Question: In what year was the field Montini obtain a doctorate in issued affirming celibacy in the priesthood?

Answer: 1983

Pope Paul VI. Sacerdotalis caelibatus (Latin for "Of the celibate priesthood"), promulgated on 24 June 1967, defends the Catholic Church's tradition of priestly celibacy in the West. This encyclical was written in the wake of Vatican II, when the Catholic Church was questioning and revising many long-held practices. Priestly celibacy is considered a discipline rather than dogma, and some had expected that it might be relaxed. In response to these questions, the Pope reaffirms the discipline as a long-held practice with special importance in the Catholic Church. The encyclical Sacerdotalis caelibatus from 24 June 1967, confirms the traditional Church teaching, that celibacy is an ideal state and continues to be mandatory for Roman Catholic priests. Celibacy symbolizes the reality of the kingdom of God amid modern society. The priestly celibacy is closely linked to the sacramental priesthood. However, during his pontificate Paul VI was considered generous in permitting bishops to grant laicization of priests who wanted to leave the sacerdotal state, a position which was drastically reversed by John Paul II in 1980 and cemented in the 1983 Canon Law that only the pope can in exceptional circumstances grant laicization.

Pope Paul VI. In 1916, he entered the seminary to become a Roman Catholic priest. He was ordained priest on 29 May 1920 in Brescia and celebrated his first Holy Mass in Brescia in the Basilica of Santa Maria delle Grazie. Montini concluded his studies in Milan with a doctorate in Canon Law in the same year. Afterwards he studied at the Gregorian University, the University of Rome La Sapienza and, at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo at the Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici. At the age of twenty-five, again at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo, Montini entered the Secretariat of State in 1922, where he worked under Pizzardo together with Francesco Borgongini-Duca, Alfredo Ottaviani, Carlo Grano, Domenico Tardini and Francis Spellman. Consequently, he spent not a day as a parish priest. In 1925 he helped found the publishing house Morcelliana in Brescia, focused on promoting a 'Christian inspired culture'.


Question: Who was the first Muslim elected as president of the party formed government in NWFP after the elections of 1937?

Answer: Badruddin Tayyab Ji

Rahimtulla M. Sayani. Rahimtullah M Sayani was the ``Second Muslim ''to become the`` President of Indian National Congress ''. (First was Badruddin Tayyab Ji)

1937 Indian provincial elections. The final results of the elections were declared in February 1937. The Indian National Congress emerged in power in eight of the provinces - the three exceptions being Bengal, Punjab, and Sindh. The All - India Muslim League failed to form the government in any province.


Question: When did the roof gardens above the city where the Albert Memorial and Royal Albert Hall is located open to the public?

Answer: 1980s

Kensington Roof Gardens. The building housed the department store Derry and Toms until 1973, and then Biba until 1975. Since the 1980s the garden has been used as a restaurant and club.

London. The Monument in the City of London provides views of the surrounding area while commemorating the Great Fire of London, which originated nearby. Marble Arch and Wellington Arch, at the north and south ends of Park Lane respectively, have royal connections, as do the Albert Memorial and Royal Albert Hall in Kensington. Nelson's Column is a nationally recognised monument in Trafalgar Square, one of the focal points of central London. Older buildings are mainly brick built, most commonly the yellow London stock brick or a warm orange-red variety, often decorated with carvings and white plaster mouldings.


Question: What was the language of the designer of Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re?

Answer: Italian

Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re. Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re is a Roman Catholic church (minor basilica) in Rome, designed between the 1920s and 1930s by Marcello Piacentini.

Pio Piacentini. Pio Piacentini (5 September 1846 – 4 April 1928) was an Italian architect, the father of Marcello Piacentini. He is best known for his Palazzo delle Esposizioni in Rome.


Question: In what year was celibacy in the priesthood affirmed in the ordinances that previously Paul had wanted to reform.

Answer: 1983

Pope Paul VI. Sacerdotalis caelibatus (Latin for "Of the celibate priesthood"), promulgated on 24 June 1967, defends the Catholic Church's tradition of priestly celibacy in the West. This encyclical was written in the wake of Vatican II, when the Catholic Church was questioning and revising many long-held practices. Priestly celibacy is considered a discipline rather than dogma, and some had expected that it might be relaxed. In response to these questions, the Pope reaffirms the discipline as a long-held practice with special importance in the Catholic Church. The encyclical Sacerdotalis caelibatus from 24 June 1967, confirms the traditional Church teaching, that celibacy is an ideal state and continues to be mandatory for Roman Catholic priests. Celibacy symbolizes the reality of the kingdom of God amid modern society. The priestly celibacy is closely linked to the sacramental priesthood. However, during his pontificate Paul VI was considered generous in permitting bishops to grant laicization of priests who wanted to leave the sacerdotal state, a position which was drastically reversed by John Paul II in 1980 and cemented in the 1983 Canon Law that only the pope can in exceptional circumstances grant laicization.

Pope Paul VI. After his election as Bishop of Rome, Paul VI first met with the priests in his new dioceses. He told them that in Milan he started a dialogue with the modern world and asked them to seek contact with all people from all walks of life. Six days after his election he announced that he would continue Vatican II and convened the opening to take place on 29 September 1963. In a radio address to the world, Paul VI recalled the uniqueness of his predecessors, the strength of Pius XI, the wisdom and intelligence of Pius XII and the love of John XXIII. As "his pontifical goals" he mentioned the continuation and completion of Vatican II, the reform of the Canon Law and improved social peace and justice in the world. The Unity of Christianity would be central to his activities.


