4.0 m||5.0 m||6.0 m|
|Approach limit - normal persons||3.0 m||3.0 m||3.0 m||4.0 m||5.0 m||6.0 m|
Operating cranes and elevating machinery near powerlines
The minimum safe distances for operating cranes, machinery, vehicle or vessels with an elevating component or shear legs near powerlines are set out in the Electricity (General) Regulations 2012.
To protect people and property, minimum safe clearances from powerlines, including clearances to the operation of machinery are prescribed. It is important to understand that these prescribed distances apply from the closest part of the machinery, including its load, to the closest conductor of the powerline, at all times.
Prescribed distances are dependent on the voltage of the powerline. You must ensure that the voltage has been correctly identified. In addition, Australian Standard AS2550 (Cranes, hoists and winches – Safe use), describes the operation of cranes and other elevating working platforms in proximity to powerlines. This standard provides general guidance regarding safe working practices for machinery near powerlines, with clearances depending on whether the work is conducted with or without a spotter.
To work to the prescribed distances, you must also be able to show that you have allowed for any likely movement (wind effects, mechanical/ hydraulic, swinging of crane loads) of both the powerline and the machinery, including operator error. The clearances distances in the regulations make no allowance for movement of the cables, machinery or judgement errors. They are absolute, and cannot be breached at any time. Any breach of the clearance puts you and others in immediate danger of electric shock.
|Voltage||Minimum distance without spotter AS2550.1||Minimum distance with spotter AS2550.1||Minimum distance with risk assessment Electricity (General) Regulations 2012|
|240 V||6.4 m||3.0 m||1.0 m|
|415 V||6.4 m||3.0 m||1.0 m|
|7,600 V||6.4 m||3.0 m||1.5 m|
|11,000 V||6.4 m||3.0 m||1.5 m|
|19,000 V||6.4 m||3.0 m||1.5 m|
|33,000 V||6.4 m||3.0 m||1.5 m|
|66,000 V||6.4 m||3.0 m||3.0 m|
|132,000 V (Pole)||6.4 m||3.0 m||3.0 m|
|132,000 V (Tower)||10.0 m||8.0 m||3.0 m|
|275,000 V||10.0 m||8.0 m||4.0 m|
For fully insulated conductors (powerline wires) phone the Office of the Technical Regulator for advice.
Risk assessment and additional safety requirements
To operate machinery safely near powerlines at the minimum clearance required by the Electricity (General) Regulations 2012:
- The voltage must be identified and
- A spotter (competent person who is suitably qualified (whether by experience, training, or both) with the sole duty of observing and warning against unsafe approach of the crane, its lifting attachment or its load to powerlines) carries out spotting duties at all times and
- A documented risk assessment is carried out before any work commences, in consultation with all relevant parties involved in the work and
- The electricity network operator is notified before commencing work and
- Any conditions specified by the electricity network operator or Technical Regulator must be complied with.
In some situations it may be permitted to lift a load above powerlines. Lifting above powerlines is only permitted subject to the following conditions.
- Alternative work methods are explored as a first preference.
- The voltage of the powerlines is identified.
- Any conditions specified by the electricity network operator or Technical Regulator are complied with.
- The Office of the Technical Regulator is notified for powerline voltages lower than 1,000 volts AC (low voltage).
- Written permission is obtained from the electricity network operator for voltages higher than 1,000 volts AC (high voltage). Office of the Technical Regulator must also be notified when lifting above high voltage powerlines.
Scaffolding near powerlines
Minimum safe clearances for structures including scaffolds built near powerlines are set out in the Electricity (General) Regulations 2012.
- Safe clearance distances depend on the voltage of the powerline. The higher the voltage of the powerline the greater the clearance distances should be.
- The minimum safe clearance distances are measured from the powerline to the final position of the scaffold.
- You must ensure that no part of the scaffold, person, equipment or material can breach the person safe approach limits during the construction and dismantling of the scaffold.
- If these clearances cannot be achieved contact the electricity network operator, SA Power Networks, to arrange for the powerlines to be turned off, or consider other work methods. This may require a Network Access Permit.
Australian standard AS/NZS 4576 (Guidelines for scaffolding), takes a different approach to determining appropriate clearances to powerlines. It also recommends that where practical, powerlines should be turned off during the construction of scaffolds. Where the clearance distance advised by AS/NZS 4576 is less than that prescribed by the regulations, you must comply with the legal safe clearance distances set by the regulations.
|Voltage||240 V to 415 V||7.6k V to 33k V||66k V||132k V (Pole)||132k V (Tower)||275k V|
|Horizontal distance |
|1.5 m||3.1 m||5.5 m||15 m||20 m||25 m|
|3.7 m||5.5 m||6.7 m||-||-||-|
Network access permit
If the safe clearance distance prescribed by the regulations cannot be maintained, you may need to apply for a network access permit from the electricity network operator, SA Power Networks.
The permit will ensure the powerlines will be turned off until the permit is returned.
A network access permit is a written document issued by the electricity network operator. You need to sign the document upon receipt and retain it until your operation is completed. While you are holding the document, powerlines will be turned off. They will be only turned on when you return the document to the electricity network operator.
The permit and its conditions must be clearly explained to you before you sign it.
To apply for a network access permit in South Australia, contact the SA Power Networks Builders and Contractors line on 1300 650 014 or visit the SA Power Networks website
Visual safety aids – tiger tails
When working, operating machinery or erecting scaffolds near overhead powerlines, it is recommended that you contact SA Power Networks to install 'tiger tails' on the closest low voltage lines. Please note that tiger tails are only visual indicators and do not insulate the powerline. They cannot be used on high voltage lines.
When using tiger tails on powerlines, you must still maintain legal clearance distances at all times.
What to do if a vehicle contacts a powerline
When a vehicle comes into contact with powerlines there is a high risk of electric shock. If this happens, you should immediately contact SA Power Networks on 13 13 66 and stay still until the power is switched off. However, you should evacuate the area if:
- there is a fire
- no-one else is aware of the situation
- the powerline could fall on you.
If a vehicle strikes a powerline, it may be necessary for everyone to evacuate the car or truck to prevent injury. Several steps must be followed to maximise your safety, including:
- Jump out of the vehicle, ensuring you do not touch the vehicle and ground at the same time.
- Calmly walk or shuffle away using small steps.
- Call SA Power Networks immediately on 13 13 66.
- Do not return to the vehicle until after the area has been made safe.
- Keep other people well clear.
If you remain in your vehicle, no-one should touch you or the vehicle until the all clear has been given by SA Power Networks staff.
In an emergency call 13 13 66. For an ambulance or police assistance, call 000. | <urn:uuid:1e964c62-bb17-4597-9062-ac4bb1cc5af1> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.sa.gov.au/topics/energy-and-environment/using-electricity-and-gas-safely/powerline-safety/working-safely-near-overhead-powerlines | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814002.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222041853-20180222061853-00179.warc.gz | en | 0.906259 | 2,290 | 2.640625 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
I repeat: Zero collisions. Zero. Zip. Nada.
It may be impossible to find a government program — especially a transportation program — that is this effective. By spending this relatively miniscule amount of the transportation budget on making streets near schools safe, Washington has undoubtedly saved lives. And not just the lives of children, but also the lives of people of all ages driving, walking and biking through and across the now-safer streets.
The projects also increased the rates of walking and biking to school by an average of 20 percent in communities all around the state, which means students are now safer, healthier and arrive at classes more ready to learn. It also reduces the costs of school transportation, both for the school district budgets and parents’ pocket books in the form of saved car trips to school.
Republican, Democrat, it doesn’t matter. Safe Routes to School is a fantastic use of transportation funds no matter your political or philosophical perspective.
The program in Washington is already dramatically underfunded, with only about 25 percent of proposed projects receiving funding.
Unfortunately, the tiny sliver of the absolutely massive Federal transportation budget that goes to programs like Safe Routes to School and other biking and walking projects (like regional trails) could be at risk in Congressional transportation funding debates that could come to a head today or tomorrow.
The League of American Bicyclists is tracking the budget in DC, and the Bicycle Alliance of Washington is taking the lead here in Washington State. Here are some figures from BikeWA about what loss of this funding would mean to Washington communities big and small (using 2013 numbers as an example):
- $4.2 million loss to Safe Routes to School (about 13 projects)
- $1.8 million loss to Recreational Trails Program
(unfortunate name, but vital to completing gaps in trail network)which funds wilderness and backcountry trails around the state
- The rest of the $12,334,077 total would go to local and regional governments for necessary biking and walking projects to fill needs in neighborhoods across the state.
So act now and make sure your Senators vote no on the proposed amendments that would gut these vital programs.
Following the June end to the Washington state legislative session, the US Congress is now closing out debate before its August recess on transportation budget issues that could eliminate federal biking and walking investments.
Our friends at the League of American Bicyclists are leading the charge to protect Transportation Alternatives program funding – AKA, the federal transportation funding bucket used to invest in biking and walking projects nationwide.
Right now two amendments from Senators Paul and Lee propose to strip Transportation Alternatives funding. Bike League provides an accompanying action alert for you to use to contact Senators Murray and Cantwell.
For federal fiscal year 2013 Washington state projects are set to receive $12,334,077. About $1.8 million of this goes to the ever-popular Recreational Trails Program, and the rest (approximately $10.4 million) is split up from the state and local governments.
Out of the $10.4 million made available for walking and biking projects, $4.2 million of that is already targeted to about 13 Safe Routes to Schools projects across Washington. This loss of federal funding would stall the growing momentum for making it easier for kids to safely walk and bike to school in Washington state. Bicycle Alliance of Washington is deeply concerned that Senators Paul and Lee’s amendments would propose an amendment that would seek to impose a federal mandate against what Washington state leaders and local communities are seeking – safer streets for our kids and families.
Also, stay tuned on the Bicycle Alliance of Washington Twitter feed tonight. Word is that certain members of the House of Representatives could propose additional attacks on walking and biking investments. We’ll be sending out the most up-to-date information as the night progresses. | <urn:uuid:a6b71a9d-7506-44cf-b5ca-ca225385bfaf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.seattlebikeblog.com/2013/07/30/biking-and-walking-funds-at-risk-in-federal-transpo-budget/ | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285244.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00236-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950886 | 794 | 2.703125 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Breast cancer analysis involve physical examinations, mammography, and ultrasound. The doctor will use the findings to have a diagnosis. The ultrasound will help the doctor distinguish between a solid mass and a fluid-filled cyst. The biopsy is usually performed to detect cancer cells. The next step is to look for the best treatment for the patient. To determine whether you have breast tissue cancer, you must first possess a mammogram.
A mammogram is a kind of mammogram that can detect breast cancer in its initial phases. It can also discover any shady lesions that will be hiding in the breast. In addition to a mammogram, a physician can perform positron emission tomography (PET) scanning. From this procedure, a radioactive tracer is being injected into a line of thinking in the arm. The dye lets out a signal that may be measured with a special camera. Because tumour cells possess more arteries than benign tissue, the image projected by a PET search within is lighter than the photo created with a mammogram.
A sentinel lymph node biopsy can decide whether a tumor has spread for the lymph glands under the hand. To perform a lymph client biopsy, a radioactive element or dye is treated under the epidermis of a breasts. The lymph nodes will be then assessed by a pathologist for the existence of cancer cells. The type of biopsy is based on treatment and side effects the size of the suspected growth, location of the tumor, as well as the number of lesions present in the breast. The kind of biopsy is usually dependent on the number of nodes. | <urn:uuid:97c951a5-3553-4e43-bb25-6341a13940e4> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://pantala.shop/breast-cancer-diagnostics/ | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662546071.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522190453-20220522220453-00458.warc.gz | en | 0.941035 | 322 | 3.53125 | 4 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Electrical and electronic equipment contain different hazardous materials which are harmful to human health and the environment
Acute mercury exposure may give rise to lung damage. Chronic poisoning is characterized by neurological and psychological symptoms, such as tremor, changes in personality, restlessness, anxiety, sleep disturbance and depression. Metallic mercury may cause kidney damage, which is reversible after exposure has stopped.
The symptoms of acute lead poisoning are headache, irritability, abdominal pain and various symptoms related to the nervous system. Lead enceph- alopathy is characterized by sleeplessness and restlessness. Children may be affected by behavioural disturbances, learning and concentration difficulties. In severe cases of lead encephalopathy, the affected person may suffer from acute psychosis, confusion and reduced consciousness.
Cadmium occurs naturally in ores together with zinc, lead and copper. Cadmium compounds are used as stabilizers in PVC products, colour pigment, several alloys and, now most commonly, in re-chargeable nickel– cadmium batteries. Inhalation of cadmium fumes or particles can be life threatening, and although acute pulmonary effects and deaths are uncommon, sporadic cases still occur. Cadmium exposure may cause kidney damage.
Smelting of non-ferrous metals and the production of energy from fossil fuel are the two major industrial processes that lead to arsenic contamination of air, water and soil, smelting activities being the largest single anthro-pogenic source of atmospheric pollution.Inorganic arsenic is acutely toxic and intake of large quantities leads to gastrointestinal symptoms, severe disturbances of the cardiovascular and central nervous systems, and eventually death. In survivors, bone marrow depression, haemolysis, hepatomegaly, melanosis, polyneuropathy and encephalopathy may be observed.
Suspected of hormonal interference (damage to growth and sexual development), and reproductive harm. Used to make materials more flame resistant, but exposure studies reveal BFRs in breast milk, and blood of electronics workers, among others.
Exposure can cause hormonal disruptions, damage to fetus, reproductive harm, and impairment of immune system. These highly toxic compounds bio-accumulate (concentrate in the body) and persist in the environment.
Exposure can cause strong allergic reaction (linked to Asthmatic Bronchitis) and DNA damage to cells. Workers exposed at disposal stage and may be released into the environment from landfills and incineration
Toxic effects of PCBs include immune suppression, liver damage, cancer promotion, nervous damage, reproductive damage (both male and female) and behavioral changes. Widely used (prior to 1980) in transformers and capacitors. Though banned in many countries, still present in e-waste.
Guiyu, in Guangdong Province, Southern China, is made up of four small villages. It is the location of what may be the largest electronic waste site on earth. This niche industry employs tens of thousands of people, many of them in small, family-run workshops. Piles of discarded computer monitors sit scattered along the roadsides. All day long e-waste loaded trucks arrive in town, Workers dismantle and heat circuit boards on a steel surface to remove the computer chips soldered into it. Once the individual components have become hot, they can replace easily. Fans should channel this most existing highly toxic vapors, outside. The Circuit boards contain tiny amounts of gold and silver. After 'cooking' the boards are treated with acid baths.
Greenpeace reports say 80 percent of Guiyu's children suffer from respiratory disease, and a report from Shantou University said Guiyu has the highest level of cancer-causing dioxins in the world and an elevated rate of miscarriages.
Furthermore, once equipment has been imported into Hong Kong, it can then shipped to another country, including mainland China, for direct re-use, with no waste import/export permit required. From 2007 to 2010, 360 illegal containers of hazardous waste were intercepted by Hong Kong customs. Most of the shipments were e-waste from the US, Canada, Japan and EU countries intended for China.
India is one of the largest waste importing countries in
the world. All types of wastes are imported into the country in the form of cheap raw materials including hazardous and toxic wastes. Although, India domestically generated an enormous amount of e-waste itself, India imports million tons every year. Due to a lack of data the e-waste issue is hard to grasp especially in India. Experts say necessary checks and balances are missing. Waste has become a serious business in the country, worth billions, dominated by the so-called informal sector, where tens of thousands of people are estimated to make their living from material recovery i.e. within small units with low-skilled, mainly migrant labour. Home-based recyclers burn wires and integrated chips over small flames to get at the copper and other metal inside, inhaling toxic fumes in the process.
Recycling electronics is very complex. A mobile phone will be made up of 40 to 60 different elements. Gold is one of those valuable elements, but the informal recycling commonly done in China and India nets only 20 percent of that gold. The new set of rules (Ministry of Environment and Forest) propose to move this recycling to the formal sector. But it seems to be a long way to go. | <urn:uuid:6d840b6f-d9a1-43ed-95d8-9f44a13028cc> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | http://ewaste-trail.com/ | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154466.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20210803155731-20210803185731-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.933402 | 1,099 | 3.03125 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Runtime Approx. 2 hours
A Computer with an internet connection is required. Additionally the Flash Webplayer is also required.
Desktops and Laptops
Smartphones and Tablets
Every worker who performs work where there is a confined space on-site.
Confined spaces are dangerous and are found in many workplaces including construction sites, municipalities, hospitals, factories and others. Employees need to know the regulations and how to work safely in and around confined spaces.
you have a confined space on-site, all workers should be trained in the hazards of confined spaces. General training must be given before anyone works around a confined space.
This Confined Space Awareness course is an effective and interactive way to keep you and your employees up-to-date with Confined Space training requirements.
This is considered a level 1 course. Workers requiring full "Entry" certification will need additional training.
A training certificate is issued and emailed to the Training Administrator upon completion.
This course is only available in English at this time.
Each client receives access to a Course Administration site to monitor and manage their purchased training accounts. The administration site can also be used to view and print additional copies of training certificates and download trainee reports. | <urn:uuid:5ef6545a-a659-4eff-bd84-1dff4d2b274b> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://yowcanada.com/course_outlines_csr.asp?lang=E | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267866984.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624160817-20180624180817-00523.warc.gz | en | 0.947709 | 251 | 2.59375 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
152 HAND-BOOK OF ACOUSTICS.
The method of using the Tonometer is similar to that above described, in the case of the standard forks. In the experienced hands of Mr. Ellis, the tuning-fork Tonometer has given results at least equal in accuracy to those obtained by means of any other counting instrument (see table on page 39).
When two series of sound waves of the same lengths and amplitudes, traverse simultaneously the same mass of air:
(1) If the waves of the one series are in exactly the same phase as those of the other, resultant waves are produced of the same length, but of double the amplitude ;
(2) If the waves of the one series are in exactly the opposite phase to those of the other, the result is,—no wave;
(3) If the waves of the one series are neither in the same phase as, nor in opposite phase to, those of the other, the amplitude of the resultant waves will be intermediate between the two limits given above, viz., no amplitude at all, i.e., silence, and twice the amplitude of the constituent waves.
When two simple sounds of the same pitch and intensity are simultaneously produced the result is
(1) Silence; or
(2) A sound of the same pitch as, but of four times the intensity of, either; or
(3) A sound, intermediate in intensity between these two limits,
according as the corresponding sound waves are in (1) opposite phase, (2) the same phase, or (3) any relative position intermediate between these two.
When two sounds differing slightly in pitch are simultaneously produced, the flow of sound is disturbed by regular recurring throbs or alternations in intensity, termed beats. These beats are due to the alternate coincidence and interference of the two systems of waves.
If the two tones be of equal intensity, the maximum intensity of the beat, will be four times that of either sound heard separately, the minimum intensity being zero. | <urn:uuid:689727b3-d45b-4296-9f01-86d6a7d5e138> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.homeplace.org.uk/acoustics-guide/music-students%20-%200252.htm | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128322320.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628032529-20170628052529-00202.warc.gz | en | 0.919275 | 412 | 3.3125 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Disney & World War II: Education for Death
While I continue to work on an article about press control during World War II, more specifically in the years leading up to the invasion of Poland, here’s a look back at one of the most haunting propaganda films unleashed by the United States. As I’ve discussed before, Hollywood went to war with cameras. Filmmakers and studios alike use their ability to entertain the public to educate them, often times in partnership with the government or at the demands of the War Department and the Executive Branch.
One of those who used his company to make war shorts was Walt Disney. Fantasia nearly bankrupt his company in 1940. And his workers were striking against the studio over compensation and other issues. Needing to generate cash, Disney started making the films. Between 1941 and 1945, the Disney Studio released 32 shorts for the war effort.
Education for Death: The Making of the Nazi was one of two shorts released in 1943. The other was, Der Fueher’s Face. The latter was more satirical and made more of a mockery out of Adolf Hitler than the former, which hit audiences the hardest it featured the indoctrination of Germany’s youth.
The short starts out innocent enough with a young German family welcoming young Hans into the world before taking a dark and sinister turn of what should await if the Nazis are not defeated. It decidedly ends one most of the disturbing scenes. It’s impact at the time I’m sure was powerful. | <urn:uuid:97db2888-7b2e-4998-9307-6caf82488254> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://jennzellers.com/2017/03/21/disney-world-war-ii-education-for-death/ | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687702.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921063415-20170921083415-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.95551 | 309 | 2.75 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Safety and maintenance:
- Cool down any hot foods to room temperature before putting them in the freezer or fridge. Putting hot food in your freezer raises the temperature of other foods.
- The temperature of a freezer should be -18 C or 0ºF.
- Don’t let ice build up on the walls over a centimetre or two.
- Keep your freezer 2/3rds full at least. An empty freezer uses more electricity.
- Even if your freezer is self defrosting, give it a clean every six months.
Plastic boxes are one of the banes of my life. Apart from the dangers of BPA, the health hazards of microwaving your leftovers in phthalates-producing plastic, here is a famous infographic about how you can never find the right-sized lid for the box. Lakeland have come out with colour coded boxes which in theory makes it easier, but I prefer the clip and lock style boxes. Some design genius needs to make them colour coded too.
- horseradish and wasabi
- lemon grass
Herbs and leaves:
- Holy basil
- Curry leaves
- Coriander stems (for stock).
- Lime leaves
- Vine leaves (freeze flat in bags then defrost with boiling water for dolmades)
- Banana leaves (wrap around fish for cooking ‘en papillote’. They are cheapest ready frozen in the Asian supermarket.
- Seaweed (Fi Bird, algae expert and author of Seaweed in the Kitchen lives in the Outer Hebrides and often sends me bags of unusual seaweed, bright green sea lettuce or purple dulse to keep in my freezer; useful for crumbling into bread, oatcakes, rice or even on pasta)
Broth, soup and stock:
- Bread, cake, pies, brownies, scones, cinnamon buns, fruit crumbles.
- Tortillas, flat breads, pittas. I make them from scratch, half bake them and keep in the freezer.
- Pizza base. If making fresh, make extra, roll it out into a thin flat circle(s) separated with greaseproof paper and freeze. You can bake these from frozen, just add topping.
- Bread crumbs and biscuit crumbs: for gratin or for cheesecake bases. | <urn:uuid:32581d9e-9a28-4db8-bea4-cc88ee53493a> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://msmarmitelover.com/2016/04/freezer-tricks-and-tips.html | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665726.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112175604-20191112203604-00304.warc.gz | en | 0.869022 | 492 | 2.609375 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Thomas Pringle (5 January 1789 – 5 December 1834) was a Scottish writer, poet and abolitionist. Known as the father of South African poetry, he was the first successful English language poet and author to describe South Africa's scenery, native peoples, and living conditions.
Born at Blaiklaw (now named Blakelaw), four miles south of Kelso in Roxburghshire he attended Kelso Grammar School and went on to study at Edinburgh University, where he developed a talent for writing. Injured in an accident in infancy, he did not follow his father into farming, but after attending Kelso grammar school and later Edinburgh University worked as a clerk and continued writing, soon succeeding to editorships of journals and newspapers, including William Blackwood's Edinburgh Monthly Magazine. He features as the character Mehibosheth in John Paterson's Mare, James Hogg's allegorical satire on the Edinburgh publishing scene first published in the Newcastle Magazine in 1825.
In 1816 one of Pringle's poems celebrating the countryside near Kelso came to the attention of the novelist Sir Walter Scott, who admired it. A friendship developed between the two and by Scott's influence, whilst facing hard times and unable to earn a living, Pringle secured free passage and a British Government resettlement offer of land in South Africa, to which he emigrated in 1820.This was a scheme to populate the frontier of the Cape with Settlers and provide a buffer against the Africans. He headed a party of Scottish Settlers whose farms were granted in the Baviaans River Valley miles away from the bulk of the 5,000 English Settlers who were granted land in the area of Grahamstown. Being lame, he himself took to literary work in Cape Town rather than farming, opened a school with fellow Scotsman John Fairbairn, and conducted two newspapers, the South African Journal, and South African Commercial Advertiser. However, both papers became suppressed for their free criticisms of the Colonial Government, and his school closed.
Without a livelihood, and with debts, Thomas returned to Britain and settled in London. An anti-slavery article which he had written in South Africa before he left was published in the New Monthly Magazine, and brought him to the attention of Buxton, Zachary Macaulay and others, which led to his being appointed Secretary of the Anti-Slavery Society. He began working for the Committee of the Anti-Slavery Society in March 1827, and continued for seven years. He offered work to Mary Prince, a former slave, enabling her to write her autobiography describing her experiences under slavery in the West Indies. This book caused a sensation, partly arising from libel actions disputing its accuracy, and went into many editions. He also published African Sketches and books of poems, such as Ephemerides.
As Secretary to the Anti-Slavery Society he helped steer the organisation towards its eventual success; in 1834, with a widening of the electoral franchise, the Reformed British Parliament passed legislation to bring an end to slavery in the British dominions – the aim of Pringle's Society. Pringle signed the Society's notice to set aside 1 August 1834 as a religious thanksgiving for the passing of the Act. However, the legislation did not come into effect until August 1838, and Thomas Pringle was unable to witness this moment; he had died from tuberculosis in December 1834 at the age of 45.
In his memory, Josiah Conder's Biographical Sketch of the Late Thomas Pringle (1835) was published, sold bound together with Thomas Pringle's own Narrative of a Residence in South Africa (1834).
His remains were interred in Bunhill Fields, where he was commemorated with a memorial stone bearing an elegant inscription by William Kennedy. In 1970, however, his remains were brought to South Africa, to the church near the farm his family owned in the Baviaans Valley, and re-interred there.
- Pringle, Thomas – Narrative of A Residence in South Africa 2 vols. Doppler Press (1834; 1986 reprint)
- Meihuizen, Nicholas – Ordering Empire: The Poetry of Camões, Pringle and Campbell. Peter Lang (2007)
- Vigne, Randolph (ed.) – The South African Letters of Thomas Pringle. Van Riebeeck Society (2011)
- Vigne, Randolph – Thomas Pringle: South African Pioneer, Poet & Abolitionist. James Currey (2012)
- Finkelstein, David (May 2009) . "Pringle, Thomas (1789–1834)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22807. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Hunter, Adrian (ed.) (2020), James Hogg: Contributions to English, Irish and American Periodicals, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 19 - 34 & 213, ISBN 9780748695980
- Pringle v. Cadell, Court of Common Pleas, 21 February 1833. Pringle was awarded damages of £5 against Cadell, the London publisher of Blackwood's Magazine. The November 1831 edition of the magazine contained an article by pro-slavery writer James MacQueen challenging the accuracy of Pringle's account of Prince's experiences. The article suggested Pringle had misrepresented or suppressed facts, and also implied a slur on his female relations. The Times, 22 February 1833, p. 4
- Wood v. Pringle, Court of King's Bench, 27 February 1833. John Adams Wood, Mary Prince's former master, won £25 in damages after producing witnesses to persuade the court that the portrait of his general character given in the book was unfair, and that Prince's accusations had been exaggerated. The Times, 1 March 1833, p. 6
- Photo gallery of Pringle's grave http://www.stevebailey.co.za/steves-photo-blog/2011/04/02/the-home-of-thomas-pringle/
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Cousin, John William (1910). "Pringle, Thomas". A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons – via Wikisource. | <urn:uuid:601d34a3-891b-4383-b72f-f5d4e3d5cacc> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pringle | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104141372.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220702131941-20220702161941-00166.warc.gz | en | 0.965327 | 1,374 | 2.859375 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Different Types of Agile Methodologies in Software Consulting: Their Advantages and Disadvantages
Agile methodology is a process that encourages ongoing development and testing all across the project's life cycle. The Agile software development technique is one of the easiest and most efficient ways to translate a concept into software solutions. The term "agile" is used to characterize methods for developing software that involves ongoing planning, learning, improvement, teamwork, developmental growth, and early delivery. It supports adaptable responses to modifications.
