Datasets:
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README.md
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## Context & Data
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<hr style='margin-top:-1em; margin-bottom:0' />
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The hereby FLAIR (#2) dataset is sampled countrywide and is composed of over 20 billion annotated pixels of very high resolution aerial imagery at 0.2 m spatial resolution, acquired over three years and different months (spatio-temporal domains).
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Aerial imagery patches consist of 5 channels (RVB-Near Infrared-Elevation) and have corresponding annotation (with 19 semantic classes or 13 for the baselines).
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Furthermore, to integrate broader spatial context and temporal information, high resolution Sentinel-2 satellite 1-year time series with 10 spectral band are also provided.
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More than 50,000 Sentinel-2 acquisitions with 10 m spatial resolution are available.
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<br>
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The dataset covers
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<style type="text/css">
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.tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}
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<th class="tg-zv4m"></th>
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<th class="tg-zv4m">Class</th>
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<th class="tg-8jgo">Freq.-train (%)</th>
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<th class="tg-8jgo">Freq.-test (%)</th>
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<th class="tg-zv4m"></th>
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<th class="tg-zv4m">Class</th>
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<th class="tg-8jgo">Freq.-train (%)</th>
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<th class="tg-8jgo">Freq.-test (%)</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<td class="tg-2e1p"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(1) Building</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">8.14</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">3.26</td>
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<td class="tg-l5fa"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(11) Agricultural Land</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">10.98</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">18.19</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-9efv"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(2) Pervious surface</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">8.25</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">3.82</td>
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<td class="tg-rime"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(12) Plowed land</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">3.88</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">1.81</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-3m6m"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(3) Impervious surface</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">13.72</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">5.87</td>
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<td class="tg-2cns"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(13) Swimming pool</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">0.01</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">0.02</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-r3rw"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(4) Bare soil</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">3.47</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">1.6</td>
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<td class="tg-jjsp"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(14) Snow</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">0.15</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">-</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-9xgv"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(5) Water</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">4.88</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">3.17</td>
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<td class="tg-2w6m"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(15) Clear cut</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">0.15</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">0.82</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-b45e"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(6) Coniferous</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">2.74</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">10.24</td>
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<td class="tg-nla7"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(16) Mixed</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">0.05</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">0.12</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-qg2z"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(7) Deciduous</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">15.38</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">24.79</td>
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<td class="tg-nv8o"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(17) Ligneous</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">0.01</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">-</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-grz5"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(8) Brushwood</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">6.95</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">
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<td class="tg-bja1"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(18) Greenhouse</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">0.12</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">0.15</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-69kt"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(9) Vineyard</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">3.13</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">2.55</td>
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<td class="tg-nto1"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(19) Other</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">0.14</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">0.04</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-r1r4"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(10) Herbaceous vegetation</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">17.84</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">19.76</td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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## Dataset Structure
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<hr style='margin-top:-1em; margin-bottom:0' />
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The FLAIR dataset consists of
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<p align="center"><img src="readme_imgs/flair-patches.png" alt="" style="width:70%;max-width:600px;"/></p><br>
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Each pixel has been manually annotated by photo-interpretation of the 20 cm resolution aerial imagery, carried out by a team supervised by geography experts from the IGN.
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Movable objects like cars or boats are annotated according to their underlying cover.
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###
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The dataset is made up of
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For our experiments, we designate 32 domains for training, 8 for validation, and reserve 10
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This arrangement ensures a balanced distribution of semantic classes, radiometric attributes, bioclimatic conditions, and acquisition times across each set.
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Consequently, every split accurately reflects the landscape diversity inherent to metropolitan France.