Question: Who was President of the U.S. following the event which was preceded by Joseph Schumpeter and Norman Angell's most prolific writing ?

Answer: Thomas Woodrow Wilson

Woodrow Wilson. Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 -- February 3, 1924) was an American statesman and academic who served as the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910, and as Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913, before winning the 1912 presidential election. As president, he oversaw the passage of progressive legislative policies unparalleled until the New Deal in 1933. He also led the United States during World War I, establishing an activist foreign policy known as ``Wilsonianism. ''He was one of the three key leaders at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, where he championed a new League of Nations, but he was unable to win Senate approval for U.S. participation in the League.

Imperialism. The correlation between capitalism, aristocracy, and imperialism has long been debated among historians and political theorists. Much of the debate was pioneered by such theorists as J. A. Hobson (1858–1940), Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950), Thorstein Veblen (1857–1929), and Norman Angell (1872–1967). While these non-Marxist writers were at their most prolific before World War I, they remained active in the interwar years. Their combined work informed the study of imperialism and it's impact on Europe, as well as contributed to reflections on the rise of the military-political complex in the United States from the 1950s. Hobson argued that domestic social reforms could cure the international disease of imperialism by removing its economic foundation. Hobson theorized that state intervention through taxation could boost broader consumption, create wealth, and encourage a peaceful, tolerant, multipolar world order.


Question: When did Tito first visit the person who laid claim to Eritrea and Italian Somaliland in a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt?

Answer: 1954

Josip Broz Tito. Tito's foreign policy led to relationships with a variety of governments, such as exchanging visits (1954 and 1956) with Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia, where a street was named in his honor.

Eritrea. In the 1950s, the Ethiopian feudal administration under Emperor Haile Selassie sought to annex Eritrea and Italian Somaliland. He laid claim to both territories in a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt at the Paris Peace Conference and at the First Session of the United Nations. In the United Nations, the debate over the fate of the former Italian colonies continued. The British and Americans preferred to cede all of Eritrea except the Western province to the Ethiopians as a reward for their support during World War II. The Independence Bloc of Eritrean parties consistently requested from the UN General Assembly that a referendum be held immediately to settle the Eritrean question of sovereignty.


Question: In what era did The Presbyterian Church in the country whose government disagreed on the language used to describe the torch route experience a large growth in members?

Answer: era of Guomindang

Presbyterianism. The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan (PCT) is by far the largest Protestant denomination in Taiwan, with some 238,372 members as of 2009 (including a majority of the island's aborigines). English Presbyterian missionary James Laidlaw Maxwell established the first Presbyterian church in Tainan in 1865. His colleague George Leslie Mackay, of the Canadian Presbyterian Mission, was active in Danshui and north Taiwan from 1872 to 1901; he founded the island's first university and hospital, and created a written script for Taiwanese Minnan. The English and Canadian missions joined together as the PCT in 1912. One of the few churches permitted to operate in Taiwan through the era of Japanese rule (1895–1945), the PCT experienced rapid growth during the era of Guomindang-imposed martial law (1949–1987), in part due to its support for democracy, human rights, and Taiwan independence. Former ROC president Lee Teng-hui (in office 1988–2000) is a Presbyterian.

2008 Summer Olympics torch relay. The route carried the torch through six continents from March 2008 to May 2008 to August 2008. The planned route originally included a stop in Taipei between Ho Chi Minh City and Hong Kong, but there was disagreement in Beijing and Taipei over language used to describe whether it was an international or a domestic part of the route. While the Olympic committees of China and Chinese Taipei reached initial consensus on the approach, the government of the Republic of China in Taiwan intervened, stating that this placement could be interpreted as placing Taiwan on the same level as Hong Kong and Macau, an implication it objected to. The Beijing Organizing Committee attempted to continue negotiation, but further disputes arose over the flag or the anthem of the Republic of China along the 24 km torch route in Taiwan. By the midnight deadline for concluding the negotiation on September 21, 2007, Taiwan and China were unable to come to terms with the issue of the Torch Relay. In the end, both sides of the Taiwan Strait decided to eliminate the Taipei leg.


Question: In the war that followed Joseph Schumpeter's and Norman Angell's most prolific writing period where was the initial German offensive on the Western Front stopped?

Answer: First Battle of the Marne

Imperialism. The correlation between capitalism, aristocracy, and imperialism has long been debated among historians and political theorists. Much of the debate was pioneered by such theorists as J. A. Hobson (1858–1940), Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950), Thorstein Veblen (1857–1929), and Norman Angell (1872–1967). While these non-Marxist writers were at their most prolific before World War I, they remained active in the interwar years. Their combined work informed the study of imperialism and it's impact on Europe, as well as contributed to reflections on the rise of the military-political complex in the United States from the 1950s. Hobson argued that domestic social reforms could cure the international disease of imperialism by removing its economic foundation. Hobson theorized that state intervention through taxation could boost broader consumption, create wealth, and encourage a peaceful, tolerant, multipolar world order.