Who is an Agile Consultant?
A project management expert with a specialization in the agile technique is known as an agile consultant. Information technology companies frequently employ the agile methodology to design, develop, and test new software. Agile consultants are experts at utilizing agile frameworks to speed up software development procedures. They apply their knowledge to address issues relating to software development, which greatly expands the spectrum of the solutions they can offer.
Different Types of Agile Methodologies
Agile can be implemented in various ways, and there are numerous approaches to select from. Some of the most popular Agile models in software consulting are listed here.
#1. Scrum model
Scrum is a simple framework for agile project management that can be used for all kinds of gradual and iterative projects. Scrum has become increasingly prevalent over the past few years because of its unique qualities, such as simplicity, consistent performance, and the power to combine many basic ideas used by other agile methodologies. Scrum and Kanban are similar for some reason. While using Scrum, tasks are often organized into columns on a Scrum board, which is equivalent to a Kanban board. Scrum, in contrast to Kanban, places emphasis on segmenting projects into sprints and only organizing and monitoring one sprint at a time.
- As developers desire to complete each sprint by the deadline, team engagement is better.
- The project can be tracked by every group member or even by everyone in the company due to transparency.
- For evaluating criteria, a straightforward "definition of done" is provided.
- The scrum methodology consistently emphasizes quality, resulting in fewer errors.
- With the help of this method's dynamics, developers can rearrange goals, giving incomplete sprints greater priority.
- The team may occasionally lose sight of the project as a whole by concentrating on a particular component as a result of segmenting the project and looking for development agility.
- It's possible that each developer's role is not clearly defined, which causes some uncertainty among teammates.
#2. Extreme Programming(XP) practices
Rather than providing all that the client wants in the coming years, as is typically the case with Scrum, it might concentrate on how Agile can boost customer satisfaction by giving them what they need right now. XP is focused on consistent branding and planned development cycles. Code analysis, continuous integration, and frequent customer connection are also implemented. When there are ongoing and changing consumer expectations, the extreme programming technique is highly helpful. It encourages the software developers to accept modifications to the customer's requirements, even if they appear during an important level of the development process. In Extreme Programming, the project is evaluated from the start by gathering input that advances the system's outcome. Additionally, it offers a quick method for executing any client demands.
- As it makes it possible to make modifications at any point, the written code's accessibility is a plus.
- The entire procedure and the XP development cycle are evident, setting targets for developers and producing results very quickly.
- Due to ongoing testing, software development is more agile than when utilizing other approaches.
- Encourages a really dynamic method of working.
- Moreover, XP helps keep and develop team talent.
- The strong emphasis on programming can make the design less important, necessitating special attention later.
- This structure may not function as well as it could if all team members are located in different regions.
- Since a record of potential mistakes is not always kept up to date in XP projects, additional instances of the same flaws may arise.
#3. Feature-driven development
FDD is a simple, agile technique for software development since it is an ongoing and iterative process. It combines different, well-known best practices from the business into one unified package. The goal of these approaches is to provide benefits for the customer while promoting a feature-first system. Its progressive, continuous, and agile approach includes a number of industry-recognized best practices. Its main objective is to reliably and quickly develop functional software. The steps of the lifecycle involve generating a basic project model, feature listings, strategizing by feature, designing by feature, and lastly executing each feature. Big project organizations can advance their goods at a consistent pace by using this five-step procedure.
- FDD assists in guaranteeing that the developers stay focused on a well-established scope of work by emphasizing the delivery of modest, modular features, which can assist to limit the risk of maintaining the project on course.
- Being an agile approach, FDD is created to be adaptable and responsive to competing priorities and demands. This can make it easier for the development team to respond to shifting conditions and provide a product that fulfills the customer's requirements.
- FDD places a strong emphasis on providing customers with functional software as soon as possible. This gives the client a chance to monitor the process and provide early feedback, which can help guarantee that the final output fulfills the customer's objectives.
- Employing efficient project management techniques, such as iterative development and the utilization of brief, time-boxed development cycles, is emphasized by FDD. By doing this, you can make sure the project stays on schedule and achieves its goals.
- FDD involves a sequence of tiny, well-defined phases that must be followed in order to produce a feature, making it more difficult than other agile approaches. New team members may find it more challenging to comprehend and apply the process as a result.
- For FDD to be successful, a major time and resource commitment is necessary. It calls for a number of brief, iterative development cycles, which can take some time to design and carry out.
- FDD focuses on delivering modest, progressive features, which might make it challenging to track the project's overall development. Stakeholders may find it difficult to comprehend the project's overall direction and progress as a result.
#4. Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM)
The Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM) was created to answer the demand for a uniform industry norm for the quick delivery of software. The software development process can be planned, carried out, managed, and scaled using the structured process provided by DSDM. The DSDM holds that integrity and on-time delivery must never be compromised and that project alterations are always to be expected. This theory is founded on eight principles and a business-driven methodology.
- High levels of client satisfaction, rapid speed to market, and high-quality solutions are all provided through DSDM.
- DSDM offers Reduced ownership expenses because of the reliable and efficient process.
- With fewer hours worked per week and more time off, DSDM gives development teams a better work-life balance, which boosts productivity and innovative thinking. Rapid distribution of value is offered by DSDM.
- DSDM guarantees a more stable timetable and budget.
- Better control is made possible by DSDM and more formal audits.
- DSDM offers more detailed testing.
- By using teams that spend all or most of their time together in the same location, DSDM improves team satisfaction, encourages teamwork, and improves productivity.
- Project management must follow a structured process otherwise it will fail.
- DSDM might need training for individuals adopting it because it is less well-known than many other methods.
- A lot of documentation is needed.
- To avoid wrong initial estimates, time must be set aside early in the project to evaluate how long each component of the project will occupy.
- DSDM needs a sizable number of knowledgeable employees. It occasionally can be stressful and a major hassle.
- There are just five months between the initial brief and the first working model.
- A high level of participation and engagement is required from customers and stakeholders.
- The requirement of clear frameworks to facilitate management reporting.
#5. Kanban principles
Agile software development teams incorporated the Kanban concept, which was first developed as a lean manufacturing technique. This approach develops and manages projects using visual representations. With the aid of the Kanban Board, which is segmented into columns to represent the process flow of software development, projects managed through Kanban are monitored. Teammates can see the steps taken at this point and what's following up next by employing kanban. The primary management tool for Kanban projects is a Kanban board, which divides actions into three columns: "To Do," "Doing," and "Done."
- With the straightforward idea of "Cards," it is possible to display all the tasks associated with a specific project.
- The number of open tasks can be restricted.
- Concentrates on the span of a cycle, or the time it takes for a work to move from the backlog to the completion stage.
- Permits ongoing deliveries.
- One of the easiest approaches.
- Disadvantages : Group members may understand the data displayed on the Kanban Board incorrectly, particularly if it is displayed as being out of date.
- Kanban has no time constraints, time-related issues, such as delays, can occur at any step.
What Is A Waterfall approach?
The waterfall model is a well-liked method in software engineering and product development that follows a linear, sequential approach to the software development lifecycle (SDLC). The waterfall approach applies a logical sequence of SDLC processes to a project in a manner comparable to how water cascades from a hill. During each stage of development, it establishes clear goals or objectives. After certain endpoints or objectives have been achieved, they cannot be revisited. Applications of industrial design still make use of the waterfall paradigm. It is generally referred to be the earliest software development technique. The concept is also applied more broadly as a high-level project management approach for complex, diverse undertakings.
Benefits of the waterfall design
The waterfall model is now frequently replaced by agile methodology. The waterfall method does have several benefits, including the following:
- Allows for the advancement of large or dynamic teams towards a predetermined common objective.
- Forces orderly, structured arrangement.
- Makes it easier to comprehend, carry out, and organize jobs.
- Promotes management control and specialization based on deadlines or a timetable.
- Strengthens the practice of defining before executing a design and then writing code.
- Clearly defining deadlines and objectives makes it possible to readily make early system design and specification modifications.
Limitations With The Waterfall Model
The risk connected to the absence of revision and flexibility is usually at the core of the waterfall model's drawbacks. Specifically, there are the following issues:
- Design is not flexible; when a defect is discovered, the process must frequently be restarted from scratch.
- The method doesn't take user or customer reviews into account mid-process and modifies based on outcomes.
- The waterfall model postpones testing till the conclusion of the development lifecycle.
- Error correction is not a factor.
- Requests for revisions, scope modifications, and updates are poorly handled by the technique.
- Waterfall prevents processes from overlapping for concurrent work on many phases, decreasing overall efficiency.
- Up to the later phases of the project lifecycle, there is no working product.
- Complex, high-risk continuing projects are not best served by the waterfall.
Software Consulting with Vofox
At Vofox, software development is tailored, putting stage-by-stage emphasis on outcomes and client satisfaction. Agile concepts are used to guide all aspects of development. Hence, we developed our own approach that guarantees to offer the best outcomes by the required timelines forth while also upholding the efficient development process, achieving the required results, anticipating potential errors, maximizing productivity, and developing securely. Our consulting services include:
- Enterprise Architecture Advisory
- Software Consulting and New Tech
- Software Portfolio Consulting
- Digital Transformation Consulting
- Application Development Advises
- IT Staff Augmentation Consulting
- Mobile App Consultation Services
Here, we have discussed in detail the Agile Methodology in Software Consulting and we hope that you get a clear idea about the agile process and its different types. Agile software development approaches focus on producing tiny, functional pieces of software fast in order to improve client satisfaction. These tactics emphasize ongoing improvement by utilizing flexible strategies and collaborative effort.
In conclusion, The Scrum model, with its emphasis on quality, transparency, and team engagement, is ideal for projects with specific deadlines. Extreme Programming (XP) practices prioritize customer satisfaction by delivering what they need right away and allows for modifications to be made easily during the development process. Meanwhile, Feature-driven development (FDD) is a modular approach that focuses on delivering functional software quickly, making it a great option for big project organizations. An agile consultant can help businesses identify the best methodology for their project and ensure its success by applying their knowledge and expertise in agile frameworks. Ultimately, the key to success in software consulting lies in selecting the right methodology, which can significantly impact the project's outcome. | <urn:uuid:5888f575-10a1-491e-a1b8-5f3911ddfaa0> | CC-MAIN-2024-26 | https://www.vofox.com/blog/agile-methodology-in-software-consulting | 2024-06-23T08:44:57Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-26/segments/1718198862464.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20240623064523-20240623094523-00575.warc.gz | en | 0.934357 | 2,780 | 2.625 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
A doctoral thesis, often called a dissertation, is the most important project of one’s doctoral coursework. In fact, it is the crowning achievement of one’s education, and in most degree programs it is a prerequisite to receiving the distinction of “doctor”. A doctoral thesis is a major writing project that one undertakes in order to receive one’s doctoral degree. A doctoral thesis consists of two primary parts: the development of an idea and the defense of that idea.
The goal of any dissertation is to say something new and worthwhile on a topic within the candidate’s field of study. The chosen topic should interest the candidate greatly, because doctoral thesis often create a professional trajectory for their writers that only a complete career change will alter. By selecting a doctoral thesis topic, the candidate decides to become an expert on that topic and agrees to defend his or her thoughts against the thoughts of any other scholar in the field.
Idea development includes not only topic selection but also all research. Doctoral thesis serve as an opportunity for candidates to make a meaningful contribution to their academic fields. As a consequence, the candidate may spend a great deal of time and effort on selecting a topic that is unique and viable, and, because the topic is unique, the student may perform a great deal of primary research in order to create support for the idea. Primary research will demand different things depending on the academic discipline, but it can include inventing one’s own equipment for conducting a particular experiment, traveling to the British museum or to archaeological digs, or becoming proficient in dead languages in order to read ancient manuscripts.
Candidates perform the defense portion of their doctoral thesis in two arenas: the written dissertation and the oral defense in front of a panel of experts. One should learn everything available about the subject before sitting down to write, and one should write his or her opinions on that subject in a competent, compelling way that persuades readers to regard those opinions as fact. Then, the candidate goes before a group of experts, who have read the thesis and are often skeptical about the candidate’s ideas, and convincingly answers any questions the experts may have. This oral defense requires the candidate to know unwaveringly every detail of the doctoral thesis and of its research, because the experts may ask any question that is even remotely relevant to the subject at hand.
If the student successfully develops an idea that contributes to the academic field and convincingly defends the viability of that idea in both the written and oral portions of the doctoral thesis process, he or she will receive a doctoral degree.
Whereas the student takes one term to write a term paper and perhaps one year to write a master’s thesis, the doctoral candidate may spend several years writing a doctoral thesis. These years must be highly productive and efficient in both research and writing; one must not procrastinate at all. The candidate who does not proceed efficiently may have difficulty completing the doctoral thesis before its statute of limitations runs out.
In most universities, candidates must defend their doctoral thesis in front of a panel of experts. Therefore, although the candidate should choose an original, manageably narrow topic, he or she must learn everything available about that topic’s general area. Moreover, the candidate must be able to recall that information. The student should make careful notes of all research and review those notes from time to time, lest he or she forget the material during the writing process. The candidate should be aware that a writing project that takes several years and fills several hundred pages can overwhelm the brain at the last minute before defense; therefore, the candidate should review the information steadily throughout the years of the development of the thesis. | <urn:uuid:89c5bfee-1364-4c21-b991-af399b60d8c6> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://planningtank.com/academic-writing/understanding-doctoral-thesis | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703536556.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123063713-20210123093713-00050.warc.gz | en | 0.956836 | 750 | 2.859375 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Employment, education, healthcare, justice, housing. These are some of the central services in society because they help people live the best life they can. But it will come as no surprise to most people that access to these services and treatment at their hands differs greatly depending on whether you are a man or a woman, the way you are racialized, your sexuality, whether or not you have a disability, and so on. In the US, defendants on trial for the murder of a white person are more likely to be sentenced to death the more stereotypically black their facial features are perceived to be. Asian Americans are less likely to be recommended for certain cancer screening tests than white Americans with the same symptoms. In the UK, half of the country’s population are women, but women make up only 38% of permanent academics at its higher education institutions, and only 22% of the professoriate.
What causes these disparities? No doubt there are many factors that interact with each other. Explicit prejudice will be part of the story. Failing to value black lives as highly as white lives likely plays a role in the first example – note that, when the murder victim is black, there is no discrepancy in the sentencing along racialized lines. And the sorts of microaggressions and sexual harassment that feed a hostile and misogynistic academic climate are sure to contribute to the under-representation of women in UK academia. But here we’d like to focus on just one factor, namely, implicit or unconscious bias. Social science research over the past few decades has lead psychologists to believe that we all carry with us unconscious associations based on stereotypes; and that these associations drive our behaviour in certain circumstances. You might, for instance, carry an implicit association between being a woman and being bad at mathematics, and that might influence whom you hire for a job that requires numeracy; or between being a young black man and being aggressive, and that might affect where you choose to live; or between being an immigrant and being a benefit fraudster, and that might affect how you vote in an election. These associations can come in different degrees of strength; and they need have no basis whatsoever in fact. They are often formed by internalizing the way that people from the groups in question are portrayed in the society you live in. When a young black person is killed in a police shooting, the media tends to choose a picture of them that portrays them as solitary or confrontational; they rarely choose the equally available photograph of the young man at his grandmother’s birthday party, or the young woman graduating from college. These discrepancies in the representation of certain groups in the media become fixed in our unconscious stereotypical associations, which we often call upon when we make a decision – who to hire; who to sit beside on the train; how to vote. What’s more, once in place, the stereotypes are reinforced because we are so susceptible to confirmation bias, a widespread psychological phenomenon that leads you to ignore evidence that tells against your favoured hypotheses, and accords great weight to evidence that supports them.
In one important study of implicit bias, researchers submitted hundreds of fictitious applications in response to a broad range of job advertisements in the Boston and Chicago areas. Some bore typically white names; others bore typically black names. The applications with the white names received 50% more callbacks than those with black names. In another study, trauma surgeons were presented with fictitious vignettes describing clinical scenarios accompanied by photographs of the black or white patients described. The surgeons were much more likely to assume a history of alcohol abuse in the black patients. In a third study, people were placed in a simulated scenario and asked to identify which of the characters in that scenario were armed. They were much more likely to misidentify an item as a gun when it was held by a black character than by a white character. In each of these three studies, and in the many, many others in this area, researchers believe that at least part of the difference in the way people are treated is due to implicit bias against certain groups. Potential employers associate being white with ability and diligence, and they associate being black with laziness and incompetence. In the shooter scenarios, people associate being black with an involvement in gun crime. The associations have no validity, of course; but that doesn’t weaken the biases to which they give rise.
I’ve been talking as if everybody harbours these implicit prejudices – that’s because they do. While people from the group that the bias works against will have slightly weaker biases, they will still have them. Women will have anti-women biases; and black people will have anti-black biases. And the same goes for people who are explicitly and publicly egalitarian. We publicly-committed feminists and advocates for racial justice are just as likely to have some degree of implicit bias towards women and people of colour as those who are not so committed. As philosophers Jennifer Saul and Michael Brownstein put it, we too are “part of the problem.”
So the phenomenon is extremely widespread. And this makes it particularly urgent that we try to find ways to reduce these biases or at least mitigate their effects. Of course, one way to do this is to remove the food that nourishes them. Balanced reporting in news outlets; more nuanced, less stereotypical, and offensive portrayals of women, people of colour, and transgender people in television and film; diverse groupings in positions of power; and so on. These are all large-scale societal interventions that would help enormously. But at the individual level, there are also a number of effective strategies. Psychologists have found that your brain will call on your implicit associations rather than your explicit (and hopefully less prejudiced) thought processes when it is making a judgment in a rush, or under stress, or when there is little information to go on, or when it’s distracted thinking of something else. So we can try to avoid making important decisions about other people – who will be tasked with a management role, who you will vote for, how you will treat a particular trauma victim in your clinic – when you are in such situations. Your bias towards someone from a particular social group can also be reduced by increasing your contact and interactions with people from that group, at least so long as the conditions of the contact are right – it must be informal and personal and it must be on an equal footing and when you pursue a common shared goal together; bias is not reduced in circumstances in which white participants are in a management role, while black participants play a subservient administrative role, for instance. Finally, you can reduce the strength of your bias by thinking about counter-stereotypical exemplars. These are people – like mathematicians who are women and political leaders who are African-American – who provide counters to the prejudiced negative stereotype that is held about the group to which they belong. Considering such people before making a decision will mitigate the effects of your bias on that decision.
What is so unsettling when we learn about implicit biases is that they control our behaviour in ways we disavow; and they do so without our conscious consent. It is as if we learn of an inner demon hell-bent on sabotaging our best-laid egalitarian plans. But there are ways to quiet these monsters that lurk below the level of consciousness. And as research progresses and knowledge of these mitigation strategies increases, the effects of these demons will, we hope, diminish.
Featured image: Lego doll amphitheatre by eak_kkk. Public domain via Pixabay. | <urn:uuid:0737b0d0-142e-472d-a99b-0d10f7d46d71> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://blog.oup.com/2016/06/prejudice-implicit-bias/ | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998923.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20190619063711-20190619085711-00225.warc.gz | en | 0.965828 | 1,542 | 2.78125 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Supply and demand is tricky at the best of times. Normally in class we would run through several examples together, make some graphs together, and really riff on our ideas. It won’t be that simple here but we’ll try.
Two important notes:
-Office hours are your friend. For instance, tomorrow from 1-2 PM I’ll be available to help students in 1-on-1 or group settings live.
-Try all activities. The more you do the more chances I have to see what you get and what you don’t get.
Part 1: Recap of Jungle/Zoo
-Listen to my audio recording (3 minutes) [LOG IN TO BRSD]
Part 2: Textbook
Read pages 210-211.
Part 3: Video
Watch this video.
Part 4: Flipgrid
Access Flipgrid here: https://flipgrid.com/mcintosh99
Complete a short video answering the questions:
-What if the supply of a product went down? How would that affect price and demand? What might cause the supply of a product to drop?
-Why might demand for a product go up? For example, what role might marketing play in demand?
-What happens to a given supply or demand curve if one of the determinants of supply or demand change? Use real world examples.
Here’s a story for inspiration https://flipgrid.com/s/2cef0b2f0422 | <urn:uuid:574a7f80-4a52-45db-b6b6-6f09d1f9c75b> | CC-MAIN-2024-22 | https://kylemcintosh.ca/social-9-supply-and-demand/ | 2024-05-18T20:03:56Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-22/segments/1715971057494.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20240518183301-20240518213301-00179.warc.gz | en | 0.885607 | 315 | 2.703125 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Ada and Ruby walk into town. They observe and identify different birds. Ruby expresses her admiration for the crow, approving its cunning and ability to “relish what presents itself.” Ada feels gloomy but explains her gloominess as a result of the manual work she’s been doing, such as hay cutting, and the fact that it’s raining. The women purchase supplies from the hardware store, and Ada buys Adam Bede from the stationers. They eat lunch by the river, before heading off to visit Mrs. McKennet, a local widow. Mrs. McKennet amuses Ada by recounting sensationalized war stories that she insists are true. Ada states that she finds war “degrading,” and Mrs. McKennet affectionately calls her naïve. Ruby expresses her disinterest with regard to the conflict and dismisses Northerners as people who only worship money.
On the way home, Ada and Ruby pass the courthouse and stop to hear a captive narrate his tale. The prisoner describes how he was forcibly removed from his father’s farm by a team of the Home Guard, led by the sadistic Teague. One of Teague’s men killed the captive’s father by impaling him with a sword; then Teague’s other men ran three outliers out of the fodder crib. The captive was the only man to survive because he surrendered. Teague had considered hanging him anyway, but Birch, one of Teague’s men, dissuaded him from doing so, saying it would look better if they brought someone in occasionally.
The man concludes his tale by stating that the world won’t last long. Ada and Ruby return home, arguing whether one should take an optimistic or pessimistic view of the world. Ruby stops talking when she sees a heron. The women disagree over the bird’s intentions before it flies off, and Ada sketches it from memory. Ruby tells Ada a story Stobrod told her, in which he suggested that her real father was actually a heron. In running to get away from the lusty bird, Ruby’s mother crawled under the bed, got stuck, and was impregnated from behind. This story reminds Ada of Monroe’s tale about how he wooed her mother, which she shares with Ruby.
Monroe had stopped to water his horse at a house outside of Charleston. He had fallen in love with the beautiful woman who had questioned him. He later found out that her name was Claire Dechutes and that her father was French. Monroe wooed Claire with her father’s permission, on the condition that they marry after she turned eighteen. After a long wait, on the day he was due to propose, Monroe saw her kissing another man. Claire married the man and went to live in France while Monroe sought solace in England. However, Claire’s marriage was unhappy, and she finally wed Monroe on her return from France nineteen years later. Two years later, Claire died giving birth to Ada. Despite his grief, Monroe had sworn to dedicate his life to his daughter.
When Ada finishes her tale, a flock of birds fly past the moon. Ada then correctly identifies the planet Venus, which is about to set behind Cold Mountain.
Ruby’s “source and root” is that of the environment around Cold Mountain. Even if her father’s tale about the heron is untrue, Ruby is a woman descended from the natural world who shares an affinity with its creatures. Whereas images of predatory birds such as the crow and buzzard overshadow Inman’s journey, the women focus on birds attuned to their landscape as creatures of community and migration. Ruby’s reassessment of the crow is important as it indicates the different perspectives that people can take on nature. While previous images of crows within the text have been shocking or disturbing, Ruby’s frank assessment of the crow’s gifts paints the bird in a different light, as a thing to be admired rather than feared. Throughout this chapter, Ruby is shown reading the signs of nature, as she speculates on a cardinal carrying a twig in its mouth and identifies the time of day by the angle of the sun. | <urn:uuid:61dd2d57-d4d0-4932-8076-7f04b2bc5157> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/coldmountain/section6/ | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783621.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129010251-20200129040251-00201.warc.gz | en | 0.973813 | 879 | 2.984375 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
CarMD has developed this section to keep you informed on what you can do as a consumer to ensure that you are driving a healthy and safe vehicle. Several of these tips come from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), the Car Care Council, and from our own team of Automotive Service Excellence (ASE) Certified technicians.
it because I was looking at
buying my daughter a
used car for graduation.
~ John S. New York
Most consumers are not aware that there may be a safety recall for their vehicle. At CarMD, we provide you free access to this information
and even include it every time you run a vehicle diagnostic report.
There are two types of vehicle recalls – emissions and safety. In many instances, vehicle recall repairs can be completed at no charge to the customer.
|EMISSIONS RECALL||SAFETY RECALL|
|Vehicle manufacturers are required to design and build their vehicles to meet emissions standards. Under the Clean Air Act, if the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) determines that a substantial number of vehicles in a class or category do not meet emissions standards, it can require the manufacturer to recall and fix the affected vehicles to make sure they are not polluting the environment.
The manufacturer usually conducts emissions-related recalls and remedies voluntarily, although the EPA has the authority to order a manufacturer to recall and fix non-complying vehicles. These emissions-related recalls may or may not be paid for by the manufacturer.
|The National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act gives the Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) the authority to issue vehicle safety standards and to require manufacturers to recall vehicles that have safety-related defects or do not meet Federal safety standards.
Manufacturers voluntarily initiate many of these recalls, while others are either influenced by NHTSA investigations or via the courts. If a safety defect is discovered, the manufacturer must notify NHTSA, as well as vehicle or equipment owners, dealers, and distributors. The manufacturer is then required to remedy the problem at no charge to the owner.
There is an age limitation for getting safety recall repairs done, though. To be eligible for a free remedy, your vehicle cannot be more than 10 years old on the date the defect or noncompliance is determined. Under the law, the age of the vehicle is calculated from the date of sale to the first purchaser.
Want To See Your Vehicle's Safety Recalls?
Simply sign in to your current CarMD account. Safety Recalls are listed under the STAYING HEALTHY tab whenever you run a test report.
What are Vehicle Technical Service Bulletin (TSB)?
A technical service bulletin (TSB) is an advisory issued by an automotive manufacturer to its dealership service departments detailing a fix for a known concern or difficult repair. The bulletin is for informational purposes only. It is not a recall.