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It is important to mention that the patches come with meta-data permitting alternative splitting schemes
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Official domain split: <br/>
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<div style="display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: center">
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<div style="flex: 40%;">
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<img src="readme_imgs/flair-splits.png" alt="
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</div>
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<div style="flex: 60%;">
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<table border="1">
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<tr>
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<th><font color="#c7254e">TRAIN:</font></th>
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<td>D004, D014, D029, D031, D058, D066, D067, D077</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th><font color="#c7254e">TEST:</font></th>
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<td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</div>
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</div>
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<br><br>
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## Baseline code
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<hr style='margin-top:-1em; margin-bottom:0' />
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We propose the U-T&T model, a two-branch architecture that combines spatial and temporal information from very high-resolution aerial images and high-resolution satellite images into a single output. The U-Net architecture is employed for the spatial/texture branch, using a ResNet34 backbone model pre-trained on ImageNet. For the spatio-temporal branch,
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the U-TAE architecture incorporates a Temporal self-Attention Encoder (TAE) to explore the spatial and temporal characteristics of the Sentinel-2 time series data,
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applying attention masks at different resolutions during decoding. This model allows for the fusion of learned information from both sources,
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enhancing the representation of mono-date and time series data.
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U-T&T code repository 📁 : https://github.com/IGNF/FLAIR-2
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<th><font color="#c7254e"><b>IMPORTANT!</b></font></th> <b>The structure of the current dataset differs from the one that comes with the GitHub repository.</b>
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To work with the current dataset, you need to replace the <font color=‘#D7881C’><em>src/load_data.py</em></font> file with the one provided here.
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domains_val : ["D004_2021","D014_2020","D029_2021","D031_2019","D058_2020","D066_2021","D067_2021","D077_2021"]
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domains_test : ["D015_2020","D022_2021","D026_2020","D036_2020","D061_2020","D064_2021","D068_2021","D069_2020","D071_2020","D084_2021"]
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```
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<br><br>
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## Reference
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<hr style='margin-top:-1em; margin-bottom:0' />
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Please include a citation to the following article if you use the FLAIR dataset:
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```
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@inproceedings{garioud2023flair,
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doi={https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2310.13336},
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}
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```
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## Acknowledgment
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<hr style='margin-top:-1em; margin-bottom:0' />
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## Context & Data
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<hr style='margin-top:-1em; margin-bottom:0' />
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The hereby FLAIR (#1 and #2) dataset is sampled countrywide and is composed of over 20 billion annotated pixels of very high resolution aerial imagery at 0.2 m spatial resolution, acquired over three years and different months (spatio-temporal domains).
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Aerial imagery patches consist of 5 channels (RVB-Near Infrared-Elevation) and have corresponding annotation (with 19 semantic classes or 13 for the baselines).
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Furthermore, to integrate broader spatial context and temporal information, high resolution Sentinel-2 satellite 1-year time series with 10 spectral band are also provided.
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More than 50,000 Sentinel-2 acquisitions with 10 m spatial resolution are available.
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<br>
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The dataset covers 55 distinct spatial domains, encompassing 974 areas spanning 980 km². This dataset provides a robust foundation for advancing land cover mapping techniques.
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We sample two test sets based on different input data and focus on semantic classes. The first test set (flair#1-test) uses very high resolution aerial imagery only and samples primarily anthropized land cover classes.