Western Front (World War I). The German Army came within 70 km (43 mi) of Paris but at the First Battle of the Marne (6 -- 12 September), French and British troops were able to force a German retreat by exploiting a gap which appeared between the 1st and 2nd Armies, ending the German advance into France. The German Army retreated north of the Aisne River and dug in there, establishing the beginnings of a static western front that was to last for the next three years. Following this German retirement, the opposing forces made reciprocal outflanking manoeuvres, known as the Race for the Sea and quickly extended their trench systems from the Swiss frontier to the North Sea. The territory occupied by Germany held 64 percent of French pig - iron production, 24 percent of its steel manufacturing and 40 percent of the coal industry -- dealing a serious blow to French industry.


Question: Where did the author of Ressurreição die?

Answer: Rio de Janeiro

Ressurreição. Ressurreição ("Resurrection") is a novel written by the Brazilian writer Machado de Assis. It was first published in 1872. The author explained in this book that his idea when he wrote the book was put on action this thinking of Shakespeare:

Machado de Assis. Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis was born on 21 June 1839 in Rio de Janeiro, then capital of the Empire of Brazil. His parents were Francisco José de Assis, a mulatto wall painter, the son of freed slaves, and Maria Leopoldina da Câmara Machado, an Azorean Portuguese washerwoman. He was born in Livramento country house, owned by "Dona" Maria José de Mendonça Barroso Pereira, widow of senator Bento Barroso Pereira, who protected his parents and allowed them to live with her. "Dona" Maria José became Joaquim's godmother; her brother-in-law, commendatory Joaquim Alberto de Sousa da Silveira, was his godfather, and both were paid homage by giving their names to the baby. Machado had a sister who died young. Joaquim studied in a public school, but was not a good student. While helping to serve masses, he met Father Silveira Sarmento, who became his Latin teacher and also a good friend.


Question: Who is the child of Liszt's mistress?

Answer: Cosima Wagner

Frédéric Chopin. Although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other, their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love-hate relationship. Harold C. Schonberg believes that Chopin displayed a "tinge of jealousy and spite" towards Liszt's virtuosity on the piano, and others have also argued that he had become enchanted with Liszt's theatricality, showmanship and success. Liszt was the dedicatee of Chopin's Op. 10 Études, and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to Hiller, "I should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies." However, Chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when Liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments, at which Chopin remarked that he should play the music as written or not play it at all, forcing an apology. Most biographers of Chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other, although in his letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as "my friend Liszt". Some commentators point to events in the two men's romantic lives which led to a rift between them; there are claims that Liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Chopin, while others believe that Chopin had become concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with George Sand.

Cosima Wagner. Cosima Wagner (born Francesca Gaetana Cosima Liszt; 24 December 1837 – 1 April 1930) was the illegitimate daughter of the Hungarian pianist and composer Franz Liszt and Marie d'Agoult. She became the second wife of the German composer Richard Wagner, and with him founded the Bayreuth Festival as a showcase for his stage works; after his death she devoted the rest of her life to the promotion of his music and philosophy. Commentators have recognised Cosima as the principal inspiration for Wagner's later works, particularly "Parsifal".


Question: What years did the person who said "I think, therefore I am" live?

Answer: 1596-1650

Materialism. The French cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of René Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mettrie, the German-French Paul-Henri Thiry Baron d'Holbach (1723-1789), the Encyclopedist Denis Diderot (1713-1784), and other French Enlightenment thinkers; as well as (in England) John "Walking" Stewart (1747-1822), whose insistence in seeing matter as endowed with a moral dimension had a major impact on the philosophical poetry of William Wordsworth (1770-1850).

Cogito, ergo sum. Cogito, ergo sum is a Latin philosophical proposition by René Descartes usually translated into English as ``I think, therefore I am ''. The phrase originally appeared in French as je pense, donc je suis in his Discourse on the Method, so as to reach a wider audience than Latin would have allowed. It appeared in Latin in his later Principles of Philosophy. As Descartes explained,`` we can not doubt of our existence while we doubt...'' A fuller version, articulated by Antoine Léonard Thomas, aptly captures Descartes's intent: dubito, ergo cogito, ergo sum (``I doubt, therefore I think, therefore I am ''). The concept is also sometimes known as the cogito.


Question: When was the record label for Lovely Creatures created?

Answer: 2003

Kirtland Records. In 2003, John Kirtland co-founded Kirtland Records with his wife, The Polyphonic Spree choir member Jenny Kirtland. Kirtland Records leveraged the Bush back catalog rights to secure a national distribution deal with RED Distribution, which remains the label's distributor. Kirtland Records went on to become the record label for a number of Texas-based indie bands, including the Burden Brothers, The Polyphonic Spree, Toadies, The Vanished, and Sarah Jaffe.

Lovely Creatures. Lovely Creatures is the eleventh solo album by Bob Schneider, released on September 29, 2009 through Kirtland Records. It was produced by Dwight Baker. A vinyl version of the album appeared in 2012. It features a duet with Patty Griffin and the single "40 Dogs (Like Romeo and Juliet)", supported by a video directed by Robert Rodriguez featuring Kat Dennings. A music video for the track "The Bringdown" was directed by Joey Boukadakis.


Question: What year did the maker of the CMA CGM Vela dissolve?

Answer: 1999

CMA CGM Vela. CMA CGM Vela is a container ship operated by CMA CGM. The ship is owned by Reederei NSB and operated by CMA CGM. The "CMA CGM Vela" was finished in 2008 by Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Ltd and delivered to the owner on 19 October 2008. The ship was carrying yard number DSME hull 4125 and after launching it was christened in the ships home port Hamburg, Germany.