If a problem addressed in a TSB is particularly widespread, the manufacturer may decide to send out an "Owner Notification" letter, but they are under no obligation to make the repair or notify customers. If your vehicle is still under warranty; however, you can usually get the related repairs covered.
A majority of TSBs are released during the first year that a vehicle is offered or the year following a redesign in order to address areas that might have been overlooked in the car's design process.
TSB content varies in severity from hard-to-start engines to inoperable windows or even something as simple as how to install a license plate holder. TSBs often (but not always) deal with a recurring problem and include instructions for the repair, parts needed, the warranty status and the labor charge.
They can be particularly helpful if your "sick" car or truck has an intermittent or persistent problem. If you have tried to have a problem repaired numerous times, you may wish to take a related TSB to your mechanic and ask how to proceed, or reference the included part numbers if you are a do-it-yourselfer planning to make the repair yourself. Most reputable repair shops and dealerships appreciate an informed customer.
It's a particularly good idea to see if your vehicle has any TSBs while it is still under warranty. CarMD customers and members can see if their vehicle has had any TSBs issued. This information is listed under the STAYING HEALTHY tab on your vehicle's report.
TSB articles can be purchased individually at $2.99 each or you can buy a CarMD® Premium Vehicle Health Membership, which allows you to view all TSBs for your registered vehicles. Click here for more information.
Tips To Keep Your Vehicle Running Healthy
If you are like most consumers, your car is the second largest investment next to your home. Caring for it properly will deliver the performance, value and enjoyment you demand for you and your family. It also makes financial sense to perform routine maintenance to prevent any unforeseen breakdown or costly repair. Here are things you should inspect on a regular basis:
- Tires – check for correct tire pressure and tire wear. You can usually find this information in your vehicle's service manual, or on the vehicle information label found on the driver's side door jamb. If you are unable to locate this, you can always get this information from your local dealership. Also, don't forget to check your spare tire as well.
- Fluids – check to see that your fluids are filled properly. Look at the oil, transmission fluid, brake fluid, steering fluid, coolant, and washer fluid. It's important to follow your manufacturer's recommended service intervals on when to drain and change these fluids. This is normally based on mileage, driving habits, and even climate. Your vehicle service manual or your dealership can provide you this information.
- Brakes – have your brakes routinely inspected by a trained professional to ensure that pads and rotors are in good condition. Also watch for any sounds or drifting (car pulls to one side) when braking.
- Lights – inspect all lights on your vehicle to ensure they are working properly – headlamps, tail lights, turn signals, and fog lights (if equipped).
- Wipers - windshield wipers are usually easy to neglect. However, it is extremely dangerous to drive on a raining or snowy day without functioning windshield wipers. Some auto parts stores will even change them for you for free.
- Dashboard Lights – make sure that no warning lights are on. If your Check Engine light is on, simply plug in your CarMD to identify the problem and the most likely fix to the problem. To understand what the other lights mean, simply click here to download the CarMD® Guide To Dashboard Warning Lights. | <urn:uuid:5531e5b5-583b-4626-8491-eeec6dc20b0f> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.carmd.com/48.5/Article/Is-Your-Car-Safe | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931009084.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155649-00221-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944273 | 1,382 | 2.703125 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Black Lives Matter began as a campaign against white violence, killing and brutality of blacks by police, and issues of racial profiling and racial inequality in the criminal justice system. More changes are needed to end the decades of unrest and devaluation of the lives of blacks in America.
A Nationwide Effort of African Americans Helping One Another
An important step to reach the goal of equality is to call upon African Americans, especially those who are recognized as community leaders, to join together and embrace creating a nationwide effort to help black teens and adults increase their chances of achieving greater academic, career, and personal success. African Americans who serve their communities as mayors, ministers, teachers, or are in any position of prominence or fame can use their platforms to facilitate positive changes by guiding and mentoring other blacks to take control of their own destiny to gain their human rights and dignity.
Be Life Ready Can Inspire African Americans to Reach Their Full Potential
Through the use of social media, this effort can be communicated to African Americans in communities throughout America. Be Life Ready can become a catalyst to inspire all blacks, especially black youth, to reach their full potential. Existing resources created for the Be Life Ready initiative established as a nationwide human development initiative are available for free at www.belifeready.com.
Be Life Ready Can Impact Social Problems of African Americans in America
Be Life Ready can be used to address some of the most prominent social problems affecting African Americans in America today. There are thousands of black teens and adults who are in a period of transition and desire to reevaluate their lives. Be Life Ready can help them gain their confidence and make new decisions necessary to become self-sufficient. Individuals who are soon to be released from prison, high school and college dropouts, current at-risk students, the unemployed or underemployed, and people living in poverty can all benefit by gaining information found in the Keys to Be Life Ready.
The Be Life Ready initiative is available as a positive resource and helpful tool to supplement, not replace, any existing programs that provide support and encouragement for individuals striving to improve their lives. The Be Life Ready resources are available for use by any individual, family, or community organization. | <urn:uuid:d4adb5ff-2c96-43d4-94d0-039dff24ec90> | CC-MAIN-2025-18 | https://www.belifeready.com/130 | 2025-04-21T21:48:07Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-18/segments/1744889135788.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20250421194220-20250421224220-00943.warc.gz | en | 0.939139 | 448 | 3.25 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Document Type and Release Option
Thesis (open access)
Dr. Nikiya Lewis
In the United States, non-Hispanic Black women are approximately three times as likely to die from pregnancy-related complications as non-Hispanic White or Hispanic women. Racism has been identified as a significant barrier to health equality and the improvement of maternal health outcomes for Black patients. Cultural competence and implicit bias in health care has emerged in part to address factors that may contribute to racial/ethnic disparities in health care. Both can impact the way nurses consciously and subconsciously deliver healthcare to patients of a different gender, race, religion, culture, socioeconomic status, etc. Nurses who are more culturally competent and aware of their own implicit biases provide higher quality nursing care which leads to better health outcomes for diverse patient populations. Because nurses make up the largest group of healthcare professionals, they are in a prime position to improve health outcomes and decrease morbidity and mortality rates for African American women of childbearing age. Nursing students must be prepared to join the professional workforce and deliver high quality nursing care to diverse patient populations.
Gillans, Deja J., "Understanding Nursing Students' Cultural Competency Levels and Implicit Biases" (2023). Honors College Theses. 907. | <urn:uuid:a4ad8937-2bd2-45b9-869c-4cdcd8955595> | CC-MAIN-2024-46 | https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/honors-theses/907/ | 2024-11-12T15:23:53Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-46/segments/1730477028273.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20241112145015-20241112175015-00525.warc.gz | en | 0.926112 | 257 | 3.015625 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Consensus procedures and their role in pediatric rheumatology
- First Online:
- 55 Downloads
The Delphi Technique and Nominal Group Technique are two well-recognized consensus-formation methodologies specifically designed to combine judgments from a group of experts. The Delphi Technique utilizes a series of well-defined questionnaire-based surveys, whereas Nominal Group Technique is a structured face-to-face meeting designed to facilitate consensus. Consensus-formation techniques require that each step build on the results of the previous steps. In this review, we describe these techniques, how they work, and their practical application in pediatric rheumatology, where they have been widely used to develop the outcome measures of several chronic rheumatic diseases, including juvenile idiopathic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, as well as the classification criteria for juvenile systemic sclerosis and juvenile vasculitides.
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References and Recommended Reading
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- 19.Ruperto N, Ravelli A, Cuttica R, et al.: The Pediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organization criteria for the evaluation of response to therapy in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus: prospective validation of the disease activity core set. Arthritis Rheum 2005, 52:2854–2864.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
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- 21.Ruperto N, Ravelli A, Oliveira S, et al.: The Pediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organization/American College of Rheumatology provisional criteria for the evaluation of response to therapy in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus: prospective validation of the definition of improvement. Arthritis Rheum 2006, 55:355–363.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar | <urn:uuid:04a9dca8-2294-4b05-814b-f34db370bcea> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11926-008-0025-6 | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105970.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820034343-20170820054343-00313.warc.gz | en | 0.691675 | 902 | 2.8125 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Cellulitis is a common bacterial skin infection that can lead to discomfort, pain, and potentially serious complications if left untreated. As the interest in natural remedies grows, CBD oil has gained attention for its potential therapeutic effects. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the relationship between CBD oil and cellulitis. We’ll delve into what cellulitis is, how CBD works, the potential benefits and risks of using CBD oil for cellulitis, and the current state of scientific research in this area.
Understanding Cellulitis: A Brief Overview
Cellulitis is a bacterial infection that affects the skin and the underlying tissues. It typically presents as redness, swelling, warmth, and pain in the affected area. The condition is commonly caused by Streptococcus or Staphylococcus bacteria entering the skin through cuts, wounds, insect bites, or other breaks in the skin’s protective barrier. While antibiotics are the primary treatment for cellulitis, some individuals are exploring alternative options, including CBD oil.
CBD Oil: How It Works
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive compound found in the Cannabis sativa plant. It interacts with the endocannabinoid system (ECS), a complex network of receptors and molecules that help regulate various physiological processes, including pain perception, inflammation, immune response, and more. CBD is believed to influence the ECS indirectly by promoting the body’s natural production of endocannabinoids or by interacting with receptors directly. This interaction may contribute to its potential therapeutic effects on various health conditions, including inflammation-related issues like cellulitis.
Potential Benefits of CBD Oil for Cellulitis
While research on CBD’s effects on cellulitis is still in its infancy, some potential benefits have been suggested
CBD is known for its anti-inflammatory effects. By interacting with receptors in the ECS, it may help modulate the immune response and reduce inflammation associated with cellulitis. This could potentially lead to a reduction in redness, swelling, and pain.
The pain associated with cellulitis can be significant. CBD’s interaction with pain receptors could potentially offer relief to individuals suffering from cellulitis-related discomfort.
Some studies have indicated that CBD might have antibacterial properties. While this is promising, more research is needed to determine whether CBD could directly target the bacteria causing cellulitis.
Supporting the Immune System
CBD’s potential in modulating the immune response might aid the body in fighting off bacterial infections. However, this aspect requires further investigation to establish a direct link to cellulitis.
Considerations and Risks
Before considering the use of CBD oil for cellulitis, it’s important to be aware of potential considerations and risks
Lack of Clinical Evidence
As of now, there is limited clinical research specifically focused on the use of CBD oil for cellulitis. Most of the available information is anecdotal or based on studies related to CBD’s general anti-inflammatory properties.
Interaction with Other Medications
CBD can interact with certain medications, including antibiotics. If you are already taking medication for cellulitis, it’s crucial to consult a healthcare professional before adding CBD to your treatment regimen.
Quality and Dosage: The effectiveness of CBD oil can vary based on factors such as its quality, concentration, and dosage. It’s advisable to choose a reputable CBD product and follow dosing guidelines provided by the manufacturer.
Some individuals may experience side effects from CBD, such as dry mouth, dizziness, changes in appetite, or diarrhea. It’s important to start with a low dose and monitor your body’s response.
Current State of Research
While the potential benefits of CBD for inflammation and pain management are widely discussed, there is a lack of research specific to its effects on cellulitis. Most studies related to CBD’s anti-inflammatory properties are conducted in vitro (in a laboratory setting) or on animal models. Human clinical trials are necessary to establish the efficacy and safety of CBD oil for cellulitis.
How to Use CBD Oil for Cellulitis
If you are considering using CBD oil for cellulitis, here are some general guidelines to follow
Consult a Healthcare Professional
Before adding CBD oil to your treatment plan, consult a healthcare provider, especially if you are already taking medication for cellulitis.
Choose a Reputable Product
Opt for high-quality CBD oil from reputable manufacturers. Look for products that have been third-party tested for purity and potency.
Start with a Low Dose
Begin with a low dose of CBD and gradually increase it if needed. This approach helps you gauge how your body responds to the compound.
Monitor Your Symptoms
Keep track of any changes in your cellulitis symptoms after starting CBD oil. If you notice any adverse effects or improvements, document them for future reference.
CBD’s effects may take time to manifest. Consistent use over a period of time will give you a better understanding of its potential benefits.
While CBD oil shows promise in various areas of health and wellness, its potential for treating cellulitis is still an emerging topic. The compound’s anti-inflammatory, pain-relieving, and potential antibacterial properties suggest it might offer some benefits for individuals with cellulitis. However, due to the lack of specific research on this topic, it’s crucial to approach the use of CBD oil for cellulitis with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare professional. As scientific knowledge continues to expand, more concrete conclusions can be drawn about the role of CBD in managing cellulitis and its related symptoms. | <urn:uuid:2ea3cd04-8c62-4933-a1d9-6f23291538bd> | CC-MAIN-2024-42 | https://420budcloud.com/can-cbd-oil-help-with-cellulitis/ | 2024-10-07T00:56:51Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-42/segments/1727944253447.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20241007004935-20241007034935-00488.warc.gz | en | 0.927891 | 1,153 | 2.609375 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Trust. Collaboration. Action.
United against environmental destruction and poverty, we stand.
Carbon dioxide emissions are local, but their effects are global. There are one hundred and ninety four countries on this globe, big and small; their boundaries are fixed but the air that they breathe is shared. No matter who contributes how much to the CO2 burden, all nations suffer together. The USA, China, and India are the largest producers of carbon dioxide in the world, and if we don't start decreasing emissions and transitioning away from fossil fuels, the repercussions will be felt throughout the world. We are looked upon as a world leader but if we do not lead by example, we are destined to be followers. It is of the utmost importance that this transition starts now, because if emissions are not curbed significantly by 2050, then the tipping point of climate change will be reached. In addition, a transition away from fossil fuels is key to not only creating countless new jobs in green industries, but also in mitigating the impact of peak oil and decrease the amount of pollutants in our atmosphere. During a time when there are major differences between developed and developing nations as how to mitigate climate change, Project Jatropha aims to demonstrate the commitment of the youth in developed countries to environmental issues that affect the developing nations as well.
A significant number of small farmers in the villages of Hunsur Taluk, Mysore, Southern India state, make a living by growing tobacco that they export. To most subsistence farmers this is the only crop that brings in some money. The raw tobacco leaves are processed in barns using firewood, which is scarce. The villagers are forced to cut down trees to fuel the curing of tobacco. The destruction of forest is harming regional biodiversity: for example, the agents who supply firewood for villagers are infringing on the boundaries of the Nagarahole (Rajiv Gandhi) National Park, which is a wild animal sanctuary. Consequently, human-animal conflicts have started to become much more common and dangerous. The Indian government recently signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, and will aim to cut down tobacco cultivation by half by the year 2020. (Article from 10/11/2008, The Hindu Newspaper) The Indian government is trying to wean the farmers away from growing tobacco by offering a compensation packages. However, this solution will not be sufficient, as the money would run out soon, if no alternative commercial crops are available.
What exactly is Jatropha curcas?
Jatropha curcas is a small, perennial shrub that grows 3-5 meters in height. It was originally native to Central America, and grows well in the tropics. It has many uses, among them biofuel, cosmetics, and fertilizer.
Why use Jatropha?
Jatropha curcas produces seed that contain an inedible vegetable oil that is used to produce biofuel. Each Jatropha seed produces between 35 to 37% of its mass in oil.
• It is drought resistant.
• It can be grown almost anywhere - even in sandy, saline, or infertile soil.
• It adapts well to marginal soils with low nutrient content.
• It is relatively easy to propagate.
• It is not invasive or damaging.
• It is capable of stabilizing sand dunes, acting as a windbreak or combating desertification.
• It naturally repels insects and animals do not browse it.
• It lives for over 50 years producing seeds all the time.
• It is resilient against the cold.
• It does not exhaust the nutrients in the land; rather, it rejuvenates overused land.
• It does not require expensive crop rotation.
• It does not require fertilizers.
• It grows quickly and establishes itself easily.
• It has a high yield.
• No displacement of food crops is necessary.
• The biodiesel byproduct, glycerin, is profitable in itself.
• The waste plant mass after oil extraction can be used as a fertilizer.
• The plant itself recycles 100% of the CO2 emissions produced by burning the biodiesel; two mature plants can absorb 1 metric ton of carbon every year.
In his book, Hot, Flat, and Crowded, Pulitzer Prize Winning Author Thomas L. Friedman gives 4 criterion that any biofuel must meet: It must have a large positive energy input, not destroy biodiversity-rich land, must not release large amounts of carbon dioxide when grown, and must not solve one problem only to create another. Jatropha meets all of these criterion.
Our Jatropha project differs from the ones that are currently in place. The project that we have undertaken started at the grassroots level. Our “Project Jatropha” mission has two collaborators: Parivarthana and Labland Biotechs. Parivarthana is a non-governmental organization which is involved in rural poverty alleviation, environmental protection, and sustainable rural development. It is located at Hunsur Taluk, Mysore District, Karnataka State. Labland Biotechs is a plant biotechnology company located in Mysore. It has a modern biotechnology lab and a modern green house for mass multiplication of different plants, including Jatropha curcas. This is a cooperative mission between these collaborators. We are the facilitators, the catalysts, who brought the different groups together. The beneficiaries are farmers and women’s self help groups (SHGs).
The project’s main goal is to enable these farmers to grow Jatropha either as a hedge plant or as an intercrop on a scale that would be economically viable.
Co-founder, Financial Director, Educator, Fund Raising Coordinator
Director of Media and Communications
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Research shows that, to remain healthy, we need to consume, every day, the following essential nutrients:
12 amino acids
2 essential fatty acids
They’re considered essential nutrients because, acting together, they perform hundreds of vital roles in the body. They help maintain strength and density of bones, heal wounds, and support our immune system. They also help to convert food into energy, and to repair cell level damage. We become vulnerable to chronic conditions, eg Parkinson’s, when we are deficient in these nutrients.
Soils depleted of minerals and modern methods of rearing livestock means that, even with the optimal diet, we’re going to be left seriously nutrient deficient. By the time the stresses of modern life and exposure to environmental toxins extract further toll, our store of nutrients is virtually empty and we’re running on fumes.
This is the point where Parkinson’s (and other chronic diseases) enter our lives.
Numerous studies cite low cholesterol levels as being associated with Parkinson’s Disease.
One study, from the Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, published in 2006 in the American Journal of Epidemiology said this:
“Higher serum levels of total cholesterol were associated with a significantly decreased risk of Parkinson’s disease.”
Other studies link low cholesterol levels to low cognition, poor memory function and depression, too. These are all symptoms associated with Parkinson’s.
Cholesterol is vital to health.
Cholesterol is vital to the human body. If you had no cholesterol in your body you would be dead. No cells, no bone structure, no muscles, no hormones, no sex, no reproductive system, no digestion, no brain function, no memory, no nerve endings, no movement, no human life – nothing without cholesterol. It is utterly vital and we die instantly without it.
Fake Science Behind the Low Fat Diet
Research shows that cholesterol levels have no impact upon heart disease, and that a lowering of cholesterol levels does not reduce the likelihood of heart attacks.
Adopting a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet, as recommended by healthcare professionals, is shown to have an injurious impact upon health. Just witness the rising rates of chronic illness since this advice was first imparted. The incidence of obesity, diabetes, asthma, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s etc have all soared.
Our brains are made of cholesterol, and many of us are restricting our brain’s access to vital cholesterol. It’s no wonder that so many of us are now being diagnosed with Parkinson’s, at increasingly younger ages, too.
And the fake science? This website tells you how our health has been hijacked by business interests.
Environmental pollutants, smoke, toxins, chemicals in processed foods, fried foods etc all cause the creation of free radicals in our bodies.
Free radicals are oxygen atoms which aren’t paired with a stabilising electron. These free radicals then adhere to other cells causing damage ie inflammation.
Oxidative stress is essentially an imbalance between the production of these free radicals and the inability of the body to counteract or detoxify their harmful effects through neutralization by antioxidants.
Research shows that people with Parkinson’s suffer greater levels of oxidative stress and also have lower levels of antioxidants to deal with it.
Uncontrolled inflammation is considered to be one of the leading causes of most chronic illnesses. Nowadays, our bodies are riddled with inflammation. These illnesses include Parkinson’s, cancer, heart disease, diabetes, Alzheimer’s etc.
Dietary imbalance between Omega-3 and Omega-6 essential fatty acids
The inflammation appears to be caused by a major shift in our diets, which are changing faster than our bodies are able to cope.
Man’s original diet created a 1:1 ratio of Omega-3 and Omega-6 essential fatty acids (EFAs) in our bodies. Our cells’ structure evolved to operate at this ratio. Omega-6 is pro-inflammatory, whilst Omega-3 is anti-inflammatory.
200,000 years ago, mankind existed on a diet of pure natural, organic foods rich in anti-inflammatory Omega-3 EFAs (wild lean meat, fish, green leafy vegetables, fruits, nuts, berries, and honey). This is the vitamin and mineral rich diet with perfectly balanced essential fatty acids to which our body is most suited. Some call it the Paleo diet.
Nowadays, our diets are heavily inclined towards pro-inflammatory Omega-6 EFAs where food additives, sugars, carbohydrates, processed seed and vegetable oils all feature highly in today’s processed foods. They’re cheap, poor in nutrients and they’re leading us all inexorably on a path towards ill-health.
Omega-6 consumption is out of control
With the start of agriculture, and the introduction of mass produced, intensively farmed cereal grains as staple food, we’ve seen a steady increase of omega-6 EFAs at the expense of omega-3 EFAs. This has accelerated hugely over the past 50 years with cattle being fed more grains.
Added to that, omega-6 fatty acids, which are found also in processed seed and vegetable oils, especially soybean oil, of which our consumption has increased 1,400% in the past 50 years. All of which creates a perfect storm.
Imbalance of Omega-3 to Omega-6
Our bodies are being ravaged by the imbalance of omega-6 to omega-3. Our diets have taken us from approximately 1:1, to a ratio of 16:1, or much worse. The consequences of this to our health are dire.
Gluten sensitivity can go undetected for years – but it damages the brain!
This is the conclusion of a Gluten Sensitivity research study published in 2009 in the journal, Medical Hypotheses:
‘The fundamental problem with gluten is its interference with the body’s neural networks……gluten is linked to neurological harm in patients, both with and without evidence of celiac disease. Evidence points to the nervous system as the prime site of gluten damage’
There are other studies, too, which highlight the damage that gluten does to the brain. Gluten sensitivity can go undetected for years in many of us until Parkinson’s or some other neurological disease strikes.
Beware gluten is everywhere!
Aside from the obvious grain-based foods – bread, pasta, cakes etc – gluten is a widely-used ingredient in far too many processed foods, but to our body it is a toxin. It’s in the flour used to thicken soups and sauces. It’s used as a stabilizer and thickener in many condiments, ketchup, mustard, pasta sauce, tomato paste, BBQ sauce etc.
Processed meats such as sausages, hot dogs, deli- and luncheon meats are filled with flour (gluten) for texture, as a filler and for thickening purposes.
Gluten is literally everywhere; the list of gluten containing foods is endless. It’s a very inexpensive and convenient way for food manufacturers to enhance the taste and palatability of their products.
High blood sugars harm the brain
In his book, Grain Brain, Dr Perlmutter states:
‘Neurotransmitters are our main mood and brain regulators, and when blood sugar increases there is an immediate depletion of the neurotransmitters serotonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, GABA and dopamine. Simultaneously, B-complex vitamins, which are needed to make those neurotransmitters, get used up. Magnesium levels also diminish, and this handicaps both our nervous system and liver.’
Trigger brain tangles
High blood sugars trigger a reaction called ‘glycation’ which means that glucose, proteins, and certain fats become tangled together causing tissues and cells to become stiff and inflexible, including those in brain.
Sugar molecules and brain proteins combine to create deadly new structures (amyloid plaques). These contribute more than any other factor to the degeneration of the brain and it’s functioning.
High blood sugars and gluten together are even worse
The brain is tremendously vulnerable to the glycating ravages of glucose, and this is made worse when powerful antigens like gluten accelerate the damage.
Sugar intake has soared
The sugar content of our diets have soared in recent decades and with it has come such a big increase in neurological diseases.
So called “healthy’ muesli is packed with hidden sugar, as is just about every other boxed breakfast cereal.
High blood sugar can come from the most unlikely sources. Sugars are found in a wide range of processed foods simply because it’s cheap and scientists know that it makes these foods taste much more appealing to us. Even bread scores more highly on the Glycemic Index scale than a Snickers bar!
The combination of a body which is overburdened with toxins and whose detoxification pathways are compromised and ill-equipped to cope, is the perfect recipe for chronic disease.
Retained toxins compromise bodily functions and even bind to neurotransmitters and nerve cells.
We are exposed to toxins on a scale never before seen by man. Chemicals and metals are routinely used in the production of everything with which we come into contact . We breathe, swallow or absorb thousands of toxic compounds every day – unless we take action to reduce the load.
Here is a list, which is by no means comprehensive, of the areas where we are exposed to toxins.
Processed foods use thousands of chemicals and other compounds, including metals, widely in their actual composition and during their production processes. Artificial flavorings, preservatives, thickeners, thinners, masking agents etc make up a considerable percentage of what manufacturers euphemistically call ‘food’.
Non-organic vegetables and fruit are grown in chemical fertilisers and exposed to chemical pesticides.
Intensively farmed animals are treated with growth hormones and antibiotics, which get into the food chain. Their produce (ie eggs, milk etc) can be contaminated, too.
We ingest or absorb hundreds of chemicals from using manufactured personal care products. Toothpastes are a concoction of chemicals, as are deodorants, shower gels, shampoos etc.
The average woman, by the time she has washed, showered, dressed, and done her hair, has used 12 different products. This means she’s likely been exposed to 120 different chemicals – before breakfast! Typically, women add more than 200 chemicals to their skin daily, and more than 60% of these chemicals get absorbed directly into the bloodstream.
Just like personal care items, those attractively packaged, sweet smelling household products are rammed full of chemicals. These are absorbed through the skin or breathed in.
Every time we walk out of our homes we are exposed to a vast array of airborne pollutants.
The priority for water authorities is to deliver a water safe for human consumption and free of bacteria. To accomplish this objective, chemicals are used in water treatment plants and some chemical residue remains when it reaches the tap.
In many areas, fluoride, a known neurotoxin, is added to the water supply. You can read HERE about the perils of fluoride.
ElectroMagnetic Field Radiation
Our increasing addiction to devices which communicate continuously means that we are exposed unavoidably to artificially created pulsed, created electromagnetic fields which surround us invisibly everywhere.
WiFi routers, cordless phones, mobile phones, laptops & tablets, televisions, baby monitors, smart meters are just a few of the seemingly endless list.
We are surrounded by these invisible forces and no-one knows what impact they may be having upon our brains and bodies.
One scientist said, “Irradiation of the brain from mobile phones is the greatest experiment of humanity. We are drowning in a sea of radiation”.
Exposure to heavy metals and bodily contamination is an ever-present problem for people with Parkinson’s.
Concentrations of metals, which include lead, mercury, arsenic, aluminium, which I highlight below, are commonly present in Parkinson’s, impairing function and inducing Parkinson’s-like symptoms.