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In contrast, the second test set (flair#2-test) combines aerial and satellite imagery and has more natural classes with temporal variations represented.<br><br>
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<style type="text/css">
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.tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}
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<th class="tg-zv4m"></th>
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<th class="tg-zv4m">Class</th>
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<th class="tg-8jgo">Freq.-train (%)</th>
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<th class="tg-8jgo">Freq.-test flair#1 (%)</th>
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<th class="tg-8jgo">Freq.-test flair#2 (%)</th>
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<th class="tg-zv4m"></th>
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<th class="tg-zv4m">Class</th>
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<th class="tg-8jgo">Freq.-train (%)</th>
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<th class="tg-8jgo">Freq.-test flair#1 (%)</th>
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<th class="tg-8jgo">Freq.-test flair#2 (%)</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<td class="tg-2e1p"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(1) Building</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">8.14</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">8.6</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">3.26</td>
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<td class="tg-l5fa"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(11) Agricultural Land</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">10.98</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">6.95</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">18.19</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-9efv"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(2) Pervious surface</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">8.25</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">7.34</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">3.82</td>
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<td class="tg-rime"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(12) Plowed land</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">3.88</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">2.25</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">1.81</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-3m6m"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(3) Impervious surface</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">13.72</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">14.98</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">5.87</td>
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<td class="tg-2cns"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(13) Swimming pool</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">0.01</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">0.04</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">0.02</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-r3rw"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(4) Bare soil</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">3.47</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">4.36</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">1.6</td>
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<td class="tg-jjsp"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(14) Snow</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">0.15</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">-</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">-</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-9xgv"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(5) Water</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">4.88</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">5.98</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">3.17</td>
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<td class="tg-2w6m"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(15) Clear cut</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">0.15</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">0.01</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">0.82</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-b45e"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(6) Coniferous</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">2.74</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">2.39</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">10.24</td>
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<td class="tg-nla7"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(16) Mixed</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">0.05</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">-</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">0.12</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-qg2z"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(7) Deciduous</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">15.38</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">13.91</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">24.79</td>
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<td class="tg-nv8o"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">(17) Ligneous</td>
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<td class="tg-8jgo">0.01</td>
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| 157 |
+
<td class="tg-8jgo">0.03</td>
|
| 158 |
<td class="tg-8jgo">-</td>
|
| 159 |
</tr>
|
| 160 |
<tr>
|
| 161 |
<td class="tg-grz5"></td>
|
| 162 |
<td class="tg-km2t">(8) Brushwood</td>
|
| 163 |
<td class="tg-8jgo">6.95</td>
|
| 164 |
+
<td class="tg-8jgo">6.91</td>
|
| 165 |
+
<td class="tg-8jgo">3.81</td>
|
| 166 |
<td class="tg-bja1"></td>
|
| 167 |
<td class="tg-km2t">(18) Greenhouse</td>
|
| 168 |
<td class="tg-8jgo">0.12</td>
|
| 169 |
+
<td class="tg-8jgo">0.2</td>
|
| 170 |
<td class="tg-8jgo">0.15</td>
|
| 171 |
</tr>
|
| 172 |
<tr>
|
| 173 |
<td class="tg-69kt"></td>
|
| 174 |
<td class="tg-km2t">(9) Vineyard</td>
|
| 175 |
<td class="tg-8jgo">3.13</td>
|
| 176 |
+
<td class="tg-8jgo">3.87</td>
|
| 177 |
<td class="tg-8jgo">2.55</td>
|
| 178 |
<td class="tg-nto1"></td>
|
| 179 |
<td class="tg-km2t">(19) Other</td>
|
| 180 |
<td class="tg-8jgo">0.14</td>
|
| 181 |
+
<td class="tg-8jgo">0.-</td>
|
| 182 |
<td class="tg-8jgo">0.04</td>
|
| 183 |
</tr>
|
| 184 |
<tr>
|
| 185 |
<td class="tg-r1r4"></td>
|
| 186 |
<td class="tg-km2t">(10) Herbaceous vegetation</td>
|
| 187 |
<td class="tg-8jgo">17.84</td>
|
| 188 |
+
<td class="tg-8jgo">22.17</td>
|
| 189 |
<td class="tg-8jgo">19.76</td>
|
| 190 |
<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
|
| 191 |
<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
|
|
|
|
| 200 |
|
| 201 |
## Dataset Structure
|
| 202 |
<hr style='margin-top:-1em; margin-bottom:0' />
|
| 203 |
+
The FLAIR dataset consists of a total of 93 462 patches: 61 712 patches for the train/val dataset, 15 700 patches for flair#1-test and 16 050 patches for flair#2-test.
|
| 204 |
+
|
| 205 |
+
Each patch includes a high-resolution aerial image (512x512) at 0.2 m, a yearly satellite image time series (40x40 by default by wider areas are provided) with a spatial resolution of 10 m
|
| 206 |
+
and associated cloud and snow masks (available in train/val and flair#2-test), and pixel-precise elevation and land cover annotations at 0.2 m resolution (512x512).