Daewoo. It was founded on 22 March 1967 as "Daewoo Industrial" and was declared bankrupt on 1 November 1999, with debts of about US$50 billion (equivalent to $ billion in ). Prior to the Asian financial crisis, Daewoo was the second largest conglomerate in Korea after the Hyundai Group. There were about 20 divisions under the Daewoo Group, some of which survive today as independent companies.


Question: When did the institute that gives out the Elliott Cresson Medal award open?

Answer: 1824

Franklin Institute. The Franklin Institute is a science museum and the center of science education and research in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is named after the American scientist and statesman, Benjamin Franklin, and houses the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial. Founded in 1824, the Franklin Institute is one of the oldest centers of science education and development in the United States.

Elliott Cresson Medal. The Elliott Cresson Medal, also known as the Elliott Cresson Gold Medal, was the highest award given by the Franklin Institute. The award was established by Elliott Cresson, life member of the Franklin Institute, with $1,000 granted in 1848. The endowed award was to be "for some discovery in the Arts and Sciences, or for the invention or improvement of some useful machine, or for some new process or combination of materials in manufactures, or for ingenuity skill or perfection in workmanship." The medal was first awarded in 1875, 21 years after Cresson's death.


Question: What year did the company that built K200 KIFV dissolve?

Answer: 1999

K200 KIFV. The K200 KIFV (Korea Infantry Fighting Vehicle) is a South Korean armoured personnel carrier, originally produced by Daewoo Heavy Industries as a domestic replacement for older armored personnel carriers, such as the M113, in front line service with the Republic of Korea Armed Forces at the time of the K200's development. Since 2009 the K200 has been supplemented by the K21. A total of 2,383 K200 vehicles of all configurations were produced between 1985 and 2006, among which are 111 K200A1 vehicles exported to Malaysia.

Daewoo. It was founded on 22 March 1967 as "Daewoo Industrial" and was declared bankrupt on 1 November 1999, with debts of about US$50 billion (equivalent to $ billion in ). Prior to the Asian financial crisis, Daewoo was the second largest conglomerate in Korea after the Hyundai Group. There were about 20 divisions under the Daewoo Group, some of which survive today as independent companies.


Question: In what city did the author of Quincas Borba die?

Answer: Rio de Janeiro

Quincas Borba. Quincas Borba is a novel written by the Brazilian writer Machado de Assis. It was first published in 1891. It is also known in English as Philosopher or Dog? The novel was principally written as a serial in the journal "A Estação" from 1886 to 1891. It was definitively published as a book in 1892 with some small but significant changes from the serialized version.

Machado de Assis. Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis was born on 21 June 1839 in Rio de Janeiro, then capital of the Empire of Brazil. His parents were Francisco José de Assis, a mulatto wall painter, the son of freed slaves, and Maria Leopoldina da Câmara Machado, an Azorean Portuguese washerwoman. He was born in Livramento country house, owned by "Dona" Maria José de Mendonça Barroso Pereira, widow of senator Bento Barroso Pereira, who protected his parents and allowed them to live with her. "Dona" Maria José became Joaquim's godmother; her brother-in-law, commendatory Joaquim Alberto de Sousa da Silveira, was his godfather, and both were paid homage by giving their names to the baby. Machado had a sister who died young. Joaquim studied in a public school, but was not a good student. While helping to serve masses, he met Father Silveira Sarmento, who became his Latin teacher and also a good friend.


Question: Where did the author of Memórias Póstumas die?

Answer: Rio de Janeiro

Memórias Póstumas. Memórias Póstumas (known in English as Posthumous Memoirs and Posthumous Memories) is a 2001 comedy-drama film directed by André Klotzel based on "The Posthumous Memoirs of Bras Cubas" by Machado de Assis. It follows Brás Cubas, played by Reginaldo Faria and Petrônio Gontijo, as he recounts his life after his death.

Machado de Assis. Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis was born on 21 June 1839 in Rio de Janeiro, then capital of the Empire of Brazil. His parents were Francisco José de Assis, a mulatto wall painter, the son of freed slaves, and Maria Leopoldina da Câmara Machado, an Azorean Portuguese washerwoman. He was born in Livramento country house, owned by "Dona" Maria José de Mendonça Barroso Pereira, widow of senator Bento Barroso Pereira, who protected his parents and allowed them to live with her. "Dona" Maria José became Joaquim's godmother; her brother-in-law, commendatory Joaquim Alberto de Sousa da Silveira, was his godfather, and both were paid homage by giving their names to the baby. Machado had a sister who died young. Joaquim studied in a public school, but was not a good student. While helping to serve masses, he met Father Silveira Sarmento, who became his Latin teacher and also a good friend.


Question: Where was the place where Chopin's father got a teaching position moved to?

Answer: Kazimierz Palace

Frédéric Chopin. In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The father played the flute and violin; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of slight build, and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses.

Frédéric Chopin. In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor for military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorate of Warsaw University). Fryderyk and his family moved to a building, which still survives, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace. During this period, Fryderyk was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of Russian Poland, Grand Duke Constantine; he played the piano for the Duke and composed a march for him. Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in his dramatic eclogue, "Nasze Przebiegi" ("Our Discourses", 1818), attested to "little Chopin's" popularity.


Question: The person coming up with the cartesian coordinate system lived from what year to what year?