Recent studies have shown that even low concentrations of metals impair neurological function.
Take arsenic, for example. Rice, a staple of the global diet, is a leading dietary source of inorganic arsenic, both because of how commonly it’s consumed and because as rice plants grow, the plant and grain tend to absorb arsenic more readily than other food crops.
Arsenic and its compounds are used in the production of pesticides, treated wood products, herbicides, and insecticides. The use of arsenic is now declining, though that’s not the issue right now.
Aluminumized baking powder is now being used in many foods that were formerly prepared without baking powder, such as pizza crust, raised doughnuts, pie crusts, cookies, waffles, prepared meats, and cheeses.
Water treatment facilities use aluminum sulphate as part of their treatment process.
Mercury is lethal in the tiniest amounts. It is attracted to fats, and of course the most abundant source of fats is the brain and central nervous system. The most common, though not exclusive, source of mercury is amalgam fillings, which being in the mouth, is readily absorbed into the bloodstream.
The phrase, “mad as a hatter” derived from the 19th century when workers used mercury in hat making and lost their mental faculties. The condition was characterized by slurred speech, tremors, stumbling, and, in extreme cases, hallucinations.
Other symptoms of mercury toxicity may include muscle weakness, poor coordination, numbness in the hands and feet, poor coordination, trouble speaking. Sound familiar?
Lead is another contaminant commonly found in people with Parkinson’s. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, constipation, headaches, irritability, memory problems and tingling in hands and feet.
It should be a priority of everyone with Parkinson’s to establish whether or not heavy metals are present in their body. A test, using a sample of hair, will determine that and either rule it in or out.
Cortisol is released by the adrenal glands in response to fear or stress as part of the fight or flight mechanism. Cortisol’s role is to mobilise the body for action and prepare it to deal with the oncoming threat. Once the threat has subsided, then cortisol returns to normal, and the heart, for example, returns to its regular beat.
Long-term stress and high, long-lasting anxiety, does not provide an outlet for cortisol. Damaging levels of cortisol, continuously pumped out by the adrenals, remain in the blood and wreak havoc on the body causing inflammation.
It’s been long recognized that high levels of stress lower immune function, increase blood pressure and risk of heart disease, depression, and so on. Now, though, we know why. Long term, elevated cortisol levels impairs methylation – the body’s term for biochemical processes! | <urn:uuid:9aca391a-26d6-4298-9115-f3e650a41588> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.fight-parkinsons.org/parkinsons-causes/ | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202628.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322034516-20190322060516-00029.warc.gz | en | 0.937431 | 3,144 | 3.15625 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
What is the spark plug gap on a 5.3 Vortec? For a 5.3L Vortec engine, the spark plug gap is between 0.40 to 0.60 inches. The gap is different in various production years. So, if the engine you have is made in the ‘99, it has a different spark plug gap than a ‘02 Vortec engine.
There is no need to exaggerate the significance of the right spark plug gap in an engine. It is unavoidable to have the exact gap on the engine for outstanding performance. But why is it so? Let’s find out below about the gap difference in different year engine models.
Generally, the spark plug gap on any 5.3 Vortec is between 0.40 to 0.60 inches. The spark plug gap is essential for effective engine performance. When the engine has a change in fuel consumption, it can be due to an inaccurate spark plug gap.
The engine sucks up an adequate amount of air into the combustion with the proper gap. In addition to that, an accurate gap regulates an adequate amount of voltage.
So, the engine ignites, and it generates power to run the vehicle. The right spark plug gap is a crucial element in any engine mechanism. It transfers the heat away from combustion, ultimately reducing the engine temperature. So, when you change the spark plugs, make sure you get the right size.
What Are the Different Spark Plug Gaps?
The spark plug gap is different on different year vehicle models for the 5.3L Vortec engine. Here is a table for the different year 5.3L Vortec engine vehicle spark plug gaps for easy understanding.
Vehicle Year | Spark Plug Gap Size |
1999-2002 | 0.060 inch |
2003 and later year models | 0.040 inch |
You can measure the gap on a spark plug with the appropriate tool if you do not know the 5.3L Vortec production year. Also, the measurement helps to adjust the gap if it is not okay. You can use a feeler gauge to measure the gap.
Often it is possible that the spark plug is not at the ideal distance. So to refine the gap, you can re-gap the spark plug with sincerity and extreme caution. If not careful, one can easily damage the center electrode of a spark plug. Since it can be made of sensitive material, a little too much pressure can really be devastating. Then you may have to buy a new spark plug.
Also, if not gapped properly, the Vortec engine may not function efficiently. So, if the spark plug gap does not come at the recommended size, you can adjust it later with the appropriate tools.
NGK is one of the best spark plug brands out there. You can rely on them for their premium quality material and the precise gap in the spark plugs. Their Iridium IX is a good pick for your Vortec engine. And we have picked three top brands for you to pick the right spark plug for your Vortec 5.3L.
Among a pool of products, we picked three top spark plugs for the 5.3L Vortec engine-1
Our first pick is a Bosch fine wire double Iridium spark plug. Let’s see what features it offers.
- 1.0 mm spark plug gap
- Firing pin electrode with iridium-alloy center
- 360° Laser-welded ground electrode ensures high performance & durability.
- Quick installation with the pre-gapped nickel-plated threads.
- Greater longevity up to 4x more than the copper version.
- Copper core prevents pre-ignition and fouling.
- It requires 24% less voltage to ignite.
- Comes with a 7-year customer satisfaction guarantee & 1-year Technician warranty
2. NGK 7397 TR5IX Iridium IX Spark Plug
With our second pick, NGK Iridium Spark Plug (pack of 4), you get Japanese Quality Assurance. Check out the features.
- NGK Spark Plugs (U.S.A.) provides OE assuring top quality.
- NGK is renowned as The Ignition Specialist
- Its Iridium wiring has an extremely high melting point and is six times harder than platinum wiring.
- The spark plug also ensures durability and high fuel efficiency along with outstanding acceleration.
- With its tapered cut ground electrode, you get improved starting, idling, and throttle response.
- The original NGK IX spark plugs provide the most extreme ignitability.
- Its exceptional anti-fouling system easily surpasses any other spark plug on the market.
The third option you can go for is the ACDelco GM Original Iridium Spark Plug.
- This spark plug offers smooth performance
- Along with better engine stability, Iridium ensures precise engine functioning.
- ACDelco Iridium plugs offer quicker acceleration.
- This fine-wire electrode helps to burn fuel more efficiently.
- The suppressor seal ensures longer electrode life sealing against combustion leakage.
- The seal also blocks any radio frequencies preventing any harm to the electronics of the vehicle.
- It also improves ignition by burning away carbon deposits on the tip.
This Video Will Help You Too!
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What Is The Spark Plug Gap On A 2000 5.3 Vortec?
The spark plug gap on a 5.3 Vortec is typically 0.040 inches. So, for 2000 5.3 Vortec, it would be about 0.040” or 1.01mm. However, the gap may be different on another engine model.
How Many Spark Plugs Are In A 5.3 Vortec?
There are eight spark plugs on a V8 5.3 Vortec engine. If it is a V8 engine, the number of spark plugs will be eight as there are eight cylinders mounted on the crankshaft.
What Is The Spark Plug Gap For A Chevy Silverado?
In a 2006 Silverado 5.3 spark plug gap can vary depending on material type and the year produced. For example- Iridium plugs, which are an upgrade of the platinum plug and more expensive, have a spark gap of .040. inch, and the platinum plugs have a gap of .060 inch. Again this can be different based on the engine type. A 5.7-liter 350 V-8 Chevrolet engine will require a 0.035-inch spark plug gap.
Are Ngk Spark Plugs Pre-gapped?
NGK is a Japanese brand that produces spark plugs. Most of their spark plugs are pre-gapped. However, some products may need adjustments afterward. But one needs to be cautious when doing so as it can bend or break. You can also use a pin gauge gap tool to measure the gap and adjust it to the required level.
What is the spark plug gap on a 5.3 Vortec? This might have been now cleared that a 5.3L Vortec engine may either have a spark plug gap between 0.40 to 0.60 inches. The gap often is measured in millimeters.
However, it is not a matter of dispute as long as you get the right spark plug for your Vortec engine.
You Can Also Read:
- The 5.3 Vortec Cooling System Diagram & More
- How to Convert 5.3L to Cubic Inches for Ideal Engine Replacement!
- Driving with Bad Cam Phasers? See How to Quiet Cam Phaser Noise Easily
- How to Use ForScan F150 – Complete Guide For F150 Owner!
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Our chief editor, working 24/7 to ensure the precise and only quality data regarding different trucks.He is mastered with the ins and outs of cargo to off-road trucks of Dodge, Ford, Chevy, Toyota, GMC and more. This truck geek graduatedwitha Bachelor of automobile engineeringdegree and practiced through his own automotive parts repair center. | <urn:uuid:623c8afe-bc33-404e-8bb8-16bf4155b7f3> | CC-MAIN-2025-05 | https://www.automasterx.com/what-is-the-spark-plug-gap-on-a-5-3-vortec/ | 2025-01-16T18:28:17Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-05/segments/1736703362307.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20250116171527-20250116201527-00602.warc.gz | en | 0.91052 | 1,688 | 2.515625 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
The Google has marked the 118th birthday of innovative Chinese American cinematographer James Wong Howe with the help of a Google Doodle. The Google Doodle has used an oil painting canvas to portray the use of frames and dramatic lighting to convey the innovative camera work that Wong employed in his work. He rose to fame for his filming techniques despite the racial adversity present at that time in the United States.
James Wong Howe was born in Guangzhou, China, Howe immigrated to the US when he was five years old and grew up in Washington. He boxed professionally in his teens, worked odd jobs, and then finally started in the industry by delivering films and picking up scraps from a studio's cutting room floor.
Throughout his career, he used lighting, framing, and minimal camera movement to express emotion. He accidentally discovered how to use dark backdrops to create color nuances in black-and-white film.
He pioneered using wide-angle lenses, low key lighting, and color lighting. Howe also made early use of the crab dolly, a camera dolly with four wheels and a movable arm supporting the camera.
In contrast to the success of his work life, James faced racial discrimination in his private life: he became a US citizen only after the repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act; due to anti-miscegenation laws, his marriage was not legally recognized in the US until 1948.
Despite the barriers he faced, James retired with two Oscar awards as one of the most celebrated cinematographers of his time. He won the academy awards for cinematography twice for "The Rose Tattoo" and the "Hud".
James Wong Howe was judged to be one of history's ten most influential cinematographers in a survey of the members of the International Cinematographers Guild. | <urn:uuid:eb16634c-5e57-4158-a9a6-03cdfef89fc6> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.indiantalks.in/2017/08/google-doodle-celebrates-james-wong-howe-118-birthday.html | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690591.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925092813-20170925112813-00113.warc.gz | en | 0.975411 | 363 | 2.96875 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Saturday, 9 June 2012
Moscow has it right when it says that the UN along with the UK were in breach of international laws that are put in place and agreed to in order to prevent armed conflict. If one looks at the U.N charter it is clear that there is no other interpretation for the phrase "Not involving the use of armed force"
Arms dealing must be outlawed internationally, as it is a direct contravention and is not compliant with International laws. Weapons manufacturer's and suppliers are responsible for crime's against peace, crimes against humanity, genocide, human right abuses and violations.
All governments must be brought to book by their people and the LAW for breaking International LAWS.
The Purposes of the United Nations are:
To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace;
The wars with Afghanistan, Iraq and Libya are illegal because they violate the UN Charter, the Treaty for the Renunciation of War and the Rome Statute. Anyone who took part in actions in which civilians were killed is criminally liable for arrest and prosecution for war crimes under the International Criminal Court Act 2001.
The UN Charter
The United Nations is an organization of 193 independent nation states which have promised on behalf of their people to work together to maintain international peace and security and to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war. The UN Charter lays down the binding terms of this agreement in 111 Articles.
2.3 All members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace, security and justice are not endangered.
2.4 All members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations. 1 Chapters VI and VII of the UN Charter (articles 33 – 51) govern the operations of the UN Security Council.
41. The Security Council may decide what measures not involving the use of armed force2 are to be employed to give effect to its decisions, and it may call upon the Members of the United Nations to apply such measures. These may include complete or partial interruption of economic relations and of rail, sea, air, postal, telegraphic, radio, and other means of communication, and the severance of diplomatic relations.
42. Should the Security Council consider that measures provided for in Article 41 would be inadequate or have proved to be inadequate, it may take such action by air, sea, or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security. Such action may include demonstrations, blockade, and other operations by air, sea, or land forces of Members of the United Nations.
UN General Assembly Resolution 2625
In the 1960s the United Nations, concerned that States were misinterpreting the UN Charter, asked the International Law Commission to tighten the rules so that all States would be clear on their meaning. In 1970 this work came to fruition when the UN General Assembly agreed and published in UNGA Resolution 2625 the Principles to be used in interpreting the Charter.
DECLARATION ON PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW CONCERNING
FRIENDLY RELATIONS AND CO-OPERATION AMONG STATES
IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Amongst its many important principles are the following:
Every State has the duty to refrain in its international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations. Such a threat or use of force constitutes a violation of international law and the Charter of the United Nations and shall never be employed as a means of settling international issues.
No State or group of States has the right to intervene, directly or indirectly, for any reason whatever, in the internal or external affairs of any other State. Consequently, armed intervention and all other forms of interference or attempted threats against the personality of the State or against its political, economic and cultural elements are in violation of international law.
The principles of the Charter which are embodied in this Declaration constitute basic principles of international law, and consequently [the General Assembly] appeals to all States to be guided by these principles in their international conduct and to develop their mutual relations on the basis of the strict observance of these principles. | <urn:uuid:fbb5634c-f214-455a-8de9-12d23c9afe9e> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://stop-warcriminals.blogspot.com/2012_06_01_archive.html | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187227.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00367-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943403 | 952 | 2.578125 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
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Sentipensante (Sensing/Thinking) Pedagogy, Laura Rendón (Stylus Publishing LLC, 2008, $27.50 hardcover)
What would happen if educators eschewed the silent agreements that govern institutions and established a new set of working assumptions that honor the fullness of humanity? In this visionary study, Laura Rendón lays the groundwork for a pedagogy that bridges the gap between mind and heart to lead students and educators toward a new conception of teaching and learning. Grounding her work in interviews of scholars who are already transforming the educational landscape, Rendón invites the reader to join a burgeoning movement toward more inclusive classrooms that honor each learner's identity and support education for social justice. Her book is vital reading for anyone seeking to create more inclusive institutions for students and teachers alike.
Student Engagement in Higher Education: Theoretical Perspectives and Practical Approaches for Diverse Populations, Shaun R. Harper and Stephen John Quaye, Eds. (Taylor and Francis Group, 2009, $45.95 paperback)
While teaching at the University of Southern California, editors Harper and Quaye challenged their doctoral students to research effective practices that promote engagement for students of a range of social identities. The result is a rich volume of scholarship on the complex and situational circumstances that impede or advance student success. Each article provides both theoretical perspective and concrete curricular and cocurricular models to enhance the college experiences of students, whatever their particular identities and contexts. Student Engagement in Higher Education is an essential text for faculty, staff, and administrators aspiring to facilitate student engagement on today's multicultural campuses.
Educating for Human Rights and Global Citizenship, Ali A. Abdi and Lynette Shultz, Eds. (State University of New York Press, Albany, 2008, $70 hardcover)
In this provocative set of essays, the authors use the powerful language of human rights, dramatically affirmed sixty years ago in the United Nation's Universal Declaration of Human Rights, to expand the definition of global citizenship to encompass power, inclusion, and political, economic, and social rights. The wide range of essays explores such topics as the historical sweep of four generations of human rights thinking; the efforts to "de-citizenize" through conquest, slavery, and colonization; minority rights and citizenship for immigrants; and ways human rights has been used to justify imperial designs. The authors posit a global citizenship ethic as an overriding goal and argue that education at the school and college level offers a genuine site for learning and practicing that ethic through contact with diversity.
Because of Race: How Americans Debate Harm and Opportunity in Our Schools, Mica Pollock (Princeton University Press, 2008, $29.95 cloth)
Drawing from her experience in the U.S. Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights as well as her work as a classroom teacher, Mica Pollock exposes the "analytic impasse" that obstructs conversations about equal opportunity in American schools. With fascinating analysis of the political and personal roadblocks that impede civil rights work in K-12 education, she exposes the systemic nature of injustice and underscores the need for systemic response. Pollock concludes with specific and widely applicable suggestions for how to effectively frame discussions of equity. With its focus on "everyday justice," the book is instructive not only for K-12 educators, but for anyone interested in social justice in American education. | <urn:uuid:e949578e-a1de-4a4f-8775-ca8573f1beb8> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.aacu.org/publications-research/periodicals/print-8 | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865913.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524033910-20180524053910-00200.warc.gz | en | 0.921725 | 707 | 2.5625 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
As global energy consumption increases and awareness of global warming grows, new policies and regulations are emerging worldwide to promote energy savings and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Such objectives are driving major advances in energy production systems (wind, solar), storage (batteries), transport (smart grid, HVDC) and new end uses such as electric vehicles (EV). Yet to interconnect these systems efficiently, power electronics devices will be ubiquitous. Therefore, it is now considered as one of the major enabling technologies for the transition to a more sustainable world.
Nowadays, silicon (Si) is the mainstream technology for power electronics devices. But this technology is facing physical limitations to achieve the higher power density, miniaturization, and energy conversion efficiency in many applications. Therefore, the power semiconductor industry is considering new semiconductor materials for the next generation of power electronics devices, such as the so-called wide bandgap semiconductors (WBG). In the last couple of decades, compound semiconductors such as gallium nitride (GaN) and silicon carbide (SiC) emerged as the most promising candidates to enable significant efficiency improvements in a wide range of applications (renewables, power supplies, transportation, etc.).
Challenges for SiC and GaN technologies
The large-scale adoption of GaN and SiC power electronics devices implies overcoming certain challenges:
- Building a complete, resilient supply chain – from the bulk material, bare and epitaxial wafers to the power devices, modules and circuits.
- Ensuring the performance and reliability of power electronics devices in the critical application fields.
- Proving cost competitiveness with other solutions at system level.
Although industry acceptance has been growing significantly over the last decade, there is still a lot of room for improvement in all these key aspects of SiC and GaN technologies. Different development strategies are currently being adopted by GaN and SiC industrial players, either exploring a fabless model (GeneSiC, UnitedSiC, Microchip, Navitas, GaN Systems), a foundry model (X-Fab, Episil, YPT, TSMC) or a vertical integration model (ST, Wolfspeed, Rohm, onsemi, Infineon).
Such challenges establish a very high barrier to entry to emerging GaN and SiC power device markets for countries that started developing GaN and SiC technologies more recently. As a countermeasure, their governments are providing strong incentives for companies to invest heavily in these technologies. In such countries, with few or no industrial players in the market, it is very difficult to get a good picture and deep understanding of the emerging GaN and SiC ecosystems.
From the crystal growth of bulk and epitaxial materials to the manufacturing of power electronics devices, their packaging and interconnections in sub-systems such as inverters, KnowMade aims to answer the following questions:
- Who are the players actively engaged in the development of SiC and GaN technologies? Where are they positioned in the supply chain? What is the status of their technological development?
- Which applications are targeted? Which markets are players interested in? What is the technological roadmap? What are the strengths and weaknesses from an IP perspective?
- Among thousands of patents, which are the vital ones to my competitors?
- Which patents should I know about when conducting R&D activities or before releasing new products onto the market?
Our patent landscape analysis provides an overview of patent applicants and owners, including current market players as well as potential future market players, newcomers and those going under the radar. As such, our patent landscape reports provide a comprehensive picture of what the competitive landscape could look like across the whole supply chain over the next few years.
We carry out IP profiles which review the patent portfolio of a given player across the whole supply chain and provide valuable insights into its R&D and business strategies. Analyzing the patent portfolio can connect patents to products and identify the future products of your competitors.
We are able to identify a shortlist of key patents for a technology, a technical challenge or a specific application in the patent portfolio of your competitors. When focusing on a technological segment in the value chain, for instance SiC MOSFET or GaN HEMT, identifying key patents provides an understanding of how players aim to overcome the technical and cost barriers related to the technology (e.g., gate oxide reliability, normally-off operation). Key patents also refer to patents with a notable blocking potential for any competitors in a segment of the technology. If you are in the process of developing a technology, a technical review of key patents in the field can help you identify the major IP risks early, and avoid them. If you are about to launch a new product onto the market, KnowMade can conduct a freedom-to-operate (FTO) analysis to evaluate the IP risks for your company, as well as for your customers.
Our monitoring services allow you to keep a close eye on the power electronics competitive landscape, stay in the know regarding your competitors’ latest R&D activities and roadmap, get up-to-date data on patent activity (new patent applications, patents expired or abandoned, latest patent transfers and patent litigation), detect opportunities and risks early, find new partners and potential customers in your ecosystem, and identify and invest in key technologies.
Latest reports on Power electronics
Patent monitors on Power electronics
Insights on Power electronics | <urn:uuid:753518ac-9de3-4ff5-8e09-e67589c2d14e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.knowmade.com/knowmade-expertise/semiconductor-expertise/power-electronics-devices-expertise/ | 2024-03-03T11:52:35Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476374.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303111005-20240303141005-00420.warc.gz | en | 0.932092 | 1,112 | 2.84375 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
To create a new variable, you just need to determine the variable name & value. The value will determine the variable type and you can change the value to switch between the types using the same variable name.
<Variable Name> = <Value>
The operator ‘=’ is used here as an Assignment operator and the same operator can be used in conditions, but for testing equality of expressions.
The Variable will contains the real value (not a reference). This means that once you change the variable value, the old value will be removed from memory (even if the variable contains a list or object).
Ring is a dynamic programming language that uses Dynamic Typing.
x = "Hello" # x is a string see x + nl x = 5 # x is a number (int) see x + nl x = 1.2 # x is a number (double) see x + nl x = [1,2,3,4] # x is a list see x # print list items x = date() # x is a string contains date see x + nl x = time() # x is a string contains time see x + nl x = true # x is a number (logical value = 1) see x + nl x = false # x is a number (logical value = 0) see x + nl
We can use the assignment operator ‘=’ to copy variables. We can do that to copy values like strings & numbers. Also, we can copy complete lists & objects. The assignment operator will do a complete duplication for us. This operation called Deep Copy
list = [1,2,3,"four","five"] list2 = list list = See list # print the first list - no items to print See "********" + nl See list2 # print the second list - contains 5 items
The language can automatically convert between numbers and strings.
<NUMBER> + <STRING> --> <NUMBER> <STRING> + <NUMBER> --> <STRING>
The same operator ‘+’ can be used as an arithmetic operator or for string concatenation.
x = 10 # x is a number y = "20" # y is a string sum = x + y # sum is a number (y will be converted to a number) Msg = "Sum = " + sum # Msg is a string (sum will be converted to a string) see Msg + nl | <urn:uuid:ac861e9f-8264-48c9-b9fb-45295069285d> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://ring-lang.github.io/doc1.13/variables.html | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141745780.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20201204223450-20201205013450-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.8031 | 518 | 4.0625 | 4 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Government of Atlanta
- Post 1 representing districts 1-4
- Post 2 representing districts 5-8
- Post 3 representing districts 9-12
The entire slate is elected for four-year terms in off-year elections (2001, 2005, 2009, etc.).
In 1954, Atlanta's ward system was changed from a bicameral body of councilmen representing Wards and three city-wide (at-large) aldermen to a system of six city-wide aldermen with a Vice-Mayor who served as the president of the Board of Aldermen. This eliminated the strength of the wards.
In 1973 a new charter was passed which shifted the city to a district system and took effect at the start of 1974. The chief architect of that charter was Grace Towns Hamilton with the purpose to more equitably represent the changing racial composure of the city and coincided with the city's first Black mayor, Maynard Jackson, taking office.
In this reformulation, the Vice-Mayor (and Board of Aldermen president) was changed to the President of the City Council (elected city-wide) and 12 districts were drawn represented by one Council member each; in addition there were 6 at-large posts giving a 19 member body. In 1996, the current makeup was enacted which reduced the number of Council members to 16 by reducing the number of at-large posts from six to three.
- Stone, Clarence N., Regime Politics Governing Atlanta: 1946-1988, 1989, University Press of Kansas
- Lamar Willis's history | <urn:uuid:390d4694-1abd-4cc2-af42-d7009a9a3e77> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_structure_of_Atlanta | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701145751.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193905-00010-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968311 | 317 | 2.609375 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
From the British Maritime Accident Investigation Branch’s Safety Digest 2/2011:
A 2,800gt cargo vessel collided with a 58,000gt ro-ro vessel as it was overtaking the larger vessel in the confines of a buoyed channel when they were departing from a major port. Local pilots were embarked on both vessels at the time.
The ro-ro vessel had recently entered the channel from a lock, and was steadily increasing speed as the cargo vessel approached her from the starboard quarter. The cargo vessel’s pilot assumed the ro-ro vessel would quickly increase speed and pull ahead, and initially was not concerned as the distance between the two vessels continued to decrease.
However, the cargo vessel continued to overtake the other vessel, and with shallow water to starboard it reduced speed in an attempt to prevent a collision. Unfortunately this action was ineffective as the cargo vessel was now so close to the ro-ro vessel that hydrodynamic interaction occurred between the two vessels. The cargo vessel took a sheer to port and collided with the ro-ro vessel’s starboard quarter.
The cargo vessel’s engine was stopped, but she remained pinned against the ro-ro vessel for several minutes. The ro-ro vessel’s bridge team had been unaware of the close proximity of the other vessel until the collision occurred as both vessels had been monitoring different VHF channels.
The cargo vessel’s engine was then put astern and she slid aft, along the ro-ro vessel’s hull, until she came clear of the larger vessel. Both vessels suffered minor damage as a result of the collision, but were able to continue on their respective passages.
- The cargo vessel was overtaking the ro-ro vessel and was thus the give way vessel. However, the pilot of the cargo vessel assumed that the ro-ro vessel would quickly pull ahead, but by the time it was realised that this was not happening, it was too late to avoid a collision. The pilot of the cargo vessel made an assumption, based on scanty information, that the ro-ro vessel was increasing speed. He should have ensured that this was the case before coming so close to the other vessel that a collision was unavoidable.[REMARK: Something like a “before overtaking checklist” might be useful in helping pilots and bridge teams avoid critical errors in this potentially hazardous situation. It might as well contribute to avoid the dangers of the “control and command” style of navigation in restricted waters. Pilotage is a complex act that requires orchestration rather than one or two bright soloists.]
- Hydrodynamic interaction occurred between the two vessels when the cargo vessel drew level with the ro-ro’s starboard quarter. There was a strong attractive force between the two vessels due to the reduced pressure between the underwater portion of the hulls. Mariners should familiarise themselves with MGN 199 (M) Dangers of interactionin order to be alert to the situations when hydrodynamic interaction may occur.[REMARK: A video from the Ilawa Ship Handling Research Training Centre can give you a better idea of how this sort of interaction between ships is about. There is also some relevant footage from the Port Revel Training Centre on the same subject.]