|
| 207 |
|
| 208 |
<p align="center"><img src="readme_imgs/flair-patches.png" alt="" style="width:70%;max-width:600px;"/></p><br>
|
| 209 |
|
|
|
|
| 244 |
Each pixel has been manually annotated by photo-interpretation of the 20 cm resolution aerial imagery, carried out by a team supervised by geography experts from the IGN.
|
| 245 |
Movable objects like cars or boats are annotated according to their underlying cover.
|
| 246 |
|
| 247 |
+
### Data Splits
|
| 248 |
+
The dataset is made up of 55 distinct spatial domains, aligned with the administrative boundaries of the French départements.
|
| 249 |
+
For our experiments, we designate 32 domains for training, 8 for validation, and reserve 10 official test sets for flair#1-test and flair#2-test.
|
| 250 |
+
It can also be noted that some domains are common in the flair#1-test and flair#2-test datasets but cover different areas within the domain.
|
| 251 |
This arrangement ensures a balanced distribution of semantic classes, radiometric attributes, bioclimatic conditions, and acquisition times across each set.
|
| 252 |
Consequently, every split accurately reflects the landscape diversity inherent to metropolitan France.
|
| 253 |
+
It is important to mention that the patches come with meta-data permitting alternative splitting schemes.
|
| 254 |
+
|
| 255 |
|
| 256 |
Official domain split: <br/>
|
| 257 |
|
| 258 |
<div style="display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: center">
|
| 259 |
<div style="flex: 40%;">
|
| 260 |
+
<img src="readme_imgs/flair-splits.png" alt="flair-splits">
|
| 261 |
</div>
|
| 262 |
|
| 263 |
+
<div style="flex: 60%; margin: auto;"">
|
| 264 |
<table border="1">
|
| 265 |
<tr>
|
| 266 |
<th><font color="#c7254e">TRAIN:</font></th>
|
|
|
|
| 271 |
<td>D004, D014, D029, D031, D058, D066, D067, D077</td>
|
| 272 |
</tr>
|
| 273 |
<tr>
|
| 274 |
+
<th><font color="#c7254e">TEST-flair#1:</font></th>
|
| 275 |
+
<td>D012, D022, D026, D064, D068, D071, D075, D076, D083, D085</td>
|
| 276 |
</tr>
|
| 277 |
+
<tr>
|
| 278 |
+
<th><font color="#c7254e">TEST-flair#2:</font></th>
|
| 279 |
+
<td>D015, D022, D026, D036, D061, D064, D068, D069, D071, D084</td>
|
| 280 |
+
</tr>
|
| 281 |
</table>
|
|
|
|
| 282 |
</div>
|
| 283 |
</div>
|
| 284 |
|
| 285 |
<br><br>
|
| 286 |
|
| 287 |
+
|
| 288 |
## Baseline code
|
| 289 |
<hr style='margin-top:-1em; margin-bottom:0' />
|
| 290 |
+
<br>
|
| 291 |
+
|
| 292 |
+
### Flair #1 (aerial only)
|
| 293 |
+
A U-Net architecture with a pre-trained ResNet34 encoder from the pytorch segmentation models library is used for the baselines.
|
| 294 |
+
The used architecture allows integration of patch-wise metadata information and employs commonly used image data augmentation techniques.