Answer: 1596-1650

Cartesian coordinate system. The invention of Cartesian coordinates in the 17th century by René Descartes (Latinized name: Cartesius) revolutionized mathematics by providing the first systematic link between Euclidean geometry and algebra. Using the Cartesian coordinate system, geometric shapes (such as curves) can be described by Cartesian equations: algebraic equations involving the coordinates of the points lying on the shape. For example, a circle of radius 2, centered at the origin of the plane, may be described as the set of all points whose coordinates x and y satisfy the equation x + y = 4.

Materialism. The French cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of René Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mettrie, the German-French Paul-Henri Thiry Baron d'Holbach (1723-1789), the Encyclopedist Denis Diderot (1713-1784), and other French Enlightenment thinkers; as well as (in England) John "Walking" Stewart (1747-1822), whose insistence in seeing matter as endowed with a moral dimension had a major impact on the philosophical poetry of William Wordsworth (1770-1850).


Question: When did the institution that awards the John Price Wetherill Medal open?

Answer: 1824

Franklin Institute. The Franklin Institute is a science museum and the center of science education and research in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is named after the American scientist and statesman, Benjamin Franklin, and houses the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial. Founded in 1824, the Franklin Institute is one of the oldest centers of science education and development in the United States.

John Price Wetherill Medal. The John Price Wetherill Medal was an award of the Franklin Institute. It was established with a bequest given by the family of John Price Wetherill (1844–1906) on April 3, 1917. On June 10, 1925, the Board of Managers voted to create a silver medal, to be awarded for "discovery or invention in the physical sciences" or "new and important combinations of principles or methods already known". The legend on the first medal read: "for discovery, invention, or development in the physical sciences". The John Price Wetherill Medal was last awarded in 1997. As of 1998 all of the endowed medals previously awarded by the Franklin Institute were reorganized as the Benjamin Franklin Medals.


Question: When did the person who said "I think, therefore I am" live?

Answer: 1596-1650

Cogito, ergo sum. Cogito ergo sum is a Latin philosophical proposition by René Descartes usually translated into English as ``I think, therefore I am ''. The phrase originally appeared in French as je pense, donc je suis in his Discourse on the Method, so as to reach a wider audience than Latin would have allowed. It appeared in Latin in his later Principles of Philosophy. As Descartes explained,`` we can not doubt of our existence while we doubt...'' A fuller form, penned by Antoine Léonard Thomas, aptly captures Descartes's intent: dubito, ergo cogito, ergo sum (``I doubt, therefore I think, therefore I am ''). The concept is also sometimes known as the cogito.

Materialism. The French cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of René Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mettrie, the German-French Paul-Henri Thiry Baron d'Holbach (1723-1789), the Encyclopedist Denis Diderot (1713-1784), and other French Enlightenment thinkers; as well as (in England) John "Walking" Stewart (1747-1822), whose insistence in seeing matter as endowed with a moral dimension had a major impact on the philosophical poetry of William Wordsworth (1770-1850).


Question: What record label does the singer in 4 non blondes sign?

Answer: Custard Records

Linda Perry. Linda Perry (born April 15, 1965) is an American singer - songwriter, musician, and record producer. She first became known as the lead singer and primary songwriter of 4 Non Blondes and has since founded two record labels and composed and produced hit songs for several other artists. They include: ``Beautiful ''by Christina Aguilera;`` What You Waiting For?'' by Gwen Stefani; and ``Get the Party Started ''by P! nk. Perry has also contributed to albums by Adele, Alicia Keys, and Courtney Love, as well as signing and distributing James Blunt in the United States. Perry was also inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2015.

Ex-Sensitive. Ex-Sensitive is the second album by Scottish/American singer Ben Jelen and is his first release on Linda Perry's Custard Records. The first single, "Where Do We Go", failed to chart in the US.


Question: When was the record label that released Buried In Your Black Heart created?

Answer: 2003

Kirtland Records. In 2003, John Kirtland co-founded Kirtland Records with his wife, The Polyphonic Spree choir member Jenny Kirtland. Kirtland Records leveraged the Bush back catalog rights to secure a national distribution deal with RED Distribution, which remains the label's distributor. Kirtland Records went on to become the record label for a number of Texas-based indie bands, including the Burden Brothers, The Polyphonic Spree, Toadies, The Vanished, and Sarah Jaffe.

Buried in Your Black Heart. Due to the relative success of the album, the band began touring as opening acts for Velvet Revolver, Papa Roach, and Finger Eleven. This touring eventually led to the recording of a live DVD entitled RYFOLAMF. During this time, the band also recruited Casey Hess for remaining tour dates and future recordings. This album is one of Kirtland Records highest-selling albums to date.


Question: What family does the mother of Louise of Great Britain belong to?

Answer: House of Hohenzollern

Louise of Great Britain. Louise of Great Britain (originally Louisa; 18 December 1724 – 19 December 1751) was Queen of Denmark and Norway from 1746 until her death, as the first wife of King Frederick V. She was the youngest surviving daughter of King George II of Great Britain and Caroline of Ansbach.

Caroline of Ansbach. Her father, Margrave John Frederick of Brandenburg-Ansbach, belonged to a branch of the House of Hohenzollern and was the ruler of a small German state, the Principality of Ansbach. Caroline was orphaned at a young age and moved to the enlightened court of her guardians, King Frederick I and Queen Sophia Charlotte of Prussia. At the Prussian court, her previously limited education was widened, and she adopted the liberal outlook possessed by Sophia Charlotte, who became her good friend and whose views influenced Caroline all her life.


Question: When was the last time the team that beat the Patriots in the Super Bowl was 0-5?