- The bridge personnel were not functioning as a team on either vessel. They had been monitoring different VHF channels and those on the ro-ro vessel were not aware of the cargo vessel until after the collision. It is essential that every member of the bridge team remains vigilant and fully involved in monitoring the execution of the passage, and that a good all round lookout is maintained when the vessel is in pilotage waters as well as when she is at sea.[REMARK: It’s about communication and awareness, after all. If overtakings are allowed in pilotage districts, everyone involved in the passage must be aware or made aware of this possibility and prepare for it accordingly.] | <urn:uuid:3bf6b1b4-406e-4219-9634-6c7741336d63> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://safewaters.wordpress.com/tag/collision/ | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122865.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00043-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978307 | 805 | 2.59375 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Terrigenous clastic sediments of the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Group (Campanian) in the southeastern part of the Yampa coal field in Routt County, northwestern Colorado, contain many beds of bituminous coal. Lower, middle, and upper coal groups are recognized. The middle coal group, in the lower coal-bearing member of the Williams Fork Formation, contains two thick, persistent coal beds in the Foidel Creek area. The Wadge coal bed, stratigraphically the higher of the two, reaches thicknesses of 3.7 meters, and is strippable beneath large areas on the south slope of Eckman Park. Coal resources of the Wadge bed in the Foidel Creek area--an area of 134 square kilometers, as defined in this study--are estimated to be 317 million metric tons. The Foidel Creek EMRIA reclamation study site--an area of 10.9 square kilometers--contains about 36.1 million metric tons of Wadge coal, as much as 28.1 million metric tons of which occur beneath overburden 61 meters or less in thickness. About 52 meters lower in the section, the Wolf Creek coal bed locally exceeds 6.1 meters in thickness. Coal resources of the Wolf Creek bed in the Foidel Creek area are estimated to be 434 million metric tons. The Foidel Creek EMRIA reclamation study site contains an estimated 49.7 million metric tons of Wolf Creek coal.
Additional publication details
USGS Numbered Series
Geology and coal resources of the Foidel Creek EMRIA site and surrounding area, Routt County, Colorado | <urn:uuid:961a01fa-8b77-40c1-9c68-8a37bcd751ae> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr77303 | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321309.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627101436-20170627121436-00586.warc.gz | en | 0.888552 | 337 | 3.109375 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Pronunciation: pin'ta, pen'ta
Definition: A disease caused by a spirochete, Treponema carateum, endemic in Mexico and Central America, and characterized by a small primary papule followed by an enlarging plaque and disseminated secondary macules of varying color called pintids that finally become white.
See Also: nonvenereal syphilis
Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.
© Copyright 2018 Wolters Kluwer. All Rights Reserved. Review date: Sep 19, 2016.
Search Stedman's Medical Dictionary
Examples: glitazone, GI cocktail, etc. | <urn:uuid:33509154-3a17-4099-8d19-5b80053f2880> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.drugs.com/dict/pinta.html | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864354.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622045658-20180622065658-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.857136 | 142 | 2.75 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
In matters of electromagnetic power, energy consumption and pollution, of course, less is better.
Occam’s razor: the simplest explanation is usually the right one. Local laws that ensure that Wireless Telecommunications Facilities (WTFs) use the minimum amount of power necessary for the communication desired is the simplest solution.
This is Why: Title 47 U.S. Code § 324 – Use of Minimum Power:
In all circumstances . . . all radio stations. . . shall use the minimum amount of power necessary to carry out the communication desired.
So . . . all we need is a Report Card (every six months) of Signal Strength dBM readings of Carrier-specific frequencies/bands/channels — and, then, greenlight only WTFs with Grades of A or B . . . because Grades C and below are simply unacceptable in our community — and would ruin the Quiet Enjoyment of Streets (QES).
June 17, 2020 Prof Trevor Marshall Comment to the FCC
“Fundamentally, the FCC is asking the wrong question.
Rather than asking . . .
‘How much power is it safe to radiate from a macro base station?’
. . . the FCC should be asking . . .
‘How much power is needed to get the job done?’
Lorentz Reciprocity (another principal taught to undergrad engineers) states that when transmitting data from one node to another, the transmitters may be exchanged with the receivers and the ability of the path to exchange data will remain the same. These macro base stations connect to cellphones to exchange data. The power generated by the cellphones is around 5 watts. There is nothing to be gained by the macro tower radiating at a significantly higher power level than this.”
In any area accessible to the general population, if any Carrier-specific frequency/band/channel achieves a grade of ‘A’ or ‘B’ for Signal Strength, then there is NO NEED for any additional Carrier-specific WTFs
|A — Excellent||-90 dBm to -125 dBm||Approve|
|B — Good||-80 dBm to -89 dBm||Approve|
|C — Fair||-70 dBm to -79 dBm||Deny|
|D — Poor||-60 dBm to -69 dBm||Deny|
|F — Failing||Exceeds -60 dBm||Deny|
To Balance Needs of the Public and the Wireless Carriers, One Merely Needs to Flip One’s Idea of What Constitutes the Scale of ‘Excellent’ to ‘Poor/Failing’ Grades — This is Why
dBm (decibel-milliWatts) is an abbreviation for the power ratio in decibels (dB) of the measured power referenced to one milliWatt (1 mW = 1/1,000 of a Watt). It is used in radio, microwave and fiber-optic communication networks as a convenient measure of absolute power because of its capability to express both very large and very small values in a short form. The following data is based on that published in the Cornet ED-85X Manual; the meter’s antenna is centered at 2,450 MHz and can meter RF Microwave Radiation from 700 MHz to 6,000 MHz.
Note: see Case No. 18-1051, Mozilla v FCC to learn that, as of 2017, the FCC, by choice, classified broadband information services as Title 1 (unregulated), which means that there is no preemption of local authority for any Wireless services other than for telecommunications service which is Title II (regulated) wireless and Wireline phone calls.
Importantly, functionally equivalent services are defined as “personal wireless services that directly compete against one another” in the 1996-TCA Conference Report. Personal wireless services are defined as “commercial mobile services, unlicensed wireless services, and common carrier wireless exchange access services” in the 1996-TCA. Finally, mobile services is defined as “a radio communication service carried on between mobile stations or receivers and land stations, and by mobile stations communicating among themselves” in the 1996-TCA. None of these definitions include wireless or Wireline broadband. | <urn:uuid:2fa56379-81e3-4b78-b9c2-81d58773483b> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://wireidaho.com/wtf-report-card/ | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945218.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323225049-20230324015049-00526.warc.gz | en | 0.914102 | 918 | 2.828125 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Benguela is a city in western Angola, south of Luanda, and capital of Benguela Province. It lies on a bay of the same name, in 12° 33’ S., 13° 25’ E. Benguela is one of Angola’s most populous cities.
Population: 128 084(2008)
Area: 2 100 km²
The kwanza is the currency of Angola. Four different currencies using the name kwanza have circulated since 1977.
The climate in Benguela is warm and temperate. The summers here have a good deal of rainfall, while the winters have very little. This location is classified as Cwa by Köppen and Geiger. In Benguela, the average annual temperature is 20.6 °C. About 1207 mm of precipitation falls annually.
Benguela was one of the centres of Portuguese trade to the African interior. The city remains an important commercial link between western and eastern Angola. Coffee, corn, sisal, sugarcane, and tobacco are grown in the interior regions of Angola and widely traded in Benguela. Manganese from the interior is also traded in Benguela. Industries local to the city include fish processing and the milling of sugarcane; the city also produces pottery, soap, and tools.
Foreign trade is handled through the deep-water port of Lobito, which is located 29 kilometres (18 mi) north of Benguela. Lobito, once the busiest port in Angola, was severely disrupted during the Angolan Civil War. The port has since revived and supports trade in the Benguela region.
The city formerly had a German school, Deutsche Schule Benguela.
The Benguela railway line is an iron cable meter in Angola that connects the Atlantic port of Lobito to the eastern border of the city of luau. At the border, it connects to a branch of the Katanga railway, providing access to the Copperbelts of the Congo and Zambia. The iron is named after the city of Benguela, which is connected by an extension line to the terminus of Lobito.
The languages of Angola are predominantly Bantu and Portuguese, with a small minority of !Kung and Khoe speakers. | <urn:uuid:3a8c44ba-da1c-48de-bb45-b202c5a7b2bc> | CC-MAIN-2024-38 | http://kimberley.south-africa-infos.com/facts/ | 2024-09-12T23:25:49Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-38/segments/1725700651498.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20240912210501-20240913000501-00775.warc.gz | en | 0.945068 | 475 | 2.71875 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Over the years, the phrase “southern oratory” has become alden with myth; its mere invocation conjures up powerful images of grandiloquent antebellum patriarchs, enthusiastic New South hucksters, and raving wild-eyed demagogue politicians. In these essays, Waldo Braden strips away the myths to expose how the South’s orators achieved their rhetorical effects and manipulated their audiences.
The Oral Tradition in the South begins with two essays that trace the roots of the South’s particular identification with oratory. In “The Emergence of the Concept of Southern Oratory, 1850-1950,” Braden suggests that it was through the influence of southern scholars that southern oratory gained its renown. The second essay, “The Oral Tradition in the Old South,” focuses on antebellum times to reveal the several factors that combined to make the region a fertile ground for oratory. Braden further explores the antebellum oratorical tradition in “The 1860 Election Campaign in Western Tennessee,” analyzing speeches made in Memphis by such national figures as William L. Yancey, Andrew Johnson, and Stephen A. Douglas, and revealing the nature of political canvassing that era.
Shifting his discussion to the years that followed the Civil War, Braden examines, in “Myths in a Rhetorical Context,” how such speakers as General John B. Gordon and Henry Grady worked to restore the shattered self-esteem of the region by spinning myths of the Old South and the Lost Cause and by proclaiming the hopeful era of the New South. The fifth essay, “The Rhetoric of Exploitation,” probes the rhetorical strategies of the demagogue politicians of the twentieth century—strategies such as “plain folks” appeals and race-baiting. In the final essay, “The Rhetoric of a Closed Society,” Braden analyzes the movement opposing racial integration in Mississippi, showing how the White Citizens’ Council, Governor Ross Barnett, and other leaders manipulated the public to make the state a closed society from 1954-1964.
Although he takes pains to establish the historical context in each of these essays, Braden’s emphasis as a rhetorical critic is always on the speeches themselves. He pays close attention to the kinds of appeals found in the words of the speeches and to the individual speaker’s use of images and phrases to evoke particular myths. But Braden looks beyond the texts of the speeches to take into account the full context of the event. “What the reader finds in the printed version of the text,” he explains, “might be only a small part of the myth, a tiny hint of what grinds inside frustrated listeners. Sometimes the trigger for the myth does not even appear in the printed version, because face-to-face the listeners and the speaker, feeling a oneness, evoke the myth without verbal expression.” To account for this nonverbal dimension of oratory, these essays assess the impact of the location and atmosphere of the gathering, the audience’s expectations, and the speaker’s use of ritual, symbolic gesture, and props.
During the nearly forty years of his career, Waldo Braden has been a pioneer in the serious study of oratory. A landmark work, The Oral Tradition in the South is the capstone to a distinguished career, a comprehensive and authoritative study of the subject Braden has so innovatively researched.
Found an Error? Tell us about it. | <urn:uuid:8deaa19f-e67f-4550-b905-e2a81767b9cd> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://lsupress.org/books/detail/the-oral-tradition-in-the-south/ | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805911.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120032907-20171120052907-00791.warc.gz | en | 0.929254 | 736 | 3.078125 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
assessment changes 2015 – 2016:
For students currently in years 7 8 and 9
Students in year 7 8 and 9 receive feedback on how they are achieving and progressing in lessons in a variety of ways, all designed to support your child’s learning. As before, students will receive written feedback from their teachers in their books, as you will have seen we use a system of WWW (what went well) and EBI (even better if) to structure each piece of regular feedback. This is in addition to other written and verbal feedback provided to each student. Students are them asked to respond to the teacher’s feedback, improving on their previous learning. We strongly believe that this provides the most detailed, and effective way for students to improve on their previous learning. In addition, each term students receive a “pit stop” sticker in their brains, which is traffic lighted (red green and yellow) to show how much progress they made in the previous term.
Finally, when students complete summative tests, instead of levels (4.2 4.5 4.8 etc) students will receive a percentage score for each assessment. This acts as a guide to students about how well they have achieved in their test, and allows them to compare their achievement to their peers in their class, and how they achieved in previous topics and skills in that subject.
As students move through the year, they might see their percentage scores vary, and go up and down, this is quite natural and allows teacher and student to build a picture together of each student’s strengths and weakness and talents for particular skill areas.
Students and parents will receive an updated copy of this report every six weeks, with Maths and English percentages effort and homework are updated every term, and all other subjects updated as a minimum at Christmas, Easter and at the end of the year.
Summarising assessments in this way will provide you and your child with a clear overview of how well they have achieved in their assessments, as well as a clear insight into how they can improve through the feedback provided in their books. We strongly encourage all students to take home their books and share what they have learnt, and where they need to improve.
Each Christmas Easter and summer term we will also provide a guide to the GCSE level at which your child is currently working at. As you will have heard, GCSE grades are changing from next year, with the traditional A*-G grades being replaced with numbers 9-1. This change is being phased in over a number of years, but will be the system used for all subject by the time year 8 students reach year 11. GCSE grades can be compared to the new 9-1 grades as follows:
At the end of each term, you and your child will receive the percentage scores shown above, and at the end of each Christmas Easter and summer term the GCSE level that your child’s work has demonstrated that term:
During KS4 (yr 10 and 11) students receive more regular assessments, and will have controlled assessments to complete for many subjects. Again we believe that assessment must be designed to allow students to make progress. Students get very regular feedback on how they are attaining and progressing in each subject through our “progress weeks”. Parents are constantly informed of how their children are achieving through regular communication and our on-line progresso system.
For students currently in year 11:
All assessments will continue to be reported using traditional GCSE grades (A*-G) or BTEC grades (Distinction, Merit, pass):
|GCSE Grade||BTEC Grade|
For students currently in year 10:
When a student currently in year 10, reaches the end of year 11, they will receive GCSE grades listed as A*-G for all subjects except Maths and English, where they will receive the new GCSE levels listed as 9-1. For this reason all subjects will use the following combined grade/level system for all assessments during years 10 and 11:
|OLD GCSE Scale||NEW GCSE 1-9 Scale||Combined Grading| | <urn:uuid:acdc85f7-2bb5-4904-a0e7-ca062d60ac40> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.debdenparkhighschool.org/assesment/ | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187744.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00426-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952757 | 846 | 2.8125 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
This is a first-rate introductory book that takes a practical approach to solving problems using C++. It covers a much wider scope of C++ programming than other introductory books I've seen, and in a surprisingly compact format.--Dag Brück, founding member of the ANSI/ISO C++ committee
The authors present a clear, cogent introduction to C++ programming in a way that gets the student writing nontrivial programs immediately.--Stephen Clamage, Sun Microsystems, Inc., and chair of the ANSI C++ committee
Anyone reading just this one book and working through the examples and exercises will have the same skills as many professional programmers.--Jeffrey D. Oldham, Stanford University
Why is Accelerated C++ so effective? Because it
- Starts with the most useful concepts rather than the most primitive ones: You can begin writing programs immediately.
- Describes real problems and solutions, not just language features: You see not only what each feature is, but also how to use it.
- Covers the language and standard library together: You can use the library right from the start.
Whether you are eager to get started writing your first C++ programs, or you are already using C++ and seeking deeper understanding, the authors' unique approach and expertise make Accelerated C++ an indispensable addition to your library.
Table of contents
0. Getting Started.
1. Working with Strings.
2. Looping and Counting.
3. Working with Batches of Data.
4.Organizing Programs and Data.
5. Using Sequential Containers and Analyzing Strings.
6. Using Library Algorithms.
7. Using Associative Containers.
8. Writing Generic Functions.
9. Defining New Types.
10. Managing Memory and Low-Level Data Structures.
11. Defining Abstract Data Types.
12. Making Class Objects Act Like Values.
13. Using Inheritance and Dynamic Binding.
14. Managing Memory (Almost) Automatically.
15. Revisiting Character Pictures.
16. Where Do We Go From Here?
Appendix A. Language Details.
Appendix B. Library Summary.
All the material you need to teach your courses.Discover teaching material | <urn:uuid:33e058e2-a9bf-4e9d-a7fc-bfa6eb54f865> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.pearson.com/store/p/accelerated-c-practical-programming-by-example/P100000115794 | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141194982.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128011115-20201128041115-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.810107 | 469 | 3.390625 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
This item from Antique Goodies is now SOLD.
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A Fabulous OLD hand carved Ancestor or Fertility figure from the Hemba or Eastern Luba Tribe dating to the early 1900's. The figure has a superb aged patina and stands 14" in height. In lovely condition bar a stress crack on base and a few of old borer holes. The Hemba language belongs to a group of related languages spoken by people in a belt that runs from southern Kasai to northeastern Zambia. Other peoples speaking related languages include the Luba of Kasai and Shaba, the Kanyok, Songye, Kaonde, Sanga, Bemba and the people of Kazembe. Today the Hemba people live in the north of Zambia, and their language is understood throughout Zambia. Some also live in Tanzania. They live west of Lake Tanganyika and Lake Mweru in the DRC, and their villages are found several hundred miles up the Lualaba River. The Hemba people migrated eastward to the Lualaba valley from the Luba empire, probably some time after 1600. They traded salt for iron hoes made in the Luba heartland, and wore raphia cloth that came by way of the Luba from the Songye people further to the west. At the time of the eastward expansion of the Luba Kingdom under King Ilunga Sungu around 1800, Hemba people were living in a territory bounded by the Lukuga River in the north, the Luvua River in the south and the Lualaba River to the west. The lower Lukuga and the Lualaba provided natural lines of communication, and the river valleys were densely populated. During Ilunga Sungu's rule the southern Hemba became tributaries to the Luba. They were headed by a "fire king", who symbolically represented the Luba king. The Hemba fire kingdom cut its links to the Luba empire after Ilunga Sungu died. His successor, Kumwimbe Ngombe, had to fight several campaigns to recover the eastern territories. Kumwimbe created a client state that united the Hemba villages of the Lukushi River valley, and that played an important role in preserving Luba dominance over other small states in the region. Later the Hemba regained their independence, but were subject to attacks by Arab slave traders in the later part of the nineteenth century, and then to colonization by the Belgians.
If you were the pending buyer of this item, go to My Account to view, track and check payment for this item.
Luba - Hemba Tribal Ancestor Figure - Circa Early 1900's
$595 USD SOLD
At Molloy's MEGA ANTIQUES CENTRE, Takapuna, Auckland, New Zealand
Specialists in Pacific Islands Items, Victoriana, And a Fascinating Range of General Collectibles | <urn:uuid:1c350862-aa10-4908-97bf-bc7c54a77e3d> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.rubylane.com/item/160319-12409/Luba-Hemba-Tribal-Ancestor-Figure-Circa | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590493.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719031742-20180719051742-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.955076 | 604 | 2.84375 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
March 17 is typically a day reserved for drinking in celebration of one of Ireland’s patron saints; St. Patrick. Due to the holiday, he’s a well known name in almost every household. However today, at the intersection of celebrating Irish heritage and Women’s History month, I thought it would be appropriate to talk about another one of Ireland’s patron saints; St. Brigit of Kildare. Brigit of Kildare (aka Brigid, Bridget, Bridgit, Brid, or Bride) like many other saints and religious figures, is probably part real, part legend, part pagan god. For followers of some Christian religions however, she was very real, and thus very much like Queen Esther she appears on this list despite conflicting accounts of her life and the apparent syncretization between her and “Brigid”, a Celtic “triple goddess” that might frustrate certain scholars and historians with her inclusion.
Brigit was probably born in Dundalk, County Louth, Ireland in or around 453 CE (Some records have her born as early as 451, others in 452, still others in 453). Records of her early life seem to agree that she was born to a pagan chief of Leinster “Dubhthach” and a Christian slave of his, a woman who managed his dairy production and cattle. While growing up, Brigid heard St. Patrick speak, and his words stuck with her. She was highly religious, and very sensitive to the needs of others, often helping others by giving away what was her father’s. Frustrated with her constant need to give everything away, he tried to sell her to the King. Legend has it that during the exchange, her father discovered she’d given his sword away to a leper. As he was about to strike her as punishment, she defended herself saying she’d “given it to god through the leper”. Struck by her piety, the King ordered Dubhthach not harm her, and she was granted her freedom instead.
After gaining her freedom, Brigit returned to help her mother manage the cattle and dairy production. While she continued to give away produce to help others, dairy production did well under her management, and thus nobody minded. Eventually, Dubhthach granted her mother her freedom as well. Brigit grew up to be a beautiful woman, with a kind heart who attracted many suitors. Finally after one arranged meeting by her father, she turned down the would-be suitor and went to see the local Bishop, taking her first vows as a nun. Legend says that in the hopes of warding off additional requests for marriage, she also prays for her beauty to be removed temporarily, until she takes her final vows so no man asks her for marriage again.
In 468 CE, Brigit started her first convent with 7 other nuns (some stories specify “virgins”). From there, she traveled the country, becoming an extensive traveler for her time, setting up convents, healing the sick, and performing miracles. Among those claimed miracles; she once healed a leper by pouring water over him, and generally what she wanted to happen, supposedly came to pass. Whether she sent someone to find a woman nobody knew existed, or food appearing so she could help the hungry, if Brigit wanted something it happened. According to one story, she used her cloak to cover a large amount of ground for a convent with the king’s permission, as he believed her cloak was too small to cover any amount of ground. When he saw it grow, he was so shocked he praised her and gave her what she wanted. (I must say, this sounds like a vague translation of the story of Dido, selecting a hill for her future city.) In 523, after 70 years of service to others, Brigit died quietly, of natural causes.
Today, Brigit is considered the patron saint of many things, among them milk maids, cattle, dairy farmers, travelers, and sailors for reasons that are clear, but she’s also known for her close association with Oak trees, as part of the syncretization between her and the Druid goddess “Brigid”, although Christians attribute that association to a grove of oak trees near the site of her first convent. Regardless of the reasoning, she’s associated so closely with the word that the very word “Kildare” means “Church of the Oak”.
While it’s certain that portions of her tale are much more legend than reality, Brigit was almost certainly a very real person, a pious nun from Ireland to whom a great deal of Christian heritage in that area is attributed. She spent her life giving to others, and her name will live on forever as a result. | <urn:uuid:5fabaa9e-7d88-45e0-af57-35da789b9eff> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://theinscribermag.com/women-history-brigit-kildare/ | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825497.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023001732-20171023021732-00577.warc.gz | en | 0.98297 | 1,010 | 3.21875 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Henry Craik, ed. English Prose. 1916. Vol. IV. Eighteenth Century
The States Interest in Stored Labour
By David Hume (17111776)
From Of Commerce
EVERYTHING in the world is purchased by labour, and our passions are the only causes of labour. When a nation abounds in manufactures and mechanic arts, the proprietors of land, as well as the farmers, study agriculture as a science, and redouble their industry and attention. The superfluity, which arises from their labour, is not lost, but is exchanged with manufactures for those commodities which mens luxury now makes them covet. By this means land furnishes a great deal more of the necessaries of life than what suffices for those who cultivate it. In times of peace and tranquillity this superfluity goes to the maintenance of manufacturers, and the improvers of liberal arts. But it is easy for the public to convert many of these manufacturers into soldiers, and maintain them by that superfluity which arises from the labour of the farmers. Accordingly we find that this is the case in all civilised governments. When the sovereign raises an army, what is the consequence? He imposes a tax. This tax obliges all the people to retrench what is least necessary to their subsistence. Those who labour in such commodities must either enlist in the troops, or turn themselves to agriculture, and thereby oblige some labourers to enlist for want of business. And to consider the matter abstractedly, manufacturers increase the power of the state only as they store up so much labour, and that of a kind to which the public may lay claim without depriving anyone of the necessaries of life. The more labour, therefore, is employed beyond mere necessaries, the more powerful is any state; since the persons engaged in that labour may easily be converted to the public service. In a state without manufacturers, there may be the same number of hands, but there is not the same quantity of labour, nor of the same kind. All the labour is there bestowed upon necessaries, which can admit of little or no abatement.
Thus the greatness of the sovereign and the happiness of the state are, in a great measure, united with regard to trade and manufactures. It is a violent method, and in most cases impracticable, to oblige the labourer to toil in order to raise from the land more than what subsists himself and family. Furnish him with manufactures and commodities, and he will do it of himself, Afterwards you will find it easy to seize some part of his superfluous labour, and employ it in the public service without giving him his wonted return. Being accustomed to industry, he will think his less grievous than if, at once, you obliged him to augmentation of labour without any reward. The case is the same with regard to the other members of the state. The greater is the stock of labour of all kinds, the greater quantity may be taken from the heap, without making any sensible alteration in it. | <urn:uuid:d3324c4c-d9ff-46e8-b45d-631fba92eeb1> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://bartleby.com/209/787.html | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398458511.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205418-00070-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959961 | 622 | 2.78125 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
|Type||Journal Article - Agriculture & Food Security|
|Title||Contribution of Wetland Resources to Household Food Security in Uganda|
Background: In Uganda, nearly 1.4 million people are currently food insecure, with the prevalence of food energy deficiency at the country level standing at 37%. Local farmers are vulnerable to starvation in times of environmental stress, drought and floods because of dependence on rain-fed agriculture. Accordingly, the farmer’s means of increasing food production has always been an expansion of area under cultivation from virgin and fragile areas, especially wetlands. Consequently, Uganda has lost about 11,268 km2 of wetland, representing a loss of 30% of the country’s wetlands from 1994 to 2009. While the environmental importance of wetland ecosystems is widely recognized, their contribution to household food security is still hardly explored. In this paper an assessment of the contribution of wetland resources to household food security and factors influencing use of wetland resources in Uganda are reported.
Methods: A number of livelihood tools in food security assessment including focus group discussions, key informant interviews, direct observations and a household questionnaire survey, were used to collect the data. A total of 247 respondents from areas adjacent to wetlands were involved in the household questionnaire survey conducted in three agro-ecological zones that are frequently characterized as food insecure.
Results: The findings indicate that about 83% of the households experienced food insecurity. The main indicators of food insecurity were low harvest (30.9%) and when people buy locally grown food items (18%). Most households felt food secure when they had perennial crops (43.2%) in their gardens, or adequate money to buy food (23.9%). The prevalence of food insecurity was significantly lower among households with older and better educated household heads, but also among households located in Lake Victoria Crescent and South western farmlands agroecological zones, but significantly higher among households that were female headed, larger and participate in collection of wetland resources. Over 80% of the respondents reported that wetland resources provide products and services that contribute enormously to their household food security. Besides, they also indirectly contribute to food security by providing services that foster food production such as weather modifications and nutrient retention. Households with older heads and those that reside in the Lake Victoria Crescent agro-ecological zone when compared to counterparts in the Lake Kyoga agro-ecological zone are more likely to have a higher dependence on wetlands for food security.