|
| 295 |
+
|
| 296 |
+
Flair#1 code repository 📁 : https://github.com/IGNF/FLAIR-1<br/>
|
| 297 |
+
Link to the paper : https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.12979.pdf <br>
|
| 298 |
+
|
| 299 |
+
Please include a citation to the following article if you use the FLAIR#1 dataset:
|
| 300 |
+
|
| 301 |
+
```
|
| 302 |
+
@article{ign2022flair1,
|
| 303 |
+
doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.30183.73128/1},
|
| 304 |
+
url = {https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.12979.pdf},
|
| 305 |
+
author = {Garioud, Anatol and Peillet, Stéphane and Bookjans, Eva and Giordano, Sébastien and Wattrelos, Boris},
|
| 306 |
+
title = {FLAIR #1: semantic segmentation and domain adaptation dataset},
|
| 307 |
+
publisher = {arXiv},
|
| 308 |
+
year = {2022}
|
| 309 |
+
}
|
| 310 |
+
```
|
| 311 |
+
<br>
|
| 312 |
+
|
| 313 |
+
### Flair #2 (aerial and satellite)
|
| 314 |
We propose the U-T&T model, a two-branch architecture that combines spatial and temporal information from very high-resolution aerial images and high-resolution satellite images into a single output. The U-Net architecture is employed for the spatial/texture branch, using a ResNet34 backbone model pre-trained on ImageNet. For the spatio-temporal branch,
|
| 315 |
the U-TAE architecture incorporates a Temporal self-Attention Encoder (TAE) to explore the spatial and temporal characteristics of the Sentinel-2 time series data,
|
| 316 |
applying attention masks at different resolutions during decoding. This model allows for the fusion of learned information from both sources,
|
| 317 |
enhancing the representation of mono-date and time series data.
|
| 318 |
|
| 319 |
+
U-T&T code repository 📁 : https://github.com/IGNF/FLAIR-2<br/>
|
| 320 |
+
Link to the paper : https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.13336 <br>
|
| 321 |
|
| 322 |
<th><font color="#c7254e"><b>IMPORTANT!</b></font></th> <b>The structure of the current dataset differs from the one that comes with the GitHub repository.</b>
|
| 323 |
To work with the current dataset, you need to replace the <font color=‘#D7881C’><em>src/load_data.py</em></font> file with the one provided here.
|
|
|
|
| 329 |
domains_val : ["D004_2021","D014_2020","D029_2021","D031_2019","D058_2020","D066_2021","D067_2021","D077_2021"]
|
| 330 |
domains_test : ["D015_2020","D022_2021","D026_2020","D036_2020","D061_2020","D064_2021","D068_2021","D069_2020","D071_2020","D084_2021"]
|
| 331 |
```
|
| 332 |
+
<br>
|
| 333 |
+
Please include a citation to the following article if you use the FLAIR#2 dataset:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 334 |
|
| 335 |
```
|
| 336 |
@inproceedings{garioud2023flair,
|
|
|
|
| 341 |
doi={https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2310.13336},
|
| 342 |
}
|
| 343 |
```
|
| 344 |
+
<br>
|
| 345 |
|
| 346 |
+
## CodaLab challenges
|
| 347 |
+
<hr style='margin-top:-1em; margin-bottom:0' />
|
| 348 |
+
|
| 349 |
+
The FLAIR dataset was used for two challenges organized by IGN in 2023 on the CodaLab platform.<br>
|
| 350 |
+
Challenge FLAIR#1 : https://codalab.lisn.upsaclay.fr/competitions/8769 <br>
|
| 351 |
+
Challenge FLAIR#2 : https://codalab.lisn.upsaclay.fr/competitions/13447 <br>
|
| 352 |
+
<br>
|
| 353 |
+
|
| 354 |
+
flair#1-test | The podium:
|
| 355 |
+
🥇 businiao - 0.65920
|
| 356 |
+
🥈 Breizhchess - 0.65600
|
| 357 |
+
🥉 wangzhiyu918 - 0.64930
|
| 358 |
+
|
| 359 |
+
flair#2-test | The podium:
|
| 360 |
+
The podium:
|
| 361 |
+
🥇 strakajk - 0.64130
|
| 362 |
+
🥈 Breizhchess - 0.63550
|
| 363 |
+
🥉 qwerty64 - 0.63510
|
| 364 |
+
|
| 365 |
+
<br>
|
| 366 |
|
| 367 |
## Acknowledgment
|
| 368 |
<hr style='margin-top:-1em; margin-bottom:0' />
|