Answer: October 6

Super Bowl XLII. Super Bowl XLII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion New York Giants and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2007 season. The Giants defeated the Patriots by the score of 17 -- 14. The game was played on February 3, 2008, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona.

2013 New York Giants season. Week Date Opponent Result Record Game site NFL.com recap September 8 at Dallas Cowboys L 31 -- 36 0 -- 1 AT&T Stadium Recap September 15 Denver Broncos L 23 -- 41 0 -- 2 MetLife Stadium Recap September 22 at Carolina Panthers L 0 -- 38 0 -- 3 Bank of America Stadium Recap September 29 at Kansas City Chiefs L 7 -- 31 0 -- 4 Arrowhead Stadium Recap 5 October 6 Philadelphia Eagles L 21 -- 36 0 -- 5 MetLife Stadium Recap 6 October 10 at Chicago Bears L 21 -- 27 0 -- 6 Soldier Field Recap 7 October 21 Minnesota Vikings W 23 -- 7 1 -- 6 MetLife Stadium Recap 8 October 27 at Philadelphia Eagles W 15 -- 7 2 -- 6 Lincoln Financial Field Recap 9 Bye 10 November 10 Oakland Raiders W 24 -- 20 3 -- 6 MetLife Stadium Recap 11 November 17 Green Bay Packers W 27 -- 13 4 -- 6 MetLife Stadium Recap 12 November 24 Dallas Cowboys L 21 -- 24 4 -- 7 MetLife Stadium Recap 13 December 1 at Washington Redskins W 24 -- 17 5 -- 7 FedExField Recap 14 December 8 at San Diego Chargers L 14 -- 37 5 -- 8 Qualcomm Stadium Recap 15 December 15 Seattle Seahawks L 0 -- 23 5 -- 9 MetLife Stadium Recap 16 December 22 at Detroit Lions W 23 -- 20 (OT) 6 -- 9 Ford Field Recap 17 December 29 Washington Redskins W 20 -- 6 7 -- 9 MetLife Stadium Recap


Question: What is the record label for the singer of 4 Non Blondes?

Answer: Custard Records

Linda Perry. Linda Perry (born April 15, 1965) is an American singer - songwriter and record producer. She first became known as the lead singer and primary songwriter of 4 Non Blondes and has since founded two record labels and composed and produced hit songs for several other artists. They include: ``Beautiful ''by Christina Aguilera;`` What You Waiting For?'' by Gwen Stefani; and ``Get the Party Started ''by P! nk. Perry has also contributed to albums by Adele, Alicia Keys, and Courtney Love, as well as signing and distributing James Blunt in the United States. Perry was also inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2015.

Ex-Sensitive. Ex-Sensitive is the second album by Scottish/American singer Ben Jelen and is his first release on Linda Perry's Custard Records. The first single, "Where Do We Go", failed to chart in the US.


Question: When did the organization that gives out the Frank P. Brown Medal open?

Answer: 1824

Franklin Institute. The Franklin Institute is a science museum and the center of science education and research in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is named after the American scientist and statesman, Benjamin Franklin, and houses the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial. Founded in 1824, the Franklin Institute is one of the oldest centers of science education and development in the United States.

Frank P. Brown Medal. The Frank P. Brown Medal was formerly awarded by the Franklin Institute for excellence in science, engineering, and structures. It was established by the 1938 will of Franklin Pierce Brown, a member of the Master Plumbers Association.


Question: when was the last Super Bowl won by the team the Patriots lost to in the Super Bowl?

Answer: 2011

New York Giants. Year Coach Super Bowl Location Opponent Score Record 1986 Bill Parcells XXI Pasadena, CA Denver Broncos 39 -- 20 17 -- 2 1990 Bill Parcells XXV Tampa, FL Buffalo Bills 20 -- 19 16 -- 3 2007 Tom Coughlin XLII Glendale, AZ New England Patriots 17 -- 14 14 -- 6 2011 Tom Coughlin XLVI Indianapolis, IN New England Patriots 21 -- 17 13 -- 7 Total Super Bowls won: 4

Super Bowl XLII. Super Bowl XLII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion New York Giants and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2007 season. The Giants defeated the Patriots by the score of 17 -- 14. The game was played on February 3, 2008, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona.


Question: Who is the child of the host of the gathering where Frédéric was introduced to George Sand?

Answer: Cosima Wagner

Frédéric Chopin. In 1836, at a party hosted by Marie d'Agoult, Chopin met the French author George Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin). Short (under five feet, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and a cigar smoker, she initially repelled Chopin, who remarked, "What an unattractive person la Sand is. Is she really a woman?" However, by early 1837 Maria Wodzińska's mother had made it clear to Chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed. It is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d'Agoult and Sand. Chopin finally placed the letters from Maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote, in Polish, "My tragedy". Sand, in a letter to Grzymała of June 1838, admitted strong feelings for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with Chopin; she asked Grzymała to assess Chopin's relationship with Maria Wodzińska, without realising that the affair, at least from Maria's side, was over.

Cosima Wagner. Cosima Wagner (born Francesca Gaetana Cosima Liszt; 24 December 1837 – 1 April 1930) was the illegitimate daughter of the Hungarian pianist and composer Franz Liszt and Marie d'Agoult. She became the second wife of the German composer Richard Wagner, and with him founded the Bayreuth Festival as a showcase for his stage works; after his death she devoted the rest of her life to the promotion of his music and philosophy. Commentators have recognised Cosima as the principal inspiration for Wagner's later works, particularly "Parsifal".