Conclusions: With increasing population around the wetlands, coupled with land shortage and weather variations, households with limited options will continue to generally rely on wetlands for food security and income for sustaining their livelihoods unless alternative livelihood options are provided. There is thus a need to design appropriate food production technologies that ensure sustainable use of wetland resources for food security.
|»||Uganda - Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis Assessment 2008| | <urn:uuid:e1235470-5699-412c-8e41-2e45b1474027> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/citations/41409 | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146940.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200228012313-20200228042313-00528.warc.gz | en | 0.947818 | 584 | 3.21875 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
None of reader C. Lyon's arguments mitigates against slavery's primary role in the Civil War ("Civil War wasn't all about slavery," April 12). For example:
1) West Virginia was admitted to the Union as a slave state but with a constitutional provision that required the gradual abolition of slavery.
2) Slavery ended with the passage of a constitutional amendment – the 13th -- a slow process that was made much more so in the immediate post-war period when the number and status of former slave states was uncertain.
3) The Emancipation Proclamation was an act of war designed primarily to weaken the Confederacy by depriving it of its labor force.
4) Secretary of War Winfield Scott refused Robert E. Lee's conditional offer to serve the Union.
5) Lee remained a slaveholder despite his qualms about slavery in the 1850s.
6 and 7) That there were slave-holders who supported the North while some people opposed to slavery supported the South merely indicates the complexity of slavery and race in America at the time.
8) Black slavery gave even the poorest white Southerners a status and prerogative that bound whites together regardless of the huge disparity of wealth in the South.
9) A class-based draft that disproportionately affected Irish immigrants and other poor whites; a long and bloody war; and the frustrations of urban life in the mid-nineteenth century New York caused the Draft Riot in July 1863.
10) That some free blacks owned black slaves only indicates the predominance of slavery in the Southern economy at the time.
John G. Bailey, EdgemereCopyright © 2015, Sun Sentinel | <urn:uuid:7320906b-c05a-407e-964c-fc49b0c24dd5> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.sun-sentinel.com/bs-ed-slavery-letter-20110415-story.html | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042990123.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002310-00114-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952703 | 338 | 3.859375 | 4 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
SLAM! Although this may sound painful to the untrained ear, aikido students know the louder you hit the mat when you fall, the safer you’ll be.
Students who practice aikido every Saturday in the K Gym not only learn how to fall correctly, but they also gain the benefits of exercise and meditation “all rolled into one nonviolent form of fighting to survive,” said Matthew Seitman, president of the student organization.
Aikido is a Japanese martial art developed by renowned martial artist Morihei Ueshiba in the early 20th century. His intention was to unify the physical and spiritual aspects of the world and become one with the universe.
At the beginning of practice, members stretch everything from the tips of their fingers to the heels of their feet. During practice, they focus less on muscles and more on inner strength.
Instead of concentrating on punching or kicking, aikido is centered on using an aggressor’s momentum to deflect and redirect the attacks. This teaches the student to protect himself as well as the attacker – a way of cultivating peace.
Sensei Philippe Duverger, who has led several aikido club meetings, has practiced aikido for more than 20 years. He defined aikido as “a mixture between tai chi and judo where one can learn everything from aerobics to self-defense.”
Students like freshman Caroline Bowman, who is taking the aikido class for credit, practice this martial art for self-defense. Bowman said knowing martial arts builds confidence. “It’s important to be aware of it even if you don’t use it,” she said.
People may underestimate Bowman’s strength based on her petite frame, but potential attackers should beware. Though she has not needed to use any of her moves on the streets of D.C., “aikido is very beneficial to know in the city so you don’t have to be afraid,” she said.
Junior Graham Robinson, vice president of the club, said he believes aikido is a “relaxing martial art.” With such a comprehensive definition, aikido unsurprisingly attracts those interested in a wide variety of activities – like yoga or karate.
Duverger said “students communicate through their movements,” encouraging a rhythmic set of moves in which the students rely on their inner energy and not just their opponent’s body. Wearing a white kimono under navy hakama, loose pleated pants that look like a skirt from a distance, he enthusiastically interacted with the students to make sure they correctly executed the moves – often focusing teaching them how to fall. Due to the number of tumbles and intricate moves, falling properly ensures the safety of the student.
There are no competitions in aikido, as students aim to resolve conflict peacefully. Aikido students begin training at the kyu level with a white belt and advance to the dan with a black belt depending on their skill level.
Juan Roeschmann is a first-year doctoral student and recently started practicing aikido. He said he is excited to continue learning the martial art that he believes is all about “breaking the opponent in a unconventional way.”
“Aikido offers more than just martial art training,” said Seitman, who has been practicing aikido for five years. “It seeks to provide balance in a very hectic world.” | <urn:uuid:d06b42a8-1b20-4067-876a-0b2bfb73065a> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.gwhatchet.com/2008/10/20/on-the-defensive/ | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735939.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805094821-20200805124821-00384.warc.gz | en | 0.955576 | 736 | 2.59375 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
3.3: Blood products. These are classified as blood components prepared in the blood transfusion centre red cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate or plasma derivatives manufactured from pooled plasma donations in plasma fractionation centres such as albumin, coagulation factors and immunoglobulins. In the UK, FFP is produced from whole blood donations which undergo centrifugation, or by apheresis. FFP is leucocyte depleted by filtration during whole blood processing or integral to the apheresis process. Plasma is rapidly frozen to ≤−25°C to maintain the activity of labile coagulation factors.
Hemorrhage is responsible for 30 to 40% of all trauma-related mortality. Among adult trauma patients, 94% of hemorrhage-related deaths occur within 24 h and approximately 60% of these deaths within 3 h of hospital admission. Therefore, appropriate initial fluid resuscitation for bleeding is crucial to avoid preventable trauma-related death. red blood cells should be based on the patient’s clinical condition. Indications for transfusion include symptomatic anemia causing shortness of breath, dizziness, congestive heart failure, and decreased exercise tolerance, acute sickle cell crisis, and acute blood loss of more than 30 percent of blood volume. Fresh frozen plasma infusion.
Profiling clinical platelet and plasma use to inform blood supply and contingency planning: PUPPY,. PLTs and fresh‐frozen plasma FFP were tagged with a case report form before distribution. RESULTS. A total of 1252 PLT and 1837 FFP units were tagged, comprising 8.3 and 13.3% of all products issued during the study period. Medical Definition of SGPT. SGPT is released into blood when the liver or heart are damaged. The blood SGPT levels are thus elevated with liver damage for example, from viral hepatitis or with an insult to the heart for example, from a heart attack.
Blood Transfusion and Blood Products Janette Linke, RN, MSN N233L / Spring 2016 March 7, 2016 1 Blood Transfusion Centers • Most of the nation’s blood supply is collected from volunteer donors • Donors are eligible to give whole blood five times a year and can donate some blood components, such as platelets, more frequently Blood Groups. what is the Full Form of FFT, F.F.T. full form. Definition, long form, meaning and full name of FFT. Find all acronyms and expansion of these 3 letters. Fresh frozen plasma FFP is a blood product made from the liquid portion of whole blood. It is used to treat conditions in which there are low blood clotting factors INR>1.5 or low levels of other blood proteins. It may also be used as the replacement fluid in plasma exchange. Blood Request Card Mandatory Fields Please Note: • All patients’ requiring blood products will require two group and screen samples to be taken at separate times in order to verify the patient’s correct blood type. Unless there is an existing historical blood group record when an. Fresh Frozen Plasma FFP is defined as the fluid portion of one unit of human blood that has been centrifuged, separated, and frozen solid at -18 C or colder within 6 hours of collection. Other single-donor plasma units, either frozen or liquid, may be substituted for FFP.
This whole blood derived product has a 26-day expiration date, is ideal for those Role 2 medical facilities without thawing capability, and is stored in a refrigerator at the same temperature as pRBCs and thawed FFP. Purpose. To evaluate the impact of a combination of fresh frozen plasma FFP and cryosupernatant plasma CP as a replacement fluid in therapeutic plasma exchange TPE on early therapeutic response and long-term survival of patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura TTP. Materials and Methods. A total of 44 patients with suspected. The request form for blood/blood component is completed, all sections of which must be accurate, complete and legible. State the urgency of the request clearly on the request form. When an urgent sample is sent, please contact the laboratory Biomedical. The diagnostic test used to detect anaemia is the ‘Full Blood Count’ FBC. One of the indices measured by this diagnostic test is the level of haemoglobin Hb. FFP is stored frozen, hence the name, in the BTL and is defrosted before it is sent to the clinical area.
example on the collection slip Green Form 295 Request For Collection of Blood components these details are taken from the wristband attached to the patient and asking the patient to state their full name and date of birth where possible. This form must also contain the area requesting for the blood/component and the name. The ABO blood group is the most important of all the blood group systems. There are four different ABO blood groups see Table1, determined by whether or not an individual's red cells carry the A antigen, the B antigen, both A and B antigens or neither. ADMINISTRATION OF BLOOD AND BLOOD COMPONENTS I. Request Form Transfusion request form must be completely fulfilled and clinical details must be provided. II. Filter • All blood components must be administered through a transfusion standard filter 170-micron to remove blood clots and other debris. • Changing of blood filter every 4 hours. III. SGOT is released into blood when the liver or heart is damaged. The blood SGOT levels are thus elevated with liver damage for example, from viral hepatitis or with an insult to the heart for example, from a heart attack. Some medications can also raise SGOT levels. SGOT is also called aspartate aminotransferase AST.
Porcine rather than human FFP was selected as control fluid, because in pilot experiments unpredictable and sometimes serious transfusion reactions were encountered in pigs receiving human FFP. For preparation of porcine FFP, blood was withdrawn from the carotid artery of healthy donor pigs through custom-made connection tubing. Valid consent for blood transfusion should be obtained and documented in the patient's clinical record by the healthcare professional. There should be a modified form of consent for long term multi-transfused patients, details of which should be explicit in an organisation's consent policy. Indications for Blood Product Usage. There are situations identified in which blood products may be needed: Packed RBCs: generally indicated with a hemoglobin of 7 to 8 g/dL, a markedly decreased oxygen saturation and/or orthostatic hypotension. Optimal dose, timing and ratio to red blood cells RBC of blood component therapy fresh frozen plasma [FFP], platelets, cryoprecipitate or fibrinogen concentrate to reduce morbidity and mortality in critically bleeding patients requiring massive transfusion is unknown. Levels of the labile coagulation factors V and VIII may be slightly lower in FP in comparison with FFP. Although both components FFP and F24 are largely considered clinically equivalent by physicians, and for the purposes of this review will be covered interchangeably by the common term FP, evidence for equivalence has not been documented.
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Today’s military is more technologically advanced than at any other point in history. This presents many advantages in strategizing for, equipping and executing missions; however, there are also some challenges.
Wireless communication, in particular, is becoming more complex due to limited availability of frequency bandwidths and signal crossing brought about by increasing electromagnetic interference (EMI) from wireless devices. For instance, a handheld device could be corrupted by EMI from a military vehicle’s GPS. Missed or garbled transmissions aren’t only frustrating for the troops, it can put them in harm’s way – and that’s never an acceptable outcome. Preventing EMI in plastic devices and components is possible with EMI shielding.
What’s EMI Shielding?
EMI shielding is exactly as it sounds – using conductive or magnetic materials to surround electronics and components to reduce the electromagnetic field and, essentially, block interfering incoming or outgoing electromagnetic frequencies.
EMI shielding is very adaptable in both techniques and materials used, which makes it practical for military applications.
How EMI Shielding Works
A tank or other transportation vehicle might incorporate EMI shields in its body to create a physical barrier between static from the outside world and the intricate electrical devices inside. EMI shielding might also be used in conjunction with air gapping – or isolating – secure military computer networks from unsecured networks to maintain high levels of electronics security.
In the case of smaller applications it’s important to note that complete and continuous enclosure is unnecessary. As long as any openings don’t exceed the size of the electromagnetic waves to be blocked, shielding is successful. Handheld field equipment, for example, might contain metallic mesh inside to separate interference-causing internal components, or wires might be coated with a metallic foil or braid shield to block internal and external electromagnetic frequencies.
Materials Used for EMI Shielding
As for materials used, electromagnetic frequencies can be blocked by a variety of materials that dissipate interference by either reflecting the radio waves or by absorbing them. Specialized coatings, like paints and vacuum metallization, are typically called upon for reflection, and compounds such as some plastics and conductive fabrics are used for absorption.
The basic difference between coatings and compounds as it relates to EMI shielding is self-evident. What’s a little more complicated is how they impact shielding effectiveness. Generally speaking, compounds can be molded into physical critical-use plastic products without compromising design complexity, product size and shape, or shielding efficiency. Coatings, on the other hand, are somewhat limited. The scope of design and size options available for coating are more narrow than that of compounds, and coatings can be vulnerable to scratching and delamination if not properly applied, which could lead to limited effectiveness – or even failure – in the field.
That’s where working with an experienced complex injection molder is valuable. Their expertise can guide the selection and use of plastic resins and compounds or, if the application warrants, identifying the ways in which coatings can be practically and beneficially used on plastics in combatting EMI.
ITAR-certified molders like Kaysun are best bets for military/defense contractors seeking a true partner in protecting sensitive electronics and, by extension, the troops in the field. Find out more in Plastic Materials for Safety and Reliability, a Guide for Military & Defense Applications. Click the button below to download your free copy. | <urn:uuid:1880a863-b6fa-49cf-8342-0a0cf87eeccd> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.kaysun.com/blog/how-emi-shielding-protects-delicate-military-electronics | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945168.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323132026-20230323162026-00748.warc.gz | en | 0.921007 | 715 | 3.234375 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
As a mom of a tween who blasts music through her earbuds on a daily basis, you can bet a new article about earbuds and hearing loss caught my eye. Reportedly, there’s been a 30% increase in hearing loss in adolescents (one out of every five, actually), which they’re attributing to the increase in earbud use. According to the article, phones made in the U.S. can hit up to 115 decibels (dB) with permanent damage occurring with regular exposure at 110 dB (or higher) for longer than one minute.
So, considering I often have to wave my hands in front of my daughter’s face or tap her on the shoulder to get her attention, I’m guessing she’s way above the prescribed dB limit. Yikes.
Fortunately, there are a few ways parents can ensure their kids aren’t hurting their ears while blasting their music, which by the way, apply to adults too.
1. Use the 60/60 rule
Most hearing experts recommend that you listen at 60% dB levels for no longer than 60 minutes at a time. How do you tell what 60% is? Well, a good rule of thumb, especially for kids, is that they should be able to hear the voices and sounds around them. If they can’t hear anything other than their music, it’s too loud. This is also an overall safety rule if your kids are listening to music in earbuds while they’re out and about; not being able to hear sounds around them could be dangerous.
If kids are home, it’s much better for them to play their music through a Bluetooth speaker than in their ears. Now you might not necessarily want to listen to Japanese Vocaloid (only me?) or whatever your kids jamming to these days, but know you’re helping keep their ears safer.
2. Try volume-limiting headphones
We’ve featured several different kinds of volume-limiting headphones for kids, like Kidjamz or Buddyphones, which have built-in controls so that the volume cannot go over a safe level. The downside, most are really aimed at younger kids (with the exception of the black Kidjamz headphones – above, left – which you might be able to sell a tween on), so getting your teen to wear them might be nearly impossible.
One exception are the Bluetooth, volume-limiting headphones from Puro (above, right) which were designed by a dad who discovered his daughter had suffered hearing loss. So, not only do they keep volume at a kid-safe level, but you don’t have to deal with wires either. They’re definitely an investment (with prices starting at $99.99), but they look like the trendy headphones so many tweens and teens are wearing, and they keep your kid’s ears safe.
We also found volume-limiting earbuds, like these Symphonized volume-limiting earbuds, which look pretty cool and have great ratings. Plus, they’re kid-sized so the earbuds are made to fit smaller ears. If you’re cool with sticking to the earbud wagon, these might be a smart option.
3. Noise-cancelling headphones can work too
A smart, but expensive (hello, Bose), option is to have your tweens and teens use noise-cancelling headphones. These work because by blocking out the ambient noise, the actual music volume for users tends to be a lot lower. Often times, kids are blasting their music because they’re trying to block out the sounds around them (like our voice, perhaps? Ha). So, while you’ll be spending money on these headphones, they could have a positive impact your kid’s hearing health.
Now, these aren’t a great choice for kids who like to listen to music while they’re out and about. With my daughter, she’s not permitted to listen to music while she’s walking to and from school, or really, when she’s walking anywhere for that matter. It might not make you feel like parent of the year, but part of the job is keeping your kids safe and healthy.
Cool Mom Tech is an Amazon affiliate. | <urn:uuid:8babfbbb-fc58-40ad-84c6-ada3faa0a3c1> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://coolmomtech.com/2016/10/earbuds-hearing-loss-in-kids/ | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401582033.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927215009-20200928005009-00030.warc.gz | en | 0.963584 | 911 | 2.53125 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a compound in the hemp/marijuana plant that has medicinal effects, but does not make people feel “high” and actually counteracts some of the effects tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) creates.
Compared with THC, cannabidiol is less psychoactive, and has a wider scope of medical applications than THC.
For decades, only high-THC Cannabis was available, and now CBD-rich strains are being grown for medicinal purposes. The reduced psychoactivity of CBD-rich hemp makes it an appealing treatment option for patients seeking
- anti-spasm effects
WITHOUT the disconcerting effect of lethargy or euphoria.
Scientific and clinical studies indicate that CBD could be effective in easing symptoms of a wide range of difficult-to-control conditions, including:
- arthritis (including rheumatoid arthritis)
- post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
- epilepsy and neurological disorders.
CBD has demonstrated neuroprotective effects, and its anticancer potential is currently being explored at several research centers in the US and other countries.
The History of CBD
From www. projectcbd.org
In the spring of 1998, the British government licensed a company called GW Pharmaceuticals to grow Cannabis and develop a precisely consistent plant extract for use in clinical trials. GW’s cofounder Geoffrey Guy, MD, was convinced – and had convinced the Home Office – that by using CBD-rich plants, GW could produce a Cannabis-based medicine with little or no psychoactive effect.
That summer Guy described his approach at a meeting of the International Cannabinoid Research Society. In addition to countering the psychoactivity of THC, Guy said, CBD conferred benefits of its own. Queen Victoria had used CBD-rich Cannabis for menstrual cramps. Indeed, animal studies suggest that CBD lessened anxiety and reduced the severity and frequency of seizures.
It was assumed that generations of breeding for maximum THC had reduced CBD in California cannabis to trace levels. GW had gotten its CBD-rich strains by acquiring the genetic library of HortaPharm, a Dutch seed company run by American ex-pat naturalists, David Watson and Robert Clarke. Tod Mikuriya, MD, founder of the Society of Cannabis Clinicians, expressed hope that “our Burbanks in the hills” would have preserved or could develop CBD-rich strains if and when an analytic test lab began serving the medical Cannabis industry.
As the years went by, more and more promising studies involving CBD were described at meetings of the ICRS, the International Association for Cannabinoid Medicine, and Patients Out of Time. California doctors kept abreast of the research and O’Shaughnessy’s reported on it, but we were merely observers, not participants – until the fall of 2008, when Oakland’s Steep Hill Laboratory began testing samples provided by Harborside Health Center.
Approximately one in 750 samples of Cannabis being grown for medical use is turning out to be CBD-rich. (For data collection purposes, “CBD-rich” has been defined as 4% or more by dry weight). Doctors and patients now have a unique opportunity to evaluate its effects.
CBD enhanced cannabis
In November 2012, an Israeli medical cannabis facility announced a new strain of the plant which has only cannabidiol as an active ingredient, and virtually no THC, providing some of the medicinal benefits of cannabis without the euphoria.
The researchers said the cannabis plant, enriched with CBD, “can be used for treating diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, colitis, liver inflammation, heart disease and diabetes”. | <urn:uuid:9345bd61-6cef-4a90-a1fb-37484a8251b1> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://remarkablerecovery.com/articles/cannabidiol-cbd/ | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540569146.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20191213202639-20191213230639-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.949046 | 763 | 2.703125 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
What's the Latest Development?
For the National Solar Observatory, yesterday's transit of Venus was an opportunity to do cutting edge science that will help in finding and analyzing alien worlds. Telescopes in Arizona, New Mexico, California, Hawaii, Australia and India took measurements of the planet's thick, carbon-dioxide-rich atmosphere as light refracted against it. "Because the composition of Venus' air is relatively well known, such observations should provide a benchmark for studying details of exoplanet atmospheres during transits." Astronomers can use transits to detect foreign planets because they cause a dip in the brightness of their parent star.
What's the Big Idea?
The transit of Venus, which occurs in pairs separated by more than a century, has been used by scientists to study the day's important astronomical questions. "For example, scientists mounted huge expeditions to view the 18th century's two transits, which occurred in 1761 and 1769. The goal was to time the transit precisely from many different points around the globe, then calculate the Earth-sun distance using the principles of parallax. With this information in hand, the scale of the entire solar system would follow." While those expeditions failed, scientists got the data they wanted in the transits of 1874 and 1882.
Photo credit: Shutterstock.com | <urn:uuid:37dcad55-6177-433c-8b81-ce139519d38d> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://bigthink.com/ideafeed/how-scientists-will-use-the-transit-of-venus-to-find-alien-worlds | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698540698.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170900-00140-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948871 | 272 | 4.0625 | 4 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
VCS Fall Sports Season Update
Go to our Athletic Page to see the Update to our VCS Sports Season
In kindergarten music, children are introduced to beginning musical concepts. The key concepts taught in kindergarten are steady beat, high and low, loud and quiet, fast and slow, the difference between singing and speaking voices, and that music can tell a story. These concepts are taught through singing, speaking, dancing, playing unpitched percussion instruments, and listening to music, as well as through children’s literature and games. In kindergarten music, children are exposed to music from many cultures. Kindergarteners learn to find their own singing voice, create their own ways to move to music, and work together, taking turns with their classmates.
First grade music builds upon and expands the experiences introduced in kindergarten music including steady beat, high/low, loud/quiet, fast/slow, and singing voices. In first grade, children learn about rhythm in music, first through connecting rhythms to words, and eventually reading quarter note, quarter rest, and eighth note rhythms. The major activities in first grade music continue to be singing, dancing, playing instruments, and listening to music as well as learning through children’s literature and games. First graders also learn to play barred ORFF instruments as they make music with their classmates. Children in first grade continue to develop their singing voices, play both the beat and rhythms on instruments and create and improvise their own musical patterns and dances with their classmates.
Second grade music expands on the musical experiences of first grade, including steady beat, rhythm, high/low, loud/quiet, fast/slow, and singing voices. In second grade children are reading quarter notes, eighth notes, quarter rests, and begin to read and play half notes. The major activities in second grade music continue to be singing, dancing, playing instruments, listening, learning through children’s literature and games, and the introduction of the four families of instruments. Second graders begin to learn about form in music and identify form in the song they perform. Children continue to play the barred ORFF instruments and learn to create their own sections of music within a song through rhythm. Children in second grade are also introduced to the concept of musical canons and perform canons vocally and instrumentally.
Third grade music builds upon and expands the concepts of rhythm as it applies to note reading on the staff. Children are introduced to basic note reading in the treble clef. Third grade students are introduced to beginning composition on the staff using quarter notes, eighth notes, quarter rests, half notes, and whole notes. Third grade students also begin to learn the notes B, A, and G on the recorder and play together with their classmates. Students in third grade are also introduced to a choral concert that includes singing with proper breathing technique, concert etiquette, and performing instrumental, dance, and choral pieces on a stage. Third grade music students continue to sing, dance, play ORFF instruments, listen to orchestral selections that range from classical to global music, and review the four instrument families to prepare them for informed selection as they look ahead at ensemble opportunities in the fourth grade.
Students spend two trimesters in the Orff classroom where they focus on reading lines and spaces on the treble clef; reading rhythms; studying Native American music, music of Bach and Handel; and playing orff instruments, drums and recorders. Students also participate in composing a piece for drums. Students also have the opportunity to spend a trimester in the keyboard lab where they learn the basics of playing piano; learn songs in middle C position; review lines and spaces for treble clef and learn lines and spaces in bass clef. Students also create a piece of music for the piano.
Students spend two trimesters in the Orff classroom where they focus on reading lines and spaces on the treble clef; reading rhythms; learn about rondo form; study the music of Mozart and Beethoven and compose a piece for drums. Students also participate in playing orff instruments, drums and recorders. Students also have the opportunity to spend a trimester in the keyboard lab where they review the basics of playing piano; review the lines and spaces of treble and bass clefs; learn songs in C position; and write a piece of music for piano using chords.
Students spend two trimesters in the Orff classroom where they focus on reading more lines and spaces on the treble clef; reading more difficult rhythms; explore music from the Middle East; listen to music from some Romantic composers as well as some American composers; and compose a piece of music for the Orff instruments. Students also participate in playing orff instruments, drums and recorders. Students also have the opportunity to spend a trimester in the keyboard lab where they review the lines and spaces of the treble and bass clefs and compose a piece of music that uses both a melody and chords. They also learn to use the music software, Finale, to print their final composition.
Music is an important part of your child's education and is a rewarding experience that will enrich your child's life for years to come. The Victor Band program introduces students to the beautiful and fulfilling world of music and the opportunity to develop abilities and interests that may otherwise never be discovered. The Beginning Band is the first opportunity Victor students have to begin their studies on wind and percussion instruments and students may join the band program in 4th grade. This ensemble begins the year in sectional groups, woodwinds, brass and percussion separately, to learn the basics of musicianship and ensemble playing. The groups learn to follow and respond to the gestures of the conductor, count beginning rhythm symbols, breathe and begin together, keep a steady beat together, end together and read the first five notes on the music staff. The three groups come together in November to form the full band and prepare for concerts. The band rehearses two mornings a week and performs two evening concerts each year. Students who participate in the Beginning Band must take lessons in the school program and show consistent attendance in both lessons and band to participate. The school provides bus transportation to school for morning rehearsals.
The 5th Grade Band is for second year players and is designed to further develop the basic skills learned in Beginning Band. This band rehearses two mornings per week and performs two concerts each school year. The band will explore new rhythms, key signatures, music symbols and terminology, work to expand dynamic levels, balance and blend sounds together, advance control and precision in articulations and use more interesting harmonies to enhance the overall sound of the band. Students participating at this level will have an opportunity to participate in solo festival, explore small group ensemble music in lesson groups and perform around the school for special occasions. Students must have consistent attendance at rehearsals and small group lessons to maintain membership in the group.