Question: What is the family of Prince George William of Great Britain's mother

Answer: House of Hohenzollern

Caroline of Ansbach. Her father, Margrave John Frederick of Brandenburg-Ansbach, belonged to a branch of the House of Hohenzollern and was the ruler of a small German state, the Principality of Ansbach. Caroline was orphaned at a young age and moved to the enlightened court of her guardians, King Frederick I and Queen Sophia Charlotte of Prussia. At the Prussian court, her previously limited education was widened, and she adopted the liberal outlook possessed by Sophia Charlotte, who became her good friend and whose views influenced Caroline all her life.

Prince George William of Great Britain. Prince George William of Great Britain (13 November 1717 – 17 February 1718) was an infant member of the British royal family, second son of King George II and Caroline of Ansbach who, at the time of his birth, were the Prince and Princess of Wales. He died aged 3 months, 4 days.


Question: Which family is the mother of Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange's a member of?

Answer: House of Hohenzollern

Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange. Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange (2 November 1709 – 12 January 1759) was the second child and eldest daughter of King George II of Great Britain and his consort Caroline of Ansbach. She was the spouse of William IV, Prince of Orange, the first hereditary stadtholder of all seven provinces of the Northern Netherlands. She was Regent of the Netherlands from 1751 until her death in 1759, exercising extensive powers on behalf of her son William V. She was known as an Anglophile, due to her English upbringing and family connections, but was unable to convince the Dutch Republic to enter the Seven Years' War on the side of the British. Princess Anne was the second daughter of a British sovereign to hold the title Princess Royal. In the Netherlands she was sometimes known as Anna van Hannover.

Caroline of Ansbach. Her father, Margrave John Frederick of Brandenburg-Ansbach, belonged to a branch of the House of Hohenzollern and was the ruler of a small German state, the Principality of Ansbach. Caroline was orphaned at a young age and moved to the enlightened court of her guardians, King Frederick I and Queen Sophia Charlotte of Prussia. At the Prussian court, her previously limited education was widened, and she adopted the liberal outlook possessed by Sophia Charlotte, who became her good friend and whose views influenced Caroline all her life.


Question: Who was the first president from the party following the Anti-Administration Party?

Answer: Jefferson

Democratic-Republican Party. The party was strongest in the South and weakest in the Northeast. It demanded states' rights as expressed by the ``Principles of 1798 ''articulated in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions that would allow states to nullify a federal law. Above all, the party stood for the primacy of the yeoman farmers. Republicans were deeply committed to the principles of republicanism, which they feared were threatened by the supposed monarchical tendencies of the Hamiltonian Federalists. The party came to power in 1801 with the election of Jefferson in the 1800 presidential election. The Federalists -- too elitist to appeal to most people -- faded away and totally collapsed after 1815. Despite internal divisions, the Republicans dominated the First Party System until partisanship itself withered away during the Era of Good Feelings after 1816.

1794 and 1795 United States Senate elections. The United States Senate elections of 1794 and 1795 were elections that had the formation of organized political parties in the United States, with the Federalist Party emerging from the Pro Administration coalition, and the Democratic-Republican Party emerging from the Anti-Administration coalition.


Question: When was the super bowl won by the team that the Patriots lost to?

Answer: 2011

New York Giants. Year Coach Super Bowl Location Opponent Score Record 1986 Bill Parcells XXI Pasadena, CA Denver Broncos 39 -- 20 17 -- 2 1990 Bill Parcells XXV Tampa, FL Buffalo Bills 20 -- 19 16 -- 3 2007 Tom Coughlin XLII Glendale, AZ New England Patriots 17 -- 14 14 -- 6 2011 Tom Coughlin XLVI Indianapolis, IN New England Patriots 21 -- 17 13 -- 7 Total Super Bowls won: 4

Super Bowl XLII. Super Bowl XLII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion New York Giants and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2007 season. The Giants defeated the Patriots by the score of 17 -- 14. The game was played on February 3, 2008, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona.


Question: During what years did Frédéric take lessons at the academy where Chopin's father once had a teaching position?

Answer: 1823 to 1826

Frédéric Chopin. In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The father played the flute and violin; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of slight build, and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses.

Frédéric Chopin. From September 1823 to 1826 Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm Würfel during his first year. In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer Józef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass and composition.[n 3] Throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons in Warsaw. He was engaged by the inventors of a mechanical organ, the "eolomelodicon", and on this instrument in May 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by Moscheles. The success of this concert led to an invitation to give a similar recital on the instrument before Tsar Alexander I, who was visiting Warsaw; the Tsar presented him with a diamond ring. At a subsequent eolomelodicon concert on 10 June 1825, Chopin performed his Rondo Op. 1. This was the first of his works to be commercially published and earned him his first mention in the foreign press, when the Leipzig Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung praised his "wealth of musical ideas".


Question: Who mothered the hostess of the party where Chopin met George Sand?

Answer: Cosima Wagner

Frédéric Chopin. In 1836, at a party hosted by Marie d'Agoult, Chopin met the French author George Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin). Short (under five feet, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and a cigar smoker, she initially repelled Chopin, who remarked, "What an unattractive person la Sand is. Is she really a woman?" However, by early 1837 Maria Wodzińska's mother had made it clear to Chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed. It is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d'Agoult and Sand. Chopin finally placed the letters from Maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote, in Polish, "My tragedy". Sand, in a letter to Grzymała of June 1838, admitted strong feelings for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with Chopin; she asked Grzymała to assess Chopin's relationship with Maria Wodzińska, without realising that the affair, at least from Maria's side, was over.