The 6th Grade Band is an opportunity for students to further develop the skills they have learned in the Beginning and 5th Grade Bands. New key signatures, rhythms and terminology will be introduced in rehearsals, as well as ways to help students fine tune their ability to control their tone, in an ensemble setting. It is our hope that students are able to continue maturing musically as they learn to balance and blend their playing within the group. At this level, students could have the opportunity to play in the All County Festival wind ensemble, and all students are highly encouraged to participate in the annual solo festival. This band has two evening concerts throughout the year, as well as in-school performances on special occasions. Students are expected to have consistent attendance in lessons and ensemble rehearsals in order to participate in this group
Small group instrument lessons are offered on a weekly basis to all students registered in the band program at the Intermediate School. Lessons begin in September and run through the end of the school year. Students have one 40-minute small group lesson each week, during regular school hours, in a small group of 4-6 students playing the same instrument. Lessons are on a pull-out basis, with lesson times rotating through the daily schedule so students do not miss the same portion of class each week. In group lessons the fundamental skills of playing the instrument are the focus- posture, tone, technique, music literacy and basic expression. Students will also learn to properly care for and maintain their instruments. Students are expected to practice their instruments at home on a regular basis, approximately 15-20 minutes a day for first year players, 20-30 minutes per day for second year players and 30 or more minutes per day for third year players. Students who enter the program should do so with an understanding that it will take daily effort, patience and commitment to discover their true potential for music and to enjoy the benefits of their hard work.
The Junior High Band Program is designed to continue building the musical foundations that your student has been working on in the Victor band program. The goal is to help our young musicians continue to improve and build skills on their instruments, expand their learning through performance opportunities and help them explore everything that the Victor band program has to offer. All performance-based classes such as band meet for forty weeks and are full-year commitments. Band members are expected to attend all performances, attend one lesson per week and practice a recommended two hours per week.
All students are required to take one lesson per week on their instrument. Lessons are offered during the school day on a rotating basis. The lessons are taught in small groups with an emphasis on improving individual abilities, which will in turn improve the student’s ability to play in band. Small ensemble literature is also explored at this time.
Performing in a band enables a student to broaden his/her music knowledge, develop a skill on a musical instrument and gain personal confidence and maturity of his/her capabilities through group and personal performance. As members of the Symphonic Band, students will receive a traditional concert band experience as well the opportunity to participate in extra-curricular ensembles and other small ensembles. Participation in outside performing opportunities and solo festivals is open to all students and is strongly encouraged. Participation in all ensemble concerts is a mandatory course requirement. Small group lessons are a part of the curriculum as well.
Performing in the Wind Ensemble is a unique experience that provides the student musician an opportunity to achieve the course outcomes to a higher degree through advanced literature. The select nature of the Wind Ensemble will afford the more advanced student the chance to excel in literacy, cognition, creativity and performance. It offers the advanced high school musician an opportunity to perform music at a very high level with peers of similar performing skills. Participation in outside performing opportunities and solo festivals is open to all students and is strongly encouraged. Participation in all ensemble concerts and is a mandatory course requirement. Small group lessons are a part of the curriculum as well.
This is the student’s first formal introduction to singing in a choir. Students have the opportunity to try singing both part 1 and part 2. Students are introduced to using choral music and folders during rehearsal and will learn to follow their part in the music. Students also learn choral warm ups, which focus on good tone placement and diction. Students learn to sing in two-part harmony using rounds, partner songs and simple two part songs. Finally, students learn to follow the directions and conducting of the choral conductor during the rehearsal and concert. Students perform in two evening concerts per year.
This is the second formal year of choral training. At the beginning of the year, students make a choice as to whether they want to be a soprano or alto. The exception to this is that all boys are required to sing alto--this helps to prepare them for future roles as tenor or bass singers in high school. Students sing in 2-part harmony throughout the year. Choral warm-ups continue as a way to work on vocal technique (posture, breathing, diction, phrasing, and dynamics). During each rehearsal, students will also work on ear-training and sight-singing skills using solfege in the key of C. Ensemble skills are reinforced, particularly watching and responding to the conductor. Students perform in two evening concerts per year. Students also participate in performing the National Anthem at a Red Wings game.
Students continue to expand their ability to sight read in the keys of C, F and G. Students continue to refine their ability to sing their part and work on blending with the group. Students also learn more difficulty choral warm ups, which focus on good tone placement and diction. Students sing in mostly two parts with a few three part/descant songs included. Finally, students continue to refine their ability to watch and respond to the choral conductor during the rehearsals and concerts. Students perform in two evening concerts per year. Students also participate in performing for the other events such as singing the National Anthem at a Red Wings game and other smaller concert events.
All students are welcome to join chorus both in 7th and 8th grade. While participation in choir and the Intermediate School is strongly encouraged, it is not a requirement to join. Chorus is a yearlong course that focuses on singing in an ensemble setting. Singers perform in three and sometimes four-part harmonies. There are two groups, 7th grade chorus & 8th grade chorus and they often combine at concerts. Participation in two evening concerts is a requirement for this chorus. Through this course, singers are offered additional opportunities to perform at both community events and NYSSMA solo festival.
Performing in concert choir offers students the opportunity to study music in an ensemble/team setting. Accomplishing musical goals in a disciplined and cooperative learning environment is the focus of this class. Music of varying difficulty, time periods and genres is studied. Emphasis is place on sight singing and music theory, as well as a cappella singing, languages, balances, blend and style. Several public performances, outside the school day, are required. Small group lessons are a part of the curriculum as well
Performing in this auditioned choir provides students an opportunity to achieve the course outcomes to a higher degree through the study of advanced choral literature. This ensemble will afford the more advanced student the chance to excel in music literacy, music theory, cognition, creativity and performance. It offers the advanced vocalist an opportunity to perform high-level music with peers of similar skills. Small group lessons are a part of the curriculum as well.
The Suzuki program in the Primary School is an historically important program which started at VCS over 50 years ago. Dr. Suzuki himself helped to begin the program and visited VPS several times. Initially a program for First through Third grade, the program now includes only Second and Third graders. Students can apply to the Suzuki Program in the Primary School in the spring for acceptance the following fall. Violin, viola and cello are the only instruments offered at these grade levels. Emphasis is on position, tone production, memorization of material, basic elements of music and learning to play together in small homogeneous groups. Note reading is not taught during these lessons. There is a limited amount of space in the program and there is often a waiting list. Each year there is a different number of students accepted based on the teacher’s schedule.
Students who are new to a string instrument or are changing to a new stringed instrument from the Primary school participate in Suzuki Group. Students participate in a large group lesson twice a week where they learn the basics of playing a stringed instrument. A condensed version of what students learn in Primary Suzuki lessons, Intermediate students also learn to note read with the goal of being prepared to join a large ensemble orchestra.
There are three orchestras of varying levels at the Intermediate School. Early performance literature is designed to establish note reading and ensemble skills, and literature in the more advanced ensembles is intended to prepare students for participation in the Junior High Orchestras. Focus is placed on the team mentality of performing and a whole ensemble, so attendance is required in all rehearsals and lessons. Students will receive individual instruction on their primary instrument in weekly lessons, where students work on note reading, Suzuki repertoire, and other aspects of string playing. Participation in Solo Festival is strongly encouraged in 6th grade - younger students may attend by teacher invitation. Students perform in three formal concerts a year.
Students interested in Junior High Orchestra should have participated in the Intermediate Orchestra program, or have had equivalent experience in private lesson instruction. Performance literature is designed to build upon skills developed in the Intermediate Program in preparation for participation in the Senior High. Students will receive individual instruction on their primary instrument in weekly lessons, as well as a basic introduction to music theory and critical listening in rehearsals. Participation in outside performing opportunities and solo festivals is open to all students and is strongly encouraged. Participation in all ensemble concerts is a mandatory course requirement.
Students interested in Sinfonia should have participated in Junior High Orchestra or have had equivalent experience in private lesson instruction. Performance literature is designed to technically challenge students and to expose them to a wide variety of compositional styles across the historical spectrum. Students will receive individual instruction on their primary instrument in weekly lessons, as well as instruction in music theory and critical analysis in rehearsals. Participation in outside performing opportunities and solo festivals is open to all students and is strongly encouraged. Participation in all ensemble concerts is a mandatory course requirement. Pull out lessons are a part of the curriculum as well.
Performing in the Philharmonic is a unique experience that provides the student musician an opportunity to achieve the course outcomes to a higher degree through advanced literature. The select nature of the Philharmonic will afford the more advanced student the chance to excel in literacy, cognition, creativity and performance. It offers the advanced high school musician an opportunity to perform music at a very high level with peers of similar performing skills. Pull out lessons are a part of the curriculum as well.
This is an advanced music theory class that will provide a foundation for future college music majors and other interested students an insight into musical composition and construction. Students will broaden their knowledge of various musical genres and styles through the use of ear training and music analysis. An instrument or vocal background is strongly recommended.
This advanced music history class is the second year of IB Music. It is a college level course that involves higher level music theory and listening skills. Students will be required to study, analyze and be tested on two substantial musical works as prescribed by IB. Music of different parts of the world, different genres and different styles will be investigated in depth throughout the course. All IB Music requirements are completed during this course of study.
The fourth grade reading curriculum supports student growth as thoughtful readers of all text. Each reading unit asks students, What do you notice the author included, and why is it important? and How does that impact you as a reader? Students dive more deeply into the author’s craft while exploring a variety of complex texts, and subsequently become more cognizant of how they are growing as readers. Each unit builds a culture that reflects a love of reading and promotes habits that support individual learning and progress, such as previewing, rereading to glean more information and deepen comprehension, noticing typical genre characteristics in each specific genre to informs how they read a text, and reflecting on personal goals. Students dive more deeply into structure, language, main idea, and theme, learning how authors use these tools to communicate their stories and information.
The fifth grade reading curriculum supports student growth as readers of complex and diverse texts. Students continue to internalize the reading process, approaching texts in a systematic way that promotes a deeper understanding of text structures and features, characters, and language. Students are immersed in texts spanning a range of genres, formats, and perspectives throughout the year. The fifth grade units promote lifelong literacy habits, including nightly reading, book clubs, and thoughtful discussions about text. Students continue to refine their understanding of author’s craft moves in order to understand how texts are constructed; this significantly increases their comprehension. For example, if students know how authors use structure to convey their stories and information, students begin to recognize the elements that support their comprehension. They also begin to realize that stories and texts carry messages that help us better understand the world.
In sixth grade our students build on what they have learned in 4th and 5th grade as they exploration high interest themes and topics. Every unit incorporates the essential standards for reading literature and informational text, writing, speaking and listening while at the same time includes other standards relevant to each unit’s design. The year begins with Everyone Has a Story to Tell where students review the essential skills and strategies for sixth grade readers and writers. Then, in Stories of Triumph, students read Out of My Mind by Sharon Draper, and analyze different perspectives, focusing on how the author develops the point of view of the narrator. Stories of Discovery focuses on the reading of a complex narrative nonfiction text. Students engage in the research process to produce a formal research report focusing on medical discoveries made throughout history. In Stories of Destiny, students study a contemporary take on the story of the Greek hero as they read both literature and informational texts. The school year cumulates with Demonstrating Habits of Literacy, in which students analyze famous speeches and use what they have learned to write and deliver their own self-reflective speech.
Adapted Physical Education in the Victor School district is a specially designed program of development activities, games, sports, and rhythms. These activities are suited to the interests, abilities, and limitations of pupils who may not safely or successfully engage in unrestricted participation in the activities of the regular physical education program. Students are placed in A.P.E. after a referral and additional motor proficiency testing indicate the need for this support. Referrals may be made by a teacher, the school nurse, the Pupil Service Team, results from the pre-kindergarten screening, or kindergarten physical education testing scores. Letters and permission slips are sent home to parents when their child has been referred.
VCS Inquiry Program
The Victor Central School District provides enriched learning experiences for students in grades 1-6 through the Inquiry Program. The program is both an enrichment program used with academically gifted and talented students and as a theme/enrichment approach for all students. The goal of the Inquiry Program is to develop the strengths and talents of all students by:
The Inquiry Program is modeled after the Renzulli Schoolwide Enrichment Model. This model focuses on enrichment for all students through high levels of engagement and the use of enjoyable and challenging learning experiences that are constructed around students’ interests, learning styles, and preferred modes of expression.
We believe and value that the Inquiry teacher is a collaborative resource and coach to teachers, parents and students. Inquiry teachers remain flexible and adjust to the changing needs of the classroom environment. Please link directly to our Grades 1-3 and Grades 4-6 Inquiry websites for more specific information.
Go to our Athletic Page to see the Update to our VCS Sports Season
To sign up of your child's principal's newsletter. | <urn:uuid:6b7df607-9f28-4948-8343-155b2bacdfc4> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.victorschools.org/academics/curriculum-instruction | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400193087.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920000137-20200920030137-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.956644 | 4,719 | 4 | 4 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
A white marble bust of eminent novelist Sir Walter Scott was unveiled in Poets' Corner Westminster Abbey in 1897 by the Duke of Buccleuch. It was the gift of a group of Scott's admirers and is a copy by John Hutchison of the bust by Sir Francis Chantrey at Abbotsford, Scott's home in Scotland. The inscription on the green marble bracket reads:
Walter Scott 1771-1832
He was a son of solicitor Walter Scott and his wife Anne (Rutherford) and was born in Edinburgh on 15 August 1771. He was educated there and also became a solicitor. He married Margaret Carpenter (originally Charpentier) and they had children Charlotte, Walter, Anne, Charles and Sophia. In 1799 he was appointed sheriff-depute of Selkirkshire. While a partner in James Ballantyne's printing business he published Marmion in 1808. He went on to write many more popular novels and poems such as The Lady of the Lake, Waverley, Rob Roy, Ivanhoe and Peveril of the Peak. His works influenced several writers including the Bronte sisters and Elizabeth Gaskell and he is credited with inventing the historical novel. In 1812 he moved to Abbotsford and was created a baronet in 1820. He died on 11 July 1832 and is buried with his wife in Dryburgh Abbey, Berwickshire.
A photo of the bust can be purchased from Westminster Abbey Library.
Life by J.G.Lockhart, 1837-8
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2004. | <urn:uuid:906fc9ba-54b9-45c8-be56-f157717fa355> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/sir-walter-scott | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413558067077.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017150107-00294-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9777 | 328 | 2.578125 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Suffrage activists didn’t let the centennial of the Declaration of Independence pass in 1876 without a demonstration. In this chapter of her memoir, Elizabeth Cady Stanton explains the preparations associated with traveling to Philadelphia to make the point that the American Revolution remained unfinished as long as women were denied the ballot and basic civil rights.
THE year 1876 was one of intense excitement and laborious activity throughout the country. The anticipation of the centennial birthday of the Republic, to be celebrated in Philadelphia, stirred the patriotism of the people to the highest point of enthusiasm. As each state was to be represented in the great exhibition, local pride added another element to the public interest. Then, too, everyone who could possibly afford the journey was making busy preparations to spend the Fourth of July, the natal day of the Republic, ‘mid the scenes where the Declaration of Independence was issued in 1776, the government inaugurated, and the first national councils were held.
MAKING JULY 4TH A WOMAN’S DAY
Those interested in women’s political rights decided to make the Fourth a woman’s day, and to celebrate the occasion, in their various localities, by delivering orations and reading their own declaration of rights, with dinners and picnics in the town halls or groves, as most convenient. But many from every state in the Union made their arrangements to spend the historic period in Philadelphia. Owing, also, to the large number of foreigners who came over to join in the festivities, that city was crammed to its utmost capacity. With the crowd and excessive heat, comfort was everywhere sacrificed to curiosity. . . .
As the lyceum season lasted from October to June, I was late in reaching Philadelphia. Appropriate headquarters for the National Suffrage Association
had been found on the lower floor of No. 143 1 Chestnut Street. As it was the year for nominating candidates for the presidency of the United States, the Repub-
licans and Democrats were about to hold their great conventions. Hence letters were to be written to them recommending a woman suffrage plank in their
platforms, and asking seats for women in the conventions, with the privilege of being heard in their own behalf.
WRITING THE WOMAN’S DECLARATION OF RIGHTS
Then it was thought pre-eminently proper that a Woman’s Declaration of Rights should be issued. Days and nights were spent over that document. After many twists from analytical tweezers, with a critical consideration of every word and sentence, it was at last, by a consensus of the competent, pronounced very good. Thousands were ordered to be printed, and were folded, put in envelopes, stamped, directed, and scattered. Miss Anthony, Mrs. Gage, and I worked sixteen hours a day, pressing everyone who came in, into the service, and late at night carrying immense bundles to be mailed. With meetings, receptions, and a succession of visitors, all of whom we plied with woman suffrage literature, we felt we had accomplished a great educational work.
Coming soon: Part II. The “Spirit of 1776″ suffrage campaign wagon carried on the theme of the national suffrage movement, which was the unfinished American Revolution. Photo: Tom Walsh. Celebrate women’s freedom to vote. Visit our main news channel platform. | <urn:uuid:bfc0b614-cf9b-46ae-9a09-50b4f22d3598> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | https://suffragewagon.wordpress.com/2013/06/ | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042989234.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002309-00067-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974934 | 694 | 3.328125 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Italian: Regno delle Due Sicilie) was the largest of the Italian states before Italian unification. It was formed of a union of the Spanish Bourbon Kingdom of Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples, which collectively had long been called the "Two Sicilies" (Utriusque Siciliae), in 1816 and lasted until 1860, when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia, which became the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. The Two Sicilies had its capital in Naples and was commonly referred to in English as the "Kingdom of Naples". The kingdom extended over the Mezzogiorno (the southern part of mainland Italy) and the island of Sicily. Lancaster notes that the integration of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies into the Kingdom of Italy changed the status of Naples forever: "Abject poverty meant that, throughout Naples and Southern Italy, thousands decided to leave in search of a better future." Many went to the United States. It was heavily agricultural, like the other Italian states; the church owned 50–65% of the land by 1750.
Read more about Kingdom Of The Two Sicilies: Name, The House of Bourbon in Exile, Heads of The Royal House of The Two Sicilies, 1861–present, Flags of The Kingdom of The Two Sicilies, Orders of Knighthood, See Also
Other articles related to "kingdom of the two sicilies, kingdom of, kingdom, of the two sicilies":
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Famous quotes containing the words kingdom of and/or kingdom:
“Then people will come from east and west, from north and south, and will eat in the kingdom of God.”
—Bible: New Testament, Luke 13:29.
“Rev. J.D. Liddell: The Kingdom of God is not a democracy. The Lord never seeks re- election. Theres no discussion. No deliberation. No referenda as to which road to take. Theres one right, one wrong. One absolute ruler.
Sandy: A dictator, you mean.
Rev. J.D. Liddell: Aye, but a benign, loving dictator.”
—Colin Welland (b. 1934) | <urn:uuid:fc549bc9-6924-47f0-8b3e-ff4fceae5a99> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://www.primidi.com/kingdom_of_the_two_sicilies | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221219109.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821210655-20180821230655-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.959051 | 562 | 3.796875 | 4 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
The Economist explains
IN DECEMBER, Argentina commemorated 30 years since the ending of military government and the restoral of democracy. It was an anniversary that should have been a welcome distraction from the country's present problems of spiralling inflation and bitter social unrest. But it also dredged up memories of a brutal past that most Argentines would prefer to forget.
Marcos Adandia, a celebrated photographer whose work has featured in Rolling Stone magazine, remembers the effect this era had on artistic expression. “In the early years of democracy, artists approached their subjects with their own, internal fear,” he says. “Today, there is a state of total creative freedom.”
The Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes in Buenos Aires is hosting an exhibition of Mr Adandia's work that is testament to the changes in a country where artists can now say what was previously unsaid. “Madre” consists of photographs of the mothers of the so-called “desaparecidos”—the thousands who “disappeared” in the Dirty War of 1976-83. Up to 30,000 Argentines are estimated to have gone missing during the military dictatorship, many of them condemned as socialist sympathisers and political threats to the junta. Their remains are still being uncovered and identified: a mass grave at Arsenal Miguel de Azcuenaga, a former secret detention centre in the northern province of Tucumán, was unearthed in 2011.
Many of the mothers still walk around the Plaza de Mayo, the square in front of the presidential palace in central Buenos Aires, once a week. They began their walks in 1977 to protest against the abductions; now they are motivated by more specific concerns, such as the bringing in of legislation to help them find their children's remains. Mr Adandia’s large, black-and-white portraits of these women are accompanied by a single line of text giving their names, the name of their children, and the dates when they went missing. Grief is etched into their lined faces, along with defiance, hope and curiosity. And there is something less definable too, the suggestion that they are in some way greater than the viewer, as though Mr Adandia has put them on a pedestal, made them into heroines.
Over the course of 13 years Mr Adandia travelled all over Argentina to photograph the women—some now in their 90s—and hear their tragedies. One woman’s entire family died in a Nazi concentration camp in the second world war. Fleeing to Argentina as a young girl, she married, had a child and began a new life. But tragedy followed her across the Atlantic and her child disappeared.
Other artists have found ways to mark the passing of Argentina's pain. Roberta Bacic, a Chilean, brought some colourful yet politically charged patchwork tales, known as arpilleras, to another smaller exhibition held in Buenos Aires. Arpilleras became notorious during the 17 years Augusto Pinochet ran Chile. Chilean women made thousands to depict the harshness of life under the dictator, and they became an international symbol of women’s resistance.
And Marta Minujin, a conceptual and performance artist, had 25,000 books made containing musings on peace, friendship and freedom. She used them to build a 42-foot-high "temple" in the middle of Buenos Aires which—in an echo of a "Parthenon" she built in 1983 out of books banned by the military junta—she called the "Agora de la Paz" (the agora of peace). The public were allowed to take the books away when the monument came down.
Her temple conveys some of the joy that comes from freedom and the relief of escape. It is a comfort that may never come to Mr Adandia’s mothers.
"Madre" is at the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes in Buenos Aires until February 28th 2014
Left picture: Amneris Eugenia Perusini, Madre de Daniel Omar Favero Perusini, detenido desaparecido el 24 de junio de 1977
Right: Delia Pollola, Madre de José Américo Pollola, detenido desaparecido el 25 de febrero de 1978 | <urn:uuid:963f16db-abc4-4cea-8bbc-16686f04066b> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2014/01/30-years-argentine-democracy | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115856087.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161056-00245-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961596 | 907 | 2.671875 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Stories about Trinidad & Tobago from October, 2020
Environmental risk posed by Venezuelan oil tanker highlights importance of transparency and public participation
"The power that activist groups and citizens have in the palm of their hands, through social media and other digital platforms, is immense and far-reaching."
A potential oil spill in the area, environmentalists say, would be disastrous for both marine ecosystems and livelihoods.
A group of experts from Trinidad and Tobago comprised “the first agency besides engineers of Venezuela” to set foot on the vessel, which carries approximately 1.3 million barrels of crude oil.
Reparatory justice can play an important role in dealing with challenges like disease, climate change and COVID-19, all of which pose existential threats to the region.
The FSO Nabarima, a tanker filled with approximately 1.3 million barrels of crude oil, is in imminent danger of sinking and causing an ecological disaster in the Gulf of Paria.
Laughter has become a critical coping mechanism in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, but in an era of social media "influencers," can anyone lay claim to originality?
"We transformed these broken colonies into functional democracies without any support […] and now we have this debt crisis because we were abandoned by those who plundered our wealth."
"When a wrong has been committed, it must be repaired. If you recognise that colonization has been a source of massive crimes against humanity, then reparations are legitimate."
Trinidad & Tobago loses a fount of cultural knowledge with the passing of comedian Dennis ‘Sprangalang’ Hall
"He was our identity, he was a creole griot. A historical raconteur who spoke the nation language in a way that was universal. A comedian who made us think." | <urn:uuid:ee15e840-3f40-4856-bd7b-f23cc25002bd> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://globalvoices.org/-/world/caribbean/trinidad-tobago/?m=202010 | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100529.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204115419-20231204145419-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.956076 | 375 | 2.71875 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Termites belonging to the family Kalotermitidae are known as drywood termites. They are considered a primitive group of termites based on their morphology, nesting behavior and social organization.
The most common species found throughout the country and neighbouring country in association with houses, infesting untreated timbers in service are Cryptotermes cynocephalus and Cryptotermes domesticus.
Drywood termites’ legs are shorter than subterranean termites’ legs, and they literally move slower as a result. They are primarily restricted to feeding on drywood and no distinct nest structures are made. Galleries, excavated within the wood, serve as nests. Colonies are usually small. Drywood termite colonies develop slowly. The entire colony may take five years or more to mature.
Responsibilities for reproduction, foraging and colony defense are divided up among castes: reproductives (king, queen and alates), “workers” and soldiers. Eggs may take several months to hatch. Eggs hatch into larvae which undergoes about three molts, the young beginning the process of separating into castes. In drywood termites, the worker caste does not consist of true workers that are reproductively sterile as found in subterranean termites. Worker caste role is assumed by late instar larvae, termed as pseudergates or pseudoworkers. Although morphologically these pseudoworkers are still very larval-like, behaviorally they are very much like the worker caste of subterranean termites. All members of the colony except for the reproductives are blind.
Drywood termites are more commonly recognized by their fecal pellets. These pellets are pushed out of the termite galleries and may build up in small piles beneath the area of infestation. The pellets are about one millimeter in size with six distinctly concave surfaces and rounded ends. Pellets are often the colour of the wood on which the termites are feeding. As with subterranean termites, drywood termites swarm to establish new colonies elsewhere. They are weak fliers and tend to flutter about on the wind as much as actively fly. It is likely that they will not stray too far from the original colony in their dispersal flights.
Drywood termites behave differently from subterranean termites in many respects. They live in very dry, sound wood, require no moisture source or ground contact and create no mud tubes. These termites also tend to have colonies that are very small and slow-growing, generally consisting of a few thousand termites at maturity. Small colony size may confine damage to a relatively small area, however, multiple infestations through swarming is common. Drywood termites build large, sandpaper-smooth galleries that can cut both across and along the wood grain. A paper-thin layer of surface wood is left over the galleries as they feed. Fecal pellets may also be present when the galleries are broken open. Piles of pellets outside the galleries may be the only clue that there is a termite problem.
Drywood termites have the ability to infest both dead wood in trees and wood used in structures. They may also be found in furniture and wood pallets.
Typical signs of infestation include:
1. Shed wings
2. Ejected piles of fecal pellets
3. Smooth galleries inside wood are typical signs of a drywood termite infestation.
4. Swarming alates
Alates commonly enter structures through eaves of roofs, attics, cracks around window or door frames, or cracks in siding. Alates can find a niche in wood that provides optimum conditions for establishing a colony.
A thorough inspection of every part of a structure is crucial in controlling drywood termite infestations. All exposed exterior and interior wood surfaces such as exposed floor areas, furniture, cabinets has to be carefully inspected.
Once the extent of the infestation had been determined, appropriate control measures are taken. The traditional and newer subterranean termite control and prevention strategies are not used with drywood termites. Because colonies are smaller and more isolated, the most common method of control is through the injection of chemicals (dusts, liquids or aerosols) into infested wood.