Cosima Wagner. Cosima Wagner (born Francesca Gaetana Cosima Liszt; 24 December 1837 – 1 April 1930) was the illegitimate daughter of the Hungarian pianist and composer Franz Liszt and Marie d'Agoult. She became the second wife of the German composer Richard Wagner, and with him founded the Bayreuth Festival as a showcase for his stage works; after his death she devoted the rest of her life to the promotion of his music and philosophy. Commentators have recognised Cosima as the principal inspiration for Wagner's later works, particularly "Parsifal".


Question: In what year did the agency that maintains the Presidential Library system become independent?

Answer: 1985

National Archives and Records Administration. NARA also maintains the Presidential Library system, a nationwide network of libraries for preserving and making available the documents of U.S. presidents since Herbert Hoover. The Presidential Libraries include:

National Archives and Records Administration. Originally, each branch and agency of the U.S. government was responsible for maintaining its own documents, which often resulted in records loss and destruction. Congress established the National Archives Establishment in 1934 to centralize federal record keeping, with the Archivist of the United States as chief administrator. The National Archives was incorporated with GSA in 1949; in 1985 it became an independent agency as NARA (National Archives and Records Administration).


Question: In what year did the South Korean car manufacturer that purchased the factor in 1995 dissolve?

Answer: 1999

Warsaw. The FSO Car Factory was established in 1951. A number of vehicles have been assembled there over the decades, including the Warszawa, Syrena, Fiat 125p (under license from Fiat, later renamed FSO 125p when the license expired) and the Polonez. The last two models listed were also sent abroad and assembled in a number of other countries, including Egypt and Colombia. In 1995 the factory was purchased by the South Korean car manufacturer Daewoo, which assembled the Tico, Espero, Nubia, Tacuma, Leganza, Lanos and Matiz there for the European market. In 2005 the factory was sold to AvtoZAZ, a Ukrainian car manufacturer which assembled there the Chevrolet Aveo. The license for the production of the Aveo expired in February 2011 and has since not been renewed. Currently the company is defunct.

Daewoo. It was founded on 22 March 1967 as "Daewoo Industrial" and was declared bankrupt on 1 November 1999, with debts of about US$50 billion (equivalent to $ billion in ). Prior to the Asian financial crisis, Daewoo was the second largest conglomerate in Korea after the Hyundai Group. There were about 20 divisions under the Daewoo Group, some of which survive today as independent companies.


Question: What was a notable work of the Chet Holifield Federal Building designer?

Answer: Transamerica Pyramid

William Pereira. William Leonard Pereira (April 25, 1909 – November 13, 1985) was an American architect from Chicago, Illinois, who was noted for his futuristic designs of landmark buildings such as the Transamerica Pyramid in San Francisco. Remarkably prolific, he worked out of Los Angeles, and was known for his love of science fiction and expensive cars, but mostly for his unmistakable style of architecture, which helped define the look of mid-20th century America.

Chet Holifield Federal Building. The Chet Holifield Federal Building, colloquially known as "the Ziggurat Building", is a United States government building at 24000 Avila Road in Laguna Niguel, California built between 1968 and 1971, originally for North American Aviation/Rockwell International, and designed by William Pereira. It is managed by the General Services Administration.


Question: What establishment today contains what was known as the place Chopin's father got a teaching position during that time?

Answer: Warsaw University

Frédéric Chopin. In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The father played the flute and violin; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of slight build, and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses.

Frédéric Chopin. In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor for military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorate of Warsaw University). Fryderyk and his family moved to a building, which still survives, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace. During this period, Fryderyk was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of Russian Poland, Grand Duke Constantine; he played the piano for the Duke and composed a march for him. Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in his dramatic eclogue, "Nasze Przebiegi" ("Our Discourses", 1818), attested to "little Chopin's" popularity.


Question: When did the sports team having Gerónimo Berroa win their last world series?

Answer: 1993

Gerónimo Berroa. After the season, he signed as a free agent with the Oakland Athletics, and had his best years with that team. Berroa's best season was 1996 when he hit 36 home runs with 106 RBIs for the Athletics. He spent the next three seasons with the Baltimore Orioles, Cleveland Indians, Detroit Tigers, Blue Jays, and Los Angeles Dodgers.

Toronto Blue Jays. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Blue Jays went through struggles typical of an expansion team, frequently finishing in last place in its division. In 1983, the team had its first winning season and two years later, they became division champions. From 1985 to 1993, they were an AL East powerhouse, winning five division championships in nine seasons, including three consecutive from 1991 to 1993. During that run, the team also became back - to - back World Series champions in 1992 and 1993, led by a core group of award - winning All - Star players, including Hall of Famer Roberto Alomar, Joe Carter, John Olerud, and Devon White. The Blue Jays became the first (and, to date, only) team outside the US to appear in and win a World Series, and the fastest AL expansion team to do so, winning in its 16th year. After 1993, the Blue Jays failed to qualify for the playoffs for 21 consecutive seasons, until clinching a playoff berth and division championship in 2015. The team clinched a second consecutive playoff berth in 2016, after securing an AL wild card position. Both years, the Jays won the AL Division Series but lost the AL Championship Series.