Alternate to the above would be to carry out fumigation treatment. This is normally carried out if the infestation is widespread, inaccessible or valuable furniture is involved. Prevention of drywood termites is directed at swarmers. All cracks, vents or other openings should be properly screened or caulked. | <urn:uuid:0210f589-6b4c-4c52-8f6a-b9aeab23e218> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.skpestmanagement.com/project/drywood-termite-control/ | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426372.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726182141-20170726202141-00335.warc.gz | en | 0.94498 | 938 | 3.984375 | 4 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Summary from the final discussion
The question we asked:
What does it mean to teach introductory geoscience in the
How do we achieve the long-term impacts we want to have on students in the context of:
- 21st century geoscience, societal needs, environmental pressures, technology
- Millennial-generation students and new technologies
- Current and future opportunities and challenges of your academic setting
Within courses, we seek to:
- Shift introductory course content as new issues arise to include more about resources and climate change, but without losing the core content.
- Encourage students to take ownership of their own learning
- Focus on what the geosciences can offer that is unique, such as a deep time perspective
- Incorporate what we know from the cognitive sciences and how people learn into our teaching to better reach our students
- Teach the science behind (and the process of science/knowledge building) of so-called "controversial" issues, like climate change, ethanol production, and evolution
- Adopt beneficial new technology without leaving some of our students (or ourselves) behind; use technology to give our students new experiences (virtual field trips, Google Earth) and not just for the sake of using technology.
- Introduce students to 21st century scientific advances by using tools such as online large datasets
- Take advantage of our local settings as teaching environments
- Develop courses that build on the background and interests of our student populations
- Take advantage of our students' technological tools, like cell phone cameras and instant messaging
Within departments, we seek to:
- Place introductory courses within the context of new curricula: our curricula should help students deal with new problems, and the introductory courses should reflect that
- Make curricular changes that reflect new directions of science without losing the core - we can't just continue to expand curricula, so we need to make intelligent choices about what should be included
- Mentor new faculty in their teaching, so that they don't reinvent the wheel
- Produce technology-literate graduates who are comfortable using Excel, online databases, GPS and GIS, etc.
- Design the classrooms we want for teaching, including everything from chalkboards to SmartBoards.
Within institutions, we seek to:
- Promote the geosciences as relevant and important and as critical contributors to the academic setting
- Determine how to best serve the population we have, not by "dumbing down" content or changing requirements, but by taking advantage of supporting resources such as ESL programs and basic skills courses
- Breach the walls between departments to help students see the connections between disciplines
Within the broader community, we seek to:
- Develop strong relationships between 2-yr colleges and 4-yr colleges and universities, including opportunities for research experiences
- Be active in the development and approval of K-12 state science standards and teacher professional development in order to build the student population of the future that we want
- Update articulation agreements between 2-yr and 4-yr colleges to allow more non-traditional introductory courses to be transferred with students
- Expose K-12 students (and their parents and teachers) to geoscience content and careers
- Diversify the geosciences through active recruitment to bring students into our introductory courses
Challenges we face
- There is a general movement towards online classes, especially at large state schools and community colleges - these are a challenge both pedagogically and content-wise for a typically hands-on, field-based discipline.
- We are limited by students we get, who aren't exposed to geoscience early.
- Colleges and universities are facing budget cuts and department closures; it can be particularly challenging to keep up with technology.
- The digital divide still exists, and will continue to be a challenge as our audiences diversify.
- Faculty are often behind their students in terms of computer literacy. | <urn:uuid:55e5eeaf-b845-4766-b21e-1f2b8ad52a5c> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/intro08/final.html | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637898644.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025818-00228-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938014 | 807 | 3.8125 | 4 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Nearly 25 million farmers in more than 50 countries worldwide depend on growing coffee for their livelihood. Since 2000, the world market price of coffee has plummeted to a 30-year low and now sells for about 50 cents per pound -- enough to brew 40 cups.
Because of a glut in the market, many have been forced to sell their crops for less than the cost of production. For countries that rely heavily on exports, the effects are devastating. Millions of families are unable to afford food, shelter, healthcare, schooling and other necessities. Many are losing their land or abandoning their fields in hope of finding work elsewhere.
First thing in the morning, most people aren't ready to think about social issues, especially ones that affect Third World villagers thousands of miles away. A cup of Fair Trade coffee can clear the cobwebs as well as help provide a living wage for the people who produce it.
During a Fair Trade conference Sept. 21 at Su Casa Ministries, Jovita Hernandez, a young Mexican coffee harvester, described her three years picking "cherries," the bright red coffee fruit that eventually became your cuppa. Her message: Working in coffee fields from 6 a.m. to sundown is backbreaking, dangerous and demeaning.
These fields could be depicted as open-air sweatshops.
Bishop Alvaro Ramazzini of San Marcos, Guatemala, who spoke through a translator at the conference, expressed anger at the disparity between the price of a cup of coffee and the amount paid to farm workers. He said that when he arrived in the United States, he couldn't help but convert the cost of a $4.50 Starbucks coffee he visited to his native currency. The Guatemalan equivalent, approximately 38 quetzales, equals about four to five days' wages for the average harvester -- less than $1 a day.
Ramazzini, who has received both human rights awards and death threats for his work mediating land disputes for the poor, said Guatemala is the poorest country in Central America. He attributes this to the system of export, which he says "has only produced poverty."
Not everyone in Guatemala is poor, however. Ramazzini said 2 percent of the 10 million population owns almost three-fourths of all arable land. Because this land is devoted to exports such as coffee, bananas and sugar cane, many people starve. The country now has to import corn, the very crop its people, the Mayans, have always been famous for.
Ramazzini drew a direct connection between the coffee crisis and the influx of immigrants to the United States. He said that each year for the past four years approximately 65,000 Guatemalans have tried to emigrate to the U. S. looking for work; many have died on the way. Others have sought work in overcrowded cities or tried to cultivate more lucrative crops such as coca, used for cocaine and opium poppies, used for heroin.
What hurts most is that youth age 21 and younger, 70 percent of the population, "don't even have the promise of a better future than their parents or grandparents," Ramazzini said.
Agricultural reform is the only hope for improvement, and the Fair Trade is a good start, he said.
Fair Trade is a system designed to give the majority of profit from coffee and other products directly to the people who produce them. It guarantees a price at least 5-15 percent above the market value -- a minimum of $1.26 per pound of coffee, or $1.41 if it's organic.
Fair Trade prohibits forced or exploitative child labor, provides credit to farmers at low rates, promotes sustainable farming methods, encourages long-term business relationships and organizes farmers in cooperatives. Other products that can be certified as Fair Trade include cocoa, bananas, mangoes, sugar and handcrafted items. TransFair USA, the only third-party certification agency in the United States, created a logo in 1999 to help consumers identify Fair Trade products.
Five years ago only one company, Equal Exchange, was devoted to promoting Fair Trade. Today there are 225 such companies. More than 130 coffee roasters and importers and about 10,000 retailers now sell Fair Trade coffee. Many faith-based organizations are promoting Fair Trade by offering coffee after services and educating their parishioners about the social effects of consumer choices.
Procter & Gamble, one of the world's largest coffee moguls, is preparing to join the movement. The company recently decided to pilot a certain amount of Fair Trade coffee in a new product, Mountain Moonlight.
Sister Alice Gerdeman, coordinator of the Intercommunity Justice and Peace Center, says this is exactly the sort of action Fair Trade advocates are pushing: to bring the average Joe a just cup of joe. If Fair Trade coffee is used in already familiar brands, many more people will consider buying it, she says. Furthermore, because of its careful processing, Fair Trade coffee is generally a better quality and therefore will be an easy choice for someone who wants to purchase quality as well as equality, she says.
"If you're buying a pound, it might be more expensive, but if it's a cup, probably not," she says. "Why not make this choice and know you're helping people?"
P&G's cooperation is limited, however. Its Fair Trade product will be available only to consumers online.
Gerdeman plans to rally with Global Exchange, an international human rights organization, at P&G's annual shareholders meeting Oct. 15.
Valerie Orth of Global Exchange will be a keynote speaker during the Globalization Conference Oct. 10-12 at the University of Cincinnati. She encourages those interested in helping improve the lives of Third World farmers to ask for and buy Fair Trade coffee and introduce Fair Trade to church, work or school organizations.
"We call it 'drinking a cup of justice,' " she says. © | <urn:uuid:e18d8d38-e9cf-49ae-9077-73ae06e2d837> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://citybeat.com/cincinnati/article-7976-news_justice_in_your_cup.html | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115855897.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161055-00121-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967063 | 1,219 | 2.90625 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
1881-J. Baker Greene suggests “lmlk” means “to Moloch”, and “Ziph” is a personal name, suggesting the jars are temple vessels dating to post-Josianic times.
1891-A suggestion is made the stamps contain personal names of potters with the common element “Moloch”.
1893-A suggestion is made by Archibald Sayce that the “lmlk” is a votive element (“to Moloch”).
1899-A suggestion is made that the impressions date to the Judges period, and is the first suggestion made that the names “Ziph” and “Socoh” are place-names, largely due to the finding of “Hebron” impressions at Azekah. A suggestion is made that “lmlk” means “belonging to the king of Judah”, and that all the names on the impressions are town names. Conder suggests c. 500 BC as the date of the impressions. Archibald Sayce dates the impressions to the 8th C BC.
1900-A suggestion is made that the place-names refer to local standards of measure or quality. An observation is made that pottery is often delivered to Shephelah villages by traveling salesmen. A suggestion by Macalister that all cases of lmlks outside Jerusalem are cases of secondary use is made. A suggestion that the place-names represent royal potteries is made. | <urn:uuid:10be1d0c-db44-4c06-908e-42be8e84f0af> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://againstjebelallawz.wordpress.com/2011/11/19/a-history-of-the-interpretation-of-lmlk-impressions/ | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549448198.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728103510-20170728123510-00396.warc.gz | en | 0.962779 | 327 | 3.140625 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Attempting to review Thomas Paine’s Common Sense is somewhat absurd. After all, as a political pamphlet, it set itself one task above all: to persuade its readers and that aim it has unquestionably achieved. You cannot possibly read an account of the American Revolution which does not mention Thomas Paine. America’s independence seems now to be unquestionably common-sense.
Yet it was fascinating to read Paine in the context of the Joanne Freeman’s course on the American Revolution (which by the way is highly recommended).
Before the American Revolution, we hear many times that most people may have disagreed with Parliament but they still liked to think of themselves as loyal subjects of the King. Thomas Paine’s pamphlet does away with any niceties of the sort:
“England, since the conquest, hath known some few good monarchs, but groaned beneath a much larger number of bad ones, yet no man can say that their claim under William the Conqueror is a very honourable one. A French bastard landing with an armed banditti, and establishing himself king of England against the consent of the natives, is in plain terms a very paltry rascally original. – It certainly hath no divinity in it.”
Paine goes on to argue that leaving the American Revolution will necessarily happen: the only question is whether it will happen imminently or will be left to the care of future generations (and then concludes that it would be cowardly to leave to posterity).
This was all, as expected from Thomas Paine’s Common Sense. What surprised me, however, was a short treatise included in this edition, called Agrarian Justice . Agrarian Justice basically argues that poverty is an unnatural state that arose due to the existence of civilization, and therefore it should be amended with Paine’s attempt at devising a universal basic income. Now, I’m not a political economist of a historian of ideas, but I found this little essay fascinating, if only because it shows that the concerns of the 21st century are not necessarily unique to their time.
Anyway, these two short pamphlets are definitely a recommended read for anyone with an interest in the history of the United States (or the history of 18th-century thought).
P.S. An additional benefit of reading Common Sense is that once you read it, you can sing along with Angelica Schuyler in “Hamilton”,
“I’ve been reading Common Sense by Thomas Paine
So men say that I’m intense or I’m insane…”
That is literally the reason I picked up this book in the bookshop, and I’m not even ashamed… | <urn:uuid:3dedc6c2-fd27-46d0-aa42-784b607938c4> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://litcritpop.com/2018/05/02/thomas-paine-common-sense-book-review/?like_comment=524&_wpnonce=041e6b3120 | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144429.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219214816-20200220004816-00210.warc.gz | en | 0.961169 | 570 | 2.546875 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Not On Our Shelves, But Available from Warehouse - Usually Delivers in 3-14 Days (Please note: This book cannot be returned.)
Over 80 instructional drawings of native art. Learn to draw Native Art First Nations artist Robert E. Stanley Sr. shares his knowledge and technique in rendering classic northwest native drawings. Now you too, can learn to draw some of the legendary animals of the First Nations tribes, by learning Robert's techniques passed down to him from generation to generation.
About the Author
The author, one of eleven siblings, was born in a little village on the northern coast of British Columbia. The village, called Gingolx: in his native tongue, is also known as Kncolith. Robert Stanley now resides in Terrace, British Columbia. | <urn:uuid:7696e35e-65c9-44e9-93b6-a41547b63df2> | CC-MAIN-2024-26 | https://www.bookshopsantacruz.com/book/9780888395061 | 2024-06-23T22:09:03Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-26/segments/1718198864850.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20240623194302-20240623224302-00001.warc.gz | en | 0.959863 | 156 | 2.71875 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
How Will a Mild Winter Affect Sunflower Insects?
Saturday, April 15, 2006
filed under: Insects
It’s possible that warmer temperatures would enable more sunflower insects to successfully overwinter, but there is no way of predicting risk going into and during the growing season, since so many factors can still affect insect populations, according to Jan Knodel, extension entomologist at North Dakota State University.
She points out that factors such as insulating snow cover and field residue, temperature and moisture in the spring and early summer, as well as natural predators such as disease and parasitic insects, can all affect insect populations.
Natural enemies of the sunflower stem weevil, for example, include parasitic wasps that attack both the egg and larval stage. Cool, wet weather in the spring can wreak havoc on developing grasshopper populations. Conversely, good soil moisture in the month of June promotes survival and emergence of the sunflower midge. Cool weather that delays crop emergence increases the potential for injury from early-season seed damaging insects, such as wireworms. And it goes without saying that weather and other factors that affect insects can vary widely from one side of the county to another.
Thus, the best advice is to keep your eye on sunflower insect developments this growing season, with particular attention to insects and fields that were problem areas last year. Scout fields, and if numbers reach economic thresholds, treat accordingly.
Much of the information about the following insects that can be a problem in sunflower is courtesy of the North Dakota State University Extension Service and Kansas State University. Labeled products, product use rates, and application restrictions may vary by state. Some treatment products are restricted-use insecticides. All products should be used with close adherence to label instructions.
Scouting: Most cutworm damage occurs when plants are in the early stage of development. Damage consists of young plants chewed off slightly below or at ground level. Some cutworm feeding injury may occur on foliage. Cutworms primarily feed at night. When checking fields for cutworms during the day, dig down into soil an inch or two around recently damaged plants and look for the gray to gray-brown larva.
Keep in mind that while the seed treatment product Cruiser (a.i. thiamethoxam) has demonstrated success in controlling early-season insects such as wireworms and flea beetles, the product shouldn’t be expected to control insects (or diseases, in the case of the DM formulation) beyond those listed on the product label. Cutworms are not listed on the Cruiser label. Some have observed that Cruiser may help protect plants from cutworms early in the season. But the product shouldn’t be expected to offer complete control, especially as the growing season progresses, since it is not labeled for cutworms.
A simple method of scouting cutworms to consider: Mix the labeled rate of an insecticide for cutworms in an ATV-mounted sprayer. Three or four days after planting, make a diagonal spray pass across a sunflower field. Come back about an hour before sunset and again before sunrise to check dead cutworms in the treatment path. Scout early after the sample spray to get a good count.
Treatment: Warranted when one cutworm or more is found per square foot or if there is a 25 to 30% stand reduction.
Scouting: Wireworms join cutworms as crop pests that growers should watch for early in the growing season, particularly in a no-till system. Wireworms have a longer life cycle than cutworms, and usually feed on roots and germinating seedlings below ground. Wireworms prefer more moist, cooler soil temperatures (50-55 degrees F) and move deeper into the soil if soil gets too dry and when soil temperatures become too hot (>80 F).
Treatment: Cruiser is currently the only insecticide seed treatment registered for wireworm in sunflower that provides seedling protection. Some producers who have applied Furadan 4F (Carbofuran) at planting for treating early-season insects have observed wireworm control. The systemic product can be mixed with water or liquid fertilizer, and producers have observed that applying it in-furrow with the seed doesn’t hurt seed germination or seedling development.
Palestriped flea beetles
Scouting: Adults are very small, about 3/16 of an inch long, dark brown to black in color, with two white stripes down its back. Like any flea beetle species, the palestriped flea beetle has enlarged hind legs enabling them to jump from plant to plant. Adults overwinter on the field under soil and plant debris. They then resume feeding in the spring of the following year. These overwintered beetles will then lay eggs in the soil near the base of host plants. Grubs feed on plant roots transform into pupae, then adult flea beetles in the summer. There is only one generation per year. Flea beetles produce a characteristic injury known as ‘shot-holing.’ The adults chew many small holes or pits in the leaves, which make them look as if they have been damaged by fine buckshot. Young plants and seedlings are particularly susceptible.
Treatment: The insecticide seed treatment Cruiser has demonstrated control of the palestriped flea beetle.
Colorado State University online fact sheet on flea beetles: http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/insect/05592.html
Scouting: The sunflower stem weevil is 3/16 inches in length, and grayish-brown with varying shaped white spots on the wing covers. Weevils emerge in mid-to-late May in the High Plains, and June in the Northern Plains. Eggs are deposited in epidermal tissue of the stem. Controls, directed at the adults to minimize egg laying, should be initiated about when plants are at the six to eight leaf stage. When about 25 to 30 or more larvae per stalk, it can become weakened, with breakage most likely to occur during drought stress or high winds.
Scouting is difficult due to their size, coloration, and habit of “playing dead.” NDSU advises examining five plants each at five locations and keep record of the number of weevils found. Approach plants carefully to avoid alarming the weevils, causing them to drop to the ground. Scout from late June to mid-July.
Treatment: Treat for sunflower stem weevils when scouting determines that an average of one adult per three plants is found.
Colorado State University stem weevil fact sheet:
Longhorned Beetle (Dectes or Soybean Stem Borer)
Scouting: The bluish gray adult stem borer is about 5/8 inches long with long banded antennae. In soybeans, adults lay eggs during July and August, and larvae tunnel through stems until September. Even if an insecticide for control was available (no sunflower insecticide labels currently include this insect), treatment would be difficult due to prolonged emergence of the adults. Early research indicates that timely harvest will help prevent lodging due to this insect. Avoid rotating soybeans after sunflower where this insect has been a problem. See fact sheet online: http://www.planthealth.info/borer_basics.htm
Banded Sunflower Moth
Scouting: Banded sunflower moths begin to emerge from the soil about mid July. Peak activity normally occurs about the last week of July or the first week of August. Moths fly from last year's field to the current year's field, congregating around field margins. The moths tend to move into sunflower fields during the bud stage, with a preference for the mid-bud stage. Eggs are laid on the back of the bud and the outside of bracts. Newly hatched larvae move from these sites to the face of the flower and begin feeding on bracts and florets.
Treatment: Consider an insecticide application when one moth is found for every two plants inspected. Because moths initially congregate around field margins prior to flowering, treatment of field margins can reduce the adult population.
Scouting: A migratory insect that blows in from the south, this grayish tan moth moves into fields in early bloom, depositing eggs on the face of the flower, commonly at the base of newly opened florets. Damage is similar to that caused by the banded moth. The same monitoring strategies are recommended for sunflower moth as those for the banded moth. This insect traditionally does not move further north than Nebraska.
Treatment: Consider when one to two moths are found for every five plants inspected.
Scouting: The midge is a small tan-colored fly, 3/32 inch in length. It emerges in early July, preferring to lay eggs on developing buds, one to two inches in diameter. The cream to yellowish-orange larvae feed on bract tissue at first and later on the flowers and seeds. When feeding is confined to the bracts, damage results in little economic loss. At higher populations, seed production is reduced or prevented. This type of injury appears as twisted and gnarled flowers. Often, infestations will be limited to field margins. When populations are large, damage may extend into the field and significant field losses may be observed. Good soil moisture in the month of June may enhance survival and emergence of midge. This insect is seldom seen in the High Plains states.
Management: There are no effective chemical controls currently recognized for this pest. The best management strategy is crop rotation. Rotate to crops other than sunflower in the vicinity of large infestations. Staggering planting dates to promote different budding periods between fields aids in reducing risk of damage to fields in the same geographic areas. Some hybrids may have greater midge tolerance than others – ask your seed dealer for guidance.
Red Seed Weevil
Scouting: Commonly begins to emerge in early July and can continue until mid-August, although actual dates can vary by latitude. It’s thus advised to time scoutings and treatments to plant development stages. For example, red seed weevil females need to feed on pollen before they lay eggs, so scouting should start at about R.5. Start counting adult seed weevils when the yellow ray petals are just beginning to show. Counts should continue until the economic threshold level has been reached or most plants have reached 70% pollen shed, when few seeds are still suitable for red seed weevil egg laying. At this point, fields should no longer be susceptible to damage. When sampling, use the X pattern and begin counting at least 70 to 100 feet into the field to avoid field margin effects. Count the number of weevils on five plants at each site for a total of 25 plants.
Treatment: Recommended plant stage for treatment is when three out of 10 plants are just beginning to shed pollen. For confection sunflower, treatment is recommended when one to two weevils are found per plant. For oil sunflower, the economic threshold can be calculated using the following formula:
Threshold (weevils per head) = Cost of insecticide treatment
(Market price x 21.5) (0.000022 x plant population + 0.18)
More treatment details online: http://www.ext.nodak.edu/extpubs/plantsci/pests/e1143w1.htm (scroll down to ‘Sunflower Insects’ link, then go to sunflower seed weevil information)
Scouting: Sunflower beetles begin feeding shortly after they emerge from overwintering. Emergence starts mid-May (again, this can be earlier further south, and later further north). Most feeding by adults is concentrated on the true leaves. When beetles are numerous, young plants may be severely defoliated by adults, although most damage usually results from larval feeding. Adults quickly begin laying pale yellow eggs on stems and the underside of leaves. Eggs hatch in about eight days. The pale green humpbacked larvae begin feeding, eating holes throughout the leaf. Larvae do not feed during the day, resting in the plant tops where they are easily observed.
Treatment: Adults- Treatment is recommended when scouting determines that an average of one to two beetles per plant can be found throughout the field. Larvae- When an average of 10 to 15 larvae per plant are found, defoliation levels of 25 to 30% would be expected. Treatment is suggested when damage levels reach this point and most larvae are still 1/4 inch in size. When larvae become larger than this, most damage will already have occurred and little can be gained by treatment.
Lygus (Tarnished Plant Bug)
Scouting and treatment: Confection sunflower is susceptible to Lygus damage during flowering, from anthesis through seed hardening, resulting in kernel brown spot. Entomologists have found that populations of adult Lygus at levels of one insect per nine heads could result in economic loss to the producer through the reduction of seed quality. Lygus can be treated at the same time confection sunflower is treated for other insects, such as the seed weevil and banded sunflower moth. NDSU entomologists suggest two insecticide treatments for confection sunflower to adequately protect heads from insect feeding: One application at the onset of pollen shed, or about 10% bloom, followed by a second treatment seven days later.
Insect Info on the Internet
2006 N.D. Field Crop Insect Management Guide
NDSU Crop Insect Publications
North Dakota State University Entomology
(see link to ‘Crop and Pest Report’ May – August)
Kansas State University Entomology
2006 K-State Sunflower Management Bulletin
South Dakota State University Extension Entomology
University of Nebraska Insect Treatment Recommendations
University of Manitoba | <urn:uuid:23fc9680-dcbf-4a11-8b76-95c2c624bfcd> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://sunflowernsa.com/magazine/articles/default.aspx?ArticleID=3108 | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647556.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321004405-20180321024405-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.940183 | 2,880 | 2.828125 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
Marine Zone Monitoring Program
Since Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary’s marine zones were established in 1997, researchers have been studying the coral reefs, other habitats, and marine life inside the highly protected areas and comparing them to sites outside the zones. These research projects help determine whether the marine zones are succeeding to protect marine life and habitat within the sanctuary.
Some zone monitoring projects compare how much coral is present inside and outside a marine zone and how that level has changed over the years. Other projects look at how healthy a hardbottom community is from one site to another. Still other researchers look at reef fish, and how their size and populations might differ inside a zone or outside or how many different species are found in zone sites versus other areas.
Results from these studies and others help sanctuary managers understand how to better utilize marine zones to protect the special resources of the Florida Keys. | <urn:uuid:46cff7a2-8103-4b62-82eb-0155c9250814> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://floridakeys.noaa.gov/research_monitoring/zonemonitoring.html | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736676381.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215756-00106-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939864 | 177 | 3.359375 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |
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Santalum spicatum, a species known as Australian sandalwood, is a tree native to semi-arid areas of southern and western Australia. It is traded as sandalwood and its valuable oil has been used as an aromatic, a medicine and a food source. S. spicatum is one of four high value Santalum species occurring in Australia.
Additional recommended knowledge
It belongs to the family Santalaceae and is one of four species to occur in Western Australia. It has a similar distribution to quandong (Santalum acuminatum)and is a hemi-parasite requiring macro-nutrients from roots of hosts. It has a shrubby to small tree habit, but can grow to 6 metres and is tolerant of drought and salt. The foliage is grey green in colour. The fruit of S. spicatum is spherical, about 3 cm in diameter and is orange. An edible kernel with a hard shell forms the bulk of the fruit; the shell is smoother than S. acuminatum's deeply pitted surface. Germination occurs during warm and moist conditions. The impact of over cultivation and land clearing for agriculture, since the 1880s, has greatly reduced the range of the species. The oils produced by the tree contain a greater complexity of chemicals, many of which have antimicrobial qualities.
The harvest and export of S. spicatum has been an important part of the west Australian economy, at one time forming more than half of the states revenue. Settlement of the Wheatbelt area was accelerated by the funds generated by 'Sandalwood' found there. Distribution and population of the endemic stands were significantly affected during periods of rural development and economic downturn.
Research by the Forestry Products Commission (Western Australia), State universities and private industry is being undertaken into the cultivation of the tree and the properties of its wood and nuts. Replanting has occurred at some properties as a land restoration strategy, a food crop and in the long term for harvest. Oil valued at $1 000(Au) per kilogram is produced at Mount Romance in Albany, Western Australia. The area of commercial plantations has risen from 7 to 70 km² between 2000 and 2006. The export of 2 000 tonnes of sandalwood a year is primarily sourced from plantations. The harvest of naturally occurring trees is reduced when compared to the industry of the nineteenth century. Exports of over 50 000 tonnes in the last decade were related to agricultural expansion by increased access and harvesters.
Germination is difficult and may depend on the El Niño cycle. Success has been reported by placing the kernels in moist vermiculite in sealed plastic bags at room temperature. Once germinated, it should be planted next to a (preferably Australian native) seedling, and watered adequately.
|This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Santalum_spicatum". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.| | <urn:uuid:c2fdce2d-5d22-4efe-9999-06f44534274e> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/Santalum_spicatum.html | null | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057787.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925232725-20210926022725-00206.warc.gz | en | 0.945458 | 683 | 2.84375 | 3 | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu |